Texas Instruments System-on-Chip for 2.4 GHz ZigBee(TM) /IEEE 802.15.4 with Location Engine (Rev. B) Datasheet
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Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
System-on-Chip for 2.4 GHz ZigBee
®
/
IEEE 802.15.4 with Location Engine
Applications
• ZigBee ®
systems
• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 systems
• Home/building automation
• Industrial Control and Monitoring
• Low power wireless sensor networks
• Access Control
Product Description
The
CC2431 is a true System-On-Chip (SOC) for wireless sensor networking ZigBee
®
/IEEE
802.15.4 solutions. The chip includes a location detection hardware module that can be used in so-called blind nodes (i.e. nodes with unknown location) to receive signals from nodes with known location’s. Based on this the location engine calculates an estimate of a blind node’s position. The
CC2431 enables
ZigBee
®
nodes to be built with very low total bill-of-material costs. The
CC2431 combines the excellent performance of the leading
CC2420
RF transceiver with an industry-standard enhanced 8051 MCU, 128 KB flash memory, 8
KB RAM and many other powerful features.
Combined with the industry leading ZigBee
® protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from Texas
Instruments, the
CC2431 provides the market’s most competitive ZigBee
®
solution.
The
CC2431 is highly suited for systems where ultra low power consumption is required. This is achieved by various operating modes. Short transition times between these modes further ensure low power consumption.
Key Features
• Location Engine calculates the location of a node in a network
• High performance and low power 8051 microcontroller core.
• 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF transceiver (industry leading
CC2420
radio core).
• ZigBee ®
protocol stack (Z-Stack™) from
Texas Instruments includes support for
CC2431
‘s location engine.
•
Excellent receiver sensitivity and robustness to interferers
•
128 KB in-system programmable flash
• 8 KB RAM, 4 KB with data retention in all power modes
•
Powerful DMA functionality
•
Very few external components
•
Only a single crystal needed for mesh network systems
• PC peripherals
• Set-top boxes and remote controls
• Consumer Electronics
• Container/Vehicle Tracking
• Active RFID
• Inventory Control
• Low current consumption (RX: 27 mA, TX: 27 mA, microcontroller running at 32 MHz)
• Only 0.5µA current consumption in powerdown mode, where external interrupts or the
RTC can wake up the system
• 0.3 µA current consumption in power-down mode, where external interrupts can wake up the system
• Very fast transition times from low-power modes to active mode enables ultra low average power consumption in low duty-cycle systems
•
CSMA/CA hardware support
•
Wide supply voltage range (2.0 V – 3.6 V)
•
Digital RSSI/ LQI support
•
Battery monitor and temperature sensor
• ADC with up to eight inputs and configurable resolution
•
128-bit AES security coprocessor
Page 1 of 15 CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Key Features (continued)
• Two powerful USARTs with support for several serial protocols.
•
Hardware debug support timer
• One IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Timer, one general
16-bit timer and two 8-bit timers
Note:
•
RoHS compliant 7x7 mm QLP48 package
• 21 general I/O pins, two with 20 mA sink/source capability
• Powerful and flexible development tools available
The CC2431 and the CC2430 are pin compatible, and the MCU and RF parts of the
CC2430-F128 are identical to the CC2431 except the Location Engine. This data sheet complements the CC2430 data sheet with a description of the Location Engine. For complete information about the CC2431, please refer to the CC2430 data sheet in addition to this data sheet. The CC2430 data sheet can be found here:
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2430.pdf
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 2 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Table Of Contents
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 3 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Each RF register is described in a separate table. The table heading is given in the following format:
REGISTER NAME (XDATA Address)
In the register descriptions, each register bit is shown with a symbol indicating the access mode of the register bit. The register values are always given in binary notation unless prefixed by ‘0x’ which indicates hexadecimal notation.
Table 1: Register bit conventions
Symbol Access Mode
R/W Read/write
R0
R1
W0
W1
Read as 0
Read as 1
Write as 0
Write as 1
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 4 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
The Location Engine is used to estimate the position of nodes in an ad-hoc wireless network. Reference nodes exist with known coordinates, typically because they are part of an installed infrastructure. Other nodes are
blind nodes, whose coordinates need to be estimated. These blind nodes are often mobile and attached to assets that need to be tracked.
The Location Engine implements a distributed computation algorithm that uses received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values from known reference nodes. Performing location calculations at the node level reduces network traffic and communication delays otherwise present in a centralized computation approach.
The Location Engine has the following main features:
• 3 to 16 reference nodes can be used for the location estimation algorithm
• Location estimate with readout resolution of 0.25 meters (note: The accuracy of the location estimate will depend on several factors described below).
• Time to estimate node location is 50 µs to
13 ms
• Location range 64 x 64 meters
• Runs location estimation with minimum
CPU usage
To achieve the best possible accuracy one should use antennas that have near-isotropic radiation characteristics. The location error depends on signal environment, deployment pattern of reference nodes and the density of reference nodes in a given area. In general, having more reference nodes available improves the accuracy of the location estimation.
2.1 Location Engine Operation
This section describes the basic steps required to obtain location estimates from the
Location Engine.
The Location Engine requires a set of three to
16 reference coordinates to be input together with a set of measured parameters. The output from the Location Engine consists of a pair of estimated location coordinates.
Before any input data is written, the Location
Engine must be enabled by writing a 1 to the enable bit, LOCENG.EN
. When the Location
Engine is not in use, writing a 0 to
LOCENG.EN
will reduce the power consumption of the CC2431 by gating off the
Engine’s clock signal.
Figure 1 shows the basic operation of the
Location Engine.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 5 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Figure 1: Location Engine Operation
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 6 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
The Location Engine requires a set of between
three and 16 reference coordinates [x0, y0, x1,
y1, …, x15, y15] to be input. The reference coordinates express each reference nodes position in meters, as unsigned values in the interval [0, 63.75] meters. The finest possible readout resolution is 0.25 meter. The format used is fixed-point data with the two LSBs representing the fractional part and the remaining six bits representing the integer part, thus e.g. 63.75 is represented as 0xFF.
Reference coordinates are loaded into the RF register REFCOORD . Before writing to
REFCOORD , a 1 must be written to the register bit LOCENG.REFLD
to indicate that a set of reference coordinates are being written. Once the coordinate load process commences
( LOCENG.REFLD
=1), 16 coordinate pairs must always be written. However, it is possible for the Location Engine to use less than 16 reference coordinates, by marking certain reference coordinates as unused. Zeros shall be used to fill the unused reference coordinate slots, and they will be interpreted as unused when 0.0 is loaded as the RSSI value for those reference coordinates.
The reference coordinates are written in the order [x0, y0, x1, y1, …, x15, y15] to the register REFCOORD . After all coordinates have been written, a 0 is written to the register bit
LOCENG.REFLD
.
After the reference coordinates have been written, a set of measured parameters must be input to the Location Engine. These parameters consist of two radio parameters:
Four search boundary coordinates and 16
RSSI values. The radio parameters are the values A and n. These radio parameters are used in the Engine’s algorithm used to find the estimated location. The parameters A and n can be adjusted to describe the propagation environment in which a network of devices will operate.
2.1.2.1 Parameter Definitions
The measured parameters are described in this section together with how these should be estimated.
2.1.2.1.1 Parameter A
The radio parameter A is defined as the absolute value of the average power in dBm received at a close-in reference distance of one meter from the transmitter, assuming an omni-directional radiation pattern. For example, if the mean received power at one meter is -40 dBm, the parameter A is specified as 40.
The Engine expects the parameter A to be in the range [30.0, 50.0] with precision 0.5. The parameter A is given as an unsigned fixedpoint value where the LSB bit is the fractional bit and the remaining bits are the integer part.
A typical value for A is 40.0.
The radio parameter n is defined as the path loss exponent that describes the rate at which the signal power decays with increasing distance from the transmitter. This decay is proportional to d
-n where d is the distance between transmitter and receiver.
The actual parameter n value written to the
Location Engine is an integer index value selected from a lookup table shown in Table 2.
As an example, in the case when the value
n=2.98 is found from measurements, the closest available value of n in the lookup table is 3.00, corresponding to index 13. Therefore, the integer value 13 is used for the parameter
n written to the Location Engine.
Refer to section 2.1.2.1.3 in order to find the
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 7 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Table 2: n parameter lookup table
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2
3
4
5
6 n index
0
1 n
1.000
1.250
n index
16
17
1.500
18
1.750
19
1.875
20
2.000
21
2.125
22
2.250
23
2.375
24
2.500
25
2.625
26
2.750
27
2.875
28
3.000
29
3.125
30
3.250
31 n
3.375
3.500
3.625
3.750
3.875
4.000
4.125
4.250
4.375
4.500
4.625
5.000
5.500
6.000
7.000
8.000
The parameter n is written to the Location
Engine as an integer index in the range [0, 31] as the index is given as an integer value with no fractional bits, e.g. the value n = 7 is loaded as 00000111. The typical value for n depends on the environment.
2.1.2.1.3 Parameter Estimation
The parameters A and n can be estimated empirically by collecting RSSI data (and therefore path loss data) for which the distances between the transmitting and
receiving devices are known. Figure 2 is a
scatter plot of abs(RSSI) data versus log distance in meters. A least-squares best-fit line is used to glean the specific values of A and n for the environment in which the data were measured:
• A is the y-intercept of the line, and
• n is the slope of the line
The data in Figure 2 give A=42.4 and n=2.98
for that environment. Note that the plot in this example does not show the actual y-intercept i.e. the point on the line where x=0.
The value of A loaded into the engine in this case would by 42.5. The value of n loaded into
the engine, is seen to be 13 from Table 2.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 8 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Path Loss vs. log-distance for source 0x85, Z=2.1082. A=42.4103, n=2.9773
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
2 4 6 8
10*log10(distance)
10 12 14
Figure 2: Path loss vs. log distance
2.1.2.1.4 Search Boundary Coordinates
It is possible to reduce error and estimation time by setting search boundaries for the estimated location X and Y coordinates. The maximum area that can be considered is with
X and Y in the interval [0.0, 63.75] meters.
Assume that the Location Engine search is to be limited to include only the rectangular area bounded by the coordinates [x
[x max
, y max
]. min
, y min
] and
Four search boundary parameters are entered in the following order: x min
, x delta
, y min
, y delta where: x delta
= x max
- x min y delta
= y max
- y min
Note that even when it is chosen to search in the whole possible search space, these coordinates must be entered as the coordinates for the whole space, i.e. the following values: 0.0, 63.75, 0.0, 63.75.
If some input parameters are omitted the
Location Engine will not estimate correctly.
2.1.2.1.5 RSSI Values
The RSSI values are the RSSI measurements corresponding to the set of reference coordinates. The RSSI values are within the interval [-40 dBm, -95 dBm] with precision 0.5 dBm. The negative sign is removed in the value written. As an example, in the case where the value RSSI = -50.35 dB, this would be written into the location engine as 50.5.
2.1.2.2 Loading Parameters
All measured parameters described in the previous sections are loaded into the RF register MEASPARM . Before writing to
MEASPARM , a 1 must be written to the register
Note that a value of 0.0 must be written as
RSSI value for unused reference coordinates, if less than 16 reference nodes are used. The engine will not function correctly if only some of the parameters are loaded. bit LOCENG.PARLD
to indicate that a set of measured parameters are being written. Once the parameter load process commences
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 9 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
( LOCENG.PARLD
=1), all 22 parameters must be written.
The measured parameters must be written in the order [A, n, x min
, x delta
, y min
, y delta
, rssi
0
, rssi
1
,
…, rssi
15
] to the MEASPARM register. Once the parameter load process commences
( LOCENG.PARLD
=1) it must be completed with all 22 parameters. Included in these are the 16 RSSI values which must be all written, so any unused slots must be written as zeros.
After all 22 parameters have been written, a 0 must be written to the register bit
LOCENG.PARLD
.
The estimated location coordinates are given in meters in the interval [0.0, 63.75] with resolution 0.25 m. The data format uses the
LSB bit as the fractional part.
When reference coordinates and measured parameters have been loaded, the location estimate is calculated by writing 1 to the
LOCENG.RUN
register bit. The estimated coordinates can be read from the LOCX and
LOCY registers when LOCENG.DONE
is set to
1. The time until estimated coordinates can be read varies with the search boundary parameters, from 50 µs to 13 ms (with 32
MHz system clock) after LOCENG.RUN
was set to 1. The Location Engine does not produce any interrupt requests.
The value of the X coordinate estimate given by LOCX includes an offset value which must
be removed to obtain the actual X coordinate.
The offset removal must be performed after
2.2 Location Engine Register
This section describes the RF registers associated with the Location Engine. These registers are:
•
•
•
•
•
LOCENG - Location Engine control and status
REFCOORD - Reference coordinates input
MEASPARM - Measured parameters input
LOCX coordinate
- Location estimate X
LOCY coordinate
- Location estimate Y reading the LOCX register, to obtain the actual
X value as follows:
X = (X
LOCX
- x min
+1) % ( x delta
+ 1) + x min
Where X
LOCX
is the value read from register
LOCX , and x min
and x delta
are the boundary parameters used as inputs to limit the search
as described in section 2.1.2.1.4. Notice that
the Y coordinate read LOCY from can be used directly.
The estimated coordinates remain valid in the
LOCX and LOCY registers until new results have been calculated or until a reset.
Note that LOCENG.EN must be 1 during operation of the Location Engine.
The RF registers reside in XDATA memory
space. Table 3 gives an overview of register
addresses while the remaining tables in this section describe each register in detail. Refer
also to section 1 for Register conventions.
For the remaining RF registers refer to the
CC2430 Data Sheet.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 10 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Table 3 : Overview of Location Engine RF registers
XDATA Address Register name
0xDF55 REFCOORD
0xDF56 MEASPARM
0xDF57
0xDF58
LOCENG
LOCX
0xDF59 LOCY
0xDF60 CHVER
0xDF61 CHIPID
Description
Reference coordinates input
Measured parameters input
Location Engine control and status
Location estimate X coordinate
Location estimate Y coordinate
REFCOORD (0xDF55)
Bit Name
7:0 REFCOORD
Reset R/W Description
0 R/W Location Engine reference coordinate [x0, y0, x1, y1, … x15, y15]
MEASPARM (0xDF56)
Bit Name
7:0 MEASPARM
Reset R/W Description
0 R/W Location Engine measured parameters of channel and reference nodes
[A, n, x min
, x delta
, y min
, y delta
, rssi
0
, rssi
1
, …, rssi
15
]
LOCENG (0xDF57)
Bit Name
7:5 -
4 EN
3 DONE
2 PARLD
1 REFLD
0 RUN
Reset R/W Description
00 R0 Reserved, read as 0.
0 R/W
1 Enable location engine
0 R Estimation completed. After 1 has been written to RUN, this bit is cleared and then set to 1 when the estimated data is ready.
0 R/W set of parameters are written to MEASPARM. Write 0 to this bit after the last parameter has been written.
0 R/W before the set of coordinates are written to REFCOORD.
Write 0 to this bit after the last coordinate has been written.
0 R0W1 desired coordinates and parameters have been written to
REFCOORD and MEASPARM registers. Estimation process starts when 1 is written to this bit. Always read as
0.
LOCX (0xDF58)
Bit Name
7:0 LOCX
Reset R/W Description
00h R Location estimate X coordinate with offset.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 11 of 15
LOCY (0xDF59)
Bit Name
7:0 LOCY
CHVER (0xDF60)
Bit Name
7:0 VERSION[7:0]
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Reset R/W Description
00h R Location estimate Y coordinate.
Reset R/W Description
0x03 R Chip revision number. The current die revision is as follows:
0x04 : Die revision E
The current number in VERSION[7:0] may not be consistent with past or future die revisions of this product
CHIPID (0xDF61)
Bit Name
7:0 CHIPID[7:0]
Reset R/W Description
0x89 R Chip identification number. Always read as 0x89.
Table 4: Ordering Information
Ordering part number
CC2431RTC
Description
CC2431RTCR
CC2431ZRTC
CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with
260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver.
CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with
2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver.
CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, trays with 260 pcs per tray, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory,
System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s
ZigBee
®
Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product
CC2431ZRTCR CC2431, QLP48 package, RoHS compliant Pb-free assembly, T&R with
2500 pcs per reel, 128 Kbytes in-system programmable flash memory, System-on-chip RF transceiver, including royalty for using TI’s ZigBee
®
Software Stack, Z-Stack™, in an end product
MOQ
260
2500
260
2500
CC2431ZDK CC2431 ZigBee
®
Development Kit
CC2431EMK CC2431 Evaluation Module Kit
MOQ = Minimum Order Quantity T&R = tape and reel
1
1
1
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 12 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
Revision Date
Table 5: Document History
Description/Changes
Preliminary data sheets exist for engineering samples and pre-production prototype devices, but these data sheets are not complete and may be incorrect in some aspects compared with the released product.
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 13 of 15
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
5 Address Information
Texas Instruments Norway AS
Gaustadalléen 21
N-0349 Oslo
NORWAY
Tel: +47 22 95 85 44
Fax: +47 22 95 85 46
Web site: http://www.ti.com/lpw
6 TI Worldwide Technical Support
Internet
TI Semiconductor Product Information Center Home Page: support.ti.com
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Fax: +1(972)
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Domestic www.tij.co.jp/pic
CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 14 of 15
Asia
Phone
Not Recommended for New Designs
CC2431
International +886-2-23786800
Domestic Toll-Free Number
Australia 1-800-999-084
Hong Kong 800-96-5941
Indonesia 001-803-8861-1006
Malaysia 1-800-80-3973
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Singapore 800-886-1028
Taiwan 0800-006800
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CC2431 Data Sheet (Rev. 2.01) SWRS034B Page 15 of 15
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