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P-2612HW Series
802.11g Wireless ADSL VoIP IAD
Default Login Details
IP Address
User Login
Administrator
Login http://192.168.1.1
User Name: user
Password: user
User Name: admin
Password: 1234
Firmware Version 3.70
Edition 2, 5/2009
www.zyxel.com
www.zyxel.com
Copyright © 2009
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
About This User's Guide
About This User's Guide
Intended Audience
This manual is intended for people who want to configure the ZyXEL Device using the web configurator. You should have at least a basic knowledge of TCP/IP networking concepts and topology.
Related Documentation
• Quick Start Guide
The Quick Start Guide is designed to help you get up and running right away. It contains information on setting up your network and configuring for Internet access.
Note: It is recommended you use the web configurator to configure the ZyXEL
Device.
• Supporting Disc
Refer to the included CD for support documents.
• ZyXEL Web Site
Please refer to www.zyxel.com for additional support documentation and product certifications.
User Guide Feedback
Help us help you. Send all User Guide-related comments, questions or suggestions for improvement to the following address, or use e-mail instead. Thank you!
The Technical Writing Team,
ZyXEL Communications Corp.,
6 Innovation Road II,
Science-Based Industrial Park,
Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
E-mail: [email protected]
Customer Support
In the event of problems that cannot be solved by using this manual, you should contact your vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a ZyXEL office for the region in which you bought the device. See http://www.zyxel.com/ web/contact_us.php for contact information. Please have the following information ready when you contact an office.
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
3
About This User's Guide
• Product model and serial number.
• Warranty Information.
• Date that you received your device.
• Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Document Conventions
Document Conventions
Warnings and Notes
These are how warnings and notes are shown in this User’s Guide.
Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device.
Note: Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations.
Syntax Conventions
• The P-2612HW Series may be referred to as the “ZyXEL Device”, the “device”, the “system” or the “product” in this User’s Guide.
• Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font.
• A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example,
[ENTER] means the “enter” or “return” key on your keyboard.
• “Enter” means for you to type one or more characters and then press the
[ENTER] key. “Select” or “choose” means for you to use one of the predefined choices.
• A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For example, Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click
Maintenance in the navigation panel, then the Log sub menu and finally the
Log Setting tab to get to that screen.
• Units of measurement may denote the “metric” value or the “scientific” value.
For example, “k” for kilo may denote “1000” or “1024”, “M” for mega may denote “1000000” or “1048576” and so on.
• “e.g.,” is a shorthand for “for instance”, and “i.e.,” means “that is” or “in other words”.
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Document Conventions
Icons Used in Figures
Figures in this User’s Guide may use the following generic icons. The ZyXEL Device icon is not an exact representation of your device.
ZyXEL Device Computer Notebook computer
Server DSLAM
Telephone Switch
Firewall
Router
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Safety Warnings
Safety Warnings
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in
North America or 230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
• Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord.
• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Safety Warnings
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Contents Overview
Contents Overview
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Contents Overview
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
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Table of Contents
20.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens ....................................... 358
20.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management .......................................... 358
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Table of Contents
Part III: Maintenance, Troubleshooting and Specifications ............. 383
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
25.7.1 FTP File Upload Command from the DOS Prompt Example ................................. 430
Part IV: Appendices and Index ........................................................... 457
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Table of Contents
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
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Table of Contents
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
P
ART
I
Introduction
Introducing the ZyXEL Device (25)
Introducing the Web Configurator (31)
23
24
C H A P T E R 1
Introducing the ZyXEL Device
1.1 Overview
The P-2612HW Series is an Integrated Access Device (IAD) that combines an
ADSL2+ router with Voice over IP (VoIP) communication capabilities to allow you to use a traditional analog telephone to make Internet calls. By integrating DSL and NAT, you are provided with ease of installation and high-speed, shared
Internet access. The ZyXEL Device is also a complete security solution with a robust firewall and content filtering.
Please refer to the following description of the product name format.
• “H” denotes an integrated 4-port hub (switch).
• “W” denotes wireless functionality. There is an embedded mini-PCI module for
IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN connectivity. All wireless features documented in this user’s guide refer to the “W” models only.
Only use firmware for your ZyXEL Device’s specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
See the chapter on product specifications for a full list of features.
1.1.1 Internet Access
Your ZyXEL Device provides shared Internet access by connecting the DSL port to the DSL or MODEM jack on a splitter or your telephone jack. If you prefer not to use a DSL line and you have another broadband modem or router (such as ADSL) available, you can push the DSL/WAN switch (on the rear panel) to the WAN side and connect the WAN port to the broadband modem or router. This way, you can access the Internet via an Ethernet connection and still use the QoS, Firewall and VoIP functions on the ZyXEL Device.
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Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
Computers can connect to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN ports (or wirelessly).
Figure 1 ZyXEL Device’s Router Features
LAN
Internet
You can also configure firewall and content filtering on the ZyXEL Device for secure Internet access. When the firewall is on, all incoming traffic from the
Internet to your network is blocked unless it is initiated from your network. This means that probes from the outside to your network are not allowed, but you can safely browse the Internet and download files.
Use content filtering to block access to specific web sites, with URLs containing keywords that you specify. You can define time periods and days during which content filtering is enabled and include or exclude particular computers on your network from content filtering. For example, you could block access to certain web sites for the kids.
Use QoS to efficiently manage traffic on your network by giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers. For example, you could make sure that the ZyXEL Device gives voice over Internet calls high priority, and/or limit bandwidth devoted to the boss’s excessive file downloading.
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Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
1.1.2 VoIP Features
You can register up to 2 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) accounts and use the
ZyXEL Device to make and receive VoIP telephone calls:
Figure 2 ZyXEL Device’s VoIP Features
A
B
Internet
PSTN
• Peer-to-Peer calls (A) - Use the ZyXEL Device to make a call to the recipient’s IP address without using a SIP proxy server.
• Calls via a VoIP service provider (B) - The ZyXEL Device sends your call to a
VoIP service provider’s SIP server which forwards your calls to either VoIP or
PSTN phones.
1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device
Use any of the following methods to manage the ZyXEL Device.
• Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the ZyXEL
Device using a (supported) web browser.
• Command Line Interface. Line commands are mostly used for troubleshooting by service engineers.
• FTP for firmware upgrades and configuration backup/restore.
• SNMP. The device can be monitored by an SNMP manager. See the SNMP chapter in this User’s Guide.
• SPTGEN. SPTGEN is a text configuration file that allows you to configure the device by uploading an SPTGEN file. This is especially convenient if you need to configure many devices of the same type.
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Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device
Do the following things regularly to make the ZyXEL Device more secure and to manage the ZyXEL Device more effectively.
• Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that consists of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it).
Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the
ZyXEL Device to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the ZyXEL Device.
You could simply restore your last configuration.
1.4 LEDs (Lights)
The following graphic displays the labels of the LEDs.
Figure 3 LEDs on the Top of the Device
None of the LEDs are on if the ZyXEL Device is not receiving power.
Table 1 LED Descriptions
LED
POWER
ETHERNET
1-4
COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
Green
Red
Green
On The ZyXEL Device is receiving power and ready for use.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is self-testing.
On
Off
On
The ZyXEL Device detected an error while self-testing, or there is a device malfunction.
The ZyXEL Device is not receiving power.
The ZyXEL Device has an Ethernet connection with a device on the Local Area Network (LAN).
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending/receiving data to /from the
LAN.
Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an Ethernet connection with the LAN.
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Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
Table 1 LED Descriptions
LED
WLAN
DSL
COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
Green On The wireless network is activated and is operating in
IEEE 802.11b/g mode.
Green
INTERNET Green
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is communicating with other wireless clients.
Off
On
The wireless network is not activated.
This light applies when the ZyXEL Device is in DSL WAN mode. The DSL line is up.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is initializing the DSL line.
Off The DSL line is down.
On The ZyXEL Device has an IP connection but no traffic.
WAN
PHONE
Red
Green
Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or assigned by a DHCP server), PPP negotiation was successfully completed (if used) and the DSL connection is up.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving IP traffic.
On The ZyXEL Device attempted to make an IP connection but failed. Possible causes are no response from a DHCP server, no PPPoE response, PPPoE authentication failed.
Off
On
The ZyXEL Device does not have an IP connection.
This light applies when the ZyXEL Device is in Ethernet
WAN mode. The ZyXEL Device has an Ethernet connection with a device on the WAN.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending/receiving data to/from the
WAN.
Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an Ethernet connection with the WAN.
Green On
Orange On
A SIP account is registered for the phone port.
Blinking A telephone connected to the phone port has its receiver off of the hook or there is an incoming call.
A SIP account is registered for the phone port and there is a voice message in the corresponding SIP account.
Blinking A telephone connected to the phone port has its receiver off of the hook and there is a voice message in the corresponding SIP account.
Off The phone port does not have a SIP account registered.
Refer to the Quick Start Guide for information on hardware connections.
1.5 The RESET Button
If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need to use the RESET button at the back of the device to reload the factory-default
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29
Chapter 1 Introducing the ZyXEL Device configuration file. This means that you will lose all configurations that you had previously and the passwords will be reset to the defaults.
1
Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking).
2
To set the device back to the factory default settings, press the RESET button for ten seconds or until the POWER LED begins to blink and then release it. When the
POWER LED begins to blink, the defaults have been restored and the device restarts.
1.6 The WLAN Button
Use the WLAN button ( ) on the top of the device to turn the wireless LAN off or on. Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking) before using the WLAN button.
• Press the WLAN button for one second and release it. The WLAN LED should change from on to off or vice versa.
• Press the WLAN button for five seconds to turn on WPS. See
Section 8.9.5.1 on page 161 for more on using WPS to configure your wireless clients.
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C H A P T E R 2
Introducing the Web
Configurator
2.1 Web Configurator Overview
The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy device setup and management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later or Netscape Navigator 7.0 and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
See Appendix B on page 485 if you need to make sure these functions are allowed
in Internet Explorer.
Note: This document uses the screenshots of P-2612HW-F1 for examples.
2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator
1
Make sure your ZyXEL Device hardware is properly connected (refer to the Quick
Start Guide).
2
Launch your web browser.
3
Type "192.168.1.1" as the URL.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
4
A password screen displays. Type “admin” (default) as the username and “1234” as the password, and click Login. Click Cancel to revert to the default password in the password field. If you have changed the password, enter your password and click Login.
Figure 4 Password Screen
Note: For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device automatically logs you out if you do not use the web configurator for five minutes (default). If this happens, log in again.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
2.2 Web Configurator Main Screen
Figure 5 Main Screen
A
C
B
D
As illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:
• A - title bar
• B - navigation panel
• C - main window
• D - status bar
2.2.1 Title Bar
The title bar allows you to change the language and provides some icons in the upper right corner.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
The icons provide the following functions.
Table 2 Web Configurator Icons in the Title Bar
ICON DESCRIPTION
Wizards: Click this icon to go to the configuration wizards. See
3 on page 39 for more information.
Logout: Click this icon to log out of the web configurator.
2.2.2 Navigation Panel
Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure ZyXEL
Device features. The following tables describe each menu item.
Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK
Status
TAB FUNCTION
This screen shows the ZyXEL Device’s general device and network status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and client list.
Network
WAN Internet
Access Setup
LAN IP
Client List
IP Alias
Wireless LAN AP
More AP
MAC Filter
WPS
WPS Station
WDS
Scheduling
Use this screen to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address assignment, DNS servers and other advanced properties.
Use this screen to configure LAN TCP/IP settings,
DHCP settings, enable Any IP and configure other advanced properties.
Use this screen to view current DHCP client information and to always assign specific IP addresses to individual MAC addresses (and host names).
Use this screen to partition your LAN interface into subnets.
Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and WLAN authentication/security settings.
Use this screen to configure multiple BSSs on the
ZyXEL Device.
Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device to give exclusive access to specific wireless clients or exclude specific wireless clients from accessing the ZyXEL
Device.
Use this screen to configure multiple BSSs on the
ZyXEL Device.
Use this screen to configure WPS (Wi-Fi Protected
Setup) settings.
Use this screen to configure your WDS (Wireless
Distribution System) links between the ZyXEL Device and other wireless APs.
Use this screen to configure when the ZyXEL Device enables or disables the wireless LAN.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK
NAT
TAB
General
Port
Forwarding
Address
Mapping
ALG
FUNCTION
Use this screen to use WPS to set up your wireless network.
Use this screen to make your local servers visible to the outside world.
Use this screen to configure network address translation mapping rules.
Use this screen to enable or disable SIP ALG.
VoIP
SIP
Phone
Phone Book
SIP Settings Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device’s Voice over
IP settings.
QoS
Analog Phone Use this screen to set which phone ports use which
SIP accounts.
Ext. Table Use this screen to assign extension numbers to phones connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Common
Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device’s Quality of
Service settings for VoIP.
Region
Use this screen to configure general phone port settings.
Use this screen to select your location and call service mode.
Speed Dial Use this screen to configure speed dial for SIP phone numbers that you call often.
Use this screen to configure call-forwarding.
Incoming Call
Policy
SIP Prefix Use this screen to set up numbers you dial on your phone to specify which SIP account you want to use for a call.
Security
Firewall General
Rules
Threshold
Content Filter Keyword
Schedule
Trusted
Use this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall and the default action to take on network traffic going in specific directions.
This screen shows a summary of the firewall rules, and allows you to edit/add a firewall rule.
Use this screen to configure the thresholds for determining when to drop sessions that do not become fully established.
Use this screen to block access to web sites containing certain keywords in the URL.
Use this screen to set the days and times for your device to perform content filtering.
Use this screen to exclude a range of users on the
LAN from content filtering.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK
VPN
TAB
Setup
FUNCTION
Use this screen to configure each VPN tunnel.
Certificates
Monitor
VPN Global
Setting
Use this screen to look at the current status of each
VPN tunnel.
Use this screen to allow NetBIOS traffic through VPN tunnels.
My Certificates Use this screen to generate and export self-signed certificates or certification requests and import the
ZyXEL Device’s CA-signed certificates.
Trusted CAs Use this screen to save CA certificates to the ZyXEL
Device.
Use this screen to import self-signed certificates.
Trusted
Remote Hosts
Directory
Servers
Use this screen to configure a list of addresses of directory servers (that contain lists of valid and revoked certificates).
Advanced
Static Route Static Route Use this screen to configure IP static routes to tell your device about networks beyond the directly connected remote nodes.
802.1Q/1P Group Setting
QoS
Dynamic DNS
Port Setting
General
Class Setup
Monitor
Use this screen to activate 802.1Q/1P, specify the management VLAN group, display the VLAN groups and configure the settings for each VLAN group.
Use this screen to configure the PVID and assign traffic priority for each port.
Use this screen to enable QoS and traffic prioritizing, and configure bandwidth management on the WAN.
Use this screen to define a classifier.
Use this screen to view each queue’s statistics.
This screen allows you to use a static hostname alias for a dynamic IP address.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
Table 3 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK
Remote
MGMT
TAB
HTTP
Telnet
FTP
SNMP
DNS
ICMP
General
FUNCTION
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL Device.
Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device’s settings for Simple Network Management Protocol management.
Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
Use this screen to set whether or not your device will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available.
Use this screen to turn UPnP on or off.
UPnP
Maintenance
System
Logs
Call History
Tools
Diagnostic
General
Time Setting
View Log
Log Settings
Use this screen to configure your device’s name, domain name, management inactivity timeout and password.
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s time and date.
Use this screen to display your device’s logs.
Use this screen to select which logs and/or immediate alerts your device is to record. You can also set it to email the logs to you.
Summary
Call History
Use this screen to view call history summary of a certain period.
Use this screen to view the details of the calls performed on the ZyXEL Device.
Call History
Settings
General
Use this screen to configure to where the ZyXEL
Device is to send call records and the schedule for when the ZyXEL Device is to send or save the call records.
Use this screen to upload firmware to your device.
Firmware
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore your device’s configuration (settings) or reset the factory default settings.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning the power off.
Use this screen to test the connections to other devices.
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Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator
2.2.3 Main Window
The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this document.
Right after you log in, the Status screen is displayed. See
for more information about the Status screen.
2.2.4 Status Bar
Check the status bar when you click Apply or OK to verify that the configuration has been updated.
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
C H A P T E R 3
Wizards
3.1 Overview
Use the wizard setup screens to configure your system for Internet access, wireless, and making calls over the Internet with the information given to you by your ISP.
Note: See the advanced menu chapters for background information on these fields.
3.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup
1
Click the wizard icon ( ) in the top right corner of the web configurator to go to the wizards. The Internet access wizard is not available when you set the DSL/
WAN switch to the WAN side and the WAN mode is Ethernet WAN in the WAN screen.
2
Click INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP to configure the system for Internet access and wireless connection.
Figure 6 Wizard Welcome
3
Your ZyXEL device attempts to detect your DSL connection and your connection type.
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
39
Chapter 3 Wizards
3a
The following screen appears if a connection is not detected. Check your hardware connections and click Restart the INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP
Wizard to return to the wizard welcome screen. If you still cannot connect, click Manually configure your Internet connection. Follow the directions in the wizard and enter your Internet setup information as provided to you by your ISP. See
Section 3.2.1 on page 42 for more details.
If you would like to skip your Internet setup and configure the wireless LAN settings, leave Yes selected and click Next.
Figure 7 Auto Detection: No DSL Connection
3b
The following screen displays if a PPPoE or PPPoA connection is detected.
Enter your Internet account information (username, password and/or service
name) exactly as provided by your ISP. Then click Next and see Section 3.3 on page 46
for wireless connection wizard setup.
Figure 8 Auto-Detection: PPPoE
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Chapter 3 Wizards
3c
The following screen appears if the ZyXEL device detects a connection but not the connection type. Click Next and refer to
Section 3.2.1 on page 42 on how
to manually configure the ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
Figure 9 Auto Detection: Failed
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
41
Chapter 3 Wizards
3.2.1 Manual Configuration
1
If the ZyXEL Device fails to detect your DSL connection type but the physical line is connected, enter your Internet access information in the wizard screen exactly as your service provider gave it to you. Leave the defaults in any fields for which you were not given information.
Figure 10 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
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Chapter 3 Wizards
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 4 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
LABEL
Mode
DESCRIPTION
Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP give you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL Device.
Encapsulation Select the encapsulation type your ISP uses from the Encapsulation drop-down list box. Choices vary depending on what you select in the
Mode field.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, the ZyXEL Device uses RFC 1483.
Multiplexing
Virtual Circuit
ID
AUTO
VPI
VCI
SIP ALG
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select DHCP (ENET ENCAP) or
PPPoE.
Select the multiplexing method used by your ISP from the Multiplexing drop-down list box either VC-based or LLC-based.
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
Select the check box to use the default VPI and VCI (8 and 35).
Otherwise, clear the check box and enter the VPI and VCI manually in the fields below.
Enter the VPI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
Enter the VCI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
This field is not available when you select Bridge in the Mode field.
Back
Next
Exit
Select ON to enable the SIP ALG in the ZyXEL Device and allow SIP calls to pass through NAT.
Select OFF to disable the SIP ALG in the ZyXEL Device.
Click Back to go back to the previous screen.
Click Next to continue to the next wizard screen. The next wizard screen you see depends on what protocol you chose above.
Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving your changes.
2
The next wizard screen varies depending on what mode and encapsulation type you use. All screens shown are with routing mode. Configure the fields and click
Next to continue. See
Section 3.3 on page 46 for wireless connection wizard
setup.
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Note: When you use the connection wizard to configure the Internet access using
PPPoE, the ZyXEL Device is set to get an IP address from the ISP automatically. To set up a static WAN IP address with PPPoE, use the Network
> WAN screen.
Figure 11 Internet Connection with PPPoE
44
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 5 Internet Connection with PPPoE
LABEL
User Name
Password
Back
Apply
Exit
DESCRIPTION
Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Click Back to go back to the previous wizard screen.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving your changes.
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Figure 12 Internet Connection with DHCP (ENET ENCAP)
Chapter 3 Wizards
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 6 Internet Connection with DHCP (ENET ENCAP)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Obtain an IP
Address
Automatical ly
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet.
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address.
Select Static IP Address if your ISP gave you an IP address to use.
Static IP
Address
IP Address Enter your ISP assigned IP address.
Subnet
Mask
Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Refer to the appendix to calculate a subnet mask If you are implementing subnetting.
Gateway IP address
You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you use DHCP (ENET ENCAP) in the Encapsulation field in the previous screen.
First DNS
Server
Second DNS
Server
Back
Enter the IP addresses of the DNS servers. The DNS servers are passed to the DHCP clients along with the IP address and the subnet mask.
As above.
Click Back to go back to the previous wizard screen.
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Table 6 Internet Connection with DHCP (ENET ENCAP) (continued)
LABEL
Apply
Exit
DESCRIPTION
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving your changes.
• If the user name and/or password you entered for PPPoE connection are not correct, the screen displays as shown next. Click Back to Username and
Password setup to go back to the screen where you can modify them.
Figure 13 Connection Test Failed-1
• If the following screen displays, check if your account is activated or click
Restart the Internet/Wireless Setup Wizard to verify your Internet access settings.
Figure 14 Connection Test Failed-2.
3.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup
See the back panel for the ZyXEL Device’s unique wireless SSID (network name) and WPA-PSK encryption key. Unless you want to use other wireless settings, you can close the wizard after you configure the Internet connection.
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1
Select Yes and click Next to configure wireless settings. Otherwise, select No and skip to Step
Figure 15 Connection Test Successful
2
Use this screen to activate the wireless LAN. Click Next to continue.
Figure 16 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 7 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
LABEL
Active
Back
Next
Exit
DESCRIPTION
Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN.
Click Back to display the previous screen.
Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
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3
Configure your wireless settings in this screen. Click Next.
Figure 17 Wireless LAN
48
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 8 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 2
LABEL
Network
Name(SSID)
DESCRIPTION
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Channel
Selection
Security
Back
Next
Exit
If you change this field on the ZyXEL Device, make sure all wireless stations use the same SSID in order to access the network.
The range of radio frequencies used by IEEE 802.11b/g wireless devices is called a channel. Select a channel ID that is not already in use by a neighboring device.
Select Manually assign a WPA-PSK key to configure a Pre-Shared Key
(WPA-PSK). Choose this option only if your wireless clients support WPA.
See
Section 3.3.1 on page 49 for more information.
Select Manually assign a WEP key to configure a WEP Key. See
3.3.2 on page 50 for more information.
Select Disable wireless security to have no wireless LAN security configured and your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Click Back to display the previous screen.
Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
Note: The wireless stations and ZyXEL Device must use the same SSID, channel ID and WEP encryption key (if WEP is enabled), WPA-PSK (if WPA-PSK is enabled) for wireless communication.
4
This screen varies depending on the security mode you selected in the previous screen. Fill in the field (if available) and click Next.
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3.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
Choose Manually assign a WPA-PSK key in the Wireless LAN setup screen to set up a Pre-Shared Key.
Figure 18 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 9 Manually Assign a WPA key
LABEL
Pre-Shared
Key
Back
Next
Exit
DESCRIPTION
Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters. You can set up the most secure wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless LAN screens.
You need to configure an authentication server to do this.
Click Back to display the previous screen.
Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
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3.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key
Choose Manually assign a WEP key to setup WEP Encryption parameters.
Figure 19 Manually Assign a WEP key
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 10 Manually Assign a WEP key
LABEL
Key
DESCRIPTION
The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
Back
Next
Exit
Enter any 5, 13 or 29 ASCII characters or 10, 26 or 58 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") for a 64-bit, 128-bit or 256-bit WEP key respectively.
Click Back to display the previous screen.
Click Next to proceed to the next screen.
Click Exit to close the wizard screen without saving.
5
Click Apply to save your wireless LAN settings.
Figure 20 Wireless LAN Setup 3
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Use the read-only summary table to check whether what you have configured is correct. Click Finish to complete and save the wizard setup.
Note: No wireless LAN settings display if you chose not to configure wireless LAN settings.
Figure 21 Internet Access and WLAN Wizard Setup Complete
7
Launch your web browser and navigate to www.zyxel.com. Internet access is just the beginning. Refer to the rest of this guide for more detailed information on the complete range of ZyXEL Device features. If you cannot access the Internet, open the web configurator again to confirm that the Internet settings you configured in the wizard setup are correct.
3.4 VoIP Setup Wizard
Use this wizard to set up your VoIP account(s). Leave the default settings in fields if your VoIP service provider (the company that lets you make phone calls over the
Internet) did not provide any information. See Chapter 10 on page 185 and
for more information.
Note: You must have a SIP account before you can use this wizard.
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3.4.1 SIP Settings
Figure 22 VoIP Setup Wizard > SIP Settings
52
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 11 VoIP Setup Wizard > SIP Settings
LABEL
SIP1 (- SIP10)
Settings
SIP Number
DESCRIPTION
Use this screen to configure SIP settings for up to 10 SIP accounts.
SIP Server
Address
SIP Service
Domain
Enter your SIP number. In the full SIP URI (like [email protected]
), this is the part before the @ symbol. You can use up to
127 printable ASCII characters.
Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP server provided by your
VoIP service provider. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.
It does not matter whether the SIP server is a proxy, redirect or register server.
Enter the SIP service domain name. In the full SIP URI (like
), this is the part after the @ symbol. You can use up to 127 printable ASCII Extended set characters.
Authentication
User Name Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.
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Table 11 VoIP Setup Wizard > SIP Settings
LABEL
Password
DESCRIPTION
Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII Extended set characters.
Select this if you want to set up additional SIP accounts.
Check here to set up SIP settings
< Back
Apply
Exit
Click this to go to the previous screen.
Click this to register your SIP account(s).
Click this to close this screen and return to the main screen.
3.4.2 Registration Complete
This screen depends on whether or not the ZyXEL Device successfully registered your SIP account(s).
Figure 23 VoIP Setup Wizard > Registration Complete (Success)
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 12 VoIP Setup Wizard > Registration Complete (Success)
LABEL
Return to
Wizard Main
Page
Go to Advanced
Setup page
Finish
DESCRIPTION
Click this to open the main wizard screen. See
Click this to close this screen and return to the main screen.
Click this to close this screen and return to the main screen.
If the ZyXEL Device cannot register your SIP account(s), see the Quick Start
Guide for troubleshooting suggestions.
Figure 24 VoIP Setup Wizard > Registration Complete (Fail)
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 13 VoIP Setup Wizard > Registration Complete (Fail)
LABEL
< Back
DESCRIPTION
Click this to go to the previous screen.
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Table 13 VoIP Setup Wizard > Registration Complete (Fail)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Register Again Click this if you want the ZyXEL Device to try to register your SIP account(s) again.
Exit Click this to close this screen and return to the main screen. The ZyXEL
Device saves the information you provided.
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C H A P T E R 4
Tutorial
4.1 Overview
This chapter describes:
• how to set up a wireless network.
• how to use NAT with multiple public IP addresses.
• how to use NAT with multiple game players.
• how to make a VoIP call.
4.2 How to Set up a Wireless Network
This section gives you examples of how to set up an access point and wireless client for wireless communication using the following parameters. The wireless clients can access the Internet through the ZyXEL Device wirelessly.
4.2.1 Example Parameters
SSID
Security
802.11 mode
SSID_Example3
WPA-PSK
(Pre-Shared Key: ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey)
Mixed (IEEE 802.11b/g)
An access point (AP) or wireless router is referred to as the “AP” and a computer with a wireless network card or USB adapter is referred to as the “wireless client” here.
The M-302 utility screens are used here as an example. The screens may vary slightly for different models.
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4.2.2 Configuring the AP
Follow the steps below to configure the wireless settings on your AP.
1
Open the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen in the AP’s web configurator.
Figure 25 AP: Wireless LAN > AP
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2
Make sure Active Wireless LAN is selected.
3
Enter “SSID_Example3” as the SSID and select a channel which is not used by another AP.
4
Set security mode to WPA-PSK and enter “ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey” in the Pre-Shared Key field. Click Apply.
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5
Click the Advanced Setup button and select Mixed in the 802.11 Mode field.
Click Apply.
Figure 26 AP: Wireless LAN > AP > Advanced Setup
6
Open the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under
Device Information and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface
Status.
Figure 27 AP: Status
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Click the WLAN Status hyperlink in the AP’s Status screen. You can see if any wireless client has connected to the AP.
Figure 28 AP: Status: WLAN Station Status
4.2.3 Configuring the Wireless Client
This section describes how to connect the wireless client to a network.
4.2.3.1 Connecting to a Wireless LAN
The following sections show you how to join a wireless network using the ZyXEL utility, as in the following diagram. The wireless client is labeled C and the access point is labeled AP.
Internet
C
AP
There are three ways to connect the client to an access point.
• Configure nothing and leave the wireless client to automatically scan for and connect to any available network that has no wireless security configured.
• Manually connect to a network.
• Configure a profile to have the wireless client automatically connect to a specific network or peer computer.
This example illustrates how to manually connect your wireless client to an access point (AP) which is configured for WPA-PSK security and connected to the
Internet. Before you connect to the access point, you must know its Service Set
IDentity (SSID) and WPA-PSK pre-shared key. In this example, the SSID is
“SSID_Example3” and the pre-shared key is “ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey”.
After you install the ZyXEL utility and then insert the wireless client, follow the steps below to connect to a network using the Site Survey screen.
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1
Open the ZyXEL utility and click the Site Survey tab to open the screen shown next.
Figure 29 ZyXEL Utility: Site Survey
2
The wireless client automatically searches for available wireless networks. Click
Scan if you want to search again. If no entry displays in the Available Network
List, that means there is no wireless network available within range. Make sure the AP or peer computer is turned on or move the wireless client closer to the AP or peer computer.
3
When you try to connect to an AP with security configured, a window will pop up prompting you to specify the security settings. Enter the pre-shared key and leave the encryption type at the default setting.
Use the Next button to move on to the next screen. You can use the Back button at any time to return to the previous screen, or the Exit button to return to the
Site Survey screen.
Figure 30 ZyXEL Utility: Security Settings
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The Confirm Save window appears. Check your settings and click Save to continue.
Figure 31 ZyXEL Utility: Confirm Save
5
The ZyXEL utility returns to the Link Info screen while it connects to the wireless network using your settings. When the wireless link is established, the ZyXEL utility icon in the system tray turns green and the Link Info screen displays details of the active connection. Check the network information in the Link Info screen to verify that you have successfully connected to the selected network. If the wireless client is not connected to a network, the fields in this screen remain blank.
Figure 32 ZyXEL Utility: Link Info
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6
Open your Internet browser and enter http://www.zyxel.com or the URL of any other web site in the address bar. If you are able to access the web site, your wireless connection is successfully configured.
If you cannot access the web site, try changing the encryption type in the
Security Settings screen, check the Troubleshooting section of this User's Guide or contact your network administrator.
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4.2.3.2 Creating and Using a Profile
A profile lets you easily connect to the same wireless network again later. You can also configure different profiles for different networks, for example if you connect a notebook computer to wireless networks at home and at work.
This example illustrates how to set up a profile and connect the wireless client to an AP configured for WPA-PSK security. In this example, the SSID is
“SSID_Example3”, the profile name is “PN_Example3” and the pre-shared key is
“ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey”. You have chosen the profile name
“PN_Example3”.
1
Open the ZyXEL utility and click the Profile tab to open the screen shown next.
Click Add to configure a new profile.
Figure 33 ZyXEL Utility: Profile
2
The Add New Profile screen appears. The wireless client automatically searches for available wireless networks, and displays them in the Scan Info box. Click
Scan if you want to search again. You can also configure your profile for a wireless network that is not in the list.
Figure 34 ZyXEL Utility: Add New Profile
3
Give the profile a descriptive name (of up to 32 printable ASCII characters). Select
Infrastructure and either manually enter or select the AP's SSID in the Scan
Info table and click Select.
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4
Choose the same encryption method as the AP to which you want to connect (In this example, WPA-PSK).
Figure 35 ZyXEL Utility: Profile Security
5
This screen varies depending on the encryption method you selected in the previous screen. Enter the pre-shared key and leave the encryption type at the default setting.
Figure 36 ZyXEL Utility: Profile Encryption
6
In the next screen, leave both boxes selected.
Figure 37 Profile: Wireless Protocol Settings.
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Verify the profile settings in the read-only screen. Click Save to save and go to the next screen.
Figure 38 Profile: Confirm Save
8
Click Activate Now to use the new profile immediately. Otherwise, click the
Activate Later button.
If you clicked Activate Later, you can select the profile from the list in the Profile screen and click Connect to activate it.
Note: Only one profile can be activated and used at any given time.
Figure 39 Profile: Activate
9
When you activate the new profile, the ZyXEL utility returns to the Link Info screen while it connects to the AP using your settings. When the wireless link is established, the ZyXEL utility icon in the system tray turns green and the Link
Info screen displays details of the active connection.
10
Open your Internet browser, enter http://www.zyxel.com
or the URL of any other web site in the address bar and press ENTER. If you are able to access the web site, your new profile is successfully configured.
11
If you cannot access the Internet go back to the Profile screen, select the profile you are using and click Edit. Check the details you entered previously. Also, refer to the Troubleshooting section of this User's Guide or contact your network administrator if necessary.
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4.3 Using NAT with Multiple Public IP Addresses
This chapter shows you examples of how to set up your ZyXEL Device if you have more than one fixed (static) IP address from your ISP.
4.3.1 Example Parameters and Scenario
The following table shows the public IP addresses from your ISP and your ZyXEL
Device’s LAN IP address.
Public IP Addresses
ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP
Address
1.2.3.4 to 1.2.3.7
192.168.1.1
The following figure shows the network you want to set up in this example.
• Assign the first public address (1.2.3.4) to the ZyXEL Device’s WAN port.
• Map the second and third public IP addresses (1.2.3.5 and 1.2.3.6) to the web and mail servers (192.168.1.12 and 192.168.1.13) respectively for traffic in both directions.
• Map the first public address (1.2.3.4) to outgoing traffic from other local computers.
• Map the first public address (1.2.3.4) to incoming traffic from the WAN.
• Forward FTP traffic using port 21 from the WAN to a specific local computer
(192.168.1.39).
• The last public IP address (1.2.3.7) is not mapped to any device and is reserved for future use.
Figure 40 Tutorial Example: Using NAT with Static Public IP Addresses
LAN FTP
192.168.1.39
192.168.1.39
Mapping rules:
192.168.1.12 <---> 1.2.3.5 (1-1)
WAN
192.168.1.13 <---> 1.2.3.6 (1-1)
Other outgoing LAN traffic ---> 1.2.3.4 (M-1)
Incoming traffic <--- 1.2.3.4 (Server)
FTP
Internet
192.168.1.1
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.5
1.2.3.6
1.2.3.7
Web
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
To set up this network, we are going to:
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1
Configure the WAN connection to use the first public IP address (1.2.3.4).
2
Configure NAT address mapping for other public IP addresses (1.2.3.5 and
1.2.3.6).
3
Configure NAT port forwarding to forward FTP traffic from the WAN to a specific computer on your local network.
4.3.2 Configuring the WAN Connection with a Static IP
Address
The following table shows the information your ISP gave you for Internet connection.
Encapsulation
VPI/VCI
Public IP Addresses
Gateway IP Address
Subnet Mask
User Name
Password
DNS Server
PPPoE
8/33
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.5
1.2.3.6
1.2.3.7
1.2.3.89
255.255.255.0
exampleuser abcd1234
1.2.1.1
1.2.1.2
Follow the steps below to configure your ZyXEL Device for Internet access using
PPPoE in this example.
Figure 41 Tutorial Example: WAN Connection with a Static Public IP Address
LAN
WAN
Internet
192.168.1.1
1.2.3.4
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1
Click Network > WAN.
2
Make sure the DSL/WAN switch (on the back of the ZyXEL Device) is pushed to the DSL side and the WAN mode is ADSL WAN.
3
Select Routing in the Mode field and select PPPoE from the Encapsulation drop-down list box.
4
Enter the information (such as the user name, password and VPI/VCI value) provided by your ISP. If your ISP didn’t give you the service name, leave the field blank.
5
In the IP Address section, select Static IP Address and enter the first fixed public IP address (“1.2.3.4” in this example).
6
Configure the IP address of the DNS server the ZyXEL Device can query to resolve domain names. Select UserDefined and enter the first and second DNS server’s
IP addresses given by your ISP.
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Click Apply to save your changes.
Figure 42 Tutorial Example: WAN Screen
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Go to the Status screen to check your WAN connection status. Make sure the status is not down.
Figure 43 Tutorial Example: Status
4.3.3 Public IP Address Mapping
To have the local computers and servers use specific WAN IP addresses, you need to map static public IP addresses to them.
Note: The one-to-one NAT address mapping rules are for both incoming and outgoing connections. The ZyXEL Device forwards traffic that is initiated from either the
LAN or the WAN to the destination IP address.
Note: The many-to-one or many-to-many NAT address mapping rules are for outgoing connections only. That means only traffic initiated from the LAN or returned packets are allowed to go through the ZyXEL Device.
In this example, you create two one-to-one rules to map the internal web server
(192.168.1.12) and mail server (192.168.1.13) to different static public IP addresses. The many-to-one rule maps a public IP address (1.2.3.4, that is, the
ZyXEL Device’s WAN IP address) to outgoing LAN traffic. It allows other local
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IP address to access the Internet.
Figure 44 Tutorial Example: Mapping Multiple Public IP Addresses to Inside Servers
LAN
192.168.1.39
Mapping rules:
192.168.1.12 <---> 1.2.3.5 (1-1)
WAN
192.168.1.13 <---> 1.2.3.6 (1-1)
Other outgoing LAN traffic ---> 1.2.3.4 (M-1)
Internet
192.168.1.39
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.5
1.2.3.6
1.2.3.7
Web
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
Note: The ZyXEL Device applies the rules in the order that you specify. You should put any one-to-one rules before a many-to-one rule.
1
Click Network > NAT > General.
2
Enable NAT and select Full Feature as you have multiple public IP addresses to map to private IP addresses. Click Apply.
Figure 45 Tutorial Example: NAT > NAT Overview
3
Click the Address Mapping tab.
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Click the first rule’s Edit icon ( ) in the Modify column to display the Edit
Address Mapping Rule screen.
Figure 46 Tutorial Example: NAT > Address Mapping
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5
Map a public IP address to the web server.
Select the One-to-One type and enter 192.168.1.12 as the local start IP address and 1.2.3.5 as the global start IP address. Click Apply.
Figure 47 Tutorial Example: NAT Address Mapping Edit: One-to-One (1)
6
Click the second rule’s Edit icon ( ).
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Map a public IP address to the mail server.
Select the One-to-One type and enter 192.168.1.13 as the local start IP address and 1.2.3.6 as the global start IP address. Click Apply.
Figure 48 Tutorial Example: NAT Address Mapping Edit: One-to-One (2)
8
Click the third rule’s Edit icon ( ).
9
Map a public IP address to other outgoing LAN traffic.
Select the Many-to-One type and enter 192.168.1.1 as the local start IP address,
192.168.1.254 as the local end IP address and 1.2.3.4 as the global start IP address. Click Apply.
Figure 49 Tutorial Example: NAT Address Mapping Edit: Many-to-One
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After the configurations, the Address Mapping screen looks as shown. You still have one IP address (1.2.3.7) that can be assigned to another internal server when you expand your network.
Figure 50 Tutorial Example: NAT Address Mapping Done
Note: To allow traffic from the WAN to be forwarded through the ZyXEL Device, you
must also create a firewall rule. Refer to
for more information.
4.3.4 Forwarding Traffic from the WAN to a Local Computer
A server NAT address mapping rule allows computers behind the NAT be accessible to the outside world. To have the ZyXEL Device forward incoming traffic to a specific computer on your local network, you should also create a port forwarding (server mapping) rule.
In this example, you want to forward FTP traffic using port 21 to the computer with the IP address of 192.168.1.39.
Figure 51 Tutorial Example: Forwarding Incoming FTP Traffic to a Local Computer
LAN FTP
192.168.1.39
Mapping rules:
WAN
Incoming traffic <--- 1.2.3.4 (Server)
192.168.1.39
FTP
1.2.3.4
1.2.3.5
1.2.3.6
1.2.3.7
Internet
Web
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
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1
Click Network > NAT > Address Mapping.
2
Click the forth rule’s Edit icon ( ) to configure a server rule.
Figure 52 Tutorial Example: NAT Address Mapping Edit: Server
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3
Select a number and click the Edit Details link to edit a port forwarding set.
4
Select FTP from the Service Name drop-down list box, and enter “192.168.1.39” as the server IP address. Click Add to add the rule to the table.
5
Click Apply to go back to the Edit Address Mapping Rule screen. Click Apply again.
Figure 53 Tutorial Example: NAT Port Forwarding
4.3.5 Allow WAN-to-LAN Traffic through the Firewall
By default, the ZyXEL Device blocks any traffic initiated from the WAN to the LAN.
To have the ZyXEL Device forward traffic initiated from the WAN to a local computer or server on the LAN, you need to configure a firewall rule to allow it.
In this example, you create the firewall rules to allow traffic from the WAN to the following servers on the LAN:
• Web server
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• Mail server
• FTP server
Figure 54 Tutorial Example: Allow WAN-to-LAN Traffic
LAN FTP
192.168.1.39
WAN
FTP
Internet
192.168.1.39
Web
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
1
Click Security > Firewall.
2
Make sure the firewall is enabled and traffic from the WAN to the LAN is dropped.
Figure 55 Tutorial Example: Firewall > General
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3
Go to the Rules screen.
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Select the WAN to LAN packet direction and click the Add button to create a new firewall rule.
Figure 56 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rules: WAN to LAN
5
Configure a firewall rule to allow traffic from the WAN to the web server.
Select Any in the Destination Address List box and click Delete.
Select Single Address as the destination address type. Enter “192.168.1.12” and click Add >>.
Figure 57 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rule: WAN to LAN Address Edit for Web
Server
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Select Any(All) in the Available Services box on the left, and click Add >> to add it to the Selected Services box on the right. Click Apply.
Figure 58 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rule: WAN to LAN Service Edit for Web Server
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Click the Add button to configure a firewall rule to allow traffic from the WAN to the mail server.
Select Any in the Destination Address List box and click Delete.
Select Single Address as the destination address type. Enter “192.168.1.13” and click Add.
Figure 59 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rule: WAN to LAN Address Edit for Mail Server
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Select Any(All) in the Available Services box on the left, and click Add >> to add it to the Selected Services box on the right. Click Apply.
Figure 60 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rule: WAN to LAN Service Edit for Mail Server
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Click the Add button to configure a firewall rule to allow FTP traffic from the WAN to the FTP server.
Select Any in the Destination Address List box and click Delete.
Select Single Address as the destination address type. Enter “192.168.1.39” and click Add.
Figure 61 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rule: WAN to LAN Address Edit for FTP Server
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Select FTP(TCP:20,21) in the Available Services box on the left, and click Add
>> to add it to the Selected Services box on the right. Click Apply.
Figure 62 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rule: WAN to LAN Service Edit for FTP Server
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11
When you are done, the Rules screen looks as shown.
Figure 63 Tutorial Example: Firewall Rules Done
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4.3.6 Testing the Connections
1
Open the web browser on one of the local computers and enter any web site’s URL in the address bar. If you can access the web site, your WAN connection and NAT address mapping are configured successfully. If you cannot access it, make sure you entered the correct information in the WAN and NAT Address Mapping screens. Also check that the Internet account is active and the computer’s IP address is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device.
2
Open your web browser and try accessing the web server (1.2.3.5) from the outside network. If you cannot access the web server, make sure the NAT address mapping rule is configured correctly and there is a firewall rule to allow HTTP traffic from the WAN to the web server.
3
Try accessing the FTP server (1.2.3.4) from the outside network to send or retrieve a file. If you cannot access the FTP server, make sure the NAT port forwarding rule is active and there is a firewall rule to allow FTP traffic from the
WAN to FTP server.
4.4 Using NAT with Multiple Game Players
If two users (behind the ZyXEL Device) want to connect to the same server to play online games at the same time, but the server does not allow more than one login from the same IP address, you can configure a many-to-many rule instead of a many-to-one rule.
In this example, you have four static IP addresses (1.2.3.4 to 1.2.3.7) from your
ISP. After you set up your WAN connection (see
Section 4.3.2 on page 67 ), use
the NAT > Address Mapping screen to map the third and forth public IP addresses to the mail server (192.168.1.12) and web server (192.168.1.13) respectively. The first and second public IP addresses are mapped to other outgoing LAN traffic. See
for more information about IP address mapping.
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When you finish configuration, the screen looks as shown.
Figure 64 Tutorial Example: NAT Address Mapping Done: Game Playing
Note: To allow traffic from the WAN to be forwarded through the ZyXEL Device, you
must also create a firewall rule. Refer to
for more information.
4.5 How to Make a VoIP Call
You can register a SIP account with the SIP server and make voice calls over the
Internet to another VoIP device.
4.5.1 VoIP Calls With a Registered SIP Account
To use a registered SIP account, you should have applied for a SIP account with the VoIP service provider.
4.5.1.1 SIP Account Registration
Follow the steps below to register and activate your SIP account.
1
Make sure your ZyXEL Device is connected to the Internet.
2
Open the web configurator.
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3
Go to the Status screen to check if your SIP account has been registered successfully. If registration failed, check your Internet connection and click
Register to register your SIP account again.
Figure 65 Tutorial Example: Status
4.5.1.2 Analog Phone Configuration
1
Click VoIP > Phone to open the Analog Phone screen.
2
Select Phone1 to configure the first phone port.
3
Select SIP1 from the SIP Account drop-down list box in the Outgoing Call Use section to have the phone (connected to the first phone port) use the registered
SIP1 account to make outgoing calls.
4
Select the SIP1 check box in the Incoming Call apply to section to have the phone (connected to the first phone port) receive phone calls for the SIP1 account.
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5
Click Apply to save your changes.
Figure 66 Tutorial Example: Analog Phone
4.5.1.3 Making a VoIP Call
1
Make sure you connect a telephone to the first phone port on the ZyXEL Device.
2
Make sure the ZyXEL Device is on and connected to the Internet.
3
Pick up the phone receiver.
4
Dial the VoIP phone number you want to call.
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P
ART
II
Advanced
Network Address Translation (NAT) (169)
Quality of Service (QoS) (337)
Remote Management Configuration (357)
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) (369)
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C H A P T E R 5
Status Screens
Use the Status screens to look at the current status of the device, system resources, interfaces (LAN, WAN and WLAN), and SIP accounts. You can also register and unregister SIP accounts. The Status screen also provides detailed information from Any IP and DHCP and statistics from VoIP, and traffic.
5.1 Status Screen
Click Status to open this screen. The screen varies slightly depending on the WAN mode you set using the DSL/WAN switch.
Figure 67 Status Screen (ADSL WAN mode)
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Figure 68 Status Screen (Ethernet WAN mode)
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Each field is described in the following table.
Table 14 Status Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval Enter how often you want the ZyXEL Device to update this screen.
Apply Click this to update this screen immediately.
Device
Information
Host Name This field displays the ZyXEL Device system name. It is used for identification. You can change this in the Maintenance > System >
General screen’s System Name field.
This is the model name of your device.
Model
Number
MAC
Address
ZyNOS
Firmware
Version
DSL
Firmware
Version
This is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to your ZyXEL Device.
This field displays the current version of the firmware inside the device.
It also shows the date the firmware version was created. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
This field is not available when the WAN mode is Ethernet WAN.
This field displays the current version of the device’s DSL modem code.
WAN
Information
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Table 14 Status Screen
LABEL
DSL Mode
DESCRIPTION
This field is not available when the WAN mode is Ethernet WAN.
IP Address
This is the DSL standard that your ZyXEL Device is using.
This field displays the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the
WAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
This field displays the current subnet mask in the WAN.
IP Subnet
Mask
Default
Gateway
VPI/VCI
This is the IP address of the default gateway, if applicable.
This field is not available when the WAN mode is Ethernet WAN.
This is the Virtual Path Identifier and Virtual Channel Identifier that you entered in the wizard or WAN screen.
LAN
Information
IP Address This field displays the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the
LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
This field displays the current subnet mask in the LAN.
IP Subnet
Mask
DHCP This field displays what DHCP services the ZyXEL Device is providing to the LAN. Choices are:
Server - The ZyXEL Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to other computers in the LAN.
Relay - The ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays
DHCP requests and responses between the remote server and the clients.
None - The ZyXEL Device is not providing any DHCP services to the
LAN.
Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
WLAN
Information
SSID
Channel
Security
WPS
This is the descriptive name used to identify the ZyXEL Device in the wireless LAN. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
This is the channel number used by the ZyXEL Device now.
This displays the type of security mode the ZyXEL Device is using in the wireless LAN.
This displays the status of WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup). Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
Security
Firewall
Content
Filter
System Status
This displays whether or not the ZyXEL Device’s firewall is activated.
Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
This displays whether or not the ZyXEL Device’s content filtering is activated. Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
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Table 14 Status Screen
LABEL
System
Uptime
Current
Date/Time
System
Mode
CPU Usage
Memory
Usage
DESCRIPTION
This field displays how long the ZyXEL Device has been running since it last started up. The ZyXEL Device starts up when you plug it in, when you restart it (Maintenance > Tools > Restart), or when you reset it
(see
This field displays the current date and time in the ZyXEL Device. You can change this in Maintenance > System > Time Setting.
This displays whether the ZyXEL Device is functioning as a router or a bridge.
This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s processing ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the
ZyXEL Device is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications.
This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s memory is currently used. Usually, this percentage should not increase much. If memory usage does get close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is probably becoming unstable, and you should restart the device. See
Section 25.4 on page 426 , or turn off the device (unplug the power) for a few
seconds.
Interface Status
Interface
Status
This column displays each interface the ZyXEL Device has.
This field indicates whether or not the ZyXEL Device is using the interface.
For the DSL interface, this field displays Down (line is down), Up (line is up or connected) if you're using Ethernet encapsulation and Down
(line is down), Up (line is up or connected), Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial
(starting to trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using
PPPoE encapsulation.
Rate
For the WAN interface, this field displays Up when the ZyXEL Device is using the interface and Down when the ZyXEL Device is not using the interface.
For the LAN interface, this field displays Up when the ZyXEL Device is using the interface and Down when the ZyXEL Device is not using the interface.
For the WLAN interface, it displays Active when WLAN is enabled or
InActive when WLAN is disabled.
For the LAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting.
For the WAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting.
For the DSL interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate.
For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate when WLAN is enabled or N/A when WLAN is disabled.
Summary
Client List
Click this link to view current DHCP client information. See Section 7.3 on page 126 .
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Table 14 Status Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
AnyIP Table Click this link to view a list of IP addresses and MAC addresses of computers, which are not in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device. See
.
WLAN
Status
Click this link to display the MAC address(es) of the wireless stations that are currently associating with the ZyXEL Device. See
VPN Status Click this link to view the ZyXEL Device’s current VPN connections. See
Packet
Statistics
Click this link to view port status and packet specific statistics. See
.
VoIP
Statistics
Click this link to view statistics about your VoIP usage. See
VoIP Status
Account
Registration
This column displays each SIP account in the ZyXEL Device.
This field displays the current registration status of the SIP account. You have to register SIP accounts with a SIP server to use VoIP.
URI
If the SIP account is already registered with the SIP server,
• Click Unregister to delete the SIP account’s registration in the SIP server. This does not cancel your SIP account, but it deletes the mapping between your SIP identity and your IP address or domain name.
• The second field displays Registered.
If the SIP account is not registered with the SIP server,
• Click Register to have the ZyXEL Device attempt to register the SIP account with the SIP server.
• The second field displays the reason the account is not registered.
Inactive - The SIP account is not active. You can activate it in VoIP >
SIP > SIP Settings.
Register Fail - The last time the ZyXEL Device tried to register the SIP account with the SIP server, the attempt failed. The ZyXEL Device automatically tries to register the SIP account when you turn on the
ZyXEL Device or when you activate it.
This field displays the account number and service domain of the SIP account. You can change these in VoIP > SIP > SIP Settings.
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5.2 Any IP Table
Click Status > AnyIP Table to access this screen. Use this screen to view the IP address and MAC address of each computer that is using the ZyXEL Device but is in a different subnet than the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 69 Any IP Table
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 15 Any IP Table
LABEL
#
IP Address
DESCRIPTION
This field is a sequential value. It is not associated with a specific entry.
MAC Address
Refresh
This field displays the IP address of each computer that is using the ZyXEL Device but is in a different subnet than the ZyXEL Device.
This field displays the MAC address of the computer that is using the
ZyXEL Device but is in a different subnet than the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to update this screen.
5.3 WLAN Status
Click Status > WLAN Status to access this screen. Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 70 WLAN Status
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16 WLAN Status
LABEL
#
DESCRIPTION
This is the index number of an associated wireless station.
MAC Address This field displays the MAC (Media Access Control) address of an associated wireless station.
Association
TIme
Refresh
This field displays the time a wireless station first associated with the
ZyXEL Device.
Click Refresh to reload this screen.
5.4 Packet Statistics
Click Status > Packet Statistics to access this screen. Read-only information here includes port status and packet specific statistics. Also provided are "system up time" and "poll interval(s)". The Poll Interval(s) field is configurable. The screen varies slightly depending on the WAN mode you set using the DSL/WAN switch.
Figure 71 Packet Statistics
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 17 Packet Statistics
LABEL
System Monitor
DESCRIPTION
System up Time This is the elapsed time the system has been up.
Current Date/
Time
This field displays your ZyXEL Device’s present date and time.
CPU Usage
Memory Usage
This field specifies the percentage of CPU utilization.
This field specifies the percentage of memory utilization.
WAN Port Statistics
Link Status This is the status of your WAN link.
WAN IP Address This is the IP address of the ZyXEL Device’s WAN port.
Upstream Speed This is the upstream speed of your ZyXEL Device DSL interface.
This is the downstream speed of your ZyXEL Device DSL interface.
Downstream
Speed
Rate
Node-Link
This is the port speed and duplex setting of your Ethernet WAN connection.
This field displays the remote node index number and link type. Link types are Ethernet and PPPoE.
Status
TxPkts
RxPkts
Errors
Tx B/s
Rx B/s
Up Time
This field displays Down (line is down), Up (line is up or connected) if you're using Ethernet encapsulation and Down (line is down), Up
(line is up or connected), Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE encapsulation.
This field displays the number of packets transmitted on this port.
This field displays the number of packets received on this port.
This field displays the number of error packets on this port.
This field displays the number of bytes transmitted in the last second.
This field displays the number of bytes received in the last second.
This field displays the elapsed time this port has been up.
LAN Port Statistics
Interface This field displays Ethernet (LAN ports).
Status
TxPkts
RxPkts
Collisions
Poll Interval(s)
Set Interval
Stop
This displays the port speed and duplex setting.
This field displays the number of packets transmitted on this interface.
This field displays the number of packets received on this interface.
This is the number of collisions on this interfaces.
Type the time interval for the browser to refresh system statistics.
Click this to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Poll
Interval field above.
Click this button to halt the refreshing of the system statistics.
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5.5 VoIP Statistics
Click Status > VoIP Statistics to access this screen.
Figure 72 VoIP Statistics
Chapter 5 Status Screens
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 18 VoIP Statistics
LABEL
SIP Status
Account
Registration
DESCRIPTION
This column displays each SIP account in the ZyXEL Device.
This field displays the current registration status of the SIP account. You can change this in the Status screen.
Last
Registration
URI
Protocol
Message
Waiting
Last Incoming
Number
Registered - The SIP account is registered with a SIP server.
Register Fail - The last time the ZyXEL Device tried to register the SIP account with the SIP server, the attempt failed. The ZyXEL Device automatically tries to register the SIP account when you turn on the
ZyXEL Device or when you activate it.
Inactive - The SIP account is not active. You can activate it in VoIP >
SIP > SIP Settings.
This field displays the last time you successfully registered the SIP account. It displays N/A if you never successfully registered this account.
This field displays the account number and service domain of the SIP account. You can change these in VoIP > SIP > SIP Settings.
This field displays the transport protocol the SIP account uses. SIP accounts always use UDP.
This field indicates whether or not there are any messages waiting for the SIP account.
This field displays the last number that called the SIP account. It displays N/A if no number has ever dialed the SIP account.
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Table 18 VoIP Statistics
LABEL
Last Outgoing
Number
Call Statistics
Phone
Hook
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the last number the SIP account called. It displays N/
A if the SIP account has never dialed a number.
This field displays each phone port in the ZyXEL Device.
This field indicates whether the phone is on the hook or off the hook.
On - The phone is hanging up or already hung up.
Status
Off - The phone is dialing, calling, or connected.
This field displays the current state of the phone call.
N/A - There are no current VoIP calls, incoming calls or outgoing calls being made.
DIAL - The callee’s phone is ringing.
RING - The phone is ringing for an incoming VoIP call.
Process - There is a VoIP call in progress.
Codec
Peer Number
DISC - The callee’s line is busy, the callee hung up or your phone was left off the hook.
This field displays what voice codec is being used for a current VoIP call through a phone port.
This field displays the SIP number of the party that is currently engaged in a VoIP call through a phone port.
This field displays how long the current call has lasted.
Duration
Tx Pkts
Rx Pkts
Tx B/s
Rx B/s
This field displays the number of packets the ZyXEL Device has transmitted in the current call.
This field displays the number of packets the ZyXEL Device has received in the current call.
This field displays how quickly the ZyXEL Device has transmitted packets in the current call. The rate is the average number of bytes transmitted per second.
This field displays how quickly the ZyXEL Device has received packets in the current call. The rate is the average number of bytes transmitted per second.
Poll Interval(s) Enter how often you want the ZyXEL Device to update this screen, and click Set Interval.
Set Interval
Stop
Click this to make the ZyXEL Device update the screen based on the amount of time you specified in Poll Interval.
Click this to make the ZyXEL Device stop updating the screen.
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C H A P T E R 6
WAN Setup
6.1 Overview
This chapter discusses the ZyXEL Device’s WAN screens. Use these screens to configure your ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local
Area Network) and other networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.
Figure 73 LAN and WAN
LAN
WAN
Internet
6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens
• Use the Internet Access Setup screen ( Section 6.2 on page 101 ) to configure
the WAN settings on the ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
• Use the More Connections screen (
) to set up additional Internet access connections.
• Use the WAN Backup Setup screen (
) to set up a backup gateway that helps forward traffic to its destination when the default
WAN connection is down.
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6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN
Encapsulation Method
Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your
ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) or PPPoA, they should also provide a username and password (and service name) for user authentication.
WAN IP Address
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the ZyXEL Device, which makes it accessible from an outside network. It is used by the ZyXEL Device to communicate with other devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the ZyXEL Device tries to access the
Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP encapsulation method).
Finding Out More
• See
for advanced technical information on WAN.
• See
Chapter 4 on page 57 for WAN tutorials.
6.1.3 Before You Begin
You need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP address. Get this information from your ISP.
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6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s WAN settings. Click Network >
WAN > Internet Access Setup. The screen differs by the WAN mode and encapsulation you select.
Figure 74 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (PPPoE)
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 19 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup
LABEL
WAN Mode
DESCRIPTION
When you set the DSL/WAN switch (on the back of the ZyXEL
Device) to the DSL side, this shows ADSL WAN. The WAN port will be disabled automatically.
When you set the DSL/WAN switch (on the back of the ZyXEL
Device) to the WAN side, this shows Ethernet WAN. The DSL port will be disabled automatically. This allows the ZyXEL Device to work as an Ethernet gateway, instead of a DSL router. To access the Internet, connect the WAN port to a broadband modem or router.
General
Mode
Encapsulation
This field is not available if you set the WAN mode to Ethernet WAN.
Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP give you one IP address only and you want multiple computers to share an
Internet account. Select Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the connected computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If you select
Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL
Device.
Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the dropdown list box. Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the
Mode field.
User Name
Password
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, the ZyXEL Device uses RFC
1483.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select DHCP (ENET ENCAP) or PPPoE.
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
(PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user name above.
(PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
This field is not available if you set the WAN mode to Ethernet WAN.
Service Name
Multiplexing
Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the dropdown list. Choices are VC or LLC.
Virtual Circuit ID These fields are not available if you set the WAN mode to Ethernet
WAN.
VPI
VCI
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you.
The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
IP Address
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Table 19 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued)
LABEL
IP Address
DESCRIPTION
This option is available if you set the WAN mode to Ethernet WAN or select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet.
Subnet Mask
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic
IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below.
Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation when you select
DHCP in the Encapsulation field.
You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you select DHCP in the Encapsulation field.
Gateway IP address
DNS Server
First DNS Server
Second DNS
Server
Third DNS Server
Select Obtained From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the ZyXEL Device's WAN IP address) and you select Obtain an IP Address Automatically.
Select UserDefined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose
UserDefined, but leave the IP address set to 0.0.0.0, UserDefined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to
User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second
UserDefined changes to None after you click Apply.
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. You must have another DNS server on your LAN, or else the computers must have their DNS server addresses manually configured. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
Connection
(PPPoE encapsulation only)
Nailed-Up
Connection
Select Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection up all the time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected.
Connect on
Demand
Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.
Max Idle Timeout Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout.
Apply
Cancel
Click Apply to save the changes.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Advanced Setup Click this button to display the Advanced WAN Setup screen and edit more details of your WAN setup.
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6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the
Advanced Setup button in the Internet Access Setup screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 75 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 20 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
LABEL
RIP & Multicast
Setup
RIP Direction
DESCRIPTION
This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge mode.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. Use this field to control how much routing information the ZyXEL Device sends and receives on the subnet.
RIP Version
Multicast
Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field.
Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
Multicast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are an alternative to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and broadcast packets (packets sent to every computer).
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it.
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Table 20 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup (continued)
LABEL
ATM QoS
DESCRIPTION
ATM QoS Type These fields are not available if you set the WAN mode to Ethernet
WAN.
Peak Cell
Rate
Sustain Cell
Rate
Maximum
Burst Size
MTU
Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select VBR-RT
(real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for applications with bursty connections that require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
Select VBR-nRT (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for connections that do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the
Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the PCR here.
The Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR.
Note that system default is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535.
The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field.
Back
Apply
Cancel
For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.
For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.
For PPPoA and RFC 1483, the MTU is 65535.
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save the changes.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
6.3 The More Connections Screen
The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure more than one Internet access connection. To configure additional Internet access connections click Network >
WAN > More Connections. The screen differs by the encapsulation you select.
When you use the WAN > Internet Access Setup screen to set up Internet
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Figure 76 Network > WAN > More Connections
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 21 Network > WAN > More Connections
LABEL
#
Active
DESCRIPTION
This is an index number indicating the number of the corresponding connection.
This field indicates whether the connection is active or not.
Name
VPI/VCI
Clear the check box to disable the connection. Select the check box to enable it.
This is the name you gave to the Internet connection.
This field displays the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel
Identifier (VCI) numbers configured for this WAN connection.
Encapsulation This field indicates the encapsulation method of the Internet connection.
Modify The first (ISP) connection is read-only in this screen. Use the WAN >
Internet Access Setup screen to edit it.
Apply
Cancel
Click the Edit icon to edit the Internet connection settings. Click this icon on an empty configuration to add a new Internet access setup.
Click the Remove icon to delete the Internet access setup from your connection list.
Click Apply to save the changes.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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6.3.1 More Connections Edit
Click the edit icon in the More Connections screen to configure a connection
.
Figure 77 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 22 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
LABEL
Active
Name
DESCRIPTION
Select the check box to activate or clear the check box to deactivate this connection.
Enter a unique, descriptive name of up to 13 ASCII characters for this connection.
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Table 22 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABEL
Mode
DESCRIPTION
Select Routing from the drop-down list box if your ISP allows multiple computers to share an Internet account.
Encapsulation
If you select Bridge, the ZyXEL Device will forward any packet that it does not route to this remote node; otherwise, the packets are discarded.
Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list box. Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the Mode field.
User Name
Password
Service Name
Multiplexing
VPI
VCI
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Gateway IP address
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, select either PPPoA or
RFC 1483.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC
1483, ENET ENCAP or PPPoE.
(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user name above.
(PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list. Choices are VC or LLC.
By prior agreement, a protocol is assigned a specific virtual circuit, for example, VC1 will carry IP. If you select VC, specify separate VPI and VCI numbers for each protocol.
For LLC-based multiplexing or PPP encapsulation, one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet header. In this case, only one set of VPI and VCI numbers need be specified for all protocols.
The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you.
The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
This option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet.
If you use the encapsulation type except RFC 1483, select
Obtain an IP Address Automatically when you have a dynamic IP address; otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address field below.
If you use RFC 1483, enter the IP address given by your ISP in the IP Address field.
Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).
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Table 22 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABEL
Connection
DESCRIPTION
Nailed-Up Connection Select Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection up all the time. The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected.
Connect on Demand Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle
Timeout field.
Max Idle Timeout Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout.
NAT SUA only is available only when you select Routing in the Mode field.
Select SUA Only if you have one public IP address and want to use NAT. Click Edit to go to the Port Forwarding screen to edit a server mapping set.
Back
Apply
Cancel
Advanced Setup
Otherwise, select None to disable NAT.
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save the changes.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Click this button to display the More Connections Advanced
Setup screen and edit more details of your WAN setup.
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6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup
To edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings, click the Advanced Setup button in the More Connections Edit screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 78 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 23 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge mode.
RIP Direction
RIP Version
Multicast
Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out
Only.
Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The
ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and
IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it.
ATM QoS
ATM QoS Type Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or data traffic.
Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are nontime sensitive, such as e-mail.
Select VBR-RT (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for applications with bursty connections that require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
Select VBR-nRT (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for connections that do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
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Table 23 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup (continued)
LABEL
Peak Cell Rate
DESCRIPTION
Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the PCR here.
Sustain Cell Rate The Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (longterm) that can be transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system default is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum Burst Size Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535.
MTU The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the
MTU in this field.
Back
Apply
Cancel
For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.
For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.
For PPPoA and RFC 1483, the MTU is 65535.
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save the changes.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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6.4 The WAN Backup Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device’s WAN backup. Click Network >
WAN > WAN Backup Setup. This screen is not available if you set the WAN type to Ethernet in the Internet Access Setup screen.
Figure 79 Network > WAN > WAN Backup
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 24 Network > WAN > WAN Backup
LABEL
Backup Type
DESCRIPTION
Select the method that the ZyXEL Device uses to check the DSL connection.
Check WAN IP
Address1-3
Select DSL Link to have the ZyXEL Device check if the connection to the
DSLAM is up. Select ICMP to have the ZyXEL Device periodically ping the IP addresses configured in the Check WAN IP Address fields.
Configure this field to test your ZyXEL Device's WAN accessibility. Type the IP address of a reliable nearby computer (for example, your ISP's
DNS server address).
Fail Tolerance
Note: If you activate either traffic redirect or dial backup, you must configure at least one IP address here.
When using a WAN backup connection, the ZyXEL Device periodically pings the addresses configured here and uses the other WAN backup connection (if configured) if there is no response.
Type the number of times (2 recommended) that your ZyXEL Device may ping the IP addresses configured in the Check WAN IP Address field without getting a response before switching to a WAN backup connection (or a different WAN backup connection).
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Table 24 Network > WAN > WAN Backup
LABEL
Recovery
Interval
DESCRIPTION
When the ZyXEL Device is using a lower priority connection (usually a
WAN backup connection), it periodically checks whether or not it can use a higher priority connection.
Timeout
Type the number of seconds (30 recommended) for the ZyXEL Device to wait between checks. Allow more time if your destination IP address handles lots of traffic.
Type the number of seconds (3 recommended) for your ZyXEL Device to wait for a ping response from one of the IP addresses in the Check
WAN IP Address field before timing out the request. The WAN connection is considered "down" after the ZyXEL Device times out the number of times specified in the Fail Tolerance field. Use a higher value in this field if your network is busy or congested.
Traffic Redirect Traffic redirect forwards traffic to a backup gateway when the ZyXEL
Device cannot connect to the Internet.
Active Traffic
Redirect
Select this check box to have the ZyXEL Device use traffic redirect if the normal WAN connection goes down.
Metric
Backup
Gateway
Apply
Cancel
Note: If you activate traffic redirect, you must configure at least one
Check WAN IP Address.
This field sets this route's priority among the routes the ZyXEL Device uses.
The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the best route for transmission by choosing a path with the lowest
"cost". RIP routing uses hop count as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of "1" for directly connected networks. The number must be between "1" and "15"; a number greater than "15" means the link is down. The smaller the number, the lower the "cost".
Type the IP address of your backup gateway in dotted decimal notation.
The ZyXEL Device automatically forwards traffic to this IP address if the
ZyXEL Device's Internet connection terminates.
Click Apply to save the changes.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
6.5 WAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
6.5.1 Encapsulation
Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The ZyXEL Device supports the following methods.
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6.5.1.1 ENET ENCAP
The MAC Encapsulated Routing Link Protocol (ENET ENCAP) is only implemented with the IP network protocol. IP packets are routed between the Ethernet interface and the WAN interface and then formatted so that they can be understood in a bridged environment. For instance, it encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged ATM cells. ENET ENCAP requires that you specify a gateway IP address in the Gateway IP Address field in the wizard or WAN screen. You can get this information from your ISP.
6.5.1.2 PPP over Ethernet
The ZyXEL Device supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is an IETF Draft standard (RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem (DSL, cable, wireless, and so on.) connection.
The PPPoE option is for a dial-up connection using PPPoE.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing access control systems (for example RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and offer new IP services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the ZyXEL Device (rather than individual computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the ZyXEL Device does that part of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs’ computers will have access.
6.5.1.3 PPPoA
PPPoA stands for Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). A
PPPoA connection functions like a dial-up Internet connection. The ZyXEL Device encapsulates the PPP session based on RFC1483 and sends it through an ATM PVC
(Permanent Virtual Circuit) to the Internet Service Provider’s (ISP) DSLAM (Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) Access Multiplexer). Please refer to RFC 2364 for more information on PPPoA. Refer to RFC 1661 for more information on PPP.
6.5.1.4 RFC 1483
RFC 1483 describes two methods for Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM
Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). The first method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit (LLC-based multiplexing) and the second
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(VC-based multiplexing). Please refer to RFC 1483 for more detailed information.
6.5.2 Multiplexing
There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is carrying. Be sure to use the multiplexing method required by your ISP.
VC-based Multiplexing
In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific virtual circuit; for example, VC1 carries IP, and so on. VC-based multiplexing may be dominant in environments where dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM
VCs is fast and economical.
LLC-based Multiplexing
In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and processing overhead, this method may be advantageous if it is not practical to have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if charging heavily depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.
6.5.3 VPI and VCI
Be sure to use the correct Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel
Identifier (VCI) numbers assigned to you. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255 and for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Please see the appendix for more information.
6.5.4 IP Address Assignment
A static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time. The Single User Account feature can be enabled or disabled if you have either a dynamic or static IP. However the encapsulation method assigned influences your choices for IP address and ENET
ENCAP gateway.
IP Assignment with PPPoA or PPPoE Encapsulation
If you have a dynamic IP, then the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable (N/A). If you have a static IP, then you only need to fill in the IP
Address field and not the Gateway IP Address field.
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IP Assignment with RFC 1483 Encapsulation
In this case the IP address assignment must be static.
IP Assignment with ENET ENCAP Encapsulation
In this case you can have either a static or dynamic IP. For a static IP you must fill in all the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields as supplied by your ISP.
However for a dynamic IP, the ZyXEL Device acts as a DHCP client on the WAN port and so the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable
(N/A) as the DHCP server assigns them to the ZyXEL Device.
6.5.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP)
A nailed-up connection is a dial-up line where the connection is always up regardless of traffic demand. The ZyXEL Device does two things when you specify a nailed-up connection. The first is that idle timeout is disabled. The second is that the ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection when turned on and whenever the connection is down. A nailed-up connection can be very expensive for obvious reasons.
Do not specify a nailed-up connection unless your telephone company offers flatrate service or you need a constant connection and the cost is of no concern.
6.5.6 NAT
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.
6.5.7 Metric
The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the best route for transmission by choosing a path with the lowest "cost". RIP routing uses hop count as the measurement of cost, with a minimum of "1" for directly connected networks. The number must be between "1" and "15"; a number greater than "15" means the link is down. The smaller the number, the lower the
"cost".
The metric sets the priority for the ZyXEL Device’s routes to the Internet. For example, if the normal route has a metric of "1" and the traffic-redirect route has a metric of "2", then the normal route acts as the primary default route. If the normal route fails to connect to the Internet, the ZyXEL Device tries the trafficredirect route next.
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6.5.8 Traffic Shaping
Traffic Shaping is an agreement between the carrier and the subscriber to regulate the average rate and fluctuations of data transmission over an ATM network. This agreement helps eliminate congestion, which is important for transmission of real time data such as audio and video connections.
Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. This parameter may be lower (but not higher) than the maximum line speed. 1 ATM cell is 53 bytes (424 bits), so a maximum speed of 832Kbps gives a maximum
PCR of 1962 cells/sec. This rate is not guaranteed because it is dependent on the line speed.
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the mean cell rate of each bursty traffic source. It specifies the maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over the virtual connection. SCR may not be greater than the PCR.
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the PCR. After MBS is reached, cell rates fall below SCR until cell rate averages to the SCR again. At this time, more cells (up to the MBS) can be sent at the PCR again.
If the PCR, SCR or MBS is set to the default of "0", the system will assign a maximum value that correlates to your upstream line rate.
The following figure illustrates the relationship between PCR, SCR and MBS.
Figure 80 Example of Traffic Shaping
6.5.8.1 ATM Traffic Classes
These are the basic ATM traffic classes defined by the ATM Forum Traffic
Management 4.0 Specification.
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Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) provides fixed bandwidth that is always available even if no data is being sent. CBR traffic is generally time-sensitive (doesn't tolerate delay). CBR is used for connections that continuously require a specific amount of bandwidth. A PCR is specified and if traffic exceeds this rate, cells may be dropped. Examples of connections that need CBR would be high-resolution video and voice.
Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
The Variable Bit Rate (VBR) ATM traffic class is used with bursty connections.
Connections that use the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) traffic class can be grouped into real time (VBR-RT) or non-real time (VBR-nRT) connections.
The VBR-RT (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It also provides a fixed amount of bandwidth (a PCR is specified) but is only available when data is being sent. An example of an VBR-RT connection would be video conferencing. Video conferencing requires real-time data transfers and the bandwidth requirement varies in proportion to the video image's changing dynamics.
The VBR-nRT (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It is commonly used for "bursty" traffic typical on LANs. PCR and MBS define the burst levels, SCR defines the minimum level. An example of an VBR-nRT connection would be non-time sensitive data file transfers.
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
The Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) ATM traffic class is for bursty data transfers.
However, UBR doesn't guarantee any bandwidth and only delivers traffic when the network has spare bandwidth. An example application is background file transfer.
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6.6 Traffic Redirect
Traffic redirect forwards traffic to a backup gateway when the ZyXEL Device cannot connect to the Internet. An example is shown in the figure below.
Figure 81 Traffic Redirect Example
LAN
WAN
Internet
Backup Gateway
The following network topology allows you to avoid triangle route security issues when the backup gateway is connected to the LAN. Use IP alias to configure the
LAN into two or three logical networks with the ZyXEL Device itself as the gateway for each LAN network. Put the protected LAN in one subnet (Subnet 1 in the following figure) and the backup gateway in another subnet (Subnet 2). Configure filters that allow packets from the protected LAN (Subnet 1) to the backup gateway (Subnet 2).
Figure 82 Traffic Redirect LAN Setup
Subnet 1
192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.24
WAN
LAN
Internet
Backup Gateway
Subnet 2
192.168.2.0 - 192.168.2.24
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C H A P T E R 7
LAN Setup
7.1 Overview
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many computers are attached. A LAN is usually located in one immediate area such as a building or floor of a building.
The LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.
LAN
DSL
Internet
• See
for more information on LANs.
• See
for more information on IP addresses and subnetting.
7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens
• Use the LAN IP screen (
) to set the LAN IP address and subnet mask of your ZyXEL device. You can also edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast, any IP, DHCP, and Windows Networking settings from this screen.
• Use the Client List screen ( Section 7.3 on page 126 ) to assign IP addresses on
the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses.
• Use the IP Alias screen ( Section 7.4 on page 128 ) to change your ZyXEL
Device’s IP alias settings.
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7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN
IP Address
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number. This is known as an
Internet Protocol address.
Subnet Mask
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
DHCP
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) allows clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. This ZyXEL Device has a built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.
DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
7.1.3 Before You Begin
Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the DHCP Client List screen.
7.2 The LAN IP Screen
Click Network > LAN to open the IP screen. See
background information. Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address
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Chapter 7 LAN Setup and subnet mask of your ZyXEL Device and configure the DNS server information that the ZyXEL Device sends to the DHCP client devices on the LAN.
Figure 83 Network > LAN > IP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 25 Network > LAN > IP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
LAN TCP/IP
IP Address Enter the LAN IP address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default).
IP Subnet Mask Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example 255.255.255.0 (factory default). Your ZyXEL Device automatically computes the subnet mask based on the IP address you enter, so do not change this field unless you are instructed to do so.
DHCP Setup
DHCP If set to Server, your ZyXEL Device can assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway and DNS servers to LAN computers and other devices that are DHCP clients.
If set to None, the DHCP server will be disabled. You need to manually configure the IP addresses of the computers and other devices on your
LAN.
If set to Relay, the ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP requests and responses between the remote server and the clients. Enter the IP address of the actual, remote DHCP server in the Remote DHCP Server field in this case.
When DHCP is used, the following items need to be set:
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Table 25 Network > LAN > IP (continued)
LABEL
IP Pool Starting
Address
Pool Size
Remote DHCP
Server
DNS Server
DNS Servers
Assigned by
DHCP Server
First DNS Server
DESCRIPTION
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool.
This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool.
If Relay is selected in the DHCP field above then enter the IP address of the actual remote DHCP server here.
The ZyXEL Device passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP address to the DHCP clients.
Select Obtained From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the ZyXEL Device's WAN IP address).
Second DNS
Server
Third DNS Server
Select UserDefined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose
UserDefined, but leave the IP address set to 0.0.0.0, UserDefined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to
UserDefined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-
Defined changes to None after you click Apply.
Select DNS Relay to have the ZyXEL Device act as a DNS proxy only when the ISP uses IPCP DNS server extensions.
The ZyXEL Device's
LAN IP address displays in the field to the right (read-only). The ZyXEL
Device tells the DHCP clients on the LAN that the ZyXEL Device itself is the DNS server. When a computer on the LAN sends a DNS query to the ZyXEL Device, the ZyXEL Device forwards the query to the real
DNS server learned through IPCP and relays the response back to the computer. You can only select DNS Relay for one of the three servers; if you select DNS Relay for a second or third DNS server, that choice changes to None after you click Apply.
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. You must have another DHCP sever on your LAN, or else the computers must have their DNS server addresses manually configured. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
Apply
Cancel
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Advanced Setup Click this button to display the Advanced LAN Setup screen and edit more details of your LAN setup.
7.2.1 The Advanced LAN Setup Screen
RIP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers.
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Multicast and IGMP
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network).
Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data.
There are two versions 1 and 2. IGMP version 2 is an improvement over version 1 but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use.
7.2.2 Configuring the Advanced LAN Setup Screen
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast, Any IP, and Windows
Networking settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the LAN IP screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 84 Network > LAN > IP > Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 26 Network > LAN > IP > Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup
RIP Direction Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
RIP Version
Multicast
Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it.
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Table 26 Network > LAN > IP > Advanced Setup (continued)
LABEL
Any IP Setup
DESCRIPTION
Enable Any IP to allow a computer to access the Internet without changing its network settings (such as IP address and subnet mask), even when the IP addresses of the computer and the ZyXEL Device are not in the same subnet.
Windows
Networking
(NetBIOS over
TCP/IP)
Allow between
LAN and WAN
Back
Apply
Cancel
When you disable Any IP, only computers with dynamic IP addresses or static IP addresses in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address can connect to the ZyXEL Device or access the Internet through the ZyXEL Device.
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) are TCP or UDP packets that enable a computer to connect to and communicate with a LAN. For some dial-up services such as PPPoE or PPTP, NetBIOS packets cause unwanted calls. However it may sometimes be necessary to allow
NetBIOS packets to pass through to the WAN in order to find a computer on the WAN.
Select this to forward NetBIOS packets from the LAN to the WAN and from the WAN to the LAN. If your firewall is enabled with the default policy set to block WAN to LAN traffic, you also need to enable the default WAN to LAN firewall rule that forwards NetBIOS traffic.
Clear this option to block all NetBIOS packets going from the LAN to the
WAN and from the WAN to the LAN.
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save the changes.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
7.3 The LAN Client List Screen
Use this table to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses.
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
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Click Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s static DHCP settings.
Figure 85 Network > LAN > Client List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 27 Network > LAN > Client List
LABEL
IP Address
MAC Address
Add
#
Status
Host Name
IP Address
MAC Address
DESCRIPTION
Enter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on your
LAN with the MAC address that you will also specify.
Enter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN.
Click Add to add a static DHCP entry.
This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row).
This field displays whether the client is connected to the ZyXEL Device.
This field displays the computer host name.
This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local
Area Network) is unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation).
Reserve
Modify
Apply
Cancel
Refresh
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no other adapter has a similar address.
Select the check box in the heading row to automatically select all check boxes or select the check box(es) in each entry to have the
ZyXEL Device always assign the selected entry(ies)’s IP address(es) to the corresponding MAC address(es) (and host name(s)). You can select up to 128 entries in this table.
Click the modify icon to have the IP address field editable and change it.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Click Refresh to reload the DHCP table.
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7.4 The LAN IP Alias Screen
IP alias partitions a physical network into different logical networks over the same
Ethernet interface. The ZyXEL Device supports three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the ZyXEL Device itself as the gateway for each LAN network. With IP alias, you can also configure firewall rules to control access between the LAN's logical networks (subnets). The following figure shows a
LAN divided into subnets A, B, and C.
Figure 86 Physical Network & Partitioned Logical Networks
Ethernet
Interface
A: 192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.24
B: 192.168.2.1 - 192.168.2.24
C: 192.168.3.1 - 192.168.3.24
Note: Make sure that the subnets of the logical networks do not overlap.
Click Network > LAN > IP Alias to open the following screen. Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s IP alias settings.
Figure 87 Network > LAN > IP Alias
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 28 Network > LAN > IP Alias
LABEL
IP Alias 1, 2
IP Address
DESCRIPTION
Select this to configure another LAN network for the ZyXEL Device.
Enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation.
IP Subnet Mask Your ZyXEL Device will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device.
RIP Direction
Alternatively, click the right mouse button to copy and/or paste the IP address.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol, RFC 1058 and RFC 1389) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. The RIP
Direction field controls the sending and receiving of RIP packets.
Select the RIP direction from Both/In Only/Out Only/None. When set to Both or Out Only, the ZyXEL Device will broadcast its routing table periodically. When set to Both or In Only, it will incorporate the
RIP information that it receives; when set to None, it will not send any
RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets received.
RIP Version
Apply
Cancel
The RIP Version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP-1 is universally supported but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology. Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M sends the routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference being that RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting. Multicasting can reduce the load on non-router machines since they generally do not listen to the RIP multicast address and so will not receive the RIP packets. However, if one router uses multicasting, then all routers on your network must use multicasting, also. By default, RIP direction is set to Both and the Version set to
RIP-1.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
7.5 LAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
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7.5.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device
The actual physical connection determines whether the ZyXEL Device ports are
LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next.
Figure 88 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
LAN WAN
Internet
7.5.2 DHCP Setup
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the ZyXEL Device as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.
IP Pool
The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool). See the product specifications in the appendices. Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers.
7.5.3 DNS Server Addresses
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.
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• The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in the DHCP Setup screen.
• Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS servers, chances are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The ZyXEL Device supports the IPCP DNS server extensions through the DNS proxy feature.
If the DNS Server fields in the DHCP Setup screen are set to DNS Relay, the
ZyXEL Device tells the DHCP clients that it itself is the DNS server. When a computer sends a DNS query to the ZyXEL Device, the ZyXEL Device acts as a
DNS proxy and forwards the query to the real DNS server learned through IPCP and relays the response back to the computer.
Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the DHCP Setup screen.
7.5.4 TCP/IP
The ZyXEL Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems on the LAN that support DHCP client capability.
IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0 and you must enable the
Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the ZyXEL Device. The Internet
Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise.
Let's say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that network.
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Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for instance, 192.168.1.1, for your ZyXEL Device, but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, “Address Allocation for Private
Internets” and RFC 1466, “Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space”.
7.5.5 RIP Setup
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other routers. The RIP Direction field controls the sending and receiving of RIP packets. When set to:
• Both - the ZyXEL Device will broadcast its routing table periodically and incorporate the RIP information that it receives.
• In Only - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets but will accept all RIP packets received.
• Out Only - the ZyXEL Device will send out RIP packets but will not accept any
RIP packets received.
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• None - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets received.
The Version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving).
RIP-1 is universally supported; but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have an unusual network topology.
Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M sends the routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference being that RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting.
7.5.6 Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network).
Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP version 2 (RFC 2236) is an improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. If you would like to read more detailed information about interoperability between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections
4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address
224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts (including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP. The address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group.
The ZyXEL Device supports both IGMP version 1 (IGMP-v1) and IGMP version 2
(IGMP-v2). At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership. After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/disabled on the ZyXEL Device LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN). Select None to disable IP multicasting on these interfaces.
7.5.7 Any IP
Traditionally, you must set the IP addresses and the subnet masks of a computer and the ZyXEL Device to be in the same subnet to allow the computer to access the Internet (through the ZyXEL Device). In cases where your computer is required to use a static IP address in another network, you may need to manually
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Internet via the ZyXEL Device.
With the Any IP feature and NAT enabled, the ZyXEL Device allows a computer to access the Internet without changing the network settings (such as IP address and subnet mask) of the computer, when the IP addresses of the computer and the
ZyXEL Device are not in the same subnet. Whether a computer is set to use a dynamic or static (fixed) IP address, you can simply connect the computer to the
ZyXEL Device and access the Internet.
The following figure depicts a scenario where a computer is set to use a static private IP address in the corporate environment. In a residential house where a
ZyXEL Device is installed, you can still use the computer to access the Internet without changing the network settings, even when the IP addresses of the computer and the ZyXEL Device are not in the same subnet.
Figure 89 Any IP Example
Internet
192.168.10.1
134
Internet
192.168.1.1
192.168.10.1
The Any IP feature does not apply to a computer using either a dynamic IP address or a static IP address that is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s IP address.
Note: You must enable NAT/SUA to use the Any IP feature on the ZyXEL Device.
How Any IP Works
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address, also known as a Media Access
Control or MAC address, on the local area network. IP routing table is defined on
IP Ethernet devices (the ZyXEL Device) to decide which hop to use, to help forward data along to its specified destination.
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The following lists out the steps taken, when a computer tries to access the
Internet for the first time through the ZyXEL Device.
1
When a computer (which is in a different subnet) first attempts to access the
Internet, it sends packets to its default gateway (which is not the ZyXEL Device) by looking at the MAC address in its ARP table.
2
When the computer cannot locate the default gateway, an ARP request is broadcast on the LAN.
3
The ZyXEL Device receives the ARP request and replies to the computer with its own MAC address.
4
The computer updates the MAC address for the default gateway to the ARP table.
Once the ARP table is updated, the computer is able to access the Internet through the ZyXEL Device.
5
When the ZyXEL Device receives packets from the computer, it creates an entry in the IP routing table so it can properly forward packets intended for the computer.
After all the routing information is updated, the computer can access the ZyXEL
Device and the Internet as if it is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device.
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C H A P T E R 8
Wireless LAN
8.1 Overview
The blue circle marks a wireless LAN in the following figure. Wireless clients (A and
B) connect to an access point (AP) to access other devices (such as the printer) or the Internet. Your ZyXEL Device works as an AP when you install a compatible
WLAN card.
Figure 90 Example of a Wireless Network
Ethernet
AP
A
B
8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens
This chapter describes the ZyXEL Device’s Network > Wireless LAN screens.
Use these screens to set up your ZyXEL Device’s wireless connection.
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• Use the AP screen (see
) to turn the wireless connection on or off, set up wireless security, configure the MAC filter, set up
Quality of Service and make other basic configuration changes.
• Use the Wireless LAN: Advanced Setup screen (see
148 ) to change the wireless mode, and make other advanced wireless
configuration changes.
• Use the More AP screen (see Section 8.3 on page 149 ) to set up multiple
wireless networks on your ZyXEL Device.
• Use the MAC Filter screen (see
) to configure a MAC
(Media Access Control) address filter to restrict access to the wireless network.
• Use the WPS screen and the WPS Station screen to use WiFi Protected Setup
(WPS). WPS lets you set up a secure network quickly, when connecting to other
WPS-enabled devices.
Use the WPS screen (see
Section 8.5 on page 152 ) to enable or disable WPS,
generate a security PIN (Personal Identification Number) and see information about the ZyXEL Device’s WPS status.
Use the WPS Station (see
) screen to set up WPS by pressing a button or using a PIN.
• Use the WDS screen (see Section 8.7 on page 154 ) to set up a Wireless
Distribution System, in which the ZyXEL Device acts as a bridge with other
ZyXEL access points.
• Use the Scheduling screen (see Section 8.8 on page 156 ) to schedule a time
period for the wireless LAN to operate each day.
You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless connection. For example, you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless radio channel and some security in the AP screen.
8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless
Wireless Basics
• Every device in the same wireless network must use the same Service Set
IDentity (SSID).
The SSID is the name of the wireless network.
• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use different channels.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or frequency, to send and receive information.
Wireless Network Construction
Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges.
• A wireless client is a radio connected to a user’s computer.
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• An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can connect with numerous wireless clients and let them access the network.
• A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and wireless clients, extending a network’s range.
Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways.
• An “infrastructure” type of network has one or more access points and one or more wireless clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points.
• An “ad-hoc” type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless clients connect to one another in order to exchange information.
Security
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.Use the strongest security that every wireless client in the wireless network supports.
Table 29 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL
Weakest
SECURITY TYPE
No Security
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE 802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server
Authentication
WPA-PSK (Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared
Key)
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
WPA-PSK2
WPA2
Strongest
Note: WPA2 or WPA2-PSK security is recommended.
• WPA2-PSK and WPA-PSK do not employ user authentication and are known as the personal version of WPA.
• WEP is better than no security, but it is still possible for unauthorized devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly.
MAC Address Filter
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address consists of twelve hexadecimal characters (0-9, and A to F), and it is usually written in the following format: “0A:A0:00:BB:CC:DD”.
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The MAC address filter controls access to the wireless network. You can use the
MAC address of each wireless client to allow or deny access to the wireless network.
Finding Out More
• See
Chapter 4 on page 57 for a tutorial showing how to set up your wireless
connection in an example scenario.
• See
for advanced technical information on wireless networks.
8.1.3 Before You Start
Before you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See
if some of the terms used here do not make sense to you.
• What wireless standards do the other wireless devices support (IEEE 802.11g, for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?
• What security options do the other wireless devices support (WPA-PSK, for example)? What is the best one to use?
• Do the other wireless devices support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)? If so, you can set up a well-secured network very easily.
Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to set up your network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this is somewhat more complicated to do.
• What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to configure advanced options such as Quality of Service, ensure that you know precisely what you want to do. If you do not want to configure advanced options, leave them alone.
8.2 AP Screen
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL Device’s SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL
Device’s new settings.
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Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen.
Figure 91 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
Chapter 8 Wireless LAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
LABEL
Active
Wireless LAN
Network
Name (SSID)
DESCRIPTION
Click the check box to activate wireless LAN.
The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Hide SSID
Auto-Scan
Channel
Channel
Selection
Scan
Security
Mode
Apply
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL
Device’s SSID or WEP settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the
ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Select this option and click Apply to have the ZyXEL Device scan for and select a channel which is not used by another device. The ZyXEL Device automatically scans for and selects a channel whenever the device reboots or the wireless setting is changed.
Select this option and set the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region. Select a channel from the drop-down list box.
Click this button to have the ZyXEL Device immediately scan for and select a channel which is not used by another device.
See the following sections for more details about this field.
Static WEP, WPA and WPA2 are available only when WPS is disabled.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
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Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP (continued)
LABEL
Cancel
Advanced
Setup
DESCRIPTION
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Click Advanced Setup to display the Wireless Advanced Setup screen and edit more details of your WLAN setup.
8.2.1 No Security
Select No Security to allow wireless devices to communicate with the access points without any data encryption.
Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your ZyXEL Device, your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 92 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security
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8.2.2 WEP Encryption
In order to configure and enable WEP encryption; click Network > Wireless LAN to display the AP screen. Select Static WEP from the Security Mode list.
Figure 93 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP Encryption
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP Encryption
LABEL
Security
Mode
Passphrase
DESCRIPTION
Choose Static WEP from the drop-down list box.
WEP Key
Enter a passphrase (up to 32 printable characters) and clicking Generate.
The ZyXEL Device automatically generates a WEP key.
The WEP key is used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you want to manually set the WEP key, enter any 5 or 13 characters
(ASCII string) or 10 or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") for a 64bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively.
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8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK
In order to configure and enable WPA(2)-PSK authentication; click Network >
Wireless LAN to display the AP screen. Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the Security Mode list.
Figure 94 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
144
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.
WPA Compatible This field is only available for WPA2-PSK. Select this if you want the
ZyXEL Device to support WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK simultaneously.
Pre-Shared Key The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters
(including spaces and symbols).
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Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
LABEL
ReAuthentication
Timer (in seconds)
DESCRIPTION
Specify how often wireless stations have to resend usernames and passwords in order to stay connected. Enter a time interval between 10 and 9999 seconds. The default time interval is 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
Idle Timeout
Group Key
Update Timer
Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the reauthentication timer on the RADIUS server has priority.
The ZyXEL Device automatically disconnects a wireless station from the wired network after a period of inactivity. The wireless station needs to enter the username and password again before access to the wired network is allowed. The default time interval is 3600 seconds (or 1 hour).
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using
WPA(2)-PSK key management) or RADIUS server (if using
WPAWPA(2) key management) sends a new group key out to all clients.
The re-keying process is the WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in a WLAN on a periodic basis. Setting of the Group Key Update Timer is also supported in
WPA(2)-PSK mode. The ZyXEL Device default is 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
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8.2.4 WPA(2) Authentication Screen
In order to configure and enable WPA authentication; click the Wireless LAN link under Network to display the AP screen. Select WPA or WPA2 from the
Security Mode list.
Figure 95 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)
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The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose WPA or WPA2 from the drop-down list box.
WPA Compatible This field is only available for WPA2. Select this if you want the ZyXEL
Device to support WPA and WPA2 simultaneously.
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Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)
LABEL
ReAuthentication
Timer (in seconds)
DESCRIPTION
Specify how often wireless stations have to resend usernames and passwords in order to stay connected. Enter a time interval between
10 and 9999 seconds. The default time interval is 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
Note: If wireless station authentication is done using a RADIUS server, the reauthentication timer on the RADIUS server has priority.
Idle Timeout
Group Key
Update Timer
The ZyXEL Device automatically disconnects a wireless station from the wired network after a period of inactivity. The wireless station needs to enter the username and password again before access to the wired network is allowed. The default time interval is 3600 seconds (or
1 hour).
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using
WPA(2)-PSK key management) or RADIUS server (if using WPA(2) key management) sends a new group key out to all clients. The rekeying process is the WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the
WEP key for an AP and all stations in a WLAN on a periodic basis.
Setting of the Group Key Update Timer is also supported in
WPA(2)-PSK mode. The ZyXEL Device default is 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
Authentication Server
IP Address Enter the IP address of the external authentication server in dotted decimal notation.
Port Number Enter the port number of the external authentication server. The default port number is 1812.
You need not change this value unless your network administrator instructs you to do so with additional information.
Shared Secret Enter a password (up to 31 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external authentication server and the ZyXEL
Device.
The key must be the same on the external authentication server and your ZyXEL Device. The key is not sent over the network.
Accounting Server (optional)
IP Address Enter the IP address of the external accounting server in dotted decimal notation.
Port Number Enter the port number of the external accounting server. The default port number is 1813.
You need not change this value unless your network administrator instructs you to do so with additional information.
Shared Secret Enter a password (up to 31 alphanumeric characters) as the key to be shared between the external accounting server and the ZyXEL Device.
The key must be the same on the external accounting server and your
ZyXEL Device. The key is not sent over the network.
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8.2.5 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup
To configure advanced wireless settings, click the Advanced Setup button in the
AP screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 96 Network > Wireless LAN > AP > Advanced Setup
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > AP > Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Wireless Advanced Setup
Enter a value between 0 and 2432. RTS/CTS
Threshold
Fragmentation
Threshold
Output Power
Level
Preamble
802.11 Mode
It is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value between 256 and 2432.
Set the output power of the ZyXEL Device in this field. The higher the number, the greater the output power. If there is a high density of APs in the area, decrease the output power of the ZyXEL Device to reduce interference with other APs. See the product specifications for more information on your ZyXEL Device’s output power.
Select a preamble type. Choices are Long, Short or Dynamic. The default setting is Long. See the appendix for more information.
Select 802.11b Only to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device.
Back
Apply
Cancel
Select 802.11g Only to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device.
Select Mixed to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant
WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device might be reduced.
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving changes.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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8.3 More AP Screen
This screen allows you to enable and configure multiple BSSs on the ZyXEL
Device.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > More AP. The following screen displays.
Figure 97 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
LABEL
#
Active
SSID
DESCRIPTION
This is the index number of each SSID profile.
Select the check box to activate an SSID profile.
An SSID profile is the set of parameters relating to one of the ZyXEL
Device’s BSSs. The SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service
Set with which a wireless device is associated.
Security
Modify
Apply
Cancel
This field displays the name of the wireless profile on the network. When a wireless client scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in the wireless client utility.
This field indicates the security mode of the SSID profile.
Click the Edit icon to configure the SSID profile.
Click the Remove icon to delete the SSID profile.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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8.3.1 More AP Edit
Use this screen to edit an SSID profile. Click the Edit icon next to an SSID in the
More AP screen. The following screen displays.
Figure 98 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP > Edit
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See Appendix E on page 531 for a list of commonly-used services and destination
ports. The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 36 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP > Edit
LABEL
Network Name
(SSID)
DESCRIPTION
The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is associated. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Hide SSID
Security Mode
MAC Filter
Edit
Back
Apply
Cancel
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the
ZyXEL Device’s SSID or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
See Section 8.2 on page 140 for more details about this field.
This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are allowed or denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this
SSID.
Click this button to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC
filter settings. See Section 8.4 on page 151 for more details.
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving changes.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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8.4 MAC Filter
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s MAC filter settings. Click Network
> Wireless LAN > MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 99 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 37 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
LABEL
Active MAC
Filter
DESCRIPTION
Select the check box to enable MAC address filtering.
Filter Action
Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table.
Set
Select Deny to block access to the ZyXEL Device, MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to access the ZyXEL Device
Select Allow to permit access to the ZyXEL Device, MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the ZyXEL Device.
This is the index number of the MAC address.
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Table 37 Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
LABEL
MAC
Address
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the ZyXEL Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
8.5 WPS
Use this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your ZyXEL Device.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection
between two devices. Both devices must support WPS. See Appendix D on page
507 for more information about WPS.
Click Network > Wireless LAN >WPS. The following screen displays.
Figure 100 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 38 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABEL
WPS Setup
Enable WPS
PIN Number
DESCRIPTION
Select the check box to activate WPS on the ZyXEL Device.
This shows the PIN (Personal Identification Number) of the ZyXEL
Device. Enter this PIN in the configuration utility of the device you want to connect to using WPS.
The PIN is not necessary when you use WPS push-button method.
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Table 38 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABEL
Generate
WPS Status
DESCRIPTION
Click this button to have the ZyXEL Device create a new PIN.
This displays Configured when the ZyXEL Device has connected to a wireless network using WPS or Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the screen.
Release_Co nfiguration
Apply
Refresh
This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there is no wireless or wireless security changes on the ZyXEL Device or you click
Release_Configuration to remove the configured wireless and wireless security settings.
This button is available when the WPS status is Configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS connections on the ZyXEL Device.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Refresh to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
8.6 WPS Station
Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network using either Push Button
Configuration (PBC) or PIN Configuration.
Click Network > Wireless LAN >WPS Station. The following screen displays.
Figure 101 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
LABEL
Push Button
DESCRIPTION
Click this button to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless range of the ZyXEL Device) to your wireless network. This button may either be a physical button on the outside of device, or a menu button similar to the Push Button on this screen.
Or input station's PIN number
Note: You must press the other wireless device’s WPS button within two minutes of pressing this button.
Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection with and click Start to authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network.
You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking the device’s settings.
Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes to have it present its PIN to the ZyXEL Device.
8.7 WDS Screen
Use this screen to set up your WDS (Wireless Distribution System) links between the ZyXEL Device and other wireless APs. You need to know the MAC address of the peer device. Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is made.
Note: WDS security is independent of the security settings between the ZyXEL
Device and any wireless clients.
At the time of writing, WDS is compatible with some ZyXEL Devices only. Not all models support WDS links. Check your other ZyXEL Device’s documentation.
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Click Network > Wireless LAN > WDS. The following screen displays.
Figure 102 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 40 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
LABEL
Enable WDS
Security
DESCRIPTION
Select this option and the type of the key used to encrypt data between
APs. All the wireless APs (including the ZyXEL Device) must use the same pre-shared key for data transmission.
#
TKIP
AES
Active
Remote Bridge
MAC Address
PSK
Apply
Cancel
If you de-select this option, the data sent between APs is not encrypted.
Anyone can read it.
Select this to use TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) encryption.
Select this to use AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption.
This is the index number of the individual WDS link.
Select this to activate the link between the ZyXEL Device and the peer device to which this entry refers. When you do not select the check box this link is down.
Type the MAC address of the peer device in a valid MAC address format
(six hexadecimal character pairs, for example 12:34:56:78:9a:bc).
Enter a Pre-Shared Key (PSK) from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces and symbols).
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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8.8 Scheduling Screen
Click Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling to open the Wireless LAN
Scheduling screen. Use this screen to configure when the ZyXEL Device enables or disables the wireless LAN.
Figure 103 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 41 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
LABEL
Enable
Wireless LAN
Scheduling
WLAN status
Day
The following times
DESCRIPTION
Select this to activate wireless LAN scheduling on your ZyXEL Device.
Select On or Off to enable or disable the wireless LAN.
Select the day(s) you want to turn the wireless LAN on or off.
Specify the time period during which to apply the schedule.
Apply
Reset
For example, if you decide to turn off the wireless LAN everyday, but you set an exception from 12:00 to 1:30. Then the wireless LAN is only available from 12:00 to 1:30 everyday.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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8.9 Wireless LAN Technical Reference
This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see the appendix.
8.9.1 Additional Wireless Terms
The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in the ZyXEL Device’s Web Configurator.
Table 42 Additional Wireless Terms
TERM DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS Threshold In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes not aware of each other’s presence. This may cause them to send information to the AP at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through.
Preamble
Authentication
Fragmentation
Threshold
By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must sometimes get permission to send information to the
ZyXEL Device. The lower the value, the more often the devices must get permission.
If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the ZyXEL Device.
A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble modes: long and short.
If a device uses a different preamble mode than the ZyXEL Device does, it cannot communicate with the ZyXEL Device.
The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network.
A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy.
8.9.2 Wireless Security Overview
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless network.
8.9.2.1 SSID
Normally, the ZyXEL Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the SSID instead, in which case the ZyXEL Device does not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.
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This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network.
8.9.2.2 MAC Address Filter
Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number, called a MAC address.
1 A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters 2 ; for example, 00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each device in the wireless network, see the device’s User’s Guide or other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the ZyXEL Device which devices are allowed or not allowed to use the wireless network. If a device is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to have the correct information (SSID, channel, and security). If a device is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does not matter if it has the correct information.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the
MAC address of an authorized device. Then, they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network.
8.9.2.3 User Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before they can use it. However, every device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server, you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users.
Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network, even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and password to use the wireless network.
158
1.
Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks.
These kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2.
Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
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8.9.2.4 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot understand the message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication.
(See
for information about this.)
Table 43 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
NO AUTHENTICATION RADIUS SERVER
Weakest No Security
Static WEP
WPA-PSK
Stronges t
WPA2-PSK
WPA
WPA2
For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA or WPA2. If users do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the wireless network supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network with the ZyXEL Device and you do not have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two devices. Device A only supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA. Therefore, you should set up
Static WEP in the wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your ZyXEL Device, you can also select an option (WPA compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the devices support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or
WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the WPA
compatible option in the ZyXEL Device.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the wireless network must have the same key.
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8.9.3 MBSSID
Traditionally, you needed to use different APs to configure different Basic Service
Sets (BSSs). As well as the cost of buying extra APs, there was also the possibility of channel interference. The ZyXEL Device’s MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set
IDentifier) function allows you to use one access point to provide several BSSs simultaneously. You can then assign varying QoS priorities and/or security modes to different SSIDs.
Wireless devices can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP.
8.9.3.1 Notes on Multiple BSSs
• A maximum of eight BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously.
• You must use different keys for different BSSs. If two wireless devices have different BSSIDs (they are in different BSSs), but have the same keys, they may hear each other’s communications (but not communicate with each other).
• MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x security.
8.9.4 Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
The ZyXEL Device can act as a wireless network bridge and establish WDS
(Wireless Distribution System) links with other APs. You need to know the MAC addresses of the APs you want to link to. Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is made.
At the time of writing, WDS security is compatible with other ZyXEL access points only. Refer to your other access point’s documentation for details.
The following example illustrates how WDS link works between APs. Notebook computer A is a wireless client connecting to access point AP 1. AP 1 has no wired Internet connection, but can establish a WDS link with access point AP 2, which does. When AP 1 has a WDS link with AP 2, the notebook computer can access the Internet through AP 2.
Figure 104 WDS Link Example
WDS
A
Internet
AP 1 AP 2
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8.9.5 WiFi Protected Setup
Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification
Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a secure network by themselves.
8.9.5.1 Push Button Configuration
WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each
WPS-enabled device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need to enter any information.
Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS
PBC button in their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical button.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button.
1
Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one another.
2
Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its configuration utility and locate the button (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to do this - for the ZyXEL Device, see
).
3
Press the button on one of the devices (it doesn’t matter which). For the ZyXEL
Device you must press the WPS button for more than three seconds.
4
Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the network name (SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the enrollee.
If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list,
WPS was successful.
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8.9.5.2 PIN Configuration
Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This may either be static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can generate a new PIN by clicking on a button in the configuration interface).
Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you want to ensure that the connection is established between the devices you specify, not just the first two devices to activate WPS in range of each other. However, you need to log into the configuration interfaces of both devices to use the PIN method.
When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually the wireless client) into the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless router). Then, when WPS is activated on the first device, it presents its PIN to the second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends the network and security information to the other, allowing it to join the network.
Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or wireless router (referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN method.
1
Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices.
2
Access the WPS section of the AP’s configuration interface. See the device’s User’s
Guide for how to do this.
3
Look for the client’s WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the
WPS section of the client’s configuration interface (see the device’s User’s Guide
for how to find the WPS PIN - for the ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.5 on page 152 ).
4
Enter the client’s PIN in the AP’s configuration interface.
Note: If the client device’s configuration interface has an area for entering another device’s PIN, you can either enter the client’s PIN in the AP, or enter the AP’s
PIN in the client - it does not matter which.
5
Start WPS on both devices within two minutes.
Note: Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device itself.
6
On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If you can connect, WPS was successful.
If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method.
Figure 105 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
ENROLLEE
WPS
This device’s
WPS PIN: 123456
REGISTRAR
WPS
Enter WPS PIN from other device:
START
WPS
START
WPS
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
SECURE EAP TUNNEL
SSID
WPA(2)-PSK
COMMUNICATION
8.9.5.3 How WPS Works
When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role.
One device acts as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security settings) and the other device acts as the enrollee (the device that receives network and security settings. The registrar creates a secure EAP (Extensible
Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the WPA-
PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK is used depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is already part of a network, it sends the existing information. If not, it generates the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to a WPS-enabled access point.
Figure 106 How WPS works
ACTIVATE
WPS
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
ACTIVATE
WPS
164
WPS HANDSHAKE
ENROLLEE REGISTRAR
SECURE TUNNEL
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is active (two minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the registrar if necessary.
The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in each WPS transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the process with one of the existing networked devices and the new device.
Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client is not always the enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can some WPS-enabled wireless clients.
By default, a WPS devices is “unconfigured”. This means that it is not part of an existing network and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both functions). If the registrar is unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a WPS-enabled device has connected to another device using WPS, it becomes “configured”. A configured wireless client can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all subsequent WPS connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to act as an enrollee, you must reset it to its factory defaults.
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8.9.5.4 Example WPS Network Setup
This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup.
The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1 are unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In this example, AP1 is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar randomly generates the security information to set up the network, since it is unconfigured and has no existing information.
Figure 107 WPS: Example Network Step 1
ENROLLEE REGISTRAR
SECURITY INFO
CLIENT 1 AP1
In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1 supports registrar mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new client since you must connect to the access point anyway in order to use the network. In this case, AP1 must be the registrar, since it is configured (it already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies the existing security information to Client 2.
Figure 108 WPS: Example Network Step 2
REGISTRAR
EXISTING CONNECTION
CLIENT 1 AP1
ENROLLEE
SE
CU
RIT
Y I
NF
O
CLIENT 2
In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of range of AP1, so you cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access
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Figure 109 WPS: Example Network Step 3
EXISTING CONNECTION
CLIENT 1
EX
IST
ING
CO
NN
EC
TIO
N
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 2
ENROLLEE
SEC
URIT
Y IN
FO
AP2
8.9.5.5 Limitations of WPS
WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware.
• WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client communicate). It does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP).
• When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll multiple devices simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other.
For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the first enrollee (by pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee, for example), then check that it successfully enrolled, then set up the second device in the same way.
• WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add non-WPS devices to a network you already set up using WPS.
WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2-
PSK pre-shared key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether the network uses WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check the configuration interface of the registrar device to discover the key the network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you can enter the key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS device must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK).
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• When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you press the button on one device to the moment you press the button on the other device) when any WPS-enabled device could join the network. This is because the registrar has no way of identifying the “correct” enrollee, and cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a possible way for a hacker to gain access to a network.
You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two devices simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be unable to enroll, and will not have access to the network. If this happens, open the access point’s configuration interface and look at the list of associated clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the access point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS handshake; a rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain access to the network. Check the MAC addresses of your wireless clients
(usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If there is an unknown
MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP.
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C H A P T E R 9
Network Address Translation
(NAT)
9.1 Overview
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.
9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens
• Use the NAT General Setup screen (
Section 9.2 on page 170 ) to configure the
NAT setup settings.
• Use the Port Forwarding screen ( Section 9.3 on page 172 ) to configure
forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network.
• Use the Address Mapping screen (
Section 9.4 on page 176 ) to change your
ZyXEL Device’s address mapping settings.
• Use the SIP ALG screen ( Section 9.4.2 on page 178 ) to enable and disable the
SIP (VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device.
9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT
Inside/Outside and Global/Local
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
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NAT
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back,
NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host.
Port Forwarding
A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP, that you can make visible to the outside world even though
NAT makes your whole inside network appear as a single computer to the outside world.
SUA (Single User Account) Versus NAT
SUA (Single User Account) is a ZyNOS implementation of a subset of NAT that supports two types of mapping, Many-to-One and Server. The ZyXEL Device also supports Full Feature NAT to map multiple global IP addresses to multiple private
LAN IP addresses of clients or servers using mapping types as outlined in
• Choose SUA Only if you have just one public WAN IP address for your ZyXEL
Device.
• Choose Full Feature if you have multiple public WAN IP addresses for your
ZyXEL Device.
Finding Out More
See Section 9.5 on page 179 for advanced technical information on NAT.
9.2 NAT General Setup
Note: You must create a firewall rule in addition to setting up SUA/NAT, to allow traffic from the WAN to be forwarded through the ZyXEL Device.
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Click Network > NAT to open the following screen.
Figure 110 Network > NAT > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 44 Network > NAT > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active
Network
Address
Translation
(NAT)
Select this check box to enable NAT.
SUA Only Select this radio button if you have just one public WAN IP address for your
ZyXEL Device.
Full Feature Select this radio button if you have multiple public WAN IP addresses for your ZyXEL Device.
Max NAT/
Firewall
Session Per
User
When computers use peer to peer applications, such as file sharing applications, they need to establish NAT sessions. If you do not limit the number of NAT sessions a single client can establish, this can result in all of the available NAT sessions being used. In this case, no additional NAT sessions can be established, and users may not be able to access the
Internet.
Apply
Cancel
Each NAT session establishes a corresponding firewall session. Use this field to limit the number of NAT/Firewall sessions client computers can establish through the ZyXEL Device.
If your network has a small number of clients using peer to peer applications, you can raise this number to ensure that their performance is not degraded by the number of NAT sessions they can establish. If your network has a large number of users using peer to peer applications, you can lower this number to ensure no single client is exhausting all of the available NAT sessions.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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9.3 Port Forwarding
Note: This screen is available only when you select SUA only in the NAT > General screen.
Use the Port Forwarding screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network.
You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or a range of ports.
The most often used port numbers and services are shown in
531 . Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Default Server IP Address
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server IP address. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote management setup.
Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example), port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP
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Figure 111 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
A=192.168.1.33
LAN WAN
B=192.168.1.34
192.168.1.1
C=192.168.1.35
D=192.168.1.36
Internet
IP Address assigned by ISP
9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen
Click Network > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen.
See Appendix E on page 531 for port numbers commonly used for particular
services.
Figure 112 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 45 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
LABEL
Default Server
Setup
DESCRIPTION
Default Server In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen. If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote management setup.
Port Forwarding
Service Name
Server IP
Address
Select a service from the drop-down list box.
Enter the IP address of the server for the specified service.
Add
#
Active
Click this button to add a rule to the table below.
This is the rule index number (read-only).
This field indicates whether the rule is active or not.
Service Name
Start Port
End Port
Server IP
Address
Modify
Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it.
This is a service’s name.
This is the first port number that identifies a service.
This is the last port number that identifies a service.
This is the server’s IP address.
Apply
Cancel
Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the port forwarding rule.
Click the delete icon to delete an existing port forwarding rule. Note that subsequent address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to return to the previous configuration.
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9.3.2 Port Forwarding Rule Edit
Use this screen to add or edit a port forwarding rule. Select User define in the
Service Name field of the Port Forwarding screen or click an existing rule’s edit icon in the Port Forwarding screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 113 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding > Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 46 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding > Edit
LABEL
Active
DESCRIPTION
Click this check box to enable the rule.
Service Name Enter a name to identify this port-forwarding rule.
Start Port Enter a port number in this field.
End Port
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in the End Port field.
Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the Start Port field above and then enter it again in this field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the port number in the Start Port field above.
Enter the inside IP address of the server here.
Server IP
Address
Back
Apply
Cancel
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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9.4 Address Mapping
Note: The Address Mapping screen is available only when you select Full Feature in the NAT > General screen.
Ordering your rules is important because the ZyXEL Device applies the rules in the order that you specify. When a rule matches the current packet, the ZyXEL Device takes the corresponding action and the remaining rules are ignored. If there are any empty rules before your new configured rule, your configured rule will be pushed up by that number of empty rules. For example, if you have already configured rules 1 to 6 in your current set and now you configure rule number 9.
In the set summary screen, the new rule will be rule 7, not 9. Now if you delete rule 4, rules 5 to 7 will be pushed up by 1 rule, so old rules 5, 6 and 7 become new rules 4, 5 and 6.
To change your ZyXEL Device’s address mapping settings, click Network > NAT
> Address Mapping to open the following screen.
Figure 114 Network > NAT > Address Mapping
176
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 47 Network > NAT > Address Mapping
LABEL
#
DESCRIPTION
This is the rule index number.
Local Start IP This is the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA). Local IP addresses are
N/A for Server port mapping.
Local End IP This is the end Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then this field displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP address. This field is N/A for
One-to-one and Server mapping types.
Global Start
IP
This is the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP address from your ISP. You can only do this for
Many-to-One and Server mapping types.
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Table 47 Network > NAT > Address Mapping (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Global End IP This is the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is N/A for
One-to-one, Many-to-One and Server mapping types.
Type 1-1: One-to-one mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type.
Modify
M-1: Many-to-One mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global
IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation),
ZyXEL's Single User Account feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported only.
M-M Ov (Overload): Many-to-Many Overload mode maps multiple local
IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
MM No (No Overload): Many-to-Many No Overload mode maps each local
IP address to unique global IP addresses.
Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT to be accessible to the outside world.
Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the address mapping rule.
Click the delete icon to delete an existing address mapping rule. Note that subsequent address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.
9.4.1 Address Mapping Rule Edit
To edit an address mapping rule, click the rule’s edit icon in the Address
Mapping screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 115 Network > NAT > Address Mapping > Edit
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 48 Network > NAT > Address Mapping > Edit
LABEL
Type
DESCRIPTION
Choose the port mapping type from one of the following.
One-to-One: One-to-One mode maps one local IP address to one global
IP address. Note that port numbers do not change for One-to-one NAT mapping type.
Many-to-One: Many-to-One mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL's Single User Account feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported only.
Many-to-Many Overload: Many-to-Many Overload mode maps multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
Many-to-Many No Overload: Many-to-Many No Overload mode maps each local IP address to unique global IP addresses.
Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT to be accessible to the outside world.
Local Start IP This is the starting local IP address (ILA). Local IP addresses are N/A for
Server port mapping.
Local End IP This is the end local IP address (ILA). If your rule is for all local IP addresses, then enter 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and
255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP address.
Global Start
IP
Server
Mapping Set
This field is N/A for One-to-One and Server mapping types.
This is the starting global IP address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP address from your ISP.
Global End IP This is the ending global IP address (IGA). This field is N/A for One-to-
One, Many-to-One and Server mapping types.
Only available when Type is set to Server.
Select a number from the drop-down menu to choose a port forwarding set.
Edit Details
Back
Apply
Cancel
Click this link to go to the Port Forwarding screen to edit a port forwarding set that you have selected in the Server Mapping Set field.
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save your changes to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
9.4.2 SIP ALG
A SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG) allows SIP calls to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embedded in the data stream. When the
ZyXEL Device registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the
ZyXEL Device’s private IP address inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to use STUN or an outbound proxy if your ZyXEL Device is behind a SIP ALG.
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Use this screen to enable and disable the SIP (VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device. To access this screen, click Network > NAT > ALG.
Figure 116 Network > NAT > ALG
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 49 Network > NAT > ALG
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable SIP ALG Select this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with portforwarding and address-mapping rules.
Apply
Reset
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to return to previously saved configuration.
9.5 NAT Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
9.5.1 NAT Definitions
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the outside hosts.
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is traveling in the WAN side.
Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the
IP address of an inside host in a packet when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP address of the same inside
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Table 50 NAT Definitions
ITEM
Inside
Outside
Local
Global
DESCRIPTION
This refers to the host on the LAN.
This refers to the host on the WAN.
This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN.
This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN.
NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.
9.5.2 What NAT Does
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber (the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the WAN side. When the response comes back,
NAT translates the destination address (the inside global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note that the
IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.
The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP. In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many-to-One and Many-to-
Many Overload mapping – see Table 51 on page 183 ), NAT offers the additional
benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your ZyXEL Device filters out all incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network.
For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network
Address Translator (NAT).
9.5.3 How NAT Works
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets, the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for
Many-to-One and Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The ZyXEL Device keeps track of the original addresses
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Chapter 9 Network Address Translation (NAT) and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.
Figure 117 How NAT Works
LAN
192.168.1.13
192.168.1.12
SA
192.168.1.10
NAT Table
Inside Local
IP Address
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
Inside Global
IP Address
IGA 1
IGA 2
IGA 3
IGA 4
SA
IGA1
WAN
Internet
Inside Local
Address (ILA)
Inside Global
Address (IGA)
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.10
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9.5.4 NAT Application
The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs
(logical LANs using IP alias) behind the ZyXEL Device can communicate with three distinct WAN networks.
Figure 118 NAT Application With IP Alias
Corporation B
LAN2: 192.168.1.X
Network Server
“Admin=192.168.1.1
Corporation A
Server in
Admin Network
=IP1 (IGA 1)
NAT Server
192.168.1.1
LAN2: 192.168.2.X
Network Server
“Sales”=192.168.2.1
Internet
Server in
Sales Network
=IP2 (IGA 2)
NAT Server
192.168.2.1
LAN3: 192.168.3.X
Network Server
“R&D”=192.168.3.1
Server in
R&D Network
=IP3 (IGA 3)
NAT Server
192.168.3.1
WAN Addresses: LAN Addresses: (Default IPs)
IGA 1 ---------------> 192.168.1.1
IGA 2 ---------------> 192.168.2.1
IGA 3 ---------------> 192.168.3.1
9.5.5 NAT Mapping Types
NAT supports five types of IP/port mapping. They are:
• One to One: In One-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps one local IP address to one global IP address.
• Many to One: In Many-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (for instance, PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL’s Single User Account feature that previous
ZyXEL routers supported (the SUA Only option in today’s routers).
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• Many to Many Overload: In Many-to-Many Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device maps the multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
• Many-to-Many No Overload: In Many-to-Many No Overload mode, the ZyXEL
Device maps each local IP address to a unique global IP address.
• Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT to be accessible to the outside world.
Port numbers do NOT change for One-to-One and Many-to-Many No Overload
NAT mapping types.
The following table summarizes these types.
Table 51 NAT Mapping Types
TYPE
One-to-One
Many-to-One (SUA/PAT)
IP MAPPING
ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
Many-to-Many Overload
Many-to-Many No Overload
Server
ILA2ÅÆ IGA1
…
ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA2
ILA3ÅÆ IGA1
ILA4ÅÆ IGA2
…
ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA2
ILA3ÅÆ IGA3
…
Server 1 IPÅÆ IGA1
Server 2 IPÅÆ IGA1
Server 3 IPÅÆ IGA1
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C H A P T E R 1 0
Voice
10.1 Overview
Use this chapter to:
• Connect an analog phone to the ZyXEL Device.
• Make phone calls over the Internet, as well as the regular phone network.
• Configure settings such as speed dial and distinctive ringing.
• Configure network settings to optimize the voice quality of your phone calls.
10.1.1 What You Can Do in the VoIP Screens
These screens allow you to configure your ZyXEL Device to make phone calls over the Internet and your regular phone line, and to set up the phones you connect to the ZyXEL Device.
• Use the SIP Settings screen (
) to set up information about your SIP account.
• Use the SIP QoS screen (
Section 10.4 on page 193 ) to configure Quality of
Service for VoIP calls. QoS can give VoIP traffic higher priority on the network so it gets dealt with more quickly.
• Use the Analog Phone screen ( Section 10.5 on page 194
) to control which SIP accounts the phones connected to the ZyXEL Device use.
• Use the Advanced Analog Phone Setup screen (
configure audio settings such as volume levels for the phones connected to the
ZyXEL Device.
• Use the EXT. Table screen (
Section 10.7 on page 197 ) to configure extension
numbers for the phones connected to the ZyXEL Device so they can be separately identified for intercom use.
• Use the Common Phone Settings screen ( Section 10.8 on page 198
) to turn immediate dialing on or off.
• Use the Region screen (
Section 10.9 on page 199 ) to change settings that
depend on the country you are in.
• Use the Speed Dial screen (
Section 10.10 on page 200 ) to set up shortcuts for
dialing frequently-used (VoIP) phone numbers.
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• Use the Incoming Call Policy screen (
Section 10.11 on page 203 ) to configure
how the ZyXEL Device deals with incoming calls.
• Use the SIP Prefix screen (
Section 10.12 on page 205 ) to set up numbers you
dial on your phone that specify which SIP account you want to use.
You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your account. In fact, if your service provider did not supply information on a particular field in a screen, it is usually best to leave it at its default setting.
10.1.2 What You Need to Know About VoIP
VoIP
VoIP stands for Voice over IP. IP is the Internet Protocol, which is the messagecarrying standard the Internet runs on. So, Voice over IP is the sending of voice signals (speech) over the Internet (or another network that uses the Internet
Protocol).
SIP
SIP stands for Session Initiation Protocol. SIP is a signalling standard that lets one network device (like a computer or the ZyXEL Device) send messages to another.
In VoIP, these messages are about phone calls over the network. For example, when you dial a number on your ZyXEL Device, it sends a SIP message over the network asking the other device (the number you dialed) to take part in the call.
SIP Accounts
A SIP account is a type of VoIP account. It is an arrangement with a service provider that lets you make phone calls over the Internet. When you set the
ZyXEL Device to use your SIP account to make calls, the ZyXEL Device is able to send all the information about the phone call to your service provider on the
Internet.
Strictly speaking, you don’t need a SIP account. It is possible for one SIP device
(like the ZyXEL Device) to call another without involving a SIP service provider.
However, the networking difficulties involved in doing this make it tremendously impractical under normal circumstances. Your SIP account provider removes these difficulties by taking care of the call routing and setup - figuring out how to get your call to the right place in a way that you and the other person can talk to one another.
How to Find Out More
for a tutorial showing how to set up these screens in an example scenario.
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for advanced technical information on SIP.
10.1.3 Before You Begin
• Before you can use these screens, you need to have a VoIP account already set up. If you don’t have one yet, you can sign up with a VoIP service provider over the Internet.
• You should have the information your VoIP service provider gave you ready, before you start to configure the ZyXEL Device.
10.2 The SIP Settings Screen
The ZyXEL Device uses a SIP account to make outgoing VoIP calls and check if an incoming call’s destination number matches your SIP account’s SIP number. In order to make or receive a VoIP call, you need to enable and configure a SIP account, and map it to a phone port. The SIP account contains information that allows your ZyXEL Device to connect to your VoIP service provider.
If you want to make only peer-to-peer VoIP calls, there is no VoIP service provider involved, so the SIP account information does not have to match a real VoIP service provider’s SIP account. You can make up the SIP numbers. However, you should still activate a SIP account and configure its number and map it to a phone port, so that the person you call knows what SIP number you are using and the
ZyXEL Device knows to which phone port it should forward an incoming VoIP call.
You must use speed dial to make peer-to-peer VoIP calls.
See
for how to map a SIP account to a phone port.
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Use this screen to maintain basic information about each SIP account. You can also enable and disable each SIP account. To access this screen, click VoIP > SIP
> SIP Settings.
Figure 119 VoIP > SIP > SIP Settings
188
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 52 VoIP > SIP > SIP Settings
LABEL
SIP Account
DESCRIPTION
Select the SIP account you want to see in this screen. If you change this field, the screen automatically refreshes.
SIP Settings
Active SIP
Account
Number
SIP Local Port
Select this if you want the ZyXEL Device to use this account. Clear it if you do not want the ZyXEL Device to use this account.
Enter your SIP number. In the full SIP URI, this is the part before the @ symbol. You can use up to 127 printable ASCII characters.
Enter the ZyXEL Device’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, keep the default value.
SIP Server
Address
Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP server provided by your VoIP service provider. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters. It does not matter whether the SIP server is a proxy, redirect or register server.
SIP Server Port Enter the SIP server’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, keep the default value.
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Table 52 VoIP > SIP > SIP Settings
LABEL
REGISTER
Server Address
DESCRIPTION
Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP register server, if your
VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, enter the same address you entered in the SIP Server Address field. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.
REGISTER
Server Port
SIP Service
Domain
Enter the SIP register server’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, enter the same port number you entered in the SIP Server Port field.
Enter the SIP service domain name. In the full SIP URI, this is the part after the @ symbol. You can use up to 127 printable ASCII Extended set characters.
Send Caller ID Select this if you want to send identification when you make VoIP phone calls. Clear this if you do not want to send identification.
Authentication
User Name
Password
Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.
Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII Extended set characters.
Apply
Cancel
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
Advanced Setup Click this to edit the advanced settings for this SIP account. The
Advanced SIP Setup screen appears.
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10.3 The Advanced SIP Setup Screen
Click VoIP > SIP > SIP Settings to open the SIP Settings screen. Select a SIP account and click Advanced Setup to open the Advanced SIP Setup screen.
Use this screen to maintain advanced settings for each SIP account.
Figure 120 VoIP > SIP Settings > Advanced
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Each field is described in the following table.
Table 53 VoIP > SIP Settings > Advanced
LABEL
SIP Account
SIP Server
Settings
URL Type
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the SIP account you see in this screen.
Select whether or not to include the SIP service domain name when the
ZyXEL Device sends the SIP number.
SIP - include the SIP service domain name.
Expiration
Duration
End Port
TEL - do not include the SIP service domain name.
Enter the number of seconds your SIP account is registered with the
SIP register server before it is deleted. The ZyXEL Device automatically tries to re-register your SIP account when one-half of this time has passed. (The SIP register server might have a different expiration.)
Register Resend timer
Session Expires Enter the number of seconds the ZyXEL Device lets a SIP session remain idle (without traffic) before it automatically disconnects the session.
Min-SE
Enter the number of seconds the ZyXEL Device waits before it tries again to register the SIP account, if the first try failed or if there is no response.
Enter the minimum number of seconds the ZyXEL Device lets a SIP session remain idle (without traffic) before it automatically disconnects the session. When two SIP devices start a SIP session, they must agree on an expiration time for idle sessions. This field is the shortest expiration time that the ZyXEL Device accepts.
RTP Port Range
Start Port Enter the listening port number(s) for RTP traffic, if your VoIP service provider gave you this information. Otherwise, keep the default values.
To enter one port number, enter the port number in the Start Port and
End Port fields.
Voice
Compression
To enter a range of ports,
• enter the port number at the beginning of the range in the Start
Port field.
• enter the port number at the end of the range in the End Port field.
Select the type of voice coder/decoder (codec) that you want the ZyXEL
Device to use. G.711 provides higher voice quality but requires more bandwidth (64 kbps).
• G.711A is typically used in Europe.
• G.711u is typically used in North America and Japan.
G.726 operates at 16, 24, 32 or 40 kbps.
By contrast, G.729 only requires 8 kbps.
The ZyXEL Device must use the same codec as the peer. When two SIP devices start a SIP session, they must agree on a codec.
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Table 53 VoIP > SIP Settings > Advanced
LABEL
Primary
Compression
Type
Secondary
Compression
Type
Third
Compression
Type
DTMF Mode
DESCRIPTION
Select the ZyXEL Device’s first choice for voice coder/decoder.
Select the ZyXEL Device’s second choice for voice coder/decoder. Select
None if you only want the ZyXEL Device to accept the first choice.
Select the ZyXEL Device’s third choice for voice coder/decoder. Select
None if you only want the ZyXEL Device to accept the first or second choice.
Control how the ZyXEL Device handles the tones that your telephone makes when you push its buttons. You should use the same mode your
VoIP service provider uses.
RFC 2833 - send the DTMF tones in RTP packets.
PCM - send the DTMF tones in the voice data stream. This method works best when you are using a codec that does not use compression
(like G.711). Codecs that use compression (like G.729 and G.726) can distort the tones.
SIP INFO - send the DTMF tones in SIP messages.
Outbound Proxy
Enable Select this if your VoIP service provider has a SIP outbound server to handle voice calls. This allows the ZyXEL Device to work with any type of NAT router and eliminates the need for STUN or a SIP ALG. Turn off any SIP ALG on a NAT router in front of the ZyXEL Device to keep it from re-translating the IP address (since this is already handled by the outbound proxy server).
Server Address Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP outbound proxy server.
Server Port Enter the SIP outbound proxy server’s listening port, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, keep the default value.
MWI (Message
Waiting
Indication)
Enable Select this if you want to hear a waiting (beeping) dial tone on your phone when you have at least one voice message. Your VoIP service provider must support this feature.
Expiration Time Keep the default value for this field, unless your VoIP service provider tells you to change it. Enter the number of seconds the SIP server should provide the message waiting service each time the ZyXEL Device subscribes to the service. Before this time passes, the ZyXEL Device automatically subscribes again.
Call Forward
Call Forward
Table
Back
Select which call forwarding table you want the ZyXEL Device to use for incoming calls. You set up these tables in VoIP > Phone Book >
Incoming Call Policy.
Click this to return to the SIP Settings screen without saving your changes.
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Table 53 VoIP > SIP Settings > Advanced
LABEL
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
10.4 The SIP QoS Screen
Use this screen to maintain ToS and VLAN settings for the ZyXEL Device. To access this screen, click VoIP > SIP > QoS.
Figure 121 VoIP > SIP > QoS
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 54 VoIP > SIP > QoS
LABEL
SIP TOS Priority
Setting
RTP TOS
Priority Setting
Voice VLAN ID
DESCRIPTION
Enter the priority for SIP voice transmissions. The ZyXEL Device creates
Type of Service priority tags with this priority to voice traffic that it transmits.
Enter the priority for RTP voice transmissions. The ZyXEL Device creates
Type of Service priority tags with this priority to RTP traffic that it transmits.
Select this if the ZyXEL Device has to be a member of a VLAN to communicate with the SIP server. Ask your network administrator, if you are not sure. Enter the VLAN ID provided by your network administrator in the field on the right. Your LAN and gateway must be configured to use VLAN tags.
Apply
Cancel
Otherwise, clear this field.
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
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10.5 The Analog Phone Screen
Use this screen to control which SIP accounts and PSTN line each phone uses. To access this screen, click VoIP > Phone > Analog Phone.
Figure 122 VoIP > Phone > Analog Phone
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 55 VoIP > Phone > Analog Phone
LABEL
Phone Port
Settings
SIP Account
DESCRIPTION
This is the phone port in the ZyXEL Device.
Incoming Call apply to
Select the SIP account you want to use when making outgoing calls with the analog phone connected to this phone port.
Select a SIP account if you want to receive phone calls for the selected
SIP account on this phone port.
If you select more than one SIP account for incoming calls, there is no way to distinguish between them when you receive phone calls. If you do not select a source for incoming calls, you cannot receive any calls on this phone port.
Apply
Cancel
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
Advanced Setup Click this to edit the advanced settings for this phone port. The
Advanced Analog Phone Setup screen appears.
10.6 The Advanced Analog Phone Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure the volume, echo cancellation and VAD (Voice Activity
Detection) settings for each individual phone port on the ZyXEL Device. You can also select which SIP account to use for making outgoing calls.
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Voice Activity Detection/Silence Suppression
Voice Activity Detection (VAD) detects whether or not speech is present. This lets the ZyXEL Device reduce the bandwidth that a call uses by not transmitting “silent packets” when you are not speaking.
Comfort Noise Generation
When using VAD, the ZyXEL Device generates comfort noise when the other party is not speaking. The comfort noise lets you know that the line is still connected as total silence could easily be mistaken for a lost connection.
Echo Cancellation
G.168 is an ITU-T standard for eliminating the echo caused by the sound of your voice reverberating in the telephone receiver while you talk.
10.6.1 Configuring the Advanced Analog Phone Screen
To access this screen, click Advanced Setup in VoIP > Phone > Analog
Phone.
Figure 123 VoIP > Phone > Analog Phone > Advanced
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Each field is described in the following table.
Table 56 VoIP > Phone > Analog Phone > Advanced
LABEL
Analog Phone
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the analog phone port you see in this screen.
Echo
Cancellation
Active G.168 Select this if you want to eliminate the echo caused by the sound of your voice reverberating in the telephone receiver while you talk.
This field controls how the ZyXEL Device handles fax messages.
Fax Option
G.711 Fax
Passthrough
Select this if the ZyXEL Device should use G.711 to send fax messages.
The peer devices must also use G.711.
T.38 Fax Relay Select this if the ZyXEL Device should send fax messages as UDP or
TCP/IP packets through IP networks. This provides better quality, but it may have inter-operability problems. The peer devices must also use
T.38.
Dialing Interval
Selection
Dialing Interval
Selection
Enter the number of seconds the ZyXEL Device should wait after you stop dialing numbers before it makes the phone call. The value depends on how quickly you dial phone numbers.
If you select Active Immediate Dial in VoIP > Phone > Common, you can press the pound key (#) to tell the ZyXEL Device to make the phone call immediately, regardless of this setting.
Voice Active
Detector
VAD Support
Auto Dial Phone
Number
Back
Apply
Cancel
Select this if the ZyXEL Device should stop transmitting when you are not speaking. This reduces the bandwidth the ZyXEL Device uses.
Auto Dial
Active Auto Dial Select this if you want the ZyXEL Device to automatically dial the phone number you enter in the Auto Dial Phone Number field as soon as you take the phone off the hook.
If you select Active Auto Dial, enter the phone number you want the
ZyXEL Device to automatically dial in this field.
Click this to return to the Analog Phone screen without saving your changes.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
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10.7 The Phone Settings Ext. Table Screen
Each phone connected to the ZyXEL Device has an extension number so that it can be separately identified for intercom use. The default settings of extension numbers are shown in the following table.
Table 57
Default Ext. Numbers
PHONE
Analog Phone 1
Analog Phone 2
DEFAULT EXT. NUMBER
11
12
An extension number is composed of a group number and a sub number. If group number is not enabled, the extension number is simply the sub number. You can assign a group number to several phones and use this number to call the group of phones. When you dial a group number, all of the phones with the same group number ring. The phone that picks up first gets the line, and the other phones stop ringing.
Click VoIP > Phone > Ext. Table to access this screen.
Figure 124 VoIP > Phone > Ext. Table
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 58 VoIP > Phone > Ext. Table
LABEL
Enable Group
Number
Phone
#
DESCRIPTION
Select this if you want to enable group number for the DECT and analog phones connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Use these fields to assign extension numbers to the phones connected to the ZyXEL Device.
This is an index number of the phone to be assigned an extension number.
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Table 58 VoIP > Phone > Ext. Table
LABEL
Group
Number
DESCRIPTION
Enter a group number for this phone. The maximum length of a group number is one digit. This is only available when the check box of
Enable Group Number is selected.
For example, you can assign Phone 1 and Phone 2 a group number “5” and leave the sub numbers at default (“11” and “12”). When you dial
“5”, both Phone 1 and Phone 2 ring. If Phone 1 picks up the line first, it gets the line and Phone 2 stops ringing.
Sub Number Enter a sub number for this phone. The maximum length of a sub number is two digits. When the check box of Enable Group Number is not selected, the extension number is simply the sub number.
Extension
Number
This read-only field displays the extension number which is a combination of “Group Number” and “Sub Number“. When you change group number or sub number, the extension number automatically refreshes. Use extension number to make calls between phones connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Apply
Cancel
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
10.8 The Common Phone Settings Screen
Use this screen to activate and deactivate immediate dialing. To access this screen, click VoIP > Phone > Common.
Figure 125 VoIP > Phone > Common
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Each field is described in the following table.
Table 59 VoIP > Phone > Common
LABEL
Immediate Dial
Active
Immediate Dial
DESCRIPTION
Select this if you want to use the pound key (#) to tell the ZyXEL Device to make the phone call immediately, instead of waiting the number of seconds you selected in the Dialing Interval Selection in VoIP >
Phone > Analog Phone > Advanced Setup.
Apply
Cancel
If you select this, dial the phone number, and then press the pound key.
The ZyXEL Device makes the call immediately, instead of waiting. You can still wait, if you want.
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
10.9 The Phone Region Screen
Use this screen to maintain settings that depend on which region of the world the
ZyXEL Device is in. To access this screen, click VoIP > Phone > Region.
Figure 126 VoIP > Phone > Region
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Each field is described in the following table.
Table 60 VoIP > Phone > Region
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Region Settings Select the place in which the ZyXEL Device is located.
Call Service
Mode
Select the mode for supplementary phone services (call hold, call waiting, call transfer and three-way conference calls) that your VoIP service provider supports.
Apply
Cancel
Europe Type - use supplementary phone services in European mode
USA Type - use supplementary phone services American mode
You might have to subscribe to these services to use them. Contact your
VoIP service provider.
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
10.10 The Speed Dial Screen
Use this screen to add, edit, or remove speed-dial numbers for outgoing calls.
Speed dial provides shortcuts for dialing frequently-used (VoIP) phone numbers.
You also have to create speed-dial entries if you want to make peer-to-peer calls or call SIP numbers that contain letters. Once you have configured a speed dial rule, you can use a shortcut (the speed dial number, #01 for example) on your phone's keypad to call the phone number.
In peer-to-peer calls, you call another VoIP device directly without going through a
VoIP service provider’s SIP server. Select Non-Proxy (Use IP or URL) in the
Type column and enter the callee’s IP address or domain name. The ZyXEL Device
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Figure 127 Phone Book > Speed Dial
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 61 Phone Book > Speed Dial
LABEL
Speed Dial
#
Number
Name
Type
DESCRIPTION
Use this section to create or edit speed-dial entries.
Select the speed-dial number you want to use for this phone number.
Enter the SIP number you want the ZyXEL Device to call when you dial the speed-dial number.
Enter a name to identify the party you call when you dial the speed-dial number. You can use up to 127 printable ASCII characters.
Select Use Proxy if you want to use one of your SIP accounts to call this phone number.
Add
Speed Dial
Phone Book
Select Non-Proxy (Use IP or URL) if you want to use a different SIP server or if you want to make a peer-to-peer call. In this case, enter the
IP address or domain name of the SIP server or the other party in the field below.
Click this to use the information in the Speed Dial section to update the Speed Dial Phone Book section.
Use this section to look at all the speed-dial entries and to erase them.
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Table 61 Phone Book > Speed Dial
LABEL
#
Number
Name
Destination
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the speed-dial number you should dial to use this entry.
This field displays the SIP number the ZyXEL Device calls when you dial the speed-dial number.
This field displays the name of the party you call when you dial the speed-dial number.
This field is blank, if the speed-dial entry uses one of your SIP accounts.
Otherwise, this field shows the IP address or domain name of the SIP server or other party. (This field corresponds with the Type field in the
Speed Dial section.)
Use this field to edit or erase the speed-dial entry.
Clear
Cancel
Click the Edit icon to copy the information for this speed-dial entry into the Speed Dial section, where you can change it.
Click the Remove icon to erase this speed-dial entry.
Click this to erase all the speed-dial entries.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
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10.11 Incoming Call Policy Screen
Use this screen to maintain rules for handling incoming calls. You can block, redirect, or accept them. To access this screen, click VoIP > Phone Book >
Incoming Call Policy.
Figure 128 Phone Book > Incoming Call Policy
You can create two sets of call-forwarding rules. Each one is stored in a callforwarding table. Each field is described in the following table.
Table 62 Phone Book > Incoming Call Policy
LABEL
Table Number
Forward to
Number Setup
Unconditional
Forward to
Number
DESCRIPTION
Select the call-forwarding table you want to see in this screen. If you change this field, the screen automatically refreshes.
The ZyXEL Device checks these rules, in the order in which they appear, after it checks the rules in the Advanced Setup section.
Select this if you want the ZyXEL Device to forward all incoming calls to the specified phone number, regardless of other rules in the Forward
to Number Setup section. Specify the phone number in the field on the right.
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Table 62 Phone Book > Incoming Call Policy
LABEL
Busy Forward to
Number
No Answer
Forward to
Number
No Answer
Waiting Time
DESCRIPTION
Select this if you want the ZyXEL Device to forward incoming calls to the specified phone number if the phone port is busy. Specify the phone number in the field on the right. If you have call waiting, the incoming call is forwarded to the specified phone number if you reject or ignore the second incoming call.
Select this if you want the ZyXEL Device to forward incoming calls to the specified phone number if the call is unanswered. (See No Answer
Waiting Time.) Specify the phone number in the field on the right.
This field is used by the No Answer Forward to Number feature and
No Answer conditions below.
Advanced Setup The ZyXEL Device checks these rules after it checks the rules in the
Forward to Number Setup section.
# This field is a sequential value, and it is not associated with a specific rule. The sequence is important, however. The ZyXEL Device checks each rule in order, and it only follows the first one that applies.
Activate
Incoming Call
Number
Forward to
Number
Condition
Enter the number of seconds the ZyXEL Device should wait for you to answer an incoming call before it considers the call is unanswered.
Select this to enable this rule. Clear this to disable this rule.
Enter the phone number to which this rule applies.
Enter the phone number to which you want to forward incoming calls from the Incoming Call Number. You may leave this field blank, depending on the Condition.
Select the situations in which you want to forward incoming calls from the Incoming Call Number, or select an alternative action.
Apply
Cancel
Unconditional - The ZyXEL Device immediately forwards any calls from the Incoming Call Number to the Forward to Number.
Busy - The ZyXEL Device forwards any calls from the Incoming Call
Number to the Forward to Number when your SIP account already has a call connected.
No Answer - The ZyXEL Device forwards any calls from the Incoming
Call Number to the Forward to Number when the call is unanswered.
(See No Answer Waiting Time.)
Block - The ZyXEL Device rejects calls from the Incoming Call
Number.
Accept - The ZyXEL Device allows calls from the Incoming Call
Number. You might create a rule with this condition if you do not want incoming calls from someone to be forwarded by rules in the Forward
to Number section.
Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
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10.12 SIP Prefix Screen
The SIP prefix screen allows you to set up numbers you dial on your phone to specify which SIP account you want to use for a call. If you dial only the phone number (no prefix number) the ZyXEL Device uses default SIP settings to make the call.
Click VoIP > Phone Book > SIP Prefix. The following screen displays.
Figure 129 Phone Book > SIP Prefix
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 63 Phone Book > SIP Prefix
LABEL
SIP Selection by
Prefix
#
Prefix
SIP Index
SIP Domain
Add
DESCRIPTION
Select the index number of the rule you want to edit.
Enter the prefix number (1 ~ 8 digits). This is the number you dial before you dial the phone number.
Select the SIP account you want to use to make outgoing calls when you dial the number in the Prefix field.
This field displays the SIP service domain name you entered when configuring this SIP account.
Click this to use the information in the SIP Selection by Prefix section to update the SIP Prefix Phone Book section.
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Table 63 Phone Book > SIP Prefix
LABEL
SIP Prefix
Phone Book
#
Prefix
SIP Index
SIP Domain
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This section displays all SIP prefix numbers currently configured on the
ZyXEL Device.
This is a read-only index number.
This field displays the SIP prefix number you dial (before you dial the phone number) in order to use the SIP account specified in the SIP
Index field.
This field displays the SIP account used to make outgoing calls when you dial the number in the Prefix field.
This field displays the SIP domain of the corresponding SIP account.
Use this field to edit or erase the SIP prefix entry.
Clear
Cancel
Click the Edit icon to copy the information for this SIP prefix entry into the SIP Prefix section, where you can change it.
Click the Remove icon to erase this SIP prefix entry.
Click this to erase all the SIP prefix entries.
Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
10.13 SIP Technical Reference
This section contains background material relevant to the VoIP > SIP screens.
10.13.1 VoIP
VoIP is the sending of voice signals over Internet Protocol. This allows you to make phone calls and send faxes over the Internet at a fraction of the cost of using the traditional circuit-switched telephone network. You can also use servers to run telephone service applications like PBX services and voice mail. Internet
Telephony Service Provider (ITSP) companies provide VoIP service.
Circuit-switched telephone networks require 64 kilobits per second (Kbps) in each direction to handle a telephone call. VoIP can use advanced voice coding techniques with compression to reduce the required bandwidth.
10.13.2 SIP
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol that handles the setting up, altering and tearing down of voice and multimedia sessions over the Internet.
SIP signaling is separate from the media for which it handles sessions. The media that is exchanged during the session can use a different path from that of the
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SIP Identities
A SIP account uses an identity (sometimes referred to as a SIP address). A complete SIP identity is called a SIP URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). A SIP account's URI identifies the SIP account in a way similar to the way an e-mail address identifies an e-mail account. The format of a SIP identity is SIP-
Number@SIP-Service-Domain.
SIP Number
The SIP number is the part of the SIP URI that comes before the “@” symbol. A
SIP number can use letters like in an e-mail address ([email protected] for example) or numbers like a telephone number ([email protected] for example).
SIP Service Domain
The SIP service domain of the VoIP service provider is the domain name in a SIP
URI. For example, if the SIP address is [email protected]
, then
“VoIP-provider.com” is the SIP service domain.
SIP Registration
Each ZyXEL Device is an individual SIP User Agent (UA). To provide voice service, it has a public IP address for SIP and RTP protocols to communicate with other servers.
A SIP user agent has to register with the SIP registrar and must provide information about the users it represents, as well as its current IP address (for the routing of incoming SIP requests). After successful registration, the SIP server knows that the users (identified by their dedicated SIP URIs) are represented by the UA, and knows the IP address to which the SIP requests and responses should be sent.
Registration is initiated by the User Agent Client (UAC) running in the VoIP gateway (the ZyXEL Device). The gateway must be configured with information letting it know where to send the REGISTER message, as well as the relevant user and authorization data.
A SIP registration has a limited lifespan. The User Agent Client must renew its registration within this lifespan. If it does not do so, the registration data will be deleted from the SIP registrar's database and the connection broken.
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The ZyXEL Device attempts to register all enabled subscriber ports when it is switched on. When you enable a subscriber port that was previously disabled, the
ZyXEL Device attempts to register the port immediately.
Authorization Requirements
SIP registrations (and subsequent SIP requests) require a username and password for authorization. These credentials are validated via a challenge / response system using the HTTP digest mechanism (as detailed in RFC3261, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol").
SIP Servers
SIP is a client-server protocol. A SIP client is an application program or device that sends SIP requests. A SIP server responds to the SIP requests.
When you use SIP to make a VoIP call, it originates at a client and terminates at a server. A SIP client could be a computer or a SIP phone. One device can act as both a SIP client and a SIP server.
SIP User Agent
A SIP user agent can make and receive VoIP telephone calls. This means that SIP can be used for peer-to-peer communications even though it is a client-server protocol. In the following figure, either A or B can act as a SIP user agent client to initiate a call. A and B can also both act as a SIP user agent to receive the call.
Figure 130 SIP User Agent
208
SIP Proxy Server
A SIP proxy server receives requests from clients and forwards them to another server.
In the following example, you want to use client device A to call someone who is using client device C.
1
The client device (A in the figure) sends a call invitation to the SIP proxy server
(B).
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The SIP proxy server forwards the call invitation to C.
Figure 131 SIP Proxy Server
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SIP Redirect Server
A SIP redirect server accepts SIP requests, translates the destination address to an IP address and sends the translated IP address back to the device that sent the request. Then the client device that originally sent the request can send requests to the IP address that it received back from the redirect server. Redirect servers do not initiate SIP requests.
In the following example, you want to use client device A to call someone who is using client device C.
1
Client device A sends a call invitation for C to the SIP redirect server (B).
2
The SIP redirect server sends the invitation back to A with C’s IP address (or domain name).
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3
Client device A then sends the call invitation to client device C.
Figure 132 SIP Redirect Server
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SIP Register Server
A SIP register server maintains a database of SIP identity-to-IP address (or domain name) mapping. The register server checks your user name and password when you register.
RTP
When you make a VoIP call using SIP, the RTP (Real time Transport Protocol) is used to handle voice data transfer. See RFC 1889 for details on RTP.
Pulse Code Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) measures analog signal amplitudes at regular time intervals and converts them into bits.
SIP Call Progression
The following figure displays the basic steps in the setup and tear down of a SIP call. A calls B.
Table 64 SIP Call Progression
A
1. INVITE
B
2. Ringing
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Table 64 SIP Call Progression (continued)
A B
3. OK
4. ACK
5.Dialogue (voice traffic)
6. BYE
7. OK
1
A sends a SIP INVITE request to B. This message is an invitation for B to participate in a SIP telephone call.
2
B sends a response indicating that the telephone is ringing.
3
B sends an OK response after the call is answered.
4
A then sends an ACK message to acknowledge that B has answered the call.
5
Now A and B exchange voice media (talk).
6
After talking, A hangs up and sends a BYE request.
7
B replies with an OK response confirming receipt of the BYE request and the call is terminated.
SIP Call Progression Through Proxy Servers
Usually, the SIP UAC sets up a phone call by sending a request to the SIP proxy server. Then, the proxy server looks up the destination to which the call should be forwarded (according to the URI requested by the SIP UAC). The request may be forwarded to more than one proxy server before arriving at its destination.
The response to the request goes to all the proxy servers through which the request passed, in reverse sequence. Once the session is set up, session traffic is sent between the UAs directly, bypassing all the proxy servers in between.
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The following figure shows the SIP and session traffic flow between the user agents (UA 1 and UA 2) and the proxy servers (this example shows two proxy servers, PROXY 1 and PROXY 2).
Figure 133 SIP Call Through Proxy Servers
PROXY 1
SIP
PROXY 2
212
SIP SIP
SIP
&
RTP
UA 1
The following table shows the SIP call progression.
Table 65 SIP Call Progression
UA 1
Invite
PROXY 1
Invite
100 Trying
PROXY 2
Invite
100 Trying
UA 2
UA 2
180
Ringing
180
Ringing
180
Ringing
200 OK
200 OK
200 OK
ACK
RTP
200 OK
RTP
BYE
1
User Agent 1 sends a SIP INVITE request to Proxy 1. This message is an invitation to User Agent 2 to participate in a SIP telephone call. Proxy 1 sends a response indicating that it is trying to complete the request.
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2
Proxy 1 sends a SIP INVITE request to Proxy 2. Proxy 2 sends a response indicating that it is trying to complete the request.
3
Proxy 2 sends a SIP INVITE request to User Agent 2.
4
User Agent 2 sends a response back to Proxy 2 indicating that the phone is ringing. The response is relayed back to User Agent 1 via Proxy 1.
5
User Agent 2 sends an OK response to Proxy 2 after the call is answered. This is also relayed back to User Agent 1 via Proxy 1.
6
User Agent 1 and User Agent 2 exchange RTP packets containing voice data directly, without involving the proxies.
7
When User Agent 2 hangs up, he sends a BYE request.
8
User Agent 1 replies with an OK response confirming receipt of the BYE request, and the call is terminated.
Voice Coding
A codec (coder/decoder) codes analog voice signals into digital signals and decodes the digital signals back into analog voice signals. The ZyXEL Device supports the following codecs.
• G.711 is a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) waveform codec. PCM measures analog signal amplitudes at regular time intervals and converts them into digital samples. G.711 provides very good sound quality but requires 64 kbps of bandwidth.
• G.726 is an Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM) waveform codec that uses a lower bitrate than standard PCM conversion. ADPCM converts analog audio into digital signals based on the difference between each audio sample and a prediction based on previous samples. The more similar the audio sample is to the prediction, the less space needed to describe it. G.726 operates at 16, 24,
32 or 40 kbps.
• G.729 is an Analysis-by-Synthesis (AbS) hybrid waveform codec that uses a filter based on information about how the human vocal tract produces sounds.
G.729 provides good sound quality and reduces the required bandwidth to 8 kbps.
PSTN Call Setup Signaling
Dual-Tone MultiFrequency (DTMF) signaling uses pairs of frequencies (one lower frequency and one higher frequency) to set up calls. It is also known as Touch
Tone®. Each of the keys on a DTMF telephone corresponds to a different pair of frequencies.
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Pulse dialing sends a series of clicks to the local phone office in order to dial numbers.
3
MWI (Message Waiting Indication)
Enable Message Waiting Indication (MWI) enables your phone to give you a message–waiting (beeping) dial tone when you have a voice message(s). Your
VoIP service provider must have a messaging system that sends message waiting status SIP packets as defined in RFC 3842.
Custom Tones (IVR)
IVR (Interactive Voice Response) is a feature that allows you to use your telephone to interact with the ZyXEL Device. The ZyXEL Device allows you to record custom tones for the Caller Ringing Tone and On Hold Tone functions.
The same recordings apply to both the caller ringing and on hold tones.
Table 66 Custom Tones Details
LABEL
Total Time for All Tones
DESCRIPTION
128 seconds for all custom tones combined
Time per Individual Tone 20 seconds
Total Number of Tones
Recordable
8
You can record up to 8 different custom tones but the total time must be 128 seconds or less.
Recording Custom Tones
Use the following steps if you would like to create new tones or change your tones:
1
Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says you are in the configuration menu.
2
Press a number from 1101~1108 on your phone followed by the “#” key.
3
Play your desired music or voice recording into the receiver’s mouthpiece. Press the “#” key.
4
You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are done.
Listening to Custom Tones
Do the following to listen to a custom tone:
3.
The ZyXEL Device does not support pulse dialing at the time of writing.
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1
Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says you are in the configuration menu.
2
Press a number from 1201~1208 followed by the “#” key to listen to the tone.
3
You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are done.
Deleting Custom Tones
Do the following to delete a custom tone:
1
Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says you are in the configuration menu.
2
Press a number from 1301~1308 followed by the “#” key to delete the tone of your choice. Press 14 followed by the “#” key if you wish to clear all your custom tones.
You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are done.
10.13.3 Quality of Service (QoS)
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network's ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to provide bandwidth for realtime multimedia applications.
Type of Service (ToS)
Network traffic can be classified by setting the ToS (Type of Service) values at the data source (for example, at the ZyXEL Device) so a server can decide the best method of delivery, that is the least cost, fastest route and so on.
DiffServ
DiffServ is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ
Code Points (DSCP) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.
4
4.
The ZyXEL Device does not support DiffServ at the time of writing.
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DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior
DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of
Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.
DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the
DSCP mapping.
Figure 134 DiffServ: Differentiated Service Field
DSCP
(6-bit)
Unused
(2-bit)
The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different priorities of forwarding.
Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies.
VLAN Tagging
Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. Only stations within the same group can communicate with each other.
Your ZyXEL Device can add IEEE 802.1Q VLAN ID tags to voice frames that it sends to the network. This allows the ZyXEL Device to communicate with a SIP server that is a member of the same VLAN group. Some ISPs use the VLAN tag to identify voice traffic and give it priority over other traffic.
10.13.4 Phone Services Overview
Supplementary services such as call hold, call waiting, and call transfer. are generally available from your VoIP service provider. The ZyXEL Device supports the following services:
• Call Hold
• Call Waiting
• Making a Second Call
• Call Transfer
• Call Forwarding (see
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• Three-Way Conference
• Internal Calls
• Call Park and Pickup
• Do not Disturb
Note: To take full advantage of the supplementary phone services available through the ZyXEL Device's phone ports, you may need to subscribe to the services from your VoIP service provider.
The Flash Key
Flashing means to press the hook for a short period of time (a few hundred milliseconds) before releasing it. On newer telephones, there should be a "flash" key (button) that generates the signal electronically. If the flash key is not available, you can tap (press and immediately release) the hook by hand to achieve the same effect. However, using the flash key is preferred since the timing is much more precise. With manual tapping, if the duration is too long, it may be interpreted as hanging up by the ZyXEL Device.
You can invoke all the supplementary services by using the flash key.
Europe Type Supplementary Phone Services
This section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the Europe
Type Call Service Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.
After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid subcommand, the current operation will be aborted.
Table 67 European Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
SUB-
COMMAND
DESCRIPTION
Flash Put a current call on hold to place a second call.
Flash
Flash
Flash
0
1
2
Switch back to the call (if there is no second call).
Drop the call presently on hold or reject an incoming call which is waiting for answer.
Disconnect the current phone connection and answer the incoming call or resume with caller presently on hold.
1. Switch back and forth between two calls.
2. Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.
3. Separate the current three-way conference call into two individual calls (one is on-line, the other is on hold).
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Table 67 European Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
Flash
Flash
SUB-
COMMAND
3
*98#
DESCRIPTION
Create three-way conference connection.
Transfer the call to another phone.
European Call Hold
Call hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key.
If you have another call, press the flash key and then “2” to switch back and forth between caller A and B by putting either one on hold.
Press the flash key and then “0” to disconnect the call presently on hold and keep the current call on line.
Press the flash key and then “1” to disconnect the current call and resume the call on hold.
If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.
European Call Waiting
This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone (directory) number.
If there is a second call to a telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone.
Take one of the following actions.
• Reject the second call.
Press the flash key and then press “0”.
• Disconnect the first call and answer the second call.
Either press the flash key and press “1”, or just hang up the phone and then answer the phone after it rings.
• Put the first call on hold and answer the second call.
Press the flash key and then “2”.
European Call Transfer
Do the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.
1
Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.
2
When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the call. to operate the Intercom.
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3
After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.
European Three-Way Conference
Use the following steps to make three-way conference calls.
1
When you are on the phone talking to someone, press the flash key to put the caller on hold and get a dial tone.
2
Dial a phone number directly to make another call.
3
When the second call is answered, press the flash key and press “3” to create a three-way conversation.
4
Hang up the phone to drop the connection.
5
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (one is on-line, the other is on hold), press the flash key and press
“2”.
USA Type Supplementary Services
This section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the USA
Type Call Service Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.
After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid subcommand, the current operation will be aborted.
Table 68 USA Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
SUB-
COMMAND
DESCRIPTION
Flash Put a current call on hold to place a second call. After the second call is successful, press the flash key again to have a three-way conference call.
Flash *98#
Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.
Transfer the call to another phone.
USA Call Hold
Call hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key.
If you have another call, press the flash key to switch back and forth between caller A and B by putting either one on hold.
If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.
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USA Call Waiting
This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone (directory) number.
If there is a second call to your telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone.
Press the flash key to put the first call on hold and answer the second call.
USA Call Transfer
Do the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.
1
Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.
2
When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the call. to operate the Intercom.
3
After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.
USA Three-Way Conference
Use the following steps to make three-way conference calls.
1
When you are on the phone talking to someone (party A), press the flash key to put the caller on hold and get a dial tone.
2
Dial a phone number directly to make another call (to party B).
3
When party B answers the second call, press the flash key to create a three-way conversation.
4
Hang up the phone to drop the connection.
5
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (with party A on-line and party B on hold), press the flash key.
6
If you want to go back to the three-way conversation, press the flash key again.
7
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections again, press the flash key. This time the party B is on-line and party A is on hold.
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C H A P T E R 11
Phone Usage
11.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to use a phone connected to your ZyXEL Device for basic tasks.
Note: Not all service providers support all features.
11.2 Dialing a Telephone Number
The PHONE LED turns green when your SIP account is registered. Dial a SIP number like “12345” on your phone’s keypad.
Use speed dial entries (see Section 10.10 on page 200 ) for peer-to-peer calls or
SIP numbers that use letters. Dial the speed dial entry on your telephone’s keypad.
Use your VoIP service provider’s dialing plan to call regular telephone numbers.
11.3 Using Speed Dial to Dial a Telephone
Number
After configuring the speed dial entry and adding it to the phonebook, press the speed dial entry’s key combination on your phone’s keypad.
11.4 Using Call Park and Pickup
Do the following to put a call on hold on one phone and continue it on another
(connected to the ZyXEL Device). This feature may not be supported by all service providers.
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1
During the call, press “*97#” and then any number (up to 8 digits long). You need to remember this number in order to pick up the call on another phone. Hang up the receiver.
2
Pick up another phone’s receiver. Press “#97#” followed by the same number you entered before to continue the call.
11.5 Checking the ZyXEL Device’s IP Address
Do the following to listen to the ZyXEL Device’s current IP address.
1
Pick up your phone’s receiver.
2
Press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says you are in the configuration menu.
3
Press “5” followed by the # key.
4
Listen to the IP address and make a note of it.
5
Hang up the receiver.
11.6 Auto Provisioning and Auto Firmware
Upgrade
If your service provider uses an auto-provisioning server to set up your device, you must first enter the HTTP pincode (supplied by your service provider). This authenticates your ZyXEL Device with the auto provisioning server, allowing you to use the service.
• On a phone connected to the device, enter “*99**”, your SIP number, “*”, the
HTTP pincode you were given, then “#”.
• For example, if your SIP number is 0123456 and the HTTP pincode you were given is 9876, you would enter “*99**0123456*9876#”.
During auto-provisioning, the ZyXEL Device checks to see if there is a newer firmware version (if your service provider activates this feature). If newer firmware is available, the ZyXEL Device plays a recording when you pick up your phone’s handset.
• Press “*99#” to upgrade the ZyXEL Device’s firmware.
• Press “#99#” to not upgrade the ZyXEL Device’s firmware.
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11.7 Phone Services Overview
Supplementary services such as call hold, call waiting, and call transfer. are generally available from your VoIP service provider. The ZyXEL Device supports the following services:
• Call Hold
• Call Waiting
• Making a Second Call
• Call Transfer
• Call Forwarding (see
• Three-Way Conference
• Internal Calls
• Call Park and Pickup
• Do not Disturb
Note: To take full advantage of the supplementary phone services available through the ZyXEL Device's phone port, you may need to subscribe to the services from your VoIP service provider.
11.7.1 The Flash Key
Flashing means to press the hook for a short period of time (a few hundred milliseconds) before releasing it. On newer telephones, there should be a "flash" key (button) that generates the signal electronically. If the flash key is not available, you can tap (press and immediately release) the hook by hand to achieve the same effect. However, using the flash key is preferred since the timing is much more precise. With manual tapping, if the duration is too long, it may be interpreted as hanging up by the ZyXEL Device.
You can invoke all the supplementary services by using the flash key.
11.7.2 Europe Type Supplementary Phone Services
This section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the Europe
Type Call Service Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.
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After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid subcommand, the current operation will be aborted.
Table 69 European Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
SUB-
COMMAND
DESCRIPTION
Flash Put a current call on hold to place a second call.
Flash
Flash
Flash
Flash
Flash
0
1
2
3
*98#
Switch back to the call (if there is no second call).
Drop the call presently on hold or reject an incoming call which is waiting for answer.
Disconnect the current phone connection and answer the incoming call or resume with caller presently on hold.
1. Switch back and forth between two calls.
2. Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.
3. Separate the current three-way conference call into two individual calls (one is on-line, the other is on hold).
Create three-way conference connection.
Transfer the call to another phone.
11.7.2.1 European Call Hold
Call hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key.
If you have another call, press the flash key and then “2” to switch back and forth between caller A and B by putting either one on hold.
Press the flash key and then “0” to disconnect the call presently on hold and keep the current call on line.
Press the flash key and then “1” to disconnect the current call and resume the call on hold.
If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.
11.7.2.2 European Call Waiting
This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone (directory) number.
If there is a second call to a telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone.
Take one of the following actions.
• Reject the second call.
Press the flash key and then press “0”.
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• Disconnect the first call and answer the second call.
Either press the flash key and press “1”, or just hang up the phone and then answer the phone after it rings.
• Put the first call on hold and answer the second call.
Press the flash key and then “2”.
11.7.2.3 European Call Transfer
Do the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.
1
Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.
2
When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the call. to operate the Intercom.
3
After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.
11.7.2.4 European Three-Way Conference
Use the following steps to make three-way conference calls.
1
When you are on the phone talking to someone, press the flash key to put the caller on hold and get a dial tone.
2
Dial a phone number directly to make another call.
3
When the second call is answered, press the flash key and press “3” to create a three-way conversation.
4
Hang up the phone to drop the connection.
5
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (one is on-line, the other is on hold), press the flash key and press
“2”.
11.7.3 USA Type Supplementary Services
This section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the USA
Type Call Service Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.
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After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid subcommand, the current operation will be aborted.
Table 70 USA Flash Key Commands
COMMAND
SUB-
COMMAND
DESCRIPTION
Flash Put a current call on hold to place a second call. After the second call is successful, press the flash key again to have a three-way conference call.
Flash *98#
Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.
Transfer the call to another phone.
11.7.3.1 USA Call Hold
Call hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key.
If you have another call, press the flash key to switch back and forth between caller A and B by putting either one on hold.
If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.
11.7.3.2 USA Call Waiting
This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone (directory) number.
If there is a second call to your telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone.
Press the flash key to put the first call on hold and answer the second call.
11.7.3.3 USA Call Transfer
Do the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.
1
Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.
2
When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the call. to operate the Intercom.
3
After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.
11.7.3.4 USA Three-Way Conference
Use the following steps to make three-way conference calls.
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1
When you are on the phone talking to someone (party A), press the flash key to put the caller on hold and get a dial tone.
2
Dial a phone number directly to make another call (to party B).
3
When party B answers the second call, press the flash key to create a three-way conversation.
4
Hang up the phone to drop the connection.
5
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (with party A on-line and party B on hold), press the flash key.
6
If you want to go back to the three-way conversation, press the flash key again.
7
If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections again, press the flash key. This time the party B is on-line and party A is on hold.
11.8 Phone Functions Summary
The following table shows the key combinations you can enter on your phone’s keypad to use certain features.
Table 71 Phone Functions Summary
ACTION FUNCTION
*99** HTTP pincode
*99#
#99#
*98#
*97#
#97#
*66#
*95#
#95#
*41#
#41#
DESCRIPTION
Use this if your service provider gave you a personal identification number to enter in order to start using the service. See
Enable firmware update Use these to upload or not upload new firmware to
Disable firmware update the ZyXEL Device, if requested by your service provider. See
Call transfer Transfer a call to another phone. See
Section 11.7.2 on page 223 (Europe type) and
Section 11.7.3 on page 225 (USA type).
Call park
Call pickup
Call return
Use these to place a call on hold on one phone and then continue it on another (if supported by your
service provider). See Chapter 28 on page 445
.
Place a call to the last person who called you. See
Enable Do Not Disturb
Disable Do Not Disturb
Enable call waiting
Disable call waiting
Use these to set your phone not to ring when someone calls you, or to turn this function off.
Use these to allow you to put a call on hold while answering another, or to turn this function off. See
Section 11.7.2 on page 223 (Europe type) and
Section 11.7.3 on page 225 (USA type).
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Table 71 Phone Functions Summary
ACTION FUNCTION
*21# Enable call forward
#21# Disable call forward
*22*
*23*
*24*
*70
*85
Uncondition forward
No answer forward
Busy forward
One shot Call Waiting
Disable
One shot Call Waiting
Enable
DESCRIPTION
Use these to allow you to use the call forwarding tables you set in the ZyXEL Device, or to turn this function off. See
Forward all incoming calls. See Section 10.11 on page 203 .
Forward incoming calls if you do not answer. See
Forward calls if you are already making a call. See
Activate or deactivate call waiting on the next call only. See
Section 11.7.2 on page 223 (Europe type)
and
Section 11.7.3 on page 225 (USA type)
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C H A P T E R 1 2
Firewall
12.1 Overview
Use the ZyXEL Device firewall screens to enable and configure the firewall that protects your ZyXEL Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. By default the firewall:
• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks.
• blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.
The following figure illustrates the default firewall action. User A can initiate an IM
(Instant Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked
(3 and 4).
Figure 135 Default Firewall Action
LAN
A
1
2
WAN
3
4
12.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens
• Use the General screen (
) to enable firewall and/or triangle route on the ZyXEL Device, and set the default action that the firewall takes on packets that do not match any of the firewall rules.
• Use the Rules screen (
Section 12.3 on page 236 ) to view the configured firewall
rules and add, edit or remove a firewall rule.
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• Use the Threshold screen (
) to set the thresholds that the ZyXEL Device uses to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open sessions).
12.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall
DoS
Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer have access to network resources. The
ZyXEL Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and thwart all known DoS attacks.
Anti-Probing
If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the ZyXEL Device exists. The ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a message control and error-reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet
Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user.
DoS Thresholds
For DoS attacks, the ZyXEL Device uses thresholds to determine when to drop sessions that do not become fully established. These thresholds apply globally to all sessions. You can use the default threshold values, or you can change them to values more suitable to your security requirements.
Finding Out More
• See
Section 12.1.3 on page 230 for an example of setting up a firewall.
• See
Section 12.5 on page 245 for advanced technical information on firewall.
12.1.3 Firewall Rule Setup Example
The following Internet firewall rule example allows a hypothetical “MyService” connection from the Internet.
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1
Click Security > Firewall > Rules.
2
Select WAN to LAN in the Packet Direction field.
Figure 136 Firewall Example: Rules
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3
In the Rules screen, select the index number after that you want to add the rule.
For example, if you select “6”, your new rule becomes number 7 and the previous rule 7 (if there is one) becomes rule 8.
4
Click Add to display the firewall rule configuration screen.
5
In the Edit Rule screen, click the Edit Customized Services link to open the
Customized Service screen.
6
Click an index number to display the Customized Services Config screen and configure the screen as follows and click Apply.
Figure 137 Edit Custom Port Example
7
Select Any in the Destination Address List box and then click Delete.
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8
Configure the destination address screen as follows and click Add.
Figure 138 Firewall Example: Edit Rule: Destination Address
9
Use the Add >> and Remove buttons between Available Services and
Selected Services list boxes to configure it as follows. Click Apply when you are done.
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Note: Custom services show up with an “*” before their names in the Services list box and the Rules list box.
Figure 139 Firewall Example: Edit Rule: Select Customized Services
On completing the configuration procedure for this Internet firewall rule, the
Rules screen should look like the following.
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Rule 1 allows a “MyService” connection from the WAN to IP addresses 10.0.0.10 through 10.0.0.15 on the LAN.
Figure 140 Firewall Example: Rules: MyService
12.2 The Firewall General Screen
Use this screen to configure the firewall settings. Click Security > Firewall to display the following screen.
Figure 141 Security > Firewall > General
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 72 Security > Firewall > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Firewall Select this check box to activate the firewall. The ZyXEL Device performs access control and protects against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks when the firewall is activated.
Bypass Triangle
Route
If an alternate gateway on the LAN has an IP address in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address, return traffic may not go through the ZyXEL Device. This is called an asymmetrical or “triangle” route. This causes the ZyXEL Device to reset the connection, as the connection has not been acknowledged.
Select this check box to have the ZyXEL Device permit the use of asymmetrical route topology on the network (not reset the connection).
Note: Allowing asymmetrical routes may let traffic from the WAN go directly to the LAN without passing through the ZyXEL
Device. A better solution is to use IP alias to put the ZyXEL
Device and the backup gateway on separate subnets. See
for an example.
This is the direction of travel of packets (LAN to LAN / Router, LAN to
WAN, WAN to WAN / Router, WAN to LAN).
Packet
Direction
Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply. For example, LAN to LAN / Router means packets traveling from a computer/subnet on the LAN to either another computer/subnet on the LAN interface of the ZyXEL Device or the ZyXEL
Device itself.
Default Action Use the drop-down list boxes to select the default action that the firewall is to take on packets that are traveling in the selected direction and do not match any of the firewall rules.
Log
Expand...
Basic...
Apply
Cancel
Select Drop to silently discard the packets without sending a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender.
Select Reject to deny the packets and send a TCP reset packet (for a
TCP packet) or an ICMP destination-unreachable message (for a UDP packet) to the sender.
Select Permit to allow the passage of the packets.
Select the check box to create a log (when the above action is taken) for packets that are traveling in the selected direction and do not match any of your customized rules.
Click this to display more information.
Click this to display less information.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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12.3 The Firewall Rule Screen
Note: The ordering of your rules is very important as rules are applied in turn.
Refer to Section 12.5 on page 245 for more information.
Click Security > Firewall > Rules to bring up the following screen. This screen displays a list of the configured firewall rules. Note the order in which the rules are listed.
Figure 142 Security > Firewall > Rules
236
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 73 Security > Firewall > Rules
LABEL
Firewall Rules
Storage
Space in Use
Packet
Direction
Create a new rule after rule number
#
Active
DESCRIPTION
This read-only bar shows how much of the ZyXEL Device's memory for recording firewall rules it is currently using. When you are using 80% or less of the storage space, the bar is green. When the amount of space used is over 80%, the bar is red.
Use the drop-down list box to select a direction of travel of packets for which you want to configure firewall rules.
Select an index number and click Add to add a new firewall rule after the selected index number. For example, if you select “6”, your new rule becomes number 7 and the previous rule 7 (if there is one) becomes rule
8.
The following read-only fields summarize the rules you have created that apply to traffic traveling in the selected packet direction. The firewall rules that you configure (summarized below) take priority over the general firewall action settings in the General screen.
This is your firewall rule number. The ordering of your rules is important as rules are applied in turn.
This field displays whether a firewall is turned on or not. Select the check box to enable the rule. Clear the check box to disable the rule.
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Table 73 Security > Firewall > Rules (continued)
LABEL
Source IP
DESCRIPTION
This drop-down list box displays the source addresses or ranges of addresses to which this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is equivalent to Any.
Destination IP This drop-down list box displays the destination addresses or ranges of addresses to which this firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is equivalent to Any.
Service This drop-down list box displays the services to which this firewall rule
applies. See Appendix E on page 531 for more information.
Action
Schedule
Log
Modify
This field displays whether the firewall silently discards packets (Drop), discards packets and sends a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destinationunreachable message to the sender (Reject) or allows the passage of packets (Permit).
This field tells you whether a schedule is specified (Yes) or not (No).
This field shows you whether a log is created when packets match this rule (Yes) or not (No).
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.
Order
Apply
Cancel
Click the Remove icon to delete an existing firewall rule. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the firewall rule.
Note that subsequent firewall rules move up by one when you take this action.
Click the Move icon to display the Move the rule to field. Type a number in the Move the rule to field and click the Move button to move the rule to the number that you typed. The ordering of your rules is important as they are applied in order of their numbering.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
12.3.1 Configuring Firewall Rules
Refer to Section 12.1.2 on page 230 for more information.
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Use this screen to configure firewall rules. In the Rules screen, select an index number and click Add or click a rule’s Edit icon to display this screen and refer to the following table for information on the labels.
Figure 143 Security > Firewall > Rules > Edit
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 74 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit
LABEL
Edit Rule
DESCRIPTION
Active
Action for
Matched Packet
Source/Destination Address
Address Type Do you want your rule to apply to packets with a particular (single) IP, a range of IP addresses (for instance, 192.168.1.10 to 192.169.1.50), a subnet or any IP address? Select an option from the drop-down list box that includes: Single Address, Range Address, Subnet
Address and Any Address.
Start IP Address Enter the single IP address or the starting IP address in a range here.
End IP Address Enter the ending IP address in a range here.
Subnet Mask
Add >>
Select this option to enable this firewall rule.
Use the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (Drop), deny and send an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender of
(Reject) or allow the passage of (Permit) packets that match this rule.
Edit <<
Delete
Enter the subnet mask here, if applicable.
Click Add >> to add a new address to the Source or Destination
Address box. You can add multiple addresses, ranges of addresses, and/or subnets.
To edit an existing source or destination address, select it from the box and click Edit <<.
Highlight an existing source or destination address from the Source or
Destination Address box above and click Delete to remove it.
Services
Available/
Selected Services
Edit Customized
Service
Please see Appendix E on page 531 for more information on services
available. Highlight a service from the Available Services box on the left, then click Add >> to add it to the Selected Services box on the right. To remove a service, highlight it in the Selected Services box on the right, then click Remove.
Click the Edit Customized Services link to bring up the screen that you use to configure a new custom service that is not in the predefined list of services.
Schedule
Day to Apply
Time of Day to
Apply (24-Hour
Format)
Log
Log Packet Detail
Information
Select everyday or the day(s) of the week to apply the rule.
Select All Day or enter the start and end times in the hour-minute format to apply the rule.
This field determines if a log for packets that match the rule is created or not. Go to the Log Settings page and select the Access Control logs category to have the ZyXEL Device record these logs.
Alert
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Table 74 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit (continued)
LABEL
Send Alert
Message to
Administrator
When Matched
Back
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Select the check box to have the ZyXEL Device generate an alert when the rule is matched.
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
12.3.2 Customized Services
Configure customized services and port numbers not predefined by the ZyXEL
Device. For a comprehensive list of port numbers and services, visit the IANA
(Internet Assigned Number Authority) website. See
for some examples. Click the Edit Customized Services link while editing a firewall rule to configure a custom service port. This displays the following screen.
Figure 144 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services
240
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 75 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services
LABEL
No.
Name
Protocol
Port
Back
DESCRIPTION
This is the number of your customized port. Click a rule’s number of a service to go to the Firewall Customized Services Config screen to configure or edit a customized service.
This is the name of your customized service.
This shows the IP protocol (TCP, UDP or TCP/UDP) that defines your customized service.
This is the port number or range that defines your customized service.
Click this to return to the Firewall Edit Rule screen.
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12.3.3 Configuring a Customized Service
Use this screen to add a customized rule or edit an existing rule. Click a rule number in the Firewall Customized Services screen to display the following screen.
Figure 145 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Config
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 76 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Config
LABEL
Config
DESCRIPTION
Service
Name
Type a unique name for your custom port.
Service Type Choose the IP port (TCP, UDP or TCP/UDP) that defines your customized port from the drop down list box.
Port Configuration
Type Click Single to specify one port only or Range to specify a span of ports that define your customized service.
Port Number Type a single port number or the range of port numbers that define your customized service.
Back
Apply
Cancel
Delete
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Click this to delete the current rule.
12.4 The Firewall Threshold Screen
For DoS attacks, the ZyXEL Device uses thresholds to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open sessions).
These thresholds apply globally to all sessions.
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For TCP, half-open means that the session has not reached the established statethe TCP three-way handshake has not yet been completed. Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates a session sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the receiving server. The receiver sends back an ACK (acknowledgment) packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds with an ACK
(acknowledgment). After this handshake, a connection is established.
Figure 146 Three-Way Handshake
For UDP, half-open means that the firewall has detected no return traffic. An unusually high number (or arrival rate) of half-open sessions could indicate a DOS attack.
12.4.1 Threshold Values
If everything is working properly, you probably do not need to change the threshold settings as the default threshold values should work for most small offices. Tune these parameters when you believe the ZyXEL Device has been receiving DoS attacks that are not recorded in the logs or the logs show that the
ZyXEL Device is classifying normal traffic as DoS attacks. Factors influencing choices for threshold values are:
1
The maximum number of opened sessions.
2
The minimum capacity of server backlog in your LAN network.
3
The CPU power of servers in your LAN network.
4
Network bandwidth.
5
Type of traffic for certain servers.
Reduce the threshold values if your network is slower than average for any of these factors (especially if you have servers that are slow or handle many tasks and are often busy).
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• If you often use P2P applications such as file sharing with eMule or eDonkey, it’s recommended that you increase the threshold values since lots of sessions will be established during a small period of time and the ZyXEL Device may classify them as DoS attacks.
12.4.2 Configuring Firewall Thresholds
The ZyXEL Device also sends alerts whenever TCP Maximum Incomplete is exceeded. The global values specified for the threshold and timeout apply to all
TCP connections.
Click Firewall > Threshold to bring up the next screen.
Figure 147 Security > Firewall > Threshold
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 77 Security > Firewall > Threshold
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Denial of Service
Thresholds
The ZyXEL Device measures both the total number of existing halfopen sessions and the rate of session establishment attempts. Both
TCP and UDP half-open sessions are counted in the total number and rate measurements. Measurements are made once a minute.
One Minute Low This is the rate of new half-open sessions per minute that causes the firewall to stop deleting half-open sessions. The ZyXEL Device continues to delete half-open sessions as necessary, until the rate of new connection attempts drops below this number.
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Table 77 Security > Firewall > Threshold (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
One Minute High This is the rate of new half-open sessions per minute that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises above this number, the ZyXEL Device deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection attempts.
Maximum
Incomplete Low
Maximum
Incomplete High
TCP Maximum
Incomplete
Action taken when TCP
Maximum
Incomplete reached threshold
Apply
Cancel
For example, if you set the one minute high to 100, the ZyXEL Device starts deleting half-open sessions when more than 100 session establishment attempts have been detected in the last minute. It stops deleting half-open sessions when the number of session establishment attempts detected in a minute goes below the number set as the one minute low.
This is the number of existing half-open sessions that causes the firewall to stop deleting half-open sessions. The ZyXEL Device continues to delete half-open requests as necessary, until the number of existing half-open sessions drops below this number.
This is the number of existing half-open sessions that causes the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the number of existing half-open sessions rises above this number, the ZyXEL Device deletes half-open sessions as required to accommodate new connection requests. Do not set Maximum Incomplete High to lower than the current Maximum Incomplete Low number.
For example, if you set the maximum incomplete high to 100, the
ZyXEL Device starts deleting half-open sessions when the number of existing half-open sessions rises above 100. It stops deleting half-open sessions when the number of existing half-open sessions drops below the number set as the maximum incomplete low.
An unusually high number of half-open sessions with the same destination host address could indicate that a DoS attack is being launched against the host.
Specify the number of existing half-open TCP sessions with the same destination host IP address that causes the firewall to start dropping half-open sessions to that same destination host IP address. Enter a number between 1 and 256. As a general rule, you should choose a smaller number for a smaller network, a slower system or limited bandwidth. The ZyXEL Device sends alerts whenever the TCP
Maximum Incomplete is exceeded.
Select the action that ZyXEL Device should take when the TCP maximum incomplete threshold is reached. You can have the ZyXEL
Device either:
Delete the oldest half open session when a new connection request comes.
or
Deny new connection requests for the number of minutes that you specify (between 1 and 255).
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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12.5 Firewall Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
12.5.1 Firewall Rules Overview
Your customized rules take precedence and override the ZyXEL Device’s default settings. The ZyXEL Device checks the source IP address, destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic against the firewall rules (in the order you list them). When the traffic matches a rule, the ZyXEL Device takes the action specified in the rule.
Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply:
• LAN to LAN/ Router
• LAN to WAN
• WAN to LAN
• WAN to WAN/ Router
Note: The LAN includes both the LAN port and the WLAN.
By default, the ZyXEL Device’s stateful packet inspection allows packets traveling in the following directions:
• LAN to LAN/ Router
These rules specify which computers on the LAN can manage the ZyXEL Device
(remote management) and communicate between networks or subnets connected to the LAN interface (IP alias).
Note: You can also configure the remote management settings to allow only a specific computer to manage the ZyXEL Device.
• LAN to WAN
These rules specify which computers on the LAN can access which computers or services on the WAN.
By default, the ZyXEL Device’s stateful packet inspection drops packets traveling in the following directions:
• WAN to LAN
These rules specify which computers on the WAN can access which computers or services on the LAN.
Note: You also need to configure NAT port forwarding (or full featured NAT address mapping rules) to allow computers on the WAN to access devices on the LAN.
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• WAN to WAN/ Router
By default the ZyXEL Device stops computers on the WAN from managing the
ZyXEL Device or using the ZyXEL Device as a gateway to communicate with other computers on the WAN. You could configure one of these rules to allow a
WAN computer to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Note: You also need to configure the remote management settings to allow a WAN computer to manage the ZyXEL Device.
You may define additional rules and sets or modify existing ones but please exercise extreme caution in doing so.
For example, you may create rules to:
• Block certain types of traffic, such as IRC (Internet Relay Chat), from the LAN to the Internet.
• Allow certain types of traffic, such as Lotus Notes database synchronization, from specific hosts on the Internet to specific hosts on the LAN.
• Allow everyone except your competitors to access a web server.
• Restrict use of certain protocols, such as Telnet, to authorized users on the LAN.
These custom rules work by comparing the source IP address, destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic to rules set by the administrator.
Your customized rules take precedence and override the ZyXEL Device’s default rules.
12.5.2 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall
1
Change the default password via web configurator.
2
Think about access control before you connect to the network in any way.
3
Limit who can access your router.
4
Don't enable any local service (such as telnet or FTP) that you don't use. Any enabled service could present a potential security risk. A determined hacker might be able to find creative ways to misuse the enabled services to access the firewall or the network.
5
For local services that are enabled, protect against misuse. Protect by configuring the services to communicate only with specific peers, and protect by configuring rules to block packets for the services at specific interfaces.
6
Protect against IP spoofing by making sure the firewall is active.
7
Keep the firewall in a secured (locked) room.
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12.5.3 Security Considerations
Note: Incorrectly configuring the firewall may block valid access or introduce security risks to the ZyXEL Device and your protected network. Use caution when creating or deleting firewall rules and test your rules after you configure them.
Consider these security ramifications before creating a rule:
1
Does this rule stop LAN users from accessing critical resources on the Internet?
For example, if IRC is blocked, are there users that require this service?
2
Is it possible to modify the rule to be more specific? For example, if IRC is blocked for all users, will a rule that blocks just certain users be more effective?
3
Does a rule that allows Internet users access to resources on the LAN create a security vulnerability? For example, if FTP ports (TCP 20, 21) are allowed from the
Internet to the LAN, Internet users may be able to connect to computers with running FTP servers.
4
Does this rule conflict with any existing rules?
Once these questions have been answered, adding rules is simply a matter of entering the information into the correct fields in the web configurator screens.
12.5.4 Triangle Route
When the firewall is on, your ZyXEL Device acts as a secure gateway between your
LAN and the Internet. In an ideal network topology, all incoming and outgoing network traffic passes through the ZyXEL Device to protect your LAN against attacks.
Figure 148 Ideal Firewall Setup
LAN
1
WAN
2
Internet
12.5.4.1 The “Triangle Route” Problem
A traffic route is a path for sending or receiving data packets between two
Ethernet devices. You may have more than one connection to the Internet
(through one or more ISPs). If an alternate gateway is on the LAN (and its IP address is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address), the “triangle
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1
A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending out a SYN packet to a receiving server on the WAN.
2
The ZyXEL Device reroutes the SYN packet through Gateway A on the LAN to the
WAN.
3
The reply from the WAN goes directly to the computer on the LAN without going through the ZyXEL Device.
As a result, the ZyXEL Device resets the connection, as the connection has not been acknowledged.
Figure 149 “Triangle Route” Problem
LAN WAN
1
ISP 1
Internet
2
3
ISP 2
A
12.5.4.2 Solving the “Triangle Route” Problem
If you have the ZyXEL Device allow triangle route sessions, traffic from the WAN can go directly to a LAN computer without passing through the ZyXEL Device and its firewall protection.
Another solution is to use IP alias. IP alias allows you to partition your network into logical sections over the same Ethernet interface. Your ZyXEL Device supports up to three logical LAN interfaces with the ZyXEL Device being the gateway for each logical network.
It’s like having multiple LAN networks that actually use the same physical cables and ports. By putting your LAN and Gateway A in different subnets, all returning network traffic must pass through the ZyXEL Device to your LAN. The following steps describe such a scenario.
1
A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending a SYN packet to a receiving server on the WAN.
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2
The ZyXEL Device reroutes the packet to Gateway A, which is in Subnet 2.
3
The reply from the WAN goes to the ZyXEL Device.
4
The ZyXEL Device then sends it to the computer on the LAN in Subnet 1.
Figure 150 IP Alias
LAN Subnet 1
WAN
1
ISP 1
4
2
Internet
ISP 2
3
A
Subnet 2
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C H A P T E R 1 3
Content Filtering
13.1 Overview
Internet content filtering allows you to block web sites based on keywords in the
URL.
13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Content Filter Screens
• Use the Keyword screen ( Section 13.2 on page 254
) to block web sites based on a keyword in the URL.
• Use the Schedule screen (
Section 13.3 on page 255 ) to specify the days and
times keyword blocking is active.
• Use the Trusted screen ( Section 13.4 on page 256 ) to exclude computers and
other devices on your LAN from the keyword blocking filter.
13.1.2 What You Need to Know About Content Filtering
URL
The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) identifies and helps locates resources on a network. On the Internet the URL is the web address that you type in the address bar of your Internet browser, for example “http://www.zyxel.com”.
Finding Out More
See Section 13.1.4 on page 252 for an example of setting up content filtering.
13.1.3 Before You Begin
To use the Trusted screen, you need the IP addresses of devices on your
network. See the LAN section ( Section 13.4 on page 256 ) for more information.
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13.1.4 Content Filtering Example
The following shows the steps required for a parent (Bob) to set up content filtering on a home network in order to limit his children’s access to certain web sites. In the following example, all URLs containing the word ‘bad’ are blocked.
1
Click Security > Content Filter to display the following screen.
2
Select Active Keyword Blocking.
3
In the Keyword field type keywords to identify websites to be blocked.
4
Click Add Keyword for each keyword to be entered.
5
Click Apply.
Figure 151 Security > Content Filter > Keyword: Example
252
Bob’s son arrives home from school at four, while his parents arrive later, at about
7pm. So keyword blocking is enabled for these times on weekdays and not on the weekend when the parents are at home.
1
Click Security > Content Filter > Schedule to display the following screen.
2
Click Edit Daily to Block and select all weekdays.
3
Under Start Time and End Time, type the times for blocking to begin and end
(4pm ~ 7pm in this example).
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4
Click Apply.
Figure 152 Security > Content Filter > Schedule: Example
The children can access the family computer in the living room, while only the parents use another computer in the study room. So keyword blocking is only needed on the family computer and the study computer can be excluded from keyword blocking. Bob’s home network is on the domain “192.168.1.xxx”. Bob gave his home computer a static IP address of 192.168.1.2 and the study computer a static IP address of 192.168.1.3. To exclude the study computer from keyword blocking he follows these steps.
1
Click Security > Content Filter > Trusted to display the following screen.
2
In the Start IP Address and End IP Address fields, type 192.168.1.3.
3
Click Apply.
Figure 153 Security > Content Filter > Trusted: Example
That finishes setting up keyword blocking on the home computer.
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13.2 The Keyword Screen
Use this screen to block sites containing certain keywords in the URL. For example, if you enable the keyword "bad", the ZyXEL Device blocks all sites containing this keyword including the URL http://www.website.com/bad.html.
To have your ZyXEL Device block websites containing keywords in their URLs, click
Security > Content Filter. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 154 Security > Content Filtering > Keyword
254
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 78 Security > Content Filtering > Keyword
LABEL
Active Keyword
Blocking
Block Websites that contain these keywords in the URL:
Delete
Clear All
Keyword
Add Keyword
DESCRIPTION
Select this check box to enable this feature.
This box contains the list of all the keywords that you have configured the ZyXEL Device to block.
Highlight a keyword in the box and click this to remove it.
Click this to remove all of the keywords from the list.
Type a keyword in this field. You may use any character (up to
127 characters). Wildcards are not allowed.
Click this after you have typed a keyword.
Repeat this procedure to add other keywords. Up to 64 keywords are allowed.
When you try to access a web page containing a keyword, you will get a message telling you that the content filter is blocking this request.
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Table 78 Security > Content Filtering > Keyword (continued)
LABEL
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
13.3 The Schedule Screen
Use this screen to set the days and times for the ZyXEL Device to perform content filtering. Click Security > Content Filter > Schedule. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 155 Security > Content Filter > Schedule
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 79 Security > Content Filter: Schedule
LABEL
Schedule
DESCRIPTION
Select Block Everyday to make the content filtering active everyday.
Active
Start TIme
End Time
Otherwise, select Edit Daily to Block and configure which days of the week (or everyday) and which time of the day you want the content filtering to be active.
Select the check box to have the content filtering to be active on the selected day.
Enter the time when you want the content filtering to take effect in hourminute format.
Enter the time when you want the content filtering to stop in hour-minute format.
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Table 79 Security > Content Filter: Schedule (continued)
LABEL
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
13.4 The Trusted Screen
Use this screen to exclude a range of users on the LAN from content filtering on your ZyXEL Device. Click Security > Content Filter > Trusted. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 156 Security > Content Filter: Trusted
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 80 Security > Content Filter: Trusted
LABEL
Start IP Address
End IP Address
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Type the IP address of a computer (or the beginning IP address of a specific range of computers) on the LAN that you want to exclude from content filtering.
Type the ending IP address of a specific range of users on your
LAN that you want to exclude from content filtering. Leave this field blank if you want to exclude an individual computer.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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C H A P T E R 1 4
VPN
14.1 Overview
A virtual private network (VPN) provides secure communications between sites without the expense of leased site-to-site lines. A secure VPN is a combination of tunneling, encryption, authentication, access control and auditing. It is used to transport traffic over the Internet or any insecure network that uses TCP/IP for communication.
Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a standards-based VPN that offers flexible solutions for secure data communications across a public network like the
Internet. IPSec is built around a number of standardized cryptographic techniques to provide confidentiality, data integrity and authentication at the IP layer. The following figure is an example of an IPSec VPN tunnel.
Figure 157 VPN: Example
Internet
VPN Tunnel
X Y
14.1.1 What You Can Do in the VPN Screens
• Use the Setup screen ( Section 14.2 on page 260 ) to view the configured VPN
policies and add, edit or remove a VPN policy.
• Use the Monitor screen (
Section 14.7 on page 275 ) to display and manage the
current active VPN connections.
• Use the VPN Global Setting screen (
Section 14.8 on page 277 ) to allow
NetBIOS packets passing through the VPN connection.
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14.1.2 What You Need to Know About IPSec VPN
A VPN tunnel is usually established in two phases. Each phase establishes a security association (SA), a contract indicating what security parameters the
ZyXEL Device and the remote IPSec router will use. The first phase establishes an
Internet Key Exchange (IKE) SA between the ZyXEL Device and remote IPSec router. The second phase uses the IKE SA to securely establish an IPSec SA through which the ZyXEL Device and remote IPSec router can send data between computers on the local network and remote network. The following figure illustrates this.
Figure 158 VPN: IKE SA and IPSec SA
A
B
IPSec SA
Internet
X
IKE SA
Y
In this example, a computer in network A is exchanging data with a computer in network B. Inside networks A and B, the data is transmitted the same way data is normally transmitted in the networks. Between routers X and Y, the data is protected by tunneling, encryption, authentication, and other security features of the IPSec SA. The IPSec SA is established securely using the IKE SA that routers X and Y established first.
My IP Address
My IP Address is the WAN IP address of the ZyXEL Device. The ZyXEL Device has to rebuild the VPN tunnel if My IP Address changes after setup.
The following applies if this field is configured as 0.0.0.0:
• The ZyXEL Device uses the current ZyXEL Device WAN IP address (static or dynamic) to set up the VPN tunnel.
Secure Gateway Address
Secure Gateway Address is the WAN IP address or domain name of the remote
IPSec router (secure gateway).
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If the remote secure gateway has a static WAN IP address, enter it in the Secure
Gateway Address field. You may alternatively enter the remote secure gateway’s domain name (if it has one) in the Secure Gateway Address field.
You can also enter a remote secure gateway’s domain name in the Secure
Gateway Address field if the remote secure gateway has a dynamic WAN IP address and is using DDNS. The ZyXEL Device has to rebuild the VPN tunnel each time the remote secure gateway’s WAN IP address changes (there may be a delay until the DDNS servers are updated with the remote gateway’s new WAN IP address).
Dynamic Secure Gateway Address
If the remote secure gateway has a dynamic WAN IP address and does not use
DDNS, enter 0.0.0.0 as the secure gateway’s address. In this case only the remote secure gateway can initiate SAs. This may be useful for telecommuters
initiating a VPN tunnel to the company network (see Section 14.9.12 on page 286
for configuration examples).
The Secure Gateway IP Address may be configured as 0.0.0.0 only when using
IKE key management and not Manual key management.
Finding Out More
See Section 14.9 on page 277 for advanced technical information on IPSec VPN.
14.1.3 Before You Begin
If a VPN tunnel uses Telnet, FTP, WWW, then you should configure remote management (Remote MGMT) to allow access for that service.
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14.2 VPN Setup Screen
The following figure helps explain the main fields in the web configurator.
Figure 159 IPSec Summary Fields
Local Network
Remote Network
Remote
IPSec Router
Local IP Address
VPN Tunnel
My IP Address
Remote IP Address
Secure Gateway IP Address
Local and remote IP addresses must be static.
Click Security > VPN to open the VPN Setup screen. This is a menu of your
IPSec rules (tunnels). The IPSec summary menu is read-only. Edit a VPN by selecting an index number and then configuring its associated submenus.
Figure 160 Security > VPN > Setup
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 81 Security > VPN > Setup
LABEL
No.
DESCRIPTION
This is the VPN policy index number. Click a number to edit VPN policies.
Active This field displays whether the VPN policy is active or not. A Yes signifies that this VPN policy is active. No signifies that this VPN policy is not active.
Name This field displays the identification name for this VPN policy.
Local Address This is the IP address(es) of computer(s) on your local network behind your ZyXEL Device.
The same (static) IP address is displayed twice when the Local Address
Type field in the VPN Setup - Edit screen is configured to Single.
The beginning and ending (static) IP addresses, in a range of computers are displayed when the Local Address Type field in the VPN Setup -
Edit screen is configured to Range.
Remote
Address
Encap.
IPSec
Algorithm
Secure
Gateway IP
Modify
Apply
Cancel
A (static) IP address and a subnet mask are displayed when the Local
Address Type field in the VPN Setup - Edit screen is configured to
Subnet.
This is the IP address(es) of computer(s) on the remote network behind the remote IPSec router.
This field displays N/A when the Secure Gateway Address field displays 0.0.0.0. In this case only the remote IPSec router can initiate the VPN.
The same (static) IP address is displayed twice when the Remote
Address Type field in the VPN Setup - Edit screen is configured to
Single.
The beginning and ending (static) IP addresses, in a range of computers are displayed when the Remote Address Type field in the VPN Setup -
Edit screen is configured to Range.
A (static) IP address and a subnet mask are displayed when the Remote
Address Type field in the VPN Setup - Edit screen is configured to
Subnet.
This field displays Tunnel or Transport mode (Tunnel is the default selection).
This field displays the security protocols used for an SA.
Both AH and ESP increase ZyXEL Device processing requirements and communications latency (delay).
This is the static WAN IP address or URL of the remote IPSec router. This field displays 0.0.0.0 when you configure the Secure Gateway Address field in the VPN-IKE screen to 0.0.0.0.
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the VPN configuration.
Click the Remove icon to remove an existing VPN configuration.
Click this to save your changes and apply them to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this return your settings to their last saved values.
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14.3 The VPN Edit Screen
Click an Edit icon in the VPN Setup screen to edit VPN policies.
Figure 161 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit
262
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 82 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit
LABEL
IPSec Setup
Active
DESCRIPTION
Select this check box to activate this VPN policy. This option determines whether a VPN rule is applied before a packet leaves the firewall.
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Table 82 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit
LABEL
Keep Alive
DESCRIPTION
Select either Yes or No from the drop-down list box.
NAT Traversal
Local
Select Yes to have the ZyXEL Device automatically reinitiate the SA after the SA lifetime times out, even if there is no traffic. The remote
IPSec router must also have keep alive enabled in order for this feature to work.
This function is available if the VPN Protocol is ESP.
Name
Encapsulation
Mode
DNS Server (for
IPSec VPN)
Select this check box if you want to set up a VPN tunnel when there are
NAT routers between the ZyXEL Device and remote IPSec router. The remote IPSec router must also enable NAT traversal, and the NAT routers have to forward UDP port 500 packets to the remote IPSec router behind the NAT router.
Type up to 32 characters to identify this VPN policy. You may use any character, including spaces, but the ZyXEL Device drops trailing spaces.
IPSec Key Mode Select IKE or Manual from the drop-down list box. IKE provides more protection so it is generally recommended. Manual is a useful option for troubleshooting if you have problems using IKE key management.
Negotiation
Mode
Select Main or Aggressive from the drop-down list box. Multiple SAs connecting through a secure gateway must have the same negotiation mode.
Select Tunnel mode or Transport mode from the drop-down list box.
If there is a private DNS server that services the VPN, type its IP address here. The ZyXEL Device assigns this additional DNS server to the ZyXEL Device's DHCP clients that have IP addresses in this IPSec rule's range of local addresses.
A DNS server allows clients on the VPN to find other computers and servers on the VPN by their (private) domain names.
Specify the IP addresses of the devices behind the ZyXEL Device that can use the VPN tunnel. The local IP addresses must correspond to the remote IPSec router's configured remote IP addresses.
Local Address
Type
Two active SAs cannot have the local and remote IP address(es) both the same. Two active SAs can have the same local or remote IP address, but not both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.
Use the drop-down menu to choose Single, Range, or Subnet. Select
Single for a single IP address. Select Range for a specific range of IP addresses. Select Subnet to specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask.
IP Address Start When the Local Address Type field is configured to Single, enter a
(static) IP address on the LAN behind your ZyXEL Device. When the
Local Address Type field is configured to Range, enter the beginning
(static) IP address, in a range of computers on your LAN behind your
ZyXEL Device. When the Local Address Type field is configured to
Subnet, this is a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your ZyXEL
Device.
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Table 82 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit
LABEL
End / Subnet
Mask
Remote
DESCRIPTION
When the Local Address Type field is configured to Single, this field is N/A. When the Local Address Type field is configured to Range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the LAN behind your ZyXEL Device. When the Local Address Type field is configured to Subnet, this is a subnet mask on the LAN behind your
ZyXEL Device.
Specify the IP addresses of the devices behind the remote IPSec router that can use the VPN tunnel. The remote IP addresses must correspond to the remote IPSec router's configured local IP addresses.
Remote Address
Type
Two active SAs cannot have the local and remote IP address(es) both the same. Two active SAs can have the same local or remote IP address, but not both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.
Use the drop-down menu to choose Single, Range, or Subnet. Select
Single with a single IP address. Select Range for a specific range of IP addresses. Select Subnet to specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask.
IP Address Start When the Remote Address Type field is configured to Single, enter a
(static) IP address on the network behind the remote IPSec router.
When the Remote Address Type field is configured to Range, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. When the Remote Address
Type field is configured to Subnet, enter a (static) IP address on the network behind the remote IPSec router.
End / Subnet
Mask
When the Remote Address Type field is configured to Single, this field is N/A. When the Remote Address Type field is configured to
Range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. When the Remote
Address Type field is configured to Subnet, enter a subnet mask on the network behind the remote IPSec router.
Address
Information
Local ID Type Select IP to identify this ZyXEL Device by its IP address.
Select DNS to identify this ZyXEL Device by a domain name.
Select E-mail to identify this ZyXEL Device by an e-mail address.
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Table 82 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit
LABEL
Content
DESCRIPTION
When you select IP in the Local ID Type field, type the IP address of your computer in the local Content field. The ZyXEL Device automatically uses the IP address in the My IP Address field (refer to the My IP Address field description) if you configure the local
Content field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank.
My IP Address
Peer ID Type
Content
It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 in the local Content field or use the DNS or E-mail ID type in the following situations.
When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.
When you want the remote IPSec router to be able to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.
When you select DNS or E-mail in the Local ID Type field, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify this ZyXEL Device in the local Content field. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although trailing spaces are truncated. The domain name or email address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.
Enter the WAN IP address of your ZyXEL Device. The VPN tunnel has to be rebuilt if this IP address changes.
The following applies if this field is configured as 0.0.0.0:
The ZyXEL Device uses the current ZyXEL Device WAN IP address
(static or dynamic) to set up the VPN tunnel.
Select IP to identify the remote IPSec router by its IP address.
Select DNS to identify the remote IPSec router by a domain name.
Select E-mail to identify the remote IPSec router by an e-mail address.
The configuration of the peer content depends on the peer ID type.
For IP, type the IP address of the computer with which you will make the VPN connection. If you configure this field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank, the ZyXEL Device will use the address in the Secure Gateway
Address field (refer to the Secure Gateway Address field description).
For DNS or E-mail, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify the remote IPSec router. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although trailing spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.
It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 or use the DNS or E-mail ID type in the following situations:
When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers.
When you want the ZyXEL Device to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from remote IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.
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Table 82 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit
LABEL
Secure Gateway
Address
DESCRIPTION
Type the WAN IP address or the URL (up to 31 characters) of the IPSec router with which you're making the VPN connection. Set this field to
0.0.0.0 if the remote IPSec router has a dynamic WAN IP address (the
IPSec Key Mode field must be set to IKE).
In order to have more than one active rule with the Secure Gateway
Address field set to 0.0.0.0, the ranges of the local IP addresses cannot overlap between rules.
If you configure an active rule with 0.0.0.0 in the Secure Gateway
Address field and the LAN’s full IP address range as the local IP address, then you cannot configure any other active rules with the
Secure Gateway Address field set to 0.0.0.0.
Security Protocol
VPN Protocol Select ESP if you want to use ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload).
The ESP protocol (RFC 2406) provides encryption as well as some of the services offered by AH. If you select ESP here, you must select options from the Encryption Algorithm and Authentication
Algorithm fields (described below).
Pre-Shared Key Click the button to use a pre-shared key for authentication, and type in your pre-shared key. A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation. It is called "pre-shared" because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.
Certificate
My Certificates
Type from 8 to 31 case-sensitive ASCII characters or from 16 to 62 hexadecimal ("0-9", "A-F") characters. You must precede a hexadecimal key with a "0x” (zero x), which is not counted as part of the 16 to 62 character range for the key. For example, in
"0x0123456789ABCDEF", “0x” denotes that the key is hexadecimal and “0123456789ABCDEF” is the key itself.
Both ends of the VPN tunnel must use the same pre-shared key. You will receive a “PYLD_MALFORMED” (payload malformed) packet if the same pre-shared key is not used on both ends.
Click the button to use a certificate for authentication. Select the certificate you want to use from the list. You can create, import and configure certificates in the Security > Certificates screens, or click the My Certificates link.
Click this to go to the Security > Certificates > My Certificates screen. If you do not click Apply first, your VPN settings will not be saved.
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Table 82 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit
LABEL
Encryption
Algorithm
DESCRIPTION
Select DES, 3DES, AES or NULL from the drop-down list box.
When you use one of these encryption algorithms for data communications, both the sending device and the receiving device must use the same secret key, which can be used to encrypt and decrypt the message or to generate and verify a message authentication code. The DES encryption algorithm uses a 56-bit key.
Triple DES (3DES) is a variation on DES that uses a 168-bit key. As a result, 3DES is more secure than DES. It also requires more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput. This implementation of AES uses a 128-bit key. AES is faster than 3DES.
Authentication
Algorithm
Select NULL to set up a tunnel without encryption. When you select
NULL, you do not enter an encryption key.
Select SHA1 or MD5 from the drop-down list box. MD5 (Message
Digest 5) and SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used to authenticate packet data. The SHA1 algorithm is generally considered stronger than MD5, but is slower. Select MD5 for minimal security and SHA-1 for maximum security.
Back
Apply
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
Advanced Setup Click Advanced Setup to configure more detailed settings of your IKE key management.
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14.4 Configuring Advanced IKE Settings
Click Advanced Setup in the VPN Setup-Edit screen to open this screen.
Figure 162 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit > Advanced Setup
268
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 83 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit > Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
VPN - IKE -
Advanced Setup
Protocol
Enable Replay
Detection
Enter 1 for ICMP, 6 for TCP, 17 for UDP, and so on. 0 is the default and signifies any protocol.
As a VPN setup is processing intensive, the system is vulnerable to
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks The IPSec receiver can detect and reject old or duplicate packets to protect against replay attacks. Select
YES from the drop-down menu to enable replay detection, or select
NO to disable it.
Local Start Port 0 is the default and signifies any port. Type a port number from 0 to
65535. Some of the most common IP ports are: 21, FTP; 53, DNS; 23,
Telnet; 80, HTTP; 25, SMTP; 110, POP3.
End Enter a port number in this field to define a port range. This port number must be greater than that specified in the previous field. If
Local Start Port is left at 0, End will also remain at 0.
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Table 83 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit > Advanced Setup (continued)
LABEL
Remote Start
Port
DESCRIPTION
0 is the default and signifies any port. Type a port number from 0 to
65535. Some of the most common IP ports are: 21, FTP; 53, DNS; 23,
Telnet; 80, HTTP; 25, SMTP; 110, POP3.
End Enter a port number in this field to define a port range. This port number must be greater than that specified in the previous field. If
Remote Start Port is left at 0, End will also remain at 0.
Phase 1
Negotiation
Mode
Select Main or Aggressive from the drop-down list box. Multiple SAs connecting through a secure gateway must have the same negotiation mode.
Pre-Shared Key Type your pre-shared key in this field. A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation. It is called
"pre-shared" because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.
Encryption
Algorithm
Type from 8 to 31 case-sensitive ASCII characters or from 16 to 62 hexadecimal ("0-9", "A-F") characters. You must precede a hexadecimal key with a "0x” (zero x), which is not counted as part of the 16 to 62-character range for the key. For example, in
"0x0123456789ABCDEF", “0x” denotes that the key is hexadecimal and “0123456789ABCDEF” is the key itself.
Both ends of the VPN tunnel must use the same pre-shared key. You will receive a “PYLD_MALFORMED” (payload malformed) packet if the same pre-shared key is not used on both ends.
Select DES, 3DES or AES from the drop-down list box.
Authentication
Algorithm
SA Life Time
(Seconds)
When you use one of these encryption algorithms for data communications, both the sending device and the receiving device must use the same secret key, which can be used to encrypt and decrypt the message or to generate and verify a message authentication code. The DES encryption algorithm uses a 56-bit key.
Triple DES (3DES) is a variation on DES that uses a 168-bit key. As a result, 3DES is more secure than DES. It also requires more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput. This implementation of AES uses a 128-bit key. AES is faster than 3DES.
Select SHA1 or MD5 from the drop-down list box. MD5 (Message
Digest 5) and SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used to authenticate packet data. The SHA1 algorithm is generally considered stronger than MD5, but is slower. Select MD5 for minimal security and SHA-1 for maximum security.
Define the length of time before an IPSec SA automatically renegotiates in this field. It may range from 60 to 3,000,000 seconds
(almost 35 days).
Key Group
A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to update the encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected.
You must choose a key group for phase 1 IKE setup. DH1 (default) refers to Diffie-Hellman Group 1 a 768 bit random number. DH2 refers to Diffie-Hellman Group 2 a 1024 bit (1Kb) random number.
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Table 83 Security > VPN > Setup > Edit > Advanced Setup (continued)
LABEL
Phase 2
DESCRIPTION
Active Protocol Use the drop-down list box to choose from ESP or AH.
Encryption
Algorithm
This field is available when you select ESP in the Active Protocol field.
Select DES, 3DES, AES or NULL from the drop-down list box.
Authentication
Algorithm
SA Life Time
(Seconds)
Encapsulation
Perfect Forward
Secrecy (PFS)
Back
Apply
Cancel
When you use one of these encryption algorithms for data communications, both the sending device and the receiving device must use the same secret key, which can be used to encrypt and decrypt the message or to generate and verify a message authentication code. The DES encryption algorithm uses a 56-bit key.
Triple DES (3DES) is a variation on DES that uses a 168-bit key. As a result, 3DES is more secure than DES. It also requires more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput. This implementation of AES uses a 128-bit key. AES is faster than 3DES.
Select NULL to set up a tunnel without encryption. When you select
NULL, you do not enter an encryption key.
Select SHA1 or MD5 from the drop-down list box. MD5 (Message
Digest 5) and SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used to authenticate packet data. The SHA1 algorithm is generally considered stronger than MD5, but is slower. Select MD5 for minimal security and SHA-1 for maximum security.
Define the length of time before an IKE SA automatically renegotiates in this field. It may range from 60 to 3,000,000 seconds (almost 35 days).
A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to update the encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected.
Select Tunnel mode or Transport mode from the drop-down list box.
Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) is disabled (NONE) by default in phase
2 IPSec SA setup. This allows faster IPSec setup, but is not so secure.
Choose DH1 or DH2 from the drop-down list box to enable PFS. DH1 refers to Diffie-Hellman Group 1 a 768 bit random number. DH2 refers to Diffie-Hellman Group 2 a 1024 bit (1Kb) random number (more secure, yet slower).
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device and return to the VPN-IKE screen.
Click Cancel to return to the VPN-IKE screen without saving your changes.
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14.5 Manual Key Setup
Manual key management is useful if you have problems with IKE key management.
14.5.1 Security Parameter Index (SPI)
An SPI is used to distinguish different SAs terminating at the same destination and using the same IPSec protocol. This data allows for the multiplexing of SAs to a single gateway. The SPI (Security Parameter Index) along with a destination IP address uniquely identify a particular Security Association (SA). The SPI is transmitted from the remote VPN gateway to the local VPN gateway. The local VPN gateway then uses the network, encryption and key values that the administrator associated with the SPI to establish the tunnel.
Current ZyXEL implementation assumes identical outgoing and incoming SPIs.
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14.6 Configuring Manual Key
You only configure VPN manual key when you select Manual in the IPSec Key
Mode field on the VPN Setup-Edit screen. This is the VPN Setup - Manual Key screen as shown next.
Figure 163 Security > VPN > Setup > Manual Key
272
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 84 Security > VPN > Setup > Manual Key
LABEL
IPSec Setup
Active
Name
DESCRIPTION
Select this check box to activate this VPN policy.
Type up to 32 characters to identify this VPN policy. You may use any character, including spaces, but the ZyXEL Device drops trailing spaces.
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Table 84 Security > VPN > Setup > Manual Key (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IPSec Key Mode Select IKE or Manual from the drop-down list box. Manual is a useful option for troubleshooting if you have problems using IKE key management.
SPI Type a number (base 10) from 1 to 999999 for the Security Parameter
Index.
Select Tunnel mode or Transport mode from the drop-down list box. Encapsulation
Mode
DNS Server (for
IPSec VPN)
If there is a private DNS server that services the VPN, type its IP address here. The ZyXEL Device assigns this additional DNS server to the ZyXEL Device 's DHCP clients that have IP addresses in this IPSec rule's range of local addresses.
Local
A DNS server allows clients on the VPN to find other computers and servers on the VPN by their (private) domain names.
Local IP addresses must be static and correspond to the remote IPSec router's configured remote IP addresses.
Local Address
Type
Two active SAs cannot have the local and remote IP address(es) both the same. Two active SAs can have the same local or remote IP address, but not both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.
Use the drop-down menu to choose Single, Range, or Subnet. Select
Single for a single IP address. Select Range for a specific range of IP addresses. Select Subnet to specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask.
IP Address Start When the Local Address Type field is configured to Single, enter a
(static) IP address on the LAN behind your ZyXEL Device. When the
Local Address Type field is configured to Range, enter the beginning
(static) IP address, in a range of computers on your LAN behind your
ZyXEL Device. When the Local Address Type field is configured to
Subnet, this is a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your ZyXEL
Device.
End / Subnet
Mask
When the Local Address Type field is configured to Single, this field is N/A. When the Local Address Type field is configured to Range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the LAN behind your ZyXEL Device. When the Local Address Type field is configured to Subnet, this is a subnet mask on the LAN behind your
ZyXEL Device.
Remote Remote IP addresses must be static and correspond to the remote
IPSec router's configured local IP addresses.
Remote Address
Type
Two active SAs cannot have the local and remote IP address(es) both the same. Two active SAs can have the same local or remote IP address, but not both. You can configure multiple SAs between the same local and remote IP addresses, as long as only one is active at any time.
Use the drop-down menu to choose Single, Range, or Subnet. Select
Single with a single IP address. Select Range for a specific range of IP addresses. Select Subnet to specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask.
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Table 84 Security > VPN > Setup > Manual Key (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Address Start When the Remote Address Type field is configured to Single, enter a
(static) IP address on the network behind the remote IPSec router.
When the Remote Address Type field is configured to Range, enter the beginning (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. When the Remote Address
Type field is configured to Subnet, enter a (static) IP address on the network behind the remote IPSec router.
End / Subnet
Mask
When the Remote Address Type field is configured to Single, this field is N/A. When the Remote Address Type field is configured to
Range, enter the end (static) IP address, in a range of computers on the network behind the remote IPSec router. When the Remote
Address Type field is configured to Subnet, enter a subnet mask on the network behind the remote IPSec router.
Address
Information
My IP Address Enter the WAN IP address of your ZyXEL Device. The VPN tunnel has to be rebuilt if this IP address changes.
The following applies if this field is configured as 0.0.0.0:
Secure Gateway
Address
Security Protocol
IPSec Protocol
The ZyXEL Device uses the current ZyXEL Device WAN IP address
(static or dynamic) to set up the VPN tunnel.
Type the WAN IP address or the URL (up to 31 characters) of the IPSec router with which you're making the VPN connection.
Encryption
Algorithm
Encapsulation
Key (only with
ESP)
Authentication
Algorithm
Select ESP if you want to use ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload).
The ESP protocol (RFC 2406) provides encryption as well as some of the services offered by AH. If you select ESP here, you must select options from the Encryption Algorithm and Authentication
Algorithm fields (described next).
Select DES, 3DES or NULL from the drop-down list box.
When DES is used for data communications, both sender and receiver must know the same secret key, which can be used to encrypt and decrypt the message or to generate and verify a message authentication code. The DES encryption algorithm uses a 56-bit key.
Triple DES (3DES) is a variation on DES that uses a 168-bit key. As a result, 3DES is more secure than DES. It also requires more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput. Select NULL to set up a tunnel without encryption. When you select NULL, you do not enter an encryption key.
With DES, type a unique key 8 characters long. With 3DES, type a unique key 24 characters long. Any characters may be used, including spaces, but trailing spaces are truncated.
Select SHA1 or MD5 from the drop-down list box. MD5 (Message
Digest 5) and SHA1 (Secure Hash Algorithm) are hash algorithms used to authenticate packet data. The SHA1 algorithm is generally considered stronger than MD5, but is slower. Select MD5 for minimal security and SHA-1 for maximum security.
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Table 84 Security > VPN > Setup > Manual Key (continued)
LABEL
Authentication
Key
Back
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Type a unique authentication key to be used by IPSec if applicable.
Enter 16 characters for MD5 authentication or 20 characters for SHA-
1 authentication. Any characters may be used, including spaces, but trailing spaces are truncated.
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
14.7 Viewing SA Monitor
Click Security > VPN > Monitor to open the screen as shown. Use this screen to display and manage active VPN connections.
A Security Association (SA) is the group of security settings related to a specific
VPN tunnel. This screen displays active VPN connections. Use Refresh to display active VPN connections. This screen is read-only. The following table describes the fields in this tab.
When there is outbound traffic but no inbound traffic, the SA times out automatically after two minutes. A tunnel with no outbound or inbound traffic is
"idle" and does not timeout until the SA lifetime period expires. See Section
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14.9.7 on page 283 on keep alive to have the ZyXEL Device renegotiate an IPSec
SA when the SA lifetime expires, even if there is no traffic.
Figure 164 Security > VPN > Monitor
276
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 85 Security > VPN > Monitor
LABEL
No
DESCRIPTION
This is the security association index number.
Name This field displays the identification name for this VPN policy.
Encapsulation This field displays Tunnel or Transport mode.
IPSec
Algorithm
Disconnect
This field displays the security protocol, encryption algorithm, and authentication algorithm used in each VPN tunnel.
Refresh
Select one of the security associations, and then click Disconnect to stop that security association.
Click Refresh to display the current active VPN connection(s).
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14.8 Configuring VPN Global Setting
To change your ZyXEL Device’s global settings, click VPN > VPN Global Setting.
The screen appears as shown.
Figure 165 Security > VPN > Global Setting
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 86 Security > VPN > Global Setting
LABEL
Windows
Networking
(NetBIOS over TCP/
IP)
Allow NetBIOS
Traffic Through All
IPSec Tunnels
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) are TCP or UDP packets that enable a computer to find other computers. It may sometimes be necessary to allow NetBIOS packets to pass through
VPN tunnels in order to allow local computers to find computers on the remote network and vice versa.
Select this check box to send NetBIOS packets through the VPN connection.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
14.9 IPSec VPN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
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14.9.1 IPSec Architecture
The overall IPSec architecture is shown as follows.
Figure 166 IPSec Architecture
IPSec Algorithms
The ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) Protocol (RFC 2406) and AH
(Authentication Header) protocol (RFC 2402) describe the packet formats and the default standards for packet structure (including implementation algorithms).
The Encryption Algorithm describes the use of encryption techniques such as DES
(Data Encryption Standard) and Triple DES algorithms.
The Authentication Algorithms, HMAC-MD5 (RFC 2403) and HMAC-SHA-1 (RFC
2404, provide an authentication mechanism for the AH and ESP protocols.
Key Management
Key management allows you to determine whether to use IKE (ISAKMP) or manual key configuration in order to set up a VPN.
14.9.2 IPSec and NAT
Read this section if you are running IPSec on a host computer behind the ZyXEL
Device.
NAT is incompatible with the AH protocol in both Transport and Tunnel mode.
An IPSec VPN using the AH protocol digitally signs the outbound packet, both data
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A NAT device in between the IPSec endpoints will rewrite either the source or destination address with one of its own choosing. The VPN device at the receiving end will verify the integrity of the incoming packet by computing its own hash value, and complain that the hash value appended to the received packet doesn't match. The VPN device at the receiving end doesn't know about the NAT in the middle, so it assumes that the data has been maliciously altered.
IPSec using ESP in Tunnel mode encapsulates the entire original packet
(including headers) in a new IP packet. The new IP packet's source address is the outbound address of the sending VPN gateway, and its destination address is the inbound address of the VPN device at the receiving end. When using ESP protocol with authentication, the packet contents (in this case, the entire original packet) are encrypted. The encrypted contents, but not the new headers, are signed with a hash value appended to the packet.
Tunnel mode ESP with authentication is compatible with NAT because integrity checks are performed over the combination of the "original header plus original payload," which is unchanged by a NAT device.
Transport mode ESP with authentication is not compatible with NAT.
Table 87 VPN and NAT
SECURITY PROTOCOL
AH
AH
ESP
ESP
MODE
Transpor t
Tunnel
Transpor t
Tunnel
N
N
NAT
N
Y
14.9.3 VPN, NAT, and NAT Traversal
NAT is incompatible with the AH protocol in both transport and tunnel mode. An
IPSec VPN using the AH protocol digitally signs the outbound packet, both data payload and headers, with a hash value appended to the packet, but a NAT device between the IPSec endpoints rewrites the source or destination address. As a result, the VPN device at the receiving end finds a mismatch between the hash value and the data and assumes that the data has been maliciously altered.
NAT is not normally compatible with ESP in transport mode either, but the ZyXEL
Device’s NAT Traversal feature provides a way to handle this. NAT traversal
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Figure 167 NAT Router Between IPSec Routers
Internet
A
B
Normally you cannot set up an IKE SA with a NAT router between the two IPSec routers because the NAT router changes the header of the IPSec packet. NAT traversal solves the problem by adding a UDP port 500 header to the IPSec packet. The NAT router forwards the IPSec packet with the UDP port 500 header
unchanged. In Figure 167 on page 280
, when IPSec router A tries to establish an
IKE SA, IPSec router B checks the UDP port 500 header, and IPSec routers A and
B build the IKE SA.
For NAT traversal to work, you must:
• Use ESP security protocol (in either transport or tunnel mode).
• Use IKE keying mode.
• Enable NAT traversal on both IPSec endpoints.
• Set the NAT router to forward UDP port 500 to IPSec router A.
Finally, NAT is compatible with ESP in tunnel mode because integrity checks are performed over the combination of the "original header plus original payload," which is unchanged by a NAT device. The compatibility of AH and ESP with NAT in tunnel and transport modes is summarized in the following table.
Table 88 VPN and NAT
SECURITY
PROTOCOL
AH
AH
ESP
ESP
MODE NAT
Transport N
Tunnel N
Transport Y*
Tunnel Y
Y* - This is supported in the ZyXEL Device if you enable NAT traversal.
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14.9.4 Encapsulation
The two modes of operation for IPSec VPNs are Transport mode and Tunnel mode.
Figure 168 Transport and Tunnel Mode IPSec Encapsulation
Transport Mode
Transport mode is used to protect upper layer protocols and only affects the data in the IP packet. In Transport mode, the IP packet contains the security protocol
(AH or ESP) located after the original IP header and options, but before any upper layer protocols contained in the packet (such as TCP and UDP).
With ESP, protection is applied only to the upper layer protocols contained in the packet. The IP header information and options are not used in the authentication process. Therefore, the originating IP address cannot be verified for integrity against the data.
With the use of AH as the security protocol, protection is extended forward into the IP header to verify the integrity of the entire packet by use of portions of the original IP header in the hashing process.
Tunnel Mode
Tunnel mode encapsulates the entire IP packet to transmit it securely. A Tunnel mode is required for gateway services to provide access to internal systems.
Tunnel mode is fundamentally an IP tunnel with authentication and encryption.
This is the most common mode of operation. Tunnel mode is required for gateway to gateway and host to gateway communications. Tunnel mode communications have two sets of IP headers:
• Outside header: The outside IP header contains the destination IP address of the VPN gateway.
• Inside header: The inside IP header contains the destination IP address of the final system behind the VPN gateway. The security protocol appears after the outer IP header and before the inside IP header.
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14.9.5 IKE Phases
There are two phases to every IKE (Internet Key Exchange) negotiation – phase 1
(Authentication) and phase 2 (Key Exchange). A phase 1 exchange establishes an
IKE SA and the second one uses that SA to negotiate SAs for IPSec.
Figure 169 Two Phases to Set Up the IPSec SA
282
In phase 1 you must:
• Choose a negotiation mode.
• Authenticate the connection by entering a pre-shared key.
• Choose an encryption algorithm.
• Choose an authentication algorithm.
• Choose a Diffie-Hellman public-key cryptography key group (DH1 or DH2).
• Set the IKE SA lifetime. This field allows you to determine how long an IKE SA should stay up before it times out. An IKE SA times out when the IKE SA lifetime period expires. If an IKE SA times out when an IPSec SA is already established, the IPSec SA stays connected.
In phase 2 you must:
• Choose which protocol to use (ESP or AH) for the IKE key exchange.
• Choose an encryption algorithm.
• Choose an authentication algorithm
• Choose whether to enable Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) using Diffie-Hellman
public-key cryptography – see Appendix D on page 507
. Select None (the default) to disable PFS.
• Choose Tunnel mode or Transport mode.
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• Set the IPSec SA lifetime. This field allows you to determine how long the IPSec
SA should stay up before it times out. The ZyXEL Device automatically renegotiates the IPSec SA if there is traffic when the IPSec SA lifetime period expires. The ZyXEL Device also automatically renegotiates the IPSec SA if both
IPSec routers have keep alive enabled, even if there is no traffic. If an IPSec SA times out, then the IPSec router must renegotiate the SA the next time someone attempts to send traffic.
14.9.6 Negotiation Mode
The phase 1 Negotiation Mode you select determines how the Security
Association (SA) will be established for each connection through IKE negotiations.
• Main Mode ensures the highest level of security when the communicating parties are negotiating authentication (phase 1). It uses 6 messages in three round trips: SA negotiation, Diffie-Hellman exchange and an exchange of nonces (a nonce is a random number). This mode features identity protection
(your identity is not revealed in the negotiation).
• Aggressive Mode is quicker than Main Mode because it eliminates several steps when the communicating parties are negotiating authentication (phase 1).
However the trade-off is that faster speed limits its negotiating power and it also does not provide identity protection. It is useful in remote access situations where the address of the initiator is not know by the responder and both parties want to use pre-shared key authentication.
14.9.7 Keep Alive
When you initiate an IPSec tunnel with keep alive enabled, the ZyXEL Device automatically renegotiates the tunnel when the IPSec SA lifetime period expires
(see
Section 14.9.5 on page 282 for more on the IPSec SA lifetime). In effect, the
IPSec tunnel becomes an “always on” connection after you initiate it. Both IPSec routers must have a ZyXEL Device-compatible keep alive feature enabled in order for this feature to work.
If the ZyXEL Device has its maximum number of simultaneous IPSec tunnels connected to it and they all have keep alive enabled, then no other tunnels can take a turn connecting to the ZyXEL Device because the ZyXEL Device never drops the tunnels that are already connected.
When there is outbound traffic with no inbound traffic, the ZyXEL Device automatically drops the tunnel after two minutes.
14.9.8 Remote DNS Server
In cases where you want to use domain names to access Intranet servers on a remote network that has a DNS server, you must identify that DNS server. You
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The following figure depicts an example where three VPN tunnels are created from
ZyXEL Device A; one to branch office 2, one to branch office 3 and another to headquarters. In order to access computers that use private domain names on the headquarters (HQ) network, the ZyXEL Device at branch office 1 uses the Intranet
DNS server in headquarters. The DNS server feature for VPN does not work with
Windows 2000 or Windows XP.
Figure 170 VPN Host using Intranet DNS Server Example
ISP DNS Servers
212.54.64.170
212.54.54.171
1
LAN
DNS:212.54.64.170
212.54.64.171
Remote
IPSec Router
HQ
10.1.1.1/200
Internet
A
VPN DNS: 10.1.1.10
Intranet DNS
10.1.1.10
= VPN Tunnel
2
192.168.1.1/50
3
172.16.1.1/50
If you do not specify an Intranet DNS server on the remote network, then the VPN host must use IP addresses to access the computers on the remote network.
14.9.9 ID Type and Content
With aggressive negotiation mode (see
), the ZyXEL
Device identifies incoming SAs by ID type and content since this identifying information is not encrypted. This enables the ZyXEL Device to distinguish between multiple rules for SAs that connect from remote IPSec routers that have dynamic WAN IP addresses. Telecommuters can use separate passwords to simultaneously connect to the ZyXEL Device from IPSec routers with dynamic IP
addresses (see Section 14.9.12 on page 286 for a telecommuter configuration
example).
Regardless of the ID type and content configuration, the ZyXEL Device does not allow you to save multiple active rules with overlapping local and remote IP addresses.
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With main mode (see
Section 14.9.6 on page 283 ), the ID type and content are
encrypted to provide identity protection. In this case the ZyXEL Device can only distinguish between up to 12 different incoming SAs that connect from remote
IPSec routers that have dynamic WAN IP addresses. The ZyXEL Device can distinguish up to 12 incoming SAs because you can select between three encryption algorithms (DES, 3DES and AES), two authentication algorithms (MD5 and SHA1) and two key groups (DH1 and DH2) when you configure a VPN rule
(see
). The ID type and content act as an extra level of identification for incoming SAs.
The type of ID can be a domain name, an IP address or an e-mail address. The content is the IP address, domain name, or e-mail address.
Table 89 Local ID Type and Content Fields
LOCAL ID
TYPE=
IP
CONTENT=
DNS
Type the IP address of your computer or leave the field blank to have the ZyXEL Device automatically use its own IP address.
Type a domain name (up to 31 characters) by which to identify this
ZyXEL Device.
Type an e-mail address (up to 31 characters) by which to identify this
ZyXEL Device.
The domain name or e-mail address that you use in the Content field is used for identification purposes only and does not need to be a real domain name or e-mail address.
Table 90 Peer ID Type and Content Fields
PEER ID
TYPE=
IP
CONTENT=
DNS
Type the IP address of the computer with which you will make the VPN connection or leave the field blank to have the ZyXEL Device automatically use the address in the Secure Gateway Address field.
Type a domain name (up to 31 characters) by which to identify the remote IPSec router.
Type an e-mail address (up to 31 characters) by which to identify the remote IPSec router.
The domain name or e-mail address that you use in the Content field is used for identification purposes only and does not need to be a real domain name or e-mail address. The domain name also does not have to match the remote router’s IP address or what you configure in the
Secure Gateway Address field below.
14.9.9.1 ID Type and Content Examples
Two IPSec routers must have matching ID type and content configuration in order to set up a VPN tunnel.
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The two ZyXEL Devices in this example can complete negotiation and establish a
VPN tunnel.
Table 91 Matching ID Type and Content Configuration Example
ZYXEL DEVICE A
Local ID type: E-mail
Local ID content: [email protected]
Peer ID type: IP
Peer ID content: 1.1.1.2
ZYXEL DEVICE B
Local ID type: IP
Local ID content: 1.1.1.2
Peer ID type: E-mail
Peer ID content: [email protected]
The two ZyXEL Devices in this example cannot complete their negotiation because
ZyXEL Device B’s Local ID type is IP, but ZyXEL Device A’s Peer ID type is set to E-mail. An “ID mismatched” message displays in the IPSEC LOG.
Table 92 Mismatching ID Type and Content Configuration Example
ZYXEL DEVICE A
Local ID type: IP
Local ID content: 1.1.1.10
Peer ID type: E-mail
Peer ID content: [email protected]
ZYXEL DEVICE B
Local ID type: IP
Local ID content: 1.1.1.10
Peer ID type: IP
Peer ID content: N/A
14.9.10 Pre-Shared Key
A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation (see
Section 14.9.5 on page 282 for more on IKE phases). It is called
“pre-shared” because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.
14.9.11 Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Groups
Diffie-Hellman (DH) is a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret over an unsecured communications channel. Diffie-
Hellman is used within IKE SA setup to establish session keys. 768-bit (Group 1 -
DH1) and 1024-bit (Group 2 – DH2) Diffie-Hellman groups are supported. Upon completion of the Diffie-Hellman exchange, the two peers have a shared secret, but the IKE SA is not authenticated. For authentication, use pre-shared keys.
14.9.12 Telecommuter VPN/IPSec Examples
The following examples show how multiple telecommuters can make VPN connections to a single ZyXEL Device at headquarters. The telecommuters use
IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses. The ZyXEL Device at headquarters has a static public IP address.
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14.9.12.1 Telecommuters Sharing One VPN Rule Example
See the following figure and table for an example configuration that allows multiple telecommuters (A, B and C in the figure) to use one VPN rule to simultaneously access a ZyXEL Device at headquarters (HQ in the figure). The telecommuters do not have domain names mapped to the WAN IP addresses of their IPSec routers. The telecommuters must all use the same IPSec parameters but the local IP addresses (or ranges of addresses) should not overlap.
Figure 171 Telecommuters Sharing One VPN Rule Example
LAN
A
192.168.2.12
LAN
192.168.3.2
LAN
192.168.4.15
B
C
Internet
HQ
LAN
192.168.1.10
Table 93 Telecommuters Sharing One VPN Rule Example
FIELDS TELECOMMUTERS
My IP Address: 0.0.0.0 (dynamic IP address assigned by the ISP)
Secure Gateway
IP Address:
Public static IP address
HEADQUARTERS
Public static IP address
0.0.0.0 With this IP address only the telecommuter can initiate the IPSec tunnel.
192.168.1.10
Local IP Address: Telecommuter A: 192.168.2.12
Telecommuter B: 192.168.3.2
Telecommuter C: 192.168.4.15
Remote IP
Address:
192.168.1.10
0.0.0.0 (N/A)
14.9.12.2 Telecommuters Using Unique VPN Rules Example
In this example the telecommuters (A, B and C in the figure) use IPSec routers with domain names that are mapped to their dynamic WAN IP addresses (use
Dynamic DNS to do this).
With aggressive negotiation mode (see Section 14.9.6 on page 283 ), the ZyXEL
Device can use the ID types and contents to distinguish between VPN rules.
Telecommuters can each use a separate VPN rule to simultaneously access a
ZyXEL Device at headquarters. They can use different IPSec parameters. The local
IP addresses (or ranges of addresses) of the rules configured on the ZyXEL Device
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See the following table and figure for an example where three telecommuters each use a different VPN rule for a VPN connection with a ZyXEL Device located at headquarters. The ZyXEL Device at headquarters (HQ in the figure) identifies each incoming SA by its ID type and content and uses the appropriate VPN rule to establish the VPN connection.
The ZyXEL Device at headquarters can also initiate VPN connections to the telecommuters since it can find the telecommuters by resolving their domain names.
Figure 172 Telecommuters Using Unique VPN Rules Example
LAN
A
192.168.2.12
LAN
192.168.3.2
LAN
192.168.4.15
B
C
Internet
HQ
LAN
192.168.1.10
Table 94 Telecommuters Using Unique VPN Rules Example
TELECOMMUTERS
All Telecommuter Rules:
My IP Address 0.0.0.0
Secure Gateway Address: bigcompanyhq.com
Remote IP Address: 192.168.1.10
Peer ID Type: E-mail
Peer ID Content: [email protected]
HEADQUARTERS
All Headquarters Rules:
My IP Address: bigcompanyhq.com
Local IP Address: 192.168.1.10
Local ID Type: E-mail
Local ID Content: [email protected]
Telecommuter A
(telecommutera.dydns.org)
Local ID Type: IP
Local ID Content: 192.168.2.12
Local IP Address: 192.168.2.12
Headquarters ZyXEL Device Rule 1:
Peer ID Type: IP
Peer ID Content: 192.168.2.12
Secure Gateway Address: telecommuter1.com
Remote Address 192.168.2.12
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Table 94 Telecommuters Using Unique VPN Rules Example (continued)
TELECOMMUTERS
Telecommuter B
(telecommuterb.dydns.org)
Local ID Type: DNS
Local ID Content: telecommuterb.com
Local IP Address: 192.168.3.2
HEADQUARTERS
Headquarters ZyXEL Device Rule 2:
Peer ID Type: DNS
Peer ID Content: telecommuterb.com
Secure Gateway Address: telecommuterb.com
Remote Address 192.168.3.2
Telecommuter C
(telecommuterc.dydns.org)
Local ID Type: E-mail
Local ID Content: [email protected]
Local IP Address: 192.168.4.15
Headquarters ZyXEL Device Rule 3:
Peer ID Type: E-mail
Peer ID Content: [email protected]
Secure Gateway Address: telecommuterc.com
Remote Address 192.168.4.15
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C H A P T E R 1 5
Certificates
15.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication.
15.1.1 What You Can Do in the Certificate Screens
• Use the My Certificate screens (see
Section 15.2 on page 295 ) to generate and
export self-signed certificates or certification requests and import the ZyXEL
Device’s CA-signed certificates.
• Use the Trusted CA screens (see Section 15.5 on page 304 ) to save the
certificates of trusted CAs to the ZyXEL Device. You can also export the certificates to a computer.
• Use the Trusted Remote Hosts screens (see Section 15.8 on page 311 ) to
import self-signed certificates from trusted remote hosts.
• Use the Directory Servers screen (see
) to configure a list of addresses of directory servers (that contain lists of valid and revoked certificates).
15.1.2 What You Need to Know About Certificates
Certification Authorities
A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like
CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. You can use the
ZyXEL Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority.
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Public and Private Keys
When using public-key cryptology for authentication, each host has two keys. One key is public and can be made openly available; the other key is private and must be kept secure. Public-key encryption in general works as follows.
1
Tim wants to send a private message to Jenny. Tim generates a public-private key pair. What is encrypted with one key can only be decrypted using the other.
2
Tim keeps the private key and makes the public key openly available.
3
Tim uses his private key to encrypt the message and sends it to Jenny.
4
Jenny receives the message and uses Tim’s public key to decrypt it.
5
Additionally, Jenny uses her own private key to encrypt a message and Tim uses
Jenny’s public key to decrypt the message.
The ZyXEL Device uses certificates based on public-key cryptology to authenticate users attempting to establish a connection. The method used to secure the data that you send through an established connection depends on the type of connection. For example, a VPN tunnel might use the triple DES encryption algorithm.
The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority’s public key to verify the certificates.
Certification Path
A certification path is the hierarchy of certification authority certificates that validate a certificate. The ZyXEL Device does not trust a certificate if any certificate on its path has expired or been revoked.
Certificate Directory Servers
Certification authorities maintain directory servers with databases of valid and revoked certificates. A directory of certificates that have been revoked before the scheduled expiration is called a CRL (Certificate Revocation List). The ZyXEL
Device can check a peer’s certificate against a directory server’s list of revoked certificates. The framework of servers, software, procedures and policies that handles keys is called PKI (public-key infrastructure).
Advantages of Certificates
Certificates offer the following benefits.
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• The ZyXEL Device only has to store the certificates of the certification authorities that you decide to trust, no matter how many devices you need to authenticate.
• Key distribution is simple and very secure since you can freely distribute public keys and you never need to transmit private keys.
Self-signed Certificates
You can have the ZyXEL Device act as a certification authority and sign its own certificates.
15.1.3 Verifying a Certificate
Before you import a trusted CA or trusted remote host certificate into the ZyXEL
Device, you should verify that you have the actual certificate. This is especially true of trusted CA certificates since the ZyXEL Device also trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.
You can use a certificate’s fingerprint to verify it. A certificate’s fingerprint is a message digest calculated using the MD5 or SHA1 algorithms. The following procedure describes how to check a certificate’s fingerprint to verify that you have the actual certificate.
1
Browse to where you have the certificate saved on your computer.
2
Make sure that the certificate has a “.cer” or “.crt” file name extension.
Figure 173 Certificates on Your Computer
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3
Double-click the certificate’s icon to open the Certificate window. Click the
Details tab and scroll down to the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields.
Figure 174 Certificate Details
4
Use a secure method to verify that the certificate owner has the same information in the Thumbprint Algorithm and Thumbprint fields. The secure method may very based on your situation. Possible examples would be over the telephone or through an HTTPS connection.
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15.2 My Certificates
Click Security > Certificates > My Certificates to open the My Certificates screen. This is the ZyXEL Device’s summary list of certificates and certification requests. Certificates display in black and certification requests display in gray.
Figure 175 Security > Certificates > My Certificates
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 95 Security > Certificates > My Certificates
LABEL
PKI Storage
Space in Use
DESCRIPTION
This bar displays the percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s PKI storage space that is currently in use. The bar turns from green to red when the maximum is being approached. When the bar is red, you should consider deleting expired or unnecessary certificates before adding more certificates.
Replace
#
Name
Type
This button displays when the ZyXEL Device has the factory default certificate.
The factory default certificate is common to all devices of this model. ZyXEL recommends that you use this button to replace the factory default certificate with one that uses your ZyXEL Device's MAC address.
This field displays the certificate index number. The certificates are listed in alphabetical order.
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give each certificate a unique name.
This field displays what kind of certificate this is.
REQ represents a certification request and is not yet a valid certificate.
Send a certification request to a certification authority, which then issues a certificate. Use the My Certificate Import screen to import the certificate and replace the request.
SELF represents a self-signed certificate.
*SELF represents the default self-signed certificate, which the ZyXEL
Device uses to sign imported trusted remote host certificates.
CERT represents a certificate issued by a certification authority.
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Table 95 Security > Certificates > My Certificates (continued)
LABEL
Subject
Issuer
Valid From
Valid To
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department),
O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and country. With self-signed certificates, this is the same information as in the Subject field.
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
Click the Edit icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate.
Click the Remove icon to remove the certificate. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the certificate.
You cannot delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use.
Do the following to delete a certificate that shows *SELF in the Type field.
1. Make sure that no other features, such as HTTPS, VPN, SSH are configured to use the *SELF certificate.
2. Click the Edit icon next to another self-signed certificate (see the description on the Create button if you need to create a self-signed certificate).
Create
Import
Refresh
3. Select the Default self-signed certificate which signs the
imported remote host certificates check box.
4. Click Apply to save the changes and return to the My Certificates screen.
5. The certificate that originally showed *SELF displays SELF and you can delete it now.
Note that subsequent certificates move up by one when you take this action
Click Create to go to the screen where you can have the ZyXEL Device generate a certificate or a certification request.
Click Import to open a screen where you can save the certificate that you have enrolled from a certification authority from your computer to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Refresh to display the current validity status of the certificates.
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15.3 My Certificate Details
Click Security > Certificates > My Certificates to open the My Certificates screen (see
Figure 175 on page 295 ). Click the edit icon to open the My
Certificate Details screen. Use this screen to view in-depth certificate information and change the certificate’s name.
If it is a self-signed certificate, you can also set the ZyXEL Device to use the certificate to sign the imported trusted remote host certificates.
Figure 176 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Details
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 96 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Details
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Certificate Name This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. If you want to change the name, type up to 31 characters to identify this certificate. You may use any character (not including spaces).
Property
Default selfsigned certificate which signs the imported remote host certificates.
Select this check box to have the ZyXEL Device use this certificate to sign the trusted remote host certificates that you import to the ZyXEL
Device. This check box is only available with self-signed certificates.
If this check box is already selected, you cannot clear it in this screen, you must select this check box in another self-signed certificate’s details screen. This automatically clears the check box in the details screen of the certificate that was previously set to sign the imported trusted remote host certificates.
Certification Path Click the Refresh button to have this read-only text box display the hierarchy of certification authorities that validate the certificate (and the certificate itself).
Refresh
Certificate
Information
Type
Version
Serial Number
Subject
Issuer
Signature
Algorithm
If the issuing certification authority is one that you have imported as a trusted certification authority, it may be the only certification authority in the list (along with the certificate itself). If the certificate is a self-signed certificate, the certificate itself is the only one in the list. The ZyXEL Device does not trust the certificate and displays “Not trusted” in this field if any certificate on the path has expired or been revoked.
Click Refresh to display the certification path.
These read-only fields display detailed information about the certificate.
This field displays general information about the certificate. CA-signed means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Self-signed means that the certificate’s owner signed the certificate (not a certification authority). “X.509” means that this certificate was created and signed according to the ITU-T X.509 recommendation that defines the formats for public-key certificates.
This field displays the X.509 version number.
This field displays the certificate’s identification number given by the certification authority or generated by the ZyXEL Device.
This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU),
Organization (O) and Country (C).
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority, such as Common Name, Organizational
Unit, Organization and Country.
With self-signed certificates, this is the same as the Subject Name field.
This field displays the type of algorithm that was used to sign the certificate. The ZyXEL Device uses rsa-pkcs1-sha1 (RSA publicprivate key encryption algorithm and the SHA1 hash algorithm).
Some certification authorities may use rsa-pkcs1-md5 (RSA publicprivate key encryption algorithm and the MD5 hash algorithm).
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Table 96 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Details (continued)
LABEL
Valid From
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable.
The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.
Valid To
Key Algorithm
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
This field displays the type of algorithm that was used to generate the certificate’s key pair (the ZyXEL Device uses RSA encryption) and the length of the key set in bits (1024 bits for example).
This field displays the certificate owner‘s IP address (IP), domain name (DNS) or e-mail address (EMAIL).
Subject
Alternative Name
Key Usage This field displays for what functions the certificate’s key can be used.
For example, “DigitalSignature” means that the key can be used to sign certificates and “KeyEncipherment” means that the key can be used to encrypt text.
Basic Constraint This field displays general information about the certificate. For example, Subject Type=CA means that this is a certification authority’s certificate and “Path Length Constraint=1” means that there can only be one certification authority in the certificate’s path.
MD5 Fingerprint This is the certificate’s message digest that the ZyXEL Device calculated using the MD5 algorithm.
SHA1 Fingerprint This is the certificate’s message digest that the ZyXEL Device calculated using the SHA1 algorithm.
Certificate in PEM
(Base-64)
Encoded Format
This read-only text box displays the certificate or certification request in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form.
Back
Export
Apply
Cancel
You can copy and paste a certification request into a certification authority’s web page, an e-mail that you send to the certification authority or a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later manual enrollment.
You can copy and paste a certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste a certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution
(via floppy disk for example).
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click this button and then Save in the File Download screen. The
Save As screen opens, browse to the location that you want to use and click Save.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. You can only change the name, except in the case of a self-signed certificate, which you can also set to be the default self-signed certificate that signs the imported trusted remote host certificates.
Click Cancel to quit and return to the My Certificates screen.
You can only import a certificate that matches a corresponding certification request that was generated by the ZyXEL Device (the certification request contains the private key). The certificate you import replaces the corresponding request in the My Certificates screen.
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One exception is that you can import a PKCS#12 format certificate without a corresponding certification request since the certificate includes the private key.
Note: Remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you import it.
Certificate File Formats
The certification authority certificate that you want to import has to be in one of these file formats:
• Binary X.509: This is an ITU-T recommendation that defines the formats for
X.509 certificates.
• PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509: This Privacy Enhanced Mail format uses 64
ASCII characters to convert a binary X.509 certificate into a printable form.
• Binary PKCS#7: This is a standard that defines the general syntax for data
(including digital signatures) that may be encrypted. The ZyXEL Device currently allows the importation of a PKS#7 file that contains a single certificate.
• PEM (Base-64) encoded PKCS#7: This Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format uses
64 ASCII characters to convert a binary PKCS#7 certificate into a printable form.
• Binary PKCS#12: This is a format for transferring public key and private key certificates. The private key in a PKCS #12 file is within a password-encrypted envelope. The file’s password is not connected to your certificate’s public or private passwords. Exporting a PKCS #12 file creates this and you must provide it to decrypt the contents when you import the file into the ZyXEL Device.
Note: Be careful not to convert a binary file to text during the transfer process. It is easy for this to occur since many programs use text files by default.
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15.3.1 Using the My Certificate Import Screen
Click Security > Certificates > My Certificates and then Import to open the
My Certificate Import screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to save an existing certificate to the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 177 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Import
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 97 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Import
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse to find it.
Back
Apply
Cancel
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save the certificate on the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to clear your settings.
15.4 My Certificate Create
Click Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Create to open the My
Certificate Create screen. Use this screen to have the ZyXEL Device create a
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Figure 178 Security > Certificates > My Certificate Create
302
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 98 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Create
LABEL
Certificate Name
DESCRIPTION
Type up to 31 ASCII characters (not including spaces) to identify this certificate.
Subject
Information
Use these fields to record information that identifies the owner of the certificate. You do not have to fill in every field, although the
Common Name is mandatory. The certification authority may add fields (such as a serial number) to the subject information when it issues a certificate. It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
Common Name Select a radio button to identify the certificate’s owner by IP address, domain name or e-mail address. Type the IP address (in dotted decimal notation), domain name or e-mail address in the field provided. The domain name or e-mail address can be up to 31 ASCII characters. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.
Organizational Unit Type up to 127 characters to identify the organizational unit or department to which the certificate owner belongs. You may use any character, including spaces, but the ZyXEL Device drops trailing spaces.
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Table 98 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Create (continued)
LABEL
Organization
DESCRIPTION
Type up to 127 characters to identify the company or group to which the certificate owner belongs. You may use any character, including spaces, but the ZyXEL Device drops trailing spaces.
Country
Key Length
Type up to 127 characters to identify the nation where the certificate owner is located. You may use any character, including spaces, but the ZyXEL Device drops trailing spaces.
Select a number from the drop-down list box to determine how many bits the key should use (512 to 2048). The longer the key, the more secure it is. A longer key also uses more PKI storage space.
Enrollment Options These radio buttons deal with how and when the certificate is to be generated.
Create a selfsigned certificate
Select Create a self-signed certificate to have the ZyXEL Device generate the certificate and act as the Certification Authority (CA) itself. This way you do not need to apply to a certification authority for certificates.
Create a certification request and save it locally for later manual enrollment
Select Create a certification request and save it locally for
later manual enrollment to have the ZyXEL Device generate and store a request for a certificate. Use the My Certificate Details screen to view the certification request and copy it to send to the certification authority.
Create a certification request and enroll for a certificate immediately online
Copy the certification request from the My Certificate Details screen (see
Section 15.3 on page 297 ) and then send it to the
certification authority.
Select Create a certification request and enroll for a certificate
immediately online to have the ZyXEL Device generate a request for a certificate and apply to a certification authority for a certificate.
You must have the certification authority’s certificate already imported in the Trusted CAs screen.
When you select this option, you must select the certification authority’s enrollment protocol and the certification authority’s certificate from the drop-down list boxes and enter the certification authority’s server address. You also need to fill in the Reference
Number and Key if the certification authority requires them.
Select the certification authority’s enrollment protocol from the dropdown list box.
Enrollment
Protocol
Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP) is a TCP-based enrollment protocol that was developed by VeriSign and Cisco.
Certificate Management Protocol (CMP) is a TCP-based enrollment protocol that was developed by the Public Key
Infrastructure X.509 working group of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) and is specified in RFC 2510.
CA Server Address Enter the IP address (or URL) of the certification authority server.
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Table 98 Security > Certificates > My Certificates > Create (continued)
LABEL
CA Certificate
DESCRIPTION
Select the certification authority’s certificate from the CA
Certificate drop-down list box.
Request
Authentication
Key
Back
Apply
Cancel
You must have the certification authority’s certificate already imported in the Trusted CAs screen. Click Trusted CAs to go to the
Trusted CAs screen where you can view (and manage) the ZyXEL
Device's list of certificates of trusted certification authorities.
When you select Create a certification request and enroll for a
certificate immediately online, the certification authority may want you to include a reference number and key to identify you when you send a certification request. Fill in both the Reference
Number and the Key fields if your certification authority uses CMP enrollment protocol. Just fill in the Key field if your certification authority uses the SCEP enrollment protocol.
Type the key that the certification authority gave you.
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to begin certificate or certification request generation.
Click Cancel to quit and return to the My Certificates screen.
After you click Apply in the My Certificate Create screen, you see a screen that tells you the ZyXEL Device is generating the self-signed certificate or certification request.
After the ZyXEL Device successfully enrolls a certificate or generates a certification request or a self-signed certificate, you see a screen with a Return button that takes you back to the My Certificates screen.
If you configured the My Certificate Create screen to have the ZyXEL Device enroll a certificate and the certificate enrollment is not successful, you see a screen with a Return button that takes you back to the My Certificate Create screen. Click Return and check your information in the My Certificate Create screen. Make sure that the certification authority information is correct and that your Internet connection is working properly if you want the ZyXEL Device to enroll a certificate online.
15.5 Trusted CAs
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CAs to open the Trusted CAs screen.
This screen displays a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the ZyXEL Device to accept as trusted. The ZyXEL Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as being
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Figure 179 Security > Certificates > Trusted CAs
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 99 Security > Certificates > Trusted CAs
LABEL
PKI Storage
Space in Use
#
Name
Subject
Issuer
Valid From
Valid To
DESCRIPTION
This bar displays the percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s PKI storage space that is currently in use. The bar turns from blue to red when the maximum is being approached. When the bar is red, you should consider deleting expired or unnecessary certificates before adding more certificates.
This field displays the certificate index number. The certificates are listed in alphabetical order.
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate.
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department),
O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and country. With self-signed certificates, this is the same information as in the Subject field.
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
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Table 99 Security > Certificates > Trusted CAs (continued)
LABEL
CRL Issuer
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This field displays Yes if the certification authority issues Certificate
Revocation Lists for the certificates that it has issued and you have selected the Issues certificate revocation lists (CRL) check box in the certificate’s details screen to have the ZyXEL Device check the CRL before trusting any certificates issued by the certification authority.
Otherwise the field displays “No”.
Click the Edit icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate.
Import
Refresh
Click the Remove icon to remove the certificate. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the certificates. Note that subsequent certificates move up by one when you take this action.
Click Import to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust, from your computer to the ZyXEL
Device.
Click this button to display the current validity status of the certificates.
15.6 Trusted CA Import
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CAs to open the Trusted CAs screen and then click Import to open the Trusted CA Import screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to save a trusted certification authority’s certificate to the ZyXEL Device.
Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can import the certificate.
Figure 180 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > Import
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 100 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > Import
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse to find it.
Back
Apply
Cancel
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save the certificate on the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to quit and return to the Trusted CAs screen.
15.7 Trusted CA Details
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted CAs to open the Trusted CAs screen.
Click the details icon to open the Trusted CA Details screen. Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate, change the certificate’s name and set whether or not you want the ZyXEL Device to check a
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Figure 181 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > Details
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 101 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > Details
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Certificate Name This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. If you want to change the name, type up to 31 characters to identify this key certificate. You may use any character (not including spaces).
Property
Issues certificate revocation lists
(CRLs)
Select this check box to have the ZyXEL Device check incoming certificates that are issued by this certification authority against a
Certificate Revocation List (CRL).
Certificate Path
Refresh
Certificate
Information
Type
Version
Serial Number
Subject
Issuer
Clear this check box to have the ZyXEL Device not check incoming certificates that are issued by this certification authority against a
Certificate Revocation List (CRL).
Click the Refresh button to have this read-only text box display the end entity’s certificate and a list of certification authority certificates that shows the hierarchy of certification authorities that validate the end entity’s certificate. If the issuing certification authority is one that you have imported as a trusted certification authority, it may be the only certification authority in the list (along with the end entity’s own certificate). The ZyXEL Device does not trust the end entity’s certificate and displays “Not trusted” in this field if any certificate on the path has expired or been revoked.
Click Refresh to display the certification path.
These read-only fields display detailed information about the certificate.
This field displays general information about the certificate. CA-signed means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Self-signed means that the certificate’s owner signed the certificate (not a certification authority). X.509 means that this certificate was created and signed according to the ITU-T X.509 recommendation that defines the formats for public-key certificates.
This field displays the X.509 version number.
This field displays the certificate’s identification number given by the certification authority.
This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU),
Organization (O) and Country (C).
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority, such as Common Name, Organizational
Unit, Organization and Country.
Signature
Algorithm
Valid From
With self-signed certificates, this is the same information as in the
Subject Name field.
This field displays the type of algorithm that was used to sign the certificate. Some certification authorities use rsa-pkcs1-sha1 (RSA public-private key encryption algorithm and the SHA1 hash algorithm). Other certification authorities may use rsa-pkcs1-md5
(RSA public-private key encryption algorithm and the MD5 hash algorithm).
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable.
The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.
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Table 101 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA > Details (continued)
LABEL
Valid To
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
Key Algorithm
Subject
Alternative Name
Key Usage
This field displays the type of algorithm that was used to generate the certificate’s key pair (the ZyXEL Device uses RSA encryption) and the length of the key set in bits (1024 bits for example).
This field displays the certificate’s owner‘s IP address (IP), domain name (DNS) or e-mail address (EMAIL).
This field displays for what functions the certificate’s key can be used.
For example, “DigitalSignature” means that the key can be used to sign certificates and “KeyEncipherment” means that the key can be used to encrypt text.
Basic Constraint This field displays general information about the certificate. For example, Subject Type=CA means that this is a certification authority’s certificate and “Path Length Constraint=1” means that there can only be one certification authority in the certificate’s path.
CRL Distribution
Points
This field displays how many directory servers with Lists of revoked certificates the issuing certification authority of this certificate makes available. This field also displays the domain names or IP addresses of the servers.
MD5 Fingerprint This is the certificate’s message digest that the ZyXEL Device calculated using the MD5 algorithm. You can use this value to verify with the certification authority (over the phone for example) that this is actually their certificate.
SHA1 Fingerprint This is the certificate’s message digest that the ZyXEL Device calculated using the SHA1 algorithm. You can use this value to verify with the certification authority (over the phone for example) that this is actually their certificate.
Certificate in PEM
(Base-64)
Encoded Format
This read-only text box displays the certificate or certification request in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form.
Back
Export
Apply
Cancel
You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click this button and then Save in the File Download screen. The
Save As screen opens, browse to the location that you want to use and click Save.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. You can only change the name and/or set whether or not you want the ZyXEL
Device to check the CRL that the certification authority issues before trusting a certificate issued by the certification authority.
Click Cancel to quit and return to the Trusted CAs screen.
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15.8 Trusted Remote Hosts
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts to open the Trusted
Remote Hosts screen. This screen displays a list of the certificates of peers that you trust but which are not signed by one of the certification authorities on the
Trusted CAs screen.
You do not need to add any certificate that is signed by one of the certification authorities on the Trusted CAs screen since the ZyXEL Device automatically accepts any valid certificate signed by a trusted certification authority as being trustworthy.
Figure 182 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 102 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts
LABEL
PKI Storage
Space in Use
Issuer (My
Default Selfsigned
Certificate)
#
DESCRIPTION
This bar displays the percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s PKI storage space that is currently in use. The bar turns from green to red when the maximum is being approached. When the bar is red, you should consider deleting expired or unnecessary certificates before adding more certificates.
This field displays identifying information about the default self-signed certificate on the ZyXEL Device that the ZyXEL Device uses to sign the trusted remote host certificates.
Name
This field displays the certificate index number. The certificates are listed in alphabetical order.
This field displays the name used to identify this certificate.
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Table 102 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts (continued)
LABEL
Subject
Valid From
Valid To
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department),
O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
Click the Edit icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate.
Import
Refresh
Click the Remove icon to remove the certificate. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the certificate. Note that subsequent certificates move up by one when you take this action.
Click Import to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a remote host (which you trust) from your computer to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this button to display the current validity status of the certificates.
15.9 Trusted Remote Host Certificate Details
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts to open the Trusted
Remote Hosts screen. Click the details icon to open the Trusted Remote Host
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Details screen. Use this screen to view in-depth information about the trusted remote host’s certificate and/or change the certificate’s name.
Figure 183 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts > Details
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 103 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts > Details
LABEL
Certificate Name
Certificate Path
Refresh
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. If you want to change the name, type up to 31 characters to identify this key certificate. You may use any character (not including spaces).
Click the Refresh button to have this read-only text box display the end entity’s own certificate and a list of certification authority certificates in the hierarchy of certification authorities that validate a certificate’s issuing certification authority. For a trusted host, the list consists of the end entity’s own certificate and the default self-signed certificate that the ZyXEL Device uses to sign remote host certificates.
Click Refresh to display the certification path.
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Table 103 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts > Details (continued)
LABEL
Certificate Path
Type
Version
Serial Number
Subject
Issuer
Signature
Algorithm
Valid From
Valid To
Key Algorithm
Subject Alternative
Name
Key Usage
Basic Constraint
MD5 Fingerprint
DESCRIPTION
These read-only fields display detailed information about the certificate.
This field displays general information about the certificate. With trusted remote host certificates, this field always displays CA-signed.
The ZyXEL Device is the Certification Authority that signed the certificate. X.509 means that this certificate was created and signed according to the ITU-T X.509 recommendation that defines the formats for public-key certificates.
This field displays the X.509 version number.
This field displays the certificate’s identification number given by the device that created the certificate.
This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU),
Organization (O) and Country (C).
This field displays identifying information about the default selfsigned certificate on the ZyXEL Device that the ZyXEL Device uses to sign the trusted remote host certificates.
This field displays the type of algorithm that the ZyXEL Device used to sign the certificate, which is rsa-pkcs1-sha1 (RSA public-private key encryption algorithm and the SHA1 hash algorithm).
This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable.
The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.
This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.
This field displays the type of algorithm that was used to generate the certificate’s key pair (the ZyXEL Device uses RSA encryption) and the length of the key set in bits (1024 bits for example).
This field displays the certificate’s owner‘s IP address (IP), domain name (DNS) or e-mail address (EMAIL).
This field displays for what functions the certificate’s key can be used. For example, “DigitalSignature” means that the key can be used to sign certificates and “KeyEncipherment” means that the key can be used to encrypt text.
This field displays general information about the certificate. For example, Subject Type=CA means that this is a certification authority’s certificate and “Path Length Constraint=1” means that there can only be one certification authority in the certificate’s path.
This is the certificate’s message digest that the ZyXEL Device calculated using the MD5 algorithm. You cannot use this value to verify that this is the remote host’s actual certificate because the
ZyXEL Device has signed the certificate; thus causing this value to be different from that of the remote hosts actual certificate. See
Section 15.1.3 on page 293 for how to verify a remote host’s
certificate.
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Table 103 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts > Details (continued)
LABEL
SHA1 Fingerprint
Certificate in PEM
(Base-64) Encoded
Format
DESCRIPTION
This is the certificate’s message digest that the ZyXEL Device calculated using the SHA1 algorithm. You cannot use this value to verify that this is the remote host’s actual certificate because the
ZyXEL Device has signed the certificate; thus causing this value to be different from that of the remote hosts actual certificate. See
Section 15.1.3 on page 293 for how to verify a remote host’s
certificate.
This read-only text box displays the certificate or certification request in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form.
Back
Export
Apply
Cancel
You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click this button and then Save in the File Download screen. The
Save As screen opens, browse to the location that you want to use and click Save.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device. You can only change the name of the certificate.
Click Cancel to quit configuring this screen and return to the
Trusted Remote Hosts screen.
15.10 Trusted Remote Hosts Import
Click Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts to open the Trusted
Remote Hosts screen and then click Import to open the Trusted Remote Host
Import screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to save a trusted host’s certificate to the ZyXEL Device.
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Note: The trusted remote host certificate must be a self-signed certificate; and you must remove any spaces from its filename before you can import it.
Figure 184 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts > Import
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 104 Security > Certificates > Trusted Remote Hosts > Import
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse to find it.
Back
Apply
Cancel
Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save the certificate on the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to quit and return to the Trusted Remote Hosts screen.
15.11 Directory Servers
Click Security > Certificates > Directory Servers to open the Directory
Servers screen. This screen displays a summary list of directory servers (that contain lists of valid and revoked certificates) that have been saved into the ZyXEL
Device. If you decide to have the ZyXEL Device check incoming certificates against the issuing certification authority’s list of revoked certificates, the ZyXEL Device first checks the server(s) listed in the CRL Distribution Points field of the
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Figure 185 Security > Certificates > Directory Servers
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 105 Security > Certificates > Directory Servers
LABEL
PKI Storage
Space in Use
#
Name
Address
Port
Protocol
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This bar displays the percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s PKI storage space that is currently in use. The bar turns from green to red when the maximum is being approached. When the bar is red, you should consider deleting expired or unnecessary certificates before adding more certificates.
The index number of the directory server. The servers are listed in alphabetical order.
This field displays the name used to identify this directory server.
This field displays the IP address or domain name of the directory server.
This field displays the port number that the directory server uses.
This field displays the protocol that the directory server uses.
Click the Edit icon to open a screen where you can change the information about the directory server.
Add
Click the Remove icon to remove the directory server entry. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the directory server. Note that subsequent certificates move up by one when you take this action.
Click Add to open a screen where you can configure information about a directory server so that the ZyXEL Device can access it.
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15.12 Directory Server Add and Edit
Click Security > Certificates > Directory Servers to open the Directory
Servers screen. Click Add (or the details icon) to open the Directory Server
Add screen. Use this screen to configure information about a directory server that the ZyXEL Device can access.
Figure 186 Security > Certificates > Directory Server > Add
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 106 Security > Certificates > Directory Server > Add
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Directory
Service Setting
Name Type up to 31 ASCII characters (spaces are not permitted) to identify this directory server.
Access Protocol Use the drop-down list box to select the access protocol used by the directory server.
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a protocol over TCP that specifies how clients access directories of certificates and lists of revoked certificates.
A
Server Address Type the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) or the domain name of the directory server.
Server Port This field displays the default server port number of the protocol that you select in the Access Protocol field.
You may change the server port number if needed, however you must use the same server port number that the directory server uses.
389 is the default server port number for LDAP.
Login Setting
Login The ZyXEL Device may need to authenticate itself in order to assess the directory server. Type the login name (up to 31 ASCII characters) from the entity maintaining the directory server (usually a certification authority).
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Table 106 Security > Certificates > Directory Server > Add
LABEL
Password
Back
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Type the password (up to 31 ASCII characters) from the entity maintaining the directory server (usually a certification authority).
Click Back to return to the Directory Servers screen.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to quit configuring this screen.
A.
At the time of writing, LDAP is the only choice of directory server access protocol.
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C H A P T E R 1 6
Static Route
16.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the LAN to the Internet. To have the ZyXEL Device send data to devices not reachable through the default gateway, use static routes.
For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the ZyXEL
Device’s LAN interface. The ZyXEL Device routes most traffic from A to the
Internet through the ZyXEL Device’s default gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3 connected to the LAN.
Figure 187 Example of Static Routing Topology
A
R1
Internet
LAN
WAN
R3
R2
16.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens
Use the Static Route screens ( Section 16.2 on page 322 ) to view and configure
IP static routes on the ZyXEL Device.
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16.2 Configuring Static Route
Click Advanced > Static Route to open the Static Route screen.
Figure 188 Advanced > Static Route
322
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 107 Advanced > Static Route
LABEL
#
Active
DESCRIPTION
This is the number of an individual static route.
This field indicates whether the rule is active or not.
Name
Destination
Netmask
Gateway
Modify
Apply
Cancel
Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it.
This is the name that describes or identifies this route.
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination.
Routing is always based on network number.
This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination.
This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the ZyXEL Device.
Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
Click this to apply your changes to the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to return to the previously saved configuration.
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16.2.1 Static Route Edit
Select a static route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears.
Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route.
Figure 189 Advanced > Static Route > Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 108 Advanced > Static Route > Edit
LABEL
Active
Route Name
Destination IP
Address
DESCRIPTION
This field allows you to activate/deactivate this static route.
Enter the name of the IP static route. Leave this field blank to delete this static route.
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination.
Routing is always based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be identical to the host
ID.
Enter the IP subnet mask here.
IP Subnet
Mask
Gateway IP
Address
Back
Apply
Cancel
Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
Click Back to return to the previous screen without saving.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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C H A P T E R 1 7
802.1Q/1P
17.1 Overview
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical networks. A VLAN group can be treated as an individual device. Each group can have its own rules about where and how to forward traffic.
You can assign any ports on the ZyXEL Device to a VLAN group and configure the settings for the group. You may also set the priority level for traffic transmitted through the ports.
Figure 190 802.1Q/1P
Ports
802.1Q
VLAN Groups
802.1P
Priority Levels
17.1.1 What You Can Do in the 802.1Q/1P Screens
• Use the Group Setting screen (
Section 17.2 on page 332 ) to activate 802.1Q/
1P, specify the management VLAN group, display the VLAN groups and configure the settings for each VLAN group.
• Use the Port Setting screen (
) to configure the PVID and assign traffic priority for each port.
17.1.2 What You Need to Know About 802.1Q/1P
IEEE 802.1P Priority
IEEE 802.1P specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types by inserting a tag into a MAC-layer frame that contains bits to define class of service.
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IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN
Tagged VLAN uses an explicit tag (VLAN ID) in the MAC header to identify the
VLAN membership of a frame across bridges - they are not confined to the device on which they were created. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to process the frame across the network.
PVC
A virtual circuit is a logical point-to-point circuit between customer sites.
Permanent means that the circuit is preprogrammed by the carrier as a path through the network. It does not need to be set up or torn down for each session.
Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames
Each port on the device is capable of passing tagged or untagged frames. To forward a frame from an 802.1Q VLAN-aware device to an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware device, the ZyXEL Device first decides where to forward the frame and then strips off the VLAN tag. To forward a frame from an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware device to an
802.1Q VLAN-aware switch, the ZyXEL Device first decides where to forward the frame, and then inserts a VLAN tag reflecting the ingress port's default VID. The default PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports, but this can be changed.
Whether to tag an outgoing frame depends on the setting of the egress port on a per-VLAN, per-port basis (recall that a port can belong to multiple VLANs). If the tagging on the egress port is enabled for the VID of a frame, then the frame is transmitted as a tagged frame; otherwise, it is transmitted as an untagged frame.
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17.1.3 802.1Q/1P Example
This example shows how to configure the 802.1Q/1P settings on the ZyXEL
Device.
Figure 191 802.1Q/1P Example
ZyXEL Device
1
2
3
4
6
7
4
5
8
1
2
3
VoIP Network
Internet - (PPPoE)
Internet - (PPPoE)
LAN1 and LAN2 are connected to ATAs (Analog Telephone Adapters) and used for
VoIP traffic. You want to set a high priority for this type of traffic, so you will group these ports into one VLAN (VLAN2) and then set them to use a PVC (PVC1) with a high priority service level. You would start with the following steps.
1
Click Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit to display the following screen.
2
In the Name field type VoIP to identify the group.
3
In the VLAN ID field type in 2 to identify the VLAN group.
4
Select PVC1 from the Default Gateway drop-down list box.
5
In the Control field, select Fixed for LAN1, LAN2 and PVC1 to be permanent members of the VLAN group.
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6
Click Apply.
Figure 192 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit: Example
328
To set a high priority for VoIP traffic, follow these steps.
1
Click Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting to display the following screen.
2
Type 2 in the 802.1Q PVID column for LAN1, LAN2 and PVC1.
3
Select 7 from the 802.1P Priority drop-down list box for LAN1, LAN2 and PVC1.
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Click Apply.
Figure 193 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting: Example
Chapter 17 802.1Q/1P
Ports 3 and 4 are connected to desktop computers and are used for Internet traffic. You want to set a lower priority for this type of traffic, so you want to group these ports and PVC2 into one VLAN (VLAN3). PVC2 priority is set to low level of service.
SSID1 and SSID2 are two wireless networks. You want to create medium priority for this type of traffic, so you want to group these ports and PVC3 into one VLAN
(VLAN4). PVC3 priority is set to medium level of service.
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Follow the same steps as in VLAN2 to configure the settings for VLAN3 and VLAN4.
The summary screen should display as follows.
Figure 194 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting: Example
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The port screen should look like this.
Figure 195 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting: Example
Chapter 17 802.1Q/1P
This completes the 802.1Q/1P setup.
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17.2 The 802.1Q/1P Group Setting Screen
Use this screen to activate 802.1Q/1P and display the VLAN groups. Click
Advanced > 802.1Q/1P to display the following screen.
Figure 196 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting
332
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 109 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting
LABEL
802.1P/1Q
Active
Management Vlan
ID
DESCRIPTION
Select this check box to activate the 802.1P/1Q feature.
Enter the ID number of a VLAN group. All interfaces (ports, SSIDs and
PVCs) are in the management VLAN by default. If you disable the management VLAN, you will not be able to access the ZyXEL Device.
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Table 109 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting (continued)
LABEL
Summary
#
Name
VID
Port Number
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the index number of the VLAN group.
This field displays the name of the VLAN group.
This field displays the ID number of the VLAN group.
These columns display the VLAN’s settings for each port. A tagged port is marked as T, an untagged port is marked as U and ports not participating in a VLAN are marked as “–“.
Click the Edit button to configure the ports in the VLAN group.
Apply
Cancel
Click the Remove button to delete the VLAN group.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
17.2.1 Editing 802.1Q/1P Group Setting
Use this screen to configure the settings for each VLAN group.
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In the 802.1Q/1P screen, click the Edit button from the Modify filed to display the following screen.
Figure 197 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 110 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit
LABEL
Name
VLAN ID
DESCRIPTION
Enter a descriptive name for the VLAN group for identification purposes.
The text may consist of up to 8 letters, numerals, “-”, “_” and “@”.
Assign a VLAN ID for the VLAN group. The valid VID range is between 1 and 4094.
Select the default gateway for the VLAN group.
Default
Gateway
Ports This field displays the types of ports available to join the VLAN group.
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Table 110 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit (continued)
LABEL
Control
DESCRIPTION
Select Fixed for the port to be a permanent member of the VLAN group.
Tx Tag
Back
Apply
Cancel
Select Forbidden if you want to prohibit the port from joining the VLAN group.
Select Tx Tagging if you want the port to tag all outgoing traffic transmitted through this VLAN. You select this if you want to create
VLANs across different devices and not just the ZyXEL Device.
Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
17.3 The 802.1Q/1P Port Setting Screen
Use this screen to configure the PVID and assign traffic priority for each port. Click
Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting to display the following screen.
Figure 198 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 111 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting
LABEL
Ports
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the types of ports available to join the VLAN group.
802.1Q PVID Assign a VLAN ID for the port. The valid VID range is between 1 and
4094. The ZyXEL Device assigns the PVID to untagged frames or priority-tagged frames received on this port, SSID, or PVC.
802.1P Priority Assign a priority for the traffic transmitted through the port, SSID, or
PVC. Select Same if you do not want to modify the priority. You may choose a priority level from 0-7, with 0 being the lowest level and 7 being the highest level.
Apply
Cancel
Click this to save your changes.
Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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C H A P T E R 1 8
Quality of Service (QoS)
This chapter contains information about configuring QoS, editing classifiers and viewing the ZyXEL Device’s QoS packet statistics.
18.1 Overview
This chapter discusses the ZyXEL Device’s QoS screens. Use these screens to set up your ZyXEL Device to use QoS for traffic management.
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to control the use of bandwidth. QoS allows the ZyXEL Device to group and prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance.
Without QoS, all traffic data is equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical application such as video-on-demand.
The ZyXEL Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets assigned a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priority if there is congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in delay) such as
Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem such as Internet radio or streaming video.
• See
Section 18.5 on page 349 for advanced technical information on SIP.
18.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens
• Use the General screen (
) to enable QoS on the
ZyXEL Device, decide allowable bandwidth using QoS and configure priority mapping settings for traffic that does not match a custom class.
• Use the Class Setup screen (
Section 18.3 on page 343 ) to set up classifiers to
sort traffic into different flows and assign priority and define actions to be performed for a classified traffic flow.
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• Use the Monitor screen ( Section 18.4 on page 349
) to view the ZyXEL Device’s
QoS-related packet statistics.
18.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS
QoS versus Cos
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given the same priority. CoS (class of service) is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use CoS to give different priorities to different packet types.
CoS technologies include IEEE 802.1p layer 2 tagging and DiffServ (Differentiated
Services or DS). IEEE 802.1p tagging makes use of three bits in the packet header, while DiffServ is a new protocol and defines a new DS field, which replaces the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header.
Tagging and Marking
In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DSCP (DiffServ
Code Point) value, IEEE 802.1p priority level and VLAN ID number in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or service based on the tag or marker.
18.1.3 QoS Class Setup Example
In the following figure, your Internet connection has an upstream transmission speed of 50 Mbps. You configure a classifier to assign the highest priority queue
(6) to VoIP traffic from the LAN interface, so that voice traffic would not get delayed when there is network congestion. Traffic from the boss’s IP address
(192.168.1.23 for example) is mapped to queue 5. Traffic that does not match
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Figure 199 QoS Example
VoIP: Queue 6
DSL
50 Mbps
Internet
Boss: Queue 5
IP=192.168.1.23
Figure 200 QoS Class Example: VoIP -1
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Figure 201 QoS Class Example: VoIP -2
Figure 202 QoS Class Example: Boss -1
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Figure 203 QoS Class Example: Boss -2
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18.2 The QoS General Screen
Click Advanced > QoS to open the screen as shown next. Use this screen to enable or disable QoS, and select to have the ZyXEL Device automatically assign
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Figure 204 Advanced > QoS > General
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 112 Advanced > QoS > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active QoS Select the check box to turn on QoS to improve your network performance.
WAN
Managed
Bandwidth
You can give priority to traffic that the ZyXEL Device forwards out through the WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they do not reduce the quality of other applications.
Enter the amount of bandwidth for the WAN interface that you want to allocate using QoS.
The recommendation is to set this speed to match the interface’s actual transmission speed. For example, set the WAN interface speed to 100000 kbps if your Internet connection has an upstream transmission speed of 100
Mbps.
Setting this number higher than the interface’s actual transmission speed will stop lower priority traffic from being sent if higher priority traffic uses all of the actual bandwidth.
Traffic priority will be automatical ly assigned by
If you set this number lower than the interface’s actual transmission speed, the ZyXEL Device will not use some of the interface’s available bandwidth.
These fields are ignored if traffic matches a class you configured in the
Class Setup screen.
If you select ON and traffic does not match a class configured in the Class
Setup screen, the ZyXEL Device assigns priority to unmatched traffic based on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length. See
Section 18.5.4 on page 351 for more information.
If you select OFF, traffic which does not match a class is mapped to queue two.
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Table 112 Advanced > QoS > General
LABEL
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Click Apply to save your settings back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
18.3 The Class Setup Screen
Use this screen to add, edit or delete classifiers. A classifier groups traffic into data flows according to specific criteria such as the source address, destination address, source port number, destination port number or incoming interface. For example, you can configure a classifier to select traffic from the same protocol port (such as Telnet) to form a flow.
Click Advanced > QoS > Class Setup to open the following screen.
Figure 205 Advanced > QoS > Class Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 113 Advanced > QoS > Class Setup
LABEL
Create a new
Class
Order
DESCRIPTION
Click Add to create a new classifier.
Active
Name
Interface
This is the number of each classifier. The ordering of the classifiers is important as the classifiers are applied in turn.
Select the check box to enable this classifier.
This is the name of the classifier.
This shows the interface from which traffic of this classifier should come.
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Table 113 Advanced > QoS > Class Setup (continued)
LABEL
Priority
Filter Content
Modify
DESCRIPTION
This is the priority assigned to traffic of this classifier.
This shows criteria specified in this classifier.
Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the classifier.
Apply
Cancel
Click the Remove icon to delete an existing classifier.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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18.3.1 The Class Configuration Screen
Click the Add button or the Edit icon in the Modify field to configure a classifier.
Figure 206 Advanced > QoS > Class Setup > Add
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See Appendix E on page 531 for a list of commonly-used services. The following
table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 114 Advanced > QoS > Class Setup > Add
LABEL
Class
Configuration
Active
Name
Interface
Priority
DESCRIPTION
Select the check box to enable this classifier.
Enter a descriptive name of up to 20 printable English keyboard characters, including spaces.
Select from which interface traffic of this class should come.
Select a priority level (between 0 and 7) or select Auto to have the
ZyXEL Device map the matched traffic to a queue according to the internal QoS mapping table. See
for more information.
Routing Policy
"0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest.
Select the next hop to which traffic of this class should be forwarded.
WAN Index
Gateway
Address
Order
Select By Routing Table to have the ZyXEL Device use the routing table to find a next hop and forward the matched packets automatically.
Select To Gateway Address to route the matched packets to the router or switch you specified in the Gateway Address field.
This field in not configurable at the time of writing.
Enter the IP address of the gateway, which should be a router or switch on the same segment as the ZyXEL Device’s interface(s), that can forward the packet to the destination.
This shows the ordering number of this classifier. Select an existing number for where you want to put this classifier and click Apply to move the classifier to the number you selected. For example, if you select 2, the classifier you are moving becomes number 2 and the previous classifier 2 gets pushed down one.
Tag Configuration
DSCP Value Select Same to keep the DSCP fields in the packets.
Select Auto to map the DSCP value to 802.1 priority level automatically.
Select Mark to set the DSCP field with the value you configure in the field provided.
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Table 114 Advanced > QoS > Class Setup > Add (continued)
LABEL
802.1Q Tag
DESCRIPTION
Select Same to keep the priority setting and VLAN ID of the frames.
Select Auto to map the 802.1 priority level to the DSCP value automatically.
Select Remove to delete the priority queue tag and VLAN ID of the frames.
Select Mark to replace the 802.1 priority field and VLAN ID with the value you set in the fields below.
Select Add to treat all matched traffic untagged and add a second priority queue tag and VLAN.
Select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop down list box.
Ethernet
Priority
VLAN ID
Filter
Configuration
Source
Address
Specify a VLAN ID number between 2 and 4094.
Use the following fields to configure the criteria for traffic classification.
Subnet
Netmask
Port
MAC
MAC Mask
Exclude
Select the check box and enter the source IP address in dotted decimal notation. A blank source IP address means any source IP address.
Enter the source subnet mask. Refer to the appendix for more information on IP subnetting.
Select the check box and enter the port number of the source. 0
means any source port number. See Appendix E on page 531 for some
common services and port numbers.
Select the check box and enter the source MAC address of the packet.
Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC address should match.
Enter “f” for each bit of the specified source MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address should match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched traffic’s MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to
00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a
MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria.
Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Destination
Address
Subnet
Netmask
Port
MAC
Select the check box and enter the destination IP address in dotted decimal notation.
Enter the destination subnet mask. Refer to the appendix for more information on IP subnetting.
Select the check box and enter the port number of the destination. 0
means any source port number. See Appendix E on page 531 for some
common services and port numbers.
Select the check box and enter the destination MAC address of the packet.
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Table 114 Advanced > QoS > Class Setup > Add (continued)
LABEL
MAC Mask
DESCRIPTION
Type the mask for the specified MAC address to determine which bits a packet’s MAC address should match.
Exclude
Enter “f” for each bit of the specified destination MAC address that the traffic’s MAC address should match. Enter “0” for the bit(s) of the matched traffic’s MAC address, which can be of any hexadecimal character(s). For example, if you set the MAC address to
00:13:49:00:00:00 and the mask to ff:ff:ff:00:00:00, a packet with a
MAC address of 00:13:49:12:34:56 matches this criteria.
Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Others
Service This field simplifies classifier configuration by allowing you to select a predefined application. When you select a predefined application, you do not configure the rest of the filter fields.
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is a signaling protocol used in
Internet telephony, instant messaging and other VoIP (Voice over IP) applications. Select the check box and select VoIP(SIP) from the drop-down list box to configure this classifier for traffic that uses SIP.
Protocol
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an Internet file transfer service that operates on the Internet and over TCP/IP networks. A system running the FTP server accepts commands from a system running an FTP client. The service allows users to send commands to the server for uploading and downloading files. Select the check box and select FTP from the drop-down list box to configure this classifier for FTP traffic.
Select this option and select the protocol (TCP or UDP) or select User
defined and enter the protocol (service type) number. 0 means any protocol number.
Packet Length
DSCP
Select this option and enter the minimum and maximum packet length (from 28 to 1500) in the fields provided.
Select this option and specify a DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number between 0 and 63 in the field provided.
Ethernet Priority Select this option and select a priority level (between 0 and 7) from the drop down list box.
VLAN ID
Physical Port
Exclude
TCP ACK
Back
Apply
Cancel
"0" is the lowest priority level and "7" is the highest.
Select this option and specify a VLAN ID number between 2 and 4094.
Select this option and select a LAN port.
Select this option to exclude the packets that match the specified criteria from this classifier.
Select this option to set this classifier for TCP ACK (acknowledgement) packets.
Click Back to go to the previous screen.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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18.4 The QoS Monitor Screen
To view the ZyXEL Device’s QoS packet statistics, click Advanced > QoS >
Monitor. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 207 Advanced > QoS > Monitor
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 115 Advanced > QoS > Monitor
LABEL
Priority Queue
DESCRIPTION
This shows the priority queue number.
Pass
Drop
Poll Interval(s)
Set Interval
Stop
Traffic assigned to higher index queues gets through faster while traffic in lower index queues is dropped if the network is congested.
This shows how many packets mapped to this priority queue are transmitted successfully.
This shows how many packets mapped to this priority queue are dropped.
Enter the time interval for refreshing statistics in this field.
Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Poll
Interval(s) field.
Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics.
18.5 QoS Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this chapter.
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18.5.1 IEEE 802.1Q Tag
The IEEE 802.1Q standard defines an explicit VLAN tag in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of a frame across bridges. A VLAN tag includes the
12-bit VLAN ID and 3-bit user priority. The VLAN ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to process the frame across the network.
IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates the 802.1p).
Table 116 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type
PRIORITY
LEVEL
Level 7
TRAFFIC TYPE
Level 6
Level 5
Level 4
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Level 0
Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages.
Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in delay).
Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter.
Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA
(Systems Network Architecture) transactions.
Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
This is for “spare bandwidth”.
This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.
Typically used for best-effort traffic.
18.5.2 IP Precedence
Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eightbit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP header. There are eight classes of services
(ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority level and seven is the highest.
18.5.3 DiffServ
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the flow are given the same priority. You can use CoS (class of service) to give different priorities to different packet types.
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DiffServ (Differentiated Services) is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow.
Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCPs) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.
DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior
DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of
Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field.
DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the
DSCP mapping.
DSCP (6 bits) Unused (2 bits)
The DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different kinds of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies.
18.5.4 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment
If you enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, the ZyXEL Device can automatically base on the IEEE 802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not match a class.
The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the ZyXEL Device. On the ZyXEL Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues
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Table 117 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping
LAYER 2 LAYER 3
PRIORITY
QUEUE
2
3
0
1
4
5
6
7
0
3
1
2
IEEE 802.1P
USER PRIORITY
(ETHERNET
PRIORITY)
4
5
6
7
TOS (IP
PRECEDENCE)
DSCP
0
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
000000
010000
011110
011100
011010
011000
100110
100100
100010
000000
001110
001100
001010
001000
010110
010100
010010
100000
101110
101000
110000
111000
IP PACKET
LENGTH (BYTE)
>1100
250~1100
<250
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C H A P T E R 1 9
Dynamic DNS Setup
This chapter discusses how to configure your ZyXEL Device to use Dynamic DNS.
19.1 Overview
Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in applications such as NetMeeting and CU-SeeMe). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address.
First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name. The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key.
19.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen
Use the Dynamic DNS screen (
Section 19.2 on page 354 ) to enable DDNS and
configure the DDNS settings on the ZyXEL Device.
19.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS
DYNDNS Wildcard
Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example, www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.
If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.
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19.2 Configuring Dynamic DNS
To change your ZyXEL Device’s DDNS, click Advanced > Dynamic DNS. The screen appears as shown.
See Section 19.1 on page 353 for more information.
Figure 208 Advanced > Dynamic DNS
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 118 Advanced > Dynamic DNS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Dynamic DNS Setup
Active
Dynamic DNS
Select this check box to use dynamic DNS.
Service
Provider
This is the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.
Dynamic DNS
Type
Host Name
Select the type of service that you are registered for from your Dynamic
DNS service provider.
Type the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your Dynamic
DNS provider.
User Name
Password
You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma
(",").
Type your user name.
Type the password assigned to you.
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Table 118 Advanced > Dynamic DNS (continued)
LABEL
Enable
Wildcard
Option
DESCRIPTION
Select the check box to enable DynDNS Wildcard.
Enable off line option
This option is available when CustomDNS is selected in the DDNS Type field. Check with your Dynamic DNS service provider to have traffic redirected to a URL (that you can specify) while you are off line.
IP Address Update Policy
Use WAN IP
Address
Select this option to update the IP address of the host name(s) to the
WAN IP address.
Dynamic DNS server auto detect IP
Address
Select this option only when there are one or more NAT routers between the ZyXEL Device and the DDNS server. This feature has the DDNS server automatically detect and use the IP address of the NAT router that has a public IP address.
Use specified
IP Address
Apply
Cancel
Note: The DDNS server may not be able to detect the proper IP address if there is an HTTP proxy server between the ZyXEL
Device and the DDNS server.
Type the IP address of the host name(s). Use this if you have a static IP address.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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C H A P T E R 2 0
Remote Management
Configuration
20.1 Overview
Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which ZyXEL Device interface (if any) from which computers.The following figure shows remote management of the ZyXEL Device coming in from the WAN.
Figure 209 Remote Management From the WAN
LAN WAN
HTTP
Telnet
Internet
Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the WAN, you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access.
You may manage your ZyXEL Device from a remote location via:
• Internet (WAN only)
• ALL (LAN and WAN)
• LAN only,
• Neither (Disable).
Note: When you choose WAN only or LAN & WAN, you still need to configure a firewall rule to allow access.
To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding
Access Status field.
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You may only have one remote management session running at a time. The ZyXEL
Device automatically disconnects a remote management session of lower priority when another remote management session of higher priority starts. The priorities for the different types of remote management sessions are as follows.
1
Telnet
2
HTTP
20.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens
• Use the WWW screen (
Section 20.2 on page 359 ) to configure through which
interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the
ZyXEL Device.
• Use the Telnet screen ( Section 20.3 on page 360 ) to configure through which
interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the
ZyXEL Device.
• Use the FTP screen (
) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the
ZyXEL Device.
• Use the SNMP screen (
Section 20.5 on page 362 ) to configure your ZyXEL
Device’s settings for Simple Network Management Protocol management.
• Use the DNS screen (
Section 20.6 on page 365 ) to configure through which
interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can send DNS queries to the
ZyXEL Device.
• Use the ICMP screen ( Section 20.7 on page 366
) to set whether or not your
ZyXEL Device will respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available.
20.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management
Remote Management Limitations
Remote management does not work when:
• You have not enabled that service on the interface in the corresponding remote management screen.
• You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
• The IP address in the Secured Client IP field does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the ZyXEL Device will disconnect the session immediately.
• There is already another remote management session with an equal or higher priority running. You may only have one remote management session running at one time.
• There is a firewall rule that blocks it.
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Remote Management and NAT
When NAT is enabled:
• Use the ZyXEL Device’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.
• Use the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
System Timeout
There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three hundred seconds). The ZyXEL Device automatically logs you out if the management session remains idle for longer than this timeout period. The management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling.
20.2 The WWW Screen
To change your ZyXEL Device’s World Wide Web settings, click Advanced >
Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen.
Figure 210 Advanced > Remote Management > WWW
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 119 Advanced > Remote Management > WWW
LABEL
Port
Access Status
DESCRIPTION
You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
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Table 119 Advanced > Remote Management > WWW
LABEL
Secured Client
IP
DESCRIPTION
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply
Cancel
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Click Apply to save your settings back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
20.3 The Telnet Screen
You can use Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can come. Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet tab to display the screen as shown.
Figure 211 Advanced > Remote Management > Telnet
360
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 120 Advanced > Remote Management > Telnet
LABEL
Port
DESCRIPTION
You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Access Status Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
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Table 120 Advanced > Remote Management > Telnet
LABEL
Secured Client
IP
DESCRIPTION
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply
Cancel
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
20.4 The FTP Screen
You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the ZyXEL
Device’s firmware and configuration files, please see the User’s Guide chapter on firmware and configuration file maintenance for details. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client.
To change your ZyXEL Device’s FTP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT >
FTP. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP address the access can come.
Figure 212 Advanced > Remote Management > FTP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 121 Advanced > Remote Management > FTP
LABEL
Port
Access Status
DESCRIPTION
You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
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Table 121 Advanced > Remote Management > FTP
LABEL
Secured Client
IP
DESCRIPTION
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply
Cancel
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
20.5 The SNMP Screen
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a protocol used for exchanging management information between network devices. SNMP is a member of the
TCP/IP protocol suite. Your ZyXEL Device supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. The ZyXEL Device supports SNMP version one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.
Note: SNMP is only available if TCP/IP is configured.
Figure 213 SNMP Management Model
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An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager.
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Chapter 20 Remote Management Configuration
An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the
ZyXEL Device). An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices.
The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of packets received and node port status. A Management
Information Base (MIB) is a collection of managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.
SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the manager/agent model. The manager issues a request and the agent returns responses using the following protocol operations:
• Get - Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent.
• GetNext - Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table or list within an agent. In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve all elements of a table from an agent, it initiates a Get operation, followed by a series of GetNext operations.
• Set - Allows the manager to set values for object variables within an agent.
• Trap - Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.
Supported MIBs
The ZyXEL Device supports MIB II, which is defined in RFC-1213 and RFC-1215.
The focus of the MIBs is to let administrators collect statistical data and monitor status and performance.
SNMP Traps
The ZyXEL Device will send traps to the SNMP manager when any one of the following events occurs:
Table 122 SNMP Traps
TRAP #
0
1
4
6
TRAP NAME coldStart (defined in RFC-
1215) warmStart (defined in RFC-
1215) authenticationFailure (defined in RFC-1215) whyReboot (defined in ZYXEL-
MIB)
DESCRIPTION
A trap is sent after booting (power on).
A trap is sent after booting (software reboot).
A trap is sent to the manager when receiving any SNMP get or set requirements with the wrong community (password).
A trap is sent with the reason of restart before rebooting when the system is going to restart
(warm start).
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Table 122 SNMP Traps
TRAP #
6a
TRAP NAME
For intentional reboot:
6b For fatal error:
DESCRIPTION
A trap is sent with the message "System reboot by user!" if reboot is done intentionally, (for example, download new files, CI command "sys reboot").
A trap is sent with the message of the fatal code if the system reboots because of fatal errors.
20.5.1 Configuring SNMP
To change your ZyXEL Device’s SNMP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT
> SNMP. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 214 Advanced > Remote Management > SNMP
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 123 Advanced > Remote Management > SNMP
LABEL
SNMP
Port
DESCRIPTION
Access Status
You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the
ZyXEL Device using this service.
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Table 123 Advanced > Remote Management > SNMP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Secured Client IP A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
SNMP Configuration
Get Community Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming
Get and GetNext requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.
Set Community
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.
Trap
Community
Destination
Apply
Cancel
Type the trap community, which is the password sent with each trap to the SNMP manager. The default is public and allows all requests.
Type the IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
20.6 The DNS Screen
Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. Refer to
Chapter 7 on page 121 for background
information.
Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > DNS to change your ZyXEL Device’s DNS settings. Use this screen to set from which IP address the ZyXEL Device will accept
DNS queries and on which interface it can send them your ZyXEL Device’s DNS
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Chapter 20 Remote Management Configuration settings. This feature is not available when the ZyXEL Device is set to bridge mode.
Figure 215 Remote Management: DNS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 124 Remote Management: DNS
LABEL
Port
Access Status
Secured Client
IP
DESCRIPTION
The DNS service port number is 53 and cannot be changed here.
Select the interface(s) through which a computer may send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
Apply
Cancel
Select All to allow any computer to send DNS queries to the ZyXEL
Device.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
20.7 The ICMP Screen
To change your ZyXEL Device’s security settings, click Advanced > Remote
MGMT > ICMP. The screen appears as shown.
If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the ZyXEL Device exists. Your ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed.
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Note: If you want your device to respond to pings and requests for unauthorized services, you may also need to configure the firewall anti probing settings to match.
Figure 216 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 125 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP
LABEL
ICMP
Respond to
Ping on
DESCRIPTION
Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and errorreporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet.
ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user.
The ZyXEL Device will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when
Disable is selected.
Do not respond to requests for unauthorized services
• Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests.
• Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests.
• Select LAN & WAN to reply to both incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests.
• Select WLAN & WAN to reply to both incoming WLAN and WAN Ping requests.
• Select WLAN & LAN to reply to both incoming WLAN and LAN Ping requests.
• Select WLAN to reply to incoming WLAN Ping requests.
Select this option to prevent hackers from finding the ZyXEL Device by probing for unused ports. If you select this option, the ZyXEL Device will not respond to port request(s) for unused ports, thus leaving the unused ports and the ZyXEL Device unseen. If this option is not selected, the
ZyXEL Device will reply with an ICMP port unreachable packet for a port probe on its unused UDP ports and a TCP reset packet for a port probe on its unused TCP ports.
Note that the probing packets must first traverse the ZyXEL Device's firewall rule checks before reaching this anti-probing mechanism.
Therefore if a firewall rule stops a probing packet, the ZyXEL Device reacts based on the firewall rule to either send a TCP reset packet for a blocked TCP packet (or an ICMP port-unreachable packet for a blocked
UDP packets) or just drop the packets without sending a response packet.
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Table 125 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP
LABEL
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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C H A P T E R 2 1
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
21.1 Overview
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A
UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network. In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
21.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen
Use the UPnP screen ( Section 21.2 on page 371 ) to enable UPnP on the ZyXEL
Device and allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL
Device.
21.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP
How do I know if I'm using UPnP?
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder
(Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device.
NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions. NAT traversal allows the following:
• Dynamic port mapping
• Learning public IP addresses
• Assigning lease times to mappings
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Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP.
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device allows multicast messages on the LAN only.
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration. Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
UPnP and ZyXEL
ZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum
UPnP™ Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports
Internet Gateway Device (IGD) 1.0.
See the following sections for examples of installing and using UPnP.
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21.2 The UPnP Screen
Click Advanced > UPnP to display the screen shown next. See
Section 21.1 on page 369 for more information.
Figure 217 Advanced > UPnP > General
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 126 Advanced > UPnP > General
LABEL
Active the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Feature
Allow users to make configuration changes through UPnP
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without entering the ZyXEL Device's IP address
(although you must still enter the password to access the web configurator).
Select this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL Device so that they can communicate through the ZyXEL Device, for example by using
NAT traversal, UPnP applications automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with another UPnP enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application.
Click Apply to save the setting to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to return to the previously saved settings.
21.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example
This section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP.
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Installing UPnP in Windows Me
Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me.
1
Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs.
2
Click the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the Components selection box. Click Details.
Figure 218 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication
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3
In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box in the Components selection box.
Figure 219 Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components
4
Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click
Next.
5
Restart the computer when prompted.
Installing UPnP in Windows XP
Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP.
1
Click Start and Control Panel.
2
Double-click Network Connections.
3
In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and select Optional Networking Components ….
Figure 220 Network Connections
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The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays.
Select Networking Service in the Components selection box and click Details.
Figure 221 Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard
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In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box.
Figure 222 Networking Services
6
Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard window and click Next.
21.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the ZyXEL
Device.
Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the ZyXEL Device. Turn on your computer and the ZyXEL Device.
Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device
1
Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under Internet Gateway.
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2
Right-click the icon and select Properties.
Figure 223 Network Connections
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3
In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there were automatically created.
Figure 224 Internet Connection Properties
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4
You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings.
Figure 225 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Figure 226 Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add
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5
When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings will be deleted automatically.
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6
Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK.
An icon displays in the system tray.
Figure 227 System Tray Icon
7
Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.
Figure 228 Internet Connection Status
Web Configurator Easy Access
With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the ZyXEL Device without finding out the IP address of the ZyXEL Device first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the ZyXEL Device.
Follow the steps below to access the web configurator.
1
Click Start and then Control Panel.
2
Double-click Network Connections.
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3
Select My Network Places under Other Places.
Figure 229 Network Connections
380
4
An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local
Network.
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Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Invoke. The web configurator login screen displays.
Figure 230 Network Connections: My Network Places
6
Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Properties. A properties window displays with basic information about the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 231 Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: Example
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ART
III
Maintenance,
Troubleshooting and Specifications
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C H A P T E R 2 2
System
22.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval.
22.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens
• Use the General screen (
) to configure system settings.
• Use the Time Setting screen ( Section 22.3 on page 388 ) to set the system
time.
22.1.2 What You Need to Know About System Settings
Domain Name
This is a network address that identifies the owner of a network connection. For example, in the network address “www.zyxel.com/support/files”, the domain name is “www.zyxel.com”.
DHCP
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a method of allocating IP addresses to devices on a network from a DHCP Server. Often your ISP or a router on your network performs this function.
LAN
A LAN (local area network) is typically a network which covers a small area, made up of computers and other devices which share resources such as Internet access and printers.
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22.2 The General Screen
Use the General screen to configure system settings such as the system and domain name, inactivity timeout interval and system password.
The System Name is for identification purposes. However, because some ISPs check this name you should enter your computer's "Computer Name". Find the system name of your Windows computer by following one of the steps below.
• In Windows XP, click start, My Computer, View system information and then click the Computer Name tab. Note the entry in the Full computer
name field and enter it as the ZyXEL Device System Name.
Click Maintenance > System to open the General screen.
Figure 232 Maintenance > System > General
386
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 127 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL
General Setup
DESCRIPTION
System Name Choose a descriptive name for identification purposes. It is recommended you enter your computer’s “Computer name” in this field.
This name can be up to 30 alphanumeric characters long. Spaces are not allowed, but dashes “-” and underscores "_" are accepted.
Domain Name Enter the domain name (if you know it) here. If you leave this field blank, the ISP may assign a domain name via DHCP.
The domain name entered by you is given priority over the ISP assigned domain name.
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Table 127 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL
Administrator
Inactivity
Timer
DESCRIPTION
Type how many minutes a management session (either via the web configurator or telnet) can be left idle before the session times out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you have to log in with your password again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not recommended).
Password
Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field.
New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays a (*) for each character you type.
After you change the password, use the new password to access the
ZyXEL Device.
Retype to
Confirm
Type the new password again for confirmation.
Apply
Cancel
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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22.3 The Time Setting Screen
To change your ZyXEL Device’s time and date, click Maintenance > System >
Time Setting. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the
ZyXEL Device’s time based on your local time zone.
Figure 233 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 128 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time of your ZyXEL Device.
Current Date
Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the time with the time server.
This field displays the date of your ZyXEL Device.
Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the date with the time server.
Time and Date Setup
Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the
Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it.
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Table 128 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)
LABEL
New Time
DESCRIPTION
This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time configured manually.
(hh:mm:ss)
New Date
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and then click Apply.
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured manually.
(yyyy/mm/dd)
Get from Time
Server
Time Protocol
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and then click Apply.
Select this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and date from the time server you specified below.
Select the time service protocol that your time server sends when you turn on the ZyXEL Device. Not all time servers support all protocols, so you may have to check with your ISP/network administrator or use trial and error to find a protocol that works.
The main difference between them is the format.
Daytime (RFC 867) format is day/month/year/time zone of the server.
Start Date
Time (RFC 868) format displays a 4-byte integer giving the total number of seconds since 1970/1/1 at 0:0:0.
Time Server
Address
The default, NTP (RFC 1305), is similar to Time (RFC 868).
Enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone
Daylight
Savings
Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select Second, Sunday, March and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using
Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
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Table 128 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)
LABEL
End Date
DESCRIPTION
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Daylight Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format.
Here are a couple of examples:
Apply
Cancel
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of
November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight
Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, November and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of
October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using
Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In
Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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C H A P T E R 2 3
Logs
23.1 Overview
The web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the ZyXEL Device log and then display the logs or have the ZyXEL
Device send them to an administrator (as e-mail) or to a syslog server.
23.1.1 What You Can Do in the Log Screens
• Use the View Log screen ( Section 23.2 on page 391 ) to see the logs for the
categories that you selected in the Log Settings screen.
• Use The Log Settings screen (
) to configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send logs; the schedule for when the ZyXEL Device is to send the logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the ZyXEL Device is to record.
23.1.2 What You Need To Know About Logs
Alerts and Logs
An alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.
23.2 The View Log Screen
Click Maintenance > Logs to open the View Log screen. Use the View Log screen to see the logs for the categories that you selected in the Log Settings screen (see
).
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Log entries in red indicate alerts. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after it fills. Click a column heading to sort the entries. A triangle indicates ascending or descending sort order.
Figure 234 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 129 Maintenance > Logs > View Log
LABEL
Display
DESCRIPTION
The categories that you select in the Log Settings screen display in the drop-down list box.
Select a category of logs to view; select All Logs to view logs from all of the log categories that you selected in the Log Settings page.
Email Log Now Click Email Log Now to send the log screen to the e-mail address specified in the Log Settings page (make sure that you have first filled in the E-mail Log Settings fields in Log Settings).
Refresh
Clear Log
#
Time
Message
Source
Destination
Notes
Click Refresh to renew the log screen.
Click Clear Log to delete all the logs.
This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
This field displays the time the log was recorded.
This field states the reason for the log.
This field lists the source IP address and the port number of the incoming packet.
This field lists the destination IP address and the port number of the incoming packet.
This field displays additional information about the log entry.
23.3 The Log Settings Screen
Use the Log Settings screen to configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send logs; the schedule for when the ZyXEL Device is to send the logs and which logs
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To change your ZyXEL Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs > Log
Settings. The screen appears as shown.
Alerts are e-mailed as soon as they happen. Logs may be e-mailed as soon as the log is full. Selecting many alert and/or log categories (especially Access Control) may result in many e-mails being sent.
Figure 235 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 130 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
E-mail Log Settings
Mail Server
Mail Subject
Send Log to
Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.
Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the log e-mail message that the ZyXEL Device sends. Not all ZyXEL Device models have this field.
The ZyXEL Device sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field.
If this field is left blank, the ZyXEL Device does not send logs via e-mail.
Send Alerts to Alerts are real-time notifications that are sent as soon as an event, such as a DoS attack, system error, or forbidden web access attempt occurs.
Enter the E-mail address where the alert messages will be sent. Alerts include system errors, attacks and attempted access to blocked web sites. If this field is left blank, alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.
Enable SMTP
Authentication
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.
User Name
Select the check box to activate SMTP authentication. If mail server authentication is needed but this feature is disabled, you will not receive the e-mail logs.
Enter the user name (up to 31 characters) (usually the user name of a mail account).
Password Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Log Schedule This drop-down menu is used to configure the frequency of log messages being sent as E-mail:
Day for
Sending Log
Time for
Sending Log
Clear log after sending mail
Syslog
Logging
Active
• Daily
• Weekly
• Hourly
• When Log is Full
• None.
If you select Weekly or Daily, specify a time of day when the E-mail should be sent. If you select Weekly, then also specify which day of the week the E-mail should be sent. If you select When Log is Full, an alert is sent when the log fills up. If you select None, no log messages are sent.
Use the drop down list box to select which day of the week to send the logs.
Enter the time of the day in 24-hour format (for example 23:00 equals
11:00 pm) to send the logs.
Select this to delete all the logs after the ZyXEL Device sends an E-mail of the logs.
The ZyXEL Device sends a log to an external syslog server.
Click Active to enable syslog logging.
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Table 130 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings
LABEL
Syslog IP
Address
DESCRIPTION
Enter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs.
Log Facility
Send
Immediate
Alert
Select a location from the drop down list box. The log facility allows you to log the messages to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the syslog server manual for more information.
Active Log and Alert
Log Select the categories of logs that you want to record.
Select log categories for which you want the ZyXEL Device to send E-mail alerts immediately.
Apply
Cancel
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Cancel to return to the previously saved settings.
23.4 SMTP Error Messages
If there are difficulties in sending e-mail the following error message appears.
“SMTP action request failed. ret= ??". The “??"are described in the following table.
Table 131 SMTP Error Messages
-1 means ZyXEL Device out of socket
-2 means tcp SYN fail
-3 means smtp server OK fail
-4 means HELO fail
-5 means MAIL FROM fail
-6 means RCPT TO fail
-7 means DATA fail
-8 means mail data send fail
23.4.1 Example E-mail Log
An "End of Log" message displays for each mail in which a complete log has been sent. The following is an example of a log sent by e-mail.
• You may edit the subject title.
• The date format here is Day-Month-Year.
• The date format here is Month-Day-Year. The time format is Hour-Minute-
Second.
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• "End of Log" message shows that a complete log has been sent.
Figure 236 E-mail Log Example
Subject:
Firewall Alert From
Date:
Fri, 07 Apr 2000 10:05:42
From:
To:
1|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |default policy |forward
| 09:54:03 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00> |
2|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131 To:192.168.1.255 |default policy |forward
| 09:54:17 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00> |
3|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.6 To:10.10.10.10 |match |forward
| 09:54:19 |UDP src port:03516 dest port:00053 |<1,01> |
……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..
……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..
126|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward
| 10:05:00 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> |
127|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward
| 10:05:17 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> |
128|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward
| 10:05:30 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> |
End of Firewall Log
23.5 Log Descriptions
This section provides descriptions of example log messages.
Table 132 System Maintenance Logs
LOG MESSAGE
Time calibration is successful
Time calibration failed
WAN interface gets IP: %s
DHCP client IP expired
DHCP server assigns %s
Successful WEB login
WEB login failed
Successful TELNET login
TELNET login failed
Successful FTP login
DESCRIPTION
The router has adjusted its time based on information from the time server.
The router failed to get information from the time server.
A WAN interface got a new IP address from the DHCP,
PPPoE, or dial-up server.
A DHCP client's IP address has expired.
The DHCP server assigned an IP address to a client.
Someone has logged on to the router's web configurator interface.
Someone has failed to log on to the router's web configurator interface.
Someone has logged on to the router via telnet.
Someone has failed to log on to the router via telnet.
Someone has logged on to the router via ftp.
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Table 132 System Maintenance Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE
FTP login failed
NAT Session Table is Full!
Starting Connectivity
Monitor
DESCRIPTION
Someone has failed to log on to the router via ftp.
The maximum number of NAT session table entries has been exceeded and the table is full.
Starting Connectivity Monitor.
Time initialized by Daytime
Server
Time initialized by Time server
Time initialized by NTP server
The router got the time and date from the Daytime server.
The router got the time and date from the time server.
The router got the time and date from the NTP server.
Connect to Daytime server fail
Connect to Time server fail
Connect to NTP server fail
Too large ICMP packet has been dropped
Configuration Change: PC =
0x%x, Task ID = 0x%x
The router was not able to connect to the Daytime server.
The router was not able to connect to the Time server.
The router was not able to connect to the NTP server.
The router dropped an ICMP packet that was too large.
The router is saving configuration changes.
Successful SSH login
SSH login failed
Successful HTTPS login
HTTPS login failed
Someone has logged on to the router’s SSH server.
Someone has failed to log on to the router’s SSH server.
Someone has logged on to the router's web configurator interface using HTTPS protocol.
Someone has failed to log on to the router's web configurator interface using HTTPS protocol.
Table 133 System Error Logs
LOG MESSAGE
%s exceeds the max. number of session per host!
setNetBIOSFilter: calloc error readNetBIOSFilter: calloc error
WAN connection is down.
DESCRIPTION
This attempt to create a NAT session exceeds the maximum number of NAT session table entries allowed to be created per host.
The router failed to allocate memory for the NetBIOS filter settings.
The router failed to allocate memory for the NetBIOS filter settings.
A WAN connection is down. You cannot access the network through this interface.
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Table 134 Access Control Logs
LOG MESSAGE
Firewall default policy: [ TCP |
UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
<Packet Direction>
Firewall rule [NOT] match:[ TCP
| UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE | OSPF
] <Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>
DESCRIPTION
Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access matched the default policy and was blocked or forwarded according to the default policy’s setting.
Attempted TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF access matched (or did not match) a configured firewall rule (denoted by its number) and was blocked or forwarded according to the rule.
The firewall allowed a triangle route session to pass through.
Triangle route packet forwarded:
[ TCP | UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE |
OSPF ]
Packet without a NAT table entry blocked: [ TCP | UDP | IGMP |
ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
Router sent blocked web site message: TCP
The router blocked a packet that didn't have a corresponding NAT table entry.
The router sent a message to notify a user that the router blocked access to a web site that the user requested.
Table 135 TCP Reset Logs
LOG MESSAGE
Under SYN flood attack, sent TCP RST
Exceed TCP MAX incomplete, sent TCP RST
Peer TCP state out of order, sent TCP RST
Firewall session time out, sent TCP RST
DESCRIPTION
The router sent a TCP reset packet when a host was under a SYN flood attack (the TCP incomplete count is per destination host.)
The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of
TCP incomplete connections exceeded the user configured threshold. (the TCP incomplete count is per destination host.) Note: Refer to TCP Maximum Incomplete in the
Firewall Attack Alerts screen.
The router sent a TCP reset packet when a TCP connection state was out of order.Note: The firewall refers to RFC793 Figure 6 to check the TCP state.
The router sent a TCP reset packet when a dynamic firewall session timed out.Default timeout values:ICMP idle timeout (s): 60UDP idle timeout (s): 60TCP connection (three way handshaking) timeout (s): 30TCP
FIN-wait timeout (s): 60TCP idle (established) timeout
(s): 3600
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Table 135 TCP Reset Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE
Exceed MAX incomplete, sent TCP RST
Access block, sent TCP
RST
DESCRIPTION
The router sent a TCP reset packet when the number of incomplete connections (TCP and UDP) exceeded the user-configured threshold. (Incomplete count is for all
TCP and UDP connections through the firewall.)Note:
When the number of incomplete connections (TCP + UDP)
> “Maximum Incomplete High”, the router sends TCP RST packets for TCP connections and destroys TOS (firewall dynamic sessions) until incomplete connections <
“Maximum Incomplete Low”.
The router sends a TCP RST packet and generates this log if you turn on the firewall TCP reset mechanism (via CI command: "sys firewall tcprst").
Table 136 Packet Filter Logs
LOG MESSAGE
[ TCP | UDP | ICMP | IGMP |
Generic ] packet filter matched (set: %d, rule: %d)
DESCRIPTION
Attempted access matched a configured filter rule
(denoted by its set and rule number) and was blocked or forwarded according to the rule.
For type and code details, see
.
Table 137 ICMP Logs
LOG MESSAGE
Firewall default policy: ICMP
<Packet Direction>, <type:%d>,
<code:%d>
Firewall rule [NOT] match: ICMP
<Packet Direction>, <rule:%d>,
<type:%d>, <code:%d>
Triangle route packet forwarded:
ICMP
Packet without a NAT table entry blocked: ICMP
Unsupported/out-of-order ICMP:
ICMP
Router reply ICMP packet: ICMP
DESCRIPTION
ICMP access matched the default policy and was blocked or forwarded according to the user's setting.
ICMP access matched (or didn’t match) a firewall rule (denoted by its number) and was blocked or forwarded according to the rule.
The firewall allowed a triangle route session to pass through.
The router blocked a packet that didn’t have a corresponding NAT table entry.
The firewall does not support this kind of ICMP packets or the ICMP packets are out of order.
The router sent an ICMP reply packet to the sender.
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Table 138 CDR Logs
LOG MESSAGE board %d line %d channel %d, call %d, %s C01 Outgoing Call dev=%x ch=%x %s
DESCRIPTION
The router received the setup requirements for a call.
“call” is the reference (count) number of the call.
“dev” is the device type (3 is for dial-up, 6 is for
PPPoE, 10 is for PPTP). "channel" or “ch” is the call channel ID.For example,"board 0 line 0 channel 0, call
3, C01 Outgoing Call dev=6 ch=0 "Means the router has dialed to the PPPoE server 3 times.
The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call is connected.
board %d line %d channel %d, call %d, %s C02 OutCall
Connected %d %s board %d line %d channel %d, call %d, %s C02 Call
Terminated
The PPPoE, PPTP or dial-up call was disconnected.
Table 139 PPP Logs
LOG MESSAGE DESCRIPTION ppp:LCP Starting
The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage has started.
ppp:LCP Opening
The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is opening.
ppp:CHAP Opening
The PPP connection’s Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol stage is opening.
ppp:IPCP
Starting
The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is starting.
ppp:IPCP Opening
The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is opening.
ppp:LCP Closing
The PPP connection’s Link Control Protocol stage is closing.
ppp:IPCP Closing
The PPP connection’s Internet Protocol Control Protocol stage is closing.
Table 140 UPnP Logs
LOG MESSAGE
UPnP pass through Firewall
DESCRIPTION
UPnP packets can pass through the firewall.
Table 141 Content Filtering Logs
LOG MESSAGE
%s: block keyword
%s
DESCRIPTION
The content of a requested web page matched a user defined keyword.
The system forwarded web content.
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For type and code details, see
.
Table 142 Attack Logs
LOG MESSAGE attack [ TCP | UDP | IGMP
| ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
DESCRIPTION
The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF attack.
The firewall detected an ICMP attack.
attack ICMP (type:%d, code:%d) land [ TCP | UDP | IGMP |
ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
The firewall detected a TCP/UDP/IGMP/ESP/GRE/OSPF land attack.
The firewall detected an ICMP land attack.
land ICMP (type:%d, code:%d) ip spoofing - WAN [ TCP |
UDP | IGMP | ESP | GRE |
OSPF ]
The firewall detected an IP spoofing attack on the WAN port.
ip spoofing - WAN ICMP
(type:%d, code:%d)
The firewall detected an ICMP IP spoofing attack on the
WAN port.
The firewall detected an ICMP echo attack. icmp echo : ICMP
(type:%d, code:%d) syn flood TCP ports scan TCP teardrop TCP teardrop UDP teardrop ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)
The firewall detected a TCP syn flood attack.
The firewall detected a TCP port scan attack.
The firewall detected a TCP teardrop attack.
The firewall detected an UDP teardrop attack.
The firewall detected an ICMP teardrop attack. illegal command TCP
NetBIOS TCP ip spoofing - no routing entry [ TCP | UDP | IGMP
| ESP | GRE | OSPF ]
The firewall detected a TCP illegal command attack.
The firewall detected a TCP NetBIOS attack.
The firewall classified a packet with no source routing entry as an IP spoofing attack.
ip spoofing - no routing entry ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)
The firewall classified an ICMP packet with no source routing entry as an IP spoofing attack.
vulnerability ICMP
(type:%d, code:%d) traceroute ICMP (type:%d, code:%d)
The firewall detected an ICMP vulnerability attack.
The firewall detected an ICMP traceroute attack.
Table 143 802.1X Logs
LOG MESSAGE
RADIUS accepts user.
RADIUS rejects user. Pls check
RADIUS Server.
User logout because of session timeout expired.
DESCRIPTION
A user was authenticated by the RADIUS Server.
A user was not authenticated by the RADIUS
Server. Please check the RADIUS Server.
The router logged out a user whose session expired.
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Table 143 802.1X Logs (continued)
LOG MESSAGE
User logout because of user deassociation.
DESCRIPTION
The router logged out a user who ended the session.
User logout because of no authentication response from user.
The router logged out a user from which there was no authentication response.
User logout because of idle timeout expired.
The router logged out a user whose idle timeout period expired.
A user logged out.
User logout because of user request.
No response from RADIUS. Pls check RADIUS Server.
Use RADIUS to authenticate user.
There is no response message from the RADIUS server, please check the RADIUS server.
The RADIUS server is operating as the authentication server.
No Server to authenticate user.
There is no authentication server to authenticate a user.
Table 144 ACL Setting Notes
PACKET
DIRECTION
(L to W)
(W to L)
(L to L/ZyXEL
Device)
(W to W/ZyXEL
Device)
DIRECTION
LAN to WAN
WAN to LAN
LAN to LAN/
ZyXEL Device
WAN to WAN/
ZyXEL Device
DESCRIPTION
ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the
WAN.
ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the
LAN.
ACL set for packets traveling from the LAN to the
LAN or the ZyXEL Device.
ACL set for packets traveling from the WAN to the
WAN or the ZyXEL Device.
Table 145 ICMP Notes
TYPE
0
3
CODE DESCRIPTION
Echo Reply
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Echo reply message
Destination Unreachable
Net unreachable
Host unreachable
Protocol unreachable
Port unreachable
A packet that needed fragmentation was dropped because it was set to Don't Fragment (DF)
Source route failed
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Table 145 ICMP Notes (continued)
TYPE
4
5
8
11
12
13
14
15
16
CODE DESCRIPTION
Source Quench
0
0
1
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
A gateway may discard internet datagrams if it does not have the buffer space needed to queue the datagrams for output to the next network on the route to the destination network.
Redirect
Redirect datagrams for the Network
Redirect datagrams for the Host
Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Network
Redirect datagrams for the Type of Service and Host
Echo
Echo message
Time Exceeded
Time to live exceeded in transit
Fragment reassembly time exceeded
Parameter Problem
Pointer indicates the error
Timestamp
Timestamp request message
Timestamp Reply
Timestamp reply message
Information Request
Information request message
Information Reply
Information reply message
Table 146 Syslog Logs
LOG MESSAGE
<Facility*8 + Severity>Mon dd hr:mm:ss hostname src="<srcIP:srcPort>" dst="<dstIP:dstPort>" msg="<msg>" note="<note>" devID="<mac address last three numbers>" cat="<category>
DESCRIPTION
"This message is sent by the system ("RAS" displays as the system name if you haven’t configured one) when the router generates a syslog. The facility is defined in the web MAIN
MENU->LOGS->Log Settings page. The severity is the log’s syslog class. The definition of messages and notes are defined in the various log charts throughout this appendix. The “devID” is the last three characters of the MAC address of the router’s
LAN port. The “cat” is the same as the category in the router’s logs.
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Table 147 SIP Logs
LOG MESSAGE
SIP Registration Success by SIP:SIP Phone Number
SIP Registration Fail by
SIP:SIP Phone Number
SIP UnRegistration
Success by SIP:SIP Phone
Number
SIP UnRegistration Fail by SIP:SIP Phone Number
DESCRIPTION
The listed SIP account was successfully registered with a
SIP register server.
An attempt to register the listed SIP account with a SIP register server was not successful.
The listed SIP account’s registration was deleted from the
SIP register server.
An attempt to delete the listed SIP account’s registration from the SIP register server failed.
Table 148 RTP Logs
LOG MESSAGE
Error, RTP init fail
Error, Call fail: RTP connect fail
Error, RTP connection cannot close
DESCRIPTION
The initialization of an RTP session failed.
A VoIP phone call failed because the RTP session could not be established.
The termination of an RTP session failed.
Table 149 FSM Logs: Caller Side
LOG MESSAGE
VoIP Call Start Ph[Phone
Port Number] <- Outgoing
Call Number
DESCRIPTION
Someone used a phone connected to the listed phone port to initiate a VoIP call to the listed destination.
VoIP Call Established
Ph[Phone Port] ->
Outgoing Call Number
Someone used a phone connected to the listed phone port to make a VoIP call to the listed destination.
VoIP Call End Phone[Phone
Port]
A VoIP phone call made from a phone connected to the listed phone port has terminated.
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Table 150 FSM Logs: Callee Side
LOG MESSAGE
VoIP Call Start from
SIP[SIP Port Number]
VoIP Call Established
Ph[Phone Port] <-
Outgoing Call Number
DESCRIPTION
A VoIP phone call came to the ZyXEL Device from the listed SIP number.
A VoIP phone call was set up from the listed SIP number to the ZyXEL Device.
VoIP Call End Phone[Phone
Port]
A VoIP phone call that came into the ZyXEL Device has terminated.
The following table shows RFC-2408 ISAKMP payload types that the log displays.
Please refer to RFC 2408 for detailed information on each type.
Table 151 RFC-2408 ISAKMP Payload Types
LOG DISPLAY
SA
PROP
TRANS
KE
ID
CER
CER_REQ
HASH
SIG
NONCE
NOTFY
DEL
VID
PAYLOAD TYPE
Security Association
Proposal
Transform
Key Exchange
Identification
Certificate
Certificate Request
Hash
Signature
Nonce
Notification
Delete
Vendor ID
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C H A P T E R 2 4
Call History
24.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device keeps track of when you use the phone ports for calls.
24.1.1 What You Can Do in the Call History Screens
• Use the Summary screen (
) to view a summary of the calls performed via the ZyXEL Device within a certain period.
• Use the Call History screen (
Section 24.3 on page 408 ) to see the details of the
calls performed on the ZyXEL Device.
• Use the Call History Settings screen (
Section 24.4 on page 409 ) to configure
to where the ZyXEL Device is to send call records and the schedule for when the
ZyXEL Device is to send or save the call records.
24.2 Call History Summary Screen
Click Maintenance > Call History to open the Summary screen. Use the
Summary screen to view a summary of the calls performed via the ZyXEL Device within a certain period.
Figure 237 Maintenance > Call History > Summary
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 152 Maintenance > Call History > Summary
LABEL
Type of
Summary
Start Time
End Time
Tx Packets
Rx Packets
DESCRIPTION
This shows the time period.
This shows the date when the period starts.
This shows the date when the period ends.
This shows the number of voice packets the ZyXEL Device transmitted within this period.
This shows the number of voice packets the ZyXEL Device received within this period.
This shows how long the analog calls lasted within this period.
Duration of
PSTN
Duration of
VoIP
This shows how long the Voice over Internet calls lasted within this period.
24.3 Viewing the Call History
Click Maintenance > Call History > Call History to open the Call History screen. Use the Call History screen to see the details of the calls performed on the ZyXEL Device.
The call history buffer can hold up to 150 entries. When the call history buffer fills, old records are deleted as new ones are added. Click a column heading to sort the entries. A triangle indicates ascending or descending sort order.
Figure 238 Maintenance > Call History > Call History
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 153 Maintenance > Call History > Call History
LABEL
View Call
History
DESCRIPTION
Select a category of call records to view.
Select All Call History to view any call records on the ZyXEL Device.
Select Missed Calls to view only calls which were not answered on the
ZyXEL Device.
Select Dialed Calls to view only calls which were dialed from the ZyXEL
Device.
Select Received Calls to view only calls which were received on the
ZyXEL Device
Email Log Now Click Email Log Now to send the log screen to the e-mail address specified in the Call History Settings page (make sure that you have first filled in the E-mail Log Settings fields in Call History Settings).
Refresh
Clear Call
History
Next Page
Click Refresh to renew the call history screen.
Click Clear Call History to delete all call records.
#
Type
Time
Duration
RxPacket
Interface
Choose a page from the drop-down list box to display the corresponding summary page of the call records.
This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.
This field displays the category of the call.
This field displays the time the call was recorded.
This field displays how long the call lasted.
Local Identity This field displays the phone number you used to make or receive this call.
Peer Number This field displays the phone number you called or from which this call is made.
TxPacket This field displays the number of packets the ZyXEL Device has transmitted for the call.
This field displays the number of packets the ZyXEL Device has received for the call.
This field displays the type of the call.
24.4 Configuring Call History Settings
Use the Call History Settings screen to configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send call records and the schedule for when the ZyXEL Device is to send or save the call records.
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To change your ZyXEL Device’s call history settings, click Maintenance > Call
History > Call History Settings. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 239 Maintenance > Call History > Call History Settings
410
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 154 Maintenance > Call History > Call History Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
E-mail Call History Settings
Mail Server
Mail Subject
Send Call
History to
Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via E-mail.
Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the log e-mail message that the ZyXEL Device sends. Not all ZyXEL Device have this field.
The ZyXEL Device sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field.
If this field is left blank, the ZyXEL Device does not send logs via e-mail.
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Table 154 Maintenance > Call History > Call History Settings
LABEL
Enable SMTP
Authentication
DESCRIPTION
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.
Select the check box to activate SMTP authentication if your mail server requests you to log in to receive or send e-mails. If mail server authentication is needed but this feature is disabled, you will not receive the e-mail logs.
User Name Enter the user name (up to 31 characters) that you use to log into your mail server (usually the user name of a mail account).
Password
Send Call
History
Schedule
Enter the password associated with the user name above.
This drop-down menu is used to configure the frequency of log messages being sent as E-mail:
• Daily
• Weekly
• Hourly
• When Log is Full
• None.
If you select Weekly or Daily, specify a time of day when the E-mail should be sent. If you select Weekly, then also specify which day of the week the E-mail should be sent. If you select When Log is Full, an alert is sent when the log fills up. If you select None, no log messages are sent.
Use the drop down list box to select which day of the week to send the logs.
Day for
Sending Call
History
Time for
Sending Call
History
Enter the time of the day in 24-hour format (for example 23:00 equals
11:00 pm) to send the logs.
Clear Call
History after sending mail
Select this to delete all the logs after the ZyXEL Device sends an E-mail of the logs.
Save Call History Settings
Save Call
History
Schedule
This drop-down menu is used to configure the frequency of log messages being saved:
• Daily
• Weekly
• Hourly
Day for
Saving Call
History
Time for
Saving Call
History
If you select Weekly or Daily, specify a time of day when the ZyXEL
Device saves the records. If you select Weekly, then also specify which day of the week the ZyXEL Device saves the records.
Use the drop down list box to select which day of the week to save the records.
Enter the time of the day in 24-hour format (for example 23:00 equals
11:00 pm) to save the records.
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Table 154 Maintenance > Call History > Call History Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Summary of Call History Settings
Start Date of
Every Month
Apply
Cancel Ó
Select which day of a month (from 1 to 28) on which the “Last Month” summary of call history (displays in the Summary screen) starts.
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Cancel to return to the previously saved settings.
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C H A P T E R 2 5
Tools
Do not interrupt the file transfer process as this may
PERMANENTLY DAMAGE your ZyXEL Device.
25.1 Overview
Use the instructions in this chapter to change the device’s configuration file or upgrade its firmware. After you configure your device, you can backup the configuration file to a computer. That way if you later misconfigure the device, you can upload the backed up configuration file to return to your previous settings.
You can alternately upload the factory default configuration file if you want to return the device to the original default settings. The firmware determines the device’s available features and functionality. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s performance.
Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
25.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens
• Use the Firmware Upgrade screen (
Section 25.2 on page 420 ) to upload
firmware to your device.
• Use the Configuration screen (
Section 25.3 on page 423 ) to backup and
restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default.
• Use the Restart screen ( Section 25.4 on page 426 ) to restart your ZyXEL
device.
25.1.2 What You Need To Know About Tools
Filename Conventions
The configuration file (often called the romfile or rom-0) contains the factory default settings in the menus such as password, DHCP Setup, and TCP/IP Setup. It
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ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System sometimes referred to as the “ras” file) is the system firmware and has a “bin” filename extension. Find this firmware at www.zyxel.com.With many FTP and TFTP clients, the filenames are similar to those seen next. ftp> put firmware.bin ras
This is a sample FTP session showing the transfer of the computer file
"firmware.bin" to the ZyXEL Device.
ftp> get rom-0 config.cfg
This is a sample FTP session saving the current configuration to the computer file
“config.cfg”.
If your (T)FTP client does not allow you to have a destination filename different than the source, you will need to rename them as the ZyXEL Device only recognizes “rom-0” and “ras”. Be sure you keep unaltered copies of both files for later use.
The following table is a summary. Please note that the internal filename refers to the filename on the ZyXEL Device and the external filename refers to the filename not on the ZyXEL Device, that is, on your computer, local network or FTP site and so the name (but not the extension) may vary. After uploading new firmware, see the Status screen to confirm that you have uploaded the correct firmware version.
Table 155 Filename Conventions
FILE TYPE
Configuration
File
INTERNAL
NAME
Rom-0
Firmware Ras
EXTERNAL NAME
This is the configuration filename on the
ZyXEL Device. Uploading the rom-0 file replaces the entire ROM file system, including your ZyXEL Device configurations, system-related data
(including the default password), the error log and the trace log.
This is the generic name for the ZyNOS firmware on the ZyXEL Device.
DESCRIPTIO
N
*.rom
*.bin
FTP Restrictions
FTP will not work when:
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1
The firewall is active (turn the firewall off or create a firewall rule to allow access from the WAN).
2
You have disabled the FTP service in the Remote Management screen.
3
The IP you entered in the Secured Client IP field does not match the client IP. If it does not match, the device will disallow the FTP session immediately.
25.1.3 Before You Begin
• Ensure you have either created a firewall rule to allow access from the WAN or turned the firewall off, otherwise the FTP will not function.
• Make sure the FTP service has not been disabled in the Remote Management screen.
25.1.4 Tool Examples
Using FTP or TFTP to Restore Configuration
This example shows you how to restore a previously saved configuration. Note that this function erases the current configuration before restoring a previous back up configuration; please do not attempt to restore unless you have a backup configuration file stored on disk.
FTP is the preferred method for restoring your current computer configuration to your device since FTP is faster. Please note that you must wait for the system to automatically restart after the file transfer is complete.
Do not interrupt the file transfer process as this may
PERMANENTLY DAMAGE your device. When the Restore
Configuration process is complete, the device automatically restarts.
Restore Using FTP Session Example
Figure 240 Restore Using FTP Session Example
ftp> put config.rom rom-0
200 Port command okay
150 Opening data connection for STOR rom-0
226 File received OK
221 Goodbye for writing flash ftp: 16384 bytes sent in 0.06Seconds 273.07Kbytes/sec.
ftp>quit
Refer to Section 25.1.2 on page 413 to read about configurations that disallow
TFTP and FTP over WAN.
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FTP and TFTP Firmware and Configuration File Uploads
These examples show you how to upload firmware and configuration files.
Do not interrupt the file transfer process as this may
PERMANENTLY DAMAGE your device.
FTP is the preferred method for uploading the firmware and configuration. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client. The following sections give examples of how to upload the firmware and the configuration files.
FTP File Upload Command from the DOS Prompt Example
1
Launch the FTP client on your computer.
2
Enter “open”, followed by a space and the IP address of your device.
3
Press [ENTER] when prompted for a username.
4
Enter your password as requested (the default is “1234”).
5
Enter “bin” to set transfer mode to binary.
6
Use “put” to transfer files from the computer to the device, for example, “put firmware.bin ras” transfers the firmware on your computer (firmware.bin) to the device and renames it “ras”. Similarly, “put config.rom rom-0” transfers the configuration file on your computer (config.rom) to the device and renames it
“rom-0”. Likewise “get rom-0 config.rom” transfers the configuration file on the device to your computer and renames it “config.rom.” See earlier in this chapter for more information on filename conventions.
7
Enter “quit” to exit the ftp prompt.
FTP Session Example of Firmware File Upload
Figure 241 FTP Session Example of Firmware File Upload
331 Enter PASS command
Password:
230 Logged in ftp> bin
200 Type I OK ftp> put firmware.bin ras
200 Port command okay
150 Opening data connection for STOR ras
226 File received OK ftp: 1103936 bytes sent in 1.10Seconds 297.89Kbytes/sec.
ftp> quit
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More commands (found in GUI-based FTP clients) are listed in this chapter.
Refer to
to read about configurations that disallow
TFTP and FTP over WAN.
TFTP File Upload
The device also supports the uploading of firmware files using TFTP (Trivial File
Transfer Protocol) over LAN. Although TFTP should work over WAN as well, it is not recommended.
To use TFTP, your computer must have both telnet and TFTP clients. To transfer the firmware and the configuration file, follow the procedure shown next.
1
Use telnet from your computer to connect to the device and log in. Because TFTP does not have any security checks, the device records the IP address of the telnet client and accepts TFTP requests only from this address.
2
Enter the command “sys stdio 0” to disable the management idle timeout, so the
TFTP transfer will not be interrupted. Enter “command sys stdio 5” to restore the five-minute management idle timeout (default) when the file transfer is complete.
3
Launch the TFTP client on your computer and connect to the device. Set the transfer mode to binary before starting data transfer.
4
Use the TFTP client (see the example below) to transfer files between the device and the computer. The file name for the firmware is “ras”.
Note that the telnet connection must be active and the device in CI mode before and during the TFTP transfer. For details on TFTP commands (see following example), please consult the documentation of your TFTP client program. For
UNIX, use “get” to transfer from the device to the computer, “put” the other way around, and “binary” to set binary transfer mode.
TFTP Upload Command Example
The following is an example TFTP command: tftp [-i] host put firmware.bin ras
Where “i” specifies binary image transfer mode (use this mode when transferring binary files), “host” is the device’s IP address, “put” transfers the file source on the computer (firmware.bin – name of the firmware on the computer) to the file destination on the remote host (ras - name of the firmware on the device).
Commands that you may see in GUI-based TFTP clients are listed earlier in this chapter.
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Using the FTP Commands to Back Up Configuration
1
Launch the FTP client on your computer.
2
Enter “open”, followed by a space and the IP address of your ZyXEL Device.
3
Press [ENTER] when prompted for a username.
4
Enter your password as requested (the default is “1234”).
5
Enter “bin” to set transfer mode to binary.
6
Use “get” to transfer files from the ZyXEL Device to the computer, for example,
“get rom-0 config.rom” transfers the configuration file on the ZyXEL Device to your computer and renames it “config.rom”. See earlier in this chapter for more information on filename conventions.
7
Enter “quit” to exit the ftp prompt.
FTP Command Configuration Backup Example
This figure gives an example of using FTP commands from the DOS command prompt to save your device’s configuration onto your computer.
Figure 242 FTP Session Example
331 Enter PASS command
Password:
230 Logged in ftp> bin
200 Type I OK ftp> get rom-0 zyxel.rom
200 Port command okay
150 Opening data connection for STOR ras
226 File received OK ftp: 16384 bytes sent in 1.10Seconds 297.89Kbytes/sec.
ftp> quit
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Configuration Backup Using GUI-based FTP Clients
The following table describes some of the commands that you may see in GUIbased FTP clients.
Table 156 General Commands for GUI-based FTP Clients
COMMAND
Host Address
Login Type
DESCRIPTION
Enter the address of the host server.
Anonymous.
This is when a user I.D. and password is automatically supplied to the server for anonymous access. Anonymous logins will work only if your ISP or service administrator has enabled this option.
Normal.
Transfer Type
The server requires a unique User ID and Password to login.
Transfer files in either ASCII (plain text format) or in binary mode.
Specify the default remote directory (path).
Initial Remote
Directory
Initial Local Directory Specify the default local directory (path).
Backup Configuration Using TFTP
The ZyXEL Device supports the up/downloading of the firmware and the configuration file using TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) over LAN. Although
TFTP should work over WAN as well, it is not recommended.
To use TFTP, your computer must have both telnet and TFTP clients. To backup the configuration file, follow the procedure shown next.
1
Use telnet from your computer to connect to the ZyXEL Device and log in. Because
TFTP does not have any security checks, the ZyXEL Device records the IP address of the telnet client and accepts TFTP requests only from this address.
2
Enter command “sys stdio 0” to disable the management idle timeout, so the
TFTP transfer will not be interrupted. Enter command “sys stdio 5” to restore the five-minute management idle timeout (default) when the file transfer is complete.
3
Launch the TFTP client on your computer and connect to the ZyXEL Device. Set the transfer mode to binary before starting data transfer.
4
Use the TFTP client (see the example below) to transfer files between the ZyXEL
Device and the computer. The file name for the configuration file is “rom-0” (romzero, not capital o).
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Note that the telnet connection must be active before and during the TFTP transfer. For details on TFTP commands (see following example), please consult the documentation of your TFTP client program. For UNIX, use “get” to transfer from the ZyXEL Device to the computer and “binary” to set binary transfer mode.
TFTP Command Configuration Backup Example
The following is an example TFTP command: tftp [-i] host get rom-0 config.rom
where “i” specifies binary image transfer mode (use this mode when transferring binary files), “host” is the ZyXEL Device IP address, “get” transfers the file source on the ZyXEL Device (rom-0, name of the configuration file on the ZyXEL Device) to the file destination on the computer and renames it config.rom.
Configuration Backup Using GUI-based TFTP Clients
The following table describes some of the fields that you may see in GUI-based
TFTP clients.
Table 157 General Commands for GUI-based TFTP Clients
COMMAN
D
DESCRIPTION
Host Enter the IP address of the ZyXEL Device. 192.168.1.1 is the ZyXEL Device’s default IP address when shipped.
Send/
Fetch
Use “Send” to upload the file to the ZyXEL Device and “Fetch” to back up the file on your computer.
Local File Enter the path and name of the firmware file (*.bin extension) or configuration file (*.rom extension) on your computer.
Remote
File
Binary
Abort
This is the filename on the ZyXEL Device. The filename for the firmware is
“ras” and for the configuration file, is “rom-0”.
Transfer the file in binary mode.
Stop transfer of the file.
Refer to Section 25.1.2 on page 413
to read about configurations that disallow
TFTP and FTP over WAN.
25.2 Firmware Upgrade Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools to open the Firmware screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes.
After a successful upload, the system will reboot. See Section on page 416 for
upgrading firmware using FTP/TFTP commands.
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Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in progress!
Figure 243 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware Upgrade
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 158 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware Upgrade
LABEL
Current
Firmware
Version
File Path
DESCRIPTION
This is the present Firmware version and the date created.
Browse...
Upload
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse ... to find it.
Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
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After you see the Firmware Upload in Progress screen, wait two minutes before logging into the ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 244 Firmware Upload In Progress
The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 245 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the
Status screen.
If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Firmware screen.
Figure 246 Error Message
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25.3 The Configuration Screen
See Section 25.5 on page 426 and
Section on page 415 for transferring
configuration files using FTP/TFTP commands.
Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.
Figure 247 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration
Backup Configuration
Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to your computer.
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Restore Configuration
Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your ZyXEL Device.
Table 159 Restore Configuration
LABEL
File Path
DESCRIPTION
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click
Browse ... to find it.
Browse... Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click Upload to begin the upload process.
Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is in progress.
After you see a “restore configuration successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before logging into the ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 248 Configuration Upload Successful
The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 249 Network Temporarily Disconnected
424
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See
for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
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If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the Configuration screen.
Figure 250 Configuration Upload Error
25.3.1 Reset to Factory Defaults
Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the ZyXEL Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.
Figure 251 Reset Warning Message
Figure 252 Reset In Process Message
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory
defaults of your ZyXEL Device. Refer to Section 1.5 on page 29
for more information on the RESET button.
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25.4 Restart
System restart allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning the power off.
Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the ZyXEL Device reboot. This does not affect the ZyXEL Device's configuration.
Figure 253 Maintenance > Tools > Restart Screen
25.5 Using FTP or TFTP to Back Up
Configuration
This section covers how to use FTP or TFTP to save your device’s configuration file to your computer.
25.5.1 Using the FTP Commands to Back Up Configuration
1
Launch the FTP client on your computer.
2
Enter “open”, followed by a space and the IP address of your ZyXEL Device.
3
Enter your username as requested (the default is “admin”).
4
Press [ENTER] when prompted for a password.
5
Enter “bin” to set transfer mode to binary.
6
Use “get” to transfer files from the ZyXEL Device to the computer, for example,
“get rom-0 config.rom” transfers the configuration file on the ZyXEL Device to your computer and renames it “config.rom”. See earlier in this chapter for more information on filename conventions.
7
Enter “quit” to exit the ftp prompt.
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25.5.2 FTP Command Configuration Backup Example
This figure gives an example of using FTP commands from the DOS command prompt to save your device’s configuration onto your computer.
Figure 254 FTP Session Example
331 Enter PASS command
Password:
230 Logged in ftp> bin
200 Type I OK ftp> get rom-0 zyxel.rom
200 Port command okay
150 Opening data connection for STOR ras
226 File received OK ftp: 16384 bytes sent in 1.10Seconds 297.89Kbytes/sec.
ftp> quit
25.5.3 Configuration Backup Using GUI-based FTP Clients
The following table describes some of the commands that you may see in GUIbased FTP clients.
Table 160 General Commands for GUI-based FTP Clients
COMMAND
Host Address
Login Type
DESCRIPTION
Enter the address of the host server.
Anonymous.
This is when a user I.D. and password is automatically supplied to the server for anonymous access. Anonymous logins will work only if your ISP or service administrator has enabled this option.
Normal.
Transfer Type
The server requires a unique User ID and Password to login.
Transfer files in either ASCII (plain text format) or in binary mode.
Specify the default remote directory (path).
Initial Remote
Directory
Initial Local Directory Specify the default local directory (path).
25.5.4 Backup Configuration Using TFTP
The ZyXEL Device supports the up/downloading of the firmware and the configuration file using TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) over LAN. Although
TFTP should work over WAN as well, it is not recommended.
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To use TFTP, your computer must have both telnet and TFTP clients. To backup the configuration file, follow the procedure shown next.
1
Use telnet from your computer to connect to the ZyXEL Device and log in. Because
TFTP does not have any security checks, the ZyXEL Device records the IP address of the telnet client and accepts TFTP requests only from this address.
2
Enter command “sys stdio 0” to disable the management idle timeout, so the
TFTP transfer will not be interrupted. Enter command “sys stdio 5” to restore the five-minute management idle timeout (default) when the file transfer is complete.
3
Launch the TFTP client on your computer and connect to the ZyXEL Device. Set the transfer mode to binary before starting data transfer.
4
Use the TFTP client (see the example below) to transfer files between the ZyXEL
Device and the computer. The file name for the configuration file is “rom-0” (romzero, not capital o).
Note that the telnet connection must be active before and during the TFTP transfer. For details on TFTP commands (see following example), please consult the documentation of your TFTP client program. For UNIX, use “get” to transfer from the ZyXEL Device to the computer and “binary” to set binary transfer mode.
25.5.5 TFTP Command Configuration Backup Example
The following is an example TFTP command: tftp [-i] host get rom-0 config.rom
where “i” specifies binary image transfer mode (use this mode when transferring binary files), “host” is the ZyXEL Device IP address, “get” transfers the file source on the ZyXEL Device (rom-0, name of the configuration file on the ZyXEL Device) to the file destination on the computer and renames it config.rom.
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25.5.6 Configuration Backup Using GUI-based TFTP Clients
The following table describes some of the fields that you may see in GUI-based
TFTP clients.
Table 161 General Commands for GUI-based TFTP Clients
COMMAN
D
DESCRIPTION
Host Enter the IP address of the ZyXEL Device. 192.168.1.1 is the ZyXEL Device’s default IP address when shipped.
Send/
Fetch
Use “Send” to upload the file to the ZyXEL Device and “Fetch” to back up the file on your computer.
Local File Enter the path and name of the firmware file (*.bin extension) or configuration file (*.rom extension) on your computer.
Remote
File
Binary
Abort
This is the filename on the ZyXEL Device. The filename for the firmware is
“ras” and for the configuration file, is “rom-0”.
Transfer the file in binary mode.
Stop transfer of the file.
Refer to
to read about configurations that disallow TFTP and
FTP over WAN.
25.6 Using FTP or TFTP to Restore Configuration
This section shows you how to restore a previously saved configuration. Note that this function erases the current configuration before restoring a previous back up configuration; please do not attempt to restore unless you have a backup configuration file stored on disk.
FTP is the preferred method for restoring your current computer configuration to your device since FTP is faster. Please note that you must wait for the system to automatically restart after the file transfer is complete.
Do not interrupt the file transfer process as this may
PERMANENTLY DAMAGE your device. When the Restore
Configuration process is complete, the device automatically restarts.
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25.6.1 Restore Using FTP Session Example
Figure 255 Restore Using FTP Session Example
ftp> put config.rom rom-0
200 Port command okay
150 Opening data connection for STOR rom-0
226 File received OK
221 Goodbye for writing flash ftp: 16384 bytes sent in 0.06Seconds 273.07Kbytes/sec.
ftp>quit
Refer to
to read about configurations that disallow TFTP and
FTP over WAN.
25.7 FTP and TFTP Firmware and Configuration
File Uploads
This section shows you how to upload firmware and configuration files.
Do not interrupt the file transfer process as this may
PERMANENTLY DAMAGE your device.
FTP is the preferred method for uploading the firmware and configuration. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client. The following sections give examples of how to upload the firmware and the configuration files.
25.7.1 FTP File Upload Command from the DOS Prompt
Example
1
Launch the FTP client on your computer.
2
Enter “open”, followed by a space and the IP address of your device.
3
Enter your username as requested (the default is “admin”).
4
Press [ENTER] when prompted for a password.
5
Enter “bin” to set transfer mode to binary.
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6
Use “put” to transfer files from the computer to the device, for example, “put firmware.bin ras” transfers the firmware on your computer (firmware.bin) to the device and renames it “ras”. Similarly, “put config.rom rom-0” transfers the configuration file on your computer (config.rom) to the device and renames it
“rom-0”. Likewise “get rom-0 config.rom” transfers the configuration file on the device to your computer and renames it “config.rom.” See earlier in this chapter for more information on filename conventions.
7
Enter “quit” to exit the ftp prompt.
25.7.2 FTP Session Example of Firmware File Upload
Figure 256 FTP Session Example of Firmware File Upload
331 Enter PASS command
Password:
230 Logged in ftp> bin
200 Type I OK ftp> put firmware.bin ras
200 Port command okay
150 Opening data connection for STOR ras
226 File received OK ftp: 1103936 bytes sent in 1.10Seconds 297.89Kbytes/sec.
ftp> quit
More commands (found in GUI-based FTP clients) are listed earlier in this chapter.
Refer to
to read about configurations that disallow TFTP and
FTP over WAN.
25.7.3 TFTP File Upload
The device also supports the uploading of firmware files using TFTP (Trivial File
Transfer Protocol) over LAN. Although TFTP should work over WAN as well, it is not recommended.
To use TFTP, your computer must have both telnet and TFTP clients. To transfer the firmware and the configuration file, follow the procedure shown next.
1
Use telnet from your computer to connect to the device and log in. Because TFTP does not have any security checks, the device records the IP address of the telnet client and accepts TFTP requests only from this address.
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2
Enter the command “sys stdio 0” to disable the management idle timeout, so the
TFTP transfer will not be interrupted. Enter “command sys stdio 5” to restore the five-minute management idle timeout (default) when the file transfer is complete.
3
Launch the TFTP client on your computer and connect to the device. Set the transfer mode to binary before starting data transfer.
4
Use the TFTP client (see the example below) to transfer files between the device and the computer. The file name for the firmware is “ras”.
Note that the telnet connection must be active and the device in CI mode before and during the TFTP transfer. For details on TFTP commands (see following example), please consult the documentation of your TFTP client program. For
UNIX, use “get” to transfer from the device to the computer, “put” the other way around, and “binary” to set binary transfer mode.
25.7.4 TFTP Upload Command Example
The following is an example TFTP command: tftp [-i] host put firmware.bin ras
Where “i” specifies binary image transfer mode (use this mode when transferring binary files), “host” is the device’s IP address, “put” transfers the file source on the computer (firmware.bin – name of the firmware on the computer) to the file destination on the remote host (ras - name of the firmware on the device).
Commands that you may see in GUI-based TFTP clients are listed earlier in this chapter.
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C H A P T E R 2 6
Diagnostic
26.1 Overview
These read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the
ZyXEL Device.
26.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens
• Use the General Diagnostic screen (
Section 26.2 on page 433 ) to ping an IP
address.
• Use the DSL Line Diagnostic screen ( Section 26.3 on page 434
) to view the
DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line.
26.2 The General Diagnostic Screen
Click Maintenance > Diagnostic to open the screen shown next.
Figure 257 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 162 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
LABEL
TCP/IP
Address
Ping
DESCRIPTION
Type the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a connection.
Click this button to ping the IP address that you entered.
26.3 The DSL Line Diagnostic Screen
Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line to open the screen shown next.
This screen is not available when you set the WAN mode to Ethernet WAN in the
WAN > Internet Access Setup screen using the DSL/WAN switch.
Figure 258 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 163 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
LABEL
ATM Status
DESCRIPTION
Click this button to view your DSL connection’s Asynchronous Transfer
Mode (ATM) statistics. ATM is a networking technology that provides high-speed data transfer. ATM uses fixed-size packets of information called cells. With ATM, a high QoS (Quality of Service) can be guaranteed.
The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into
ATM cells. It also receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets.
These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up.
inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received.
inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected.
outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent.
outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected.
inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and
Management (OAM) F4 cells that have been received. See ITU recommendation I.610 for more on OAM for ATM.
outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent.
inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received.
outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent.
openChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has opened a logical DSL channel.
closeChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has closed a logical DSL channel.
txRate is the number of bytes transmitted per second.
ATM Loopback
Test
rxRate is the number of bytes received per second.
Click this button to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured at least one PVC with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The ZyXEL Device sends an OAM F5 packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and then returns it (loops it back) to the ZyXEL Device. The ATM loopback test is useful for troubleshooting problems with the DSLAM and
ATM network.
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Table 163 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued)
LABEL
DSL Line
Status
DESCRIPTION
Click this button to view statistics about the DSL connections.
noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the downstream part of the connection (coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP). It is measured in decibels. The higher the number the more signal and less noise there is.
Reset ADSL
Line
output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the
ZyXEL Device is using to transmit to the ISP.
attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of the DSL signal coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP.
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a line’s bandwidth into sub-carriers (sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of the display is the line’s bit allocation. This is displayed as the number (in hexadecimal format) of bits transmitted for each tone. This can be used to determine the quality of the connection, whether a given sub-carrier loop has sufficient margins to support certain ADSL transmission rates, and possibly to determine whether particular specific types of interference or line attenuation exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1 recommendation for more information on DMT.
The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted for a DMT tone. The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per
DMT tone is 15. There will be some tones without any bits as there has to be space between the upstream and downstream channels.
Click this button to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then displays the progress and results of this operation, for example:
Capture All
Logs
"Start to reset ADSL
Loading ADSL modem F/W...
Reset ADSL Line Successfully!"
Click this button to display information and statistics about your ZyXEL
Device’s ATM statistics, DSL connection statistics, DHCP settings, firmware version, WAN and gateway IP address, VPI/VCI and LAN IP address.
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Troubleshooting
27.1 Overview
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories.
•
Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
•
•
•
27.2 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1
Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on.
2
Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL
Device.
3
Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
4
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5
If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
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1
Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.4 on page 28 .
2
Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.
3
Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5
If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
27.3 ZyXEL Device Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
1
The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
2
If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the ZyXEL Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser.
3
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.
438
1
Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
• If you changed the IP address (
), use the new IP address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for
I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
2
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide.
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3
Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has
JavaScripts and Java enabled. See
.
4
If you disabled Any IP ( Section 7.2.1 on page 124 ), make sure your computer is
in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device. (If you know that there are routers between your computer and the ZyXEL Device, skip this step.)
• If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using a dynamic IP address. See
. Your ZyXEL Device is a
DHCP server by default.
• If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP
address is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device. See Appendix A on page
5
Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with
the default IP address. See Section 1.5 on page 29 .
6
If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Try to access the ZyXEL Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the ZyXEL Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the ZyXEL Device does not respond to HTTP.
• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device.
1
Make sure you have entered the user name and password correctly. The default user name is admin. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2
You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device. Log out of the ZyXEL Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out.
3
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4
If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See
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I cannot Telnet to the ZyXEL Device.
Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware.
Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
27.4 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and
.
2
Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
3
If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.
4
Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick
Start Guide again.
5
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL
Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.
1
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and
.
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2
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
3
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1
There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check
. If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2
Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving the ZyXEL
Device closer to the AP if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3
Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4
If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Check the settings for bandwidth management. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider changing the allocations.
• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications.
27.5 Phone Calls and VoIP
The telephone port won’t work or the telephone lacks a dial tone.
1
Check the telephone connections and telephone wire.
I can access the Internet, but cannot make VoIP calls.
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1
The PHONE light should come on. Make sure that your telephone is connected to the PHONE port.
2
You can also check the VoIP status in the Status screen.
3
If the VoIP settings are correct, use speed dial to make peer-to-peer calls. If you can make a call using speed dial, there may be something wrong with the SIP server, contact your VoIP service provider.
27.6 Multiple SIP Accounts
You can set up two SIP accounts on your ZyXEL Device and your ZyXEL Device is equipped with two phone ports. By default your ZyXEL Device uses SIP account 1 with both phone ports for outgoing calls, and it uses SIP accounts 1 and 2 for incoming calls. With this setting, you always use SIP account 1 for your outgoing calls and you cannot distinguish which SIP account the calls are coming in through. If you want to control the use of different dialing plans for accounting purposes or other reasons, you need to configure your phone ports in order to control which SIP account you are using when placing or receiving calls.
27.6.1 Outgoing Calls
The following figure represents the default behavior of your ZyXEL Device when two SIP accounts are configured and you are using two phones. When you place a call from phone port 1 or phone port 2, the ZyXEL Device will use SIP account 1.
Figure 259 Outgoing Calls: Default
PHONE 1
SIP 1
Internet
PHONE 2
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In the next example, phone port 1 is configured to use SIP account 1 and phone port 2 is configured to use SIP account 2. In this case, every time you place a call through phone port 1, you are using your SIP account 1. Similarly, every time you place a call through phone port 2, you are using your SIP account 2. To apply these configuration changes you need to configure the Analog Phone screen. See
Figure 260 Outgoing Calls: Individual Configuration
PHONE 1
SIP 1
Internet
PHONE 2 SIP 2
27.6.2 Incoming Calls
The following example shows the default behavior of your ZyXEL Device for incoming calls when two SIP accounts are configured and you are using two phones. When a call comes in from your SIP account 1, the phones connected to both phone port 1 and phone port 2 ring. Similarly, when a call comes in from your
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SIP account 2, the phones connected to both phone port 1 and phone port 2 ring.
In either case you are not sure which SIP account the call is coming from.
Figure 261 Incoming Calls: Default
PHONE 1
SIP 1
Internet
PHONE 2
SIP 2
In the next example, phone port 1 is configured to use SIP account 1 and phone port 2 is configured to use SIP account 2 for incoming calls. In this case, every time you receive a call from your SIP account 1, the phone connected to phone port 1 rings. Similarly, every time you receive a call from your SIP account 2, phone port 2 rings. To apply these configuration changes you need to configure the Analog Phone screen. See
Figure 262 Incoming Calls: Individual Configuration
PHONE 1
SIP 1
Internet
PHONE 2 SIP 2
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Product Specifications
The following tables summarize the ZyXEL Device’s hardware and firmware features.
Hardware Specifications
Table 164 Hardware Specifications
Dimensions (218 W) x (144 D) x (40 H) mm
Weight
Power Specification
Built-in Switch
DSL Port
460 g
18V 1A DC
Four auto-negotiating, auto MDI/MDI-X 10/100 Mbps RJ-45
Ethernet ports
P-2612HW-F1: 1 RJ45 DSL Port
WAN Port
PHONE Ports
RESET Button
WLAN Button
P-2612HW-F3: 1 RJ11 DSL Port
1 RJ45 WAN Port
2 RJ-11 FXS POTS ports
Restores factory defaults
1 second: Turn on or off WLAN
Antenna
Operation
Temperature
5 seconds: Start WPS
One attached external dipole antenna, 2.9 dBi
0º C ~ 40º C
Storage Temperature -20º ~ 60º C
Operation Humidity 20% ~ 85% RH
Storage Humidity
Distance between the centers of the holes
(for wall-mounting) on the device’s back
Screw size for wallmounting
20% ~ 90% RH
137.20mm
M4 tap
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Firmware Specifications
Table 165 Firmware Specifications
Default IP Address 192.168.1.1
Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
Default User Name admin
DHCP Server IP Pool Starting Address: 192.168.1.33
Static DHCP
Addresses
Content Filtering
Static Routes
Size: 32
10
Web page blocking by URL keyword.
16
Device Management Use the web configurator to easily configure the rich range of features on the ZyXEL Device.
Wireless
Functionality
(wireless devices only)
Firmware Upgrade
Allow the IEEE 802.11b and/or IEEE 802.11g wireless clients to connect to the ZyXEL Device wirelessly. Enable wireless security
(WEP, WPA(2), WPA(2)-PSK) and/or MAC filtering to protect your wireless network.
Download new firmware (when available) from the ZyXEL web site and use the web configurator, an FTP or a TFTP tool to put it on the ZyXEL Device.
Configuration Backup
& Restoration
Network Address
Translation (NAT)
Port Forwarding
IEEE 802.1Q and
IEEE 802.1P
DHCP (Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol)
Dynamic DNS
Support
Note: Only upload firmware for your specific model!
Make a copy of the ZyXEL Device’s configuration. You can put it back on the ZyXEL Device later if you decide to revert back to an earl i er configuration.
Each computer on your network must have its own unique IP address. Use NAT to convert your public IP address(es) to multiple private IP addresses for the computers on your network.
If you have a server (mail or web server for example) on your network, you can use this feature to let people access it from the
Internet.
Use IEEE 802.1Q VLAN and IEEE 802.1P priority tags in implementing QoS. Configure VLANs based on port, PVC, and
SSID. Specify a PVID to assign to untagged frames or prioritytagged frames received on this port, SSID, or PVC. Assign a priority for the traffic transmitted through a port, SSID, or PVC.
Use this feature to have the ZyXEL Device assign IP addresses, an
IP default gateway and DNS servers to computers on your network. Your device can also act as a surrogate DHCP server
(DHCP Relay) where it relays IP address assignment from the actual real DHCP server to the clients.
With Dynamic DNS (Domain Name System) support, you can use a fixed URL, www.zyxel.com for example, with a dynamic IP address. You must register for this service with a Dynamic DNS service provider.
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Table 165 Firmware Specifications (continued)
IP Multicast IP multicast is used to send traffic to a specific group of computers. The ZyXEL Device supports versions 1 and 2 of IGMP
(Internet Group Management Protocol) used to join multicast groups (see RFC 2236).
Time and Date
Logs
Universal Plug and
Play (UPnP)
Firewall
Get the current time and date from an external server when you turn on your ZyXEL Device. You can also set the time manually.
These dates and times are then used in logs.
Use logs for troubleshooting. You can send logs from the ZyXEL
Device to an external syslog server.
A UPnP-enabled device can dynamically join a network, obtain an
IP address and convey its capabilities to other devices on the network.
Your device has a stateful inspection firewall with DoS (Denial of
Service) protection. By default, when the firewall is activated, all incoming traffic from the WAN to the LAN is blocked unless it is initiated from the LAN. The firewall supports TCP/UDP inspection,
DoS detection and prevention, real time alerts, reports and logs.
Content Filtering
QoS (Quality of
Service)
Content filtering allows you to block access to Internet web sites that contain key words (that you specify) in the URL. You can also schedule when to perform the filtering and give trusted LAN IP addresses unfiltered Internet access.
You can efficiently manage traffic on your network by reserving bandwidth and giving priority to certain types of traffic and/or to particular computers.
Remote Management This allows you to decide whether a service (HTTP or FTP traffic for example) from a computer on a network (LAN or WAN for example) can access the ZyXEL Device.
Any IP The Any IP feature allows a computer to access the Internet and the ZyXEL Device without changing the network settings (such as
IP address and subnet mask) of the computer, when the IP addresses of the computer and the ZyXEL Device are not in the same subnet.
PPPoE Support
(RFC2516)
PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) emulates a dial-up connection. It allows your ISP to use their existing network configuration with newer broadband technologies such as ADSL.
The PPPoE driver on your device is transparent to the computers on the LAN, which see only Ethernet and are not aware of PPPoE thus saving you from having to manage PPPoE clients on individual computers.
IPSec VPN Capability Establish a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to connect with business partners and branch offices using data encryption and the Internet to provide secure communications without the expense of leased site-to-site lines. The ZyXEL Device VPN is based on the IPSec standard and is interoperable with other IPSec-based VPN products.
The ZyXEL Device supports up to two simultaneous IPSec connections.
Other PPPoE Features PPPoE idle time out
PPPoE dial on demand
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Table 165 Firmware Specifications (continued)
Multiple PVC
(Permanent Virtual
Circuits) Support
Your device supports one Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs).
IP Alias
Packet Filters
ADSL Standards
IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into logical networks over the same Ethernet interface. Your device supports three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the your device itself as the gateway for each LAN network.
Your device’s packet filtering function allows added network security and management.
Support ITU G.992.1 G.dmt
EOC specified in ITU-T G.992.1
ADSL2 G.dmt.bis (G.992.3)
ADSL2 G.lite.bis (G.992.4)
ADSL 2/2+ AnnexM
ADSL2+ (G.992.5)
Reach-Extended ADSL (RE ADSL)
SRA (Seamless Rate Adaptation)
Auto-negotiating rate adaptation
ADSL physical connection AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer type 5)
Multi-protocol over AAL5 (RFC 2684/1483)
PPP over ATM AAL5 (RFC 2364)
PPP over Ethernet (RFC 2516)
Multiple PPPoE
VC-based and LLC-based multiplexing
I.610 F4/F5 OAM
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Other Protocol
Support
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) link layer protocol
Transparent bridging for unsupported network layer protocols
Management
RIP I/RIP II
ICMP
ATM QoS
SNMP v1 and v2c with MIB II support (RFC 1213)
IP Multicasting IGMP v1 and v2
IGMP Proxy
Embedded Web Configurator
CLI (Command Line Interpreter)
SNMP v1 & v2c with MIB II
Embedded FTP/TFTP Server for firmware upgrade and configuration file backup and restore
Telnet for remote management
Remote Management Control: Telnet, FTP, Web, SNMP and DNS.
Remote Firmware Upgrade
Syslog
Voice Specifications
Note: To take full advantage of the supplementary phone services available through the ZyXEL Device's phone port, you may need to subscribe to the services from your VoIP service provider.
Note: Not all features are supported by all service providers. Consult your service provider for more information.
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Table 166 Voice Features
Call Park and
Pickup
Call park and pickup lets you put a call on hold (park) and then continue the call (pickup). The caller must still pay while the call is parked.
When you park the call, you enter a number of your choice (up to eight digits), which you must enter again when you pick up the call. If you do not enter the correct number, you cannot pickup the call. This means that only someone who knows the number you have chosen can pick up the call.
Call Return
Country Code
Do not Disturb
(DnD)
Auto Dial
Phone config
HTTP pincode
Firmware update enable / disable
Call waiting
You can have more than one call on hold at the same time, but you must give each call a different number.
With call return, you can place a call to the last number that called you (either answered or missed). The last incoming call can be through either SIP or PSTN.
Phone standards and settings differ from one country to another, so the settings on your ZyXEL Device must be configured to match those of the country you are in. The country code feature allows you to do this by selecting the country from a list rather than changing each setting manually. Configure the country code feature when you move the ZyXEL Device from one country to another.
This feature allows you to set your phone not to ring when someone calls you. You can set each phone independently using its keypad, or configure global settings for all phones using the command line interpreter.
You can set the ZyXEL Device to automatically dial a specified number immediately whenever you lift a phone off the hook. Use the Web
Configurator to set the specified number. Use the command line interpreter to have the ZyXEL Device wait a specified length of time before dialing the number.
The phone config table allows you to customize the phone keypad combinations you use to access certain features on the ZyXEL Device, such as call waiting, call return, and call forward. The phone config table is configurable in command interpreter mode.
If your service provider uses an auto provisioning server, you need to enter a personal identification number (supplied by your service provider) before you first use the feature.
If your service provider uses this feature, you hear a recorded message when you pick up the phone when new firmware is available for your ZyXEL Device. Enter *99# in your phone’s keypad to have the ZyXEL Device upgrade the firmware, or enter #99# to not upgrade. If your service provider gave you different numbers to use, enter them instead. If you enter the code to not upgrade, you can make a call as normal. You will hear the recording again each time you pick up the phone, until you upgrade.
This feature allows you to hear an alert when you are already using the phone and another person calls you. You can then either reject the new incoming call, put your current call on hold and receive the new incoming call, or end the current call and receive the new incoming call.
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Table 166 Voice Features
Call forwarding With this feature, you can set the ZyXEL Device to forward calls to a specified number, either unconditionally (always), when your number is busy, or when you do not answer. You can also forward incoming calls from one specified number to another.
Caller ID
REN
The ZyXEL Device supports caller ID, which allows you to see the originating number of an incoming call (on a phone with a suitable display).
A Ringer Equivalence Number (REN) is used to determine the number of devices (like telephones or fax machines) that may be connected to the telephone line. Your device has a REN of three, so it can support three devices per telephone port.
Dynamic Jitter
Buffer
Multiple SIP
Accounts
Multiple Voice
Channels
Voice Activity
Detection/Silence
Suppression
Comfort Noise
Generation
The built-in adaptive buffer helps to smooth out the variations in delay (jitter) for voice traffic. This helps ensure good voice quality for your conversations.
You can simultaneously use multiple voice (SIP) accounts and assign them to the telephone port.
Your device can simultaneously handle multiple voice channels
(telephone calls). Additionally you can answer an incoming phone call on a VoIP account, even while someone else is using the account for a phone call.
Voice Activity Detection (VAD) reduces the bandwidth that a call uses by not transmitting when you are not speaking.
Your device generates background noise to fill moments of silence when the other device in a call stops transmitting because the other party is not speaking (as total silence could easily be mistaken for a lost connection).
Echo Cancellation You device supports G.168, an ITU-T standard for eliminating the echo caused by the sound of your voice reverberating in the telephone receiver while you talk.
QoS (Quality of
Service)
Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms help to provide better service on a per-flow basis. Your device supports Type of Service (ToS) tagging and Differentiated Services (DiffServ) tagging. This allows the device to tag voice frames so they can be prioritized over the network.
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Table 166 Voice Features
SIP ALG Your device is a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). It allows VoIP calls to pass through NAT for devices behind it (such as a SIP-based
VoIP software application on a computer).
Other Voice
Features
SIP version 2 (Session Initiatiion Protocol RFC 3261)
SDP (Session Description Protocol RFC 2327)
RTP (RFC 1889)
RTCP (RFC 1890)
Voice codecs (coder/decoders) G.711, G.729
Fax and data modem discrimination
DTMF Detection and Generation
DTMF: In-band and Out-band traffic (RFC 2833),(PCM), (SIP INFO)
Point-to-point call establishment between two IADs
Quick dialing through predefined phone book, which maps the phone dialing number and destination URL.
Flexible Dial Plan (RFC3525 section 7.1.14)
Wireless Features
Table 167 Wireless Features
External Antenna The ZyXEL Device is equipped with an attached antenna to provide a clear radio signal between the wireless stations and the access points.
Multiple SSID
WDS
Wireless LAN MAC Address
Filtering
WEP Encryption
Wi-Fi Protected Access
WPA2
Multiple SSID allows the ZyXEL Device to operate up to 4 different wireless networks simultaneously, each with independently configurable wireless and security settings.
WDS (Wireless Distribution System) lets the ZyXEL Device act as a bridge with other ZyXEL access points.
Your device can check the MAC addresses of wireless stations against a list of allowed or denied MAC addresses.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encrypts data frames before transmitting over the wireless network to help keep network communications private.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i security standard. Key differences between WPA and WEP are user authentication and improved data encryption.
WPA 2 is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.
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Table 167 Wireless Features
WPS Wi-Fi Protected Setup
Other Wireless Features IEEE 802.11g Compliance
Frequency Range: 2.4 GHz ISM Band
Advanced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
Data Rates: 54Mbps, 11Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 2Mbps, and 1 Mbps
Auto Fallback
Turn on-off WLAN by WLAN button (press the WLAN button for one second to turn the WLAN on or turn off; five seconds to turn on WPS)
IEEE 802.11i
IEEE 802.11e
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Data Encryption 64/128/256 bit.
WLAN bridge to LAN
Up to 32 MAC Address filters
IEEE 802.1x
External RADIUS server using EAP-MD5, TLS, TTLS
Scheduling lets you set when the WLAN is on.
The following list, which is not exhaustive, illustrates the standards supported in the ZyXEL Device.
Table 168 Standards Supported
STANDARD
RFC 867
RFC 868
RFC 1058
RFC 1112
RFC 1157
RFC 1305
RFC 1441
RFC 1483
RFC 1631
RFC 1661
RFC 1723
RFC 1901
RFC 2236
RFC 2364
DESCRIPTION
Daytime Protocol
Time Protocol.
RIP-1 (Routing Information Protocol)
IGMP v1
SNMPv1: Simple Network Management Protocol version 1
Network Time Protocol (NTP version 3)
SNMPv2 Simple Network Management Protocol version 2
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5
IP Network Address Translator (NAT)
The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
RIP-2 (Routing Information Protocol)
SNMPv2c Simple Network Management Protocol version 2c
Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2.
PPP over AAL5 (PPP over ATM over ADSL)
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Table 168 Standards Supported (continued)
STANDARD
RFC 2408
DESCRIPTION
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol
(ISAKMP)
RFC 2516
RFC 2684
RFC 2766
IEEE 802.11
A Method for Transmitting PPP Over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5.
Network Address Translation - Protocol
Also known by the brand Wi-Fi, denotes a set of Wireless LAN/
WLAN standards developed by working group 11 of the IEEE
LAN/MAN Standards Committee (IEEE 802).
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11g
IEEE 802.11d
Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
Uses the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band
Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Media
Access Control (MAC) Bridges
IEEE 802.11x
IEEE 802.11e QoS
Port Based Network Access Control.
IEEE 802.11 e Wireless LAN for Quality of Service
ANSI T1.413, Issue 2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) standard.
G dmt(G.992.1) G.992.1 Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
Transceivers
ITU G.992.1 (G.DMT) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.
ITU G.992.2 (G. Lite) ITU standard for ADSL using discrete multitone modulation.
ITU G.992.3
(G.dmt.bis)
ITU G.992.4
(G.lite.bis)
ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates.
ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2) that extends the capability of basic ADSL in data rates.
ITU G.992.5 (ADSL2+) ITU standard (also referred to as ADSL2+) that extends the capability of basic ADSL by doubling the number of downstream bits.
Microsoft PPTP MS PPTP (Microsoft's implementation of Point to Point Tunneling
Protocol)
RFC 2383
TR-069
1.363.5
ST2+ over ATM Protocol Specification - UNI 3.1 Version
TR-069 DSL Forum Standard for CPE Wan Management.
Compliant AAL5 SAR (Segmentation And Re-assembly)
Power Adaptor Specifications
Table 169 Power Adaptor Specifications
NORTH AMERICAN PLUG
STANDARDS
AC Power Adapter Model
Input Power
MT18-Y180100-A1
120V~60Hz 0.5A
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Table 169 Power Adaptor Specifications (continued)
EUROPEAN PLUG
STANDARDS
AC Power Adapter Model
Input Power
MV18-Y180100-C5
230V~50Hz 0.5A
UNITED KINGDOM PLUG
STANDARDS
AC Power Adapter Model
Input Power
MV18-Y180100-B2
230V~50Hz 0.5A
Chapter 28 Product Specifications
Wall-mounting Instructions
Do the following to hang your ZyXEL Device on a wall.
Note: See
for the size of screws to use and how far apart to
place them.
1
Locate a high position on a wall that is free of obstructions. Use a sturdy wall.
2
Drill two holes for the screws. Make sure the distance between the centers of the holes matches what is listed in the product specifications appendix.
Be careful to avoid damaging pipes or cables located inside the wall when drilling holes for the screws.
3
Do not screw the screws all the way into the wall. Leave a small gap of about 0.5 cm between the heads of the screws and the wall.
4
Make sure the screws are snugly fastened to the wall. They need to hold the weight of the ZyXEL Device with the connection cables.
5
Align the holes on the back of the ZyXEL Device with the screws on the wall. Hang the ZyXEL Device on the screws.
Figure 263 Wall-mounting Example
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The following are dimensions of an M4 tap screw and masonry plug used for wall mounting. All measurements are in millimeters (mm).
Figure 264 Masonry Plug and M4 Tap Screw
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ART
IV
Appendices and
Index
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java
IP Addresses and Subnetting (495)
457
458
A P P E N D I X A
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP
Address
Note: Your specific ZyXEL device may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.
This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network.
Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.
In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:
•
Windows XP/NT/2000 on page 459
•
•
on
•
•
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 474
•
on
Windows XP/NT/2000
The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows 2000 and Windows NT.
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1
Click Start > Control Panel.
Figure 265 Windows XP: Start Menu
2
In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.
Figure 266 Windows XP: Control Panel
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3
Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Figure 267 Windows XP: Control Panel > Network Connections > Properties
4
On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click
Properties.
Figure 268 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
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5
The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.
Figure 269 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
6
Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred
DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.
7
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
8
Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1
Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
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2
In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.
1
Click Start > Control Panel.
Figure 270 Windows Vista: Start Menu
2
In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.
Figure 271 Windows Vista: Control Panel
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3
Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
Figure 272 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
4
Click Manage network connections.
Figure 273 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
5
Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Figure 274 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
464
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.
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6
Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
Figure 275 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties
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7
The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
Figure 276 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
8
Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred
DNS server and an Alternate DNS server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.
9
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
10
Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1
Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
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2
In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.
1
Click Apple > System Preferences.
Figure 277 Mac OS X 10.4: Apple Menu
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2
In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.
Figure 278 Mac OS X 10.4: System Preferences
468
3
When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network connection type list, and then click Configure.
Figure 279 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences
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4
For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP tab.
Figure 280 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > TCP/IP Tab.
5
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, type your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.
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• In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.
Figure 281 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Preferences > Ethernet
6
Click Apply Now and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network
Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.
Figure 282 Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility
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Mac OS X: 10.5
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5.
1
Click Apple > System Preferences.
Figure 283 Mac OS X 10.5: Apple Menu
2
In System Preferences, click the Network icon.
Figure 284 Mac OS X 10.5: Systems Preferences
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3
When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection types.
Figure 285 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet
472
4
From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.
5
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
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• In the Router field, enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device.
Figure 286 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Preferences > Ethernet
6
Click Apply and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network
Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.
Figure 287 Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the
GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution.
The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
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1
Click System > Administration > Network.
Figure 288 Ubuntu 8: System > Administration Menu
2
When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the
Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.)
You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.
Figure 289 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections
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3
In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the Authenticate button.
Figure 290 Ubuntu 8: Administrator Account Authentication
4
In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click Properties.
Figure 291 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Connections
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5
The Properties dialog box opens.
Figure 292 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > Properties
• In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
• In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.
6
Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network Settings screen.
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7
If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network
Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Figure 293 Ubuntu 8: Network Settings > DNS
8
Click the Close button to apply the changes.
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network
Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices
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Appendix A Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly.
Figure 294 Ubuntu 8: Network Tools
Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K
Desktop Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:
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1
Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).
Figure 295 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu
2
When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.
Figure 296 openSUSE 10.3: K Menu > Computer Menu
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3
When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the Network Card icon.
Figure 297 openSUSE 10.3: YaST Control Center
4
When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.
Figure 298 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings
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5
When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab
Figure 299 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup
482
6
Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the
IP address, Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.
7
Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.
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8
If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in
Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Figure 300 openSUSE 10.3: Network Settings
9
Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.
Figure 301 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager
When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the
Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.
Figure 302 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
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A P P E N D I X B
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScripts (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service
Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off
Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 303 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
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1
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
2
Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen.
This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 304 Internet Options: Privacy
3
Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
1
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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2
Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 305 Internet Options: Privacy
3
Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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4
Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 306 Pop-up Blocker Settings
5
Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6
Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed.
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1
In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 307 Internet Options: Security
2
Click the Custom Level... button.
3
Scroll down to Scripting.
4
Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5
Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
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6
Click OK to close the window.
Figure 308 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2
Click the Custom Level... button.
3
Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4
Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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5
Click OK to close the window.
Figure 309 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
1
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2
Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
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3
Click OK to close the window.
Figure 310 Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.
Figure 311 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
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Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 312 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
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A P P E N D I X C
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device
(such as computers, servers, routers, and printers) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network.
You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host
ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or
0 to 255 in decimal.
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The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 313 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term
“subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host
ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
Table 170 IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Network Number
Host ID
1ST
OCTET:
2ND
OCTET:
3RD
OCTET:
4TH
OCTET
(192) (168) (1) (2)
11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
11000000 10101000 00000001
00000010
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By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Table 171 Subnet Masks
8-bit mask
16-bit mask
24-bit mask
29-bit mask
BINARY
1ST
OCTET
2ND
OCTET
3RD
OCTET
4TH
OCTET
DECIMAL
11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network
(192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host
IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a
24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 172 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK
8 bits
16 bits
24 bits
29 bits
255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.248
HOST ID SIZE
24 bits
16 bits
8 bits
3 bits
2
24
– 2
2
16
– 2
2
8
– 2
2
3
– 2
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
HOSTS
16777214
65534
254
6
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Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask
255.255.255.128.
The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Table 173 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION
/24
/25
/26
/27
/28
/29
/30
LAST OCTET
(BINARY)
0000 0000
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
0
128
192
224
240
248
252
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 2 8 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.
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The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 314 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or
/25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25.
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The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B.
Figure 315 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of
2 7 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01,
10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
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Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2 6 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
Table 174 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address (Decimal)
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
0
11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 175 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Table 176 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
Table 177 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
64
11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
128
11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
192
11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000
11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
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Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100,
101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
7
8
5
6
3
4
1
2
Table 178 Eight Subnets
SUBNET
SUBNET
ADDRESS
128
160
192
224
0
32
64
96
FIRST ADDRESS
129
161
193
225
1
33
65
97
LAST
ADDRESS
158
190
222
254
30
62
94
126
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
159
191
223
255
31
63
95
127
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
Table 179 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
5
6
7
3
4
1
2
SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS
255.255.255.128 (/25) 2
255.255.255.192 (/26) 4
255.255.255.224 (/27) 8
255.255.255.240 (/28) 16
255.255.255.248 (/29) 32
255.255.255.252 (/30) 64
255.255.255.254 (/31) 128
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
6
2
1
126
62
30
14
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
Table 180 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
1
2
SUBNET MASK
255.255.128.0 (/17)
255.255.192.0 (/18)
NO. SUBNETS
2
4
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
32766
16382
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Table 180 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning (continued)
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
3
8
9
10
11
6
7
4
5
12
13
14
15
SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS
255.255.224.0 (/19)
255.255.240.0 (/20)
255.255.248.0 (/21)
255.255.252.0 (/22)
8
16
32
64
255.255.254.0 (/23)
255.255.255.0 (/24)
128
256
255.255.255.128 (/25) 512
255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024
255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048
255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096
255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192
255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384
255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
8190
2
1
14
6
254
126
62
30
4094
2046
1022
510
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned
Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL
Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your
ZyXEL Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
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Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466,
Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
IP Address Conflicts
Each device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate
IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network.
Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP
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Appendix C IP Addresses and Subnetting address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address automatically.
Figure 316 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
Since a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet
(WAN), the router’s LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks.
Figure 317 Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address.
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The computer cannot access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the router’s LAN port.
Figure 318 Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
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A P P E N D I X D
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service
Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 319 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate
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Appendix D Wireless LANs with each other. When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Figure 320 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access
Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Figure 321 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent
AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or
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Appendix D Wireless LANs wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 322 RTS/CTS
510
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To
Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS
(Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
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Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach
RTS/CTS size.
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an
IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point
(and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has
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Appendix D Wireless LANs several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates.
The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 181 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE
(MBPS)
1
2
5.5 / 11
6/9/12/18/24/36/
48/54
MODULATION
DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the ZyXEL Device identity.
The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your ZyXEL Device.
Table 182 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL
SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server
Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
Most Secure
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
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IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of
IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138,
2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network
RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the
RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
• Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.
• Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access.
The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another
Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS,
EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate
(also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client
‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.
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However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client.
After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-
TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity.
However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of
IEEE 802.1x.
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Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and
PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.
Table 183 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
Mutual Authentication
Certificate – Client
Certificate – Server
EAP-MD5
No
No
No
Dynamic Key Exchange No
Credential Integrity
Deployment Difficulty
Client Identity
Protection
None
Easy
No
EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP
Yes Yes Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Strong
Hard
No
Optional
Yes
Yes
Strong
Moderate
Yes
LEAP
Yes
Optional No
Yes No
Yes
Strong
Yes
Moderate
Moderate Moderate
Yes No
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2
(IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external
RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN.
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If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2.
WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
Both WPA and WPA2 improve data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA and WPA2 use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP) to offer stronger encryption than TKIP.
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a perpacket key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption
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Appendix D Wireless LANs keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and preauthentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's
Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows
XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows
XP to use it.
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number
(default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
1
The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2
The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.
3
A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.
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4
The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.
Figure 323 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1
First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared
Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).
2
The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.
3
The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
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4
The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.
Figure 324 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.
Table 184 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT
PROTOCOL
Open
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD
None
ENTER
MANUAL KEY
No
Open
Shared
WPA
WPA-PSK
WPA2
WPA2-PSK
WEP
WEP
TKIP/AES
TKIP/AES
TKIP/AES
TKIP/AES
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
IEEE 802.1X
Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Disable
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Enable without Dynamic WEP
Key
Disable
Enable
Disable
Enable
Disable
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Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air.
The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air.
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz
(IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately 2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to
120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
WiFi Protected Setup
Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification
Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a secure network by themselves.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
Push Button Configuration
WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each
WPS-enabled device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need to enter any information.
Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS
PBC button in their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical button.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button.
1
Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one another.
2
Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its configuration utility and locate the button (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to do this - for the ZyXEL Device, see
).
3
Press the button on one of the devices (it doesn’t matter which).
4
Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the network name (SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the enrollee.
If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list,
WPS was successful.
PIN Configuration
Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This may either be static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (you can change it to a new random number by clicking on a button in the configuration interface).
When you use the PIN method, you must enter the enrollee’s PIN into the registrar. Then, when WPS is activated on the enrollee, it presents its PIN to the registrar. If the PIN matches, the registrar sends the network and security information to the enrollee, allowing it to join the network.
The advantage of using the PIN method rather than the PBC method is that you can ensure that the connection is established between the devices you specify, not just the first two devices to activate WPS in the area. However, you need to log into the configuration interfaces of both devices.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the PIN method.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
1
Decide which device you want to be the registrar (usually the AP) and which you want to be the enrollee (usually the client).
2
Look for the enrollee’s WPS PIN; it may be displayed on the device. If you don’t see it, log into the enrollee’s configuration interface and locate the PIN. Select the
PIN connection mode (not PBC connection mode). See the device’s User’s Guide for how to do this - for the ZyXEL Device, see
3
Log into the configuration utility of the registrar. Select the PIN connection mode
(not the PBC connection mode). Locate the place where you can enter the
enrollee’s PIN (if you are using the ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.6 on page 153 ).
Enter the PIN from the enrollee device.
4
Activate WPS on both devices within two minutes.
Note: Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device itself.
5
On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If you can connect, WPS was successful.
If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method.
Figure 325 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
ENROLLEE
WPS
This device’s
WPS PIN: 123456
REGISTRAR
WPS
Enter WPS PIN from other device:
START
WPS
START
WPS
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
SECURE EAP TUNNEL
SSID
WPA(2)-PSK
COMMUNICATION
How WPS Works
When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role.
One device acts as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security settings) and the other device acts as the enrollee (the device that receives network and security settings. The registrar creates a secure EAP (Extensible
Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the WPA-
PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK is used depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is
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525
Appendix D Wireless LANs already part of a network, it sends the existing information. If not, it generates the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly.
The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to a WPS-enabled access point.
Figure 326 How WPS works
ACTIVATE
WPS
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
ACTIVATE
WPS
WPS HANDSHAKE
526
ENROLLEE REGISTRAR
SECURE TUNNEL
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is active (two minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the registrar if necessary.
The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in each WPS transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the process with one of the existing networked devices and the new device.
Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client is not always the enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can some WPS-enabled wireless clients.
By default, a WPS devices is “unconfigured”. This means that it is not part of an existing network and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both functions). If the registrar is unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a WPS-enabled device has connected to another device using WPS, it becomes “configured”. A configured wireless client can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Appendix D Wireless LANs subsequent WPS connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to act as an enrollee, you must reset it to its factory defaults.
Example WPS Network Setup
This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup.
The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1 are unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In this example, AP1 is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar randomly generates the security information to set up the network, since it is unconfigured and has no existing information.
Figure 327 WPS: Example Network Step 1
ENROLLEE REGISTRAR
SECURITY INFO
CLIENT 1 AP1
In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1 supports registrar mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new client since you must connect to the access point anyway in order to use the network. In this case, AP1 must be the registrar, since it is configured (it already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies the existing security information to Client 2.
Figure 328 WPS: Example Network Step 2
REGISTRAR
EXISTING CONNECTION
CLIENT 1 AP1
ENROLLEE
SE
CU
RIT
Y I
NF
O
CLIENT 2
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of range of AP1, so you cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access point. However, you know that Client 2 supports the registrar function, so you use it to perform the WPS handshake instead.
Figure 329 WPS: Example Network Step 3
EXISTING CONNECTION
CLIENT 1
EX
IST
ING
CO
NN
EC
TIO
N
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 2
SEC
URIT
Y IN
FO
ENROLLEE
AP1
Limitations of WPS
WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware.
• WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client communicate). It does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP).
• When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll multiple devices simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other.
For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the first enrollee (by pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee, for example), then check that it successfully enrolled, then set up the second device in the same way.
• WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add non-WPS devices to a network you already set up using WPS.
WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2-
PSK pre-shared key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether the network uses WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check the configuration interface of the registrar device to discover the key the network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you can enter the key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS device must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK).
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
• When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you press the button on one device to the moment you press the button on the other device) when any WPS-enabled device could join the network. This is because the registrar has no way of identifying the “correct” enrollee, and cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a possible way for a hacker to gain access to a network.
You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two devices simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be unable to enroll, and will not have access to the network. If this happens, open the access point’s configuration interface and look at the list of associated clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the access point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS handshake; a rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain access to the network. Check the MAC addresses of your wireless clients
(usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If there is an unknown
MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
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A P P E N D I X E
Common Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/ code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site.
• Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.
• Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/
UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is
USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.
• Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
• If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
• If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
• Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.
Table 185 Commonly Used Services
NAME
AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
AIM/New-ICQ
AUTH
BGP
BOOTP_CLIENT
BOOTP_SERVER
CU-SEEME
DNS
PROTOCOL
User-Defined
TCP
TCP
TCP
UDP
UDP
TCP
UDP
TCP/UDP
PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication
Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.
5190
113
179
68
67
7648
24032
53
AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is also used as a listening port by
ICQ.
Authentication protocol used by some servers.
Border Gateway Protocol.
DHCP Client.
DHCP Server.
A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.
Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for example www.zyxel.com
) to IP numbers.
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Appendix E Common Services
Table 185 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
FINGER
FTP
H.323
HTTP
HTTPS
ICMP
ICQ
IGMP
(MULTICAST)
IKE
IRC
MSN Messenger
NEW-ICQ
NEWS
NFS
NNTP
PING
POP3
PROTOCOL
User-Defined
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
User-Defined
UDP
User-Defined
UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP
TCP
TCP
UDP
TCP
User-Defined
TCP
PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation
Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.
79
20
21
1720
80
443
1
4000
2
500
6667
1863
5190
144
2049
119
1
110
Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.
File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.
NetMeeting uses this protocol.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web.
HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.
Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic or routing purposes.
This is a popular Internet chat program.
Internet Group Management Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.
The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.
This is another popular Internet chat program.
Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol.
An Internet chat program.
A protocol for news groups.
Network File System - NFS is a client/ server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.
Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the
USENET newsgroup service.
Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.
Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a
POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).
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Appendix E Common Services
Table 185 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME
PPTP
PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE)
RCMD
REAL_AUDIO
REXEC
RLOGIN
RTELNET
RTSP
SFTP
SMTP
SNMP
SNMP-TRAPS
SQL-NET
SSH
STRM WORKS
SYSLOG
TACACS
TELNET
PROTOCOL
TCP
User-Defined
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP/UDP
TCP
TCP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP
TCP/UDP
UDP
UDP
UDP
TCP
512
7070
514
513
107
554
PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.
47
115
25
161
162
1521
22
1558
514
49
23
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.
Remote Command Service.
A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.
Remote Execution Daemon.
Remote Login.
Remote Telnet.
The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the
Internet.
Simple File Transfer Protocol.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.
Simple Network Management
Program.
Traps for use with the SNMP
(RFC:1215).
Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.
Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
Stream Works Protocol.
Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server.
Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal
Access Controller Access Control
System).
Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the
Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
533
Appendix E Common Services
Table 185 Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME
TFTP
VDOLIVE
PROTOCOL
UDP
TCP
PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
69 Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an
Internet file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP (User
Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol).
7000 Another videoconferencing solution.
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A P P E N D I X F
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2009 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL
Communications, Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and may be properties of their respective owners.
Certifications
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
535
Appendix F Legal Information
Viewing Certifications
1
Go to http://www.zyxel.com
.
2
Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3
Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of
ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http:// www.zyxel.com/web/support_warranty_info.php.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for
North American products.
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P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Numerics
802.11 mode
802.1Q/1P
activation
example
group settings
management VLAN
port settings
priority
PVC
PVID
tagging frames
A
AAL5
access point, See AP
accounting server
WLAN accounting server
ACK message
activation
802.1Q/1P
content filtering
firewalls
wireless LAN scheduling
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ADSL2
Advanced Encryption Standard, see AES
AES
AH
alerts firewalls
ALG
algorithms
alternative subnet mask notation
antenna
directional
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Index
Index
gain
omni-directional
anti-probing
any IP
how it works
note
AP (Access Point)
Application Layer Gateway
applications
Internet access
VoIP
asymmetrical routes
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATM
ATM
ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5)
ATM Adaptation Layer 5, see AAL5
audience
authentication server
auto dial
auto firmware upgrade
automatic logout
auto-negotiating rate adaptation
auto-provisioning
B backup
backup type
bandwidth management
blinking LEDs
bridge mode
BSS
BYE request
537
Index
C
CA
call forwarding
call hold
call park and pickup
call return
call service mode
call transfer
call waiting
caller ID
CBR
certificate creation
details
factory default
certificates
and directory servers
and remote hosts
CA
creating
importing
remote hosts
replacing
storage space
thumbprint algorithms
thumbprints
trusted CAs
verifying fingerprints
Certification Authority, see CA
certifications
notices
viewing
channel
interference
channel ID
channel scan
Class of Service
client-server protocol
codecs
comfort noise generation
command interface
configuration file
538 content filtering
activation
example
keywords
schedules
trusted IP addresses
URL
copyright
CoS
country code
CTS (Clear to Send)
customized services
D default
default LAN IP address
device management command interface
Telnet
DH
DHCP
server
static
DHCP relay
DHCP server
diagnostic
differentiated services
Differentiated Services, see DiffServ
Diffie-Hellman key groups
DiffServ (Differentiated Services)
code points
marking rule
directory servers adding/editing
and certificates
disclaimer
DnD
DNS
DNS Server for VPN host
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Index
DoS
three-way handshake
thresholds
DS (Differentiated Services)
DS field
DSCP
DSL firmware version
DSL line, reinitialize
DSL mode
DSL/WAN switch
DTMF
detection and generation
Dual-Tone MultiFrequency, see DTMF
dynamic DNS
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP
dynamic jitter buffer
dynamic secure gateway address
dynamic WEP key exchange
DYNDNS wildcard
E
EAP Authentication
EAP-MD5
echo cancellation
e-mail log example
encapsulated routing link protocol (ENET
ENCAP)
encapsulation
ENET ENCAP
PPP over Ethernet
PPPoA
RFC 1483
encryption
ESP
ESS
Europe type call service mode
external accounting server
external antenna
external authentication server
external RADIUS
F
F4/F5 OAM
filename conventions
filters content
activation
example
keywords
schedules
trusted IP addresses
URL
firewalls
actions
activation
address types
alerts
anti-probing
asymmetrical routes
configuration
customized services
default action
DoS
thresholds
example
half-open sessions
ICMP
logs
maximum incomplete
P2P
packet direction
rules
schedules
security
three-way handshake
thresholds
triangle route
solutions
firmware
auto upgrade
upload
upload error
version
flash key
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
539
Index flashing
fragmentation threshold
frequency range
FTP
file upload
restrictions
FTP restrictions
G
G.168
G.711
G.729
G.992.1
G.992.3
G.992.4
G.992.5
group key update timer
H half-open sessions
hidden node
hide SSID
host
host name
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
HTTP pincode
humidity
I
IAD
IANA
IBSS
ICMP
ID type and content
idle timeout
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11g
540
IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11i
IEEE 802.1Q VLAN
IGMP
IGMP proxy
IGMP v1
IGMP v2
IKE phases
importing certificates
importing trusted CAs
importing trusted remote hosts
Independent Basic Service Set, see IBSS
initialization vector (IV)
inside header
install UPnP
Windows Me
Windows XP
Integrated Access Device, see IAD
intended audience
Internet wizard setup
Internet access
wizard setup
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, see IANA
Internet Control Message Protocol, see ICMP
Internet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMP
Internet Key Exchange
Internet Protocol Security, see IPSec
Internet Service Provider, see ISP
IP address
default
static
WAN
IP address assignment
ENET ENCAP
PPPoA or PPPoE
RFC 1483
IP alias
IP multicasting
IP pool
IPSec
algorithms
architecture
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
NAT
standard
IPSec VPN capability
ISP
ITU-T
ITU-T G.992.1
J jitter buffer
K keep alive
key combinations
keypad
L
LAN
listening port
logical networks
logout
automatic
logs
firewalls
M
MAC
MAC address filter
action
MAC filter
Management Information Base, see MIB
management VLAN
managing the device command interface
good habits
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Telnet
maximum incomplete
Maximum Transmission Unit, see MTU
MBS
Media Access Control, see MAC Address
Message Integrity Check, see MIC
metric
MIB
MIC
mode
model name
MTU
multicast
multimedia
multiple BSSs
multiple PVC support
multiple SIP accounts
multiple voice channels
multiplexing
LLC-based
VC-based
multiprotocol encapsulation
my IP address
Index
N nailed-up connection
NAT
address mapping rule
application
definitions
how it works
IPSec
mapping types
mode
traversal
tutorial
what it does
negotiation mode
NetBIOS
Network Address Translation, see NAT
541
Index
Network Basic Input/Output System, see
non-proxy calls
542
O
OAM
OK response
operation humidity
operation temperature
output power
outside header
P
P2P
packet direction
Pairwise Master Key (PMK)
park
passphrase
PCR
peer-to-peer calls
PHB
phone book speed dial
phone config
phone functions
pickup
pincode
Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation
Layer 5 (AAL5)
point-to-point calls
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet, see
ports
power adaptor
power specifications
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) Link Layer
Protocol
PPP over ATM AAL5
PPP over Ethernet
PPPoE
benefits
preamble
preamble mode
pre-shared key
probing, firewalls
product registration
profile
protocol
PSK
PSTN call setup signaling
pulse dialing
PVC
PVID
Q
QoS
class configuration
Quality of Service
quick dialing
Quick Start Guide
R
RADIUS
message types
messages
shared secret key
Reach-Extended ADSL
Real time Transport Protocol, see RTP
re-authentication timer
region
registration, product
reinitialize ADSL line
related documentation
remote hosts, and certificates
remote management limitations
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
NAT
Telnet
REN
RESET button
restore configuration
RFC 1483
RFC 1631
RFC 1889
RFC 1890
RFC 2327
RFC 2364
RFC 2516
RFC 2684
RFC 3261
Ringer Equivalence Number, see REN
RIP
direction
version
romfile
router features
Routing Information Protocol
Routing Information Protocol, see RIP
routing mode
RTCP
RTP
RTS (Request To Send)
threshold
RTS/CTS threshold
S safety warnings
scan
schedules content filtering
firewalls
scheduling wireless LAN
SCR
SDP
seamless rate adaptation
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide secure gateway address
258 security associations, see VPN
Security Parameter Index
security, network
server
service set
Service Set IDentification, see SSID
Service Set IDentity, see SSID
Session Description Protocol
Session Initiation Protocol, see SIP
setup
shared secret
silence suppression
SIP
account
accounts
ALG
Application Layer Gateway
call progression
client
identities
INVITE request
number
OK response
proxy server
redirect server
register server
server address
servers
service domain
settings
URI
user agent
version 2
SMTP error messages
SNMP
manager
MIBs
speed dial
SPI
SRA
SSID
stateful inspection
static DHCP
static IP address
Index
543
Index static route
status
status indicators
storage humidity
storage temperature
SUA
subnet
subnet mask
subnetting
supplementary services
switch
syntax conventions
system name
system timeout
544
T tagging frames
TCP/IP
Telnet
temperature
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol, see TKIP
TFTP file upload
TFTP and FTP over WAN
The
three-way conference
three-way handshake
thresholds
DoS
P2P
TKIP
TLS
ToS
trademarks
traffic priority
traffic redirect
traffic shaping
transparent bridging
transport mode
triangle route
solutions
trusted CAs, and certificates
TTLS
tunnel mode
tutorial
NAT
VoIP
wireless
U
UBR
Uniform Resource Identifier
Universal Plug and Play
application
upload firmware
UPnP
forum
security issues
URL
USA type call service mode
V
VAD
Variable Bit Rate non real-time, see VB-nRT
Variable Bit Rate real-time, see VB-RT
VBR-nRT
VBR-RT
VCI
version
DSL
ZyNOS
Virtual Channel Identifier, see VCI
Virtual Circuit (VC)
Virtual Local Area Network, see VLAN
Virtual Path Identifier, see VPI
Virtual Private Network, see VPN
VLAN
802.1P priority
activation
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
example
group
group settings
ID
ID tags
management group
port settings
PVC
PVID
tagging frames
voice activity detection
voice channels
voice coding
VoIP
features
peer-to-peer calls
standards compliance
tutorial
wizard setup
VoIP features
VPI
VPI & VCI
VPN
established in two phases
IPSec
security associations (SA)
W
WAN
MTU
Wide Area Network, see WAN
warnings
warranty
note
WDS
Web
Web Configurator
WEP
Wi-Fi Protected Access, see WPA
Windows Networking
Wired Equivalent Privacy, see WEP
wireless client configuration
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide profile
security
tutorial
wireless client
wireless client WPA supplicants
Wireless Distribution System, see WDS
wireless LAN channel
MAC address filter
scheduling
wireless network example
overview
wireless security
wizard setup
Internet
VoIP
WLAN
802.11 mode
AES
authentication server
auto-scan channel
button
channel
fragmentation threshold
group key update timer
hide SSID
idle timeout
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11g
interference
more AP
multiple BSSs
output power
passphrase
preamble
PSK
re-authentication timer
RTS/CTS threshold
scheduling
security parameters
TKIP
WDS
WEP
WPA
WPA-PSK
WPA
Index
545
Index key caching
pre-authentication
user authentication
vs WPA-PSK
wireless client supplicant
with RADIUS application example
WPA2
user authentication
vs WPA2-PSK
wireless client supplicant
with RADIUS application example
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key, see WPA2-PSK
WPA2-PSK
application example
WPA-PSK
application example
Z
ZyNOS
F/W version
firmware version
ZyXEL Network Operating System, see ZyNOS
546
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
Index
P-2612HW Series User’s Guide
547
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Table of contents
- 1 P-2612HW Series
- 3 About This User's Guide
- 5 Document Conventions
- 7 Safety Warnings
- 9 Contents Overview
- 11 Table of Contents
- 23 Introduction
- 25 Introducing the ZyXEL Device
- 25 1.1 Overview
- 25 1.1.1 Internet Access
- 27 1.1.2 VoIP Features
- 27 1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device
- 28 1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device
- 28 1.4 LEDs (Lights)
- 29 1.5 The RESET Button
- 30 1.6 The WLAN Button
- 31 Introducing the Web Configurator
- 31 2.1 Web Configurator Overview
- 31 2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator
- 33 2.2 Web Configurator Main Screen
- 33 2.2.1 Title Bar
- 34 2.2.2 Navigation Panel
- 38 2.2.3 Main Window
- 38 2.2.4 Status Bar
- 39 Wizards
- 39 3.1 Overview
- 39 3.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup
- 42 3.2.1 Manual Configuration
- 46 3.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup
- 49 3.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
- 50 3.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key
- 51 3.4 VoIP Setup Wizard
- 52 3.4.1 SIP Settings
- 53 3.4.2 Registration Complete
- 57 Tutorial
- 57 4.1 Overview
- 57 4.2 How to Set up a Wireless Network
- 57 4.2.1 Example Parameters
- 58 4.2.2 Configuring the AP
- 60 4.2.3 Configuring the Wireless Client
- 66 4.3 Using NAT with Multiple Public IP Addresses
- 66 4.3.1 Example Parameters and Scenario
- 67 4.3.2 Configuring the WAN Connection with a Static IP Address
- 70 4.3.3 Public IP Address Mapping
- 74 4.3.4 Forwarding Traffic from the WAN to a Local Computer
- 75 4.3.5 Allow WAN-to-LAN Traffic through the Firewall
- 83 4.3.6 Testing the Connections
- 83 4.4 Using NAT with Multiple Game Players
- 84 4.5 How to Make a VoIP Call
- 84 4.5.1 VoIP Calls With a Registered SIP Account
- 87 Advanced
- 89 Status Screens
- 89 5.1 Status Screen
- 94 5.2 Any IP Table
- 94 5.3 WLAN Status
- 95 5.4 Packet Statistics
- 97 5.5 VoIP Statistics
- 99 WAN Setup
- 99 6.1 Overview
- 99 6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens
- 100 6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN
- 100 6.1.3 Before You Begin
- 101 6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen
- 104 6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup
- 105 6.3 The More Connections Screen
- 107 6.3.1 More Connections Edit
- 110 6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup
- 112 6.4 The WAN Backup Setup Screen
- 113 6.5 WAN Technical Reference
- 113 6.5.1 Encapsulation
- 115 6.5.2 Multiplexing
- 115 6.5.3 VPI and VCI
- 115 6.5.4 IP Address Assignment
- 116 6.5.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP)
- 116 6.5.6 NAT
- 116 6.5.7 Metric
- 117 6.5.8 Traffic Shaping
- 119 6.6 Traffic Redirect
- 121 LAN Setup
- 121 7.1 Overview
- 121 7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens
- 122 7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN
- 122 7.1.3 Before You Begin
- 122 7.2 The LAN IP Screen
- 124 7.2.1 The Advanced LAN Setup Screen
- 125 7.2.2 Configuring the Advanced LAN Setup Screen
- 126 7.3 The LAN Client List Screen
- 128 7.4 The LAN IP Alias Screen
- 129 7.5 LAN Technical Reference
- 130 7.5.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device
- 130 7.5.2 DHCP Setup
- 130 7.5.3 DNS Server Addresses
- 131 7.5.4 TCP/IP
- 132 7.5.5 RIP Setup
- 133 7.5.6 Multicast
- 133 7.5.7 Any IP
- 137 Wireless LAN
- 137 8.1 Overview
- 137 8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens
- 138 8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless
- 140 8.1.3 Before You Start
- 140 8.2 AP Screen
- 142 8.2.1 No Security
- 143 8.2.2 WEP Encryption
- 144 8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK
- 146 8.2.4 WPA(2) Authentication Screen
- 148 8.2.5 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup
- 149 8.3 More AP Screen
- 150 8.3.1 More AP Edit
- 151 8.4 MAC Filter
- 152 8.5 WPS
- 153 8.6 WPS Station
- 154 8.7 WDS Screen
- 156 8.8 Scheduling Screen
- 157 8.9 Wireless LAN Technical Reference
- 157 8.9.1 Additional Wireless Terms
- 157 8.9.2 Wireless Security Overview
- 160 8.9.3 MBSSID
- 160 8.9.4 Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
- 161 8.9.5 WiFi Protected Setup
- 169 Network Address Translation (NAT)
- 169 9.1 Overview
- 169 9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens
- 169 9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT
- 170 9.2 NAT General Setup
- 172 9.3 Port Forwarding
- 173 9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen
- 175 9.3.2 Port Forwarding Rule Edit
- 176 9.4 Address Mapping
- 177 9.4.1 Address Mapping Rule Edit
- 178 9.4.2 SIP ALG
- 179 9.5 NAT Technical Reference
- 179 9.5.1 NAT Definitions
- 180 9.5.2 What NAT Does
- 180 9.5.3 How NAT Works
- 182 9.5.4 NAT Application
- 182 9.5.5 NAT Mapping Types
- 185 Voice
- 185 10.1 Overview
- 185 10.1.1 What You Can Do in the VoIP Screens
- 186 10.1.2 What You Need to Know About VoIP
- 187 10.1.3 Before You Begin
- 187 10.2 The SIP Settings Screen
- 190 10.3 The Advanced SIP Setup Screen
- 193 10.4 The SIP QoS Screen
- 194 10.5 The Analog Phone Screen
- 194 10.6 The Advanced Analog Phone Setup Screen
- 195 10.6.1 Configuring the Advanced Analog Phone Screen
- 197 10.7 The Phone Settings Ext. Table Screen
- 198 10.8 The Common Phone Settings Screen
- 199 10.9 The Phone Region Screen
- 200 10.10 The Speed Dial Screen
- 203 10.11 Incoming Call Policy Screen
- 205 10.12 SIP Prefix Screen
- 206 10.13 SIP Technical Reference
- 206 10.13.1 VoIP
- 206 10.13.2 SIP
- 215 10.13.3 Quality of Service (QoS)
- 216 10.13.4 Phone Services Overview
- 221 Phone Usage
- 221 11.1 Overview
- 221 11.2 Dialing a Telephone Number
- 221 11.3 Using Speed Dial to Dial a Telephone Number
- 221 11.4 Using Call Park and Pickup
- 222 11.5 Checking the ZyXEL Device’s IP Address
- 222 11.6 Auto Provisioning and Auto Firmware Upgrade
- 223 11.7 Phone Services Overview
- 223 11.7.1 The Flash Key
- 223 11.7.2 Europe Type Supplementary Phone Services
- 225 11.7.3 USA Type Supplementary Services
- 227 11.8 Phone Functions Summary
- 229 Firewall
- 229 12.1 Overview
- 229 12.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens
- 230 12.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall
- 230 12.1.3 Firewall Rule Setup Example
- 234 12.2 The Firewall General Screen
- 236 12.3 The Firewall Rule Screen
- 237 12.3.1 Configuring Firewall Rules
- 240 12.3.2 Customized Services
- 241 12.3.3 Configuring a Customized Service
- 241 12.4 The Firewall Threshold Screen
- 242 12.4.1 Threshold Values
- 243 12.4.2 Configuring Firewall Thresholds
- 245 12.5 Firewall Technical Reference
- 245 12.5.1 Firewall Rules Overview
- 246 12.5.2 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall
- 247 12.5.3 Security Considerations
- 247 12.5.4 Triangle Route
- 251 Content Filtering
- 251 13.1 Overview
- 251 13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Content Filter Screens
- 251 13.1.2 What You Need to Know About Content Filtering
- 251 13.1.3 Before You Begin
- 252 13.1.4 Content Filtering Example
- 254 13.2 The Keyword Screen
- 255 13.3 The Schedule Screen
- 256 13.4 The Trusted Screen
- 257 VPN
- 257 14.1 Overview
- 257 14.1.1 What You Can Do in the VPN Screens
- 258 14.1.2 What You Need to Know About IPSec VPN
- 259 14.1.3 Before You Begin
- 260 14.2 VPN Setup Screen
- 262 14.3 The VPN Edit Screen
- 268 14.4 Configuring Advanced IKE Settings
- 271 14.5 Manual Key Setup
- 271 14.5.1 Security Parameter Index (SPI)
- 272 14.6 Configuring Manual Key
- 275 14.7 Viewing SA Monitor
- 277 14.8 Configuring VPN Global Setting
- 277 14.9 IPSec VPN Technical Reference
- 278 14.9.1 IPSec Architecture
- 278 14.9.2 IPSec and NAT
- 279 14.9.3 VPN, NAT, and NAT Traversal
- 281 14.9.4 Encapsulation
- 282 14.9.5 IKE Phases
- 283 14.9.6 Negotiation Mode
- 283 14.9.7 Keep Alive
- 283 14.9.8 Remote DNS Server
- 284 14.9.9 ID Type and Content
- 286 14.9.10 Pre-Shared Key
- 286 14.9.11 Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key Groups
- 286 14.9.12 Telecommuter VPN/IPSec Examples
- 291 Certificates
- 291 15.1 Overview
- 291 15.1.1 What You Can Do in the Certificate Screens
- 291 15.1.2 What You Need to Know About Certificates
- 293 15.1.3 Verifying a Certificate
- 295 15.2 My Certificates
- 297 15.3 My Certificate Details
- 301 15.3.1 Using the My Certificate Import Screen
- 301 15.4 My Certificate Create
- 304 15.5 Trusted CAs
- 306 15.6 Trusted CA Import
- 307 15.7 Trusted CA Details
- 311 15.8 Trusted Remote Hosts
- 312 15.9 Trusted Remote Host Certificate Details
- 315 15.10 Trusted Remote Hosts Import
- 316 15.11 Directory Servers
- 318 15.12 Directory Server Add and Edit
- 321 Static Route
- 321 16.1 Overview
- 321 16.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens
- 322 16.2 Configuring Static Route
- 323 16.2.1 Static Route Edit
- 325 802.1Q/1P
- 325 17.1 Overview
- 325 17.1.1 What You Can Do in the 802.1Q/1P Screens
- 325 17.1.2 What You Need to Know About 802.1Q/1P
- 327 17.1.3 802.1Q/1P Example
- 332 17.2 The 802.1Q/1P Group Setting Screen
- 333 17.2.1 Editing 802.1Q/1P Group Setting
- 335 17.3 The 802.1Q/1P Port Setting Screen
- 337 Quality of Service (QoS)
- 337 18.1 Overview
- 337 18.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens
- 338 18.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS
- 338 18.1.3 QoS Class Setup Example
- 341 18.2 The QoS General Screen
- 343 18.3 The Class Setup Screen
- 345 18.3.1 The Class Configuration Screen
- 349 18.4 The QoS Monitor Screen
- 349 18.5 QoS Technical Reference
- 350 18.5.1 IEEE 802.1Q Tag
- 350 18.5.2 IP Precedence
- 350 18.5.3 DiffServ
- 351 18.5.4 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment
- 353 Dynamic DNS Setup
- 353 19.1 Overview
- 353 19.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen
- 353 19.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS
- 354 19.2 Configuring Dynamic DNS
- 357 Remote Management Configuration
- 357 20.1 Overview
- 358 20.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens
- 358 20.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management
- 359 20.2 The WWW Screen
- 360 20.3 The Telnet Screen
- 361 20.4 The FTP Screen
- 362 20.5 The SNMP Screen
- 364 20.5.1 Configuring SNMP
- 365 20.6 The DNS Screen
- 366 20.7 The ICMP Screen
- 369 Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
- 369 21.1 Overview
- 369 21.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen
- 369 21.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP
- 371 21.2 The UPnP Screen
- 371 21.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example
- 375 21.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
- 383 Maintenance, Troubleshooting and Specifications
- 385 System
- 385 22.1 Overview
- 385 22.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens
- 385 22.1.2 What You Need to Know About System Settings
- 386 22.2 The General Screen
- 388 22.3 The Time Setting Screen
- 391 Logs
- 391 23.1 Overview
- 391 23.1.1 What You Can Do in the Log Screens
- 391 23.1.2 What You Need To Know About Logs
- 391 23.2 The View Log Screen
- 392 23.3 The Log Settings Screen
- 395 23.4 SMTP Error Messages
- 395 23.4.1 Example E-mail Log
- 396 23.5 Log Descriptions
- 407 Call History
- 407 24.1 Overview
- 407 24.1.1 What You Can Do in the Call History Screens
- 407 24.2 Call History Summary Screen
- 408 24.3 Viewing the Call History
- 409 24.4 Configuring Call History Settings
- 413 Tools
- 413 25.1 Overview
- 413 25.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens
- 413 25.1.2 What You Need To Know About Tools
- 415 25.1.3 Before You Begin
- 415 25.1.4 Tool Examples
- 420 25.2 Firmware Upgrade Screen
- 423 25.3 The Configuration Screen
- 425 25.3.1 Reset to Factory Defaults
- 426 25.4 Restart
- 426 25.5 Using FTP or TFTP to Back Up Configuration
- 426 25.5.1 Using the FTP Commands to Back Up Configuration
- 427 25.5.2 FTP Command Configuration Backup Example
- 427 25.5.3 Configuration Backup Using GUI-based FTP Clients
- 427 25.5.4 Backup Configuration Using TFTP
- 428 25.5.5 TFTP Command Configuration Backup Example
- 429 25.5.6 Configuration Backup Using GUI-based TFTP Clients
- 429 25.6 Using FTP or TFTP to Restore Configuration
- 430 25.6.1 Restore Using FTP Session Example
- 430 25.7 FTP and TFTP Firmware and Configuration File Uploads
- 430 25.7.1 FTP File Upload Command from the DOS Prompt Example
- 431 25.7.2 FTP Session Example of Firmware File Upload
- 431 25.7.3 TFTP File Upload
- 432 25.7.4 TFTP Upload Command Example
- 433 Diagnostic
- 433 26.1 Overview
- 433 26.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens
- 433 26.2 The General Diagnostic Screen
- 434 26.3 The DSL Line Diagnostic Screen
- 437 Troubleshooting
- 437 27.1 Overview
- 437 27.2 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
- 438 27.3 ZyXEL Device Access and Login
- 440 27.4 Internet Access
- 441 27.5 Phone Calls and VoIP
- 442 27.6 Multiple SIP Accounts
- 442 27.6.1 Outgoing Calls
- 443 27.6.2 Incoming Calls
- 445 Product Specifications
- 457 Appendices and Index
- 459 Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
- 485 Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions
- 495 IP Addresses and Subnetting
- 507 Wireless LANs
- 531 Common Services
- 535 Legal Information
- 537 Index