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O R I
I
O
N
™
™
Non-Linear Junction Evaluator
Operating Manual
This manual covers both the
NJE-4000
and the
HGO-4000
Version 2.2
U.S. PATENTS: 5,815,122; 6,057,765; 6,163,259
U.K. PATENTS: GB2344423; GB2351154; GB2381077; GB2381078
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
O R I O N
™
Version 2.2 Operating Manual
© Copyright Research Electronics International LLC
This manual contains Proprietary Information intended
™
solely for use with the
O R I O N
NJE-4000 & HGO-4000.
All information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice.
This manual is specifically intended to accompany an
O R I O N
™
with the firmware version 2.1 and above. Availability and function of some features may vary with other firmware versions.
REI products are designed and intended for legal commercial applications, however because laws and regulations vary from state to state and country to country, it is the sole responsibility of the purchaser and user/operator to check and comply with all applicable laws and regulations for the possession and operation of this equipment before and after making a purchase.
WARNING:
It is the responsibility of the user to comply with the appropriate radio communication laws of the country in which the
O R I O N
™
is being used.
OWNER’s RECORD
The serial number of your unit is located on the transceiver near the antenna cable. The serial number as well as firmware version information may also be determined by pressing
OFF
, then
FNCT
until “Display” is shown, then press
AUTO
. Please record this information and refer to it whenever contacting your dealer or Research Electronics concerning this product.
Model Number: NJE-4000 or HGO-4000
Serial Number:
Firmware version:
Programming Password:
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
TABLE OF CONTENTS
........................................ 3
............................................................... 3
NLJD ......................................................... 4
.................................................. 4
..................................................................................... 6
.................................................................. 9
OPERATING METHODS ......................................................................... 11
PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE (OPTIONAL) .......................... 23
RMO-4000 Remote Control Cables (Optional) ...................................................... 23
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: SIGNAL CURVE OF JUNCTION IN ELECTRONIC DEVICE
..........................................
FIGURE 3: NOISE CURVE OF AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND FALSE JUNCTION ...... 3
FIGURE 4: HEADSET & IR RECEIVER
......................................................................................
FIGURE 5: FOLDED AND EXTENDED VIEW OF MAIN UNIT.
..............................................
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
The
O R I O N
™
, designed and built by the engineers at Research Electronics
International, is the latest advancement in Non-Linear Junction Evaluation. The
™
O R I O N
can be used to locate electronic devices whether in furniture, walls, ceiling fixtures or elsewhere. The
O R I O N
™
detects semiconductor junctions, to alert in the presence of electronics.
It is important to note that due to the variations in electronic circuitry, the unit will respond differently to different electronic circuits. Therefore, the manufacturer makes no guarantee about the performance of the unit when attempting to detect hidden electronic devices.
Background Theory
Here’s how it works. The
O R I O N
™
antenna radiates a signal. When this signal encounters an electronic device, the signal is returned at harmonic frequency levels. (If a signal is radiated at 915 MHz, a 2 nd
harmonic would be found at 1830 MHz, and a 3 rd harmonic would be at 2745 MHz.) Other situations can also produce harmonic signals.
Two dissimilar metals, joined or touching, and corroded metals both return harmonic signals. These we will refer to as false junctions.
The junctions in electronic devices and those in false junctions are quite different. The junctions in electronic devices are well defined, but those created by false junctions are not as well defined or as clean a physical junction. Imagine two perfect cubes joined— this would be a junction found in electronic devices. False junctions are more like two irregularly shaped items touching in places, but not in a smooth, regular pattern.
The following equation describes the electronic characteristics of a basic diode, which is the simplest form of an electronic non-linear junction.
I = I s
[ e qV/kT
– 1]
Where
I
is the current of the signal,
I s
the leakage current,
q
equals the electron charge,
V
is the voltage,
K
equals Boltzman’s constant, and
T
is the temperature.
While more complex semiconductor devices are different, they all produce clean, predictable junction characteristics. For the junctions found in electronic devices, this equation produces a predictable, but unsymmetrical curve. False junctions produce a less regular curve, one that is noisy and unpredictable, yet they are typically symmetrical: their curve is mirrored for negative values. The current/voltage characteristics are illustrated in
Figure 1.
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Semiconductor Junction
Characteristics
False Junction
Characteristics
FIGURE 1: SIGNAL CURVE OF JUNCTION IN ELECTRONIC DEVICE
This level of regularity in the junction results in differences in the harmonic signals. When the
O R I O N strong 2 nd
™
radiates a signal reflected by the junction in electronics, it results in a
harmonic signal and a weak 3 rd
harmonic. A false junction returns a very weak
2 nd
harmonic and a strong 3 rd
. (See Figure 2)
A B
SEMICONDUCTOR CORROSIV
Pwr 2
ND
3
RD
Pwr 2
ND
3
RD
FIGURE 2:
O R I O N
™
COMPARISON OF HARMONIC LEVELS
(A – Semiconductor, B – False Junction; Bargraphs on the right are the 2 nd
and 3 rd
harmonic levels)
When the signal is returned as a harmonic, the electronic device produces a regular signal pattern.
After evaluating many NLJDs from around the world, it appears that many units do not have good RF isolation between the 2 nd
and 3 rd
harmonic receiving functions. This means that a pure semiconductor junction may still appear to have a strong 3 pure false junction may appear to have a fairly strong 2 nd rd
harmonic and a
harmonic. Although the unit has the ability to receive both harmonics, it is often very difficult to distinguish between semiconductor and false junctions. If the NLJD has the capability to detect 2 nd
and 3 rd harmonics, it is very important that the two receive functions are calibrated and do not interfere with each other.
The
O R I O N
™
incorporates this important feature by using a unique receiver process designed by the engineers at REI. This process ensures that the two receive functions cannot interfere with each other and provides continuous display of both 2 nd
and 3 rd harmonics.
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Quieting Effect
Semiconductor junctions produce a receiver quieting effect. Many false junctions do not.
(Described in Figure 3.)
If you are listening to the demodulated audio of the return harmonic from a semiconductor junction, you will hear the noise level decrease significantly as you approach the junction.
Then, as you move away, the noise level will increase again before it returns to normal.
The audio will reach its lowest level directly over the device and swell on either side of it.
14
12
10
8
6
4
False Junction
Semiconductor
2
-35 -25
0
-15 -5 5 15
Typical Range from Target (cm)
25 35
FIGURE 3: NOISE CURVE OF AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND FALSE JUNCTION
This is the “quieting effect.” When you are evaluating the demodulated audio, electronic devices actually reduce the noise in their immediate vicinity. For many false junctions the audio noise will not significantly decrease. However, it is possible to detect false junctions that also have some level of quieting; and therefore, it is highly recommended that you also use a physical vibration (see below) and examine the difference between the harmonic levels for discrimination.
Listening for Physical Break-up of a Non-Linear Junction
If a false junction is detected, one can easily discriminate between semiconductor junctions and false junctions by listening to the audio and providing a physical vibration to the junction. Pounding on the wall with your fist or a rubber hammer provides an effective physical vibration. A rubber hammer is provided in the
O R I O N
™
toolkit for this purpose.
A false junction will break-up and a crackling sound will be heard. The true junction will remain silent.
Long Range Detection Using Audible Tones
The
O R I O N
™
has several methods of operation. One method uses a Continuous Wave transmit signal with a 1KHz FM modulated tone. With this method, the operator has access to a tremendous detection range. This is utilized by allowing the operator to hear the FM demodulated tone through the high quality receiver. While the visual bargraph display may only show a very small response, which may be interpreted as noise, the
3
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual audible tone provides unquestionable detection of a Non-Linear Junction. However, the modulated tone method does not provide any positive discrimination between semiconductor junctions and false junctions.
Other Uses for Audio Demodulation in an NLJD
Often, when using a NLJD, it is possible not only to detect electronics, but it may also be possible to classify them based on audio demodulation. For example, when detecting some tape recording devices, it is possible to hear the audio from the tape recorder head using the NLJD audio demodulation. Furthermore, if the NLJD provides good audio demodulation, it is often possible to hear the video synchronization pulse when detecting many chip cameras. In addition, by using FM demodulation it is sometimes possible to hear unique, periodic audible sounds resulting from phase-shifts in active electronic devices. It is important to practice using a NLJD so that audio sounds peculiar to specific detected devices can be easily recognized.
Frequency Issues Associated with NLJD Operation
Most NLJDs on the market today transmit on a single frequency or are limited to a small frequency range. This creates three problems:
1. There is a Null Range associated with operating at a single frequency.
2. Many threatening devices respond differently to an NLJD depending on the
Transmit Frequency of the NLJD.
3. While operating at a single Frequency, there is a good potential for interference and degraded performance from one or more of the many wireless devices in use today.
The following sections address these issues in detail.
Null Range Effect
For an NLJD operating at a single frequency, there is a direct correlation between detection range and frequency of operation. This occurs because if the distance between the NLJD and the target is equal to ½ the wavelength of the transmit frequency then there is a nulling effect in the RF transmit signal that reduces the detection sensitivity associated with that specific range and frequency. Often this effect is not a problem because the user is constantly moving the NLJD and therefore the range to the target is constantly changing. Nonetheless, the
O R I O N
™
addresses this issue and essentially eliminates the null Range effect when using the Search Hop Mode because the
™
O R I O N
constantly changes frequency and the results are digitally averaged on the display.
Target Dependence on Frequency
When comparing NLJD’s of different manufacturers, it is often observed that on one target, one NLJD will perform better, but on another target, another NLJD will have the best performance. This is because detection range is dependent on frequency. One very good example of this effect can easily be seen when using a cellular phone as a potential target. If an NLJD operates at a frequency that is within the operational band of the cellular phone, then the detection range of the phone will be large, however, if the NLJD
4
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual operates at a frequency range that is outside of the operational band of the cellular phone, then the built-in filters within the phone will attenuate the NLJD signal and the detection range will be greatly reduced. The
O R I O N ways. First, the
O R I O N
™
™
addresses this problem in two
has the ability to change the transmit frequency over a rather wide frequency range allowing the user to adjust the frequency depending on the potential threat. In addition, new with firmware (above version 1.5), the
O R I O N
™
has a
Search Hop mode in which the transmitted pulse hops over a wide frequency range to ensure good detection ability for a wide range of threats.
Frequency Interference
Most NLJDs on the market today transmit on a single frequency or at best a limited frequency range. As more wireless devices are being assigned to more frequencies, the performance of these limited NLJD units can suffer. Interference from other transmitters may result in erratic and unreliable readings. The
O R I O N
™
is the only NLJD that addresses this problem with two REI exclusives: Quiet Channel Search and Frequency
Hopping. In normal search mode, the
O R I O N
™
automatically searches for the quietest channels on which to operate in the ambient environment. The new frequency hopping search method employs an algorithm that constantly changes the transmit frequency over the full legal range to increase the target hit rate.
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Important Safety Information
For your own safety do not use the AC power battery charger if:
•
The battery charger cables or it’s plugs become frayed or otherwise damaged.
•
The battery charger casing is cracked or otherwise damaged.
•
The battery charger is exposed to rain, liquid or excessive moisture.
For your own safety do not use the
ORION
if:
•
The cables or it’s plugs become frayed or otherwise damaged.
•
The casing is cracked or otherwise damaged.
•
The is exposed to rain, liquid or excessive moisture.
•
You suspect that the unit requires servicing.
For your own safety do not use any
ORION
battery if:
•
The battery case is cracked or otherwise damaged.
•
The battery is excessively hot or warm for any reason.
The
ORION
is capable of emitting a radio signal between 880 MHz and 1005 MHz. The
ORION
is offered in models to meet the USA FCC transmission requirements and models to meet the European CE Mark requirements. However, it is the responsibility of the user to practice good safety procedures. In doing so, you should take the following precautions:
•
Do not point the antenna at a person’s eyes or head.
•
Do not leave the antenna in close proximity to any part of the body for more than 5 minutes.
•
Do not use near flammable fluids or explosives or in any area where the use of radio communications equipment is prohibited.
•
Do not use in close proximity to any person fitted with a heart pacemaker, heart defibrillator, or any other lifer support device.
•
Do not use the
ORION
in close proximity to any person wearing a hearing aid.
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
SECTION 2: TECHNICAL ADVANCES
The
O R I O N
™
incorporates many advanced features that make it more accurate, compact, and easier to use. The following features are intended to make searches more precise and efficient.
Automatic Power Control
dynamically adjusts power level when receiver is saturated.
Synthesized Transceiver
provides frequency stability and agility to automatically search for clean operating frequencies. Legal operating frequencies vary from country to country, so
O R I O N
™
was designed with a very wide 880 MHz to 1005 MHz operating range. This is adjusted at the factory for the country of operation. For example, all models sold for use in the United States operate between 902.2 MHz and 927.8 MHz.
Circular Polarized Antenna
eliminates the need to make several passes over an area, and it reduces the risk of missing a threat due to incorrect antenna polarization.
Lightweight Single-Body Design
contains transceiver, antenna, and display assembly joined with an extending arm. The whole body is collapsible to make it portable and easy to set up. A single cable carries all transmitting, receiving, and digital display control signals. The cable is concealed and stored internally, which eliminates the need to attach cords before use. The hassle of tangled cords will never occur.
Dual External Charger
and
Rechargeable Batteries
are included with the product. The flashing LED indicates a charge pending, Constant LED indicates a charge is in progress, and dark LED indicates a completed charge. The camcorder-style batteries have an average life of 1 hour at maximum strength, but typical power level settings will yield longer run times. Charging time is approximately 35 to 45 minutes.
Wireless Infrared Headset
provides the ability to listen to the received signal without fighting with cords and plugs.
•
The headset can be plugged directly into main unit or plugged into the Infrared Receiver.
•
Plugging headset into the main unit turns off the IR transmit function on the main unit.
•
Plugging headset into the IR Audio Receiver automatically turns on the IR Audio Receiver.
•
Volume levels for wired or wireless headset are controlled via the main unit.
FIGURE 4: HEADSET & IR RECEIVER
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O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
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O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
SECTION 3: HOW TO USE THE
O R I O N
™
Preparation
After taking
O R I O N
™
out of the case, unfold the antenna/display first, then unfold the transceiver assembly (the main rectangular section with the keypad) 180°. Then extend the telescoping antenna to a convenient length. Rotate the antenna head and tilt the display for easy viewing.
Antenna
Head and
Display
Antenna
Extension
Assembly
FIGURE 5: FOLDED AND EXTENDED VIEW OF MAIN UNIT.
Transceiver
Assembly
ATTENTION:
TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO CABLE:
WHEN OPENING, UNFOLD ANTENNA ASSEMBLY PRIOR
TO UNFOLDING TRANSCEIVER. REVERSE FOR STORAGE.
ALWAYS EXTEND AND RETRACT POLE SLOWLY.
Technical Note: It is advised that prior to each use, the unit is extended at least one length of the telescoping extension assembly. This will minimize the possibility of metal oxidation in the slip-ring assembly in the antenna head.
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Procedure
There are two basic procedures to using any Non-Linear Junction Detector:
(1) Detecting a non-linear junction and
(2) Discriminating between electronics and false detection.
The
O R I O N
™
utilizes three different methods of operation that are optimized for these two processes. These primary methods (referred to as SEARCH, I.D., and
LISTEN) have two or more variations as listed below.
O R I O N
™
Method Key
Method of Operation
Variations
Detection
Range
Discrimination
Ability
SRCH
Srch 2&3
Search CW Good Good
ID
LSTN
Srch Hop
ID FM 2 nd
ID FM 3 rd
CW FM 2 nd
CW FM 3 rd
CW AM 2 nd
CW AM 3 rd
20K AM 2 nd
20K AM 3 rd
Good Poor
Moderate Good
When the
O R I O N
™
is turned on, it automatically searches for and selects the quietest frequencies available in the ambient environment. The operator may also manually select frequencies. Two test tags are included with the
O R I O N
™
. One is a semiconductor diode to simulate an electronic device. The second is a steel wool pack, to simulate a corrosive metal-to-metal junction. These tags can be used to verify the proper operation of
O R I O N
™
.
Models sold for use in the USA are configured to comply with FCC maximum average output power and frequency requirements. Models sold with the CE Mark are configured to comply with the CE Mark maximum output power and frequency requirements. Models sold for use in other countries may be subject to power and frequency limitations. It is the responsibility of the user to comply with the appropriate radio communication laws of the country in which the
O R I O N
™
is being used.
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
O R I O N
™
OPERATING METHODS
1: SRCH (Search Method)
Access:
SRCH
key.
Purpose: Search for and locate semi-conductor junctions. This method provides graphical display of the 2nd and 3rd harmonic Relative Signal Strength
Indicator (RSSI) levels. This method can utilize maximum peak power of the transmitter.
Utility: Best method for comparing 2nd and 3rd harmonic levels. The audio output definitely indicates the presence of a junction, but it is of little value in discriminating between electronic and corrosive junctions.
Description: When using the Search 2&3 method, the transmitter is pulsed to obtain maximum peak output while maintaining maximum allowable average power output. Unit alternately monitors and displays 2nd and 3rd harmonic levels, and displays threat warning when the advanced algorithm resolves a Threat or Corrosive junction.
In addition to the original Search 2&3 pulsing method, REI has enhanced
™
O R I O N
with two added search methods. These new search methods, like the original, monitor both second and third harmonic signal return.
The new Search CW method operates the transmitter as a continuous wave. There is no pulsing, but unlike ID or Listen methods, both second and third harmonics are monitored. This may be desirable if there is concern that a pulsing signal may trigger a device. Because the transmitter is always on, the
O R I O N
™
cannot perform background baseline analysis or auto-frequency checks as is done in the standard
Search 2&3 method. The continuous transmission also affects battery life.
The new Search Hop method moves the transmit frequency at a fast rate.
The frequency is changed after each second/third harmonic analysis period. As some target devices may be more sensitive at different frequencies, this method may detect devices that might be missed using a single frequency. As
O R I O N
™
hops across the frequency range it logs the “hot” frequencies while ignoring those with high ambient levels. Because background noise varies with frequency,
™
O R I O N
does not perform background baseline analysis or autofrequency checks as is done in the standard Search 2&3 method.
Process: The transmitter is pulsed (except Search CW) to obtain maximum peak output while maintaining maximum allowable average power output.
The microprocessor alternately monitors and displays 2 nd
and 3 rd harmonic levels, and displays a threat warning when 2 nd
RSSI rises above 3 rd
Harmonic RSSI.
Harmonic
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O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
A: SEARCH 2 nd
& 3 rd
Transmitter: Pulsed
Modulation: none
Power: Auto and manually adjustable within the legal output power limits.
Limited to FCC maximum average power requirements for models sold in the USA.
Limited to CE Mark maximum power requirements for units sold with CE Mark.
Frequency: Auto and manually selectable within the legal frequency range. Auto continuously tests and adjusts for the best frequency to use.
Receiver: Alternates between second and third harmonics each 60-mSec period.
User Audio: The user can select either natural audio or synthesized tones indicating
2 nd
and 3 rd
harmonic variances. The natural received audio using AM demodulation can be used as an aid to quickly and precisely determine the presence and location of a junction, but does not discriminate between electronic and corrosive junctions. Using the Trip Set feature
(under the
SET
key), 2nd and 3rd harmonic levels each generate unique synthesized tones providing rapid auditory information about the signal strength of each harmonic.
Display:
“Srch 2&3”
Tx1 Bar: (green) Transmit Power Level
Rx2 Bar: (red) Second harmonic RSSI
Rx3 Bar: (yellow) Third Harmonic RSSI
B: SEARCH CW
Transmitter: Continuous
Modulation: none
Power: Auto and manually adjustable within the legal output power limits.
Limited to FCC maximum average power requirements for models sold in the USA.
Limited to CE Mark maximum power requirements for units sold with CE Mark.
Frequency: Locked, but can be changed manually within the legal frequency range.
Receiver: Alternates between second and third harmonics each 60-mSec period.
User Audio: Same as Search 2&3.
Display:
“Search CW”
Tx1 Bar: (green) Transmit Power Level
Rx2 Bar: (red) Second harmonic RSSI
Rx3 Bar: (yellow) Third Harmonic RSSI
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
C: SEARCH HOP
Transmitter: Pulsed
Modulation: none
Power: Auto and manually adjustable within the legal output power limits.
Limited to FCC maximum average power requirements for models sold in the USA.
Limited to CE Mark maximum power requirements for units sold with CE
Mark.
Frequency: Constantly changing, covering the entire legal frequency range.
Receiver: Alternates between second and third harmonics each 60-mSec period. In
Search Hopping,
O R I O N
™
monitors peak returns separately for second and third harmonics. The peak level is displayed as a blinking
LED, and the frequency at which the peak was detected is stored. To evaluate a captured peak, use either the I.D. or Listen methods, selecting the desired harmonic.
O R I O N
™
will return to the frequency that detected the peak for that harmonic. The ambient RF environment is monitored. Frequencies with high ambient levels are ignored.
User Audio: Same as Search 2&3.
Display:
“Srch Hop”
with a moving bar indicating hopping.
Tx1 Bar: (green) Transmit Power Level
Rx2 Bar: (red) Second harmonic RSSI
Rx3 Bar: (yellow) Third Harmonic RSSI
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
2: ID (Identify Method)
Access:
ID
key. Sequence through second and third harmonics.
Purpose: To provide detection of a non-linear junction by listening for an audible tone using the
O R I O N
™
headset.
Utility: Good method for long range detection of Non-linear Junctions. The transmitter is modulated with a fixed or variable pitch that is re-radiated by a target. This is received and demodulated for listening. This method does not provide a method of discriminating non-linear junctions.
Description: This method of non-linear junction evaluation produces an uninterrupted continuous wave output with a FM tone. This tone is selectable (using the Trip Set feature under the
SET
key) as a fixed 1kHz pitch or a variable pitch that corresponds to the strength of the harmonic signal return. The user can hear the return of the tone to make a threat determination.
Process: Sets transmitter to CW method with 1 kHz or variable pitch FM modulation. Monitor active harmonic channel RSSI Only.
Transmitter
Duty: Duty Cycle is 6% for ORION pulsing modes.
Power: Auto and manually adjustable within the legal output power limits.
CW Max power reduced to maintain FCC and CE Mark power requirements for units sold in USA and CE Mark versions
Frequency: Manually adjustable within the legal frequency range. When ID method is entered from Search Hop,
O R I O N
™
will return to the frequency that detected the peak for the selected harmonic.
Modulation: FM 1 kHz (trip off), or a pitch that varies with signal strength (trip on).
A: ID 2 nd
FM
Receiver: Second harmonic frequency
User Audio: Received FM Second harmonic.
Display:
“ID FM 2”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Second Harmonic RSSI
Off
B: ID 3 rd
FM
Receiver: Third harmonic frequency
User Audio: Received FM Third harmonic.
Display:
“ID FM 3”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Off
Third Harmonic RSSI
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Access:
LSTN
key. Sequence through second and third harmonics, CW and 20K methods.
Purpose: To detect and discriminate Non-linear junctions based on audio characteristics. The quieting effect can be effectively used in this method, and it is sometimes possible to hear audible electronic characteristics from certain devices. For example, it is often possible to hear the video synch pulse when detecting a video chip camera. These methods are also used to listen for physical vibrations that can be used to discriminate between semiconductor and false junctions.
Method Utility: The listen method is used primarily for discrimination purposes.
However, this method can also be used for detecting junctions.
Description: The CW listen methods provide AM or FM demodulated listening capability using a continuous wave process. The 20K-listen methods of non-linear junction evaluation produce very short (7.5 microsecond) transmit pulses at a repeat rate of 20kHz (50 microseconds period).
The 20k process provides the same basic capability as the CW method, but the 20K method provides greater output power while the
CW method provides cleaner audio output. In either method, no junction present yields white noise. Corrosive junctions produce uneven noise when using the third harmonic. True non-linear junctions
(diodes) cause a quieting effect on the second harmonic audio.
Power: Auto and Manually Adjustable within the legal output power limits.
Frequency: Manually adjustable within the legal frequency range. When Listen method is entered from Search Hop,
O R I O N
™
will return to the frequency that detected the peak for the selected harmonic.
Modulation: None
There are six modes of the listen method, two CW AM, two CW FM and two 20K AM, each with second and third harmonic selection. The Trip Set function is not available in this method of operation.
A: LISTEN CW AM 2 nd
Duty:
Receiver:
100% (Continuous wave transmission)
Second harmonic frequency
User Audio: AM Second harmonic
Display:
“
CW AM 2
”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Second Harmonic RSSI
Off
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REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
B: LISTEN CW AM 3 rd
Duty:
Receiver:
100% (Continuous wave transmission)
Second harmonic frequency
User Audio: AM Third harmonic
Display:
“
CW AM 3
”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Off
Third harmonic RSSI
C: LISTEN CW FM 2 nd
Duty:
Receiver:
100% (Continuous wave transmission)
Second harmonic frequency
User Audio: FM Second harmonic
Display:
“
CW FM 2
”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Second Harmonic RSSI
Off
D: LISTEN CW FM 3 rd
Duty:
Receiver:
100% (Continuous wave transmission)
Second harmonic frequency
User Audio: FM Third harmonic
Display:
“
CW FM 3
”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Off
Third harmonic RSSI
E: LISTEN 20K AM 2 nd
Duty:
Receiver:
20 kHz Pulse, Duty Cycle 6 µSec on, 44 µSec off.
Second harmonic frequency
User Audio: Second harmonic AM
Display:
“ 20K AM 2 ”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Second harmonic RSSI
Off
F: LISTEN 20K AM 3 rd
Duty:
Receiver:
(red) 20 kHz Pulse, Duty Cycle 6 µSec on, 44 µSec off.
Third harmonic frequency
User Audio: Third harmonic AM
Display:
“
20K AM 3
”
Tx1 Bar:
Rx2 Bar:
Rx3 Bar:
(green)
(red)
(yellow)
Transmit Power Level
Off
Third harmonic RSSI
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O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
O R I O N
™
FUNCTIONS
O R I O N
™
functions are user-activated routines used to adjust operational parameters. Some functions may not be accessible in some operating methods. Using a function, such as Volume Adjust, will not interrupt or change the operating method. Most functions are selected with one or more press of either the
SET
or
FNCT
key. The display will indicate the active function. The
À
,
¿
or
AUTO
keys are then used to change the current setting for that function. The function will cancel a few seconds after no key activity. The default function (while no other function message is displayed) for the
À
,
¿
and
AUTO
keys is Transmit Power. Press and hold the
ON/OFF
key to turn off
™
O R I O N
.
MUTE Headset
Access: Successive press and release of
ON/OFF
key toggles headset mute.
Activates volume adjust function.
Purpose: Single key mute for convenience.
Range: Headset audio on or off.
Display:
“Vol Mute”
or
“Vol==---”
Volume Adjust
Access: Cycle key to Volume, or single press of
ON/OFF
key.
Press
IR
On
” allows use of the wireless headset when the wired headset is not plugged into the
O R I O N
™
main unit. For those who use the
O R I O N
™ without audio, set this option to “
IR Off
” to increase battery life and/or control infrared emissions.
Purpose: Sets Audio Output Level to the wired or wireless headset.
Range: Zero to full volume, indicated by bargraph.
Display:
“Headset”
,
“Wireless”
or
“IR OFF”
then
“Vol==---”
Trip Adjust
Access: Available in Search or ID methods only
Press
“Trip Set”
Purpose: Sets Alert Trip Point for audible alert. Available for use with the Search and ID methods, the audible alert tone frequency corresponds to the received signal strength. The varying pitch can assist in locating threats A higher pitch indicates a stronger received signal.
Range: Zero to about two-thirds Full Scale
Display:
“TRG:###%”
17
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Gain Adjust
Access: Press key until display indicates
“Gain Set”
.
Purpose: Sets amount level of digital signal processing integration that is used to process the received signals.
Background: The
O R I O N
™
firmware utilizes digital signal processing integration techniques to improve the gain of the unit (this may be also referred to sensitivity control). There are five levels of gain control ranging from 1 to
6, which correspond to pre-programmed integration levels. The default level of integration is “2”. By increasing the level of integration, the sensitivity of the unit can be greatly increased, but the penalty is that the unit does not respond as quickly to new signals. Therefore, if you increase the gain, it is important to experiment with the unit to be sure that you spending sufficient time on each target to allow the unit display to respond.
Display:
“Gain #”
Power Adjust
Access: Default function of the
À
,
¿
and
AUTO
Keys
Cycle
“Pwr Manl”
or
“Pwr Auto”
setting. adjust. When in the Automatic power adjustment mode, the unit will automatically reduce the transmit power whenever the receiver becomes saturated. A flashing LED will indicate the manually set maximum power.
Purpose: Set Transmitter Power Output Level.
Range: 0 to 100%
Display:
“Pwr:###%”
Frequency Adjust
Access: Cycle key until display indicates
“Frq Manl”
or
“Frq Auto”
. using Search 2&3.
Purpose: Sets Transmitter Frequency Channel.
Range:
Display:
The country in which the unit is used determines Frequency allocations.
“###.#MHz”
18
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Extended Functions
Additional functions are available to the user by pressing the
ON/OFF
key once or twice prior to pressing the
SET
or
FNCT
key. These extended functions are generally setup or diagnostic by nature and therefore are used only occasionally.
Display Brightness Control
Access: Press then cycle
FNCT
key until display indicates
“Display:”
Press
O R I O N
™
serial number and software version.
Press and hold
AUTO
key to show display module software version.
Purpose: Sets one of two levels of display brightness. The dim setting will extend battery life.
Range: Bright or Dim.
Display:
“BRIGHT”
or
“DIM”
Battery Status
Access: Press then cycle
FNCT
key until display indicates
“Battery”
Press Key to display battery voltage.
Purpose: Access to battery status.
Range: Measures actual battery voltage under present operating load.
Save User Preferences
Access: Press key once,
OFF
key twice then press and hold
SET
key for 4 seconds
.
Purpose: This allows permanent storage of user preferences including audio volume, brightness, power, gain, trip and Auto/Manual settings.
Display: Unit briefly indicates
“Saved OK”
when save is complete.
Field Service System Peek
Access: Press then cycle
SET
key until display indicates
“Sys Peek”
Press Key to cycle through various internal values.
Purpose: This is intended to allow a service technician to access internal system status. The data displayed will only have meaning to a technician. This feature allows a basic level of field diagnostics.
19
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Local/Remote Display Control
Access: Press then cycle
SET
key until display indicates
“Display:”
active. last used keypad is active.
AUTO
key has no function.
Purpose: Active only when used with
O R I O N
™
remote control software or RCM-
4000. This setting selects Single or Dual display modes. Single display mode provides privacy as well as extended battery life using either the
™
O R I O N
“Local” display (the one attached to the antenna) or the RCM-
4000 “Remote” display. Dual display mode operates both displays.
Range: Dual or Single.
Display:
“Dual”
or
“Single”
20
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
SECTION 4: HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
Transmitter
Frequency Bands: 880 - 1005 MHz @ 200 kHz steps. USA: 902.2-927.8 MHz.
Foreign models are adjustable between 880 and 1005 MHz.
CE Mark Version operates at 869.4 MHz and 869.6 MHz.
Peak Power: 1.4 Watts for unrestricted NJE-4000 models (Effective Radiated
Power including antenna gain and all system losses); 3 Watts ERP for HGO-4000 models. FCC and CE Mark versions meet their respective frequency and power requirements as stated below.
Power Control: 30 dB range in 2 dB steps. Pulsed to limit average output power to
FCC max.
FCC ID: EIH98NJE4000
This device complies with Part 15 of the USA Federal
Communications Commission Rules. Operation is subject to the two following conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.
CE Mark Version (upon request, and marked with CE Mark on product)
The ORION is also offered in a CE Mark version upon request.
This version complies with the European RTTE standards
EN300220 and EN301489 with a maximum transmit power of
500mwatts ERP and frequency operation at 869.4 MHz and 869.6
MHz.
WARNING:
It is the responsibility of the user to comply with the appropriate radio communication laws of the country in which the
O R I O N
™
is being used.
Receiver
Frequency Bands: Second (1760-2010 MHz) or third (2640-3015 MHz) harmonic of transmit frequency.
Sensitivity:
Gain Control:
-135 dBm for both harmonics (see software integration).
The gain of the unit is enhanced using software integration.
Various methods of operation have different integration algorithms for maximum performance. Refer to the description of the gain
Receiver IF BW: 3 kHz
Antenna Polarization
Circular for both transmit and receiver functions.
Physical
Weight: 3.7 lbs (1.7 kg) Operational with battery
21
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
O R I O N
™
Headset
•
The
™
headset works with either the main unit or the Infrared Receiver.
•
No IR is transmitted when the headset is plugged into the main unit.
•
The IR Audio Receiver is turned on whenever a headset is plugged into it.
•
The IR audio feature can be disabled. See volume control function on page 17.
•
Volume levels for wired or wireless headset are controlled via the main unit.
Battery Specifications
•
Externally rechargeable standard type battery
•
7.2v camcorder style NiMH
•
Run time 3 hours on full charge (SRCH mode, normal usage)
Battery Charger
•
Dual battery charger with Automatic Operation.
•
Charging Time: approximately 1 hour per battery.
•
Sequentially charges both batteries.
•
Indicator:
Flashing LED – Charge Pending (Applies to the situation when two batteries are simultaneously placed in the charger)
Bright LED – Fast Charging
Dark LED – No Battery or Charge Complete
NOTE: To test for faulty batteries, place a single battery in the charger. If the LED continues to flash and never goes Bright or Dark, then the battery is faulty and should be discarded.
22
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
SECTION 5:
O R I O N
™
Programming Software (optional)
The
O R I O N
™
Programming Software (RCS-4100) provides some capabilities to program operational settings and limits on the
O R I O N enables remote control of the
O R I O N
™
™
using a computer. It also
when used with the optional RMO-4000 (Remote
Control Cable option) that includes a 65 ft cable and power adaptor to run the
O R I O N
™ remotely.
Connecting the ORION To a Computer
To connect the
O R I O N
™
to a computer, use the 6ft programming cable and the serial to
USB adapter cable (if needed). The software requires a password for each ORION. See the diagram below:
6 FT Adapter
Serial to USB
Converter
Serial to USB
Converter
OPTIONAL
6 FT Adapter
65 FT EXT
AUDIO
TRIPOD
POWER IN
9 - 15 VDC
RMO-4000 Remote Control Cables (Optional)
The
O R I O N
™
Remote Control Option cables (RM0-4000) enable the
O R I O N
™ to be placed in a fixed position and the operator to be stationed up to 65 feet away, out of sight, or in a safe location, controlling the
O R I O N
™ using a laptop computer and remote controls software (RCS-4100). Operation using the remote control software is identical to normal
O R I O N
™ operating procedures.
This
O R I O N
™
accessory is a direct result of requests from our clients, and many units have already been sold for anti-terrorism applications. The RMO-4000 option has many
23
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual practical uses. Most of these uses involve the pre-screening of packages, suspicious items, luggage, or people for electronics. Using this approach, the presence of electronic circuitry may be evaluated prior to using other detection equipment such as X-ray.
Furthermore, this electronic evaluation may be conducted without moving or touching the suspicious item. Some examples are:
•
Positioning
O R I O N
™
over a suspicious package using a tri-pod.
•
Placing
O R I O N
™
on a robot vehicle with the operator located away from any potential hazard to examine suspicious packages.
•
Positioning
O R I O N
™
over a conveyer belt carrying postal packages, and providing long term monitoring from a centralized location.
•
Installing
O R I O N
™
in a chair, desk, or conference room table for covert situations in which the technician must be out of sight.
Remote Operation
This document uses the term
The term
remote local
to refer to keypad and display on the
O R I O N
is used to refer to keypad and display on the RCS-4100
™ itself.
O R I O N
™
Programming Software.
When using the RCS-4100 software, both local and remote keypads are always active.
One or both displays can be made active. Both displays, local and remote, are always on when “Dual display” mode is selected. When “Dual Display” is un-checked on the software, the ORION display is muted with only a small flashing diamond indicating that the system is active; this mode conserves battery power, and some users may desire to blank the ORION display for security reasons. This mode can be activated using the software, or on the
O R I O N
™
keypad using this key sequence: Press OFF once, then press SET until “Display” is shown. Press UP for dual display, or Down for single.
™
O R I O N retains this display mode setting until it is changed again, or the system is powered down.
The dual/single display selection, as well as other user preferences can be permanently saved.
O R I O N
™ will automatically assume these settings when powered on. User preferences that can be saved using the
O R I O N
™
keypad include remote Single/Dual display, display brightness, default transmit power setting, Search mode Auto/Manual power, Frequency Auto/Fixed, headset volume setting, Gain level and Trip settings.
Set each of the above items to your preferences then save using the
O R I O N
™
keypad with the following procedure: press the FNCT key once, press the OFF key twice, then press and hold the SET key for about 6 seconds, “Saved OK” will briefly appear. Now, even when the battery or power is removed, the settings will be retained.
24
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Please be aware of the following
The RCS-4100
O R I O N
™
Programming Software and RMO-4000 Remote Control Option cables can only be used with an
O R I O N
™ designated as remote capable.
Do not extend the cable length over 20 meters. Do not use “off-the-shelf” serial type extension cables, as these do not have the current carrying capacity required.
REI suggests the use of the AC adapter as the primary power supply. Battery life will be reduced compared to normal
O R I O N
™ operation without the remote. The Remote may be powered by a properly polarized power supply with an output rating of 9 to 25 VDC at
1.5 amp, center pin positive barrel connector. External DC voltages greater than 25VDC will cause damage to the remote control and/or the
O R I O N
™
. Application of voltages over 7.8VDC or reversed polarity to the battery contacts will cause damage.
The AC adapter will provide a maintenance charge to the battery installed on the remote, but for full charge, always place the battery in the REI standard
O R I O N
™
NiMH battery charger.
25
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
26
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
SECTION 6: QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
O R I O N
™
QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE – Version 2.2
On/Off Key Functions
Turns unit On
Turns Unit Off
Volume Mute/Unmute
Save User Preferences
Single press of ON/OFF when off
Press and hold ON/OFF
Single press of ON/OFF toggles mute
Press FNCT, OFF, OFF, Hold SET 4 seconds
Operating Modes
Mode Key Display Text Description Main
Srch 2&3
SRCH*
Search CW Display 2 nd
and 3 rd
harmonics
Detection and discrimination
ID
LSTN
Srch Hop
ID 2 nd
FM
ID 3 rd
FM
CW 2 nd
AM
CW 3 rd
AM
CW 2 nd
FM
CW 3 rd
FM
20k 2 nd
AM
20k 3 rd
AM
Single Harmonic detection
Listen for junction characteristics
Long range detection
Junction evaluation and discrimination
*Recommended mode with Trigger function enabled
Functions - Use UP, DOWN and AUTO keys to adjust
Set Gain
Set Trip
SET
SET
Controls sensitivity, Range 1-6 default = 2
Alert Tone, UP/DOWN = manual, AUTO = automatic
Frequency FNCT
Move transmit frequency within limits for optimum detection.
27
REI
O R I O N
™ Operating Manual
Detailed table of the various functions available and the key or key combination used to access them.
Function Description Key Display Access UP DOWN AUTO
Power ON
Power on if off.
OFF O R I O N
Press
OFF
key and release.
-na- -na- -na-
Power OFF
Power off if on.
OFF
Press
OFF
key and hold. -na-
Transmit
Power
Sets Transmit
Output power, displayed as a percentage of the maximum legal output power.
FNCT
PWR Manl
PWR Auto
Cycle
FNCT
key to
Power function. When no other function is active, use
UP
,
DOWN
and
AUTO
directly.
Increase transmit power.
Mute/
Unmute
--------------
Toggle Headset audio on/off.
--------------------
Headset volume
Set Headset Volume
Level
OFF
Vol MUTE
Vol==---
---------
-----------
FNCT
Phones
Wireless
IR On
IR OFF
Successive press and release of
OFF
key.
-------------------------
Cycle
FNCT
key to
Volume function. Also accessed through
OFF
key Mute/Unmute function.
Increase headset volume.
Frequency
Sets Transmitter
Output frequency.
FNCT
Frq Manl
Frq AUTO
Cycle
FNCT
key to
Frequency function.
Increase transmit frequency.
-na-
Decrease transmit power.
Decrease headset volume.
Decrease transmit frequency.
-na-
Toggle between manual (fixed) and auto adjusting transmit power.
The IR wireless headset feature is enabled (“IR On”) or disabled (“IR Off)”.
Toggle between manual (fixed) and auto adjusting frequency.
Trip Set
Gain Set
Display parameters
Sets Signal Strength
Alert Tone threshold
Sets the Integration
Gain level.
Sets display brightness.
Show Battery
Displays battery voltage.
SET
Trip Set
Cycle set.
SET
key to Trip
OFF
then
FNCT
Battery
OFF
then cycle
FNCT
key to BATTERY function.
Increases threshold point.
SET
OFF
then
FNCT
Gain Set
Cycle
Set.
SET
key to Gain Increases the Gain setting.
Display:
OFF
then cycle
FNCT
key to DISPLAY function.
Set display to full brightness.
Decreases the Gain setting.
Set display to a dimmer, battery saving brightness.
Shows battery voltage.
Decreases threshold point.
Shows battery voltage.
Auto adjusts threshold point to current signal.
Toggles between Gain
Off and On.
Display O R I O N version and unit
™ information. Press and hold to display version number of display module.
Performs battery condition test. Displays warning if battery condition is poor.
Recalibrate
Recalibrates 2 nd
and
3 rd
harmonic receiver display to current ambient environment.
FNCT
-
Press
FNCT
key while in
ID or CW methods.
-na- -na- -na-
Save user preferences
Permanently stores user’s volume, brightness, power, gain and tone preferences.
OFF
OFF
then hold
SET
Saved OK
Press
OFF
key twice, then press and hold
SET
key for 4 seconds.
-na- -na- -na-
Remote
Display
With RCM-4000 only: Set the behavior of the local and remote displays.
SET
Dual
Single
Press OFF key once, then cycle SET key to
“Display:”
Set Dual displays
Set Single display no function
Field Service
System Peek
Allows technician to
“peek” at internal values. Permits remote diagnostics.
OFF
OFF
then
SET
Sys Peek
Press
OFF
key twice, then cycle
SET
key to
Sys Peek Function.
Select peeks at various internal values.
Select peeks at various internal values.
Displays Errors detected by
O R I O N
™
’s selfdiagnostic routines.
28
The following table lists the various methods available in the
O R I O N
™
.
Method Description
Search
Starts Search 2 nd
and 3 rd
method
Identify
Starts Identify with FM modulated tone method
Display Access
Srch 2&3
Search CW
Press
SRCH
key to desired search method variation.
Srch Hop
ID FM 2
ID FM 3
Press
ID
key to select desired harmonic.
Listen
Starts one of six listen methods:
CW (continuous wave) transmission,
AM or FM demodulation, 2 nd
or 3 rd harmonic.
20k AM method with 2 nd
or 3 rd
.
CW AM 2
CW AM 3
CW FM 2
CW FM 3
20k AM 2
20k AM 3
Press
LSTN
key to select the desired variation and harmonic.
29
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