04.10.2010
EEM 486: Computer Architecture
Lecture 2
MIPS Instruction Set Architecture
EEM 486
Assembly Language
Basic job of a CPU: execute lots of instructions
Instructions are the primitive operations that the CPU
may execute
Different CPUs implement different sets of instructions
The set of instructions a particular CPU implements is an
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
• Examples: Intel 80x86 (Pentium 4), IBM/Motorola PowerPC
(Macintosh), MIPS, Intel IA64, ...
Lec 2.2
1
04.10.2010
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
“... the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the
programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional
behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data
flows and controls the logic design, and the physical
implementation.”
Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964
Lec 2.3
ISA
software
instruction set
hardware
Lec 2.4
2
04.10.2010
ISA
High-level
language
program
(in C)
swap(int v[], int k)
{int temp;
temp = v[k];
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
}
C compiler
Assembly
language
program
(for MIPS)
swap:
muli $2, $5,4
add $2, $4,$2
lw $15, 0($2)
lw $16, 4($2)
sw $16, 0($2)
sw $15, 4($2)
jr $31
Assembler
Binary machine
language
program
(for MIPS)
00000000101000010000000000011000
00000000100011100001100000100001
10001100011000100000000000000000
10001100111100100000000000000100
10101100111100100000000000000000
10101100011000100000000000000100
00000011111000000000000000001000
Lec 2.5
Instruction Set Architectures
Early trend was to add more and more instructions to
new CPUs to do elaborate operations
• VAX architecture had an instruction to multiply polynomials!
RISC philosophy – Reduced Instruction Set Computing
• Keep the instruction set small and simple, makes it easier to
build fast hardware.
• Let software do complicated operations by composing simpler
ones.
Lec 2.6
3
04.10.2010
MIPS Architecture
MIPS – semiconductor company that built one of the first
commercial RISC architectures
We will study the MIPS architecture in some detail in this
class
Why MIPS instead of Intel 80x86?
• MIPS is simple, elegant. Don’t want to get bogged down in gritty
details.
• MIPS widely used in embedded apps, x86 little used in embedded,
and more embedded computers than PCs
Lec 2.7
1400
1300
Other
1200
SPARC
Hitachi SH
1100
PowerPC
1000
Motorola 68K
MIPS
900
800
IA-32
ARM
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Lec 2.8
4
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Assembly Variables: Registers
Unlike HLL like C or Java, assembly cannot use variables
• Why not? Keep hardware simple
Assembly operands are registers
• limited number of special locations built directly into the
hardware
• operations can only be performed on these!
Benefit: Since registers are directly in hardware, they are
very fast (faster than 1 billionth of a second)
Lec 2.9
Assembly Variables: Registers
Drawback: Since registers are in hardware, there are a
predetermined number of them
• Solution: MIPS code must be very carefully put together to
efficiently use registers
How many registers?
Lec 2.10
5
04.10.2010
Determining the number of registers?
Design principle: Smaller is faster
- A large number of registers would increase the clock cycle time
- Balance the craving of programs for more registers with the
desire to keep the clock cycle fast
32 registers in MIPS
Each MIPS register is 32 bits wide
• Groups of 32 bits called a word in MIPS
Lec 2.11
Assembly Variables: Registers
MIPS registers are numbered from 0 to 31
Each register can be referred to by number or name
Number references:
$0, $1, $2, … $30, $31
Lec 2.12
6
04.10.2010
Assembly Variables: Registers
By convention, each register also has a name to make it
easier to code
For now:
$16 - $23
$s0 - $s7
(correspond to C variables)
$8 - $15 $t0 - $t7
(correspond to temporary variables)
In general, use names to make your code more readable
Lec 2.13
C variables vs. registers
In C (and most High Level Languages) variables declared
first and given a type
int fahr, celsius;
char a, b, c, d, e;
Each variable can ONLY represent a value of the type it
was declared as (cannot mix and match int and char
variables).
In Assembly Language, the registers have no type;
operation determines how register contents are treated
Lec 2.14
7
04.10.2010
MIPS Addition and Subtraction
Syntax of Instructions:
op opd1, opd2, opd3
where:
op)
operation by name
opd1) operand getting result (destination)
opd2) 1st operand for operation (source1)
opd3) 2nd operand for operation (source2)
Syntax is rigid:
• 1 operator, 3 operands
• Why?
Lec 2.15
MIPS Addition and Subtraction
“The natural number of operands for an operation like
addition is three…requiring every instruction to have
exactly three operands, no more and no less, conforms to
the philosophy of keeping the hardware simple”
Design Principle: Keep hardware simple by regularity
Lec 2.16
8
04.10.2010
Addition and Subtraction of Integers
Addition in Assembly
• Example:
Equivalent to:
add $s0, $s1, $s2 (in MIPS)
a = b + c
(in C)
• where MIPS registers $s0, $s1, $s2 are associated with C
variables a, b, c
Subtraction in Assembly
• Example:
Equivalent to:
sub $s3, $s4, $s5 (in MIPS)
d = e - f
(in C)
where MIPS registers $s3, $s4, $s5 are associated with C
variables d, e, f
Lec 2.17
Addition and Subtraction of Integers
How do the following C statement?
a = b + c + d - e;
Break into multiple instructions
add $t0, $s1, $s2
# temp = b + c
add $t0, $t0, $s3
# temp = temp + d
sub $s0, $t0, $s4
# a = temp - e
Notice: A single line of C may break up into several lines
of MIPS.
Notice: Everything after the hash mark on each line is
ignored (comments)
Lec 2.18
9
04.10.2010
Addition and Subtraction of Integers
How do we do this?
f = (g + h) - (i + j);
Use intermediate temporary register
add $t0,$s1,$s2
# temp = g + h
add $t1,$s3,$s4
# temp = i + j
sub $s0,$t0,$t1
# f=(g+h)-(i+j)
Lec 2.19
Register Zero
One particular immediate, the number zero (0), appears
very often in code.
So, we define register zero ($0 or $zero) to always
have the value 0; eg
add $s0, $s1, $zero
(in MIPS)
f = g
(in C)
• where MIPS registers $s0, $s1 are associated with C
variables f, g
Defined in hardware, so an instruction
add $zero, $zero, $s0
will not do anything!
Lec 2.20
10
04.10.2010
Immediates
Immediates are numerical constants
They appear often in code, so there are special
instructions for them
Add Immediate:
addi $s0,$s1,10
(in MIPS)
f = g + 10
(in C)
• where MIPS registers $s0, $s1 are associated with C
variables f, g
Syntax similar to add instruction, except that last
argument is a number instead of a register.
Lec 2.21
Immediates
There is no Subtract Immediate in MIPS. Why?
Limit types of operations that can be done to absolute
minimum
• if an operation can be decomposed into a simpler operation,
don’t include it
• addi …, -X = subi …, X => so no subi
addi $s0,$s1,-10
(in MIPS)
f = g - 10
(in C)
• where MIPS registers $s0, $s1 are associated with C
variables f, g
Lec 2.22
11
04.10.2010
Overflow in Arithmetic
Reminder: Overflow occurs when there is a mistake in
arithmetic due to the limited precision in computers.
Example (4-bit unsigned numbers):
+15
1111
+3
0011
+18
10010
• But we don’t have room for 5-bit solution, so the solution would
be 0010, which is +2, and wrong.
Lec 2.23
Overflow in Arithmetic
Some languages detect overflow (Ada), some don’t (C)
MIPS solution is 2 kinds of arithmetic instructions to
recognize 2 choices:
• add (add), add immediate (addi) and subtract (sub) cause
overflow to be detected
• add unsigned (addu), add immediate unsigned (addiu) and
subtract unsigned (subu) do not cause overflow detection
Compiler selects appropriate arithmetic
• MIPS C compilers produce addu, addiu, subu
Lec 2.24
12
04.10.2010
Assembly Operands: Memory
C variables map onto registers
What about large data structures like arrays?
• only 32 registers provided
Memory contains such data structures
But MIPS arithmetic instructions only operate on
registers, never directly on memory
Data transfer instructions transfer data between
registers and memory:
• Memory to register
• Register to memory
Lec 2.25
Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer
Registers are in the datapath of the processor
If operands are in memory, we must transfer them to the
processor to operate on them, and then transfer back to memory
when done
Computer
Processor
Memory
Devices
Input
Control
(“brain”)
Store (to)
Datapath
Registers
Load (from)
Output
These are “data transfer” instructions…
Lec 2.26
13
04.10.2010
Memory Organization
Viewed as a large, single-dimension array, with an
address
A memory address is an index into the array
"Byte addressing" means that the index points to a
byte of memory
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
...
8 bits of data
8 bits of data
8 bits of data
8 bits of data
8 bits of data
8 bits of data
8 bits of data
Lec 2.27
Memory Organization
Bytes are nice, but most data items use larger "words"
For MIPS, a word is 32 bits or 4 bytes.
0
4
8
12
...
32 bits of data
Registers hold 32 bits of data
32 bits of data
32 bits of data
32 bits of data
232 bytes with byte addresses from 0 to 232-1
230 words with byte addresses 0, 4, 8, ... 232-4
Lec 2.28
14
04.10.2010
Endianess
How do byte addresses map onto words?
Big Endian: address of most significant byte = word address
• (xx00 = Big End of word)
• IBM 360/370, Motorola 68k, MIPS, Sparc, HP PA
Little Endian: address of least significant byte = word address
• (xx00 = Little End of word)
• Intel 80x86, DEC Vax, DEC Alpha (Windows NT)
3
2
little endian byte 0
1
0
lsb
msb
0
1
big endian byte 0
2
3
Lec 2.29
Alignment
Can a word be placed on any byte boundary?
Alignment: objects fall on address that is multiple of
their size
0
1
2
3
Aligned
Not
Aligned
MIPS require words to be always aligned, i.e,. start at addresses
that are multiples of four
Lec 2.30
15
04.10.2010
Data Transfer: Memory to Reg
To transfer a word of data, we need to specify two
things:
• Register: specify this by # ($0 - $31) or symbolic name ($s0,…,
$t0, …)
• Memory address: more difficult
- We can address it simply by supplying a pointer to a
memory address
- Other times, we want to be able to offset from this
pointer
Remember: Load FROM memory
Lec 2.31
Data Transfer: Memory to Reg
To specify a memory address to copy from, specify two
things:
• A register containing a pointer to memory
• A numerical offset (in bytes)
The desired memory address is the sum of these two
values.
Example:
8($t0)
• specifies the memory address pointed to by the value in $t0,
plus 8 bytes
Lec 2.32
16
04.10.2010
Data Transfer: Memory to Reg
Load Instruction Syntax:
op
opd1, opd2(opd3)
• where
op) operation name
op1) register that will receive value
op2) numerical offset in bytes
op3) register containing pointer to memory
MIPS Instruction Name:
• lw (meaning Load Word, so 32 bits or one word are loaded at a
time)
Lec 2.33
Data Transfer: Memory to Reg
Data flow
Example:
lw $t0,12($s0)
This instruction will take the pointer in $s0, add 12 bytes to it, and
then load the value from the memory pointed to by this calculated sum
into register $t0
Notes:
• $s0 is called the base register
• 12 is called the offset
• offset is generally used in accessing elements of array or structure:
base reg points to beginning of array or structure
Lec 2.34
17
04.10.2010
Data Transfer: Reg to Memory
Also want to store from register into memory
• Store instruction syntax is identical to Load’s
MIPS Instruction Name:
sw (meaning Store Word, so 32 bits or one word are loaded at a
time)
Data flow
Example:
sw $t0,12($s0)
This instruction will take the pointer in $s0, add 12 bytes to it, and then
store the value from register $t0 into that memory address
Remember: Store INTO memory
Lec 2.35
Compilation with Memory
What offset in lw to select A[5] in C?
4x5=20 to select A[5]: byte v. word
Compile by hand using registers:
g = h + A[5];
g: $s1, h: $s2, $s3:base address of A
1st transfer from memory to register:
lw $t0,20($s3)
# $t0 gets A[5]
add $s1,$s2,$t0
# $s1 = h + A[5]
Lec 2.36
18
04.10.2010
Compilation with Memory
Example:
C code:
A[12] = h + A[8];
MIPS code: lw $t0, 32($s3)
add $t0, $s2, $t0
sw $t0, 48($s3)
Store word has destination last
Remember arithmetic operands are registers, not
memory!
Can’t write: add 48($s3), $s2, 32($s3)
Lec 2.37
Notes about Memory
Pitfall: Forgetting that sequential word addresses in
machines with byte addressing do not differ by 1
• Remember that for both lw and sw, the sum of the base address
and the offset must be a multiple of 4 (to be word aligned)
Lec 2.38
19
04.10.2010
Pointers v. Values
Key Concept: A register can hold any 32-bit value. That
value can be a (signed) int, an unsigned int, a pointer
(memory address), and so on
If you write
add $t2,$t1,$t0
then $t0 and $t1
better contain values
If you write
lw $t2,0($t0)
then $t0 better contain a pointer
Don’t mix these up!
Lec 2.39
Role of Registers vs. Memory
What if more variables than registers?
• Compiler tries to keep most frequently used variable in registers
• Less common in memory: spilling
Why not keep all variables in memory?
• Smaller is faster:
registers are faster than memory
• Registers more versatile:
-
MIPS arithmetic instructions can read 2, operate on them, and
write 1 per instruction
-
MIPS data transfer only read or write 1 operand per instruction,
and no operation
Lec 2.40
20
04.10.2010
So far we’ve learned:
MIPS
- arithmetic on registers and immediates only
- loading words but addressing bytes
Meaning
Instruction
add
sub
addi
lw
sw
$s1,
$s1,
$s1,
$s1,
$s1,
$s2, $s3
$s2, $s3
$s2, 10
100($s2)
100($s2)
$s1 = $s2 + $s3
$s1 = $s2 – $s3
$s1 = $s2 + 10
$s1 = Memory[$s2+100]
Memory[$s2+100] = $s1
Lec 2.41
Loading, Storing Bytes
In addition to word data transfers
(lw, sw), MIPS has byte data transfers:
load byte: lb
store byte: sb
same format as lw, sw
Lec 2.42
21
04.10.2010
Loading, Storing Bytes
What do with other 24 bits in the 32 bit register?
• lb: sign extends to fill upper 24 bits
xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xzzz zzzz
byte
…is copied to “sign-extend”
loaded
This bit
• Normally don't want to sign extend chars
• MIPS instruction that doesn’t sign extend when
loading bytes:
load byte unsigned: lbu
Lec 2.43
So Far...
All instructions so far only manipulate data…we’ve
built a calculator.
In order to build a computer, we need ability to
make decisions…
C (and MIPS) provide labels to support “goto” jumps
to places in code.
• C: Horrible style; MIPS: Necessary!
Lec 2.44
22
04.10.2010
C Decisions: if Statements
2 kinds of if statements in C
• if (condition) clause
• if (condition) clause1 else clause2
Rearrange 2nd if into following:
if
(condition) goto L1;
clause2;
goto L2;
L1: clause1;
L2:
Not as elegant as if-else, but same meaning
Lec 2.45
MIPS Decision Instructions
Decision instruction in MIPS:
• beq
register1, register2, L1
• beq is “Branch if (registers are) equal”
Same meaning as (using C):
if (register1==register2) goto L1
Complementary MIPS decision instruction
• bne
register1, register2, L1
• bne is “Branch if (registers are) not equal”
Same meaning as (using C):
if (register1!=register2) goto L1
Called conditional branches
Lec 2.46
23
04.10.2010
MIPS Goto Instruction
In addition to conditional branches, MIPS has an
unconditional branch:
j
label
Called a Jump Instruction: jump (or branch) directly to
the given label without needing to satisfy any condition
Same meaning as (using C):
goto label
Technically, it’s the same as:
beq
$0,$0,label
since it always satisfies the condition.
Lec 2.47
Compiling C if into MIPS
Compile by hand
if (i == j) f=g+h;
else f=g-h;
Use this mapping:
f:
g:
h:
i:
j:
$s0
$s1
$s2
$s3
$s4
(true)
i == j
f=g+h
i == j?
(false)
i != j
f=g-h
Exit
Lec 2.48
24
04.10.2010
Compiling C if into MIPS
• Compile by hand
if (i == j) f=g+h;
else f=g-h;
(true)
i == j
f=g+h
i == j?
(false)
i != j
f=g-h
Final compiled MIPS code:
beq
sub
j
True: add
Fin:
$s3,$s4,True
$s0,$s1,$s2
Fin
$s0,$s1,$s2
#
#
#
#
branch i==j
f=g-h(false)
goto Fin
f=g+h (true)
Exit
Compiler automatically creates labels to handle decisions (branches) –
Generally not found in HLL code.
Lec 2.49
Example: The C Switch Statement
Choose among four alternatives depending on whether k
has the value 0, 1, 2 or 3. Compile this C code:
switch (k) {
case 0: f=i+j;
case 1: f=g+h;
case 2: f=g–h;
case 3: f=i–j;
}
break;
break;
break;
break;
/*
/*
/*
/*
k=0
k=1
k=2
k=3
*/
*/
*/
*/
Lec 2.50
25
04.10.2010
Example: The C Switch Statement
This is complicated, so simplify.
Rewrite it as a chain of if-else statements, which we
already know how to compile:
if(k==0) f=i+j;
else if(k==1) f=g+h;
else if(k==2) f=g–h;
else if(k==3) f=i–j;
Use this mapping:
f:$s0, g:$s1, h:$s2,
i:$s3, j:$s4, k:$s5
Lec 2.51
Example: The C Switch Statement
Final compiled MIPS code:
bne
add
j
L1: addi
bne
add
j
L2: addi
bne
sub
j
L3: addi
bne
sub
Exit:
$s5,$0,L1
$s0,$s3,$s4
Exit
$t0,$s5,-1
$t0,$0,L2
$s0,$s1,$s2
Exit
$t0,$s5,-2
$t0,$0,L3
$s0,$s1,$s2
Exit
$t0,$s5,-3
$t0,$0,Exit
$s0,$s3,$s4
# branch k!=0
#k==0 so f=i+j
# end of case so Exit
# $t0=k-1
# branch k!=1
#k==1 so f=g+h
# end of case so Exit
# $t0=k-2
# branch k!=2
#k==2 so f=g-h
# end of case so Exit
# $t0=k-3
# branch k!=3
#k==3 so f=i-j
Lec 2.52
26
04.10.2010
Loops in C/Assembly
Simple loop in C; A[] is an array of ints
do {
g = g + A[i];
i = i + j;
} while (i != h);
Rewrite this as:
Loop:
g = g + A[i];
i = i + j;
if (i != h) goto Loop;
Use this mapping:
g,
h,
i,
j, base of A
$s1, $s2, $s3, $s4,
$s5
Lec 2.53
Loops in C/Assembly
Final compiled MIPS code:
Loop: add
add
add
lw
add
add
bne
$t1,$s3,$s3
$t1,$t1,$t1
$t1,$t1,$s5
$t1,0($t1)
$s1,$s1,$t1
$s3,$s3,$s4
$s3,$s2,Loop
#$t1= 2*i
#$t1= 4*i
#$t1=addr A
#$t1=A[i]
#g=g+A[i]
#i=i+j
# goto Loop
# if i!=h
Original code:
Loop:
g = g + A[i];
i = i + j;
if (i != h) goto Loop;
Lec 2.54
27
04.10.2010
Compiling a While Loop
C code:
while (save[i] == k)
i= i+j;
MIPS code:
Loop: add
add
add
lw
bne
add
j
Exit:
$t1,
$t1,
$t1,
$t0,
$t0,
$s3,
Loop
$s3, $s3
$t1, $t1
$t1, $s6
0($t1)
$s5, Exit
$s3, $s4
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
$t1= 2*i
$t1= 4*i
$t1= address of save[i]
$t0= save[i]
go to Exit if save[i] ≠ k
i= i+j
go to Loop
Lec 2.55
Inequalities in MIPS
Until now, we’ve only tested equalities (== and != in C)
General programs need to test < and > as well.
Create a MIPS Inequality Instruction:
• “Set on Less Than”
• Syntax: slt reg1,reg2,reg3
• Meaning:
if (reg2 < reg3)
reg1 = 1;
else reg1 = 0;
Lec 2.56
28
04.10.2010
Inequalities in MIPS
How do we use this? Compile by hand:
if (g < h) goto Less;
#g:$s0, h:$s1
Answer: compiled MIPS code…
slt $t0,$s0,$s1
# $t0 = 1 if g<h
bne $t0,$zero,Less # goto Less
# if $t0!=0
# (if (g<h)) Less:
Branch if $t0 != 0 (g < h)
Register $0 always contains the value 0, so bne and beq often use it for
comparison after an slt instruction.
A slt bne pair means if(… < …)goto…
Lec 2.57
Inequalities in MIPS
Now, we can implement <, but how do we implement >, ≤
and ≥ ?
We could add 3 more instructions, but:
• MIPS goal: Simpler is Better
Can we implement ≤ in one or more instructions using just
slt and the branches?
What about >?
What about ≥?
Lec 2.58
29
04.10.2010
Immediates in Inequalities
There is also an immediate version of slt to test
against constants: slti
• Helpful in for loops
C
M
I
P
S
if (g >= 1) goto Loop
Loop:
. . .
slti $t0,$s0,1
beq
$t0,$0,Loop
#
#
#
#
#
$t0 = 1 if
$s0<1 (g<1)
goto Loop
if $t0==0
(if (g>=1))
Lec 2.59
What about unsigned numbers?
Also unsigned inequality instructions:
sltu, sltiu
…which sets result to 1 or 0 depending on unsigned
comparisons
What is value of $t0, $t1?
($s0 = FFFF FFFAhex, $s1 = 0000 FFFAhex
slt $t0, $s0, $s1
sltu $t1, $s0, $s1
Lec 2.60
30
04.10.2010
MIPS Signed vs. Unsigned – diff meanings!
MIPS Signed v. Unsigned is an “overloaded” term
• Do/Don't sign extend
(lb, lbu)
• Don't overflow
(addu, addiu, subu, multu, divu)
• Do signed/unsigned compare
(slt, slti/sltu, sltiu)
Lec 2.61
Bitwise Operations
Up until now, we’ve done arithmetic (add, sub,addi ), memory access
(lw and sw), and branches and jumps
All of these instructions view contents of register as a single
quantity (such as a signed or unsigned integer)
New Perspective: View register as 32 raw bits rather than as a single
32-bit number
Since registers are composed of 32 bits, we may want to access
individual bits (or groups of bits) rather than the whole
Introduce two new classes of instructions:
• Logical & Shift Ops
Lec 2.62
31
04.10.2010
Logical Operators
Two basic logical operators:
• AND: outputs 1 only if both inputs are 1
• OR: outputs 1 if at least one input is 1
Truth Table: standard table listing all possible
combinations of inputs and resultant output for each
A
B
A AND B
A OR B
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Lec 2.63
Logical Operators
Logical Instruction Syntax:
op
opd1, opd2, opd3
• where
op) operation name
opd1) register that will receive value
opd2) first operand (register)
opd3) second operand (register) or immediate
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Logical Operators
Instruction Names:
• and, or: Both of these expect the third argument to be a
register
• andi, ori: Both of these expect the third argument to be an
immediate
MIPS Logical Operators are all bitwise, meaning that bit
0 of the output is produced by the respective bit 0’s of
the inputs, bit 1 by the bit 1’s, etc.
• C: Bitwise AND is & (e.g., z = x & y;)
• C: Bitwise OR is | (e.g., z = x | y;)
Lec 2.65
Uses for Logical Operators
Note that anding a bit with 0 produces a 0 at the output
while anding a bit with 1 produces the original bit.
This can be used to create a mask.
• Example:
1011 0110 1010 0100 0011 1101 1001 1010
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 1111 1111
• The result of anding these:
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 1101 1001 1010
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Uses for Logical Operators
The second bitstring in the example is called a mask. It
is used to isolate the rightmost 12 bits of the first
bitstring by masking out the rest of the string (e.g.
setting it to all 0s).
Thus, the and operator can be used to set certain
portions of a bitstring to 0s, while leaving the rest alone.
• In particular, if the first bitstring in the above example were in
$t0, then the following instruction would mask it:
andi $t0,$t0,0xFFF
Lec 2.67
Uses for Logical Operators
Similarly, note that oring a bit with 1 produces a 1 at
the output while oring a bit with 0 produces the original
bit.
This can be used to force certain bits of a string to 1s.
• For example, if $t0 contains 0x12345678, then after this
instruction:
ori
$t0, $t0, 0xFFFF
• … $t0 contains 0x1234FFFF (e.g. the high-order 16 bits are
untouched, while the low-order 16 bits are forced to 1s).
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Shift Instructions
Move (shift) all the bits in a word to the left or right by a
number of bits.
• Example: shift right by 8 bits
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000
0000 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110
• Example: shift left by 8 bits
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000
0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 0000 0000
Lec 2.69
Shift Instructions
Shift Instruction Syntax:
op
opd1, opd2, opd3
• where
op) operation name
opd1) register that will receive value
opd2) first operand (register)
opd3) shift amount (constant < 32)
MIPS shift instructions:
1. sll (shift left logical): shifts left and fills emptied bits with 0s
2. srl (shift right logical): shifts right and fills emptied bits with 0s
3. sra (shift right arithmetic): shifts right and fills emptied bits by sign
extending
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Shift Instructions
Example: shift right arith by 8 bits
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000
0000 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110
Example: shift right arith by 8 bits
1001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000
1111 1111 1001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110
Lec 2.71
Shift Instructions
Since shifting may be faster than multiplication, a good
compiler usually notices when C code multiplies by a power
of 2 and compiles it to a shift instruction:
a *= 8; (in C)
would compile to:
sll
$s0,$s0,3 (in MIPS)
Likewise, shift right to divide by powers of 2
• remember to use sra
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