48 October 1999 3 9 36 46 49 Analysing core files remotely Message of the day A public domain network monitor A herald generator November 1995 – October 1999 index 56 AIX news © Xephon plc 1999 AIX Update Published by Editor Xephon 27-35 London Road Newbury Berkshire RG14 1JL England Telephone: 01635 550955 From USA: 01144 1635 33823 E-mail: [email protected] Harold Lewis Disclaimer Readers are cautioned that, although the information in this journal is presented in good faith, neither Xephon nor the organizations or individuals that supplied information in this journal give any warranty or make any repreNorth American office sentations as to the accuracy of the material it contains. Neither Xephon nor the contributXephon/QNA ing organizations or individuals accept any 1301 West Highway 407, Suite 201-405 liability of any kind howsoever arising out of Lewisville, TX 75077-2150 the use of such material. Readers should USA satisfy themselves as to the correctness and Telephone: 940 455 7050 relevance to their circumstances of all advice, Contributions information, code, JCL, scripts, and other If you have anything original to say about contents of this journal before making any AIX, or any interesting experience to use of it. recount, why not spend an hour or two putting it on paper? The article need not be very long Subscriptions and back-issues – two or three paragraphs could be sufficient. A year’s subscription to AIX Update, comNot only will you actively be helping the free prising twelve monthly issues, costs £180.00 exchange of information, which benefits all in the UK; $275.00 in the USA and Canada; AIX users, but you will also gain professional £186.00 in Europe; £192.00 in Australasia recognition for your expertise and that of your colleagues, as well as being paid a and Japan; and £190.50 elsewhere. In all publication fee – Xephon pays at the rate of cases the price includes postage. Individual £170 ($250) per 1000 words for original issues, starting with the November 1995 issue, are available separately to subscribers material published in AIX Update. for £16.00 ($23.00) each including postage. To find out more about contributing an article, see Notes for contributors on AIX Update on-line Xephon’s Web site, where you can download Code from AIX Update is available from Notes for contributors in either text form or as Xephon’s Web page at www.xephon.com/ an Adobe Acrobat file. aixupdate (you’ll need the user-id shown on your address label to access it). © Xephon plc 1999. All rights reserved. None of the text in this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Subscribers are free to copy any code reproduced in this publication for use in their own installations, but may not sell such code or incorporate it in any commercial product. No part of this publication may be used for any form of advertising, sales promotion, or publicity without the written permission of the publisher. Copying permits are available from Xephon in the form of pressure-sensitive labels, for application to individual copies. A pack of 240 labels costs $36 (£24), giving a cost per copy of 15 cents (10 pence). To order, contact Xephon at any of the addresses above. Printed in England. 2 Analysing core files remotely The article Who is to blame for the core file? (Werner Klauser, AIX Update 41, March 1999) explained the ins and outs of locating and analysing core files. For larger systems, the manual processing of core files is tedious, and so a script that performs this task is a useful tool. An example of when such a script is particularly useful is during the development and debugging of distributed systems, where several workstations have intercommunicating processes. In this article we provide a script that remotely and automatically locates and analyses cores on several machines. As the previous article in AIX Update stated, a core file is normally generated when the operating system detects certain error conditions and sends a signal to the process. These signals are defined in /usr/ include/signal.h, and include, for example, SIGSEG (signal ‘11’), which typically occurs when an array access is ‘out of bounds’. Alternatively, you could trigger a core dump manually using the command kill -11 <pid>, since the handling of this signal triggers a core dump by default. The signal may also result in an entry in the error log, which can be viewed using the command errpt -a | more. AIX provides an optional ‘findcore’ package in /usr/samples that makes use of the error log, and AIX support staff can usually analyse cores when provided with the output file /tmp/ibmsupt that is generated by running the command snap -g. You can locate cores manually using the find command, determine the originating program using lquerypv -n core 6b0 16, and analyse them using dbx. For simplicity, our script is similar to this manual procedure, though the methods used in the findcore package would also have advantages. AUTOMATED REMOTE ANALYSIS Now suppose we are interested in monitoring several machines for cores. The operations we would like to be able to perform on the cores are: locate, dbx, and remove. We’ve created a script to accomplish this, where the script can be invoked with the following command: probe_site.csh [-x] [-r] machines © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 3 where: • x Extracts the cores through dbx • r Erases the core • machines Is a list of hostnames of machines to be searched. The default action is simply to list the locations of core files on the specified machines. As the script depends on remotely executing commands via the rsh command, the remote hosts must enable password-less login through the /.rhosts file. When the filesystems are large, locating core files can be time consuming. In our case, cores are located only beneath certain directories, this standard being enforced by programs running the chdir subroutine before a core dump. In order to extract the program stack using dbx, the location of the executable must be known. In order to save time, our script introduces the variables coreSearchDirs and exeSearchDirs as a list of directories to be searched. Of course, you could just set both variables to ‘/’ if execution time is not important. Note that we used the output of the dbx core instead of lquerypv to determine the executable name, as we found this easier to parse. Below are listings of the scripts and a sample output when the scripts are invoked by the following command: probe_site.csh -x cam094 > probe_site.out By examining the output with some knowledge of the distributed system, we might conclude that a possible race condition exists between producers and consumers of an initialization state – the processes dumped cores because they tried to use data before another process had initialized it. Note the use of the continuation character, ‘➤’, in the code that follows to indicate that one line of code maps to several lines of text. 4 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. PROBE_SITE.CSH ############### probe_site.csh ################## #!/bin/csh -f # # Utility to list and optionally dbx and remove cores # # Name: probe_site.csh # # Usage: # probe_site.csh [-r] [-x] nodes ... # -r option causes the script to remove all found core files. # -x option to obtain a dbx stack trace from the core. # nodes is a list of nodes to check # # March 1999 Andre Scheunemann and Jeff Towers # Initial Version # set set set set set ➤ thisNode=`hostname` removeCores="" dbxCores="" coreSearchDirs=("/user_fs/dae/err" "/user_fs/user_fs1/log") exeSearchDirs=("/user_fs/dae/bin" "/user_fs/clmscnf/exercises" "/user_fs/simex_plus/conf/utilities" "/user_fs1/ship/excon") # # parse command line for dbx and remove options # while ( 1 ) switch ( "$1" ) case "-r": set removeCores="YES" breaksw case "-x": set dbxCores="YES" breaksw default: break endsw shift end set nodes="$*" if ( "$nodes" == "" ) then echo "Syntax: $0 [-x] [-r] nodes exit © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 5 endif foreach node ( $nodes ) echo "================================= $node ➤ =================================" set found=`ping -c 1 $node |& grep "1 packets received"` if ( "$found" == "") then echo "Node $node not responding to ping." continue endif set cores="" set i=1 while ( $i <= $#coreSearchDirs ) set d="$coreSearchDirs[$i]" if ( "$node" == "$thisNode" ) then set cores=($cores `find $d -name core -ls`) else set cores=($cores `rsh $node -l root find $d -name core -ls`) endif @ i = $i + 1 end # while ( $i < $#coreSearchDirs ) if ( "$cores" != "" ) then echo "Core Files:" set i=1 while ( $i <= $#cores ) @ a = $i + 10 @ b = $i + 7 @ c = $i + 8 @ d = $i + 9 set f=$cores[$a] set prog="" set ex="" # # Try to obtain the executable name from the core file. # set t=`rsh $node -l root "(cd $f:h; echo quit | dbx core) |& grep ➤ 'Core file program'"` set prog=`echo $t | awk '{print $4}' | sed -e 's/(//;s/)//'` set coreDate="$cores[$b] $cores[$c] $cores[$d]" echo "==> 6 $f [$prog] ($coreDate)" © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. if ( "$dbxCores" == "YES" ) then # # Search for a file that matches the program name under one of # the directories that may contain the executables. # We then invoke dbx using the found executable and extract the # stack trace. # if ( "$prog" != "" ) then set j=1 while ( $j <= $#exeSearchDirs && "$ex" == "" ) set ex=`rsh $node -l root find "$exeSearchDirs[$j]" -name ➤ $prog -print` @ j = $j + 1 end # while ( $j < $#exeSearchDirs ) if ( "$ex" != "" ) then # # If we find the matching executable we get the stack # trace. Keep only the first match found. # if ( $#ex > 1 ) set ex=$ex[1] echo "dbx $ex core" rsh $node -l root "echo 'where; quit' | dbx $ex $f |& ➤ fgrep –v 'warning: Unable to access'" echo "--------------------------------------------------➤ -----------" echo "" else echo "Unable to locate corresponding executable: $prog" endif else echo "Unable to determine executable from core file.": endif endif # if ( $dbxCores == YES ) # # Now handle removal of core files if requested. # if ( "$removeCores" == "YES" ) then rsh $node -l root "rm -f $f" endif @ i = $i + 11 end # while ( $i <= $#cores ) echo "" endif # if ( $cores != empty ) end # foreach ( $nodes ) ############### probe_site.csh ################## © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 7 PROBE_SITE.OUT ############### probe_site.out ################## ============================ cam094 ============================== Core Files: ==> /user_fs/user_fs1/log/coreAP2/core [ap2c0_excon.exe.287] ➤ (Apr 13 15:17) dbx /user_fs/clmscnf/exercises/126/ap2c0_excon.exe.287 core Type 'help' for help. warning: The core file is truncated. You may need to increase the ulimit for file and coredump, or free some space on the filesystem. reading symbolic information ... [using memory image in /user_fs/user_fs1/log/coreAP2/core] IOT/Abort trap in raise at 0xd007fa14 0xd007fa14 (raise+0x20) 80410014 l r2,0x14(r1) raise(??) at 0xd007fa14 abort() at 0xd001b8a8 abort_logger_(??, ??, ??, ??), line 1179 in "cel_routines.c" Init_Role(), line 198 in "init_role.c" AInit(), line 193 in "ainit12_deb.c" aevent_usleep(0xa), line 144 in "aevent_usleep.c" aevent_usleep_front(0xa), line 36 in "aevent_front.c" adisp_usleep(0xa), line 421 in "displib.c" ainitdisp(), line 327 in "ainitdisp.c" main(argc = 4, argv = 0x2ff216dc, 0x2ff216f0, 0x2, 0x2ff22ff8, 0x0, ➤ 0x42, 0x80000000), line 97 in "adisp.c" -------------------------------------------------------------==> /user_fs/user_fs1/log/coreAP1/core [ap1c0_geo_pws.exe.225] ➤ (Apr 13 15:17) dbx /user_fs/clmscnf/exercises/126/ap1c0_geo_pws.exe.225 core Type 'help' for help. warning: The core file is truncated. You may need to increase the ulimitfor file and coredump, or free some space on the filesystem. reading symbolic information ... [using memory image in /user_fs/user_fs1/log/coreAP1/core] IOT/Abort trap in raise at 0xd007fa14 0xd007fa14 (raise+0x20) 80410014 l r2,0x14(r1) raise(??) at 0xd007fa14 abort() at 0xd001b8a8 abort_logger_(??, ??, ??, ??), line 1179 in "cel_routines.c" Init_Role(), line 198 in "init_role.c" AInit(), line 185 in "ainit7.c" aevent_usleep(0xa), line 144 in "aevent_usleep.c" aevent_usleep_front(0xa), line 36 in "aevent_front.c" adisp_usleep(0xa), line 421 in "displib.c" ainitdisp(), line 327 in "ainitdisp.c" main(argc = 4, argv = 0x2ff21888, 0x2ff2189c, 0x2, 0x2ff22ff8, 0x0, 8 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. ➤ 0x42, 0x80000000), line 97 in "adisp.c" -------------------------------------------------------------############### probe_site.out ################## Andre Scheunemann and Jeff Towers Software Analysts CAE Electronics Ltd (Canada) © Xephon 1999 Message of the day INTRODUCTION This article presents two scripts for managing the ‘message-of-theday’: mmotd.sh, which manages the message-of-the-day, and rmotd.sh, which replaces the message-of-the-day. In AIX, the contents of the /etc/motd file are automatically displayed at logon. The scripts allows this message file to be maintained, allowing users to manipulate its entries. The script mmotd.sh provides the following options: • Add a message-of-the-day • Modify the message-of-the-day • Delete the message-of-the-day • View a specific message-of-the-day • View the message file • Add a default message • Modify the default message • Initialize the message file • Initialize rmotd’s log file • View rmotd’s log file • Replace the current motd file. © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 9 rmotd.sh is a shell script that runs as a cron job to replace the contents of /etc/motd file just after midnight every night. It replaces the contents of the file with the day’s message from the message file. If no message for the day is found in the message file, the default message is used, so this should be maintained in the message file at all times. The script also maintains a log file. The mmotd.sh script allows users to add messages only for future dates and/or the current day. As well as allowing these messages to be displayed using the rmotd.sh script, mmotd.sh has an option for replacing the current message-of-the-day file. MAKING IT WORK 1 2 Set appropriate values for the following variables in the mmotd.sh script: – $MESSAGE_DIR – $MESSAGE_FILE – $MOTD_PATH (where the scripts reside) – $RMOTD_LOG (the log file kept by rmotd.sh). Set appropriate values for the following variables in the rmotd.sh script: – $MESSAGE_DIR – $MESSAGE_FILE – $RMOTD_LOG (the log file kept by rmotd.sh). 3 Run mmotd.sh from root account to initialize a new message file and to add new messages. 4 Make an entry in corncob file under root account as follows: # # replace message-of-the-day file at 12.01 am # 1 0 * * * /home/ecatmgr/sh/rmotd.sh > /dev/null 2>&1 Note the continuation character, ‘➤’, in the code that follows to indicate that one line of code corresponds to several lines of print. 10 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. MMOTD.SH (MANAGE MESSAGE-OF-THE-DAY) #! /bin/ksh ##################################################################### # # # mmotd.sh - manage the 'message-of-the-day' # # # # The script manages all aspects of message-of-the-day. # # # # Notes 1 The script contains following functions: # # # # - InitialiseVariables # # - HandleInterrupt # # - MoveCursor # # - DisplayMessage # # - DisplayMenu # # - ProcessOption # # - GetMessage # # - AddMessage # # - ModifyMessage # # - DeleteMessage # # - ViewSpecificMessage # # - ViewMessageFile # # - AddDefaultMessage # # - ModifyDefaultMessage # # - InitializeMessageFile # # - InitialiseRMOTDLogFile # # - ViewRMOTDLogFile # # - IsNumeric # # - LeapYear # # - IsValidDayOfMonth # # - IsValidMonth # # - IsValidYear # # - ValidateInput # # - GetMessageDate # # - RootUser # # - ProcessExit # # - main # # # # History # # Date Author Description # # ----------------------------------------------------------------- # # 09/02/99 A Zaman Initial build # # # ##################################################################### ##################################################################### # # # InitialiseVariables # # # © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 11 # This function initializes all required variables. # # # ##################################################################### InitialiseVariables() { # define locations MESSAGE_DIR="/home/ecatmgr/motd" MESSAGE_FILE="${MESSAGE_DIR}/motd.dat" RMOTD_LOG="${MESSAGE_DIR}/rmotd.log" # log file written by rmotd.sh TEMP_FILE="/tmp/mmotd_$$.tmp" TEMP_FILE_1="/tmp/mmotd_$$_1.tmp" MOTD_PATH="/home/ecatmgr/sh/temp" ; export MOTD_PATH # define date-related variables DAY= # day of the message MON= # month of the message YEAR= # year of the message # define message-related variables MSG= # message-of-the-day # escape sequences ESC="\0033[" RVON= [7m RVOFF= [27m BOLDON= [1m BOLDOFF= [22m BON= [5m BOFF= [25m # # # # # # reverse video on reverse video off bold on bold off blinking on blinking off # define menu title MMOTD="${RVON}Manage message-of-the-day${RVOFF}" # define exit codes SEC=0 FEC=1 TRUE=0 FALSE=1 SLEEP_DURATION=4 # number of seconds for sleep command ERROR="${RVON}${BON}mmotd.sh:ERROR:${BOFF}" INFO="${RVON}mmotd.sh:INFO: " # messages INTERRUPT="Program interrupted! Quitting...${RVOFF}" INVALID_OPTION="Invalid entry ${RVOFF}" MOTD_EXISTS="A message exist for day \${DOTM}${RVOFF}" DEFAULT_EXISTS="A default message already exists${RVOFF}" 12 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. MOTD_ADDED="Successfully added message for day \${DOTM}${RVOFF}" MOTD_EMPTY="Message not modified\; empty message string${RVOFF}" MOTD_NOT_ADDED="Failed to add message for day \${DOTM}${RVOFF}" DMOTD_ADDED="Successfully added default message-of-the-day${RVOFF}" DMOTD_NOT_ADDED="Failed to add default message-of-the-day${RVOFF}" MSG_NOT_FOUND="No message exists for day \${DOTM}${RVOFF}" DMSG_NOT_FOUND="No default message-of-the-day exist${RVOFF}" MSG_FILE_EMPTY="Message file, \${MESSAGE_FILE}, is empty${RVOFF}" MOTD_MODIFIED="Successfully modified message for day \${DOTM}${RVOFF}" MOTD_NOT_MODIFIED="Failed to modify message for day \${DOTM}${RVOFF}" DMOTD_MODIFIED="Successfully modified default message-of-the-day ➤ ${RVOFF}" DDMOTD_MODIFIED="Failed to modify default message-of-the-day${RVOFF}" EDIT_MSG="Modify the message and save the file${RVOFF}" INVALID_ENTRY="Invalid entry ${RVOFF}" INVALID_MONTH="\${MON}, is an invalid month ${RVOFF}" INVALID_MONTH_YEAR="\${MON}, is an invalid month for year ➤ \$YEAR${RVOFF}" INVALID_DAY="\${DAY}, is an invalid day for month, \${MON} ${RVOFF}" INVALID_YEAR="\${YEAR}, is an invalid year ${RVOFF}" NOT_NUMERIC="Value must be numeric${RVOFF}" FILE_NOT_INITIALIZED="Failed to initialize the file ➤ \${FILE_NAME}${RVOFF}" FILE_INITIALIZED="Successfully initialized the file ➤ \${FILE_NAME}${RVOFF}" NO_MSG_FILE="Message file, \${MESSAGE_FILE}, does not exist${RVOFF}" NO_RMOTD_LOG="Log file ,\${RMOTD_LOG} does not exist${RVOFF}" OSERROR="\${OSEM}${RVOFF}" ROOT_USER="The script must be executed from the root account${RVOFF}" # define signals SIGNEXIT=0 ; export SIGHUP=1 ; export SIGINT=2 ; export SIGTERM=15 ; export } SIGNEXIT SIGHUP SIGINT SIGTERM # # # # normal exit when session disconnected ctrl-c kill command ##################################################################### # # # HandleInterrupt # # # # This function calls ProcessExit. # # # ##################################################################### HandleInterrupt () { DisplayMessage I "${INTERRUPT}" ProcessExit $FEC } © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 13 ##################################################################### # # # MoveCursor # # # # This function moves the cursor to location (Y, X). # # # # Input : X and Y coordinates # # # # Notes 1 This must be run in ksh for print to work. Also, # # print must be used to move the cursor as echo # # does not seem to work. # # # ##################################################################### MoveCursor ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP YCOR=$1 XCOR=$2 echo "${ESC}${YCOR};${XCOR}H" } ##################################################################### # # # DisplayMessage # # # # This function displays a message. # # # # Input 1 Message type (E = Error, I = Information) # # 2 Error code, as defined in DefineMessages ( ). # # # ##################################################################### DisplayMessage ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP MESSAGE_TYPE=$1 MESSAGE_TEXT=`eval echo $2` MoveCursor 24 1 if [ "${MESSAGE_TYPE}" = "E" ] then echo "`eval echo ${ERROR}`${MESSAGE_TEXT}\c" else echo "`eval echo ${INFO}`${MESSAGE_TEXT}\c" fi sleep ${SLEEP_DURATION} return ${TRUE} } 14 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. ##################################################################### # # # DisplayMenu # # # # This function displays the menu. # # # ##################################################################### DisplayMenu ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP clear echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo echo " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " #######################################" # #" # $MMOTD #" # #" # 5 Add a message #" # 10 Modify a message #" # 15 Delete a message #" # 20 View a specific message #" # 25 View a message file #" # 30 Add a default message #" # 35 Modify the default message #" # 40 Initialize the message file #" # 45 Initialize the RMOTD log file #" # 50 View the RMOTD log file #" # 55 Replace the current MOTD file #" # 99 Exit #" # #" #######################################" Enter your option --->\c" read OPTION } ##################################################################### # # # ProcessOption # # # # This function processes a menu option. # # # ##################################################################### ProcessOption ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP case $OPTION in 5) AddMessage ;; 10) ModifyMessage ;; 15) DeleteMessage ;; © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 15 20) 25) 30) 35) 40) 45) 50) 55) 99) * ) ViewSpecificMessage ;; ViewMessageFile ;; AddDefaultMessage ;; ModifyDefaultMessage ;; InitializeMessageFile ;; InitialiseRMOTDLogFile ;; ViewRMOTDLogFile ;; ReplaceCurrentMotdFile ;; clear; ProcessExit $SEC ;; DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_OPTION}" esac } ##################################################################### # # # GetMessage # # # # This function gets the required message. # # # ##################################################################### GetMessage ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP while true do clear echo "Enter the message:\c" read MSG case "${MSG}" in "" ) DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_ENTRY}" ;; * ) break ;; esac done } ##################################################################### # # # AddMessage # # # # This function adds a message to the message file. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # # Notes 1 The function checks for an existing message before # # writing the current message. # # # ##################################################################### AddMessage ( ) { 16 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] then DisplayMessage E "${NO_MSG_FILE}" return $FALSE fi # get the required message's date GetMessageDate # get the message GetMessage # check the existing entry DOTM="${DAY}${MON}${YEAR}" if grep "${DOTM}" ${MESSAGE_FILE} > /dev/null 2>&1 then # a message exist for this day DisplayMessage E "${MOTD_EXISTS}" return $FALSE fi # write away the message ( echo "${DOTM}:${MSG}" 1>> ${MESSAGE_FILE} ) 2> ${TEMP_FILE} if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${MOTD_NOT_ADDED}" OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${MOTD_ADDED}" return $TRUE fi } ##################################################################### # # # ModifyMessage # # # # This function modifies a specific message. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### ModifyMessage () { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 17 # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] then # no message file found DisplayMessage E "${NO_MSG_FILE}" return $FALSE fi # get the required message's date GetMessageDate DOTM="${DAY}${MON}${YEAR}" # get the required message if ! grep "${DOTM}" ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 then DisplayMessage E "${MSG_NOT_FOUND}" return $FALSE fi # pick the message from temporary file LINE="`cat ${TEMP_FILE}`" MSG=`echo "${LINE}" | cut -d':' -f2` echo "${MSG}" > ${TEMP_FILE} DisplayMessage I "${EDIT_MSG}" vi ${TEMP_FILE} MSG=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` if [ "${MSG}" = "" ] then DisplayMessage E "${MOTD_EMPTY}" return $FALSE fi # write the modified message sed /^${DOTM}/d ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} cp ${TEMP_FILE} ${MESSAGE_FILE} ( echo "${DOTM}:${MSG}" 1>> ${MESSAGE_FILE}) 2> ${TEMP_FILE} if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${MOTD_NOT_MODIFIED}" OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${MOTD_MODIFIED}" return $TRUE fi } ##################################################################### # # 18 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. # DeleteMessage # # # # This function deletes a specific message from message file. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### DeleteMessage () { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] then # no message file found DisplayMessage E "${NO_MSG_FILE}" return $FALSE fi # get the required message's date GetMessageDate DOTM="${DAY}${MON}${YEAR}" # get the required message if ! grep "${DOTM}" ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 then DisplayMessage E "${MSG_NOT_FOUND}" return $FALSE fi # delete the message sed /^${DOTM}/d ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} cp ${TEMP_FILE} ${MESSAGE_FILE} return $TRUE } ##################################################################### # # # ViewSpecificMessage # # # # This function is used to view a specific message from the # # message file. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### ViewSpecificMessage ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 19 # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] then # no message file found DisplayMessage E "${NO_MSG_FILE}" return $FALSE fi # get the required message's date GetMessageDate DOTM="${DAY}${MON}${YEAR}" # get the required message if ! grep "${DOTM}" ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 then DisplayMessage E "${MSG_NOT_FOUND}" return $FALSE fi # view the message view ${TEMP_FILE} return $TRUE } ##################################################################### # # # ViewMessageFile # # # # This function views all messages from message file. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # # Notes 1 Messages are sorted in ascending order by date. # # # ##################################################################### ViewMessageFile ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] then # no message file found DisplayMessage E "${NO_MSG_FILE}" return $FALSE fi # check the message file for existing messages 20 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. if [ ! -s "${MESSAGE_FILE}" ] then DisplayMessage E "${MSG_FILE_EMPTY}" return $FALSE fi # sort the message file, first removing the header sed /^' '/d ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} # add header to file for sorted messages echo " Message-of-the-day File echo " ======================== # sort message file without the header cat ${TEMP_FILE} |sort -t: -k 1.5,1.8 ➤ ${TEMP_FILE_1} " > ${TEMP_FILE_1} " >> ${TEMP_FILE_1} -k 1.3,1.4 -k 1.1,1.2 >> # view the message file c view ${TEMP_FILE} return $TRUE } ##################################################################### # # # AddDefaultMessage # # # # This function adds the default message to the message file. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # # Notes 1 The function checks for existing message before # # writing the current one. # # # ##################################################################### AddDefaultMessage ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] then DisplayMessage E "${NO_MSG_FILE}" return $FALSE fi # check the existing entry if grep "DEFAULT:" ${MESSAGE_FILE} > /dev/null 2>&1 then # a default message already exist for this day © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 21 DisplayMessage E "${DEFAULT_EXISTS}" return $FALSE fi # get the required message GetMessage # write the message ( echo "DEFAULT:${MSG}" 1>> ${MESSAGE_FILE} ) 2> ${TEMP_FILE} if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${DMOTD_NOT_ADDED}" OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${DMOTD_ADDED}" return $TRUE fi } ##################################################################### # # # ModifyDefaultMessage # # # # This function modifes the default message in the message file. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### ModifyDefaultMessage ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP # check for file existence if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] then # no message file found DisplayMessage E "${NO_MSG_FILE}" return $FALSE fi # get the required message if ! grep "DEFAULT:" ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 then DisplayMessage E "${DMSG_NOT_FOUND}" return $FALSE fi LINE="`cat ${TEMP_FILE}`" echo "${LINE}" ; read dummy 22 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. MSG=`echo "${LINE}" | cut -d':' -f2` echo "${MSG}" > ${TEMP_FILE} DisplayMessage I "${EDIT_MSG}" MSG=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` if [ "${MSG}" = "" ] then DisplayMessage E "${MOTD_EMPTY}" return $FALSE fi # write the modified message sed /^DEFAULT/d ${MESSAGE_FILE} > ${TEMP_FILE} ( cp ${TEMP_FILE} ${MESSAGE_FILE} ) 2> ${TEMP_FILE_1} if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${DMOTD_NOT_MODIFIED}" DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE_1}` fi ( echo "DEFAULT:${MSG}" 1>> ${MESSAGE_FILE}) 2> ${TEMP_FILE} if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${DMOTD_NOT_MODIFIED}" DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${DMOTD_MODIFIED}" return $TRUE fi } ##################################################################### # # # InitializeMessageFile # # # # This function initializes the message file. # # # # Notes 1 A default message-of-the-day is written as part # # of this process. # # # ##################################################################### InitializeMessageFile ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP FILE_NAME="${MESSAGE_FILE}" # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${MESSAGE_FILE} ] © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 23 then # no message file exists, so initialize a new file (> ${MESSAGE_FILE} ) > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${FILE_NOT_INITIALIZED}" OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${FILE_INITIALIZED}" # write header echo " ➤ ${MESSAGE_FILE} echo " ➤ ${MESSAGE_FILE} Message-of-the-day File ======================== " > " >> # write a default message echo "DEFAULT:Welcome to AIX" >> ${MESSAGE_FILE} return $TRUE fi fi # get confirmation for initializing the existing file while true do clear echo "Message file, ${MESSAGE_FILE} exists" echo "Confirm initialization (Y/N):\c" read REPLY case $REPLY in Y) break ;; N) return $FALSE ;; *) DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_OPTION}" ;; esac done # initialize existing message file (> ${MESSAGE_FILE}) > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${FILE_NOT_INITIALIZED}" OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${FILE_INITIALIZED}" # # write header 24 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. # echo " ➤ ${MESSAGE_FILE} echo " ➤ ${MESSAGE_FILE} Message-of-the-day File ======================== " > " >> # write a default message echo "DEFAULT:Welcome to AIX" >> ${MESSAGE_FILE} return $TRUE fi } ##################################################################### # # # InitialiseRMOTDLogFile # # # # This function initializes the log file. # # # ##################################################################### InitialiseRMOTDLogFile ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP FILE_NAME="${RMOTD_LOG}" # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${RMOTD_LOG} ] then # no log file exists, so initialize a new file (> ${RMOTD_LOG}) > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${FILE_NOT_INITIALIZED}" OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${FILE_INITIALIZED}" # write header echo " Log File for Message-of-the-day Replacement" > ➤ ${RMOTD_LOG} echo " ===========================================" >> ➤ ${RMOTD_LOG} return $TRUE fi fi # get confirmation for initializing existing file while true do © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 25 clear echo "Log file, ${RMOTD_LOG} exists" echo "Confirm initialization (Y/N):\c" read REPLY case $REPLY in Y) break ;; N) return $FALSE ;; *) DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_OPTION}" ;; esac done # initialize the log file (> ${RMOTD_LOG}) > ${TEMP_FILE} 2>&1 if [ $? -ne 0 ] then DisplayMessage E "${FILE_NOT_INITIALIZED}" OSEM=`cat ${TEMP_FILE}` DisplayMessage E "${OSERROR}" return $FALSE else DisplayMessage I "${FILE_INITIALIZED}" # write header echo " Log file for Message-of-the-day replacement" > ➤ ${RMOTD_LOG} echo " ===========================================" >> ➤ ${RMOTD_LOG} return $TRUE fi } ##################################################################### # # # ViewRMOTDLogFile # # # # This function views the log file, written by rmotd.sh script. # # # ##################################################################### ViewRMOTDLogFile ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP # check for the existence of the file if [ ! -f ${RMOTD_LOG} ] then # no log file exists DisplayMessage E "${NO_RMOTD_LOG}" return $FALSE fi 26 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. # view the file cp ${RMOTD_LOG} ${TEMP_FILE} view ${TEMP_FILE} } ##################################################################### # # # ReplaceCurrentMotdFile # # # # This function replaces current motd file with new one by # # invoking the script rmotd.sh. # # # ##################################################################### ReplaceCurrentMotdFile ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP ${MOTD_PATH}/rmotd.sh return $TRUE } ##################################################################### # # # IsNumeric # # # # This function checks a given value for to ensure it is numeric. # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### IsNumeric () { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP PARAM="$1" ARGLEN=`expr "$PARAM" : '.*'` INDEX=1 while [ $INDEX -le $ARGLEN ] do CHAR=`echo "$PARAM" | cut -c$INDEX-$INDEX` if [ "${CHAR}" != "0" -a "${CHAR}" != "1" -a "${CHAR}" != "2" -a \ "${CHAR}" != "3" -a "${CHAR}" != "4" -a "${CHAR}" != "5" -a \ "${CHAR}" != "6" -a "${CHAR}" != "7" -a "${CHAR}" != "8" -a \ "${CHAR}" != "9" ] then DisplayMessage E "${NOT_NUMERIC}" return $FALSE fi INDEX=`expr $INDEX + 1` done } © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 27 ##################################################################### # # # LeapYear # # # # This function checks whether a given year is a leap year. # # # # Input : $YEAR # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### LeapYear ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP RESULT=`bc <<! scale=2 $YEAR/4 !` if [ "`echo $RESULT | cut -d'.' -f2`" = "00" ] then # year is a leap year return $TRUE else # year is not a leap year return $FALSE fi } ##################################################################### # # # IsValidDayOfMonth # # # # This function validates a day for a given month. # # # # Input : a specific day # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### IsValidDayOfMonth ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP P_DAY="$1" # numeric day CURMON=`date +%m` CURDAY=`date +%d` if [ $CURMON -eq $MON ] then if [ $P_DAY -eq $CURDAY -o $P_DAY -gt $CURDAY ] then 28 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. : else DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_DAY}" return $FALSE fi fi # special processing for February if [ "${MON}" = "02" ] then if LeapYear then if [ P_DAY -gt 0 -a P_DAY -lt 30 ] then # day is valid return $TRUE else DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_DAY}" return $FALSE fi else if [ P_DAY -gt 0 -a P_DAY -lt 29 ] then # day is valid return $TRUE else DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_DAY}" return $FALSE fi fi # process months with 31 days elif [ "${MON}" = "01" -o "${MON}" = "03" -o "${MON}" = "05" -o \ "${MON}" = "07" -o "${MON}" = "08" -o "${MON}" = "10" -o \ "${MON}" = "12" ] then if [ P_DAY -gt 0 -a P_DAY -lt 32 ] then # day is valid return $TRUE else DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_DAY}" return $FALSE fi else if [ P_DAY -gt 0 -a P_DAY -lt 31 ] then # day is valid return $TRUE else © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 29 DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_DAY}" return $FALSE fi fi } ##################################################################### # # # IsValidMonth # # # # This function validates a given month. # # # # Input : Variable $MON # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### IsValidMonth ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP PARAM="$1" CURMON=`date +%m` CURYEAR=`date +%Y` if [ "${PARAM}" != "01" -a "${PARAM}" != "02" -a "${PARAM}" != "03" \ -a "${PARAM}" != "04" -a "${PARAM}" != "05" -a "${PARAM}" != "06" \ -a "${PARAM}" != "07" -a "${PARAM}" != "08" -a "${PARAM}" != "09" \ -a "${PARAM}" != "10" -a "${PARAM}" != "11" -a "${PARAM}" != "12" ] then DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_MONTH}" return $FALSE fi # month must be equal to or greater than current month if the year if [ $YEAR -eq $CURYEAR ] then if [ $PARAM -eq $CURMON -o $PARAM -gt $CURMON ] then return $TRUE else DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_MONTH_YEAR}" return $FALSE fi else return $TRUE fi } ##################################################################### # # # IsValidYear # 30 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. # # # This function validates a given year. # # # # Input : Variable $YEAR # # # # Returns : $TRUE or $FALSE # # # ##################################################################### IsValidYear ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP PARAM="$1" CURYEAR=`date +%Y` # check the year is equal to or greater than the current one if [ ${PARAM} -eq $CURYEAR -o ${PARAM} -gt $CURYEAR ] then return $TRUE else DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_YEAR}" return $FALSE fi } ##################################################################### # # # ValidateInput # # # # This function validates all date related values. # # # # Input : 1 String that specifies the type of validation # # 2 Value to be validated. # # # ##################################################################### ValidateInput ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP VAL_TYPE="$1" VALUE="$2" # validate day if [ "${VAL_TYPE}" = "DAY" ] then # check for number if ! IsNumeric "${VALUE}" then return ${FALSE} fi © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 31 # check for two digits ARGLEN=`expr "$VALUE" : '.*'` if [ $ARGLEN -ne 2 ] then DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_LENGTH}" return ${FALSE} fi # validate day of the month if ! IsValidDayOfMonth "${VALUE}" then return ${FALSE} fi # input is valid return ${TRUE} fi # validate month if [ "${VAL_TYPE}" = "MON" ] then # check for number if ! IsNumeric "${VALUE}" then return ${FALSE} fi # validate month if ! IsValidMonth "${VALUE}" then return $FALSE fi # input is valid return ${TRUE} fi # validate year if [ "${VAL_TYPE}" = "YEAR" ] then # check for number if ! IsNumeric "${VALUE}" then return ${FALSE} fi # validate for appropriate four digits year if ! IsValidYear "${VALUE}" then return ${FALSE} fi # input is valid return ${TRUE} fi } ##################################################################### 32 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. # # # GetMessageDate # # # # This function gets the date for the message. # # # ##################################################################### GetMessageDate ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP MON= DAY= YEAR= # get year for the message while true do clear echo "Enter the year (using four digits, eg 1999, 2000) for the ➤ message:\c" read YEAR case $YEAR in "" ) DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_ENTRY}" ;; * ) if ! ValidateInput "YEAR" "${YEAR}" then : else break ; fi ;; esac done # get month for the message while true do clear echo "Enter the month (using two digits eg 01, 10) for the ➤ message:\c" read MON case $MON in "" ) DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_ENTRY}" ;; * ) if ! ValidateInput "MON" "${MON}" then : else break ; fi ;; esac done © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 33 # get day for the message while true do clear echo "Enter the day (using two digits eg 01, 10) for the ➤ message:\c" read DAY case $DAY in "" ) DisplayMessage E "${INVALID_ENTRY}" ;; * ) if ! ValidateInput "DAY" "${DAY}" then : else break ; fi ;; esac done } ##################################################################### # # # RootUser # # # # This function checks whether the user is root. # # # # Returns : TRUE if the user is root # # FALSE otherwise # # # ##################################################################### RootUser ( ) { trap "HandleInterrupt" $SIGINT $SIGTERM $SIGHUP USER=`id | cut -d'(' -f2 | cut -d')' -f1` if [ "${USER}" = "root" ] then return $TRUE else return $FALSE fi } ##################################################################### # # # ProcessExit # # # # This function removes temporary files and makes a graceful exit. # # # # Input : Exit code # # # 34 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. ##################################################################### ProcessExit ( ) { EXIT_CODE="$1" clear rm -f ${TEMP_FILE} rm -f ${TEMP_FILE_1} exit ${EXIT_CODE} } ##################################################################### # # # main # # # # This function invokes all other functions. # # # ##################################################################### main ( ) { InitialiseVariables if ! RootUser then DisplayMessage E "${ROOT_USER}" ProcessExit $FEC fi while true do DisplayMenu ProcessOption done } # invoke main main This article concludes in next month’s issue with the script RMOTD.SH (Replace Message-of-the-Day). Arif Zaman (UK) © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. © Xephon 1999 35 A public domain network monitor ntop is a public domain utility that gathers and displays statistics about network traffic on the subnet to which the AIX host is connected. ntop’s two main characteristics are that it’s able to gather and display meaningful data in ways beyond the reach of an average system administrator, and that it has a very advanced Web-based user interface. NTOP INSTALLATION The source code for ntop is available by FTP from the following URL: http://www-serra.unipi.it/~ntop. At the time of writing, the latest version of the program was 1.1, the source code being delivered in a file called ntop-1.1.tar.gz. The program uses the lsof utility, which is described in ‘Using lsof and lslk’ in AIX Update Issue 48 (September 1999). A pre-requisite of installing ntop is that the libpcap library must be installed. Note that you should install the version of libpcap that’s referred to by a link at ntop’s Web site. All my attempts to use more recent versions of this library available from ftp://fpt.ee.lbl.gov/ resulted in non-operational versions of ntop. Also note that the libpcap installation bundle is supplied as an executable file – this should be executed first, and then the resulting directory used as the input to the installp command (this procedure can also be done via smit). The library and its support files are installed in /usr/local/lib. After retrieval and unpacking of the archive file, you must configure the software to match your version of Unix (AIX in our case). To do so, you must change directory to the root directory of ntop source code tree and issue the following command: # ./configure When the configure script terminates, the top-level directory of the source code tree contains the source files and the makefile needed for generation of ntop for your version of AIX. The next step is to invoke make command to compile and link the program: # make. 36 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. Note that the executable generated should be run only on machines that have the same level of the operating system as the system on which the program was built. This is because the program is closely tied to the structure of operating system internals that are frequently altered by the operating system supplier. I was able to build and use the program on AIX 4.1, 4.2.1, and 4.3.2. ntop doesn’t need to be installed at a particular location in the filesystem. However, the program requires read access to special device files and, therefore, if it’s going to be used by a non-root user, its ownership and permissions should be set using following commands: # chown root.system # chmod 6111 ntop /usr/local/bin/ntop The manual page that’s distributed with the program should be installed in a directory that contains manual pages of other public domain tools, for instance: /usr/local/man. NTOP INVOCATION There are two ways to invoke ntop – in ‘terminal’ mode and ‘Web’ mode. In the former, the command uses the ‘curses’ library (the curses library is in /usr/lib/libcurses.a and is a library of functions that enable the programmer to create applications that work in full-screen mode on ASCII terminals) and directs its output to a terminal window. The user is able to customize program display options interactively. In the latter, the program executes as a daemon and reports its output using the HTTP protocol, allowing multiple users to view the output using just a standard Web browser. The ntop command has following options: • -r <refresh_delay> Specifies the number of seconds between screen updates, the default being three seconds in terminal mode and 120 seconds in Web mode. Note that, during screen updates, the program is unable to process the network traffic fully. • -f <traffic_dump_file> © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 37 Directs the program to process a file containing network traffic data collected by the tcpdump utility. • -n Directs the program to display numeric IP addresses instead of symbolic host names. This is useful if DNS name resolution is slow or problematic. • -p <protocols> This flag is used to select specific IP protocols for display. The format is: <label>=<protocol_list>[,<label>=<protocol_list>] where <label> is a symbolic identifier for the protocol list. The format of <protocol_list> is: <protocol_name>[|<protocol_name>] where <protocol_name> is a valid protocol name specified in the /etc/services file or a numeric port range, such as ‘80’ or ‘70007500’. The default value, which is used when the –p argument is omitted, is shown below (the whole value is one line, as indicated by the continuation character, ‘➤’). FTP=ftp|ftp-data,HTTP=http|www|https,DNS=name,Telnet=telnet, ➤ Nbios-IP=net-bios-ns,netbios-dgm|netbios-ssn,POP=pop-2|pop-3| ➤ kpop,SNMP=snmp|snmp-trap,NFS=mount|pcnfs|bwnfs|nfs| ➤ nfsd-status,X11=6000-6010 • -i <interface> Specifies the network interface to be used by ntop. This is useful when the computer has more than one network interface and the user needs to capture network traffic from a non-default interface. • -w <port_number> Directs ntop to operate in Web mode. The program utilizes the HTTP protocol, communicating through the port_number specified by the -w flag. If port_number is ‘8888’, then users should point their Web browser to the following URL: http:// ntophost:8888, where ntophost is the name of the host on which ntop is running. 38 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. To control access to information broadcast by ntop, use authentication based on user names and passwords. These are based on the contents of the file ~/.ntop, which has the following format: # # ~/.ntop file format # name<tab_or_space>password # operator #@[email protected]# • -m <local_subnets> This flag is used to specify subnets whose traffic is to be treated as local. The format of local_subnets is: <network_address>/<subnet_mask>[,<network_address>/<subnet_mask>] For instance: "134.54.0.0/255.255.255.0,167.12.0.0./255.255.192.0" • -l <loginterval> Tells ntop to log collected statistics in the file ntop.log each <loginterval> seconds. The format of this file is fairly selfexplanatory, and its contents are analysed using third-party tools, such as gnuplot. • -F <flow_definitions> This is used to define ‘flows’ or ‘streams’ of captured network packets that match certain criteria. The format of <flow_definitions> is: <flow_label>='<matching_expression>'[,<flow_label>= ➤ '<matching_expression>'] where <flow_label> is a symbolic name for the flow. The syntax of <matching_expression> is explained in the appendix to the NTP User’s Guide, which can be downloaded from http://wwwserra.unipi.it/~ntop/. • [optional filter expression] This allows the user to limit data collected by the program to include only traffic that matches criteria specified by the expression. The syntax of the optional filter expression is identical to that used to define flows. © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 39 NTOP IN INTERACTIVE (SCREEN) MODE Figure 1 shows the information displayed when ntop is invoked in interactive mode. The top line on the screen displays the version of the command, the version of the host’s operating system, and the interface being monitored. The second line displays the total and current network throughput in packets and kilobytes. The first column of the table contains the names of hosts that have used the network to send or receive data. Hosts are identified by name, if possible, or IP address. By pressing the ‘n’ key, the user can toggle the display between symbolic name, IP address, MAC address, and network interface manufacturer. The second column displays the type of network by activity in the last period of measurement, possible values being ‘I’ (Idle), ‘S’ (Send), ‘R’ (Receive), and ‘B’ (Both send and receive). By default, only active hosts on the local subnet are shown, though the ‘d’ key can be used to toggle between displaying only active hosts or all hosts, and the ‘l’ key can be used to toggle between displaying all communicating hosts or just hosts located on the local subnet. The third and fourth columns display the volume of data received and sent by each host. By default, network traffic is displayed in kilobytes, though pressing the ‘p’ key changes the display to percentages. The column used to sort rows of data is highlighted by two dashes (the user may select different columns by pressing the ‘t’ key). The last three columns display traffic generated by three specific protocols, the default ones being TCP, UDP, and ICMP. The user can select different Figure 1: ntop’s opening screen in console mode 40 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. protocols by pressing the space bar. The ‘y’ key toggles the column used for sorting to one of the last three. NTOP IN WEB MODE When the ntop is invoked in Web mode, users may view network statistics collected by the program by pointing their browser to http:/ /ntop_host_name:ntop_port_number, where ntop_host_name is the name of the host that executes ntop as a daemon and ntop_port_number is the number of the port that was passed as an argument using ntop’s -w flag (see Figure 2). Figure 2: ntop’s Web interface The left frame is the menu and the right one displays the actual information. The user can sort table rows by clicking on the column name. Additional information about various items displayed can be obtained by clicking on the various hyperlinks in the tables. Clicking on the hostname or IP address results in host-related statistics being displayed (Figure 3 overleaf). © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 41 Figure 3: Additional host information available The information is displayed in two tables. The first one contains the following items: • Host’s IP address • MAC address • Network card vendor • Host’s location (local or remote subnet) • Total data sent/received in bytes and packets • Broadcast and multicast packets sent by the host • Distribution of sent and received data by local or remote destination/source. The second table contains information about the distribution of send and receive data by protocol. The host information table is sorted according to the bandwidth generated by the host (Figure 4). 42 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. Figure 4: Host information table The ‘IP subnet traffic matrix’ displays amounts of data exchanged between different hosts, as shown in Figure 5. Summaries are available about both sent and received data, and cells are colour-coded according to level of traffic – cells with high values have a red background, those with intermediate values have a green background, and those with low values have a pink background. Figure 5: The IP subnet traffic matrix © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 43 The network throughput screen (Figure 6) displays histograms of average network throughput during both the last 60 minutes and the last 24 hours. Figure 6: Network throughput screen Figure 7: Network traffic distribution 44 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. The network traffic distribution screen displays tables that detail the distribution of network traffic by IP protocol type and remote or local destination (Figure 7). In addition to these charts, many other types of report are produced by ntop in Web mode to display network traffic according to various useful criteria. SUMMARY In my view, ntop is an outstanding program. Its usefulness goes well beyond that of network utilities such as ping, traceroute, and tcpdump that are supplied by the operating system vendors. While these utilities allow system administrators to verify and diagnose basic network connectivity, and the purchase of more expensive and complex software, such as TME10 NetView, is necessary to collect meaningful network statistics, ntop provides system and network administrators with the means to answer difficult questions such as: • Why is local network performance so poor? • Who is using most of the available network bandwidth? • Which hosts are currently putting a heavy load on the NFS server? • What percentage of network bandwidth does a certain network host use? • Which hosts are connected to processes running on a certain machine and what kind of traffic are they producing? Additionally the program excels in the way the information is displayed, featuring a clear and detailed Web interface. I am sure that this program has the potential to be an indispensable tool for every system and network administrator that supervises networks of any size. Alex Polak System Engineer APS (Israel) © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. © Xephon 1999 45 A herald generator If an organization has many RS/6000s and uses telnet to access them, it’s a good idea to ensure that users know exactly which machine they are logging in to. A good way to do this is to provide a different login prompt for each machine. This can easily be achieved by changing a variable called herald in the /etc/security/login.cfg file. To make this task even easier, I’ve written a small script that converts a full-screen design to a herald variable string. The AIX file reference defines a ‘herald’ thus: “herald: Defines the login message printed when the getty process opens the port. The default herald is the login prompt. The value is a character string.” If the herald is not specified for a port in login.cfg, then a default herald is got from the message catalogue associated with the language set in /etc/environment. A possible format for login.cfg file is as follows (note the use of the continuation character, ‘➤’, to indicate that one line of code maps to more than one line of print): default: herald="\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\rIBM AIX ➤ Version 4 for RISC System/6000\n\r(C) Copyrights by IBM ➤ and by others 1982, 1991.\n\rlogin: " /dev/console: herald="\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\rIBM AIX ➤ Version 4 for RISC System/6000\n\r(C) Copyrights by IBM ➤ and by others 1982, 1991.\n\rCONSOLE LOGIN: " /dev/tty12: herald="\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\rIBM AIX ➤ Version 4 for RISC System/6000\n\r(C) Copyrights by IBM ➤ and by others 1982, 1991.\n\rTTY12 login: " This shows that the herald variable can be used as default for all port’s stanzas. It is possible also to have a different login prompt for each ‘tty’ port. 46 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. Customers usually want to make some kind of design in their login prompts. To avoid the trial/error approach, one could create an ASCII file with the desired result. To fill the initial file, you could use the banner command. For example: #banner RS/6000 >> heraldxx #banner COMPANY >> heraldxx Opening the file heraldxx using vi allows you to make the desired changes using your artistic talents. Remember to use the same number of lines you have available on the TTY on which you want to display the login prompt (24 lines is the most common). An example of a heraldxx file is shown below. ##### ##### # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # # # # # ##### # # ## ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # ###### # # # # ###### # # # # # # # # # # ####### # # # # # # # # ## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ## # # # # ###### ##### # ##### ### ### ### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ###### ##### # ###### # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # ##### # ##### ### ### ### YOU ARE LOGGING MACHINE IP ADDRESS 202.36.192.4 IBM AIX Version 4.3.x for RISC System/6000 (C) Copyrights by IBM and by others 1982, 1994 LOGIN: The following shell script converts the heraldxx ASCII file to a character string: HERALD.SC #!/bin/ksh # Herald maker # This shell script produces a herald variable © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 47 # to be pasted on /etc/login.cfg file #remove the herstring file if it already exists rm herstring 2>/dev/null #usage test if (( $# < 1 )); then echo "type hermaker <herald file>" exit fi #read the herald file and append to herstring cat -n $1 | while read x1 do x2=`echo "$x1" | cut -f2` if [[ $x2 = +([1-9]) ]]; then x3=$x3\\\\n else x3=$x3\\\\n\\\\r$x2 fi done echo "herald = \"$x3 \"" > herstring Now you’re ready to paste the herald variable into login.cfg. It is advisable to make a copy of login.cfg before changing it. Then open login.cfg with vi, put the cursor below the desired point, and paste ‘herstring’. This is done from vi command line using the following command: :r herstring Make sure that there are no blank lines between the herald variable and the desired stanza. The login prompt will change when the next getty process is created for that TTY. Andre Barczak Technical Consultant (New Zealand) 48 © Xephon 1999 © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. November 1995 – October 1999 index Below is an index of all topics covered in AIX Update since Issue 1, November 1995. The numbers in bold are issue numbers, and the numbers in brackets are page numbers. If you’d like to order backissues of AIX Update, please contact Xephon. You’ll find contact information listed on page 2 – back-issues are available from Issue 1, and can be obtained from any of Xephon’s offices. Subject ADA addbib ADSM Issue (page) 15 (40) 7 (33-35) Databases 15 (12-18) Storage 6 (43), 16 (22-31) Tape volumes 2 (24) AIX Enhancements 6 (14-19) AIX 4.1 1 (32-33), 2 (3-4) Printing 3 (8-9) AIX 4.1.4 HACMP 15 (3) man 13 (3-6) AIX 4.1.5 25 (16-26) AIX 4.2 11 (3-10) AIX 4.2.1 22 (43-54) AIX 4.3 22 (8-11) 64-bit 34 (33-45) Documents 37 (9-17) AIX 4.3.2 41 (3-19) AIX BOS 21 (3) AIX Connections 46 (5-6) AIX Connections II AIX 4.2.1 22 (53) AIX hot fixes 26 (46-47) AIX PDT Performance 21 (3) aixterm 33 (34-37) aixtime 37 (17-29) aixtimed 37 (17-29) alt_disk_install 43 (3-13) Archival ADSM 16 (25) arp 7 (7-8) AS/400 9 (32-39) AS/U 46 (7-9) Subject at Issue (page) 13 (43-45), 18 (19-23) audit Script logging 17 (9) AutoFS 36 (17-24) Availability 7 (37) awk 8 (9-25) Back-up 6 (40-41) ADSM 16 (24-25) AIX 4.1 2 (3-4) Tape 7 (22-32) Utility 1 (21-29), 6 (10-14), 9 (9-27), 20 (3-18) backup 7 (22-26) batch Sheduling 13 (43-45) Batch jobs 5 (40-41) Best/1 21 (3) bison 15 (39) Bonus Pack AIX 4.2 11 (4) bsh 2 (6), 4 (22), 20 (45) Bull Advanced Server 7 (40-41) C and C++ for AIX 3.6 38 (53-54) C for AIX 4.3 38 (50-52) C/C++ Binding 43 (14-20) C/C++ compilers 15 (39), 18 (41-43), 38 (50-55) CA-Unicenter 6 (32-33) CacheFS 30 (3-11) CC-NUMA 35 (30-39), © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 49 Subject CC-NUMA (cont) CDE AIX 4.2.1 ChangePassord() C function chdev checkitall _check_user chps ch_at CICS CICS for AIX Issue (page) 36 (24-31) 22 (44-45) 38 (48-49) 1 (40) 42 (43-51), 43 (23-46) 33 (37-39) 22 (5-6) 37 (3-8) 12 (11-48) 2 (7-23), 3 (10-18) 6 (3-9) 15 (29-36) 29 (30-38) 15 (40) 6 (33) 20 (45-46) 46 (52-53) 11 (19-23) 6 (33) Resources cleantab Client/server clisp Command Center Command line interface Command prompt Command retrieval Command/Post Communication Performance 22 (22-25) compress 14 (50-51), 39 (6-7) con Report utility 38 (3-13) configstatus 30 (11-25) Core files 41 (52-55) Remote systems 48 (3-9) Coupled scripts 17 (3-4) CPU Status utility 44 (54-55) cpuled Utility 15 (41-42) create.named DNS utility 37 (31-50) cron 13 (43-45) csh 2 (6), 4 (22), 20 (45) cu 24 (38-42) Data migration ADSM 16 (25-26) Date and time 24 (48-50), 27 (46-47), 50 Subject Date and time (cont) Issue (page) 33 (13-34), 34 (17-32) DB2/6000 ADSM 15 (16-17) DC CICS for AIX 2 (8-11) DCE 42 (36-43), 43 (46-55), 44 (26-36) /dev/hd6 Dump devices 41 (20-21) DHCP 29 (15-29) Disks 4 (23-27) AIX 4.1 3 (42-43) Bus 46 (9-10) Implementing 36 (32-44) Management 34 (46) Mirroring 14 (36-49), 27 (3-17) Partitioning 4 (25) Performance 1 (17), 22 (18-22) Report utility 21 (34-47), 44 (50-52), 46 (10-35) Striping 4 (37) VGs 5 (43), 47 (50-55) DNS 37 (29-50), 40 (8-15) resolv.conf 40 (12-14) BIND 41 (5-6) Configuring 37 (31-50) NSLOOKUP 40 (11) NSORDER 40 (11) Zones 37 (30-31) Documentation On-line 37 (9-17) Utility 2 (28-41), 9 (40-41), 10 (26-36) DOS Comms 2 (25-27), 2 (41-43), 4 (38-41), 5 (10-14) Under AIX 5 (14-16) dtscript 26 (11-20) © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. Subject dur E-mail Issue (page) Usage report 46 (10-35) Migration 36 (3-17) Utility 33 (3-12) emacs 15 (40) Encina CICS for AIX 2 (11-14) Enlighten 6 (33-34) enscript 26 (36-38) erdemon 15 (19) errclear 25 (45) errclear 15 (23) errlogger 15 (23), 31 (16-17) errmsg 31 (19-21) Error logging 15 (18-23), 31 (16-21) Errors LC_MESSAGES 34 (47) errorlog 25 (41-52) errpt 15 (18-23), 25 (47-49), 31 (16-20) /etc/group 37 (50-51) /etc/passwd 37 (50-51) Excel utility 38 (13-46), 39 (41-55) Fast IPL 32 (40-42) Fast IPL Utility 17 (40-42) Fault tolerance 1 (7) Faxes Utility 30 (30-36) fdpr 1 (15), 22 (12-13) File permissions 1 (33-37) Filesystem Decreasing 31 (3-6) Large files 30 (25-30) Utility 23 (58-62), 24 (3-11) Filesystems 32 (17-22) Compression 14 (50-51), 39 (3-9) fsck 34 (47) LVM 41 (9-12) Utility 5 (36-40), 20 (23-27) find 12 (6-11) Advanced 5 (28-36), Subject find (cont) Issue (page) 6 (19-21) Utility 9 (42-43) fixdist System utility 45 (33-37) Freeware 45 (50-55) FTP 8 (3-8) Netmanage 15 (24-28) Utility 11 (11-19) Garbage collection Utility 11 (42-43) gatherall Report utility 46 (35-52), 47 (36-42) gcc 15 (39) gdb 15 (39) GeoManager 18 (30) GeoMessage 18 (31) GeoMirror 18 (29-30) getrlimit 4 (3) gnat 15 (40) GNU software 15 (39-41) grep 30 (38-50), 31 (7-16) gzip 14 (50-51) HACMP 15 (3-11), 32 (22-40) Components 15 (6-10) HAGEO 18 (27-32) Hard and symbolic links 20 (34-39) herald Utility 48 (46-48) HP-OpenView 6 (34) IBM 7133 disk array 13 (26) IBM Digital Library 20 (27-34) ifconfig 7 (8-9) iFOR/LS 9 (3-9) inetd Extending 42 (52-55) Performance 1 (18) Informix-OnLine ADSM 15 (17) inode 20 (35) Internet 10 (6-10) AIX resources 20 (18-23) E-mail 18 (3-17) iostat 1 (11), 20 (43-44) IP addresses 4 (28-31), © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 51 Subject Issue (page) IP addresses (cont) 19 (44-47) ipreport 7 (14) iptrace 7 (14) IPv6 40 (15-26) Addressing 40 (22-25) AIX 4.3.2 41 (3-4) Security 40 (26) JDK AIX 4.2.1 22 (54) Job Rescheduling 37 (3-8) Utility 21 (28-34) Kapture/6000 22 (53) kill 10 (41-43), 35 (39-43) ksh 2 (6), 4 (22), 20 (45), 25 (52-55) History 10 (3-6), 11 (19-23) Cursor keys 14 (8-9), 16 (42) LDAP AIX 4.3.2 41 (4-5) Licence management iFOR/LS 9 (3-9) limit 4 (4) LISP 15 (40) locate Find utility 17 (43) logger 31 (17-18) Login adm 8 (40) Customization 7 (38-39) lookbib 7 (33-35) lp Errors 17 (5-8) ls Options 13 (32-43) lsattr 1 (40) lslk 47 (9-10) lsof 47 (3-9) lsps 22 (6) lssrc 7 (13) lsuser 26 (49-51) ls_at 37 (3-8) LVM 6 (17-19) AIX 4.2 11 (5-6) man 13 (3-6) MAXM 6 (34) 52 Subject mb Memory Issue (page) 38 (46-47) 4 (3-8), 4 (42), 8 (35-39) CICS for AIX 2 (16-18) Display 40 (50-51) menu 28 (3-12) Menus 7 (42) Utility 3 (3-8), 4 (8-22) MIME 18 (10-11) mkpasswd 22 (15), 30 (36-37), 30 (36-37) mkps 22 (5) mksysb AIX 4.2 11 (6) mmotd 48 (9-35) Model number 5 (27-28) Modems 9 (27-32) Monitoring AS/400s 14 (3-7) Monitoring using PCs 23 (3-32), 24 (12-38), 24 (36-38), 27 (42-45), 28 (18-34), 29 (39-54) MTA 18 (3-10) Netmanage FTP 15 (24-28) netstat 7 (10-13) NetView for AIX 6 (35-36) PTFs 1 (37) SNMP 11 (23-35) NetWare 2 (42-43) Network monitoring 48 (36-45) Utility 31 (38-41) Network Station 23 (35) New hardware 39 (32-40) NFS AutoFS 36 (17-24) CachFS 30 (3-11) nice 1 (11), 22 (13-14), 41 (27-34) NIM 25 (30-41) AIX 4.2 11 (7-8) Disk usage © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. Subject NIM (cont) nslookup NT ntop ODM ODM OpenGL Oracle oslevel Issue (page) AIX 4.3.2 41 (13) 7 (13) Integration 46 (3-9) 48 (36-45) 37 (51) 1 (39-40) AIX 4.2.1 22 (52) ADSM 15 (14-16) 4 (41), 25 (17) p2c 15 (40) pack 14 (50-51) Paging space 22 (3-8) Utility 18 (23-27) Pascal 15 (40) pdt 3 (33-42) Performance 1 (10-20), 21 (3-17) 3dmon 29 (7-8) Client/server 28 (35-47) I/O pacing 34 (3-7) monitor 26 (39-45) Monitoring 32 (3-16) Tuning 27 (17-34) Utility 10 (10-25), 19 (12-27), 25 (3-12), 35 (10-21) xmperf 29 (3-14), 31 (21-38) PerformanceWorks 6 (34-35) PerfPMR 21 (5) PEX AIX 4.2.1 22 (53) pgid Groups 40 (36-38) ph Hierarchy 44 (3-16) PHIGS AIX 4.2.1 22 (53) ping 7 (5-7) POP 18 (12) POWER 3 (22-32) POWER3 39 (33-34) PPP 22 (25-43) bos.net.ppp 22 (31) pppstat 25 (24-26) Printing AIX 4.1 3 (8-9) Subject Printing (cont) Issue (page) Form overlays26 (21-36) Headers 33 (40-51) Performance 1 (19) Problems 21 (17-27) Utility 8 (25-27), 8 (40-42) probe_site Core file utility 48 (9-35) Processes 4 (27) Fork 39 (24-25) Groups 40 (36-37) Hierarchy 44 (3-16) kill 35 (39-43) Management 10 (36-43) Threads 39 (24-32) Utility 12 (3-5), 31 (41-43) ps 1 (11), 10 (37-40), 22 (15) PTX 21 (3-5) AIX 4.2.1 22 (53) Remote execution 35 (21-29) renice 22 (13-14), 41 (28-29) REXX Utility 1 (30) RMON 3 (36-41) rmss 22 (16) RPC CICS for AIX 2 (9) RS/6000 390 4 (43) 43P 150 39 (35-36) 43P 260 39 (34-35) F50 23 (33), 31 (46-47) H70 44 (17-19) S70 27 (47-51) S7A 39 (32-33) runsrv 15 (37-39) Samba 46 (6-7) sar 1 (11) save_vg_info Disk utility 47 (50-55) Scalability 1 (7) schedtune 21 (8-13), 22 (14-17), © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 53 Subject Issue (page) schedtune (cont) 41 (30-37) Script logging Utility 17 (9-21) SCSI Addresses 44 (52-54) Versus SSA 28 (12-17) Security 7 (36-37), 8 (28-31) Passwords 24 (43-45) Root user 34 (7-16) Utility 26 (3-11) sed 18 (32-40) sendmail 18 (3-17) ServicePac 46 (53-55) setrlimit 4 (5) Shell scripts Dates 44 (36-50) Techniques 45 (3-33) shutdown 26 (48-49) skulker 15 (29) SLIP 22 (25-26) smit 6 (15-17), 16 (16-22) Management 5 (41-43) Utility 8 (27-28) SMP CICS for AIX 3 (14-15) Performance 1 (15-16) POWER 3 (26-27) SMTP 18 (3-17) SNA 3 (18-21), 5 (3-10) SNMP 3 (33-42) Using traps 11 (23-35) Socket programming 13 (6-25) Sockets 12 (12-16), 16 (33-41), 17 (21-40), 19 (27-43) sort 39 (12-23), 40 (27-35) split 31 (43-46) splitlvcopy 25 (22-25) SQL-BackTrack ADSM 15 (14) SSA 11 (35-42), 13 (26-32), 54 Subject SSA (cont) Issue (page) 13 (27-32) Configuration 42 (3-9) HACMP 15 (7) Performance 13 (31-32) Protocol 13 (29-30) Reliability 13 (31) Debugging 47 (43-50) Versus SCSI 28 (12-17) su 18 (17-19), 25 (13-16) suid 6 (42) Security 16 (31-32) svmon 22 (15-16) Swap space 1 (16) swapon 22 (5) Sybase ADSM 15 (13-14) sysdoc Utility 45 (37-47) sysdumdev 41 (22-27) syslogd 40 (3-7) Security 8 (28-31) System configuration 30 (11-25) System management 1 (7), 6 (31-36), 7 (36) iFOR/LS 9 (3-9) System monitoring 19 (3-11) System parameters 1 (40-42) SystemGuard 32 (40-42) SystemView for AIX 6 (35-36) tap Tuning 41 (38-52), 42 (9-36) Tape 6 (36-39) Tape management 7 (15-32) tar 7 (22-26), 39 (7-9) TAS 46 (4-5) taskbar Utility 40 (38-49) TCP Performance 1 (18) TCP/IP 2 (41-42) IP addresses 19 (44-45) IPv6 40 (15-26) Routing 4 (28-37) Troubleshooting 7 (3-15) TCPAccess Sockets 16 (33-41) © 1999. Xephon UK telephone 01635 33848, fax 01635 38345. USA telephone (940) 455 7050, fax (940) 455 2492. Subject Thread Threads Issue (page) 35 (3-10) 39 (24-32) POSIX 39 (28-32) timejob Utility 21 (28-34) timex 1 (10) TME 6 (36) today Calendar 45 (47-49) Token Ring CICS for AIX 3 (19-20) tprof 22 (12) traceroute 7 (9-10) UDP 1 (18) uname Model number 1 (42) uncompress 14 (50-51) Unix to CICS transfer 13 (6-25), 14 (9-35) unlimit 4 (4) uptime 1 (11) User administration 27 (34-41) uucp 24 (38-42) ValidUser() C function 39 (10-11) VG Utility 25 (27-29) vi 5 (17-27) Advanced 16 (3-16) Editing 6 (42-43) Search 23 (36-58) Subject Issue (page) Virtual Memory Manager 21 (8-11) VisualAge for C++ 38 (54-55) Visualization Data Explorer 6 (21-31) vmstat 20 (39-43) vmstat 1 (11), 22 (15) vmtune 4 (23-25), 21 (10-13), 22 (17-19) VSM 6 (15-17) VT420 Library 47 (10-36) WAN 9 (27-32) whoami 25 (13) WSM AIX 4.3.2 41 (13-15) X Server Communication 2 (43) X Terminals xdm 8 (31-35) X Windows Performance 1 (18) X/Motif 26 (11-20) xdm 8 (31-35) xlC 18 (41-43) yacc 15 (39) Year 2000 24 (45-48), 43 (20-22) zcat 14 (50-51) Contributing to AIX Update AIX Update is primarily written by practising AIX specialists in user organizations – not journalists, consultants, or marketing people. In our view, such information is far more valuable to AIX professionals than that from other sources. If you’re interested in contributing to AIX Update, please download a copy of Notes for contributors from Xephon’s Web site at www.xephon.com. Articles to be considered for publication can be sent the editor at [email protected] © 1999. Reproduction prohibited. Please inform Xephon of any infringement. 55 AIX news Merant has announced that Micro Focus Server Express, the company’s product for deploying COBOL applications, now runs on AIX 4.3. Server Express helps extend applications to the Web, Unix, and other distributed platforms. Merant also supports AIX 4.3 through the company’s PVCS software configuration manager. For further information contact: Merant, 2465 E Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA Tel: +1 650 856 4161 Fax: +1 650 856 3724 Web: http://www.microfocus.com Merant, Speen Court, 7 Oxford Road, Newbury, Berks, RG14 1PB, UK Tel: +44 1635 32646 Fax: +44 1635 33966 *** IBM has announced Version 3.0 of both WebSphere Enterprise Edition and Advanced Edition. The Enterprise Edition includes TXSeries Version 4.3, Component Broker V3.0, CICS Transaction Gateway V3.0.2, DE-Light Gateway, and Component Broker Application Adapters for CICS/IMS, DB2, Oracle, and MQSeries. Also in the package are CICS Universal Client V3.0.2 and the Encina Client V4.3. Other tools include DB2 UDB V5.2, DCE V2, and MQSeries V5.1, plus a range of application development tools including an x early release of VisualAge for Java Enterprise Edition V3, C++ Compiler and Libraries, DB2 Software Developer’s Kit V5.2, and Component Broker Toolkit V3.0. Out now on AIX, NT, and Solaris, prices start at US$35,000. For further information contact your local IBM representative. *** Iona has announced OrbixHome, an IDE for EJB and CORBA that now includes facilities for deployment. Previously dubbed Orbix BeansTalk, the product supports the EJB 1.1 specification and brings together Iona’s HomeBase EJB container with the Orbix middleware family, adding a graphical environment for building and deploying middleware components. Initial availability is on AIX, Solaris, HP-UX, Compaq/DEC Unix, and Windows NT. It’s due to Ship later this year (prices weren’t announced). For further information contact: Iona Technologies, 60 Aberdeen Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Tel: +1 617 949 9000 Fax: +1 617 949 9001 http://www.iona.com Iona Technologies UK Ltd, The Atrium Court, Apex Plaza, Reading RG1 1AX, UK Tel: +44 118 925 4241 Fax: +44 118 958 7724 xephon
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