SECN User Guide

Mesh Potato

Small Enterprise / Campus Network

User Guide

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SECN User Guide by T L Gillett is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0

Unported License .

Based on a work at www.villagetelco.org

.

Acknowledgements

This work would not have been possible without the contributions of many people associated with

Village Telco. In particular I would like to acknowledge the considerable contributions made by

Elektra both in providing technical guidance and in building the software, as well as writing the text for sections of this manual. I would also like to acknowledge the ongoing support and encouragement provided by Steve Song.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................3

2. A Simple Mesh Set Up.....................................................................................................................4

3. Example Networks...........................................................................................................................5

4. Setting Up MP Devices....................................................................................................................7

4.1 Flash the Firmware....................................................................................................................7

4.2 Minimum Set-up........................................................................................................................9

Set the br-lan IP Address.............................................................................................................9

4.3 Basic Set-up.............................................................................................................................10

Set the root Password................................................................................................................11

Set the br-lan Bridge IP Address...............................................................................................12

Set the ath0 IP Address..............................................................................................................13

4.4 Advanced Set-up......................................................................................................................14

Connecting to the MP...............................................................................................................14

Set the MP Network Addresses.................................................................................................14

Set the ath0 IP Address..............................................................................................................14

Set the AP BSSID and Password...............................................................................................15

Modifying Asterisk Operation..................................................................................................16

5. Overview of SECN Operation .......................................................................................................17

5.1 IP Address Range for MPs.......................................................................................................17

5.2 Batman-Advanced Operation..................................................................................................18

5.3 Telephony Operation................................................................................................................19

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1. Introduction

The Small Campus Network firmware is designed to allow a collection of Mesh Potato (MP) devices to provide a data and telephony network for a small campus.

The intended use is typically for a small/medium size organisation which needs to set up a number of workpoints spread over a limited geographic area, with each workpoint being equipped with a phone and a networked PC, and to do this wirelessly without using conventional LAN cabling.

The meshed MP devices utilise an OSI Layer 2 protocol and simply act as one large switch, transparently connecting all the attached devices together.

Each MP device provides a telephone connection, an ethernet cable connection and a WiFi Access

Point. PCs and other network devices may be connected to the ethernet port of an MP, or connect wirelessly to the WiFi Access Point of each MP.

The wifi access point is encrypted with WPA by default in order to provide some protection from abuse of the data network as long as the pass phrase/key is kept confidential.

If one or more of the MP devices is connected via its ethernet port to a LAN with a router / DHCP server and internet access, any PC connected either by ethernet cable to an MP or by WiFi, will be able to acquire a DHCP address on the LAN and connect to the internet via the router.

Similarly, networked devices such as printers or storage devices may be attached to the LAN via an

MP. All attached devices will appear on the LAN and will be visible to each other.

Each MP device provides a telephone port which may be called from another MP telephone by dialling the IP address of the required device. Abbreviated dialling is also supported so that a call may be made by dialling just the last octet of the required IP address.

To use telephony off the local mesh, individual MPs can be configured to access a VoIP Service

Provider account for outgoing and incoming calls.

Configuration and management of individual MP devices is possible via telephone IVR, browser or terminal sessions with access to the underlying Linux operating system and OpenWRT software.

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2. A Simple Mesh Set Up

In this simple mesh network we will set up a network of two MP devices so that phone calls can be made between them, then connect one MP to a Local Area Network with internet access so that a laptop can connect wirelessly to the virtual Access Point and access the LAN and internet.

Step 1 . Flash the MP devices to the SECN firmware rv278.

See following section for details of how to flash the devices.

Step 2 . Set the unique IP address for each MP device.

When the MP devices are rebooted, connect a telephone.

Lift the receiver and check for dial tone.

Dial 2663 and when the announcement has finished dial 10*130*1*21 Wait to hear the number being read back, then the device will reboot itself.

Repeat the process with the second MP, but dial 10*130*1*22 and wait for it to reboot.

The MP devices are now set to IP addresses 10.130.1.21 and 10.130.1.22 respectively. It may be useful to label the devices as '21' and '22'

Step 3 . Make a phone call.

After the MP devices have fully rebooted (allow a couple of minutes after the wifi light starts to flash), pick up the phone on the '21' MP, check for dial tone and dial 22. The other phone should start to ring after a few seconds. Repeat the other way around.

Step 4 . Attach the mesh network to your LAN.

Connect the MP '21' to a spare port on your router with an

Ethernet cable. The diagram shows the LAN using an IP address range of 192.168.1.xxx, but the actual range used will not matter

– it will work with any address range.

Step 5.

Attach a Laptop via WiFi.

Your laptop should be able to see a WiFi Access Point called

Mesh-Potato-AP secured with WPA encryption. Connect to this

Access Point with a WPA password of 'potato-potato' and using

Automatic assignment of IP address (DHCP).

Your laptop should acquire an IP address in the range offered by your router, and you should be able to access the internet.

You should be able to make calls between the MP devices while accessing the internet on the laptop.

You can connect another PC to the '22' MP using an Ethernet cable and it will similarly acquire an IP address from the router.

The laptop and PC should be able to access any other devices on the LAN, such as printers or network storage devices just as if they were connected directly to the LAN.

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3. Example Networks

Following are examples of practical networks built around MP devices operating in a mesh.

Network 1

In this network, MP devices have been assigned static IP addresses that are part of the LAN address space, 192.168.1.xxx.

This means that the MP administration interfaces (LUCI web interface and ssh command line) will be accessible from any workstation connected to the LAN.

When a workstation is attached to the network either by Ethernet cable or WiFi, it will acquire an IP address from the router in exactly the same manner as if it was connected directly to the router.

The router address space must be managed so that there is no conflict between the statically assigned MP addresses and those for any other device on the network. In this example the router offers DHCP addresses starting at 192.168.1.100, while the MPs have been assigned static addresses below this range.

Phone calls may e made between MP devices either by dialling the last octet of the required MP address (e.g. '10'), or by dialling the full address (e.g. '192*168*1*10').

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Network 2

In this network, MP devices have been assigned static IP addresses that are not part of the LAN address space. Instead they have been assigned IP addresses in the address space 10.130.1.xxx.

This means that the MP administration interfaces (LUCI web interface and ssh command line) will not be accessible from workstations connected to the LAN with IP addresses assigned in the LAN address space.

Administration of the MP devices may be undertaken from a workstation assigned a static address in the same range as the MP devices and attached via Ethernet cable or WiFi to any MP device in the network.

When a workstation is attached to the network either by Ethernet cable or WiFi, it will acquire an IP address from the router in exactly the same manner as if it was connected directly to the router.

In this example there is no need to manage the LAN address space to allow for the MP addresses as they are allocated in a completely different address space (10.130.1.xxx).

Phone calls may e made between MP devices either by dialling the last octet of the required MP address (e.g. '10'), or by dialling the full address (e.g. '10*130*1*10').

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. Setting Up MP Devices

This section will describe how to set up MP devices for use on your mesh network. After flashing the required firmware, three different methods are available to configure the device:

• Minimum Setup using telephone Interactive Voice Response (IVR)

• Basic Setup using the OpenWRT LUCI browser interface.

• Advanced Setup using a ssh terminal session and command line.

4.1 Flash the Firmware

If you have purchased a new MP device, it will normally be delivered from the factory with firmware version rv233 installed. To operate the SECN configuration, you will need to flash the MP with rv278 firmware.

These instructions assume that you are running Ubuntu or other Linux distribution on your PC.

1. Set up the potato-flash application on your PC

Download the potato-flash file from: http://elektrad.info/download/MESH-POTATO/potato-flash

Save the file into /usr/local/bin

Make the file executable: chmod +x /usr/local/bin/potato-flash

2. Download the firmware

Download the required firmware from: http://elektrad.info/download/MESH-POTATO/

Download the .img .squashfs .lzma

files for the rv278 firmware version and save to a working directory.

3. Set up networking on your PC

This step will ensure that potato-flash has proper access to the PC network.

Connect the MP directly to your PC with an Ethernet cable with the MP power off .

In Ubuntu Gnome desktop, right click on the Network Manager icon and deselect 'Enable

Wireless'

Left click on the Network Manager icon and Disconnect any 'Wired Networks' that are active.

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4. Flash the MP

Refer to the general instructions in Upgrading Mesh Potato Firmware HowTo on the Village Telco

Wiki. Following is a brief description of the flashing process.

• Connect the MP directly to your PC with an Ethernet cable with the MP power off

• Execute potato-flash:

$ sudo potato-flash eth0 openwrt-atheros-root-rv278.squashfs openwrt-atheros-vmlinuxrv278.lzma

• Wait for the program to start looking for the MP device - a series of dots will appear on the screen.

• Switch the power on to the MP.

• Wait for the flashing process to complete and for the MP to fully restart.

This will take several minutes.

This is a good time to have a coffee.

• Wait for three minutes after the MP WiFi led starts to flash to ensure that flash is complete.

Sample MP Flash Session

$ sudo potato-flash eth0 openwrt-atheros-root-rv238.squashfs openwrt-atheros-vmlinuxrv238.lzma

Reading rootfs file openwrt-atheros-root-rv238.squashfs with 3801088 bytes ...

Reading kernel file openwrt-atheros-vmlinux-rv238.lzma with 720896 bytes ...

Note: The device has to be connected directly (not via switch/hub)

Device detection in progress..........................................................

<<< Turn the power to the MP device ON at this point >>>

….....................device detection: non-arp packet received..

Peer MAC: 00:09:45:58:1c:e7

Peer IP : 192.168.1.184

Your MAC: 00:ba:be:ca:ff:ee

Your IP : 192.168.1.0

Connecting to Redboot bootloader

WARNING: UNPLUGGING POWER WHILE FLASHING MIGHT DAMAGE THE

BOOTLOADER

HOWEVER: IF YOU SEE NOTHING SHOWING UP BENEATH THIS LINE

FOR MORE THAN A MINUTE, START AGAIN...

A flash size of 8 MB was detected. rootfs(0x006a0000) + kernel(0x00100000) + nvram(0x00000000) sums up to 0x007a0000 bytes

Setting IP address...

Initializing partitions...

Now uploading kernel...

Sending kernel, 1408 blocks...

Flashing kernel...

Loading rootfs...

Sending rootfs, 7424 blocks...

Flashing rootfs...

Flashing process completed...

Restarting device...

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4.2 Minimum Set-up

The minimum set-up process uses the telephone IVR facility to simply set a unique IP address for the br-lan bridge interface in order to allow telephone calls to the device using the IP address.

The default setting for this IP address when the device is flashed is 10.130.1.20 and you should change at least the last octet of the address in order to make the address unique on the mesh.

In a simple mesh arrangement, all MP devices on the mesh are assigned addresses in the same address range (ie only the last octet of the address is changed) so telephone calls can be made to all devices on the mesh with abbreviated dialling using just the last octet of the MP device's bridge IP address.

If you are intending to connect the mesh to a LAN, you may choose to assign addresses from the

LAN address space to the MP devices so that they will appear as static IP devices on the LAN.

In this case, just set the Ipv4 address field to the required IP address. You will need to ensure that the address that has been assigned will not be used by any other device on the LAN in order to avoid IP conflicts.

Set the br-lan IP Address

Connect a telephone to the MP device and wait until the device has fully restarted.

Pick up the telephone, check for dial tone and dial 2663 (C-O-N-F)

Follow the voice prompts and enter the IP number in the form

10*130*1*21 (For an IP address of 10.130.1.21)

The number entered will be read back to you and the MP will reboot.

After the device has rebooted, you should be able to make a call to the device using either the full IP number, or abbreviated dialling using just the last octet of the address.

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4.3 Basic Set-up

The basic set-up uses the OpenWRT web interface of the MP device and allows you to set the password for the root account, set br-lan bridge IP address, and set the ath0 mesh interface address.

Connect your PC to the MP device with an Ethernet cable.

Set up a network profile for the Ethernet port on your PC with:

Static IP:

Netmask:

172.31.255.253 and

255.255.255.252

Point your browser to the MP Fallback address http://172.31.255.254

This will bring up the OpenWRT LUCI login screen.

After flashing the MP device there will be no password set for the root account, so you can log in with the password field blank.

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Set the root Password

Select System / Admin Password from the menu and enter the new password.

Then click on the Save & Apply button at the lower right of the page.

Once the password as been set and the change committed, future logins will require the password to be entered. In addition, telnet connections will be disabled and ssh sessions will be required for terminal session connections.

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Set the br-lan Bridge IP Address

This step sets the unique IP address for the br-lan bridge interface which is used for making telephone calls to the MP device, and may be used to access the MP device for maintenance.

The default setting for this IP address when the device is flashed is 10.130.1.20 and you should change at least the last octet of the address in order to make the address unique on the mesh.

In a simple mesh arrangement, all MP devices on the mesh are assigned addresses in the same address range (ie only the last octet of the address is changed) so telephone calls can be made to all devices on the mesh with abbreviated dialling using just the last octet of the MP device's bridge IP address.

If you are intending to connect the mesh to a LAN, you may choose to assign addresses from the

LAN address space to the MP devices so that they will appear as static IP devices on the LAN.

In this case, just set the Ipv4 address field to the required IP address. You will need to ensure that the address that has been assigned will not be used by any other device on the LAN in order to avoid IP conflicts.

From the LUCI web interface menu select Network / Interfaces / LAN

Interface : eth0 bat0 ath1

Set the required IP address for the device eg :

IPv4-Address: 10.130.1.22

Click on the Save button at the bottom right of the screen.

This will just save the change but not apply it until the Save&Apply button is selected. This allows you to make other network configuration changes before the changes are committed and the device restarts.

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Set the ath0 IP Address

This step sets a unique IP address for the ath0 mesh interface. Changing this address is optional – the device will perform in the mesh just as well without any change.

One reason you might want to change this address is to allow connection to the device for maintenance purposes at a unique address with a PC able to operate in ah-demo WiFi mode.

Conversely, leaving all the ath0 addresses the same provides a known fallback address that will work on any device.

The default setting for this IP address when the device is flashed is 10.10.1.20 and you may choose to change just the last octet of the address in order to make the address unique on the mesh, or you may choose to change the whole address range.

If you are changing the last octet of the address, it is a useful convention to make it the same as the bridge address.

When you have made any required change, click Save at the lower right of the page.

When all required network changes have been made, click Save&Apply to commit the changes and restart the device.

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4.4 Advanced Set-up

Use the command line from a telnet or ssh terminal session.

Connecting to the MP

Connect to the MP via telnet using the MP fallback address: 172.31.255.254

Set PC to: IP: 172.31.255.253 Netmask: 255.255.255.252

Set the root password and exit.

Connect to the MP via ssh and login.

Set the MP Network Addresses

Set the br-lan Bridge IP Address

Set the unique IP address for the br-lan interface of the MP device by using the uci command or by directly editing the network configuration file.

From the command line:

uci set network.br-lan.ipaddr=103.130.1.XXX (Where xxx is unique to each MP)

uci commit network

Edit the /etc/config/network file: config 'interface' 'lan'

option 'type' 'bridge'

option 'ifname' 'eth0 bat0 ath1'

option 'proto' 'static'

option 'netmask' '255.255.255.0'

option 'gateway' '10.130.1.1'

option 'dns' '10.130.1.1'

option 'ipaddr' '10.130.1.22'

Set the ath0 IP Address

You may wish to change the ath0 IP address, however this is not required for basic mesh operation.

From the command line:

uci set network.wifi0.ipaddr=10.130.1.XXX (Where xxx is unique to each MP)

uci commit network

Edit the /etc/config/network file: config 'interface' 'wifi0'

option 'ifname' 'ath0'

option 'proto' 'static'

option 'ipaddr' '10.10.1.20'

option 'netmask' '255.255.255.0'

option 'mtu' '1527'

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Set the AP BSSID and Password

Edit the /etc/hostapd.conf

file interface=ath1 bridge=br-lan driver=madwifi

# Edit BSSID as required ssid=Mesh-Potato-AP country_code=DE hw_mode=g wpa=1 wpa_passphrase=potato-potato wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK macaddr_acl=0 ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd

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Modifying Asterisk Operation

Setting up External VoIP

To add external VoIP support, changes are required to two Asterisk configuration files ( sip.conf

and extensions.conf

) on the individual MP where the access is required.

1. In the /etc/asterisk/sip.conf

file make the following changes: a) In the [general ] section, add the following lines to register with the VoIP provider:

; Register to VoIP Provider register => myusername: [email protected]

b) Add a new [sipaccount] section to define the account details:

[sipaccount] host= sip.mysipprovider.com secret= mysecret username= myusername fromuser= myusername insecure=port,invite type=friend disallow=all allow=gsm,ulaw,alaw dtmfmod=rfc2833 qualify=yes canreinvite=no nat=yes context=default

2. In the /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf

file add the following lines at the start of the [default] section:

; Send incoming calls to the MP exten => s,1,Dial(MP/1)

; Make outgoing calls using [sipaccount] details

; Dial # for access, and then required number string exten => _#.,1,Dial(SIP/${EXTEN:1}@sipaccount,120,r)

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5. Overview of SECN Operation

This configuration uses Batman-advanced for the mesh rather than Batman as used in earlier firmware versions. Batman-advanced uses a different mesh protocol to batman and so the two won't interoperate on the same mesh.

The MP device provides two physical network interfaces, Ethernet cable and wireless, which are configured as follows:

• The eth0 interface operates on the MP Ethernet cable connection.

• Two wireless interfaces, ath0 and ath1 , are set up on the wireless interface wifi0 .

• Batman-adv is configured to run on the ath0 interface using the batctl command and generates the bat0 interface.

• The second wireless interface, ath1 , is set up to operate as a WiFi access point using the iwconfig command.

• The bat0 , ath1 and eth0 interfaces are bridged ( br lan ) together in each MP and assigned a static IP address, and thus, due to the operation of the mesh via bat0 , all the ath1 and eth0 interfaces of all the MPs in the mesh are similarly bridged.

• The default IP address range used for the br-lan interface is 10.130.1.xxx

The mesh will operate in a stand-alone configuration, simply connecting attached devices together and providing telephony between devices. Alternatively the mesh may be interconnected to a LAN to provide access to additional resources, including internet connectivity.

If one of the MP devices is connected via Ethernet cable to a LAN router, then all WiFi and

Ethernet interfaces connected to the meshed MPs will have access to the LAN resources.

If there is a DHCP server running on the LAN (eg in the router) then devices configured as DHCP clients connected to the MPs will acquire an IP address just as if they were connected directly to the

LAN.

Note that there is no DHCP server running in a stand-alone mesh arrangement by default, and so in this case, attached devices would need to be statically configured for their IP address.

5.1 IP Address Range for MPs

It should be noted that the IP address used for the br-lan bridge in the MP devices needs to be configured during setup, and may or may not be made to lie in the IP address space used on the

LAN to which the mesh may be connected. Operation is essentially the same in both cases, but care must be taken to manage the address space in the former case.

IP addresses assigned to MP devices are static. If the IP addresses used for the MP devices lie in the same address space as the LAN, then the DHCP server and other devices on the LAN must be appropriately configured so that the addresses assigned to the MP devices are left free in order to avoid IP address conflicts. In this arrangement, the MP devices will appear on the LAN just as any other device with a static IP address, and they may be accessed for management via browser or ssh terminal session.

Conversely, if the IP address range used for the MP devices is separate to that used on the LAN, the

MP devices will not appear on the LAN and there is no need to reserve the address space. In order

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The default IP address assigned to the br-lan interface in the MPs is 10.130.1.20 which is unlikely to conflict with the default address range of commodity routers.

If it is desired to have the MPs appear on the LAN, the br-lan IP address should be assigned accordingly during set up.

The address assigned to the br-lan interface for each MP must be changed to be unique, so that each device can provide a separate telephone number. This IP address assignment may be made by a number of methods including telephone IVR, web interface or manipulation of the

/etc/config/network file.

5.2 Batman-Advanced Operation

Batman-advanced is a "OSI layer 2" routing protocol which is implemented as a kernel module in the Linux kernel. Since Linux 2.6.38 batman-advanced is an official part of Linux.

When you assign at least one active physical network interface to batman-advanced, it will create the virtual bat0 interface. In the SECN firmware ath0 is assigned to the batman-advanced kernel module. ath0 is the wireless interface operating in multipoint-to-multipoint mode (ad-hoc).

Because batman-advanced operates entirely on MAC layer (OSI layer 2), ath0 doesn't need any

Layer 3 configuration. Only its Layer 2 MAC address is required. The MAC address is configured during production, so we don't need to configure it. All we need to do is make sure to switch ath0 on. To sum it up: ath0 is the link-local transport interface for the batman-advanced mesh.

Batman-adv itself bridges all bat0 interfaces in all the mesh devices to a big, smart, virtual switch.

This means that all bat0 interfaces in the mesh are link-local - even if they are multiple wireless hops away.

Despite being virtual, bat0 acts like a real, physical, network interface connected to a big switch. As such you can run all kinds of network protocols on it, like IPv4, IPv6, ARP, Zeroconf (yes, you can run mDNS on bat0 !), IPX – or whatever protocol that can communicate over a network interface that is connected link local (which means directly connected, like a straight Ethernet cable connected between two computers, or a bunch of computers connected to a switch).

In the SECN firmware the bat0 interface itself is again assigned (or rather enslaved) to a bridge in each machine. bat0 is part of the bridge named br-lan , together with ath1 and eth0 . eth0 is the LAN port of the MP. ath1 is a access-point interface, operating as a master in WiFi infrastructure mode. (As opposed to a infrastructure client, like laptops or smartphones with a WiFi interface).

Hence all eth0 and ath1 interfaces in all devices running the SECN firmware are part of one big wireless bridge. The ath0 interface does the low level work to carry the traffic link-locally from hop to hop and batman-advanced takes care about the routes that the MAC packets have to take.

Note: It is not possible to add IP settings to an interface which is encapsulated in a bridge - you can only assign IP settings to the bridge interface itself. eth0 is part of the bridge br-lan, together with ath1 , bat0 (the batman-advanced virtual interface, which is routed by the mesh routing protocol on

MAC level). Hence you can not assign any IP settings to eth0 , ath1 or bat0 - only to br-lan .

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5.3 Telephony Operation

Overview

MP devices provide an RJ11 port to which a telephone may be connected and each MP device runs a copy of the Asterisk application to provide the telephony facilities. Asterisk allows phone calls to be made between devices by means of Voice over IP (VoIP) and Session Initiated Protocol (SIP).

The operation of Asterisk is controlled to a number of configuration files, two of which are of particular interest for MP devices - /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf

and /etc/asterisk/sip.conf

The extensions.conf

file sets up the dial plan while the sip.conf

file defines the channels to be used for making calls.

Operation of Asterisk can be monitored from the MP command line by executing the command:

# asterisk -r

Useful commands in the Asterisk shell include:

CLI> exit

CLI> core set verbose 5

CLI> sip reload

CLI> dialplan reload

Return to the command shell

Set verbose level to 5

Reload sip.conf configuration

Reload extensions.conf dialplan

CLI> show dialplan default Display current dial plan

CLI> sip show registry Display sip registrations

The MP Asterisk configuration includes several telephone extension numbers that allow interaction with the device using Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system. These numbers include:

2663 (C-O-N-F)

2661

2664

7774

3427

Configure the

Read out the

Read out the

Read out the eth0 ath0 eth0 rssi

/ br-lan eth0

IP address of the device

wireless interface IP address

/ br-lan interface IP address

signal strength

Start DHCP client on

The SECN firmware includes a facility for making calls using abbreviated dialling using the last octet of the device IP address by pre-pending the rest of the address. This is set up on re-boot by the script /bin/generate-extension.sh using the MP device's own br-lan IP address as reference .

Making Calls to MP Devices

To dial an MP device using the full IP address, dial the IP number substituting the * character for the dots between octets in the address. To dial an MP with address 10.130.1.21, dial

10*130*1*21

To dial an MP device using abbreviated dialling, simply dial the last octet of the unique IP number assigned to the required MP. This can be dialled as 1, 2 or 3 digits eg

5 (device address 10.130.1.5)

25 (device address 10.130.1.25)

105 (device address 10.130.1.105)

Note that numbers with leading zeroes are reserved for the external SIP provider dial plan.

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