Nursery Habitat Characteristics of Great Lakes Fishes J.A. Lane1, C.B. Portt1 and C.K. Minns2 1. C. Portt and Associates, 56 Waterloo Avenue, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 3H5 2. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Bayfield Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, PO Box 5000, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 Canada January 1996 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 2338 Fisheries Pêches and Oceans et Océans Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Manuscript reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which deals with national or regional problems. Distribution is restricted to institutions or individuals located in particular regions of Canada. However, no restriction is placed on subject matter, and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. 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Les demandes de rapports seront satisfaites par l’établissement auteur don’t le nom figure sur la couverture et la page du titre. Les rapports épuisés seront fournis contre rétribution par des agents commerciaux. CANADIAN MANUSCRIPT REPORT OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES 2338 NURSERY HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF GREAT LAKES FISHES by 1 1 J.A. Lane , C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns 2 1. C. Portt and Associates, 56 Waterloo Avenue, Guelph, Ontario, N1H 3H5 2. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Great Lakes Laboratory for Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Bayfield Institute, 867 Lakeshore Road, PO Box 5000, Burlington, Ontario, L7R 4A6 Canada Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1996 Cat No. FS97-4/2338 ISSN 0707-6473 Correct citation of this publication: Lane, P.A., C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns. 1996. Nursery habitat characteristics of Great Lakes fishes. Can. MS Rpt. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2338:v+42p. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND APPENDICES ................................................................................iv ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉ......................................................................................................…...v 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 METHODS ............................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................. 3 4.0 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix A Great Lakes Basin Fish Species List ....................................................................... 39 Appendix B Riverine Species. ..................................................................................................... 42 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Depth strata utilized and strength of association with vegetation by young-of-theyear fishes. Presence within a depth stratum is indicated according to season: spring = spring-early summer, fall = late summer-fall and year = no indication of seasonal differences. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular depth stratum, or vegetation type. For species marked with an asterisk (*), inferences have been drawn, the bases for which are provided in the 'Comments' column. A c indicates additional information is given, also in the 'Comments' column. ...................................................... 8 Table 2 Strength of association with substrate types and the importance of lake (versus stream) habitat for young-of-the-year of Great Lakes fishes. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular substrate type. For species marked with an asterisk (*) inferences about relationships have been made, the basis for which are provided in Table 1..................... 18 Table 3 Number of species occurring within each depth stratum, by season. ............................. 27 Table 4 Number of species associated with each substrate and with submergent and emergent aquatic vegetation, by strength of association............................................................... 27 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A Great Lakes Basin Fish Species List ....................................................................... 39 Appendix B Riverine Species. ..................................................................................................... 42 iv ABSTRACT Lane, J.A., C.B. Portt and C.K. Minns. 1995. Nursery habitat requirements of Great Lakes fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2338. An extensive review of the literature was performed to compile knowledge of nursery habitat characteristics of Great Lakes fishes. Water depth, substrate and aquatic vegetation were the three characteristics considered. Seasonal shifts in habitat were also documented. The literature indicates that most species resident in the Great Lakes basin spend at least part of their first year of life in lentic habitats. Young-of-the-year of the majority of these species inhabit habitats less than two metres deep during at least part of the year. Most species were associated with a variety of substrates in their first year of life, but sand and silt were the most commonly used. Vegetation, particulary submergent vegetation, was also an important factor. The combination of these characteristics emphasizes the importance of wetlands, and other relatively low energy near-shore environments, for nursery habitat. This is in contrast to areas of bedrock and hard-pan clay, which are used by few species. RÉSUMÉ Lane, J.A., C.B. Portt et C.K. Minns. 1995. Besoins des poisons des Grands Lacs en matière de zones d’alevinage. Rapport manuscript canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques. 2338 Une vaste étude des ouvrages publiés a été effectuée dans le but de recueillir des données sur les caractéristiques des zones d’alevinage des poissons des Grands Lacs. L’étude a porté sur trois caractéristiques, soit la profondeur des cours d’eau, le substrat et la végétation aquatique. Des données ont aussi été recueillies sur l’effet des changements saisonniers sur les habitats. L’étude révèle que la majorité des espèces qui habitent le basin des Grands Lacs passent la première année de leur vie dans des habitats lénitiques. Chez la plupart de ces espèces, les jeunes passent au moins une partie de leur première année dans un habitat de moins de deux mètres de profondeur. Bien que la plupart de ces espèces vivent dans des substrats durant leur première année, elles trouvent le plus souvent refuge dans le sable et l’argile des limons. La végétation, surtout partiellement submergée, représente aussi un facteur important. La somme de ces caractéristiques souligne l’importance, pour les zones d’alevinage, des terres humides et autres milieux à faible énergie situés près des rives. En revanche, très peu d’espèces vivent dans les secteurs caractérisés par la roche en place et l’argile dure. v 1.0 INTRODUCTION The guiding principle of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans 'Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat' (DFO, 1986) is 'NO NET LOSS OF THE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF HABITATS', and development proposals are to be evaluated on the basis of pre and post-development fish production. In the scientific literature, fish production is usually defined as the total elaboration of fish tissue in a unit of time, regardless of whether or not the tissue is alive at the end of the time period (Ricker 1946; Balon, 1974). Production is typically calculated on a species by species basis, and the values for individual species are summed to determine total fish production (e.g. Mahon and Balon, 1977; Portt et al, 1986). The calculation of production requires detailed knowledge of fish populations (abundance, growth and mortality rates) which are rarely available. Measurement of the types and quantities of habitats available, and knowledge of the relationships between these habitats and fish populations and communities, can provide a practical surrogate for fish productivity (Minns et al, 1995). Minns et al (1995) have proposed a methodology for evaluating development proposals at the fish community level. Their method requires knowledge of the habitat requirements at the various life stages. To date, this methodology encompasses spawning and adult habitat only. The nearshore areas of the Great Lakes are recognized as providing critical nursery habitat for most of the fish species present. One of the recommendations of Minns et al. (1995) was to develop a model incorporating young-of-the-year habitat characteristics. Toward this end, this report summarizes water depth, substrate and aquatic vegetation characteristics of young-of-the-year habitats for species resident in the Great Lakes. 1 2.0 METHODS The information presented in this report was acquired principally through an extensive review of the literature. Two computer databases, Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (1978March 1995) and Waves (1970-June 1995), were searched and the relevant publications were examined. Secondary sources were relied upon for summaries of earlier literature. The Great Lakes basin provides suitable habitat for both lake and river-dwelling fishes. This report is concerned only with those that utilize the lakes at some time during their first year of life. The mouths of streams tributary to the lakes, and river deltas, where water velocities are low, often resemble lentic habitats, and were treated as such. Three habitat characteristics are considered: water depth (0-1, 1-2, 2-5, 5+ metres), substrate (bedrock, boulder, boulder + cobble, rubble, gravel, sand, silt, clay, hard-pan clay) and structure (submergent vegetation, emergent vegetation and other). If detritus was mentioned as a substrate type in the literature, it was included with silt in the tables. Seasonal changes in use of depth strata are identified, if well documented in the literature. 'Spring', 'fall' and 'year' indicate presence of a species at a given depth in spring-early summer, late summer-fall, and year-round respectively. The strength of the association with vegetation or other structure was estimated, based on available documentation. For the purposes of this report 'high' indicates a species is nearly always associated with, 'medium' indicates a species is frequently associated with, and 'low' indicates a species is infrequently encountered in emergent and/or submergent vegetation. A dash (-) is used when no information has been found to indicate that a species utilizes vegetation. This information is presented in Table 1. 2 As with vegetation, the strength of association with each substrate category (low, medium, high) was estimated. Similarly, for each species, an index of the utilization of lake, as compared with stream, habitat was prepared. Table 2 contains the information for both of these characteristics. Literature which dealt specifically with young-of-the-year fish habitat was unavailable for several species. In some cases, relationships were inferred using associations with other phases of the life cycle. Thus, if spawning, and adult fish habitat were similar, the assumption was made that young-of-the-year fish habitat was comparable. In other cases, hybridization provided information from which inferences could be drawn. Species for which habitat preferences were inferred are marked with an asterisk (*) in the accompanying tables and the basis for the inference is noted in the 'Comments' column. 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 142 species, and three hybrids, were initially considered, based on the distribution information in Mandrak and Crossman (1992), and information on recently discovered exotics (Appendix A). Three of these species are considered extirpated from the Great Lakes (deepwater cisco, Coregonus johannae [Parker, 1989a]; blackfin cisco, Coregonus nigripinnis [Parker, 1989b]; gravel chub, Erimystax x-punctata [Holm, pers. comm.]). The American eel (Anguilla rostrata), is marine during its first year (Heffman et al., 1987). These four species were eliminated from the list. The three hybrids were also eliminated because they are either stocked (splake, Salvelinus fontinalis x S. namaycush) or, if naturally reproducing, young-of-the-year occur in the same habitat 3 as the parent species (tiger muskellunge, Esox lucius x E. masquinongy; carp x goldfish, Cyprinus carpio x Carassius auratus). Information on nursery habitat was obtained, or inferred, for 137 of the remaining 138 species. No information was located for the rudd (Scardinius erythrothalmus), a recent introduction to the Great Lakes. The majority of fish species residing in the Great Lakes basin have populations which spend at least part of their first year in the lake environment. Even primarily riverine species (e.g. lampreys, Family: Petromyzontidae) have populations that are found in the lakes (Morman, 1979; Lee, 1989). In all, 59 species occur primarily, if not exclusively, in lake habitats during their first year of life. Young-of-the-year of 30 species are commonly found in both lakes and streams, while those of another 38 species are most often found in streams, but have been reported from lake habitats. The ten species listed in Appendix B, based on the available information, spend their first year of life exclusively in riverine habitats. One of these species, the northern madtom (Noturus stigmosus) occurs in both the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers, and probably occurs in lake habitats, but its presence has not been confirmed (Jude, pers. comm.). Specific information regarding nursery habitat was available for 102 of the 127 species which are known to spend at least a portion of their first year of life in the Great Lakes. For 25 species, habitat characteristics were inferred from other associations as mentioned above. This information is presented in Tables 1 and 2. Young-of-the-year of most species occur in water depths of 2 metres or less (Table 3), with some exceptions. For example, the spoonhead and deepwater sculpins (Cottus ricei, Myoxocephalus thompsoni), and the deepwater ciscoes (Coregonus johannae, C. nigripinnis, C. 4 reighardi, C. zenithicus) migrate to shallower waters to spawn, their young-of-the-year are seldom found at depths of less than 5 metres (Becker, 1983; Scott and Crossman, 1973). The lampreys normally spend their larval phase in shallow streams. When the larvae are found in lakes, however, they are at depths greater than 3 metres, where water movement does not agitate the substrate and interfere with their burrowing habit (Morman, 1979; Lee, 1989). Young-of-the-year bass (Micropterus spp.), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) are found in shallow water in spring and summer where an abundant food supply exists and the water is warm. With the onset of cooler temperatures these young fish move to deeper waters to overwinter (Goodyear et al., 1982; Reckahn, 1970). Similar movements are probably undertaken by other species, but are undocumented. Most species occur in association with a variety of substrates (Table 2), but more species utilize areas of sand and silt than any other type (Table 4). This relationship may reflect, in part, the strong affinity which young-of-the-year of many species have for aquatic vegetation (Table 4). Plant material provides protection from predators as well as harbouring prey (Herdendorf et al., 1986; Becker, 1983). The shallow coastal marshes and wetlands of the lakes are thus prime habitat for young-of-the-year fish, and the substrates within these habitats are mainly sand and silt (Leslie and Timmins, 1993). Areas of gravel substrate also provide nursery habitat for many species. In some cases, occurrence in these areas reflects young-of-the-year fish remaining near the spawning bed for a time after hatching. Also, some species that are not typically lake inhabitants are found in area of gravel substrate at the mouths of tributary streams, as a result of downstream drift or early migration (Carl, 1984; Becker, 1983). Examples include some of the redhorse species (Moxostoma 5 spp.; Becker, 1983), and salmonid fry (Oncorhynchus spp.; Carl, 1984). Other substrate types in which young-of-the-year fish are commonly found are boulder, cobble and rubble, the crevices of which provide suitable cover. Few fishes use bedrock or hard-pan clay as nursery habitat. The information assembled in this report illustrates the importance of the Great Lakes littoral zone as habitat for young-of-the-year fishes. In particular, vegetated areas and their corresponding substrate provide abundant food and protection for this life phase. All of the substrate types considered, however, were used by some species. While certain conclusions regarding the utilization of various habitats can be drawn from the information compiled, its limitations must be noted. Our assessment of the relative significance of particular habitats to individual species was necessarily subjective. Much of the information was derived from studies in which specific habitats, rather than a range, were sampled. Undoubtedly, some habitats which are difficult to sample with traditional gear (e.g. boulders) have received less attention than others for which this equipment is better suited. As indicated, documentation dealing specifically with nursery habitats was not available for several species. Clearly, there is a need to acquire this information. These limitations notwithstanding, the data contained in this report are useful in assessing the relative significance of various habitats to young-of-the-year fishes, particularly when applied at the guild or community level. 6 Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the constructive comments provided by E. Holm, Royal Ontario Museum; D.J. Jude, University of Michigan; J.K. Leslie and R.G. Randall, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans; S. Nepszy and A. Mathers, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. 7 Table 1 Depth strata utilized and strength of association with vegetation by young-of-the-year fishes. Presence within a depth stratum is indicated according to season: spring = spring-early summer, fall = late summer-fall and year = no indication of seasonal differences. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular depth stratum, or vegetation type. For species marked with an asterisk (*), inferences have been drawn, the bases for which are c provided in the 'Comments' column. A indicates additional information is given, also in the 'Comments' column. Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References Comments 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent american brook lamprey - - year year low low 68, 88 northern brook lamprey - - year year low low 68, 88 silver lamprey - - year year low low 68, 88 sea lamprey - - year year low low 68, 88 lake sturgeon - - year year low low 39, 44, 51, 50, 117, 118 longnose gar spring fall - - high - 39, 118 spotted gar spring fall - - high high 39, 100 bowfin spring fall - - high - 39, 53, 118 open water when accompanied by male alewife spring spring year year low - 39, 45, 112, 118, 123 -function of upwelling year year fall - high - 12, 39, 108, 123, 125 gizzard shad c 8 Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References Comments 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent pink salmon - - year year - - 64, 66, 118 coho salmon spring spring fall fall - - 39, 41, 64, 118 chinook salmon spring spring fall - - - 7, 15, 37, 39, 64 rainbow trout spring spring fall - low - 3, 10, 23, 39, 123 use log jams for cover brown trout* spring spring - fall - - 3, 39, 118 *brook trout habitat arctic charr* year year - - - - 4, 56 brook trout year year year - - - 39, 110 - spring year year - - 27, 39, 76, 89 lake whitefish spring spring year year - low cisco spring spring fall fall low - 17, 29, 39, 119 bloater - - - year - - 39, 129 kiyi* - - - year - - 39, 46 *adult habitat shortnose cisco* - - - year - - 39, 95 *adult habitat shortjaw cisco* - - - year - - 39, 52 *adult habitat pygmy whitefish - - spring fall - - 28, 39 lake trout 9 use log jams for cover *riverine habitat 8, 29, 39, 72, 112 Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent round whitefish - spring spring year - - 29, 39, 93 rainbow smelt - spring spring fall - - 29, 39, 70, 94, 118 northern pike spring spring fall - high - 39, 74, 123 muskellunge year year - - high - 19, 24, 25, 26,39 grass pickerel year year - - high high 26, 37, 39 central mudminnow year year - - - high 39, 123 mooneye* - - year year - - 7, 32, 118, 128 quillback year year - - medium - 38. 39 longnose sucker year year - - high - 36, 39 white sucker year year year - high - 2, 39, 79, 123 lake chubsucker year year - - high high 39, 69 northern hogsucker year year - - high - 1, 7, 39 c c 10 Comments caught at surface over deep water taken at surface *adult habitat, stomach contents Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References Comments 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent bigmouth buffalo year year - - medium - 14, 33, 39 spotted sucker* year year - - high - 7, 101 *feeding habits, adult habitat silver redhorse* year year - - - high 7, 39 *adult habitat, other redhorse species black redhorse year year - - - high 13, 39 golden redhorse year year - - high - 1, 118 shorthead redhorse* year year - - - - 7, 39 *adult habitat, other redhorse species greater redhorse* year year - - - - 7, 39 *adult habitat, other redhorse species goldfish year year - - - high 39, 69 northern redbelly dace* year year - - - - 55, 122 finescale dace year year - - - - 122 lake chub year year - - - - 7, 39, 69 common carp year year - - high high 11 16, 39, 123 *hybridization with finescale dace Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References Comments 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent cutlips minnow* year year - - - - 118 *adult habitat brassy minnow* year year - - medium - 7 *adult habitat eastern silvery minnow * year year - - - medium 7 *adult habitat - - - year low - 7 golden shiner year year - - high high 18, 39, 123 pugnose shiner year year - - high high 39, 71, 103 emerald shiner spring spring fall - medium medium bridle shiner year year - - low - common shiner year year - - medium medium blackchin shiner year year - - high - 39, 60 blacknose shiner year year - - high high 39, 69 spottail shiner year year year year high high 16, 39, 112, 123 rosyface shiner* year year - - - low 7, 69, 113 spotfin shiner year year - - low - sand shiner year year - - medium medium silver chub 12 39, 57, 71, 123 also captured in open water 7, 39 16, 39, 123 1, 7 39, 69 *adult habitat Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References Comments 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent redfin shiner year year - - high high 81, 91, 118 mimic shiner year year year - high high 1, 16, 39, 71, pugnose minnow year year - - high high 39, 104 bluntnose minnow year year - - medium medium 16, 39, 123 fathead minnow year year - - medium medium 39, 111, 123 blacknose dace year year - - - - longnose dace year year - - low low creek chub year year - - medium - fallfish year year - - low low 39, 118 pearl dace* year year - - low low 7, 118 *adult habitat stoneroller* year year - - medium medium 7, 69, 82 *adult habitat striped shiner spring spring fall fall - medium 7, 34, 69 black bullhead year year - - - medium 7, 39 yellow bullhead year year - - high high 7, 39 brown bullhead year year - - high high 16, 39, 123 13 7, 39 1, 39, 118 pelagic, then benthic 1, 2, 39, 123 Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent - - spring fall low low 39, 118 stonecat year year - - low low 1, 39 tadpole madtom year year - - high high 1, 39 brindled madtom* year year - - - high 39, 102 banded killifish year year year - high high 16, 39, 60 burbot spring spring spring fall - - 17, 29, 39, 80 brook stickleback spring spring fall fall medium - 39, 131 threespine stickleback spring spring fall fall low - 39, 131 ninespine stickleback spring spring fall fall medium - 39, 131 fourspine stickleback* spring spring fall fall medium - 48 trout-perch spring spring fall - - - 16, 39 white perch spring spring spring fall medium - 39, 71, 72, 121, 123 white bass year year year - medium - 39, 69 channel catfish 14 Comments * spawning and hybridization with tadpole madtom *adult habitat, other stickleback species Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References Comments 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent rock bass year year year - high - green sunfish year year - - high high 39, 67 pumpkinseed year year - - high high 18, ,39, 123 bluegill year year - spring high high 18, 39 pelagic 6-7 weeks, then littoral longear sunfish* year year - - medium medium 7, 118 *hybridizes with other Lepomis spp. smallmouth bass spring spring fall fall - - largemouth bass year year fall - high high 7, 16, 39 white crappie spring spring fall - high high 7, 14, 39, 118 black crappie year year year - high high 7, 16, 18, 39, 108 123 warmouth* year year - - high high 7,118 *hybridizes with other Lepomis spp. orangespotted sunfish* year year - - high - 7, 92, 108 *hybridizes with other Lepomis spp. spring spring spring fall medium medium 16, 39, 123, 130 overwinter here, also yellow perch c c 15 31, 39, 123 31, 39, 90, 116, 118 Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Comments Emergent pelagic 4-5 weeks sauger - spring spring fall - - 7, 39, 118 walleye spring spring spring fall low low 39, 75, 114 eastern sand darter year year year year low low 50, 118 greenside darter year year - - medium - 7, 39, 118 rainbow darter year year - - - - 7, 39, 69 Iowa darter year year year - medium - 39, 73 fantail darter year year - - medium - 7, 39 least darter year year - - high - 7, 65 johnny darter year year year - medium - 16, 39, 73, 123 spring spring - fall medium medium 39, 69 channel darter year year year year low - 7, 39 blackside darter year year - - medium medium 1, 7 river darter* year year - - - - 7 tesselated darter* year year year - medium - 16, 39, 73, 123 logperch 16 *adult habitat *hybridizes with johnny darter Water Depth (m) Vegetation Common Name References 0-1 1-2 2-5 5+ Submergent Emergent brook silverside year year - spring low - freshwater drum - - year year medium medium mottled sculpin year year - year low low slimy sculpin year year - year - spoonhead sculpin* - - - year deepwater sculpin - - - ruffe - spring round goby spring tubenose goby spring c 39, 70, 118 Comments yoy at surface over deep water 7, 14, 39 7, 39, 57, 73 uses rocks, logs for cover - 7, 39, 118 uses rocks, logs for cover - - 7, 39 year - - 29, 63, 80 spring fall - - 30, 40, 84, 120 spring fall fall medium - 57 associated with available cover spring fall fall medium - 57 associated with available cover 17 *adult habitat Table 2 Strength of association with substrate types and the importance of lake (versus stream) habitat for young-of-the-year of Great Lakes fishes. A dash (-) indicates that no information was found to indicate that the species utilizes a particular substrate type. For species marked with an asterisk (*) inferences about relationships have been made, the basis for which are provided in Table 1. Common Name Lake Presence Substrate Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble american brook lamprey - - - - northern brook lamprey - - - silver lamprey - - sea lamprey - lake sturgeon Gravel References Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay medium high high - - low 68, 88 - medium high high - - low 68, 88 - - medium high high - - low 68, 88 - - - medium high high - - low 68, 88 - - - medium medium high high - - medium 39, 44, 51, 61, 117, 118 longnose gar - - - - - high high - - high 39, 118 spotted gar - - - - - high high high - high 39, 100 bowfin - - - - - high high - - high 39, 53, 118 alewife - - - high high high high high - high 39, 112, 118, 123 gizzard shad - - - low low low high - - high 12, 39, 123, 125 pink salmon - high medium medium - - - - - low 64, 66, 118 18 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay coho salmon - high - - - medium - - - low 39, 41, 57, 64, 118 chinook salmon - - - - high high - - - low 7, 15, 37, 39, 64 rainbow trout - - - - high high high - - low 3, 10, 23, 39, 123 brown trout* - - - high high medium - - - low 3, 39, 118 arctic charr* - high high medium - - - - - medium 4, 56 brook trout* - - - high high high medium - - low 39, 110 lake trout - medium high high high medium low - - high 27, 39, 58, 76, 89, 107 lake whitefish - - - medium high high - - - high 8, 29, 39, 112 cisco - medium high high medium low - - - high 17, 29, 39, 119 bloater - - high - - high - high - high 39, 129 kiyi* - - - - - - high high - high 39, 46 shortnose cisco* - - - - - - - high - high 39, 95 shortjaw cisco* - - - - - - - high - high 39, 52 pygmy whitefish - - - - - high - - - high 28, 39 19 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay round whitefish - - - - high high - - - high 29, 39, 93 rainbow smelt - - - - high high - - - high 29, 39, 94, 118 northern pike - - - - - - high - - high 39, 74, 123 muskellunge - - - - - medium high - - high 19, 24, 25, 26,39 grass pickerel - - - - - - high - - high 26, 37, 39 central mudminnow - - - - - - high - - medium 39, 123 mooneye* - - - - medium high low - - medium 7, 32, 118, 128 quillback - - - - - high high - - medium 38, 39 longnose sucker - - - - - high - - - medium 36, 39 white sucker - - low low - high medium - - low 2, 39, 79, 123 lake chubsucker - - - - - medium high medium - high 39, 69 northern hogsucker - - low low medium high high - - low 1, 7, 39 bigmouth buffalo - - - - - - high - - medium 14, 33, 39 spotted sucker - - - - - medium - - - low 7, 101 20 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay silver redhorse - - - - - high high - - low 7, 39 black redhorse - - - - - high high - - low 13, 39 golden redhorse - - - - medium high high - - low shorthead redhorse* - - - - medium high - - - low 7, 39 medium - - - high high - - - low 7, 39 goldfish - - - - - high high medium - high 39, 69 northern redbelly dace* - - - - - - high - - medium 55, 122 finescale dace - - - - - - high - - medium 122 lake chub - - - - high high - - - high 7, 39, 69 common carp - - - high high high high high - high 16, 39, 123 cutlips minnow* - - - - high medium - - - low 118 brassy minnow* - - - low medium high high - - low 7 eastern silvery minnow - - - - medium medium medium - - low 7 silver chub - - - - - high high medium - medium 7, 39 greater redhorse* 21 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay golden shiner - - - - - high high - - high 18, 39, 123 pugnose shiner - - - - - high high medium - high 39, 71, 103 emerald shiner - - - high - high high high - high 39, 71, 123 bridle shiner - - - - medium high high - - medium 7, 39 common shiner - - - - high high medium - - low 16, 39, 123 blackchin shiner - - - - - - high - - medium 39, 60 blacknose shiner - - - - - high high medium - high 39, 69 spottail shiner - - - - high high medium - - high 16, 39, 112, 123 rosyface shiner* - - - low low medium medium medium - low 7, 69, 113 spotfin shiner - - - - - - - - - medium 1, 7 sand shiner - - - - high high - - - medium 39, 69 redfin shiner - - - medium high high - medium - low 81, 91, 118 mimic shiner - - - - - high high medium - high 1, 16, 39, 71 pugnose minnow - - - - - high high - - high 39, 104 22 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay bluntnose minnow - - - - - high high - - high 16, 39, 123 fathead minnow - - - - - high high - - high 39, 123, 111 blacknose dace - - - - - - high - - low 7, 39 longnose dace - - - medium medium high high - - medium 1, 39 creek chub - - - - medium high high - - medium 1, 2, 39, 123 fallfish - - - - medium high high - - low 39, 118 pearl dace* - - - - medium high high - - low 7, 118 stoneroller - - - - medium high high high - low 7, 69, 82 striped shiner - - - - - high high high - medium 7, 34, 69 black bullhead - - - - - high high - - high 7, 39 yellow bullhead - - - - medium high high - - high 7, 39 brown bullhead - - - high high high medium - - high 16, 39, 123 channel catfish - - medium high high - - - - medium 39 stonecat - - - - high high - - - medium 1, 39 23 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay tadpole madtom - low - - - high high - - low 1, 39 brindled madtom* - - - - - high high - - low 39, 102 banded killifish - - - - high high medium - - high 16, 36, 60 burbot - - - high high high - - - high 17, 29, 36, 80 brook stickleback - - - - high - - - - medium 39, 131 threespine stickleback - - - - high - - - - high 39, 131 ninespine stickleback - - - high - - - - - high 39, 131 fourspine stickleback* - - - - - high - - - low 48 trout-perch - - - - high high medium - - medium 16, 39 white perch - - - - high high medium medium - high 39, 71, 121, 123 white bass - - - high high high medium medium medium high 39, 69 rock bass - - - medium high - high - - high 31, 39, 123 green sunfish - - - - - medium high - - high 39, 67 pumpkinseed - - - - - high high - - high 19, 39, 123 24 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay bluegill - - - - - high high - - high 18, 39 longear sunfish* - - low high high medium - - - low 7, 118 smallmouth bass medium high high high medium medium low - - high 31, 39, 90, 116, 118 largemouth bass - - - - - medium high - - high 7, 16, 39 white crappie - - - - - high high - - medium 7, 14, 39, 118 black crappie - - - - - high high - - high 7, 16, 18, 39, 123 warmouth* - - - - medium high high - - medium 7, 118 orangespotted sunfish* - - - - - high high - - medium 7, 92 yellow perch - - - - high high high - - high 16, 39, 123, 130 sauger - - - - high high low - - high 7, 39, 118 walleye - - - - high high - - high high 39, 75, 114 eastern sand darter - - - - - high - - - low 50 greenside darter - high high high - - - - - low 7, 39, 118 rainbow darter - - - high high low - - - low 7, 39, 69 25 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay Iowa darter - - - - high high high - - medium 39, 73 fantail darter - - - - high high medium - - low 7, 39 least darter - - - - medium high high low - medium 7, 65 johnny darter - - - - high high high - - high 16, 39, 73, 123 logperch - - - medium high high medium low - medium 39, 69 channel darter - - - - high high medium - - medium 7, 39,118 blackside darter - - - - high high low - - low 1, 7 river darter* - - - - - high - - - medium 7 tesselated darter* - - - - high high high - - high 16, 39, 73, 118, 123 brook silverside - - - - high high - medium - high 39, 118 freshwater drum low - - - medium high medium medium - high 7, 14, 39 mottled sculpin - high high high medium medium - - - medium 7, 39, 73 slimy sculpin - high high medium medium medium - - high medium 7, 39, 118 spoonhead sculpin - high high - - - - - - high 7, 39 26 Common Name Lake Presence Substrate References Bedrock Boulder Boulder -Cobble Rubble Gravel Sand Silt Clay Hard-pan Clay deepwater sculpin - high high - - - - - - high 29, 63, 80 ruffe - - - - - - high - - high 30, 40, 84, 120 round goby - high high high high medium - medium - high 57 tubenose goby - high high high high medium - medium - high 57 27 Table 3 Number of species occurring within each depth stratum, by season. Water depth (m) Spring Fall Year Not present 0-1 27 0 78 22 1-2 29 3 78 17 2-5 10 18 24 75 5+ 2 21 24 80 Table 4 Number of species associated with each substrate and with submergent and emergent aquatic vegetation, by strength of association. Occurrence Substrate Low Medium High Not Found (-) Bedrock 1 2 0 124 Boulder 1 2 11 113 Boulder-Cobble 3 2 12 110 Rubble 5 9 19 94 Gravel 2 25 43 57 Sand 3 17 84 23 Silt 5 15 65 42 Clay 2 14 10 101 Hard-pan Clay 0 1 2 124 Submergent Vegetation 22 27 36 42 Emergent Vegetation 15 14 27 71 28 4.0 REFERENCES 1. Aadland, L.P. 1993. Stream habitat types: their fish assemblages and relationship to flow. North Amer. J. Fish. Manage. 13:790-806. 2. Ahlgren, M.O. 1990. Diet selection and the contribution of detritus to the diet of juvenile white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47:41-48. 3. Alexander, D.R. and H.R. MacCrimmon. 1976. 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Great Lakes Res. 9:527-522. 40 Appendix A Great Lakes Basin Fish Species List CODE Common name Scientific Name S011 S012 S013 S014 S031 S041 S042 S051 S061 S062 S063 S071 S072 S073 S075 S076 S077 S078 S079 S080 S081 S082 S091 S093 S094 S095 S096 S097 S099 S100 S101 S102 S121 S131 S132 S133 S136 S141 S152 S161 S162 S163 S164 S165 S166 S167 American brook lamprey Northern brook lamprey Silver lamprey Sea lamprey Lake sturgeon Longnose gar Spotted gar Bowfin Alewife American shad Gizzard shad Pink salmon Chum salmon Coho salmon Chinook salmon Rainbow trout Atlantic salmon(l) Brown trout Arctic charr Brook trout Lake trout Splake Lake whitefish Cisco(lake herring) Bloater Deepwater cisco(chub) Kiyi Blackfin cisco Shortnose cisco Shortjaw cisco Pygmy whitefish Round whitefish Rainbow smelt Northern pike Muskellunge Grass pickerel Tiger muskellunge Central mudminnow Mooneye Quillback Longnose sucker White sucker Lake chubsucker Northern hog sucker Bigmouth buffalo Spotted sucker Lampetra appendix Ichthyomyzon fossor Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Petromyzon marinus Acipenser fulvescens Lepisosteus osseus Lepisosteus oculatus Amia calva Alosa pseudoharengus Alosa sapidissima Dorosoma cepedianum Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Onchorhynchus mykiss Salmo salar Salmo trutta Salvelinus alpinus Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus namaycush Salvelinus hybrid 080x081 Coregonus clupeaformis Coregonus artedii Coregonus hoyi Coregonus johannae Coregonus kiyi Coregonus nigripinnis Coregonus reighardi Coregonus zenithicus Prosopium coulteri Prosopium cylindraceum Osmerus mordax Esox lucius Esox masquinongy Esox americanus vermiculatus Esox hybrid 131x132 Umbra limi Hiodon tergisus Carpoides cyprinus Catostomus catostomus Catostomus commersoni Erimyzon sucetta ypentelium nigricans Ictiobus cyprinellus Minytrema melanops 41 S168 S169 S170 S171 S172 S173 S181 S182 S183 S184 S185 S186 S187 S188 S189 S190 S191 S192 S193 S194 S195 S196 S197 S198 S199 S200 S201 S202 S203 S204 S205 S206 S207 S208 S209 S210 S211 S212 S213 S214 S215 S216 S217 S218 S231 S232 S233 S234 S235 S236 S237 S244 S251 S261 Silver redhorse Black redhorse Golden redhorse Shorthead redhorse Greater redhorse River redhorse Goldfish Northern redbelly dace Finescale dace Redside dace Lake chub Common carp Gravel chub Cutlips minnow Brassy minnow Eastern silvery minnow Silver chub Hornyhead chub River chub Golden shiner Pugnose shiner Emerald shiner Bridle shiner Common shiner Blackchin shiner Blacknose shiner Spottail shiner Rosyface shiner Spotfin shiner Sand shiner Redfin shiner Mimic shiner Pugnose minnow Bluntnose minnow Fathead minnow Blacknose dace Longnose dace Creek chub Fallfish Pearl dace Silver shiner Stoneroller Striped shiner Ghost shiner Black bullhead Yellow bullhead Brown bullhead Channel catfish Stonecat Tadpole madtom Brindled madtom Northern madtom American eel Banded killifish 42 Moxostoma anisurum Moxostoma duquesnei Moxostoma erythrurum Moxostoma macrolepidotum Moxostoma valenciennesi Moxostoma carinatum Carassius auratus Phoxinus eos Phoxinus neogaeus Clinostomus elongatus Couesius plumbeus Cyprinus carpio Erimystax x-punctata Exoglossum maxillingua Hybognathus hankinsoni Hybognathus regius Macrohybopsis storeriana Nocomis biguttatus Nocomis micropogon Notemigonus crysoleucas Notropis anogenus Notropis atherinoides Notropis bifrenatus Luxilus cornutus Notropis heterodon Notropis heterolepis Notropis hudsonius Notropis rubellus Cyprinella spiloptera Notropis stramineus Lythrurus umbratilis Notropis volucellus Opsopoeodus emiliae Pimephales notatus Pimephales promelas Rhinichthys atratulus Rhinichthys cataractae Semotilus atromaculatus Semotilus corporalis Margariscus margarita Notropis photogenis Campostoma anomalum Luxilus chrysocephalus Notropis buchanani Ameiurus melas Ameiurus natalis Ameiurus nebulosus Ictalurus punctatus Noturus flavus Noturus gyrinus Noturus miurus Noturus stigmosus Anguilla rostrata Fundulus diaphanus S262 S271 S281 S282 S283 S284 S291 S301 S302 S311 S312 S313 S314 S315 S316 S317 S318 S319 S323 S324 S331 S332 S334 S335 S336 S337 S338 S339 S340 S341 S342 S343 S344 S345 S346 S361 S371 S381 S382 S383 S384 S601 S220 S355 S366 S367 Blackstripe topminnow Burbot Brook stickleback Threespine stickleback Ninespine stickleback Fourspine stickleback Trout-perch White perch White bass Rock bass Green sunfish Pumpkinseed Bluegill Longear sunfish Smallmouth bass Largemouth bass White crappie Black crappie Warmouth Orangespotted sunfish Yellow perch Sauger Walleye(yellow pickerel) Eastern sand darter Greenside darter Rainbow darter Iowa darter Fantail darter Least darter Johnny darter Logperch Channel darter Blackside darter River darter Tessellated darter Brook silverside Freshwater drum Mottled sculpin Slimy sculpin Spoonhead sculpin Deepwater sculpin CarpxGoldfish Rudd Ruffe Round goby Tubenose goby 43 Fundulus notatus Lota lota Culaea inconstans Gasterosteus aculeatus Pungitius pungitius Apeltes quadracus Percopsis omiscomaycus Morone americana Morone chrysops Ambloplites rupestris Lepomis cyanellus Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis megalotis Micropterus dolomieui Micropterus salmoides Pomoxis annularis Pomoxis nigromaculatus Lepomis gulosus Lepomis humilis Perca flavescens Stizostedion canadense Stizostedion vitreum vitreum Ammocrypta pellucida Etheostoma blennioides Etheostoma caeruleum Etheostoma exile Etheostoma flabellare Etheostoma microperca Etheostoma nigrum Percina caprodes Percina copelandi Percina maculata Percina shumardi Etheostoma olmstedi Labidesthes sicculus Aplodinotus grunniens Cottus bairdi Cottus cognatus Cottus ricei Myoxocephalus thompsoni Hybrid 181x186 Scardinius erythrophthalmus Gymnocephalus cernuus Neogobius melanostomus Proterorhinus marmoratus Appendix B Riverine species. Common Name References American shad 39, 124, 125 chum salmon 64,118 Atlantic salmon 11, 42 river redhorse 96, 132 redside dace 7, 105 hornyhead chub 7, 20 river chub 21 silver shiner 5, 118 ghost shiner 7, 49 blackstripe topminnow 7, 83 northern madtom 57 44
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