Unclassified DoD Biometrics NDIA Disruptive Technologies 5 Sep 2007 Mr Tom Dee Director, Defense Biometrics OSD AT&L, DDR&E thomas..dee@osd.mil (osd.smil.mil) 703-746-1385 Unclassified 1 Unclassified Outline • The Problem • Traditional Solutions • Disruptive Technology • DoD Biometrics Friend? Enemy? Neutral? Unclassified 2 Unclassified Combat Identification “Combat Identification is the process of attaining an accurate characterization of detected objects in the battle space to the extent that a high confidence, timely application of tactical options, and weapons resources can occur. Depending on the situation and the tactical decisions that must be made, this characterization will be at least, but may not be limited to, "friend," "enemy," or "neutral." Combat identification functions encompass cooperative and non-cooperative identification capabilities.” Joint Pub 3-01, 5 Feb 2007 Unclassified 3 Unclassified Combat Identification • How to classify and identify detected objects? Shapes? Platforms People Markings? Signatures? Signals? Unclassified 4 Unclassified What if the “object” is a non-state actor? Enemy? Neutral? Friend? Unclassified 5 Unclassified Classification • Tactical decisions require: Friend / Enemy / Neutral ? •Detection •Classification •But, how do you classify an anonymous individual? • Something he’s wearing? • Something he’s carrying? • His behavior • His identity • Who he is • Where he’s been • Who’s he associated with Post IED Blast AR RAMADI, IRAQ Jun 04 Reuters Video photographer Unclassified 6 Unclassified And… What If You Get It Wrong • Consequences USS Cole – Tactical – Operational – Strategic Friendly Fire 9-11 Iran Air 655 U.S. Bomb Dropped; 3 British Soldiers Die NY Times, 25 Aug 2007 Unclassified 7 Unclassified Traditional Solutions Detection technology Perimeter Systems Deterrence Alert Zone Exclusion Zone Situational Awareness Zone10-15 km Unclassified 8 Unclassified The Disruptive ID Technology Stealth, Columbia Pictures, 2005 Unclassified 9 Unclassified Terms of Reference Biometrics – Biometrics are measurable physical characteristics or personal behavioral traits used to recognize the identity, or verify the claimed identity, of an individual. Verification – a one-to-one matching process Identification – a one-to-many matching process Unclassified 10 Unclassified Why Biometrics in DoD? In today’s Joint Operating Environment “an anonymous enemy individual can be a tactical, operational, and even strategic threat.” • Business Functions Friend / Enemy / Neutral ? – Physical and logical access controls – Privilege management • Confidence level of ID? • Consequences of a wrong ID? • Operational situation? • ROE? • Health care, benefits, finance, time and attendance, etc. • Military operations – “Combat Identification” • Friend, Foe, Neutral? – Offensive Operations • Intelligence support to targeting – Force Protection • Base access Post IED Blast AR RAMADI, IRAQ Jun 04 – Detention Operations – Civil-Military Operations • Track target members of population. – Personnel Recovery and identification Reuters Video photographer Unclassified 11 Unclassified DoD Use of Biometrics INTEL EXPLOITATION MATCHING & STORAGE COLLECTION 4 3,7 1 ENROLLED IN BAT ON 18 SEP 05, SUSPECTED SMALL ARMS FIRE DOD ABIS CLARKSBURG WV NGIC PRODUCES BIAR LATENT MATCH NOTIFICATION 12 NOV 06 & 14 DEC 06 ACTIONS PLACED ON BIOMETRICS WATCHLIST, TIER 1 (DETAIN IF ENCOUNTERED) 29 MAY 07 RECORD FLAGGED IN ABIS AND ALERTED IN BAT • LATENT PRINTS RECOVERED FROM IED MATERIALS 2 6 25-JUL-07 Additional latent prints from same materials searched in ABIS Enrolled in BAT on 9 JUL 07 due to capture as a result of Tier 1 alert in HIIDE 5 **CAPTURED 26 JUN 07** during Screening via HIIDE Unclassified 12 Unclassified Supporting Requirements Collect Process Act Decide Analyzed Biometrics BAT (Finger, Iris, Face, Voice, DNA) Analyze Match Report BAT Intelligence/ Analyze Match FBI Allegiance Detain/TGT BIAR EBTS Hold DBIDS ABIS DHS Context Mission Red Gray Release/ Blue Grant access BISA Warfighter Contextual Data (who, what, where, NGIC Other Other ? Adjudicate when, why) Enrollment RFI for existing data Match Store Share References Intelligence Gap? • Sensors to collect • Databases to store – Data to match • Biometric forensics • Applications to process • Communications to share • Analysis tools for decision support Unclassified 13 Unclassified Biometrically Enabled Systems In Theater Source Description Biometric Type Biometrics Automated Toolset (BAT) Enemy combatants, detainees, locally employed personnel (LEP), misc. fingerprinted by the U.S. military; used for intel functions, LEP processing, detention mgt Various Flat or Rolled Fingerprint, Photo, & Iris Biometric Identification System for Access (BISA) Base Access System where biometrics are collected from persons requiring access to U.S. installations in Iraqi; issues biometrically-enabled badge as credential Ten Rolled Fingerprint, Photo, & Iris Multi-Purpose Access Card (MPAC) Iraqi applying for a position of trust or privilege with Iraqi Gov’t; some stations are being use for criminal processing Ten Rolled Fingerprint, Photo, Iris, & Voice Expanded Maritime Interception Operation (eMIO) Deployed on Navy patrols performing interception and boarding operations on the high seas Ten Flat or Rolled Fingerprint, Photo, & Iris Special Operations Command (SOCOM) Jump Kits Deployed with SOF troops on tactical missions. Various Flat or Rolled Fingerprint, Photo, & Iris Detainee Reporting Systems (DRS) Detainee Management, collecting biometrics from all detainees held for more than 14 days and assigned an ISN number; Red Cross-compliant Ten Rolled Fingerprint & Photo Defense Biometric Identification System (DBIDS) Base access system; collects biometrics from all personnel accessing US bases, including soldiers, government employees, civilians, contractors, day workers, etc. Ten Rolled Fingerprint, Photo, & Iris Hand-held Interagency Identity Detection Equipment (HIIDE) Tactical operations by OGA in Iraq, 10 Mtn Div in Afghanistan; also used in detention facilities th Flat Fingerprint, Photo, & Iris Unclassified 14 Unclassified DoD Biometric Strategy FY 08 FY 07 Q1 Optimize What We Have Improve the Existing Architecture Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Support and sustain legacy systems Increase capacity Implement “Enterprise JUONS” Down-Select “family of systems” Field and Sustain “family of systems” Full CBA Build What We Need Q2 FY 10 FY 09 PR09 Wedge JCIDS System Spiral Program of record POM 10 Build Biometrics S&T Plan Support immediate needs while building for the future 15 Unclassified 15 Unclassified DOD Roles and Responsibilities • DDR&E is Principle Staff Assistant • Army is Executive Agent • EXCOM established as final arbitration forum and executive level collaborative forum • Army established a joint governance structure subordinate to EXCOM – Full transparency of component biometrics programs • Services retain Title 10 responsibilities Promote unity of effort to deliver desired outcomes Unclassified 16 Unclassified Technology Challenges • Improve Collection Devices – Biometrics Sensors • Develop More Efficient and Effective large Scale operational Capabilities – Biometrics Systems • Establish Standards for Plug and Play Performance – Systems interoperability • www.biometrics.gov Informed Debate on Why, How, and When Biometrics Should be Used – Biometrics Communications and Privacy Unclassified 17 Unclassified Challenge • Biometrics is only a sub-set of Global Identity Management – Holistic program must support: • Combat applications & Business Functions & Intelligence source • Red Force & Blue Force & Neutrals • U.S. Persons & Non-U.S. persons • Verification & identification • Voluntary & involuntary subjects • Multi-service & Defense Agencies & Inter-agency & International • Biometrics & Credentials & Contextual data & Forensics • Privacy Data & Public Perceptions Unclassified 18 Unclassified Goals – 100% accuracy in identification and verification – Interoperable biometrics systems within DoD & with Other Government Agencies – Reduce workload and manpower associated with collection, storage, matching, analysis, & action – Dramatically reduce latency in moving biometrics data and accelerating decisions ¾ Hours … to minutes … to seconds (it was days & weeks) Synchronized, Integrated, Coordinated Program Unclassified 19 Unclassified Discussion Unclassified 20 Unclassified Human Genome as the subject of forensic analysis “Y Chromosomal” DNA (yDNA) Y STRs Mitochondria Nucleus “Nuclear” DNA (nucDNA) Autosomal STRs “Mitochondrial” DNA (mtDNA) Direct Sequencing or Base Composition 9/7/2007 Unclassified 21 Unclassified Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) The five key IAFIS services are: 1. Ten-print Based Fingerprint Identification Services • Criminal submissions, responses within 2 hours • Civil submissions, responses within 24 hours • Supports DoD ABIS 2. Latent Fingerprint Services (at Quantico, VA) 3. Subject Search and Criminal History Services 4. Document and Imaging Services 5. Remote Ten-print and Latent Fingerprint Search Services Owned by the FBI, IAFIS is the US National Fingerprint and Criminal History System • Located at the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division, Clarksburg, WV • Maintains the world’s largest biometrics database currently holding about 66 million records • Has been in operation since July 1999 • Model for the DoD Automated Biometric Identification System (ABIS) Unclassified 22 Unclassified Automated Biometric Identification System (ABIS) ABIS Background: – Operational since July 2004 – Modeled after highly successful FBI system, Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) – Central repository for DoD biometric data – Provides capability for searching, storing and matching biometrics data – Building multi-modal searching/matching capability (NGEA) – Located in Clarksburg, WV NGIC Naval Special Warfare Command Suspects – – – – – Known and suspected terrorists Bomb makers Passport forgers Individuals with US criminal convictions Former Iraqi criminals (Hussein regime) Terrorist/Crime Scenes Automated, secure links 1991 PGW EPW Force Protection Initiative BAT – Detainees, Locally Employed Personnel, misc. USG Organizations DoD Biometrics Fusion Center DoD ABIS FBI CJIS Multi -National Force-Iraq Operation Enduring Freedom / Operation Iraqi Freedom Persian Gulf War Enemy Prisoners of War Force Protection Initiatives biometrics Identification System for Access ABIS has made matches to: DoD Organizations ~55M records of persons arrested in the U.S. Arrestees in U.S. Iraqi Criminal Master File ABIS Operations Tasks: – – – – Operate and maintain the ABIS repository Provide 24x7 biometrics matching services Share biometrics data with approved agencies Provide latent match capabilities Unclassified 23 UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Unclassified Automated Identity Management System (AIMS) Analyst Workflow • Automated triage and Prioritization • Focus on most significant Matches • ~ 4% of matches go in queue Production Tool • Consistent BIAR format WEB Application • Portion Markings • Standardized classifications • Posting to the WEB • Searchable database that contains both BIARs and BMRs • Soundex function • Full Text search capability UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Unclassified 24 Unclassified Defense Biometrics Identification System (DBIDS) System: Future Status: • Afghanistan – 10 Tier 1 sites long lead time items orders sent to GSA • Navy Europe fielding to start July 2007 – 6 sites • Navy CENTCOM (the island of Bahrain) fielding to begin August 2007 • Air Force CENTCOM – 6 sites to begin July 2007 • Japan – 2 sites in progress • Guam – 3 sites planned • Representatives from all services state they want their physical access systems in CONUS to be based on/interact with DBIDS Data Footprint: Levels of Commitment: • Currently, DBIDS installed: • 300 Gates • 135 Installations (including USAREUR, SWA, USFK, and CONUS) • 1.4M registrants • DBIDS is the installation access control solution USFK and USAREUR-wide • Attempted Accesses to DBIDS fielded Military Installations – Over 200 Million • Accesses Denied – 1.5 Million • Navy has signed MOU and has $ to field DBIDS Navy-wide • CENTCOM has signed up for DBIDS at various sites in the AOR and will fund • USAREUR and USFK are long-standing customers • Representatives from all services state they want their physical access systems in CONUS to be based on/interact with DBIDS • DoD 5200.08R and 1000.25 both name DBIDS Prediction: • By end of calendar year 2007 DBIDS will be fielded at 330 Gates at 150 Installations, including USAREUR, SWA, USFK, USPACOM, and CONUS Unclassified 25 Unclassified Biometric Identification System for Access - BISA 1. Enrollment Center and Kit 2. Iris-Scan and creation of digital image 3. Fingerprint Scan and creation of digital image 4. Digital biometric data loaded onto ‘smart-card’ BISA badge, with other contextual data. 5. Biometric data on badge verified (‘one-toone’ match) by electronic readers at ECP. Operational Concept • • • • Collect biometric data on all local- and third-country nationals (LN/TCN) accessing US bases in Iraq. Screens applicants against ABIS/IAFIS; If vetted then produces & issues access credential based on unique (person’s) fingerprint & photo. Digitally verify biometric at each entry to assure identity. Electronic storage of biometric characteristics on ‘smart-card’ biometric template provides tamper-proof, forge-proof base-access credential, which also includes privilege (DFAC etc) eligibility and other commonly-required data. At verification (at ECP), electronically stored data is compared to individual data by all-electronic means; one-to-one match performed between digital image vs actual fingerprint of holder. Designed for turn-key deployment & operation in communications-austere and otherwise unfavorable (eg climate, dust, etc) environments. Updated 08 JUN 2007 Unclassified 26 Unclassified National Detainee Reporting Center (NDRC) Detainee Reporting System (DRS) • Function: Provide total accountability and reporting of all biographic and biometric data for persons detained in association with the GWOT • Scope: – DRS allows for real time data sharing with deployed systems – Independent satellite communication packages enable rapid transmittal of detainee information • Capabilities: – DRS (v5.0) is web based – Issues Geneva Convention required Internment Serial Numbers – Collects and submits biometric fingerprints and photos with biographic information including medical and property files on all detainees – Contains an ‘In Camp’ management system and a ‘Do Not Release’ detainer option ensuring accuracy and preventing HVD releases 27 Unclassified 27 Unclassified Biometrics Automated Toolset (BAT) BAT Enrollment Station Digital Camera CF-73/74 Toughbook Fingerprint Reader Iris Scanner Optional Equipment: 500GB Hard Drive Badge Printer Bar Code Scanner • Function: BAT collects fingerprints, iris scans, facial photos and biographical information of persons of interest into a searchable data base. • Scope: Over 2,000 systems deployed; 560,000+ biometrics enrollments • Mission Threads: Tactical Operations, Force Protection, Detainee Operations, Population Control, Base Access, IED Forensics Operations, Special Operations, and Local Hire Screening / Intelligence Unclassified 28 Unclassified Handheld Interagency Identity Detection Equipment (HIIDE) Fingerprint Sensor Digital Face Camera Iris Camera HIIDE Characteristics: • Lightweight (2lbs, 3 oz) • Multimodal collection and matching device 5” Flash IR Bar 8” Touch Screen Data Interface • Interoperable with BAT for biometrics data exchange back to DoD biometrics Data Repository • Function: HIIDE collects and matches fingerprints, iris images, facial photos and biographical contextual data of Persons of Interest against an internal database. • Scope: Major HIIDE fieldings since Oct 06: 900 OIF, 450 OEF, 250 USMC, 89 ISAF, and 45 SOF; planned total fielding of 6,664 devices • Mission Threads: Tactical Operations, Force Protection, Detainee Operations, Access Control, Special Operations, and Intelligence Operations Unclassified 29 Unclassified Special Operations Identity Dominance (SOID) – Biometric Identification Kits COMPONENTS • Organic CF-18 Laptop I w/ SWIR FUNDING INFORMATION • Procurement (934 kits at $2K each): $1.9M • O&M: $846K • Total, FY 08-13: $2.7M • Live Scan Management System (software) • CrossMatch MV-5 Wand-style Print Reader • Organic Team Comms Equipment BOIP 75th Ranger Rgt: 80 (RGT = 14, BN = 21, CO = 18, PLT = 27) USASFC: USACAPOC: 651 (GRP = 7, BN = 56, ODB = 84 ODA = 504) 84 (BN = 4, CAT-A = 80) USAJFKSWCS: 119 (1 system / student) BACKGROUND • ARSOF have unfunded requirement to capture, store, manipulate, transmit, & query against REDFOR and GRAYFOR biometric signatures in support of national strategic objectives and the GWOT. • Identification kits are used for hold/release info in a tactical environment • # 14 on USASOC Commander’s Priority List Unclassified 30 Unclassified Special Operations Identity Dominance (SOID) – Biometric Enrollment Kits COMPONENTS • Organic CF-18 Laptop • Live Scan Management System (software) • CrossMatch ID442 Scanner (10-print) • Canon G-6 Digital Camera (f/ facial recognition) • Iris Imager • Organic Comms Equipment FUNDING INFORMATION • Procurement (714 kits at $10K each): $7.2M • O&M: $3.2M • Total, FY 08-13: $10.4M BACKGROUND 75th Ranger Rgt: 16 (RGT = 7, CO = 9) USASFC: 651 (GRP = 7, BN = 56, ODB = 84, ODA = 504) USACAPOC: 20 (BN = 4, CO = 16) USAJFKSWCS: 27 (5 students / system) • ARSOF have an unfunded requirement to capture, store, manipulate, transmit, & query against REDFOR and GRAYFOR biometric signatures in support of national strategic objectives and the GWOT. • Enrollment kits are for full enrollments in less austere environments • # 15 on USASOC Commander’s Priority List Unclassified 31 Unclassified Navy MIO Collection Systems Operational Concept The fundamental purpose of the Identity Dominance System (IDS) is to provide the capability to positively enroll, identify, and verify the identity of personnel. This capability is expected to play a key role in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) and the full range of military operations. The Tactical Biometrics Collection and Matching System (TBCMS) will be fielded using the IDS spiral one requirements as a quick reaction response to a CENTCOM JUONS. The BFC provides Subject Matter Experts to the Navy in support of IDS Technical Approach & Milestones Challenges • • • • • • • • • • Approved at eR3B – Nov06 Staffed in Joint Staffing Process; modified CDD due to Joint Staff – 2 Mar 07 Significant modifications made Back to Phase 1 staffing 18Jun07 BAWG – Aug07 FCB – Sep07 MS B – Jan 08 MS C – Oct 08 IOC – Dec 08 • • Responsibility for adjudication of matches currently resides with the commanding officer of the vessel dispatching the VBSS team (ONI will receive match response) System for passing data between boarded vessel and host vessel in development Funding for TBCMS follow on systems/IDS not yet secured Unclassified 32 Unclassified Expanded Maritime Interception Operations (EMIO) TALK / DATA TALK RS CS TR RD TD CD Equipment Description: • Pelican 1600 Case • CMT ID442R • 8.8Lbs • Sealed Aluminum • FBI Certified • 500DPI Optical • Slaps and Rolls •BB2590/5590 Battery • Panasonic CF-18F • Panasonic IRIS • Olympus D595 5.1 MPX Digital Camera • Capable of 10 prints – rolls/slaps • <18 Watts power requirement • 12 VDC Battery with converter Unclassified 33 Unclassified Biometrics S&T • Develop a DoD Science and Technology (S&T) Road-map – Synchronized with interagency – Transition goals to acquisition • Accelerate longer-range advanced technologies • Potential Opportunities: – – – – – – – – – – Iris-at-a-Distance Facial Recognition Non-Obtrusive Biometrics Rapid Fingerprint Capture Enhanced Latent Fingerprint Detection Natural Forensics for Backtracking Terrorists Biometrics Operational Exchange Multimodal Biometrics Fusion Standards Development & Prototype Deployments Improved Data Storage and Exchange • Wireless systems, data architectures, data standards, system form factors to permit expeditionary operations Unclassified 34