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® WatchGuard System Manager User Guide WatchGuard System Manager v9.0 Fireware® v9.0 Fireware® Pro v9.0 Revised: 05/07/2007 Notice to Users Information in this guide is subject to change without notice. Companies, names, and data used in examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted. No part of this guide may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. Copyright, Trademark, and Patent Information Copyright© 1998 - 2007 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. Complete copyright, trademark, patent, and licensing information can be found in the appendix of this User Guide. All trademarks or trade names mentioned herein, if any, are the property of their respective owners. Management Software: 9.0 Appliance Software: Fireware® 9.0 and Fireware Pro 9.0 Document Version: 9.0-352-2832-001-2 ADDRESS: ABOUT WATCHGUARD WatchGuard is a leading provider of network security solutions for small- to midsized enterprises worldwide, delivering integrated products and services that are robust as well as easy to buy, deploy and manage. The company’s Firebox X family of expandable integrated security appliances is designed to be fully upgradeable as an SUPPORT: organization grows and to deliver the industry’s best combination of security, www.watchguard.com/support [email protected] performance, intuitive interface and value. WatchGuard Intelligent Layered Security U.S. and Canada +877.232.3531 architecture protects against emerging threats effectively and efficiently and provides All Other Countries +1.206.613.0456 the flexibility to integrate additional security functionality and services offered through WatchGuard. Every WatchGuard product comes with an initial LiveSecurity SALES: U.S. and Canada +1.800.734.9905 Service subscription to help customers stay on top of the security landscape with All Other Countries +1.206.521.8340 vulnerability alerts, software updates, expert security instruction and superior customer care. For more information, please call (206) 521-8340 or visit www.watchguard.com. 505 Fifth Avenue South Suite 500 Seattle, WA 98104 ii WatchGuard System Manager Contents CHAPTER 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 WatchGuard System Manager Tools ................................................................................................. 2 About the WatchGuard System Manager Window ..................................................................... 2 Device Status ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Device Management ............................................................................................................................ 4 About WatchGuard Servers ................................................................................................................. 4 About Fireware and Fireware Pro ...................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 Getting Started ....................................................................................................................... 7 Installing WatchGuard System Manager ......................................................................................... 7 Installation requirements .................................................................................................................... 7 Collecting network information ........................................................................................................ 8 Selecting a firewall configuration mode .......................................................................................... 9 Selecting where to install server software ..................................................................................... 11 Setting up the management station .............................................................................................. 11 Backing up your previous configuration ........................................................................................ 12 Quick Setup Wizard .............................................................................................................................. 12 Firebox X Core and Peak e-Series Web Quick Setup Wizard ...................................................... 13 Quick Setup Wizard ............................................................................................................................ 14 Putting the Firebox into Operation ................................................................................................. 14 Starting WatchGuard System Manager ......................................................................................... 15 Connecting to a Firebox .................................................................................................................... 16 Disconnecting from a Firebox .......................................................................................................... 16 Starting security applications .......................................................................................................... 16 After Your Installation .......................................................................................................................... 17 Customizing your security policy ..................................................................................................... 17 Features of the LiveSecurity Service ................................................................................................ 18 Upgrading to a New Version of Fireware ...................................................................................... 18 Downgrading to WSM 8.3 or Earlier ............................................................................................... 19 Installation Topics .................................................................................................................................. 19 User Guide iii Installing WSM and keeping an older version ............................................................................... 19 Installing WatchGuard Servers on computers with desktop firewalls ..................................... 19 Adding secondary networks to your configuration ..................................................................... 20 Dynamic IP support on the external interface .............................................................................. 20 Entering IP addresses ......................................................................................................................... 21 Installing the Firebox cables ............................................................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 3 Service and Support .......................................................................................................... 23 LiveSecurity Service Solutions .......................................................................................................... 23 LiveSecurity Service Broadcasts .......................................................................................................24 Activating LiveSecurity Service ........................................................................................................ 25 LiveSecurity Service Self Help Tools ............................................................................................... 25 WatchGuard Users Forum ................................................................................................................... 26 Product Documentation .....................................................................................................................26 Technical Support ................................................................................................................................. 27 LiveSecurity Service technical support ........................................................................................... 27 LiveSecurity Gold ................................................................................................................................ 27 Firebox Installation Service ............................................................................................................... 28 VPN Installation Service .................................................................................................................... 28 Training and Certification ................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 4 Firebox Status Monitoring .............................................................................................. 29 Starting Firebox System Manager ................................................................................................... 29 Connecting to a Firebox .................................................................................................................... 29 Opening Firebox System Manager .................................................................................................. 30 Firebox System Manager Menus and Toolbar ............................................................................. 30 Setting refresh interval and pausing the display .......................................................................... 32 Seeing Basic Firebox and Network Status .................................................................................... 33 Using the Security Traffic display ..................................................................................................... 33 Monitoring status information ........................................................................................................ 33 Setting the center interface .............................................................................................................. 34 Monitoring traffic, load, and status ................................................................................................ 34 Firebox and VPN tunnel status ......................................................................................................... 34 Monitoring Firebox Traffic .................................................................................................................. 36 Setting the maximum number of log messages .......................................................................... 36 Using color for your log messages ................................................................................................... 37 Copying log messages ....................................................................................................................... 38 Learning more about a traffic log message .................................................................................. 38 Clearing the ARP Cache ....................................................................................................................... 38 Using the Performance Console ...................................................................................................... 39 Types of counters ................................................................................................................................ 39 Defining counters ............................................................................................................................... 39 Viewing the performance graph ...................................................................................................... 41 Working with more than one Performance Console graph ....................................................... 42 Viewing Bandwidth Usage ................................................................................................................. 43 Viewing Number of Connections by Policy ................................................................................. 44 iv WatchGuard System Manager Viewing Information About Firebox Status .................................................................................. 46 Status Report ....................................................................................................................................... 46 Authentication List ............................................................................................................................. 47 Blocked Sites ........................................................................................................................................ 48 Security Services .................................................................................................................................. 49 Using HostWatch ................................................................................................................................... 51 The HostWatch window .................................................................................................................... 51 Controlling the HostWatch window ............................................................................................... 52 Changing HostWatch view properties ........................................................................................... 53 Blocking a site from HostWatch .......................................................................................................53 Pausing the HostWatch display .......................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 5 Basic Firebox Administration ......................................................................................... 55 Working with Licenses ......................................................................................................................... 55 Activating a new feature ................................................................................................................... 55 Adding licenses .................................................................................................................................... 57 Deleting a license ................................................................................................................................ 57 Seeing the active features ................................................................................................................. 58 Seeing the properties of a license .................................................................................................... 59 Downloading a license key ............................................................................................................... 59 Setting NTP Servers .............................................................................................................................. 59 Setting a Friendly Name and Time Zone ....................................................................................... 60 Working with SNMP .............................................................................................................................. 60 Enabling SNMP polling ...................................................................................................................... 61 Enabling SNMP traps ......................................................................................................................... 61 Using MIBs ............................................................................................................................................ 62 Changing the Firebox Passphrases ................................................................................................. 62 Recovering a Firebox ............................................................................................................................ 63 Resetting a Firebox X e-Series device .............................................................................................. 63 Resetting a Firebox X Core or Peak (non e-Series) ........................................................................ 63 CHAPTER 6 Basic Configuration Setup .............................................................................................. 65 Opening a Configuration File ............................................................................................................ 65 Opening a working configuration file ............................................................................................ 65 Opening a local configuration file ................................................................................................... 67 Making a new configuration file ..................................................................................................... 67 Saving a Configuration File ................................................................................................................ 68 Saving a configuration to the Firebox ............................................................................................ 68 Saving a configuration to a local hard drive ................................................................................. 68 About Firebox Backup Images .......................................................................................................... 68 Creating a Firebox backup image ................................................................................................... 68 Restoring a Firebox backup image .................................................................................................. 69 Working with Aliases ............................................................................................................................ 69 Alias members ..................................................................................................................................... 70 Creating an alias ................................................................................................................................. 70 Using Global Settings ........................................................................................................................... 71 Defining ICMP error handling global settings .............................................................................. 72 User Guide v Enabling TCP SYN checking .............................................................................................................. 73 Defining TCP maximum segment size adjustment global settings .......................................... 73 Defining global authentication settings ........................................................................................ 73 Allowing multiple concurrent logins ............................................................................................... 74 Disabling Traffic Management and QoS ....................................................................................... 74 Using Global VPN Settings ................................................................................................................. 74 Creating Schedules ............................................................................................................................... 75 Managing a Firebox from a Remote Location ............................................................................. 76 CHAPTER 7 Logging and Notification ................................................................................................ 79 Setting Up the Log Server .................................................................................................................. 79 Changing the Log Server encryption key ....................................................................................... 81 Setting up the Firebox for a Designated Log Server ................................................................. 81 Adding a Log Server for a Firebox .................................................................................................... 81 Setting Log Server priority ................................................................................................................. 82 Activating syslog logging .................................................................................................................. 82 Enabling advanced diagnostics ...................................................................................................... 83 Setting Global Logging and Notification Preferences ............................................................. 84 Log file size and rollover frequency ................................................................................................. 85 Setting when log files rollover .......................................................................................................... 85 Scheduling automated reports ........................................................................................................ 86 Controlling notification .....................................................................................................................87 Starting and stopping the Log Server ............................................................................................. 87 About Log Messages ............................................................................................................................ 87 Types of log messages ........................................................................................................................ 88 Log file names and locations ............................................................................................................ 89 Consolidating log files ....................................................................................................................... 89 Updating .wgl log files to .xml format ............................................................................................ 89 Using LogViewer .................................................................................................................................... 90 LogViewer settings .............................................................................................................................. 91 Creating a search rule ........................................................................................................................ 92 Searching in LogViewer .....................................................................................................................93 Viewing the current log file in LogViewer ....................................................................................... 94 Copying LogViewer data ................................................................................................................... 94 CHAPTER 8 Network Setup and Configuration ............................................................................ 95 Configuring Firebox Interfaces ......................................................................................................... 96 Configuring the external interface .................................................................................................. 98 Adding Secondary Networks ..........................................................................................................100 Adding WINS and DNS Server Addresses ...................................................................................101 Configuring Dynamic DNS ...............................................................................................................102 Configuring Routes .............................................................................................................................104 Adding a network route ..................................................................................................................104 Adding a host route ..........................................................................................................................104 Configuring Advanced Settings for an Interface .....................................................................105 Setting Firebox Interface Speed and Duplex ...............................................................................105 vi WatchGuard System Manager Setting maximum bandwidth and marking type ......................................................................106 Setting DF bit for IPSec (external interfaces only) ......................................................................106 Using a Firebox with a Drop-in Configuration ..........................................................................106 Configuring related hosts ...............................................................................................................107 Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) ............................................................................................108 Tagging ...............................................................................................................................................109 Defining a New VLAN ........................................................................................................................109 Using DHCP ........................................................................................................................................111 Using DHCP relay ..............................................................................................................................112 Specifying VLANs for an Interface .................................................................................................112 CHAPTER 9 Network Setup with Multiple External Interfaces ............................................115 Multi-WAN Requirements and Conditions .................................................................................115 MultiWAN Options ..............................................................................................................................116 About the WAN Failover method ...................................................................................................116 About multi-WAN in round-robin order ......................................................................................116 About multi-WAN with the routing table .....................................................................................116 About the Interface Overflow method .........................................................................................117 Configuring the Multi-WAN Routing Table Option .................................................................118 Looking at the Firebox route table ................................................................................................118 Configuring the Multi-WAN Round-robin Option ...................................................................119 Configuring the Multi-WAN Failover Option .............................................................................120 Configuring the Multi-WAN Interface Overflow Option .......................................................122 Checking WAN Interface Status .....................................................................................................123 Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings ..............................................................................125 Sticky Connections ...........................................................................................................................126 Failback ..............................................................................................................................................126 CHAPTER 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) ......................................................................129 Types of NAT ..........................................................................................................................................129 Adding firewall dynamic NAT entries ............................................................................................130 Reordering dynamic NAT entries ...................................................................................................131 Using 1-to-1 NAT ..................................................................................................................................131 Defining a 1-to-1 NAT rule ..............................................................................................................132 Configuring firewall 1-to-1 NAT .....................................................................................................133 Configuring Policy-Based Dynamic or 1-to-1 NAT ...................................................................133 Configuring policy-based 1-to-1 NAT ...........................................................................................134 Configuring policy-based dynamic NAT ......................................................................................134 Configuring Static NAT ......................................................................................................................135 CHAPTER 11 Authentication .................................................................................................................137 How User Authentication Works ....................................................................................................137 About authentication timeout values ..........................................................................................138 Using authentication from the external network ......................................................................138 Using authentication through a gateway Firebox to another Firebox ..................................139 Authentication Server Types ...........................................................................................................139 User Guide vii Using a backup authentication server .........................................................................................140 Configuring the Firebox as an Authentication Server ............................................................140 Authentication types ........................................................................................................................140 Defining a new user for Firebox authentication .........................................................................142 Defining a new group for Firebox authentication .....................................................................144 Using a local user account for Firewall user, PPTP, and MUVPN authentication .................144 Configuring RADIUS Server Authentication ..............................................................................144 Configuring SecurID Authentication ............................................................................................147 Configuring LDAP Authentication ................................................................................................148 Using LDAP optional settings .........................................................................................................149 Configuring Active Directory Authentication ..........................................................................152 Using Active Directory optional settings ......................................................................................153 Defining Users and Groups in Policy Definitions .....................................................................153 Defining users and groups for Firebox authentication .............................................................154 Defining users and groups for third-party authentication ......................................................154 Using users and groups in policy definitions ...............................................................................155 CHAPTER 12 Firewall Intrusion Detection and Prevention ...................................................157 Using Default Packet Handling Options .....................................................................................157 Spoofing attacks ...............................................................................................................................158 IP source route attacks .....................................................................................................................158 Port space and address space attacks ..........................................................................................158 Flood attacks .....................................................................................................................................159 Unhandled packets ..........................................................................................................................159 Distributed denial of service attacks .............................................................................................159 Setting Blocked Sites ..........................................................................................................................160 Blocking a site permanently ...........................................................................................................160 Blocking spyware sites .....................................................................................................................161 Using an external list of blocked sites ...........................................................................................162 Creating exceptions to the Blocked Sites list ...............................................................................162 Setting logging and notification parameters .............................................................................162 Blocking sites temporarily with policy settings ...........................................................................164 Blocked sites and Traffic Monitor ...................................................................................................164 Blocking Ports .......................................................................................................................................164 Blocking a port permanently ..........................................................................................................165 Automatically blocking IP addresses that try to use blocked ports ........................................165 Setting logging and notification for blocked ports ....................................................................166 CHAPTER 13 Policies ..................................................................................................................................167 Creating Policies for your Network ...............................................................................................167 About Policy Manager .......................................................................................................................168 Opening Policy Manager ................................................................................................................168 About the Policy Manager window ...............................................................................................168 Changing the Policy Manager View ..............................................................................................169 Selecting colors for Policy Manager text ......................................................................................170 ..............................................................................................................................................................171 Adding a policy .................................................................................................................................171 viii WatchGuard System Manager Making a custom policy template .................................................................................................173 Adding more than one policy of the same type ..........................................................................174 Deleting a policy ...............................................................................................................................174 Configuring Policy Properties .........................................................................................................175 Setting access rules, sources, and destinations ..........................................................................175 About policy-based routing ...........................................................................................................177 Setting a proxy action ......................................................................................................................179 Setting a custom idle timeout ........................................................................................................179 Setting logging properties ..............................................................................................................180 Configuring static NAT for a policy ................................................................................................181 Setting an operating schedule .......................................................................................................182 Applying Traffic Management actions .........................................................................................183 Setting ICMP error handling ...........................................................................................................183 Applying NAT rules ...........................................................................................................................184 Using QoS Marking for a policy .....................................................................................................184 Setting traffic priority for a policy ..................................................................................................185 Enabling sticky connections for a policy ......................................................................................185 Setting Policy Precedence ................................................................................................................186 Using automatic order .....................................................................................................................186 Setting precedence manually .........................................................................................................186 CHAPTER 14 Proxied Policies ................................................................................................................187 About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets ...................................................................................187 Adding rulesets ..................................................................................................................................188 Using the advanced rules view .......................................................................................................189 Customizing Logging and Notification for Proxy Rules .........................................................190 Configuring log messages and notification for a proxy policy ................................................190 Configuring log messages and alarms for a proxy rule ............................................................190 Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification ..............................................191 Configuring the SMTP Proxy ...........................................................................................................192 Configuring general settings ..........................................................................................................194 Configuring greeting rules ..............................................................................................................195 Configuring ESMTP parameters .....................................................................................................195 Configuring authentication rules ..................................................................................................196 Defining content type rules ............................................................................................................197 Defining file name rules ..................................................................................................................197 Configuring the Mail From and Mail To rules ..............................................................................197 Defining header rules .......................................................................................................................198 Defining antivirus responses ..........................................................................................................198 Changing the deny message ..........................................................................................................198 Configuring the IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) for SMTP ...................................................198 Configuring spamBlocker ...............................................................................................................199 Configuring proxy and antivirus alarms for SMTP .....................................................................199 Configuring the FTP Proxy ...............................................................................................................199 Configuring general settings ..........................................................................................................200 Defining commands rules for FTP .................................................................................................200 Setting download rules for FTP ......................................................................................................201 User Guide ix Setting upload rules for FTP ............................................................................................................201 Enabling intrusion prevention for FTP ..........................................................................................201 Configuring proxy alarms for FTP .................................................................................................201 Configuring the HTTP Proxy ............................................................................................................201 Configuring settings for HTTP requests .......................................................................................202 Configuring general settings for HTTP responses ......................................................................204 Setting header fields for HTTP responses .....................................................................................204 Setting content types for HTTP responses ....................................................................................205 Setting cookies for HTTP responses ...............................................................................................205 Setting HTTP body content types ..................................................................................................205 Defining antivirus responses for HTTP .........................................................................................205 Changing the deny message ..........................................................................................................206 Enabling intrusion prevention for HTTP .......................................................................................206 Defining proxy and antivirus alarms for HTTP ...........................................................................207 Configuring the DNS Proxy ..............................................................................................................207 Configuring general settings for the DNS proxy .........................................................................207 Configuring DNS OPcodes ..............................................................................................................208 Configuring DNS query types .........................................................................................................209 Configuring DNS query names ......................................................................................................210 Enabling intrusion prevention for DNS ........................................................................................210 Configuring DNS proxy alarms ......................................................................................................210 Configuring the TCP Proxy ...............................................................................................................210 Configuring general settings for the TCP proxy ..........................................................................210 Enabling intrusion prevention for TCP .........................................................................................211 CHAPTER 15 Historical Reports ............................................................................................................213 Creating and Editing Reports ..........................................................................................................213 Starting Historical Reports ..............................................................................................................213 Starting a new report .......................................................................................................................214 Editing an existing report ................................................................................................................215 Deleting a report ...............................................................................................................................215 Viewing the reports list ....................................................................................................................215 Backing up report definition files ..................................................................................................216 Setting Report Properties .................................................................................................................216 Specifying a report time interval ...................................................................................................216 Specifying report sections ...............................................................................................................217 Consolidating report sections ........................................................................................................217 Setting report properties .................................................................................................................218 Viewing network interface relationships .....................................................................................219 Exporting Reports ...............................................................................................................................219 Exporting reports to HTML format ................................................................................................220 Exporting reports to NetIQ format ................................................................................................220 Using Report Filters ............................................................................................................................220 Creating a new report filter .............................................................................................................221 Editing a report filter ........................................................................................................................222 Deleting a report filter .....................................................................................................................222 Applying a report filter .....................................................................................................................222 x WatchGuard System Manager Running Reports ..................................................................................................................................222 Report Sections and Consolidated Sections .............................................................................222 Report sections ..................................................................................................................................222 Consolidated sections ......................................................................................................................225 CHAPTER 16 Management Server Setup and Administration ............................................227 WatchGuard Management Server Passphrases ........................................................................227 Setting Up the Management Server .............................................................................................229 Changing the Management Server Configuration .................................................................230 Adding or removing a Management Server license ..................................................................230 Recording diagnostic log messages for the Management Server ..........................................231 Configuring the Certificate Authority ..........................................................................................231 Configuring properties for the CA certificate ..............................................................................231 Configuring properties for client certificates ...............................................................................232 Configuring properties for the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) .............................................233 Recording diagnostic log messages for the Certificate Authority service .............................233 Backing up or Restoring the Management Server Configuration .....................................234 Moving the WatchGuard Management Server to a New Computer ................................234 Connecting to a Management Server ..........................................................................................234 CHAPTER 17 Device Management Setup .......................................................................................237 Configuring Fireboxes as Managed Clients ...............................................................................237 Configuring a Firebox X Core or X Peak running Fireware as a managed client ..................237 Configuring a Firebox III or Firebox X Core running WFS as a managed client ....................239 Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients ...............................................................240 Preparing a new or factory default Firebox X Edge for management ....................................241 Importing Firebox X Edge devices into a Management Server ................................................242 Preparing an installed Firebox X Edge for management ..........................................................242 Configuring a Firebox SOHO 6 as a managed client .................................................................244 Adding Devices ....................................................................................................................................245 CHAPTER 18 Device Management Properties .............................................................................247 Viewing the Managed Devices .......................................................................................................247 Viewing the Device Management Page ......................................................................................248 Configuring Device Management Properties ...........................................................................249 Updating a Device ...............................................................................................................................252 Removing a Device .............................................................................................................................252 Network Setup (Edge devices only) ..............................................................................................252 Adding a VPN Resource .....................................................................................................................253 Starting Firebox and Edge Tools ....................................................................................................253 VPN Tunnels ...........................................................................................................................................254 Using the Firebox X Edge Policy Section ....................................................................................254 CHAPTER 19 Firebox X Edge Templates and Aliases ................................................................255 Scheduling Firebox X Edge Firmware Updates ........................................................................255 Viewing and deleting firmware updates ......................................................................................257 User Guide xi Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates .........................................................258 Adding a pre-defined policy with the Add Policy wizard ..........................................................259 Adding a custom policy with the Add Policy wizard ..................................................................259 Cloning an Edge Configuration Template ...................................................................................261 Applying an Edge Configuration Template to devices ..............................................................261 Using Aliases .........................................................................................................................................263 Naming aliases on the Management Server ...............................................................................263 Defining aliases on a Firebox X Edge ............................................................................................264 CHAPTER 20 Managed BOVPN Tunnels ..........................................................................................267 About Managed BOVPN Tunnels ...................................................................................................267 VPN Failover .......................................................................................................................................267 Global VPN settings ..........................................................................................................................268 VPN Resources and Templates ........................................................................................................268 Configuring a Firebox as a Managed Firebox Client ...............................................................268 Adding VPN Resources ......................................................................................................................268 Getting the current resources from a device ...............................................................................269 Creating a new VPN resource .........................................................................................................269 Adding more hosts or networks .....................................................................................................270 Adding Policy Templates ..................................................................................................................270 Adding Security Templates ..............................................................................................................271 Making Tunnels Between Devices .................................................................................................272 Editing a Tunnel ...................................................................................................................................273 Removing Tunnels and Devices .....................................................................................................273 Removing a tunnel ...........................................................................................................................273 Removing a device ...........................................................................................................................274 CHAPTER 21 Manual BOVPN Tunnels ...............................................................................................275 About Manual VPN Tunnels .............................................................................................................275 VPN and failover ...............................................................................................................................275 Global VPN settings ..........................................................................................................................275 Configuring Gateways .......................................................................................................................276 Defining the credential method ....................................................................................................277 Defining gateway endpoints ..........................................................................................................278 Configuring mode and transforms (Phase 1 settings) ..............................................................280 Adding a Phase 1 transform ...........................................................................................................281 Editing and deleting gateways ......................................................................................................282 Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints .........................................................................282 Configuring routes for the tunnel ..................................................................................................283 Adding new routes ...........................................................................................................................284 Configuring Phase 2 settings ..........................................................................................................284 Adding a Phase 2 proposal .............................................................................................................286 Editing and deleting a tunnel .........................................................................................................287 Changing order of tunnels ..............................................................................................................287 Making a Tunnel Policy ......................................................................................................................288 Setting up Outgoing Dynamic NAT through a BOVPN Tunnel ...........................................288 xii WatchGuard System Manager About VPN Failover .............................................................................................................................289 Configuring multiple gateway pairs .............................................................................................290 CHAPTER 22 Certificates and the Certificate Authority ..........................................................293 Certificates in a WatchGuard VPN ..................................................................................................293 Managing the Certificate Authority ..............................................................................................294 Managing certificates with the CA Manager ..............................................................................295 Managing Certificates from WSM ..................................................................................................296 Viewing, Requesting, and Importing Certificates ....................................................................297 Viewing current certificates ...........................................................................................................297 Removing a certificate .....................................................................................................................298 Requesting a certificate ...................................................................................................................298 Importing certificates ......................................................................................................................299 Retrieving the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) .......................................................................299 Retrieving the CRL from a file .........................................................................................................300 Retrieving the CRL from an LDAP server ......................................................................................300 CHAPTER 23 Remote User VPN with PPTP .....................................................................................301 Configuration Checklist .....................................................................................................................301 Encryption levels ...............................................................................................................................301 Configuring WINS and DNS Servers .............................................................................................302 Enabling RUVPN with PPTP ..............................................................................................................303 Enabling RADIUS authentication ..................................................................................................303 Setting encryption for PPTP tunnels .............................................................................................304 Adding IP Addresses for RUVPN Sessions ...................................................................................304 Adding New Users to the PPTP_Users Authentication Group ...........................................305 Configuring Policies to Allow Incoming RUVPN Traffic .........................................................306 By individual policy ..........................................................................................................................306 Using the Any policies ......................................................................................................................307 Preparing the Client Computers ....................................................................................................307 Installing MSDUN and service packs ............................................................................................307 Creating and Connecting a PPTP RUVPN on Windows XP ...................................................308 Creating and Connecting a PPTP RUVPN on Windows 2000 ...............................................308 Running RUVPN and Accessing the Internet .............................................................................309 Making outbound PPTP connections from behind a Firebox .............................................309 CHAPTER 24 WebBlocker ........................................................................................................................311 Installing the Software Licenses .....................................................................................................311 Getting Started with WebBlocker ..................................................................................................312 Automating WebBlocker database downloads .........................................................................313 Activating WebBlocker ......................................................................................................................313 Configuring WebBlocker ...................................................................................................................316 Adding new servers ..........................................................................................................................317 Selecting categories to block ..........................................................................................................317 Defining WebBlocker exceptions ...................................................................................................317 Defining advanced WebBlocker options ......................................................................................320 User Guide xiii Defining Additional WebBlocker Actions ...................................................................................321 Adding WebBlocker Actions to a Policy ......................................................................................321 Scheduling WebBlocker Actions ....................................................................................................321 CHAPTER 25 spamBlocker ......................................................................................................................323 About spamBlocker ............................................................................................................................323 spamBlocker actions ........................................................................................................................323 spamBlocker tags .............................................................................................................................324 spamBlocker categories ..................................................................................................................324 Installing the Software License ......................................................................................................324 Activating spamBlocker ....................................................................................................................325 Configuring spamBlocker .................................................................................................................326 Adding spamBlocker exceptions ....................................................................................................328 Setting Global spamBlocker Parameters .....................................................................................329 Creating Rules for Bulk and Suspect Email on Email Clients ................................................330 Sending spam or bulk email to special folders in Outlook .......................................................330 Reporting False Positives and False Negatives .........................................................................330 Monitoring spamBlocker Activity ..................................................................................................331 Customizing spamBlocker Using Multiple Proxies ..................................................................331 CHAPTER 26 Signature-Based Security Services ........................................................................333 Installing the Software Licenses .....................................................................................................334 About Gateway AntiVirus .................................................................................................................334 Activating Gateway AntiVirus ........................................................................................................335 Configuring Gateway AntiVirus ......................................................................................................336 Creating alarms or log entries for antivirus responses ..............................................................337 Configuring GAV engine settings ...................................................................................................338 Configuring the update server .......................................................................................................338 Using Gateway AntiVirus with more than one proxy ................................................................339 Unlocking an attachment locked by Gateway AntiVirus ..........................................................339 Updating the antivirus software ....................................................................................................339 Activating Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) ............................................................................339 Configuring Intrusion Prevention ..................................................................................................341 Configuring intrusion prevention for HTTP or TCP ....................................................................342 Configuring Intrusion Prevention for FTP, SMTP, or DNS ...........................................................344 Configuring the IPS update server .................................................................................................344 Configuring signature exceptions .................................................................................................344 Copying IPS settings to other policies ...........................................................................................345 Getting GAV/IPS Status and Updates ...........................................................................................345 Seeing service status ........................................................................................................................345 Updating signatures or engines manually ..................................................................................346 Viewing the update history .............................................................................................................347 CHAPTER 27 Dynamic Routing ............................................................................................................349 Routing Daemon Configuration Files ...........................................................................................349 Using RIP .................................................................................................................................................350 xiv WatchGuard System Manager RIP Version 1 .......................................................................................................................................350 RIP Version 2 .......................................................................................................................................353 Using OSPF .............................................................................................................................................355 OSPF daemon configuration ..........................................................................................................355 Configuring Fireware Pro to use OSPF ..........................................................................................358 Using BGP ...............................................................................................................................................359 CHAPTER 28 Traffic Management and Quality of Service .....................................................365 About Traffic Management and QoS ............................................................................................365 Guaranteeing bandwidth ...............................................................................................................365 Restricting bandwidth .....................................................................................................................366 Setting traffic priority .......................................................................................................................366 Configuring Outgoing Interface Bandwidth .............................................................................366 Guaranteeing Bandwidth for a Policy ..........................................................................................367 Applying the Traffic Management action to a policy ................................................................368 Using Traffic Management in a multi-WAN environment ........................................................368 Setting Connection and Bandwidth Limits ................................................................................369 About QoS Marking ............................................................................................................................369 Per-interface and per-policy ...........................................................................................................370 Marking types and values ...............................................................................................................370 Enabling QoS Marking for an interface ........................................................................................371 Enabling QoS Marking for a policy ...............................................................................................372 QoS Marking and IPSec traffic .......................................................................................................372 CHAPTER 29 High Availability ..............................................................................................................373 About WatchGuard High Availability ...........................................................................................373 High Availability Requirements ......................................................................................................374 Selecting a Primary High Availability Firebox ...........................................................................374 Configuring HA for Firebox X e-Series Devices .........................................................................374 Configuring the secondary High Availability Firebox ................................................................375 Enabling High Availability ..............................................................................................................375 Configuring HA for Firebox X (non e-Series) Devices .............................................................376 Manually Controlling High Availability ........................................................................................378 Backing up an HA configuration ...................................................................................................379 Upgrading Software in an HA Configuration ............................................................................379 Using HA with Signature-based Security Services ..................................................................379 Using HA with Proxy Sessions .........................................................................................................379 Using HA with Third-Party Certificates ........................................................................................380 APPENDIX A Copyright and Licensing .............................................................................................381 Licenses ...................................................................................................................................................387 SSL Licenses ........................................................................................................................................387 Apache Software License, Version 2.0, January 2004 ................................................................389 PCRE License ......................................................................................................................................391 GNU Lesser General Public License ................................................................................................392 GNU General Public License ............................................................................................................397 User Guide xv Sleepycat License ..............................................................................................................................400 Sourcefire License .............................................................................................................................401 Expat-MIT HTML Parser Toolkit License ........................................................................................405 Curl Software MIT-X License ............................................................................................................405 APPENDIX B WatchGuard File Locations Default File Locations .........................................................................................407 .........................................................................................................................408 APPENDIX C Types of Policies ...............................................................................................................411 Packet Filter Policies ...........................................................................................................................411 Any .......................................................................................................................................................411 archie ..................................................................................................................................................412 auth .....................................................................................................................................................412 BGP ......................................................................................................................................................412 Citrix ....................................................................................................................................................412 Clarent-Command ...........................................................................................................................413 Clarent-Gateway ..............................................................................................................................413 CU-SeeMe ...........................................................................................................................................413 DHCP-Server or DHCP-Client ..........................................................................................................414 DNS ......................................................................................................................................................414 Entrust .................................................................................................................................................414 finger ...................................................................................................................................................414 FTP .......................................................................................................................................................415 Gopher ................................................................................................................................................415 GRE ......................................................................................................................................................415 HBCI .....................................................................................................................................................415 HTTP ....................................................................................................................................................416 HTTPS ..................................................................................................................................................416 IDENT ...................................................................................................................................................416 IGMP ....................................................................................................................................................417 IKE ........................................................................................................................................................417 IMAP ....................................................................................................................................................417 IPSec ....................................................................................................................................................417 IRC ........................................................................................................................................................417 Intel Video Phone ..............................................................................................................................418 Kerberos v 4 and Kerberos v 5 .........................................................................................................418 L2TP .....................................................................................................................................................418 LDAP ....................................................................................................................................................418 LDAP-SSL ............................................................................................................................................418 Lotus Notes .........................................................................................................................................419 MS-SQL-Monitor ...............................................................................................................................419 MS-SQL-Server ...................................................................................................................................419 MS-Win-Media ..................................................................................................................................419 NetMeeting ........................................................................................................................................419 NFS .......................................................................................................................................................420 NNTP ....................................................................................................................................................420 NTP ......................................................................................................................................................420 OSPF ....................................................................................................................................................420 xvi WatchGuard System Manager pcAnywhere .......................................................................................................................................421 Ping ......................................................................................................................................................421 POP2 and POP3 .................................................................................................................................421 PPTP .....................................................................................................................................................421 RADIUS and RADIUS-RFC ................................................................................................................422 RADIUS-Accounting and RADIUS-Acct-RFC ................................................................................422 RDP ......................................................................................................................................................422 RIP ........................................................................................................................................................423 RSH ......................................................................................................................................................423 RealPlayerG2 .....................................................................................................................................423 Rlogin ..................................................................................................................................................423 SecurID ................................................................................................................................................423 SMB (Windows Networking) ..........................................................................................................424 SMTP ....................................................................................................................................................424 SNMP ...................................................................................................................................................424 SNMP-Trap ..........................................................................................................................................424 SQL*Net ..............................................................................................................................................425 SQL-Server ..........................................................................................................................................425 SSH .......................................................................................................................................................425 SunRPC ................................................................................................................................................425 Syslog ..................................................................................................................................................426 TACACS ................................................................................................................................................426 TACACS+ .............................................................................................................................................426 TCP .......................................................................................................................................................426 TCP-UDP .............................................................................................................................................427 Telnet ...................................................................................................................................................427 Timbuktu ............................................................................................................................................427 Time .....................................................................................................................................................427 Traceroute ..........................................................................................................................................427 UDP ......................................................................................................................................................428 UUCP ...................................................................................................................................................428 WAIS ....................................................................................................................................................428 WinFrame ...........................................................................................................................................428 WG-Auth .............................................................................................................................................429 WG-Firebox-Mgmt ............................................................................................................................429 WG-Logging .......................................................................................................................................429 WG-Mgmt-Server ..............................................................................................................................429 WG-SmallOffice-Mgmt ....................................................................................................................429 WG-WebBlocker ................................................................................................................................430 WHOIS .................................................................................................................................................430 X11 .......................................................................................................................................................430 Proxied Policies .....................................................................................................................................430 DNS-proxy ..........................................................................................................................................431 FTP-proxy ...........................................................................................................................................431 HTTP-proxy ........................................................................................................................................431 SMTP-proxy ........................................................................................................................................431 TCP-proxy ...........................................................................................................................................432 User Guide xvii xviii WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 1 Introduction WatchGuard® System Manager gives you an easy and efficient way to manage your network security. With one computer as a management station, you can view, manage, and monitor each Firebox® device in your network. The basic components of WatchGuard System Manager are the WatchGuard System Manager window, and the three WSM server components. WatchGuard System Manager also provides access to other WatchGuard tools, including Policy Manager and Firebox System Manager. The following diagram shows the components of WatchGuard System Manager and how you can access and navigate among them. Components of WatchGuard System Manager User Guide 1 WatchGuard System Manager Tools WatchGuard System Manager Tools When you purchase a WatchGuard® Firebox X Core or Peak, you get access to a full suite of management and monitoring tools. WatchGuard System Manager WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) is your primary application for connecting to and managing Firebox® devices and WatchGuard Management Servers. WSM supports mixed environments. You can manage different Firebox devices that use different versions of software. You can also centrally manage Firebox X Edge devices. Policy Manager Policy Manager is the user interface for firewall configuration tasks. Policy Manager includes a full set of preconfigured packet filters and proxies. You can also make a custom packet filter in which you set the ports, protocols, and other parameters. Other features of Policy Manager help you to stop attacks such as SYN Flood attacks, spoofing attacks, and port or address space probes. Firebox System Manager Firebox System Manager gives you one interface to monitor all components of your Firebox. From Firebox System Manager, you can see the real-time status of the Firebox and its configuration. About the WatchGuard System Manager Window The WatchGuard® System Manager window has menus and icons you can use to start other tools, as shown in the figure below. The WatchGuard System Manager window also has two tabs that you can use to monitor and manage your Firebox devices and environment: Device Status and Device Management. 2 WatchGuard System Manager About the WatchGuard System Manager Window Device Status Information about a device you connect to appears in the WatchGuard System Manager Device Status tab. The information that appears includes the status, IP address, and MAC address for each Ethernet interface, and the installed certificates. It also includes the status of all virtual private network (VPN) tunnels that are configured in WSM. Expanded information for each Firebox includes the IP address and subnet mask of each Firebox interface. It also includes: • IP address and netmask of the default gateway (for external interfaces only). • Media Access Control (MAC) address of the interface. • Number of packets sent and received on each interface since the last Firebox restart. The Device Status tab also includes information on: Branch Office VPN Tunnels Below the Firebox Status is a section on branch office virtual private network (BOVPN) tunnels. There are two types of IPSec BOVPN tunnels: VPN tunnels built manually using Policy Manager (manual BOVPN tunnels) and VPN tunnels built using the Management Server (managed BOVPN tunnels). Mobile User VPN tunnels After the branch office VPN tunnels entry is an entry for Mobile User VPN tunnels. This entry shows the same information as for Branch Office VPN tunnels. It includes the tunnel name, the destination IP address, and the tunnel type. Packet information, the key expiration date, authentication, and encryption data also appear. PPTP VPN tunnels For PPTP RUVPN tunnels, WatchGuard System Manager shows only the quantity of sent and received packets. (The volume of bytes and total volume of bytes are not applicable to PPTP tunnels.) Connection status The tree view for each device shows one of four possible states. The status descriptions are: User Guide 3 About WatchGuard Servers - Normal icon: Usual operation. The device is successfully sending data to WatchGuard System Manager. - Yellow question mark: The device has a dynamic IP address and has not yet contacted the Management Server. - Red exclamation point and gray icon: WatchGuard System Manager cannot make a network connection to the device at this time. - No exclamation point and gray icon: The device is being contacted for the first time or has not been contacted yet. Device Management The Device Management tab shows a navigation pane and an information pane. The navigation pane shows the connected WatchGuard Management Servers and their devices, managed VPNs, and managed Firebox® X Edge configurations. The information pane shows more detailed information for any item you select in the navigation pane. This tab also shows Management Servers connected directly to WatchGuard System Manager and the devices connected to those servers. A device managed by the Management Server can also appear on the Device Status tab if it is connected directly to WatchGuard System Manager. About WatchGuard Servers You use the WatchGuard® toolbar to start, stop, and configure the three types of WatchGuard server software: • Management Server • Log Server • WebBlocker Server The WatchGuard toolbar is one of the toolbars in the Windows System Tray at the bottom of your computer screen. (If you have not installed any WatchGuard server software on your management station, you do not see the WatchGuard toolbar.) From left to right, the icons on the toolbar manage these servers. Management Server The Management Server operates on a Windows computer. With this server, you can manage all firewall devices and create virtual private network (VPN) tunnels using a simple drag-anddrop function. The basic functions of the Management Server are: - Centralized management of VPN tunnel configurations - Certificate authority to distribute certificates for Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) tunnels 4 WatchGuard System Manager About Fireware and Fireware Pro - Centralized management of multiple Firebox and Firebox® X Edge devices For more information on the Management Server, see the “Management Server Setup and Administration” chapter. Log Server The Log Server collects log messages from each WatchGuard Firebox. The log messages are encrypted when they are sent to the Log Server. The log message format is XML (plain text). The information collected from firewall devices includes traffic log messages, event log messages, alarms, and diagnostic messages. For more information on the Log Server, see the “Logging and Notification” chapter. WebBlocker Server The WebBlocker Server operates with the Firebox HTTP proxy to deny user access to specified categories of web sites. During Firebox configuration, the administrator sets the categories of web sites to allow or block. For more information on the WebBlocker Server, see the “WebBlocker” chapter. About Fireware and Fireware Pro WatchGuard® Fireware® is the next generation of security appliance software available from WatchGuard. Appliance software is kept in the memory of your firewall hardware. The Firebox® uses the appliance software with a configuration file to operate. Your organization’s security policy is a set of rules that define how you protect your computer network and the information that passes through it. Fireware appliance software has advanced features to manage security policies for the most complex networks. Two versions of Fireware are available to WatchGuard customers: • Fireware—This is the default appliance software on Firebox X Core e-Series devices. This next generation appliance software enables WatchGuard to expand the number of features available to Firebox X customers. • Fireware Pro—This is the default appliance software on Firebox X Peak e-Series appliances. Its advanced network features include dynamic routing, High Availability, and QoS. It enables customers with complex networks to more effectively protect their networks. Fireware Pro is available as an update for previously released Firebox X Core devices. WatchGuard System Manager also includes the system tools you must have to configure and manage a Firebox X device that uses WFS appliance software. WFS appliance software is the default appliance software that shipped with earlier models of the Firebox X Core and Peak. For more information about WFS appliance software, see the WFS User Guide. After a Firebox is put in WSM management, the software automatically identifies which appliance software the Firebox uses. If you select the Firebox and then click an icon on the toolbar, it starts the correct management tool. These tools include: • Firebox System Manager • Policy Manager • HostWatch For example, if you add a Firebox X700 operating with WFS appliance software to the Devices tab of WFS and then click the Policy Manager icon on the WSM toolbar, Policy Manager for WFS automatically starts. If you add a Firebox X700 operating with Fireware appliance software and click the Policy Manager icon, Policy Manager for Fireware starts. User Guide 5 About Fireware and Fireware Pro 6 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 2 Getting Started Historically, organizations used many tools, systems, and personnel to control the security of their networks. Different computer systems controlled access, authentication, virtual private networking, and network control. These expensive systems are not easy to use together or to keep up-to-date. WatchGuard® System Manager (WSM) supplies an integrated solution to manage your network and control security problems. This chapter tells you how to install WatchGuard System Manager into your network. Installing WatchGuard System Manager WatchGuard® System Manager (WSM) includes firewall appliance software and management software. Use the WSM software to configure and monitor the Firebox®. To install the WatchGuard System Manager software, you must: • Collect your network addresses and information. • Select a network configuration mode. • Select to install the Management Server, Log Server, and WebBlocker Server on the same computer as your management software, or on a different computer. • Configure the management station. • Use a Quick Setup Wizard to make a basic configuration file. • Put the Firebox into operation on your network. Note This chapter gives the default information for a Firebox with a three-interface configuration. If your Firebox has more than three interfaces, use the configuration tools and procedures in the “Network Configuration” chapter. Installation requirements Before you install WatchGuard System Manager, make sure that you have these items: • WatchGuard Firebox security device • A serial cable (blue) User Guide 7 Installing WatchGuard System Manager • • • • One crossover Ethernet cable (red) One straight Ethernet cable (green) Power cable LiveSecurity Service license key Collecting network information License keys Collect your license key certificates. Your WatchGuard Firebox comes with a LiveSecurity license key that enables the features on your Firebox. You get the license keys for any optional products when you purchase them. Network addresses We recommend that you make two tables when you configure your Firebox. Use the first table for your network IP addresses before you put the Firebox into operation. WatchGuard uses slash notation to show the subnet mask. Network IP Addresses Without the Firebox Wide Area Network _____._____._____._____ / ____ Default Gateway _____._____._____._____ Local Area Network _____._____._____._____ / ____ Secondary Network (if applicable) Public Server(s) (if applicable) _____._____._____._____ / ____ _____._____._____._____ _____._____._____._____ _____._____._____._____ Use the second table for your network IP addresses after you put the Firebox into operation. External interface Connects to the external network (typically the Internet) that is not trusted. Trusted interface Connects to the private LAN (local area network) or internal network that you want to secure. 8 WatchGuard System Manager Installing WatchGuard System Manager Optional interface(s) Usually connects to the DMZ or the mixed trust area of your network. Use optional interfaces to create zones in the network with different levels of access. Network IP Addresses With the Firebox Default Gateway _____._____._____._____ External Network _____._____._____._____ / ____ Trusted Network _____._____._____._____ / ____ Optional Network _____._____._____._____ / ____ Secondary Network (if applicable) _____._____._____._____ / ____ Selecting a firewall configuration mode You must decide how to install the Firebox into your network before you install WatchGuard System Manager. How you install the Firebox controls the interface configuration. To install the Firebox into your network, select the configuration mode—routed or drop-in—that matches the needs of your current network. Many networks operate best with a routed configuration, but we recommend the drop-in mode if: • You have already assigned a large number of static IP addresses and do not want to change your network configuration. • You cannot configure the computers on your trusted and optional networks that have public IP addresses with private IP addresses. This table and the descriptions below the table show three conditions that can help you to select a firewall configuration mode. Routed Configuration Drop-in Configuration All interfaces of the Firebox are on different networks. All interfaces of the Firebox are on the same network and have the same IP address. Trusted and optional interfaces must be on different networks. Each interface has an IP address on its network. The computers on the trusted or optional interfaces can have a public IP address. Use static NAT (network address translation) to map public addresses to private addresses behind the trusted or optional interfaces. The computers that have public access have public IP addresses. Thus, no NAT is necessary. Routed configuration Use the routed configuration when you have a small number of public IP addresses or when your Firebox gets its external IP address with PPPoE (point-to-point protocol over Ethernet) or DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol). User Guide 9 Installing WatchGuard System Manager In a routed configuration, you install the Firebox with different subnets on each of its interfaces. The public servers behind the Firebox can use private IP addresses. The Firebox uses NAT to route traffic from the external network to the public servers. The requirements for a routed configuration are: • All interfaces of the Firebox must be configured on different subnets. The minimum configuration includes the external and trusted interfaces. You also can configure one or more optional interfaces. • All computers connected to the trusted and optional interfaces must have an IP address from that network. For example, a computer on a trusted interface in the previous figure could have an IP address of 10.10.10.200 but not 192.168.10.200, which is on the optional interface. Drop-in configuration In a drop-in configuration, the Firebox is configured with the same IP address on all interfaces. The dropin configuration mode distributes the network’s logical address range across the Firebox interfaces. You can put the Firebox between the router and the LAN and not have to change the configuration of any local computers. This configuration is known as drop-in because the Firebox is “dropped in” to a network. In drop-in mode: • The same primary IP address is automatically assigned to all interfaces on your Firebox (external, trusted, and optional). • You can assign secondary networks on any interface. • You can keep the same IP addresses and default gateways for hosts on your trusted and optional networks, and add a secondary network address to the Firebox interface so the Firebox can correctly send traffic to the hosts on these networks. 10 WatchGuard System Manager Installing WatchGuard System Manager The public servers behind the Firebox can continue to use public IP addresses. The Firebox does not use network address translation to route traffic from outside your network to your public servers. The properties of a drop-in configuration are: • You must have a static external IP address to assign to the Firebox. • You use one logical network for all interfaces. • Drop-in mode does not support multi-WAN in Round-robin or Failover mode. For more information on these options, see the “Network Setup with Multiple External Interfaces” chapter. It is sometimes necessary to flush the ARP cache of each computer on the trusted network, but this is not common. Selecting where to install server software During installation, you can install the management station and three WatchGuard System Manager server components on the same computer. Or you can use the same installation procedure to install the Log Server and WebBlocker Server components on other computers to distribute server load or supply redundancy. The Management Server does not operate correctly on a computer that does not also have WSM software installed. To decide where to install server software, you must examine the capacity of your management station and select the installation method that matches your needs. If you install the Management Server, Log Server, or WebBlocker Server on a computer with an active desktop firewall other than Windows Firewall, you must open the ports necessary for the servers to connect through the firewall. Windows Firewall users do not have to change their desktop firewall configuration because the installation program opens the necessary ports through Windows Firewall automatically. See “Installing WatchGuard Servers on computers with desktop firewalls” on page 19 for more information. Setting up the management station You install WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) software on your management station. This software shows the traffic through the firewall. WatchGuard System Manager also shows connection and tunnel status. The WatchGuard Log Server records information it receives from the Firebox. You can get access to this data using tools on the management station. Select one computer on your network as the management station and install the management software. To install the WatchGuard System Manager software on your Windows-based management staUser Guide 11 Quick Setup Wizard tion, you must have administrative privileges. After installation, you can operate with Windows XP or Windows 2003 Power User privileges. You can download the most current WatchGuard System Manager software at any time from https://www.watchguard.com/archive/softwarecenter.asp. You must log in with your LiveSecurity user name and password. If you are a new user, create a user profile and activate your product at http://www.watchguard.com/activate before you try to download the WSM software. 1 Download the latest WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) software. You must also download and install the latest Fireware® appliance software to your management station. You use the WSM software with the Web Quick Setup Wizard to create a basic configuration file for your Firebox. Make sure that you write down the name and the path of the files when you save them to your hard drive. 2 Open the file and use the installation instructions. The Setup program includes a screen in which you select the components of the software or the upgrades to install. A different license is necessary when you install some software components. Note If your management station is operating with a Windows toolbar, some users find it necessary to close and restart the toolbar to see the new components installed for the WatchGuard Management System. Software encryption levels The management station software is available in two encryption levels. Base Supports 40-bit encryption for PPTP RUVPN tunnels. You cannot create an IPSec VPN tunnel with this level of encryption. Strong Supports 40-bit and 128-bit encryption for PPTP RUVPN. Also supports 56-bit and 168-bit DES, and 128-bit, 192-bit, and 256-bit AES. To use virtual private networking with IPSec you must download the strong encryption software. Strong export limits apply to the strong encryption software. It is possible that it is not available for download. Backing up your previous configuration If you have a previous version of WatchGuard System Manager, make a backup of your security policy configuration before you install a new version. To create a backup of your configuration, see the WatchGuard® WFS to Fireware Pro Migration Guide. Quick Setup Wizard You can use a Quick Setup Wizard to create a basic configuration for your Firebox X. The Firebox uses this basic configuration file when it starts for the first time. This enables the Firebox to operate as a basic firewall. You can use this same procedure any time you want to reset the Firebox to a new basic configuration for recovery or other reasons. When you configure the Firebox with the Quick Setup Wizard, you set only the basic policies (TCP outgoing, FTP packet filter, ping, and WatchGuard) and interface IP addresses. If you have more software applications and network traffic for the Firebox to examine, you must: • Configure the policies on the Firebox to let necessary traffic through 12 WatchGuard System Manager Quick Setup Wizard • Set the approved hosts and properties for each policy • Balance the requirement to protect your network against the requirements of your users to get access to external resources Firebox X Core and Peak e-Series Web Quick Setup Wizard When you purchase a Firebox X Core or Peak e-Series device, you can use the new Web Quick Setup Wizard to configure your Firebox. If you have configured a Firebox X Core or X Peak before, it is important for you to understand that the Web Quick Setup Wizard operates differently than the Quick Setup Wizard that shipped with earlier Firebox X hardware models. With earlier Firebox X Core and Peak devices, the Quick Setup Wizard used device discovery to find a Firebox on the network to configure. With the Firebox X Core and Peak e-Series and the Web Quick Setup Wizard, you must make a direct network connection to the Firebox and use a web browser to start the wizard. The Firebox uses DHCP from its Eth1 Ethernet interface to give a new IP address to your management station to use during configuration. Before you start the Web Quick Setup Wizard, make sure you have: • Registered your Firebox with LiveSecurity Service • Stored a copy of your Firebox feature key in a text file on your management station • Downloaded WSM and Fireware® software from the LiveSecurity Service web site to your management station • Installed the Fireware executable on your management station • Configured your management station to accept an IP address automatically (through DHCP) The HTTP connection made to the Firebox when you use the web-based Quick Setup Wizard is not encrypted. We recommend that you connect your management station directly to the Firebox when you use the Web Quick Setup Wizard as passphrases are sent in plain-text format. Using the Web Quick Setup Wizard 1 Connect the red cross-over Ethernet cable that ships with your Firebox between the Ethernet port on your management station and the interface 1 on your Firebox. 2 3 Plug the power cord into the Firebox power input and into a power source. On the front of the Firebox X, press the up arrow button while you turn on the power to the Firebox. The Firebox X boots into Safe Mode. You can release the up arrow button when you see the message “Invoking Recovery”. 4 Make sure your management station is configured to accept DHCP-assigned IP addresses. For example, if your management station uses Windows XP: From your Windows Start menu, select All Programs > Control Panel > Network Connections > Local Area Connections. Click Properties. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click Properties. Make sure Obtain an IP Address Automatically is selected. 5 Open a web browser and type: http://10.0.1.1:8080/ Make sure you type the preceding “http://” if you use Internet Explorer. If you leave the Web Quick Setup Wizard idle for 15 minutes or more, you must go back to step 3 and start again. This opens an HTTP connection between your management station and the Firebox X e-Series device. The Web Quick Setup Wizard starts automatically. After the Firebox is configured with this basic configuration, you can use Policy Manager to expand or change the Firebox configuration. User Guide 13 Putting the Firebox into Operation Using the Web Quick Setup Wizard for recovery You can use the Web Quick Setup Wizard when you first configure your Firebox X e-Series device. You can also use the Web Quick Setup Wizard if you want to reset a Firebox with a new configuration because you forgot the password or because the Firebox is deploying in a new network. If you use the Web Quick Setup Wizard for recovery and you have purchased a Firebox hardware model upgrade, you must make sure that the feature key you put in the wizard is the feature key that you received with the model upgrade. Troubleshooting problems with the Web Quick Setup Wizard If the Web Quick Setup Wizard is unable to install Fireware appliance software on the Firebox, the wizard times out after six minutes. Here are some things to check if you have problems with the wizard: • It is possible that the Fireware application software file you downloaded from the LiveSecurity web site is corrupted. If the software image is corrupted, you can sometimes see a message on the LCD interface: “File Truncate Error.” Download the software again and try the wizard once more. • If you use Internet Explorer 6, clear the file cache in your web browser and try again. To clear the cache, from the Internet Explorer toolbar select Tools > Internet Options > Delete Files. Quick Setup Wizard If you use an older model Firebox X Core or Peak (not an e-Series Firebox), then you must use the Quick Setup Wizard that runs as a Windows application to make a basic configuration file. The Firebox uses this basic configuration file when it starts for the first time. This enables the Firebox to operate as a basic firewall. After the Firebox is configured with this basic configuration, you can use Policy Manager to expand or change the Firebox configuration. The Quick Setup Wizard uses a device discovery procedure to find the Firebox X model you are configuring. This procedure uses a UDP multicast. Software firewalls, including the firewall in Microsoft Windows XP SP2, can cause problems with device discovery. You can start the Quick Setup Wizard from the Windows desktop or from WatchGuard System Manager. From the desktop, select Start > All Programs > WatchGuard System Manager 9.0 > Quick Setup Wizard. From System Manager, select Tools > Quick Setup Wizard. Note In the Quick Setup Wizard, you must set a status and configuration passphrase for the Firebox. When you are ready to configure a Log Server to collect log messages from the Firebox, use the status passphrase you set in the Quick Setup Wizard as your default log encryption key. After your Log Server is configured, you can change your log encryption key if you want. For more information, see the “Logging and Notification” chapter. Putting the Firebox into Operation After you run the Quick Setup Wizard, you might need to wait a minute or so before your Firebox® is ready. This is particularly true with the Firebox X Peak models 5500e, 6500e, 8500e, and 8500e-F. When you finish with either Quick Setup Wizard, you have completed the installation of your Firebox. Complete these steps to put the Firebox into operation on your network: 14 WatchGuard System Manager Starting WatchGuard System Manager • Put the Firebox in its permanent physical location. • Make sure the management station and the rest of the trusted network use the IP address of the Firebox’s trusted interface as their gateway. • In WatchGuard® System Manager, use File > Connect To Device to connect the management station to the Firebox. • If you use a routed configuration, change the default gateway on all computers that you connect to the Firebox trusted IP address. • Set up the Management Server. See the “Management Server Setup and Administration” chapter in this guide. • Configure the Log Server to start recording log messages. See the “Logging and Notification” chapter in this guide. • Set up the WebBlocker Server. See the “WebBlocker” chapter in this guide. • Open Policy Manager to change the configuration. Note If you install the Management Server, Log Server, or WebBlocker Server on a computer with an active desktop firewall other than Windows Firewall, you must open the ports necessary for the servers to connect through the firewall. Windows Firewall users do not have to change their configuration. See the section “Installing WatchGuard Servers on computers with desktop firewalls” on page 19 for more information. Starting WatchGuard System Manager This section provides basic procedures to get you started using WatchGuard System Manager. It also describes the information you see on the screen when you first connect to a Firebox. From the Windows Desktop, select Start > All Programs > WatchGuard System Manager 9.0 > WatchGuard System Manager. For basic information on WatchGuard System Manager, see “About WatchGuard Servers” on page 4. You can get access to all WatchGuard System Manager functionality through this main window, as described User Guide 15 Starting WatchGuard System Manager throughout this manual. It is useful to note you can use standard copy/paste procedures in most data fields throughout WatchGuard System Manager. Connecting to a Firebox 1 Select File > Connect to Device. or Right-click in the Device Status tab and select Connect to Device. or Click the Connect to Device icon on the WatchGuard® System Manager toolbar. The icon is shown at left. The Connect to Firebox dialog box appears. 2 In the Firebox drop-down list, type the name or IP address of your Firebox. On subsequent connections, you can select the Firebox name or IP address from the Firebox drop-down list. You can also type the IP address or host name. When you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the periods. Do not use the TAB or arrow key. 3 Type the Firebox status (read-only) passphrase. You use the status passphrase to monitor traffic and Firebox conditions. You must type the configuration passphrase when you save a new configuration to the Firebox. 4 If necessary, change the value in the Timeout field. This value sets the time (in seconds) that the management station listens for data from the Firebox, before it sends a message that shows that it cannot get data from the device. If you have a slow network or Internet connection to the device, you can increase the timeout value. Decreasing the value decreases the time you must wait for a timeout message if you try to connect to a Firebox that is not available. 5 Click Login. The Firebox appears in the WatchGuard System Manager window. Disconnecting from a Firebox To disconnect, right-click the first line of information for the Firebox to disconnect from and select File > Disconnect. Or select the Firebox and then click the Disconnect icon shown at left. Starting security applications You can start these tools from WatchGuard® System Manager using the icons on the taskbar and menu options: 16 WatchGuard System Manager After Your Installation Policy Manager Policy Manager lets you install, configure, and customize a network security policy. To configure or customize the security policy of a Firebox® X Edge or Firebox SOHO, you must use the web user interface to connect to the device. Firebox System Manager WatchGuard Firebox System Manager lets you start many different security tools in one easyto-use interface. You also can use Firebox System Manager to monitor real-time traffic through the firewall. For information on using Firebox System Manager, see the “Firebox Status Monitoring” chapter. HostWatch HostWatch shows the connections through a Firebox from the trusted network to the external network. It shows the current connections, or it can show historical connections from a log file. For information on using HostWatch, see the “Firebox Status Monitoring” chapter. LogViewer LogViewer shows a static view of a log file. It lets you: - Apply a filter by data type - Search for words and fields - Print and save to a file For more information on using LogViewer, see the “Logging and Notification” chapter in this guide. Historical Reports These HTML reports give data to use when you monitor or troubleshoot the network. The data can include: - Type of session - Most active hosts - Most used services - URLs For information on using Historical Reports, see the chapter “Historical Reports” in this guide. After Your Installation You have satisfactorily installed, configured, and put your new WatchGuard® System Manager into operation on your network. Here are some basic procedures and some more information to think about. Customizing your security policy Your security policy controls who can get into your network, where they can go, and who can get out. The configuration file of your Firebox® makes the security policy. The configuration file that you make with the Quick Setup Wizard is only a basic configuration. You can make a configuration file that aligns your security policy with your requirements. To do this, add filtered and proxied policies to set what you let in and out of your network. Each policy can have an effect on your network. The policies that increase your network security can decrease access to your network. The policies that increase access to your network can put the security of your network at risk. When you select these policies, you must select a range of balanced policies based on your organization and the User Guide 17 Upgrading to a New Version of Fireware computer equipment that you protect. For a new installation, we recommend that you use only packet filter policies until all your systems operate correctly. As necessary, you can add proxied policies. Features of the LiveSecurity Service Your Firebox includes a subscription to LiveSecurity® Service. Your subscription: • Makes sure that you get the newest network protection with the newest software upgrades • Gives solutions to your problems with full technical support resources • Prevents service interruptions with messages and configuration help for the newest security problems • Helps you to find out more about network security through training resources • Extends your network security with software and other features • Extends your hardware warranty with advanced replacement Upgrading to a New Version of Fireware Occasionally, we make new versions of WatchGuard System Manager (WSM) and Fireware® appliance software available to Firebox® users with active LiveSecurity subscriptions. To upgrade from one version of WSM with Fireware to a new version of WSM with Fireware: 1 Back up your current Firebox configuration file and Management Server configuration files. For more information on how to create a backup image of your Firebox configuration, see “About Firebox Backup Images” on page 68. To back up the settings on your Management Server, use the Management Server Backup and Restore Wizard. For more information on this wizard, see the “Management Server Setup and Administration” chapter. 2 Use Windows Add or Remove Programs to uninstall your existing WatchGuard System Manager and WatchGuard Fireware installation. 3 Launch the file or files that you downloaded from the LiveSecurity web site and use the on-screen procedure. 4 To save the upgrade to the appliance, use Policy Manager to open your Firebox X Core or Firebox X Peak configuration file and use the on-screen instructions to convert the configuration file to the newer version and save it to the Firebox. If you do not see on-screen instructions or have problems with this procedure, open Policy Manager and select File > Upgrade. Browse to your installation directory or C:\Program Files\Common Files\WatchGuard\resources\Fireware\9.0 and select the WGU file. Click OK. The upgrade procedure can take up to 15 minutes and automatically reboots the Firebox. If your Firebox has been operating for some time before you upgrade, it is possible you could have to restart the Firebox before you start the upgrade to clear the temporary memory on the Firebox. If, during the upgrade, you see an error message about \var\tmp2\cmm_upgrade_sys.tar, reboot your Firebox and start the upgrade again. 18 WatchGuard System Manager Downgrading to WSM 8.3 or Earlier Downgrading to WSM 8.3 or Earlier If you have problems when you upgrade your management station to 9.0, you can downgrade your Firebox to an earlier version of Fireware. You can downgrade a Firebox in two ways: • If you have a backup file created with an earlier version of Fireware, you can restore it to the Firebox. The backup file must have an .fxi file extension. The default location for backup files is C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard\backups. • If you do not have a backup file, you can use an older version of WSM to save the matching version of Fireware to the Firebox, run the Quick Setup Wizard, and then save your configuration to the Firebox. If you have a backup file 1 Start WatchGuard System Manager. The version must match the version used to save the backup file. 2 Connect to the Firebox and start Policy Manager. 3 Select File > Restore. 4 Navigate to the .fxi file and restore the Firebox. When the restore is complete, the Firebox reboots. It will run the version of Fireware it had at the time the backup file was saved. If you do not have a backup file 1 On your management station, install the version of Fireware that matches your version of WSM (for example v8.3). 2 3 4 Open Policy Manager v8.3 and select File > Upgrade to install Fireware v8.3. Run the v8.3 Quick Setup Wizard and use it to save a basic configuration to the Firebox. Open your policy in Policy Manager v8.3 and save it to the Firebox. Installation Topics This section gives additional information about setting up your Firebox®. Installing WSM and keeping an older version You can install the current version of WSM and keep the old version if you remove the server software (Management Server, Log Server, and WebBlocker Server) from the older version of WSM. Because you can have only one version of the servers installed, you must remove the previous version before you install the current WSM version along with the current server software. Installing WatchGuard Servers on computers with desktop firewalls Desktop firewalls can block the ports necessary for WatchGuard® server components to operate. Before you install the Management Server, Log Server, or WebBlocker Server on a computer with an active desktop firewall, you might need to open the necessary ports on the desktop firewall. Windows Firewall users do not need to change their configuration because the installation program opens the necessary ports in Windows Firewall automatically. User Guide 19 Installation Topics This table shows you the ports you must open on a desktop firewall. Server Type/Appliance Software Protocol/Port Management Server TCP 4109, TCP 4110, TCP 4112, TCP 4113 Log Server with Fireware® appliance software with WFS appliance software TCP 4115 TCP 4107 WebBlocker Server TCP 5003, UDP 5003 Adding secondary networks to your configuration A secondary network is a different network that connects to a Firebox interface with a switch or hub. When you add a secondary network, you map a second IP address to the Firebox interface. Thus, you make (or add) an IP alias to the network interface. This secondary network address you set is the default gateway for all the computers on the secondary network. The secondary network also tells the Firebox that there is one more network on the Firebox interface. To add a secondary network, do one of these procedures: Use a Quick Setup Wizard during installation If you configure the Firebox in drop-in mode, you can enter an IP address for the secondary network in the Web Quick Setup Wizard. This is the default gateway for your secondary private network. Add the secondary network after the Firebox installation is complete If you configure the Firebox in routed mode, or at any time after you use a Quick Setup Wizard, you can use Policy Manager to add secondary networks to an interface. For information on how to do this, see the “Network Setup and Configuration” chapter in this guide. Dynamic IP support on the external interface If you use dynamic IP addresses, you must configure your Firebox in routed mode when you use a Quick Setup Wizard. If you select DHCP, the Firebox tells a DHCP server controlled by your Internet service provider (ISP) to give the Firebox its IP address, gateway, and netmask. This server can also give DNS server information 20 WatchGuard System Manager Installation Topics for your Firebox. If it does not give you that information, you must add it manually to your configuration. If necessary, you can change the IP addresses that your ISP gives you. You also can use PPPoE. As with DHCP, the Firebox makes a PPPoE protocol connection to the PPPoE server of your ISP. This connection automatically configures your IP address, gateway, and netmask. If you use PPPoE on the external interface, you must have the PPP user name and password when you configure your network. If your ISP gives you a domain name to use, type your user name in the format “user@domain” when you use a Quick Setup Wizard. A static IP address is necessary for the Firebox to use some functions. When you configure the Firebox to receive dynamic IP addresses, the Firebox cannot use these functions: • High Availability (not available on Firebox 500) • Drop-in mode • 1-to-1 NAT on an external interface • MUVPN • RUVPN with PPTP Note If your ISP uses a PPPoE connection to give a static IP address, the Firebox allows you to enable MUVPN and RUVPN with PPTP because the IP address is static. Entering IP addresses When you enter IP addresses in a Quick Setup Wizard or WSM dialog boxes, type the digits and periods in the correct sequence. Do not use the TAB key, arrow key, spacebar, or mouse to put your cursor after the periods. For example, if you type the IP address 172.16.1.10, do not type a space after you type “16.” Do not try to put your cursor after the subsequent period to type “1.” Type a period directly after “16,” and then type “1.10.” Press the slash (/) key to move to the netmask. About slash notation Use slash notation to enter the netmask. In slash notation, one number shows how many bits of the IP address identify the network that the host is on. A netmask of 255.255.255.0 has a slash equivalent of 8+8+8=24. For example, an IP address 192.168.42.23/24 is equivalent to an IP address of 192.168.42.23 with a netmask of 255.255.255.0. This table shows the network masks and their slash equivalents. User Guide Network mask Slash equivalent 255.0.0.0 /8 255.255.0.0 /16 255.255.255.0 /24 255.255.255.128 /25 255.255.255.192 /26 255.255.255.224 /27 255.255.255.240 /28 255.255.255.248 /29 255.255.255.252 /30 21 Installation Topics Installing the Firebox cables Connect the power cable to the Firebox power input and to a power source. We recommend that you use a straight Ethernet cable (green) to connect your management station to a hub or switch. Use a different straight Ethernet cable (green) to connect your Firebox to the same hub or switch. You also can use a red crossover cable to connect the Firebox trusted interface to the management station Ethernet port. 22 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 3 Service and Support No Internet security solution is complete without regular updates and security information. New threats appear each day — from the newest hacker to the newest bug in an operating system — and each can cause damage to your network systems. LiveSecurity® Service sends security solutions directly to you to keep your security system in the best condition. Training and technical support are available on the WatchGuard® site to help you learn more about network security and your WatchGuard products. LiveSecurity Service Solutions The number of new security problems and the volume of information about network security continues to increase. We know that a firewall is only the first component in a full security solution. The WatchGuard® Rapid Response Team is a dedicated group of network security personnel who can help you to control the problem of too much security information. They monitor the Internet security web sites to identify new security problems. Threat responses, alerts, and expert advice After a new threat is identified, the WatchGuard Rapid Response Team sends you an email to tell you about the problem. Each message gives full information about the type of security problem and the procedure you must use to make sure that your network is safe from attack. Easy software updates LiveSecurity® Service saves you time because you receive an email when we release a new version of the WatchGuard System Manager software. Installation wizards, release notes, and a link to the software update make for a fast and easy installation. These continued updates make sure that you do not have to use your time to find new software. Access to technical support and training You can find information about your WatchGuard products quickly with our many online resources. You can also speak directly to one of the WatchGuard technical support personnel. Use our online training to User Guide 23 LiveSecurity Service Broadcasts learn more about the WatchGuard System Manager software, Firebox®, and network security, or find a WatchGuard Certified Training Partner in your area. LiveSecurity Service Broadcasts The WatchGuard® Rapid Response Team regularly sends messages and software information directly to your computer desktop by email. We divide the messages into categories to help you to identify and make use of incoming information immediately. Information Alert Information Alerts give you a fast view of the newest information and threats to Internet security. The WatchGuard Rapid Response Team frequently recommends that you make a security policy change to protect against the new threat. When necessary, the Information Alert includes instructions on the procedure. Threat Response If a new security threat makes it necessary, the WatchGuard Rapid Response Team transmits a software update for your Firebox®. The Threat Response includes information about the security threat and instructions on how to download a software update and install it on your Firebox and management station. Software Update When necessary, WatchGuard updates the WatchGuard System Manager software. Product upgrades can include new features and patches. When we release a software update, you get an email with instructions on how to download and install your upgrade. Editorial Each week, top network security personnel come together with the WatchGuard Rapid Response Team to write about network security. This continuous supply of information can help your network be safe and secure. Foundations The WatchGuard Rapid Response Team also writes information specially for security administrators, employees, and other personnel that are new to this technology. Loopback At the end of each month LiveSecurity® Service sends you an email with a summary of the information sent that month. Support Flash These short training messages can help you to operate WatchGuard System Manager. They are an added resource to the other online resources: - User forum - FAQs - Known Issues pages on the Technical Support web site Virus Alert WatchGuard has come together with antivirus vendor McAfee to give you the most current information about computer viruses. Each week, we send you a message with a summary of the virus traffic on the Internet. When a hacker releases a dangerous virus on the Internet, we send a special virus alert to help you protect your network. 24 WatchGuard System Manager LiveSecurity Service Self Help Tools New from WatchGuard When WatchGuard releases a new product, we first tell you — our customers. You can learn about new features and services, product upgrades, hardware releases, and promotions. Activating LiveSecurity Service You can activate LiveSecurity® Service through the activation section of the LiveSecurity web pages. There is information about feature activation and the Quick Setup Wizard in the Quick Start Guide and in the “Getting Started” chapter of this book. Note To activate LiveSecurity Service, you must enable JavaScript on your browser. To activate LiveSecurity Service through the Internet: 1 Make sure that you have your Firebox® serial number. This is necessary during the LiveSecurity activation procedure. - You can find the Firebox serial number on a label on the rear side of the Firebox below the Universal Product Code (UPC), or on a label on the bottom of the Firebox. - The license key number is on the WatchGuard LiveSecurity License Key certificate. Make sure that you enter the license key in all capital letters and include hyphens. 2 Use your web browser to go to: www.watchguard.com/account/register.asp The Account page appears. 3 Complete the LiveSecurity Activation page. Use the TAB key or the mouse to move through the fields on the page. You must complete all the fields to activate correctly. This information helps WatchGuard to send you the information and software updates that are applicable to your products. 4 Make sure that your email address is correct. Your LiveSecurity emails about product updates and threat responses come to this address. After you complete the procedure, you get an email message that tells you that you activated LiveSecurity Service satisfactorily. 5 Click Register. LiveSecurity Service Self Help Tools Online Self Help Tools enable you to get the best performance from your WatchGuard® products. Note You must activate LiveSecurity® Service before you can get access to online resources. Instant Answers Instant Answers is a guided Help tool designed to give solutions to product questions very quickly. Instant Answers asks you questions and then gives you to the best solution based on the answers you give. Product FAQs FAQs (frequently asked questions) give you general information about the Firebox®, WatchGuard System Manager, and the Firebox appliance software. FAQs supply important information about configuration options and operation of systems or products. User Guide 25 WatchGuard Users Forum Known Issues This Known Issues tool monitors WatchGuard product problems and software updates. WatchGuard Users Forum The WatchGuard Technical Support team operates a web site where customers can help each other with WatchGuard products. Technical Support monitors this forum to make sure you get accurate information. Online Training Browse to the online training section to learn more about network security and WatchGuard products. You can read training materials and get a certification in WatchGuard products. The training includes links to a wide range of documents and web sites about network security. The training is divided into parts, which lets you use only the materials you feel necessary. To learn more about online training, browse to: www.watchguard.com/training/courses_online.asp Product Documentation The WatchGuard web site has a copy of each product user guide, including user guides for software versions that are no longer supported. The user guides are in .pdf format. To get access to the LiveSecurity Service Self Help Tools: 1 Start your web browser. In the address bar, type: http://www.watchguard.com/support 2 Click Self Help Tools. You must log in. 3 Click your selection. WatchGuard Users Forum The WatchGuard® Users Forum is an online group. It lets users of WatchGuard products interchange product information about: • Configuration • Connecting WatchGuard products and those of other companies • Network policies This forum has different categories that you can use to look for information. The Technical Support team controls the forum during regular work hours. You do not get special help from Technical Support when you use the forum. To contact Technical Support directly from the web, log in to your LiveSecurity account. Click on the Incidents link to send a Technical Support incident. Using the WatchGuard Users Forum To use the WatchGuard Users Forum you must first create an account. Browse to http://www.watchguard.com/forum for instructions. Product Documentation We copy all user guides to the web site at http://www.watchguard.com/help/documentation. 26 WatchGuard System Manager Technical Support Technical Support Your LiveSecurity® Service subscription includes technical support for the WatchGuard® System Manager software and Firebox® hardware. To learn more about WatchGuard Technical Support, browse to the WatchGuard web site at: http://www.watchguard.com/support Note You must activate LiveSecurity Service before you can get technical support. LiveSecurity Service technical support All new Firebox products include the WatchGuard LiveSecurity Technical Support Service. You can speak with a member of the WatchGuard Technical Support team when you have a problem with the installation, management, or configuration of your Firebox. Hours WatchGuard LiveSecurity Technical Support operates from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM in your local time zone, Monday through Friday. Telephone number 877.232.3531 (select option #2) in United States and Canada +1.206.613.0456 in all other countries Web site http://www.watchguard.com/support Service time We try for a maximum response time of four hours. Single Incident Priority Response Upgrade (SIPRU) and Single Incident After Hours Upgrade (SIAU) are also available. For more data about these upgrades, refer to the WatchGuard web site at: http://www.watchguard.com/support LiveSecurity Gold WatchGuard Gold LiveSecurity Technical Support adds to your standard LiveSecurity Service. We recommend that you get this upgrade if you use the Internet or VPN tunnels for most of your work. With WatchGuard Gold LiveSecurity Technical Support you get: • Technical support 24 hours a day, seven days a week, including holidays. • The Technical Support Team operates the support center from 7 PM Sunday to 7 PM Friday (Pacific Time). For weekend support for critical problems, use the on-call paging system. • We try for a maximum response time of one hour. • To create a support incident, call WatchGuard LiveSecurity Technical Support. A Customer Care representative records the problem and gives you an incident number. A Priority Support technician calls you as quickly as possible. If you have a critical problem when the support center is not open, use the LiveSecurity Technical Support phone number to page a technician. You can also send an incident on the web site at: http://www.watchguard.com/support/ incidents/newincident.asp. User Guide 27 Training and Certification Firebox Installation Service WatchGuard Remote Firebox Installation Service helps you to install and configure your Firebox. You can schedule two hours with a WatchGuard Technical Support team member. The technician helps you to: • Do an analysis of your network and security policy • Install the WatchGuard System Manager software and Firebox hardware • Align your configuration with your company security policy This service does not include VPN installation. VPN Installation Service WatchGuard Remote VPN Installation Service helps you through a full VPN installation. You can schedule a two-hour time with one of the WatchGuard Technical Support team. During this time, the technician helps: • Do an analysis of your VPN policy • Configure your VPN tunnels • Do a test of your VPN configuration You can use this service after you correctly install and configure your Firebox devices. Training and Certification WatchGuard® product training is available through WatchGuard Certified Training Partners (WCTPs). You can install and configure the products with a qualified, experienced instructor to help you learn, and then take a WatchGuard technical certification exam. To find a training partner near you, go to http://www.watchguard.com/training/partners_locate.asp WatchGuard product training is also available online to help you learn more about network security and WatchGuard products. You can use these training materials to prepare for the certification exam.To find training materials, go to http://www.watchguard.com/training/courses_technical.asp 28 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 4 Firebox Status Monitoring WatchGuard® Firebox® System Manager (FSM) gives you one interface to monitor all components of a Firebox and the work it does. From FSM, you can monitor the current condition of the Firebox, or connect to the Firebox directly to update its configuration. You can see: • Status of the Firebox interfaces and the traffic that goes through the interfaces • Status of VPN tunnels and management certificates • Real-time graphs of Firebox bandwidth use or of the connections on specified ports • Status of any other security services you use on your Firebox Starting Firebox System Manager Before you start to use Firebox® System Manager, you must connect to a Firebox. Connecting to a Firebox 1 From WatchGuard System Manager, click the Connect to Device icon. Or, you can select File > Connect To Device. The Connect to Firebox dialog box appears. 2 From the Name/IP Address drop-down list, select a Firebox. You can also type the IP address or name of the Firebox. User Guide 29 Firebox System Manager Menus and Toolbar 3 4 In the Passphrase box, type the Firebox status (read-only) passphrase. Click Login. The Firebox appears in the WatchGuard System Manager window. Opening Firebox System Manager 1 2 3 From WatchGuard System Manager, select the Device Status tab. Select the Firebox to examine with Firebox System Manager. Click the Firebox System Manager icon. Firebox System Manager appears. Then it connects to the Firebox to get information about the status and configuration. Firebox System Manager Menus and Toolbar Firebox® System Manager (FSM) commands are in the menus at the top of the window. The most common tasks are also available as buttons on the toolbar. The tables that follow tell you the function of the menus and toolbar buttons. 30 WatchGuard System Manager Firebox System Manager Menus and Toolbar Firebox System Manager Menus Menu Command Function File Settings Changes how Firebox System Manager shows status information in the displays. Disconnect Keeps Firebox System Manager open, but stops the connection to the monitored Firebox. Reset Stops the operating system components on the Firebox and restarts them (soft reboot). Reboot Starts the current Firebox again. VIew Tools Help Shutdown Turns off the Firebox. Close Closes the Firebox System Manager window. Certificates Lists the certificates on the Firebox and allows the user to list, add, and remove them. Licenses Lists the current licenses on the Firebox. Communication Log Opens the communication log, which contains information such as the success or failure of logins, handshakes, and so on. These are connections between the Firebox and Firebox System Manager. Policy Manager Opens Policy Manager with the configuration of the selected Firebox. HostWatch Opens HostWatch connected to the current Firebox. Performance Console Opens the Performance Console, which shows graphs of performance aspects of the Firebox. Synchronize Time Synchronizes the time of the Firebox with the system time. Clear ARP Cache Empties the ARP cache of the selected Firebox. Clear Alarm Empties the alarm list on the selected Firebox. High Availability Allows you to manually control High Availability functions. Change Passphrases Changes the status and configuration passphrases. Firebox System Manager Help Opens the online help files for this application. About Shows version and copyright information. Firebox System Manager Toolbar Icon Function Starts the display again. This icon appears only when you are not connected to a Firebox. Stops the display. This icon appears only when you are connected to a Firebox. Shows the management and VPN certificates saved on the Firebox. Shows the licenses registered and installed for this Firebox. Starts Policy Manager. Use Policy Manager to make or change a configuration file. Starts HostWatch, which shows connections for this Firebox. User Guide 31 Firebox System Manager Menus and Toolbar Icon Function Starts the Performance Console where you can configure graphs that show Firebox status. Starts the Communication Log dialog box to show connections between Firebox System Manager and the Firebox. Setting refresh interval and pausing the display All tabs on Firebox System Manager have, at the bottom of the screen, a drop-down list to set the refresh interval, and a Pause button to stop the display: Refresh Interval The refresh interval is the polling interval; the time between refreshes of the display. You can change the interval of time (in seconds) that Firebox System Manager gets the Firebox information and sends updates to the user interface. You must balance how frequently you get information and the load on the Firebox. Be sure to examine the refresh interval on each tab. When a tab gets new information for its display, the text “Refreshing...” appears adjacent to the Refresh Interval drop-down list. A shorter time interval gives a more accurate display, but creates more load on the Firebox. From Firebox System Manager, use the Refresh Interval drop-down list to select a new duration between window refreshes. You can select 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds, 2 minutes, or 5 minutes. You can also type a custom value into this box. Pause/Continue You can click the Pause button to temporarily stop Firebox System Manager from refreshing this window. After you click the Pause button, this button changes to a Continue button. Click Continue to continue to refresh the window. 32 WatchGuard System Manager Seeing Basic Firebox and Network Status Seeing Basic Firebox and Network Status The Front Panel tab of Firebox® System Manager shows basic information about your Firebox, your network, and network traffic. Using the Security Traffic display Firebox System Manager initially has a group of indicator lights to show the direction and volume of the traffic between the Firebox interfaces. The display can be a triangle (below left) or a star (below center and right). Triangle display If a Firebox has only three configured interfaces, each corner of the triangle is one interface. If a Firebox has more than three interfaces, each corner of the triangle represents one type of interface. For example, if you have six configured interfaces with one external, one trusted, and four optional interfaces, the “All-Optional” corner in the triangle represents all four of the optional interfaces. Star display The star display shows all traffic in and out of the center interface. An arrow that moves from the center interface to a node interface shows that the Firebox is passing traffic. The traffic comes in through the center interface and goes out through the node interface. For example, if eth1 is at the center and eth2 is at a node, a green arrow shows that traffic flows from eth1 to eth2. There are two star displays — one for a Firebox X Core with 6 interfaces and one for Firebox X Peak with 10 interfaces. To change the display, right-click it and select Triangle Mode or Star Mode. Monitoring status information The points of the star and triangle show the traffic that flows through the interfaces. A green point shows traffic is being allowed at that interface. A red point shows that traffic is being denied, or that the interface is denying some traffic and allowing other traffic. Each point shows incoming connections and outgoing connections with different arrows. When traffic flows between the two interfaces, the arrows light up in the direction of the traffic. In the star figure, the location where the points come together can show one of two conditions: • Red (deny)—The Firebox denies a connection on that interface. • Green (allow)—There is traffic between this interface and a different interface (but not the center) of the star. When there is traffic between this interface and the center, the point between these interfaces shows as green arrows that blink. In the triangle, the network traffic shows in the points of the triangle. The points show only the idle or deny condition. One exception is when there is a large quantity of VPN ”tunnel switching” traffic. Tunnel switching traffic refers to packets that are sent through a VPN to a Firebox configured as the default User Guide 33 Seeing Basic Firebox and Network Status gateway for the VPN network. In this case, the Firebox System Manager traffic level indicator can show very high traffic, but you do not see green lights as more tunnel switching traffic comes in and goes out of the same interface. Setting the center interface If you use the star figure, you can customize the interface that appears in its center. Click the interface name or its point. The interface then moves to the center of the star. All the other interfaces move clockwise. If you move an interface to the center of the star, you can see all traffic between that interface and all other interfaces. The default display shows the external interface in the center. Monitoring traffic, load, and status Below the Security Traffic Display are the traffic volume indicator, processor load indicator, and basic status information (Detail). The two bar graphs show the traffic volume and the Firebox capacity. Firebox and VPN tunnel status The section in Firebox System Manager to the right side of the front panel shows: • Status of the Firebox • Certificates • Branch office VPN tunnels • Mobile user and PPTP VPN tunnels • Viruses, intrusions, and spam email messages found Firebox Status In the Firebox Status section, expand the entries to see: • Status of the High Availability feature. When it has a correct configuration and is available, the IP address of the standby Firebox appears. If High Availability is installed, but there is no network connection to the secondary Firebox, a “Not Responding” message appears. • The IP address of each Firebox interface and the configuration mode of the external interface. • Status of the CA (root) certificate and the IPSec (client) certificate. 34 WatchGuard System Manager Seeing Basic Firebox and Network Status If you again expand the entries in the Firebox System Manager main window, you can see: • IP address and netmask of each configured interface • The Media Access Control (MAC) address of each interface • Number of packets that are sent and received since the last Firebox restart • End date and time of CA and IPSec certificates • CA fingerprint • Status of the physical link (an interface or link icon in color means an interface or link is configured, and a dark icon indicates the interface or link is down) Branch Office VPN Tunnels Below the Firebox Status section is a section on BOVPN tunnels. There are two types of IPSec BOVPN tunnels: tunnels you create manually (manual BOVPN tunnels) and tunnels you create with the Management Server (managed BPOVPN tunnels). The Firebox keeps a short history of the BOVPN tunnels created and used. Firebox System Manager shows the current tunnel status, and up to three historical records for each VPN tunnel. If there are no active tunnels, Firebox System Manager shows only the tunnel history. Each BOVPN tunnel is shown in one of three states: Active The BOVPN tunnel is operational and passing traffic. Inactive The BOVPN tunnel has been created, but there has not yet been tunnel negotiation. No traffic has been sent through the VPN tunnel. Expired The BOVPN tunnel was active, but is no longer active because there is no traffic on the tunnel or because the link between the gateways is lost. PPTP User VPN Tunnels For PPTP User VPN tunnels, Firebox System Manager shows the user name, IP address information, and the quantity of sent and received packets. Mobile User VPN Tunnels For Mobile User VPN tunnels, Firebox System Manager shows the user name and the quantity of sent and received packets. User Guide 35 Monitoring Firebox Traffic Security Services Below Security Services, Firebox System Manager includes the number of viruses found, the number of intrusions, and the number of spam email messages that are blocked and effectively quarantined since the last restart. Expanding and closing tree views To expand a part of the display, click the plus sign (+) adjacent to the entry, or double-click the name of the entry. To close a part, click the minus sign (–) adjacent to the entry. When no plus or minus sign shows, no more information is available. Monitoring Firebox Traffic To see Firebox® log messages, click the Traffic Monitor tab. You can change the size of the Traffic Monitor window to fit your screen. Setting the maximum number of log messages You can change the maximum number of log messages that you can keep and see on Traffic Monitor. When you get to the maximum number, the new log messages replace the first entries. If you have a slow processor or a small quantity of RAM, a high value in this field can slow your management system. If it is necessary to examine a large volume of log messages, we recommend that you use LogViewer, as described in “Using LogViewer” on page 90. 1 From Firebox System Manager, select File > Settings. The Settings dialog box appears. 36 WatchGuard System Manager Monitoring Firebox Traffic 2 From the Maximum Log Messages drop-down list, select the number of log messages that you want to appear in Traffic Monitor. Click OK. The value you type gives the number of log messages in thousands. Using color for your log messages In Traffic Monitor, you can make messages appear in different colors. Each color can refer to the types of information they show. 1 From Firebox System Manager, select File > Settings. Click the Traffic Monitor tab. 2 3 To disable or enable the display of colors, clear or select the Show Logs in Color check box. 4 On the Alarm, Traffic Allowed, Traffic Denied, Event, or Debug tab, click the field to appear in a color. The Text Color field on the right side of the tabs shows the color in use for the field. To change the color, click the color control adjacent to Text Color. Select a color. Click OK to close the color control dialog box. Click OK again to close the Settings dialog box. The information in this field appears in the new color on Traffic Monitor. A sample of how Traffic Monitor looks appears at the bottom of the dialog box. 5 You can also select a background color for Traffic Monitor. Click the color control arrow adjacent to Background Color. Select a color. Click OK to close the color control dialog box. Click OK again to close the Settings dialog box. You can cancel the changes you make in this dialog box. Click Restore Defaults. User Guide 37 Clearing the ARP Cache Copying log messages To make a copy of a log message and paste it in a different software application, right-click the message and select Copy Selection. If you select Copy All, Firebox System Manager copies all the log messages. Open the other tool and paste the message or messages. To copy more than one, but not all, log messages, use LogViewer to open the log file, and then use the LogViewer copy function, as described in the “Logging and Notification” chapter. Learning more about a traffic log message To learn more about a traffic log message, you can: Copy the IP address of the source or destination Make a copy of the source or destination IP address of a traffic log message, and paste it into a different software application. To copy the source IP address, right-click the message, and select Source IP Address > Copy Source IP Address. To copy the destination IP address, rightclick the message, and select Destination IP Address > Copy Destination IP Address. Ping the source or destination To ping the source or destination IP address of a traffic log message, do this: Right-click the message, and select Source IP Address > Ping or Destination IP Address > Ping. A pop-up window shows the results. Trace the route to the source or destination To use a traceroute command to the source or destination IP address of a traffic log message, do this: Right-click the message, and select Source IP Address > Trace Route or Destination IP Address > Trace Route. A pop-up window shows you the results of the traceroute operation. If the traceroute operation takes longer than two minutes, the Firebox returns an error. While the traceroute operation runs, information on other FSM tabs cannot refresh because management traffic to the Firebox is temporarily blocked. Temporarily block the IP address of the source or destination To temporarily block all traffic from a source or destination IP address of a traffic log message, do this: Right-click the message, select Source IP Address > Block: [IP address] or Destination IP Address > Block: [IP address]. The length of time that an IP address is temporarily blocked by this command is set in Policy Manager. To use this command you must give the configuration password. Clearing the ARP Cache The ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) cache on the Firebox® keeps the hardware addresses (also known as MAC addresses) of TCP/IP hosts. Before an ARP request starts, the system makes sure that a hardware address is in the cache. You must clear the ARP cache on the Firebox after installation when your network has a drop-in configuration. 1 2 From Firebox System Manager, select Tools > Clear ARP Cache. Type the Firebox configuration passphrase. Click OK. This flushes the cache entries. 38 WatchGuard System Manager Using the Performance Console When a Firebox is in drop-in mode, this procedure clears only the content of the ARP table and not the MAC table. The oldest MAC entries in the MAC table are removed if the table has more than 2000 entries. If you want to clear the MAC table, you must restart the Firebox. Using the Performance Console The Performance Console is a Firebox® utility that you use to make graphs that show how different parts of the Firebox are operating. To get the information, you define the counters that identify the information that is used to make the graph. Types of counters You can monitor these types of performance counters: System Information Show how the CPU is used. Interfaces Monitor and report on the events of selected interfaces. For example, you can set up a counter that monitors the number of packets a specified interface receives. Policies Monitor and report on the events of selected policies. For example, you can set up a counter that monitors the number of packets that a specified policy examines. VPN Peers Monitor and report on the events of selected VPN policies. Tunnels Monitor and report on the events of selected VPN tunnels. Defining counters To identify a counter for any of the categories: 1 From Firebox System Manager, select the Performance Console icon. Or, select Tools > Performance Console. The Add Chart window appears. User Guide 39 Using the Performance Console 40 2 From the Add Chart window, expand one of the counter categories that appears below Available Counters. Click the + sign adjacent to the category name to see the counters you can use in that category. 3 Click a counter, such as CPU Utilization. The Counter Configuration fields automatically refresh, related to the counter you select. 4 From the Chart Window drop-down list, select <New Window> if you want the graph to appear in a new window. Or, if any are listed, select the name of an open window to add the graph to a window that is open. 5 From the Poll Interval drop-down list, select a time interval between five seconds and one hour. This is the frequency that the Performance Console checks for updated information from the Firebox. 6 Add configuration information that applies to the specified counter. Certain fields appear automatically according to which counter you select. Some of the fields are: - Type — Use the drop-down list to select the type of graph to create: rate, difference, or raw value. Suppose you want to graph value_1 and time_1, value_2 at time_2, and so on. If you create a graph by rate, you use the value difference divided by the time difference: (value_2-value_1)/ (time_2-time_1), (value_3-value_2)/(time_3-time_2), and so on. If you specify difference, you use the increase from the previous value to the new value: value_2-value_1, value_3-value_2, and so on. If you specify raw value, you use the value only: value_1, value_2, and so on. The raw values are generally counters of content such as bytes or packets. They can only increase, not decrease. - Interface — Use the drop-down list to select the interface to graph data for. - Policy — (If you select a Policy counter) Use the drop-down list to select a policy from your Firebox configuration to graph data for. You can update the policy list that appears in the Performance Console when you click the Refresh Policy List button. - Peer IP — (If you select a VPN Peers counter) Use the drop-down list to select the IP address of a VPN endpoint to graph data for. You can update the list of VPN endpoints that appears in the Performance Console when you click the Refresh Peer IP List button. - Tunnel ID — (If you select a Tunnels counter) Use the drop-down list to select the name of a VPN tunnel to graph data for. You can update the list of VPN tunnels that appears in the Performance Console when you click the Refresh Tunnel ID List button. If you do not know the tunnel ID for your VPN tunnel, check the Firebox System Manager Front Panel tab. WatchGuard System Manager Using the Performance Console 7 Select the Save Chart Data to File check box to save the data collected by the Performance Console to an XML data file or a comma-separated data file. For example, you can open an XML data file in Microsoft Excel to see the counter value recorded for each polling interval. You can use other tools to merge data from more than one chart. 8 Click Create Chart. Click OK to start a real-time graph of this counter. Note This performance graph shows CPU usage. You create graphs for other functions in the same way. Viewing the performance graph Graphs are shown in a real-time chart window. You can show one graph in each window, or show many graphs in one window. Graphs automatically scale to fit the data and refresh every 5 seconds. Click Stop Monitoring to stop the Performance Console from getting data for this counter. You can stop the monitor to save resources and restart it at different time. Click Close to close the chart window. User Guide 41 Using the Performance Console Working with more than one Performance Console graph The main Performance Console window shows a table with all configured and active performance counters. From this window, you can add a new chart or change the polling intervals for configured counters. Adding a new chart To add a new chart, click the + button on the Performance Console toolbar or select File > Add Chart. Changing the polling interval To change the polling interval for one performance console, select the chart name from the list. Use the polling interval drop-down list on the Performance Console toolbar to change the frequency for the polls. Deleting a chart To delete a chart, select the chart name from the list and use the X button on the Performance Console toolbar or select File > Delete Chart. 42 WatchGuard System Manager Viewing Bandwidth Usage Viewing Bandwidth Usage Select the Bandwidth Meter tab to see the real-time bandwidth for all the Firebox® interfaces. The Y axis (vertical) shows the number of connections. The X axis (horizontal) shows the time. If you click any location on the chart, you can get more detailed information in a pop-up window about bandwidth use at that point in time. To change how the bandwidth appears: 1 From Firebox System Manager, select File > Settings. Click the Bandwidth Meter tab. 2 Do one or more of the steps in the sections below. Changing the scale of the bandwidth display You can change the scale of the Bandwidth Meter tab. Use the Graph Scale drop-down list to select the value that is the best match for the speed of your network. You can also set a custom scale. Type the value in kilobytes for each second in the Custom Scale text box. User Guide 43 Viewing Number of Connections by Policy Adding and removing lines in the bandwidth display • To add a line to the Bandwidth Meter tab, select the interface from the Hide list in the Color Settings section. Use the Text Color control to select a color for the line. Click Add. The interface name appears in the Show list with the color you selected. • To remove a line from the Bandwidth Meter tab, select the interface from the Show list in the Color Settings section. Click Remove. The interface name appears in the Hide list. Changing colors in the bandwidth display You can change the colors of the display of the Bandwidth Meter tab. Use the Background and Grid Line color control boxes to select a new color. Changing how interfaces appear in the bandwidth display One option is to change how the interface names appear on the left side of the Bandwidth Meter tab. The names can appear as a list. The display can also show an interface name adjacent to the line it identifies. Use the Show the interface text as a drop-down list to select List or Tags. Viewing Number of Connections by Policy Select the Service Watch tab of Firebox® System Manager to see a graph of the policies that are configured in Policy Manager for a Firebox. The Y axis (vertical) shows the number of connections. The X axis (horizontal) shows the time. If you click any location on the chart, you can get more detailed information in a pop-up window about policy use at this point in time. 1 44 To change how the policies appear, select File > Settings. Click the Service Watch tab. WatchGuard System Manager Viewing Number of Connections by Policy 2 Do one or more of the steps in the sections below. Changing the scale of the policies display You can change the scale of the Service Watch tab. Use the Graph Scale drop-down list to select the value that is the best match for the volume of traffic on your network. You can also set a custom scale. Type the number of connections in the Custom Scale text box. Adding and removing lines in the policies display • To add a line to the Service Watch tab, select the policy from the Hide list in the Color Settings section. Use the Text Color control to select a color for the line. Click Add. The interface name appears in the Show list with the color you selected. • To remove a line from the Service Watch tab, select the policy from the Show list in the Color Settings section. Click Remove. The interface name appears in the Hide list. Changing colors in the policies display You can change the colors of the display of the Service Watch tab. Use the Background and Grid Line color control boxes to select a new color. Changing how policy names appear in the policies display You can change how the policy names appear on the left side of the Service Watch tab. The names can show as a list. The tab can also show an interface name adjacent to the line it identifies. Use the Show the policy labels as drop-down list to select List or Tags. Showing connections by policy or rule The Service Watch tab can show the number of connections by policy or rule. If you show by policy, then you can see more than one rule on one line. Use the Show connections by drop-down list to select a display setting. User Guide 45 Viewing Information About Firebox Status Viewing Information About Firebox Status There are four tabs that tell about Firebox® status and configuration: Status Report, Authentication List, Blocked Sites, and Security Services. Status Report The Status Report tab gives you statistics about Firebox traffic and performance. The Firebox Status Report contains this information: Uptime and version information The Firebox uptime, the WatchGuard® Firebox System software version, the Firebox model, and appliance software version. There is also a list of the status and version of the product components on the Firebox. Log Servers The IP addresses of all configured Log Servers. Logging options Log message options that are configured with the Quick Setup Wizard or Policy Manager. Memory and load average Statistics on the memory use (shown in bytes of memory) and load average of the Firebox. The load average has three values that typically show an average over the last minute, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes. Values over 1.00 (100%) indicate some threads are queued until resources are available. (A system load that exceeds 1.00 does not mean the system is overloaded.) 46 WatchGuard System Manager Viewing Information About Firebox Status Processes The process ID, the name of the process, and the status of the process. Network configuration Information about the network cards in the Firebox: the interface name, its hardware and software addresses, and its netmask. The display also includes local routing information, IP aliases, and reserved DHCP leases. Blocked Sites list The current manually blocked sites and any current exceptions. Temporarily blocked site entries appear on the permanent Blocked Sites tab. Interfaces Each Firebox interface appears in this section, along with information about the type of interface it is configured as (external, trusted, or optional), its status, and packet count. Routes The Firebox kernel routing table. You use these routes to find which Firebox interface is used for each destination address. Dynamic routes that have been accepted by the dynamic routing daemon appear here as well. ARP table The ARP table on the Firebox. The ARP table is used to match IP addresses to hardware addresses. (When an appliance is in drop-in mode, use the contents of the ARP table only to troubleshoot connectivity over secondary networks on the interfaces.) Total Dynamic Network Address Translation (DNAT) entries Number of used and available entries. Multi-WAN status Information on gateways and sticky connections. Also includes the sticky connections table. Dynamic Routing This shows dynamic routing components in use on the Firebox, if any. Refresh interval This is the rate at which this display updates the information. Support Click Support to open the Support Logs dialog box. This is where you set the location to which you save the diagnostic log file. You save a support log in tarzipped (*.tgz) format. You create this file for troubleshooting, when asked by your support representative. Authentication List The Authentication List tab of Firebox System Manager gives information about all the persons that are authenticated to the Firebox. There are four columns to show you information about each authenticated user: User The name the user gives when they authenticate. Type The type of user who authenticated: Firewall, MUVPN, or PPTP. User Guide 47 Viewing Information About Firebox Status IP Address The internal IP address being used by the user. For MUVPN and PPTP users, the IP address shown here is the IP address assigned to them by the Firebox. From Address The IP address on the computer the user authenticates from. For MUVPN and PPTP users, the IP address shown here is the IP address on the computer they used to connect to the Firebox. For Firewall users, the IP Address and From Address are the same. You can click the column headers to sort users. You can also remove an authenticated user from the list. To do this, right-click their user name and then stop their authenticated session. Blocked Sites The Blocked Sites List tab of Firebox System Manager shows the IP addresses of all the external IP addresses that are temporarily blocked. Many events can cause the Firebox to add an IP address to the Blocked Sites tab: a port space probe, a spoofing attack, an address space probe, or an event you configure. Adjacent to each IP address is the time when it comes off the Blocked Sites tab. You can use the Blocked Sites dialog box in Policy Manager to adjust the length of time that an IP address stays on the list. Adding and removing sites Add allows you to temporarily add a site to the Blocked Sites list. Click Change Expiration to change the time at which this site is deleted from the list. Delete removes the site from the Blocked Sites list. 48 WatchGuard System Manager Viewing Information About Firebox Status You can remove a site from the list only if you open the Firebox with the configuration passphrase. Security Services The Security Services tab includes information about the Gateway AntiVirus and Intrusion Prevention services, and spamBlocker, if installed. User Guide 49 Viewing Information About Firebox Status Gateway AntiVirus This area of the dialog box gives information about the Gateway AntiVirus feature. Activity since last restart - Files scanned: Number of files scanned for viruses since the last Firebox restart. - Viruses found: Number of viruses found in scanned files since the last Firebox restart. Signatures - Installed version: Version number of the installed signatures. - Last update: Date of the last signature update. - Version available: If a new version of the signatures is available. - Server URL: URL that the Firebox goes to see if updates are available, and the URL that updates are downloaded from. - History: Click to show a list of all the signature updates. - Update: Click to update your virus signatures. This button is active only if a new version of the virus signatures is available. Engine - Installed version: Version number of the installed engine. - Last update: Date of the last engine update. - Version available: If a new version of the engine is available. - Server URL: URL that the Firebox goes to see if updates are available, and the URL that updates are downloaded from. - History: Click to show a list of all the engine updates. - Update: Click to update your antivirus engine. This button is active only if a new version of the engine is available. Intrusion Prevention Service This area of the dialog box gives information about the Signature-Based Intrusion Prevention Service feature. Activity since last restart - Scans performed: Number of files scanned for viruses since the last Firebox restart. - Intrusions detected: Number of intrusions found in scanned files since the last Firebox restart. - Intrusions prevented: Number of infected files deleted since the last Firebox restart. Signatures - Installed version: Version number of the installed signatures. - Last update: Date of the last signature update. - Version available: If a new version of the signatures is available. - Server URL: URL that the Firebox goes to see if updates are available, and the URL that updates are downloaded from. - History: Click to show a list of all the signature updates. - Update: Click this button to update your intrusion prevention signatures. This button is active only if a new version of the intrusion prevention signatures is available. - Show: Click this button to download and show a list of all current IPS signatures. After you download the signatures, you can look for signatures by signature ID. 50 WatchGuard System Manager Using HostWatch spamBlocker Activity since last restart - Number of messages that are identified as not spam, spam, bulk, or suspect email. - Number of messages that are blocked and tagged. - Number of messages that are blocked or allowed because of a spamBlocker exceptions list that you create (exceptions that you create to deny additional sites are sometimes known as a blacklist; exceptions that you create to allow additional sites are sometimes known as a whitelist). Using HostWatch HostWatch is a graphical user interface that shows the network connections between the trusted and external networks. HostWatch also gives information about users, connections, and network address translation (NAT). The line that connects the source host and the destination host uses a color that shows the type of connection. You can change these colors. The default colors are: • Red — The Firebox® denies the connection. • Blue — The connection uses a proxy. • Green — The Firebox uses NAT for the connection. • Black — Normal connection (the connection has been accepted, and it does not use a proxy or NAT). Icons that show the type of service appear adjacent to the server entries for HTTP, Telnet, SMTP, and FTP. Domain name server (DNS) resolution does not occur immediately when you start HostWatch. When HostWatch is configured for DNS resolution, it replaces the IP addresses with the host or user names. If the Firebox cannot identify the host or user name, the IP address stays in the HostWatch window. If you use DNS resolution with HostWatch, the management station can send a large number of NetBIOS packets (UDP 137) through the Firebox. The only method to stop this is to turn off NetBIOS over TCP/IP in Windows. To start HostWatch, click the HostWatch icon in Firebox System Manager. Or select Tools > HostWatch. The HostWatch window The top part of the HostWatch window has two sides. You can set the interface for the left side. The right side shows all other interfaces. HostWatch shows the connections to and from the interface configured on the left side. To select an interface, right-click the current interface name. Select the new interface. Double-click an item on one of the sides to get the Connections For dialog box for connections that involve that item. The dialog box shows information about the connection, and includes the IP addresses, port number, time, connection type, and direction. User Guide 51 Using HostWatch While the top part of the window shows only the connections to and from the selected interface, the bottom of the HostWatch window shows all connections to and from all interfaces. The information is shown in a table with the ports and the time the connection was created. Controlling the HostWatch window You can change the HostWatch window to show only the necessary items. You can use this feature to monitor specified hosts, ports, or users. 52 1 From HostWatch, select View > Filter. 2 3 Click the tab to monitor: Policy List, External Hosts, Other Hosts, Ports, or Authenticated Users. On the tab for each item you do not want to see, clear the check boxes in the dialog box. WatchGuard System Manager Using HostWatch 4 On the tab for each item you do want to see, type the IP address, port number, or user name to monitor. Click Add. Do this for each item that HostWatch must monitor. 5 Click OK. Changing HostWatch view properties You can change how HostWatch shows information. For example, HostWatch can show host names as an alternative to addresses. 1 2 From HostWatch, select View > Settings. 3 Use the Line Color tab to change the colors of the lines between NAT, proxy, blocked, and normal connections. 4 Click OK to close the Settings dialog box. Use the Display tab to change how the hosts appear in the HostWatch window. Blocking a site from HostWatch To block an IP address from HostWatch, right-click on the connection and use the pop-up window to select the IP address from the connection to add to the blocked sites list. You must set the time for the IP address to be blocked, and give the configuration passphrase. Pausing the HostWatch display You can use the Pause and Continue icons on the toolbar to temporarily stop and then restart the display. Or, use File > Pause and File > Continue. User Guide 53 Using HostWatch 54 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 5 Basic Firebox Administration To operate correctly, your Firebox® must have the necessary information to apply your security policy to the traffic that goes through your network. Policy Manager gives you one user interface to configure basic Firebox settings in addition to your security policy. This chapter shows you how to: • Add, delete, and view licenses • Set up the Firebox to use an NTP server • Set the Firebox time zone • Configure the Firebox for SNMP • Change the Firebox passphrases • Give the Firebox a name for easy identification (instead of an IP address) • Recover a Firebox Working with Licenses You increase the functionality of your Firebox® when you purchase an option and add the license key to the configuration file. When you get a new key, make sure that you use the instructions that come with the key to activate the new feature on the LiveSecurity web site and add a new feature key to your Firebox. Activating a new feature Before you activate a new feature, you must have a license key certificate from WatchGuard® that is not already registered on the LiveSecurity web site. 1 2 User Guide Open a web browser and connect to https://www.watchguard.com/activate. If you have not already logged in to LiveSecurity, you are directed to the LiveSecurity Log In page. Type your LiveSecurity user name and passphrase. 55 Working with Licenses 3 Type the serial number or license key for the product as it appears on your printed certificate, including the hyphens. 4 Click Continue. The Choose Product to Upgrade page appears. 56 5 From the drop-down list, select the Firebox to which you want to apply the upgrade or renewal. If you added a Firebox name when you registered your Firebox, that name appears in this list. After you select the Firebox, click Activate. 6 The Retrieve Feature Key page appears. From your Windows Start menu, open Notepad or any application into which you can save text. Copy the full feature key from this page to a text file and save it on your computer. Click Finish. WatchGuard System Manager Working with Licenses Adding licenses 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Licensed Features. The Firebox License Keys dialog box appears. This dialog box shows the licenses that are available. 2 Click Add. The Add Firebox License Key dialog box appears. We recommend that you remove the old feature key before you add a new feature key. 3 Click Import and find the feature key file or paste the contents of your feature key file into the dialog box. 4 Click OK two times. At this time, the features are available on the management station. In some conditions, new dialog boxes and menu commands to configure the feature appear in Policy Manager. 5 Save the configuration to the Firebox. The feature does not operate on the Firebox until you save the configuration file to the Firebox. Deleting a license 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Licensed Features. The Firebox License Keys dialog box appears. User Guide 57 Working with Licenses 2 Expand Licenses, select the license ID you want to delete, and click Remove. 3 4 Click OK. Save the configuration to the Firebox. Seeing the active features To see a list of all features with licenses, select the license key and click Active Features. The Active Features dialog box shows each feature along with its capacity and expiration. 58 WatchGuard System Manager Setting NTP Servers Seeing the properties of a license To see the properties of a license, select the license key and click Properties. The License Properties dialog box shows the serial number of the Firebox to which this license applies, along with its ID and name, the Firebox model and version number, and the available Firebox features. Downloading a license key If your license file is not current, you can download a copy of any license file from the Firebox to your management station. To download license keys from a Firebox, select the license key and click Download. A dialog box appears for you to type the status passphrase of the Firebox. Setting NTP Servers Network Time Protocol (NTP) synchronizes computer clock times across a network. The Firebox® can synchronize its clock to an Internet NTP server. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > NTP. The NTP Setting dialog box appears. 2 3 User Guide Select the Enable NTP check box. In the box below the NTP Server Names/IPs list, type the IP addresses of the NTP servers you want to use. Click Add. The Firebox can use up to three NTP servers. 59 Setting a Friendly Name and Time Zone 4 Click OK. Setting a Friendly Name and Time Zone You can give the Firebox® a special name to use in your log files and reports. If you do not do this procedure, the log files and reports use the IP address of the Firebox external interface. Many customers use a Fully Qualified Domain Name if they register such a name with the DNS system. You must give the Firebox a special name if you use the Management Server to configure VPN tunnels and certificates with the Firebox. The Firebox time zone controls the date and time that appear in the log file and on tools such as LogViewer, Historical Reports, and WebBlocker. Set the Firebox time zone to the time zone for the physical location of the Firebox. This time zone setting allows for the time to appear correctly in the log messages. The Firebox system time is set to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) by default. 1 From Policy Manager, click Setup > System. The Device Configuration dialog box appears. 2 If necessary, use the drop-down lists to specify Firebox X Core or Firebox X Peak and the model number. 3 In the Name text box, type the special name you want for the Firebox. Click OK. A pop-up notification tells you if you use characters that are not allowed. 4 In the Location and Contact fields, type any information that could be helpful to identify and maintain the Firebox. 5 From the Time zone drop-down list, select the time zone you want. Click OK. Working with SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a set of tools for monitoring and managing networks. SNMP uses management information bases (MIBs) that give configuration information for the devices the SNMP server manages or monitors. With Fireware® appliance software, the Firebox® supports SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c. You can configure the Firebox to accept SNMP polls from an SNMP server. You can also configure the Firebox to send traps to an SNMP server. 60 WatchGuard System Manager Working with SNMP Enabling SNMP polling 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > SNMP. 2 Type the Community String the Firebox must use when it connects to the SNMP server. Click OK. The community string allows access to the statistics of a device. It operates like a wireless SSID or group ID. This community string must be included with all SNMP requests. If the community string is correct, the device gives the requested information. If the community string is not correct, the device discards the request and does not respond. 3 Click OK. Save the configuration to the Firebox. The Firebox can now receive SNMP polls. Enabling SNMP traps An SNMP trap is an event notification the Firebox sends to the SNMP management system. The trap identifies when a condition occurs, such as a value that is more than its predefined threshold. To enable the Firebox to send SNMP traps: 1 2 3 From Policy Manager, select Setup > SNMP. 4 Type the Community String the Firebox must use when it connects to the SNMP server. Click OK. The community string is like a user ID or password that allows access to the statistics of a device. This community string must be included with all SNMP requests. If the community string is correct, the device gives the requested information. If the community string is not correct, the device discards the request and does not respond. 5 Add an SNMP policy to the Firebox. To do this, from Policy Manager, select Edit > Add Policy (or click the “+” icon), expand Packet Filters, select SNMP, and click Add. In the SNMP Settings dialog box, select the Enable SNMP Trap check box. In the box below the SNMP Management Stations list, type the IP address of the SNMP server. Click Add. The New Policy Properties dialog box appears. 6 Below the From box, click Add. From the Add Address dialog box that appears, click Add Other. The Add Member dialog box appears. User Guide 61 Changing the Firebox Passphrases 7 From the Choose Type drop-down list, select Host IP. In the Value field, type the IP address of your SNMP server computer. 8 Click OK twice to return to the Policy tab of the new policy. 9 Below the To box, click Add. 10 From the Add Address dialog box that appears, under Available Members, select Firebox. Click Add. 11 Click OK, OK, and Close. Save the configuration to the Firebox. You can make the Firebox send a trap for any policy in Policy Manager. Edit the policy that will trigger a trap. To do this, double-click the policy icon shown in Policy Manager to edit the configuration. From the Edit Policy Properties dialog box, select the Properties tab. Click Logging and select the Send SNMP Trap check box. Using MIBs WatchGuard® System Manager with Fireware® appliance software supports two types of Management Information Bases (MIBs): • Public MIBs are used in the Fireware product and are copied on to your WatchGuard management station when you install Fireware. These MIBs include IETF standards and MIB2. • Private MIBs are MIBs created by WatchGuard to provide basic monitoring information for specific components in the Firebox, including CPU and memory utilization, and interface and IPSec metrics. When you install WatchGuard System Manager, MIBs are installed to My Documents\My WatchGuard\Shared WatchGuard\SNMP. The Firebox supports these read-only object MIBs: - RFC1155-SMI - SNMPv2-SMI - RFC1213-MIB - RAPID-MIB - RAPID-SYSTEM-CONFIG-MIB Changing the Firebox Passphrases A Firebox® uses two passphrases: • Status passphrase The read-only password or passphrase that allows access to the Firebox • Configuration passphrase The read-write password or passphrase that allows an administrator full access to the Firebox To create a secure passphrase, we recommend that you: • Use a selection of uppercase and lowercase characters, numbers, and special characters (for example, Im4e@tiN9). • Do not use a word from standard dictionaries, even if you use it in a different sequence or in a different language. Make a new acronym that only you know. • Do not use a name. It is easy for an attacker to find a business name, familiar name, or the name of a famous person. 62 WatchGuard System Manager Recovering a Firebox An additional security measure is to change the Firebox passphrases at regular intervals. To do this, you must have the configuration passphrase. 1 2 From Policy Manager, open the configuration file on the Firebox. Click File > Change Passphrases. The Change Passphrases dialog box appears. 3 From the Firebox Address or Name drop-down list, select a Firebox or type the IP address or name of the Firebox. Type the Firebox configuration (read/write) passphrase. 4 Type and confirm the new status (read-only) and configuration (read/write) passphrases. The status passphrase must be different from the configuration passphrase. 5 Click OK. Recovering a Firebox If you want to reset a Firebox® to its factory-default settings or reset a Firebox with a completely new configuration, you can use a Firebox recovery procedure. The procedure to recover a Firebox X Core or Peak e-Series device is different from the procedure to recover an earlier model of a Firebox X Core or Peak. Make sure you use the correct procedure for your Firebox. Resetting a Firebox X e-Series device To put a new configuration on a Firebox X Core or Peak e-Series device, use the Web Quick Setup Wizard. See the “Getting Started” chapter for more information on the Web Quick Setup Wizard. Resetting a Firebox X Core or Peak (non e-Series) With an earlier model Firebox X Core or Peak, you can use the Quick Setup Wizard to reset the Firebox with a completely new configuration. This is the easiest way to reset a Firebox and the most common procedure used. There are times, however, when you cannot use the Quick Setup Wizard to reset a Firebox. When you use the Quick Setup Wizard, you must be able to make a network connection to the Firebox from your management station and “discover” the Firebox on the network. If this is not possible, you can use the manual reset procedure described in this manual. User Guide 63 Recovering a Firebox To manually reset the Firebox: 64 1 Turn the Firebox off. On the front of the Firebox, find and press the up arrow. 2 Hold down the up arrow button while you turn on the Firebox, and continue to hold the button down until the LCD display shows the Firebox is running in safe mode. When the Firebox runs in safe mode, it is running in factory-default mode. In factory-default mode, the Firebox trusted interface is set to 10.0.1.1. 3 Connect a cross-over Ethernet network cable between your WatchGuard management station and the trusted interface of the Firebox. The trusted interface is labeled interface 1 on the Firebox. 4 Change the IP address on your management station to 10.0.1.2 (or another IP address from which you can connect to the Firebox trusted interface at 10.0.1.1). If your management station uses Windows XP: From your Windows Start menu, select Control Panel > Network Connections > Local Area Connections. Click Properties. Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and click Properties. It is a good idea to ping the trusted interface from your management station to make sure you have an operational network connection. 5 Open Policy Manager. You can open an existing configuration file, or create a new configuration file. Use the options available from the File drop-down menu. 6 Select Setup > Licensed Features. Click Add and paste a copy of your feature key in the text box, if necessary. 7 When you are ready, select File > Save > To Firebox. Save your configuration to the Firebox at IP address 10.0.1.1, with the administrative passphrase “admin”. 8 After the Firebox restarts with its new configuration, it is a good idea to change the passphrases for the Firebox. Select File > Change Passphrases to set new passphrases. 9 You can now put the Firebox back on to your network and connect to it with the IP addresses and passphrases you set in your new configuration. If you did not change the IP address or passphrase, you can connect to the trusted IP address 10.0.1.1 with the passphrase “admin”. WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 6 Basic Configuration Setup After your Firebox® is installed on your network and operates with a basic configuration file, you can start to add custom configuration settings to align with your organization’s requirements. This chapter shows you how to do some basic configuration and maintenance tasks. Some of these tasks you complete many times as you work with your Firebox. Other tasks you do only one time. These basic configuration tasks include how to: • Open a configuration file on a local computer or from the Firebox • Save a configuration file to a local computer or the Firebox • Create and restore a Firebox backup image • Use aliases • Configure Firebox global settings • Set basic schedules to use in your policies later • Manage your Firebox from a remote location Opening a Configuration File Policy Manager for Fireware® or Fireware Pro is a software tool that lets you make, change, and save configuration files. A configuration file, with the extension.xml, includes all configuration data, options, IP addresses, and other information that makes up your Firebox® security policy. When you use Policy Manager, you see a version of your configuration file that is easy to examine and change. When you work with Policy Manager, you can: • Open the current configuration file on your Firebox • Open a configuration file saved on your local hard drive • Make a new configuration file Opening a working configuration file A common task for a network administrator is to make a change to your current security policy. For example, your business purchases a new software application, and you must open a port and protocol User Guide 65 Opening a Configuration File to a server at a vendor location. For this task, you must change your configuration file with Policy Manager. Using WatchGuard System Manager 1 From the Windows desktop, click Start > All Programs > WatchGuard System Manager 9.0 > WatchGuard System Manager. WatchGuard® System Manager 9.0 is the default name of the folder for the Start menu icons. You cannot change this folder name during installation, but you can change it through the Windows user interface if you want. 2 From WatchGuard System Manager, select File > Connect To Device. Or, Click the Connect to Device icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. The Connect to Firebox dialog box appears. 3 Use the drop-down list to select your Firebox, or type its trusted IP address. Type the status (readonly) passphrase. Click OK. The device appears in the WatchGuard System Manager Device Status tab. 4 Select the Firebox on the Device Status tab. Then, select Tools > Policy Manager. Or, Click the Policy Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. Policy Manager opens, and it puts the configuration file in use on the selected Firebox. Using Policy Manager 1 From Policy Manager, click File > Open > Firebox. The Open Firebox dialog box appears. If you get an error message that tells you that you cannot connect, try again. 2 From the Firebox Address or Name drop-down list, select a Firebox. You can also type the IP address or host name. 3 In the Passphrase text box, type the Firebox status (read-only) passphrase. Use the status passphrase here. You must use the configuration passphrase to save a new configuration to the Firebox. 4 Click OK. Policy Manager opens the configuration file and shows the settings. If you cannot open Policy Manager, try these steps: 66 WatchGuard System Manager Opening a Configuration File • If the Connect to Firebox dialog box immediately comes back after you enter the passphrase, make sure that Caps Lock is off and that you type the passphrase correctly. Remember that the passphrase is case-sensitive. • If the Connect to Firebox dialog box times out, make sure that you have a link on the trusted interface and on your computer. Make sure that you typed the correct IP address for the trusted interface of the Firebox. Also make sure that your computer IP address is in the same network as the trusted interface of the Firebox. Opening a local configuration file Some network administrators find it helps to save more than one version of a Firebox configuration file. For example, if you have a new security policy to use, we recommend that you save the old configuration file to a local hard drive first. Then if you do not want the new configuration, you can restore the old version. You can open configuration files that are on any network drive to which your management station can connect. 1 From WatchGuard System Manager, select Tools > Policy Manager (or click the Policy Manager icon). 2 Select File > Open > Configuration File. Or, Click the Open File icon on the Policy Manager toolbar. A standard Windows open file dialog box appears. 3 Use the Open dialog box to find and to select the configuration file. Click Open. Policy Manager opens the configuration file and shows the settings. Making a new configuration file The Quick Setup Wizard makes a basic configuration file for your Firebox. We recommend that you use this as the base for each of your configuration files. However, you can also use Policy Manager to make a new configuration file with only the default configuration properties. 1 From WatchGuard System Manager, select Tools > Policy Manager (or click the Policy Manager icon). 2 From Policy Manager, select File > New. The Select Firebox Model and Name dialog box appears. 3 Use the Model drop-down lists to select your Firebox model. Because there are groups of features that are unique to each model, select the same model as your hardware device. 4 5 Type a name for the Firebox. This name will be used as the name of the configuration file. Click OK. Policy Manager makes a new configuration with the file name <name>.xml, where <name> is the name you gave the Firebox. User Guide 67 Saving a Configuration File Saving a Configuration File After you make a new configuration file or change the current configuration file, you can save it directly to the Firebox®. You can also save it to a local hard disk. Saving a configuration to the Firebox 1 From Policy Manager, click File > Save > To Firebox. The Save to Firebox dialog box appears. 2 From the Firebox Address or Name drop-down list, type an IP address or name, or select a Firebox. If you use a Firebox name, the name must resolve through DNS. When you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the periods. Do not use the TAB key or arrow key. 3 Type the Firebox configuration passphrase. You must use the configuration passphrase to save a file to the Firebox. 4 Click OK. Saving a configuration to a local hard drive 1 From Policy Manager, click File > Save > As File. You can also use CTRL-S. A standard Windows save file dialog box appears. 2 Type the name of the file. The default procedure is to save the file to the WatchGuard® directory. You can also browse to any folder to which you can connect from the management station. For better security, we recommend that you save the files in a safe folder with no access to other users. 3 Click Save. The configuration file saves to the local hard drive. About Firebox Backup Images A Firebox backup image is an encrypted and saved copy of the flash disk image from the Firebox flash disk. It includes the Firebox appliance software, configuration file, licenses, and certificates. You can save a backup image to your management station or to a directory on your network. We recommend that you regularly make backup files of the Firebox image. We also recommend that you create a backup image of the Firebox before you make significant changes to your Firebox configuration or upgrade your Firebox or its appliance software. Creating a Firebox backup image 1 68 From Policy Manager, select File > Backup. WatchGuard System Manager Working with Aliases 2 Type the configuration passphrase for your Firebox. The Backup dialog box appears. 3 4 Type and confirm an encryption key. This key is used to encrypt the backup file. If you lose or forget this encryption key, you will not be able to restore the backup file. Select the directory in which to save the backup file. Click OK. The default location for a backup file with a “.fxi” extension is C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard\backups\<Firebox IP address>-<date>.<wsm_version>.fxi. Restoring a Firebox backup image 1 2 3 From Policy Manager, select File > Restore. Type the configuration passphrase for your Firebox. Click OK. Type the encryption key you used when you created the backup image. The Firebox restores the backup image and restarts. It uses the backup image on restart. Wait for two minutes before you connect to the Firebox again. If you cannot successfully restore your Firebox image, you can reset the Firebox with the procedure shown in “Recovering a Firebox” on page 63. Working with Aliases An alias is a shortcut that identifies a group of hosts, networks, or interfaces. When you use an alias, it is easy to create a security policy because the Firebox® allows you to use aliases when you create policies. The default aliases in Policy Manager that you can use are: • Aliases that correspond to Firebox interfaces, such as Trusted or External. • Any-Trusted: An alias for all Firebox interfaces configured as “trusted” interfaces (as defined in Policy Manager: select Network > Configuration), and any network you can get access to through these interfaces. • Any-External: An alias for all Firebox interfaces of type “external” (as defined in Policy Manager: select Network > Configuration), and any network you can get access to through these interfaces. • Any-Optional: Aliases for all Firebox interfaces of type “optional” (as defined in Policy Manager: select Network > Configuration), and any network you can get access to through these interfaces. • Any-BOVPN: An alias for any BOVPN (IPSec) tunnel. User Guide 69 Working with Aliases • When you use the BOVPN Policy wizard to create a policy to allow traffic through a BOVPN tunnel, the wizard automatically creates “.in” and .out” aliases for the incoming and outgoing tunnels. Alias names are different from user or group names used in user authentication. With user authentication, you can monitor a connection with a name and not as an IP address. The person authenticates with a user name and a password to get access to Internet protocols. For more information about user authentication, see “How User Authentication Works” on page 137. Alias members You can add the following to an alias: • Host IP • Network IP • A range of host IP addresses • DNS name for a host • Tunnel address: defined by a user or group, address, and name of the tunnel • Custom address: defined by a user or group, address, and Firebox interface • Another alias • An authorized user or group Creating an alias 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Aliases. The Aliases dialog box appears. Pre-defined aliases appear in blue and user-defined aliases appear in black. 70 WatchGuard System Manager Using Global Settings 2 Click Add. The Add Alias dialog box appears. 3 In the Alias Name text box, type a unique name to identify the alias. This name appears in lists when you configure a security policy. 4 5 6 In the Description field, type a description of the alias. Click Add to bring up a dialog box to add a new number to a selected alias. Click User to add an authorized user or group to the alias. Using Global Settings In Policy Manager you can select settings that control the actions of many Firebox® features. You set basic parameters for: • ICMP error handling • TCP SYN checking • TCP maximum size adjustment • Authentication settings • Traffic management and QoS 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Global Settings. The Global Settings dialog box appears. User Guide 71 Using Global Settings 2 Configure the different categories of global settings as shown in the sections below. Defining ICMP error handling global settings Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) controls errors during connections. It is used for two types of operations: • To tell client hosts about error conditions. • To probe a network to find general characteristics about the network. The Firebox sends an ICMP error message each time an event occurs that matches one of the parameters you selected. These messages are good troubleshooting tools, but can also decrease security by exposing information about your network. If you deny these ICMP messages, you can increase security by preventing network probes, but this can also cause timeout delays for incomplete connections, which can cause application problems. The global ICMP error handling parameters and their descriptions are: Fragmentation Req (PMTU) Select this check box to allow ICMP Fragmentation Req messages. The Firebox uses these messages to find the MTU path. Time Exceeded Select this check box to allow ICMP Time Exceeded messages. A router usually sends these messages when a route loop occurs. Network Unreachable Select this check box to allow ICMP Network Unreachable messages. A router usually sends these messages when a network link is broken. Host Unreachable Select this check box to allow ICMP Host Unreachable messages. Your network usually sends these messages when it cannot use a host or service. 72 WatchGuard System Manager Using Global Settings Port Unreachable Select this check box to allow ICMP Port Unreachable messages. A host or firewall usually sends these messages when a network service is not available or is not allowed. Protocol Unreachable Select this check box to allow ICMP Protocol Unreachable messages. Enabling TCP SYN checking TCP SYN checking makes sure that the TCP three-way handshake is done before the Firebox allows a data connection. Defining TCP maximum segment size adjustment global settings The TCP segment can be set to a specified size for a connection that must have more TCP/IP layer 3 overhead (such as PPPoE, ESP, AH, and so on). If this size is not correctly configured, users cannot get access to some web sites. The global TCP maximum segment size adjustment settings are: Auto Adjustment The Firebox examines all maximum segment size (MSS) negotiations and changes the MSS value to the applicable one. No Adjustment The Firebox does not change the MSS value. Limit to You set a size adjustment limit. Defining global authentication settings The global authentication settings are: Session Timeout Maximum length of time the user can send traffic to the external network. If this field is set to zero (0) minutes, there is no session timeout and the user can stay connected for any length of time. Idle Timeout Maximum length of time the user can stay authenticated when idle (not passing any traffic to the external network). A setting of zero (0) minutes means there is no idle timeout and the user can stay idle for any length of time. For both authentication timeout fields, the values in the Setup Firebox User dialog box (from Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers, and then click Add in the Users box) override the global settings. The global settings for the Firebox are used if no values are set in the Setup Firebox User dialog box. For more information, see “About authentication timeout values” on page 138. These global timeouts do not apply to PPTP users. User Guide 73 Using Global VPN Settings Allowing multiple concurrent logins Select the Allow multiple concurrent logins from the same account check box to allow more than one user to authenticate, with the same user credentials at the same time, to one authentication server. This is useful for guest accounts or in laboratory environments. This feature is supported only if you use the Firebox as an authentication server. For MUVPN and PPTP users, multiple concurrent logins from the same account are always supported regardless of whether this check box is selected. MUVPN users must log in from different IP addresses if they want to do concurrent logins, which means that they cannot use the same account to log in if they are behind a Firebox that uses NAT. PPTP users do not have this restriction. Disabling Traffic Management and QoS Disable all traffic management and QoS features. You might want to disable these features if you do performance testing or network debugging. Using Global VPN Settings You can select settings that apply to manual BOVPN tunnels, managed BOVPN tunnels, and MUVPN tunnels: 1 From Policy Manager, select VPN > VPN Settings. The VPN Settings dialog box appears. 2 Consider the following settings for your VPN tunnels: IPSec Pass-through If a user must make IPSec connections to a Firebox from behind a different Firebox, you must keep the IPSec Pass-through check box selected to enable the IPSec pass-through feature. For example, if mobile employees are at a customer location that has a Firebox, they can use IPSec to make IPSec connections to their network. For the local Firebox to correctly allow the outgoing IPSec connection, you must also add an IPSec policy to Policy Manager. When you specify or define a Phase 2 transform and plan to use the IPSec pass-through feature, you must specify ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) as the proposal method. IPSec passthrough supports ESP but not AH (Authentication Header). For information on how to define a Phase 2 transform, see “Adding a Phase 2 proposal” on page 286. 74 WatchGuard System Manager Creating Schedules Enable TOS for IPSec The Type of Service (TOS) bits are a set of four-bit flags in the IP header that can tell routing devices to give an IP datagram more or less priority than other datagrams. Fireware® gives you the option to allow IPSec tunnels to clear or maintain the settings on TOS-flagged packets. Some ISPs drop all packets that have TOS flags set. If you do not select the Enable TOS for IPSec check box, all IPSec packets have no TOS bits set. If the TOS bits were set before, when Fireware encapsulates the packet in an IPSec header, the TOS bits are cleared. When the Enable TOS for IPSec check box is selected, if the original packet has TOS bits set, then Fireware keeps the TOS bits set when it encapsulates the packet in an IPSec header. If the original packet does not have the TOS bits set, Fireware does not set the TOS bits when it encapsulates the packet in an IPSec header. Consider the setting of this check box if you want to apply QoS marking to IPsec traffic. QoS marking can involve the setting of the TOS bit. For more information on QoS marking, see “About QoS Marking” on page 369. Enable LDAP server for certificate verification When you create a VPN gateway, you specify a credential method for the two VPN endpoints to use when the tunnel is created. If you choose to use an IPSec Firebox certificate, you can identify an LDAP server to use to validate the certificate. Type the IP address for the LDAP server. You can also specify a port if you want to use a port other than 389. Creating Schedules You can use schedules to automate some Firebox® actions such as WebBlocker tasks. You can create a schedule for all days of the week, or create a different schedule for each day of the week. You can then use these schedules in policies that you create. For information on how to use schedules in policies, see the “Policies” chapter. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Actions > Schedules. The Schedules dialog box appears. User Guide 75 Managing a Firebox from a Remote Location 2 Click Add. The New Schedule dialog box appears. 3 Type a schedule name and description. The schedule name appears in the Schedule dialog box. Make sure that the name is easy to remember. 4 From the Mode drop-down list, select the time increment for the schedule: one hour, 30 minutes, or 15 minutes. The chart on the left of the New Schedule dialog box shows your entry in the drop-down list. 5 The chart in the dialog box shows days of the week along the x-axis (horizontal) and increments of the day on the y-axis (vertical). Click boxes in the chart to change them between operational hours (when the policy is active) and non-operational hours (when the policy is not in effect). 6 Click OK to close the New Schedule dialog box. Click Close to close the Schedules dialog box. To edit a schedule, select the schedule name in the Schedule dialog box and click Edit. To create a new schedule from an existing one, select the schedule name and click Clone. Managing a Firebox from a Remote Location When you configure a Firebox® with the Quick Setup Wizard, a policy is created automatically that allows you to connect to and administer the Firebox from any computer on the trusted or optional networks. If you want to manage the Firebox from a remote location (any location external to the Firebox), then you must change your configuration to allow administrative connections from your remote location. The policy that controls administrative connections to the Firebox itself is called the WatchGuard® policy in Policy Manager. This policy controls access to the Firebox on these four TCP ports: 4103, 4105, 4117, 4118. When you allow connections in the WatchGuard policy, you allow connections to each of these four ports. Before you change a policy to allow connections to the Firebox from a computer external to your network, it is a good idea to consider the use of user authentication to restrict connections to the Firebox. It is also a good idea to restrict access from the external network to the smallest number of computers 76 WatchGuard System Manager Managing a Firebox from a Remote Location possible. For example, it is more secure to allow connections from a single computer than it is to allow connections from the alias “Any-External”. 1 From Policy Manager, double-click on the WatchGuard policy. You can also right-click the WatchGuard policy and select Edit. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears. 2 Below the From list, click Add. 3 To enter the IP address of the external computer that connects to the Firebox, click Add Other. Make sure Host IP is the selected type, and type the IP address. To add a user name, click Add User. Select the type of user and the method of authentication they use. From the User/Group drop-down list, select User and type the name of the user who will connect to the Firebox. Click OK. 4 User Guide 77 Managing a Firebox from a Remote Location 78 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 7 Logging and Notification An event is one activity that occurs at the Firebox®. For example, denying a packet from going through the Firebox is an event. Logging is the recording of these events to a log host. A notification is a message sent to the administrator by the Firebox when an event occurs that is a possible security threat. Notification can be an email message or a pop-up window, or sent by way of an SNMP trap. For example, WatchGuard® recommends that you configure default packet handling to send a notification when the Firebox finds a port space probe. When this occurs, the log host sends notification to the network security administrator about the rejected packets. The network security administrator can examine the log files and make decisions about how to add more security to the organization’s network. Some possible changes are: • Block the ports on which the probe was used • Block the IP address that is sending the packets • Tell the ISP through which the packets are being sent Logging and notification are important to a good network security policy. Together, they make it possible to monitor your network security, identify attacks and attackers, and address security threats and challenges. Setting Up the Log Server The Log Server collects logs from each WatchGuard® Firebox® managed by WSM. You can install the Log Server on the computer you are using as a management station. Or, you can install the Log Server software on a different computer using the WatchGuard System Manager installation program and selecting to install only the Log Server component. You can also add additional Log Servers for backup. User Guide 79 Setting Up the Log Server Note If you install the Management Server, Log Server, or WebBlocker Server on a computer with a firewall other than Windows Firewall, you must open the ports necessary for the servers to connect through the firewall. Windows Firewall users do not have to change their configuration. See “Installing WatchGuard Servers on computers with desktop firewalls” on page 19 for more information. 1 On the computer that has the Log Server software installed, select the Log Server icon from the WatchGuard toolbar. If the WatchGuard toolbar does not appear, right-click in the system tray and select Toolbars > WatchGuard. The WatchGuard Log Server Configuration dialog box appears. 80 2 Type the encryption key to use for the secure connection between the Firebox and the Log Servers. The allowed range for the encryption key is 8–32 characters. You can use all characters but spaces and slashes (/ or \). 3 4 Confirm the encryption key. 5 6 Click OK. 7 Make sure the Log Server and the Firebox are set to the same system time. For information on setting system time, see the “Basic Firebox Administration” chapter. Select a directory to keep all logs, reports, and report definition files. We recommend that you use the default location. Click Start > Control Panel. Go to Power Options. Select the Hibernate tab and disable hibernation. This is to prevent the Log Server from shutting down when the computer hibernates. WatchGuard System Manager Setting up the Firebox for a Designated Log Server Changing the Log Server encryption key To change the encryption key on the Log Server: 1 2 3 4 5 Right-click the Log Server icon on the WatchGuard toolbar and select Status/Configuration. 6 7 Type and confirm the new log encryption key you want to use for this Log Server. Select File > Set Log Encryption Key. Type the new log encryption key two times. In Policy Manager, select Setup > Logging. Find the Log Server for which you want to change the encryption key in the Log Server list and click Configure. Click on the Log Server name or IP address and click Edit. Click OK and save your changes to the Firebox. Setting up the Firebox for a Designated Log Server It is recommended that you have a minimum of one Log Server to use WatchGuard System Manager. You can select a different primary Log Server and one or more backup Log Servers. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Logging. The Logging Setup dialog box appears. 2 Select the Log Server or servers you want to use. Click the Send log messages to the Log Servers at these IP addresses check box. Adding a Log Server for a Firebox 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Logging. The Logging Setup dialog box appears. User Guide 81 Setting up the Firebox for a Designated Log Server 2 Click Configure. Click Add. The Add Event Processor dialog box appears. 3 4 5 In the Log Server Address box, type the IP address of the Log Server you want to use. In the Encryption Key and Confirm text boxes, type the Log Server encryption key that you set when you used the Log Server Configuration Wizard. The allowed range for the encryption key is 8–32 characters. You can use all characters but spaces and slashes (/ or \). Click OK. Click OK to close the Configure Log Servers dialog box. Click OK to close the Logging Setup dialog box. 6 Save the changes to the Firebox to begin logging. You can verify that the Firebox is logging correctly. From WSM, select Tools > Firebox System Manager. In the Detail section on the left, next to Log Server, you should see the IP address of the log host. Setting Log Server priority If the Firebox cannot connect to the Log Server with the highest priority, it connects to the subsequent Log Server in the priority list. If the Firebox examines each Log Server in the list and cannot connect, it tries to connect to the first Log Server in the list again. You can create a priority list for Log Servers. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Logging. The Logging Setup dialog box appears. 2 Click Configure. The Configure Log Servers dialog box appears. 3 Select a Log Server from the list in the Configure Log Servers dialog box. Use the Up and Down buttons to change the order. Activating syslog logging Syslog is a log interface developed for UNIX but also used by a number of computer systems. You can configure the Firebox to send log information to a syslog server. A Firebox can send log messages to a Log Server and a syslog server at the same time, or send log messages to one or the other. Syslog log messages are not encrypted. We recommend that you do not select a host on the external interface. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Logging. The Logging Setup dialog box appears. 2 3 4 Select the Send Log Messages to the Syslog server at this IP address check box. In the address box, type the IP address of the syslog server. Click Configure. The Configure Syslog dialog box appears. 5 82 For each type of log message, select the syslog facility to which you want it assigned. For information on types of log messages, see “Types of log messages” on page 88. WatchGuard System Manager Setting up the Firebox for a Designated Log Server The syslog facility refers to one of the fields in the syslog packet and to the file syslog sends a log message to. You can use Local0 for high priority syslog messages, such as alarms. You can use Local1- Local 7 to assign priorities for other types of log messages (with lower numbers having greater priority). See your syslog documentation for more information on logging facilities. 6 Click OK. Click OK to close the Logging Setup dialog box. 7 Save your changes to the Firebox. Enabling advanced diagnostics You can select the level of diagnostic logging to write to your log file or to Traffic Monitor. We do not recommend that you set the logging level to the highest level unless a technical support representative tells you to in order to troubleshoot a problem. It can cause the log file to fill up very quickly. It can also create a high load on the Firebox. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Logging. The Logging Setup dialog box appears. User Guide 83 Setting Global Logging and Notification Preferences 2 Click Advanced Diagnostics. The Advanced Diagnostics dialog box appears. 3 Select a category from the category list. A description of the category appears in the Description box. 4 Use the slider below Settings to set the level of information that a log of each category includes in its log message. When the lowest level is set, diagnostic messages for that category are turned off. When the highest level is set, you can set the detail level for the diagnostic log messages. 5 To show diagnostic messages in Traffic Manager, select the Display diagnostic messages in Traffic Monitor check box. This can be useful to quickly diagnose a problem. Diagnostic messages can be sent to Traffic Monitor for all categories except the Policy Management Module (PMM). Messages for the Policy Management Module are sent to the log file only and cannot be seen in Traffic Monitor. 6 To have the Firebox collect a packet trace for IKE packets, select the Enable IKE packet tracing to Firebox internal storage check box. To see the packet trace information the Firebox collects, start Firebox System Manager and click the Status tab. Click Support to have Firebox System Manager get the packet trace information from the Firebox. 7 Remember to turn off diagnostic logging when done. Setting Global Logging and Notification Preferences To see the Log Server status and configuration, click the Log Server icon on the WatchGuard® toolbar and select Status/Configuration. The status and configuration information appears. There are three control areas: Log Files tab To set the options for rolling your log file. 84 WatchGuard System Manager Setting Global Logging and Notification Preferences Reports tab To schedule regular reports of log entries. Notification tab To configure email notification. Together, these controls set the general configuration for events and notifications. Log file size and rollover frequency You can control the log rollover by size or by time. When this rollover occurs, the Log Server closes the current log file and opens a new log file. The closed log file can be used for reports. Copy or move it to a different location to save it for archives. To find the best rollover size for your company, you must look at: • Storage space that is available • Number of days you want available • Size that is best to keep, open, and view • Number of event types that are recorded For example, a small company can get 10,000 entries in two weeks, and a large company with many policies enabled can easily have 100,000 entries in a day. • Traffic on the Firebox® • Number of reports to create To create a weekly report, it is necessary to have eight or more days of data. This data can be found in more than one log file, if the log files are in the same location. It is good to monitor the new log files and adjust the configuration as necessary. Setting when log files rollover You can control when the log files rollover in the Log Files tab in the Log Server configuration interface. You also can manually start a rollover of the current log file. To do this, select File > Roll current log file from the Status/Configuration window. 1 To set when log files rollover, click the Log Files tab. 2 To roll the log file on a time interval, select the Roll Log Files By Time Interval check box. Set the time interval. From the Next Log Roll is Scheduled For drop-down list, select a date when the log file rolls. User Guide 85 Setting Global Logging and Notification Preferences 3 To roll the log file based on the size of the log file, select the Roll Log Files By File Size check box. Type the maximum size for the log file before the file rolls, or use the spin control to set the number. 4 Click Save Changes or Close. The Log Server interface closes and saves your entries. The new configuration starts immediately. The Log Server restarts automatically. Scheduling automated reports If you have created network activity reports using Historical Reports, you can schedule the Log Server component to automate the reports. You first must create a report in Historical Reports, or it does not appear in the Log Server interface. 1 Click the Reports tab. 2 Use the radio buttons to set the time interval for reports: daily, weekly, first day of the month, or at a custom time. 3 From the Next Scheduled Report drop-down list, select a date and time for the subsequent scheduled report. 4 Click Save Changes or Close. The Log Server interface closes and saves your entries. The new configuration starts immediately. The Log Server restarts automatically. 86 WatchGuard System Manager About Log Messages Controlling notification You can configure the Firebox to send an email message when a specified event occurs. Use the Notification tab to configure the destination email address. 1 Click the Notification tab. 2 Type the email address and the mail host for notification email messages. Notification email messages have the format [friendly_name]@[domain_name] Where: friendly_name = the Firebox friendly name. (For information on how to set or change this, see “Setting a Friendly Name and Time Zone” on page 60.) domain_name = the name in the Mail Host field on this dialog box. Consider changing the default values. If the logging host does not resolve to an FQDN, and the receiving MX server does reverse lookups, the email might be discarded. 3 Click Save Changes or Close. The Log Server interface closes and saves your entries. The new configuration starts immediately. The Log Server restarts automatically. Starting and stopping the Log Server You can manually stop or start the Log Server: • To start the Log Server, right-click the Log Server icon on the toolbar and select Start Service. • To stop the Log Server, right-click the Log Server icon on the toolbar and select Stop Service. About Log Messages WatchGuard® System Manager includes strong and flexible log message tools. An important feature of a good network security policy is to log messages from your security systems, to examine those records frequently, and to keep them in an archive. You can use logs to monitor your network security and activity, identify any security risks, and address them. The WatchGuard® Firebox X Core and Firebox X Peak send log messages to the Log Server. They also can send log messages to a syslog server or keep logs locally on the Firebox. You can choose to send logs to either or both of these locations. User Guide 87 About Log Messages You can use Firebox System Manager to log messages in the Traffic Monitor tab. For more information, see the “Firebox Status Monitoring” chapter. You also can examine log messages with LogViewer. The log messages are kept in an XML file with a .wgl.xml extension in the WatchGuard directory on the Log Server. To learn more about the format of log messages, see the “Log Messages” chapter in the Reference Guide. Types of log messages The Firebox® sends four types of log messages. The type appears in the text of the message. The four types of log messages are: • Traffic • Alarm • Event • Diagnostic Traffic log messages The Firebox sends traffic log messages as it applies packet filter and proxy rules to traffic that goes through the Firebox. Alarm log messages Alarm log messages are sent when an event occurs that triggers the Firebox to do a command. When the alarm condition is matched, the Firebox sends an Alarm log message to the Traffic Monitor and Log Server and then it does the specified action. You can set some alarm log messages. For example, you can use Policy Manager to configure an alarm to occur when a specified value matches or is more than a threshold. Other alarm log messages are set by the appliance software, and you cannot change the value. For example, the Firebox sends an alarm log message when a network connection on one of the Firebox interfaces fails or when a Denial of Service attack occurs. For more information about alarm log messages, see the Reference Guide. There are eight categories of alarm log messages: System, IPS, AV, Policy, Proxy, Counter, Denial of Service, and Traffic. The Firebox does not send more than 10 alarms in 15 minutes for the same conditions. Event log messages The Firebox sends event log messages because of user activity. Actions that can cause the Firebox to send an event log message include: • Firebox start up and shut down • Firebox and VPN authentication • Process start up and shut down • Problems with the Firebox hardware components • Any task done by the Firebox administrator Diagnostic log messages Diagnostic log messages include information that you can use to help troubleshoot problems. There are 27 different product components that can send diagnostic log messages. You can select whether the diagnostic log messages appear in Traffic Monitor, as described in “Enabling advanced diagnostics” on page 83. 88 WatchGuard System Manager About Log Messages Log file names and locations The Firebox® sends log messages to a primary or backup Log Server. The default location for the log file is My Documents > My WatchGuard > Shared WatchGuard > logs. The name of the log file shows: • If the Firebox has a name, the format of the log file name is FireboxName-date.wgl.xml. • If the Firebox does not have a name, the name of the log files is FireboxIP-date.wgl.xml. Consolidating log files You can put together two or more log files into one file. You can then use this file in Historical Reports, LogViewer, or some other tool to examine log data for an extended time interval. To merge more than one log file into one file: • The log files must be from the same Firebox. • The log messages in the files must be in date and time order. • The log files must have been created with the same appliance software. You cannot merge a log file created with WFS appliance software with a log file created with Fireware® appliance software, even if they are from the same Firebox. Right-click the Log Server icon on your Windows toolbar and select Merge Log Files. Or, from the Log Server Status/Configuration interface: 1 Click File > Merge log files. The Merge Logfiles dialog box appears. 2 3 Click Browse to find the files to put together. Click Merge. The log files are put together and saved to a new file in the specified directory. Updating .wgl log files to .xml format When you migrate from an earlier version of WatchGuard System Manager that you use with WFS appliance software to a version of WatchGuard System Manager that you use with Fireware appliance software, you can convert log files from .wgl to .xml format. This is also helpful if you manage a mixed network with different versions of WSM. After converting, you can use LogViewer or report tools on log files created with WatchGuard Management System 7.3 or earlier. To help you understand the new log structure, or to integrate .xml-format logs into a third-party application, see the Logging section of the Fireware FAQs at: www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs. There is an FAQ that gives an XML schema and Document Type Definition (DTD) for the WSM WatchGuard log file. These base schema and DTD files are meant as general reference information only. User Guide 89 Using LogViewer When you convert a log file from .wgl to .xml: • The XML file is usually smaller than the .wgl file. • If you open the new XML file in an XML editor, you can see some duplicate entries. This is a function of the way Historical Reports made reports in WSM 7.3 and earlier. It does not cause problems in LogViewer or in Historical Reports for WSM used with Fireware. To convert a log file from .wgl to .xml: 1 Right-click the Log Server icon on your Windows desktop tray and select Merge Log Files. The Merge Logfiles dialog box appears. This dialog box controls merges, and also updates, of log files. 2 Click Browse to find the location of the logfile.wgl to convert to XML. If you select more than one log file at one time, the utility converts all of the files you select and puts them together into one file. The new file has an .xml format. 3 Click Merge. The utility converts the log file and saves it to the specified folder. Using LogViewer LogViewer is the WatchGuard® System Manager tool you use to see the log file data. It can show the log data page by page, or search and display by key words or specified log fields. 1 From WatchGuard System Manager, select Tools > Logs > LogViewer. or Click the LogViewer icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. The icon is shown at the left. 2 From LogViewer, select File > Open. or Click the Open File icon on the LogViewer toolbar. The icon is shown at the left. The default location of the logs is My Documents > My WatchGuard > Shared Watchguard > logs. 90 WatchGuard System Manager Using LogViewer 3 Browse to find the log file and click Open. LogViewer shows the log file you selected. A sample appears below. LogViewer settings You can adjust the content and the format of the LogViewer window. 1 From LogViewer, select View > Settings. The Settings dialog box appears. The Settings dialog box has five tabs, each with the same fields. You use these tabs to set properties for the four types of messages that appear in log files: Alarms, Traffic, Event, and Diagnostic. Show Logs in Color You can set the messages to appear in different colors based on the type of log message. If color is not enabled, log messages appear as white text on a black background. User Guide 91 Using LogViewer Show Columns For each type of log message, you can select which columns to show in the LogViewer window. Select the check box adjacent to each field to make it appear. Text Color Click Text Color to set the color for each type of log message. Background Color You can set the background color. If the background and text are the same color, you cannot see the text. Restore Defaults Click to set the format of the log messages to the default colors. Sample Shows a sample log message with format changes. Show traffic logs This check box is on each tab. If the check box is selected on a tab, the log messages for that type of log are included in the LogViewer display. To clear one type of log message from the display, clear the check box on the tab that matches the log type. Creating a search rule You can create rules to search through the data shown in LogViewer. 1 Select Edit > Find (or click the icon with the magnifying glass on it). The Find dialog box appears. 2 92 Use the Log Type drop-down list to select the type of log message to apply the search rule to. You can select: Traffic, Event, Alarm, Debug, or All. WatchGuard System Manager Using LogViewer 3 Click on the Field column header and select Add. The Add Search Rule dialog box appears. 4 5 6 7 In the Choose Field drop-down list, select the field to search. In the Enter Value text box, type the text or value to search for. If the text you typed in the Enter Value text box is case-sensitive, select the Case sensitive check box. To find only entries that match the value precisely, select the Match exact string only check box. Click OK. Searching in LogViewer After you make a search rule, you can use it to search the data shown in LogViewer. 1 Use the Log Type drop-down list to select which type of log messages appears in the window. 2 Use the Display Results drop-down list to select the method to show the results of the search. The options are: - Highlight in main window — The LogViewer window shows the same log message set, but changes the color of log messages that match the criteria. Use the F3 key to move through specified entries. - Main window — Only the log messages that match the search criteria appear in the primary LogViewer window. - New window - A new window opens to show log messages that match the search criteria. 3 Select from the option: - Match any — Show log messages that match any of the search criteria. - Match all — Show only log messages that match all of the search criteria. 4 Click OK to start the search. User Guide 93 Using LogViewer Viewing the current log file in LogViewer You can open the current log file in LogViewer to examine the logs as they are written to the log file. LogViewer automatically updates its display with new log messages at 15-second intervals. If you have a LogViewer search window open with the current log file, it also updates every 15 seconds. Copying LogViewer data You can copy log file data from LogViewer to a different tool. Use copy to move specified log messages to a different tool. 1 Select the log messages to copy. Use the Shift key to select a group of entries. Use the Ctrl key to select more than one entry. 2 3 94 Select Edit > Copy. Paste the data into any text editor. WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 8 Network Setup and Configuration When you install the Firebox® in your network and complete the Quick Setup Wizard, you have a basic configuration file. You then use Policy Manager to make a new configuration file or to change the one you made with the Quick Setup Wizard. If you are new to network security, we recommend that you do all the procedures in this chapter to make sure you configure all the components of your network. In this chapter, you learn how to use Policy Manager to: • Configure the Firebox interfaces • Add a secondary network • Add DNS and WINS server information • Configure Dynamic DNS • Configure network and host routes • Set Firebox interface speed and duplex • Configure VLANs User Guide 95 Configuring Firebox Interfaces Configuring Firebox Interfaces 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 2 Select the interface you want to configure. Click Configure. The Interface Settings dialog box appears. 3 96 In the Interface Name (Alias) field, you can retain the default name or change it to one that more closely reflects your own network and its own trust relationships. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Firebox Interfaces 4 5 6 (Optional) Enter a description of the interface in the Interface Description field. 7 If you are configuring a trusted or optional interface, select Disable DHCP, Use DHCP Server, or Use DHCP Relay. See “Configuring the Firebox as a DHCP server” for the DHCP server option, and see “Configuring a DHCP relay” on page 97 for the DHCP relay option. If you are configuring the external interface, see “Configuring the external interface” on page 98. 8 Click OK. In the Interface Type field, you can change the interface type from its default value. You can change the interface IP address. Type the IP address in slash notation. When you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the periods. Do not use the TAB or arrow key. Configuring the Firebox as a DHCP server Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an Internet protocol that makes it easier to control a large network. A computer you configure as the DHCP server automatically gives IP addresses to the computers on your network. You set the range of addresses. You can configure the Firebox® as a DHCP server for networks behind the Firebox. If you have a configured DHCP server, we recommend that you continue to use that server for DHCP. 1 Select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 2 3 4 5 6 Select the trusted or an optional interface. Click Configure and select the Use DHCP Server check box. Add an address pool. Click Add next to the Address Pool box and specify starting and ending IP addresses on the same subnet. Click OK. The first three octets of the starting and ending IP addresses must be the same as those of the trusted or optional interface’s IP address. Only the fourth octet can change in value. You can configure a maximum of six address ranges. To reserve a specific IP address for a client, click Add next to the Reserved Addresses box. Enter a name for the reservation, the IP address you want to reserve, and the MAC address of the client’s network card. Click OK. Use the arrow buttons to change the Default Lease Time. This is the time interval that a DHCP client can use an IP address that it receives from the DHCP server. When the time is near its limit, the client sends data to the DHCP server to get a new lease. Configuring a DHCP relay One method to get IP addresses for the computers on the Firebox trusted network or on an optional network is to use a DHCP server on a different network. The Firebox can send a DHCP request to a DHCP server at a different location than the DHCP client. When the Firebox gets the reply, it sends it to the computers on the Firebox trusted or optional network. 1 Select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 2 3 4 Select the trusted or an optional interface. 5 Click OK and save your changes to the Firebox. User Guide Click Configure and click Use DHCP Relay. Type the IP address of the DHCP server in the related field. Make sure to add a route to the DHCP server, if necessary. 97 Configuring Firebox Interfaces Configuring the external interface The Firebox can get a dynamic IP address for the external interface with Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) or PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). With DHCP, the Firebox uses a DHCP server that is controlled by your Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get an IP address, gateway, and netmask. With PPPoE, the Firebox makes a PPPoE protocol connection to the PPPoE server of your ISP. Fireware® supports unnumbered and static PPPoE. 1 Select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 2 Select an external interface. Click Configure. Using a static IP address 1 2 3 From the Interface Settings dialog box, select Static. Type the IP address of the default gateway. Click OK. Using PPPoE Some ISPs assign their IP addresses through Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE). PPPoE expands a standard dial-up connection to add some of the features of Ethernet and PPP. This system allows the ISP to use the billing, authentication, and security systems of their dial-up infrastructure with DSL modem and cable modem products. If your ISP uses PPPoE, you must enter the PPPoE information into your Firebox before it can send traffic through the external interface. 1 2 3 4 98 From the Interface Settings dialog box, select PPPoE. Select one of the two options: - Get an IP address automatically - Use IP address (supplied by your Internet Service Provider) If you selected Use IP Address, enter the IP address in the text box to the right. Type the User Name and Password. You must type the password two times. Frequently, ISPs use the email address format for user names, such as [email protected]. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Firebox Interfaces 5 Click Advanced Properties to configure PPPoE parameters. The PPPoE parameters dialog box appears. Your ISP can tell you if it is necessary to change the timeout or LCP values. 6 Use the radio buttons to select when the Firebox connects with the PPPoE server. - Always On — The Firebox keeps a constant PPPoE connection. It is not necessary that network traffic go through the external interface. - Dial-on-Demand — The Firebox connects to the PPPoE server only when it gets a request to send traffic to an IP address on the external interface. If your ISP regularly resets the connection, select Dial-on-Demand. If you do not select Dial-on-Demand, you must manually restart the Firebox each time the connection resets. If you selected Always On, in the PPPoE Initialization Retry Interval field, use the arrows to set the number of seconds that PPPoE tries to initialize before it times out. If you selected Dial-on-Demand, in the Idle Timeout in field, set the length of time the user can stay connected when idle (not passing any traffic to the external network). 7 In the LCP echo failure in field, use the arrows to set the number of failed LCP echo requests allowed before the PPPoE connection is considered inactive and closed. 8 In the LCP echo timeout in field, use the arrows to set the length of time, in seconds, that the response to each echo timeout must be received. 9 In the Service Name field, type a PPPoE service name. This is either an ISP name or a class of service that is configured on the PPPoE server. Usually, this option is not used. Use this field only if there is more than one access concentrator or you know that you must use a specified service name. 10 In the Access Concentrator Name field, enter the name of a PPPoE access concentrator, also known as a PPPoE server. Usually, this option is not used. Use it only if you know there is more than one access concentrator. Using DHCP 1 User Guide From the Interface Settings dialog box, select Use DHCP Client. 99 Adding Secondary Networks 2 If your DHCP server makes you use an optional identifier in your DHCP exchange, type this identifier in the Host Name text box. 3 Under Host IP, select the Obtain an IP automatically radio button if you want DHCP to assign an IP address to the Firebox. If you want to manually assign an IP address and use DHCP just to give this assigned address to the Firebox, select the Use IP address radio button and enter the IP address in the adjacent field. 4 IP addresses assigned by a DHCP server have a one-day lease, which means the address is valid for one day. If you want to change the leasing time, select the Leasing Time check box and select the value in the field adjacent to the check box. Adding Secondary Networks A secondary network is a network that shares one of the same physical networks as one of the Firebox® interfaces. When you add a secondary network, you make (or add) an IP alias to the interface. This IP alias is the default gateway for all the computers on the secondary network. The secondary network tells the Firebox that there is one more network on the Firebox interface. If your Firebox is configured with a static IP address, you can add an IP address on the same subnet as your primary external interface as a secondary network. You can then configure static NAT for more than one of the same type of server. For example, configure an external secondary network with a second public IP address if you have two public SMTP servers and you want to configure a static NAT rule for each. To use Policy Manager to configure a secondary network: 1 Select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 2 Select the interface for the secondary network and click Configure. The Interface Settings dialog box appears. 100 WatchGuard System Manager Adding WINS and DNS Server Addresses 3 Click Secondary Addresses and Networks. The Secondary Networks dialog box appears. 4 Click Add. Type an unassigned IP address from the secondary network. When you type IP addresses, type all the numbers and the stops. Do not use the TAB or arrow key. 5 Click OK. Click OK again. Note Be careful to add secondary network addresses correctly. Policy Manager does not tell you if the address is correct. We recommend that you do not create a subnet as a secondary network on one interface that is a component of a larger network on a different interface. If you do this, spoofing can occur and the network cannot operate correctly. Adding WINS and DNS Server Addresses A number of the features of the Firebox® must have shared Windows Internet Name Server (WINS) and Domain Name System (DNS) server IP addresses. These features include DHCP and Remote User VPN (RUVPN). Access to these servers must be available from the trusted interface of the Firebox. This information is used for two purposes: • The Firebox uses the DNS server shown here to resolve names to IP addresses for IPSec VPNs and for the spamBlocker, GAV, and IPS features to operate correctly. • The WINS and DNS entries are used by DHCP clients on the trusted or optional networks, MUVPN users, and PPTP RUVPN users to resolve DNS queries. User Guide 101 Configuring Dynamic DNS Make sure that you use only an internal WINS and DNS server for DHCP and RUVPN. This helps to make sure that you do not create policies that have configuration properties that prevent users from connecting to the DNS server. 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. Click the WINS/DNS tab. The information on the WINS/DNS tab appears. 2 Type the primary and secondary addresses for the WINS and DNS servers. You can also type a domain suffix in the Domain Name text box for a DHCP client to use with unqualified names such as “kunstler_mail”. Configuring Dynamic DNS You can register the external IP address of the Firebox® with a dynamic Domain Name Server (DNS) service. A dynamic DNS service makes sure that the IP address attached to your domain name changes when your ISP gives your Firebox a new IP address. The Firebox supports one dynamic DNS provider: DynDNS. For more information on dynamic DNS, log on to the DynDNS web site: http://www.dyndns.com Note WatchGuard® is not affiliated with DynDNS. Creating a DynDNS account To set up your account, go to this web site: http://www.dyndns.com Use the instructions on the DynDNS web site to activate your account. You must do this before you configure the Firebox for dynamic DNS. Setting up the Firebox for dynamic DNS 1 2 102 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. Click the WIN/DNS tab. Make sure you have defined at least one DNS server. If you have not, use the procedure in “Adding WINS and DNS Server Addresses” on page 101 to define one. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Dynamic DNS 3 Click the Dynamic DNS tab. The information on the Dynamic DNS tab appears. 4 Select the external interface you want to configure dynamic DNS for and click Configure. The Per Interface Dynamic DNS dialog box appears. 5 6 7 To enable dynamic DNS, select the Enable Dynamic DNS check box. Type the user name, password, and domain name you used to set up your dynamic DNS account. In the Service Type drop-down list, select the system to use for this update: - dyndns sends updates for a Dynamic DNS host name. - statdns sends updates for a Static DNS host name. - custom sends updates for a Custom DNS host name. For more information on each option, see http://www.dyndns.com/services/. 8 In the Options field, you can type any of the options shown below. You must type an “&” character before and after each option you add. If you add more than one option, you must separate the options with the “&” character. For example: &backmx=NO&wildcard=ON& mx=mailexchanger backmx=YES|NO wildcard=ON|OFF|NOCHG offline=YES|NO For more information on options, see: http://www.dyndns.com/developers/specs/syntax.html 9 Use the arrows to set a time interval, in days, to force an update of the IP address. User Guide 103 Configuring Routes Configuring Routes A route is the sequence of devices through which network traffic must go to get from its source to its destination. A router is the device in a route that finds the subsequent network point through which to send the network traffic to its destination. Each router is connected to a minimum of two networks. A packet can go through a number of network points with routers before it gets to its destination. The Firebox® lets you create static routes to send traffic from its interfaces to a router. The router can then send the traffic to the correct destination from the specified route. If you do not add a route to a remote network, all traffic to that network is sent to the Firebox default gateway. The WatchGuard® Users Forum is a good source of data about network routes and routers. Use your LiveSecurity service to find more information. Adding a network route Add a network route if you have a full network behind a router on your local network. Type the network IP address, with slash notation. 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Routes. The Setup Routes dialog box appears. 2 Click Add. The Add Route dialog box appears. 3 4 Select Network IP from the drop-down list. In the Route To text box, type the network address. Use slash notation. For example, type 10.10.1.0/24. A /24 network always has a zero for the last octet. 5 In the Gateway text box, type the IP address of the router. Make sure that you enter an IP address that is on one of the same networks as the Firebox. 6 Click OK to close the Add Route dialog box. The Setup Routes dialog box shows the configured network route. 7 Click OK again to close the Setup Routes dialog box. Adding a host route Add a host route if there is only one host behind the router or you want traffic to go to only one host. Type the IP address of that specified host, with no slash notation. 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Routes. The Setup Routes dialog box appears. 2 Click Add. The Add Route dialog box appears. 3 4 104 Select Host IP from the drop-down list. In the Route To text box, type the host IP address. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Advanced Settings for an Interface 5 In the Gateway text box, type the IP address of the router. Make sure that you enter an IP address that is on one of the same networks as the Firebox. 6 Click OK to close the Add Route dialog box. The Setup Routes dialog box shows the configured host route. 7 Click OK again to close the Setup Routes dialog box. Configuring Advanced Settings for an Interface Setting Firebox Interface Speed and Duplex You can configure the speed and duplex parameters for Firebox® interfaces to automatic or manual configuration. We recommend you keep the link speed configured for automatic negotiation. If you use the manual configuration option, you must make sure the device the Firebox connects to is also manually set to the same speed and duplex parameters as the Firebox. Use the manual configuration option only when you must override the automatic Firebox interface parameters to operate with other devices on your network. 1 Select Network > Configuration. Click the interface you want to configure, and then click Configure. 2 Click Advanced Settings. The Advanced Settings dialog box appears. 3 User Guide From the Link Speed drop-down list, select Auto Negotiate if you want the Firebox to select the best network speed. You can also select one of the half-duplex or full-duplex speeds that you know is compatible with your equipment. 105 Using a Firebox with a Drop-in Configuration 4 From the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) value control, select the maximum packet size, in bytes, that can be sent through the interface. We recommend that you use the default, 1500 bytes, unless your network equipment requires a different packet size. Setting maximum bandwidth and marking type You can set traffic management and QoS parameters on a per-interface basis. For more information, see the “Traffic Management and Quality or Service” chapter. Setting DF bit for IPSec (external interfaces only) When you configure the external interface, select one of the following radio buttons to determine the setting of the Don’t Fragment (DF) bit for IPSec: Clear Select to tell the Firebox to break the frame into pieces that can fit in an IPSec packet with the ESP or AH header, regardless of the original bit setting. Set Select to prevent the Firebox from fragmenting the frame regardless of the original bit setting. If a user must make IPSec connections to a Firebox from behind a different Firebox, you must clear this check box to enable the IPSec pass-through feature. For example, if mobile employees are at a customer location that has a Firebox, they can make IPSec connections to their network using IPSec. For the local Firebox to correctly allow the outgoing IPSec connection, you must also add an IPSec policy to Policy Manager. Copy The Type of Service (TOS) bits are a set of four-bit flags in the IP header that can tell routing devices to give an IP datagram more or less priority than other datagrams. Fireware® gives you the option to allow IPSec tunnels to pass T0S flagged packets. Some ISPs drop all packets that have TOS flags set. When the Copy check box is selected, if the original packet has TOS bits set, then Fireware keeps the TOS bits set when it encapsulates the packet in an IPSec header. If the original packet does not have the TOS bits set, Fireware does not set the TOS bits when it encapsulates the packet in an IPSec header. If you do not select the Copy check box, all IPSec packets have no TOS bits set. If the TOS bits were set before, when Fireware encapsulates the packet in an IPSec header, the TOS bits are cleared. Using a Firebox with a Drop-in Configuration In a drop-in configuration, the Firebox is configured with the same IP address on all interfaces. The dropin configuration mode distributes the network’s logical address range across the Firebox interfaces. You can put the Firebox between the router and the LAN and not have to change the configuration of any local computers. This configuration is known as drop-in because the Firebox is “dropped in” to a network. In drop-in mode: • You must assign the same primary IP address to all interfaces on your Firebox (external, trusted, and optional). 106 WatchGuard System Manager Using a Firebox with a Drop-in Configuration • You can assign secondary networks on any interface. • You can keep the same IP addresses and default gateways for hosts on your trusted and optional networks, and add a secondary network address to the Firebox interface so the Firebox can correctly send traffic to the hosts on these networks. The public servers behind the Firebox can continue to use public IP addresses. The Firebox does not use network address translation to route traffic from outside your network to your public servers. The properties of a drop-in configuration are: • You must have a static external IP address to assign to the Firebox. • You use one logical network for all interfaces. • You cannot configure more than one external interface when your Firebox is configured in dropin mode. Multi-WAN functionality is automatically disabled. It is sometimes necessary to flush the ARP cache of each computer on the trusted network, but this is not common. Note If you move an IP address from a computer located behind one Firebox interface to a computer located behind a different Firebox interface, it can take several minutes for traffic between that IP address and the Firebox itself to start to flow. The Firebox must update its internal routing table before traffic can pass. This affects only Firebox traffic such as logging, SNMP, and Firebox management connections. Configuring related hosts In a drop-in configuration, the Firebox® is configured with the same IP address on each interface. The drop-in configuration mode distributes the network’s address range across the Firebox interfaces. Related hosts are sometimes required when you have configured your Firebox in drop-in mode and automatic host mapping is not functioning correctly. This sometimes happens because of interference with the Firebox trying to discover devices on an interface. When this occurs, turn off automatic host mapping and add related host entries for computers that share a network address with the Firebox. This creates a static routing relationship between the related host IP address and the interface designated for that IP address. When there are problems with dynamic/automatic host mapping, you must use related host entries. 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. User Guide 107 Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) 2 Click Properties. 3 Disable automatic host mapping on any interface on which automatic host mapping is not operating correctly. 4 Click Add. Type the IP address of the computer for which you want to build a static route from the Firebox. 5 6 Click on the Interface Name column to select the interface the related host is connected to. The Drop-In Mode Properties dialog box appears. After you have added all related host entries, click OK. Save the configuration to the Firebox. Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) An 802.1Q VLAN (virtual local area network) is a collection of computers on a LAN or LANs that are grouped together in a single broadcast domain independent of their physical location. This allows the grouping of devices according to traffic patterns instead of physical proximity. Members of a VLAN can share resources as if they were connected to the same LAN. You can also use VLANs to split a switch into multiple segments. For example, suppose your company has full-time employees and contract workers on the same LAN. You want to restrict the contract employees to a subset of the resources used by the full-time employees. You also want to use a more restrictive security policy for the contract workers. In this case, you split the interface into two VLANs. Because VLANs use bridges and switches, broadcasts are more efficient because they go to only people in the VLAN, not everyone on the wire. Consequently, traffic across your routers is reduced, which means a coincidental reduction in router latency. VLANs allow you to segment your network with a logical, hierarchical structure or grouping instead of a physical one. Logical grouping helps free IT staff from the restrictions of their existing network design and cabling infrastructure. VLANs make designing, implementing, and managing your network easier. 108 WatchGuard System Manager Defining a New VLAN Because VLANs are software based, you can quickly and easily adapt your network to additions, relocations, and reorganizations. VLANs improve network performance by enabling you to more effectively segment your network. Effective segmentation means that traffic through your network’s routers is reduced. When you create VLANs, you can use bridges and switches instead of routers and hubs. Bridges and switches pass traffic more quickly than routers; you need to send traffic across a router only when you send data from one VLAN to another VLAN. VLANs have the following limitations: • You must have Fireware Pro installed on your Firebox. • VLANs are supported from trusted and optional interfaces only. The external interface does not allow VLAN configuration. • WatchGuard’s VLAN implementation does not support the spanning tree link management protocol. • If your Firebox is configured with a drop-in configuration, you cannot use VLANs. • One Firebox physical interface can be an untagged VLAN member of only one VLAN. For example, if eth0 is an untagged member of a VLAN named VLAN-1, it cannot be an untagged member of a different VLAN at the same time. • A Firebox interface can send untagged data to only one VLAN. • A Firebox interface can receive untagged data frames for only one VLAN. • Your Firebox model and license controls the number of VLANs you can add to the Firebox. To see the number of VLANs you can add to your Firebox, use Policy Manager to select Setup > Licensed Features. Click the Active Features button and find the row labeled VLAN. All network segments you want to add to a VLAN must have IP addresses on the VLAN network. Note If you define VLANs, you can ignore messages with the text “802.1d unknown version”. These occur because the WatchGuard VLAN implementation does not support spanning tree link management protocol. Tagging To enable VLANs, VLAN-capable switches must be deployed in each site. The switch interfaces insert tags at layer 2 of the data frame. These tags, which add an extra four bytes to the Ethernet header, identify the frame as belonging to a specific VLAN. Tagging is specified by the IEEE 802.1Q standard. The VLAN definition includes disposition of tagged and untagged data frames. You must specify whether the VLAN receives tagged, untagged, or no data from each interface enabled on the Firebox. The Firebox can insert tags for packets that are sent to a VLAN-capable switch. The Firebox can also remove tags from packets that are sent to a network segment that belongs to a VLAN which has no switch. Defining a New VLAN 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 2 User Guide Click the VLAN tab. A table of existing user-defined VLANs and their settings appears: - You can click on a column header to sort the table based on the values in that column. 109 Defining a New VLAN - The table can be sorted in descending or ascending order. - The values in the Interface column show the physical interfaces that are members of this VLAN. - The interface number shown in bold is the interface that sends untagged data to that VLAN. 110 WatchGuard System Manager Defining a New VLAN 3 Click Add. The New VLAN Configuration dialog box appears. 4 5 6 In the Name (Alias) field, type a name for the VLAN you want to add. 7 In the Security Zone field, select either Trusted or Optional. Security zones correspond to aliases for interface security zones. For example, VLANs of type “trusted” are handled by policies that use the alias "any-trusted" as a source or destination. VLANs can be defined as trusted or optional. 8 Enter the address of the VLAN gateway in the IP Address field. In the Description field, type a description of the VLAN. This is optional and for your reference only. Use the arrows in the VLAN ID field, or type a number into the field, to assign an integer value to the VLAN. Using DHCP You can configure the Firebox as a DHCP server for the computers on your VLAN network. 1 Select the Use DHCP Server radio button to configure the Firebox as the DHCP server for your VLAN network. 2 To add an IP address range, click Add and type the first and last IP addresses assigned for distribution. Click OK. You can configure a maximum of six address ranges. 3 User Guide To reserve a specific IP address for a client, click Add next to the Reserved Addresses box. Enter a name for the reservation, the IP address you want to reserve, and the MAC address of the client’s network card. Click OK. 111 Specifying VLANs for an Interface 4 Use the arrow buttons next to Leasing Time to change the default lease time. This is the time interval that a DHCP client can use an IP address that it receives from the DHCP server. When the time is near its limit, the client sends data to the DHCP server to get a new lease. Using DHCP relay The DHCP relay feature relays a request from a remote client to a DHCP server for an IP address. 1 2 Select the Use DHCP Relay radio button. Type the IP address of the DHCP server. Make sure to add a route to the DHCP server, if necessary. Specifying VLANs for an Interface When you create a new VLAN, you specify the type of data it receives from Firebox interfaces. However, you can also make an interface a member of a VLAN that is currently defined. You can also cancel an interface’s VLAN membership. 1 From the Interfaces tab, click an interface and click Configure. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 2 Next to Interface Type, select VLAN. A table that shows all current VLANS appears. 3 112 You must specify what type of data VLANs receive from this interface. To define the VLANs that send and receive tagged data, select the Send and receive tagged traffic for selected VLANs radio WatchGuard System Manager Specifying VLANs for an Interface 4 5 User Guide button. Select the Member box of each VLAN to receive tagged data from this interface. To cancel membership, clear the Member box. To make the interface receive untagged data, select the Make this interface an untagged switch port radio button. Select the Member box of computers connected to this interface to the selected LAN. To cancel membership, clear the Member box. Click OK. 113 Specifying VLANs for an Interface 114 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 9 Network Setup with Multiple External Interfaces Fireware® appliance software gives you the option to configure multiple external interfaces (up to four), each on a different subnet. This allows you to connect the Firebox® to more than one Internet Service Provider (ISP). As soon as you configure a second external interface, multiple WAN support is automatically enabled with multi-WAN configured to use the Routing Table method by default. Multi-WAN Requirements and Conditions When you use multi-WAN, you must remember: • If you have a policy configured with an individual external interface alias in its configuration, you must change the configuration to use the alias “Any-External” or another alias you configure for your external interfaces. If you do not do this, some traffic could be denied by your firewall policies. • Multi-WAN settings do not apply to incoming traffic. When you configure a policy for inbound traffic, you can ignore all multi-WAN settings. • You can override the multi-WAN configuration in any individual policy. On the Policy tab of a policy, select the Use policy-based routing check box and specify the external interface you want the Firebox to use. For more information on policy-based routing, see “About policy-based routing” on page 177. • Map your company’s Fully Qualified Domain Name to the external interface IP address of the lowest order. If you add a multi-WAN Firebox to your Management Server configuration, you must add the Firebox using its lowest-ordered external interface to identify it. • You cannot use drop-in mode. • To use the Interface Overflow method, you must have a Fireware Pro license and Fireware Pro installed on your Firebox. You must also have a Fireware Pro license if you use the Round-robin method and configure different weights for your external interfaces. Multi-WAN and DNS Make sure the DNS server can be reached through every WAN. Otherwise, you must modify your DNS policy such that: • The From list includes “Firebox”. User Guide 115 MultiWAN Options • Select Use policy-based routing. If only one WAN can reach the DNS server, select that interface in the adjacent drop-down list. If more than one WAN can reach the DNS server, select any one of them, select Failover, select Configure, and select all the interfaces that can reach the DNS server. The order does not matter. MultiWAN Options When you configure multiple external interfaces, you have four options to control which interface an outgoing packet uses. Some of these options require that you have Fireware Pro installed on your Firebox. About the WAN Failover method When you use the Failover method to route traffic through your external interfaces, you select one external interface to be your primary external interface. Other external interfaces are backup interfaces, and you set the order for the Firebox to use the backup interfaces. The Firebox monitors the primary external interface. If it goes down, the Firebox sends all traffic to the next external interface in its configuration. While the Firebox sends all traffic to the backup interface, it continues to monitor the primary external interface. When the primary interface is active again, the Firebox immediately starts to send all new connections through the primary external interface again. You control the action for the Firebox to take for existing connections; these connections can failback immediately, or continue to use the backup interface until the connection is complete. Multi-WAN Failover and High Availability are configured separately. Multi-WAN Failover caused by a failed connection to a link monitor host does not trigger HA failover. HA failover occurs only when the physical interface is down or does not respond. HA failover takes precedence over multi-WAN Failover. About multi-WAN in round-robin order When you configure multi-WAN with the Round-robin method, the Firebox looks at its internal routing table to check for specific static or dynamic routing information for each connection. If no specified route is found, the Firebox distributes the traffic load among your external interfaces. The Firebox uses the average of sent (TX) and received (RX) traffic to balance the traffic load across all external interfaces you specify in your round-robin configuration. If you use Fireware Pro, you can assign a weight to each interface used in your round-robin configuration. By default and for all Fireware users, each interface has a weight of 1. The weight refers to the proportion of load that the Firebox sends through an interface. If you have Fireware Pro and you assign a weight of 2 to an interface, you double the portion of traffic that will go through that interface compared to an interface with a weight of 1. For example, if you have three external interfaces with 6M, 1.5M, and .075M bandwidth and want to balance traffic across all three interfaces, you would use 8, 2, and 1 as the weights for the three interfaces. Fireware will try to distribute connections so that 8/11, 2/ 11, and 1/11 of the total traffic flows through each of the three interfaces. About multi-WAN with the routing table When you select the Routing Table option for your multi-WAN configuration, the Firebox uses the routes in its internal route table or routes it gets from dynamic routing processes to send packets 116 WatchGuard System Manager MultiWAN Options through the correct external interface. To see whether a specific route exists for a packet’s destination, the Firebox examines its route table from the top to the bottom of the list of routes. You can see the list of routes in the Firebox route table on the Status tab of Firebox System Manager. If the Firebox does not find a specified route, it selects the route to use based on source and destination IP hash values of the packet, using the ECMP (Equal Cost Multipath Protocol) algorithm specified in http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2992.txt. With ECMP, the Firebox uses an algorithm to decide which next-hop (path) to use to send each packet. This algorithm does not consider current traffic load. When to use Routing Table method You must decide whether the Routing Table method is the correct multi-WAN method for your needs. The routing table method is a good choice if: • You enable dynamic routing (RIP, OSPF, or BGP) and the routers on the external network advertise routes to the Firebox so that the Firebox can learn the best routes to external locations. • There is an external site or external network that you must get access to through a specific route on an external network. Examples include: - You have a private circuit that uses a frame relay router on the external network. - You want all traffic to an external location to always go through a specific Firebox external interface. The Routing Table method is the fastest way to load balance more than one route to the Internet. After you enable this option, the ECMP algorithm manages all connection decisions. No additional configuration necessary on the Firebox. Routing Table mode and load balancing It is important to note that the Routing Table option does not load balance connections to the Internet. The Firebox reads its internal route table from top to bottom. Static and dynamic routes that specify a destination appear at the top of the route table and take precedence over default routes. (A default route is a route with destination 0.0.0.0/0). If there is no specific dynamic or static entry in the Firebox route table for a destination, the traffic to that destination is routed among your external interfaces through the use of ECMP algorithms. This may or may not result in even distribution of packets among multiple external interfaces. About the Interface Overflow method When you use the Interface Overflow multi-WAN configuration method, you select the order you want the Firebox to send traffic through external interfaces and configure each interface with a bandwidth threshold value. The Firebox starts to send traffic through the first external interface in its Interface Overflow configuration list. When the traffic through that interface reaches the bandwidth threshold you have set for that interface, the Firebox starts to send traffic to the next external interface you have configured in your Interface Overflow configuration list. This multi-WAN configuration method allows the amount of traffic sent over each WAN interface to be restricted to a specified bandwidth limit. To determine bandwidth, the Firebox examines the amount of sent (TX) and received (RX) packets and uses the higher number. When you configure the interface bandwidth threshold for each interface, you must consider the needs of your network for this interface and set the threshold value based on these needs. For example, if your ISP is asymmetrical and you set your bandwidth threshold based on a large TX rate, interface overflow will not be triggered by a high RX rate. User Guide 117 Configuring the Multi-WAN Routing Table Option If all WAN interfaces have reached their bandwidth limit, the Firebox uses the ECMP (Equal Cost MultiPath Protocol) routing algorithm to find the best path. You must have a Fireware Pro license to use this multi-WAN routing method. Configuring the Multi-WAN Routing Table Option 1 To use the multiple WAN feature, you must have more than one external interface configured. If necessary, use the procedure described in “Configuring the external interface” on page 98. 2 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration and click the Multi-WAN tab. 3 4 From the drop-down list, select Routing table. To complete your configuration, you must add link monitor information as described in “Checking WAN Interface Status” on page 123. For information on advanced multi-WAN configuration options, see “Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings” on page 125. Looking at the Firebox route table When you select the Routing Table configuration option, it is a good idea to know how to look at the routing table kept on the Firebox. From WatchGuard System Manager, open Firebox System Manager and select the Status Report tab. Scroll down until you see Kernel IP routing table. This shows the internal route table on the Firebox. The ECMP group information appears below the routing table. Routes in the internal route table on the Firebox include: • The routes the Firebox learns from dynamic routing processes running on the Firebox (RIP, OSPF, and BGP) if you enable dynamic routing. 118 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the Multi-WAN Round-robin Option • The permanent network routes or host routes you add to Policy Manager at Network > Routes. • The routes the Firebox automatically makes when it reads the network configuration information from Policy Manager at Network > Configuration. If the Firebox detects that an external interface is down, it removes any static or dynamic routes that use that interface. This is true if the hosts specified on the Link Monitor tab become unresponsive and if the physical Ethernet link is down. Configuring the Multi-WAN Round-robin Option 1 To use the multiple WAN feature, you must have more than one external interface configured. If necessary, use the procedure described in “Configuring the external interface” on page 98. 2 3 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. 4 Adjacent to the drop-down list, click Configure. In the Include column, select the check box for each interface you want to use in the round-robin configuration. It is not necessary to include all external interfaces in your round-robin configuration. For example, you may have one interface that User Guide Select the Multi-WAN tab. From the drop-down list, select Round-robin. 119 Configuring the Multi-WAN Failover Option you want to use for policy-based routing that you do not want to include in your round-robin configuration. 5 If you use Fireware Pro appliance software on your Firebox and you want to change the weights assigned to one or more interfaces, click Configure. Use the value control to set an interface weight. The weight of an interface sets the percentage of load through the Firebox that will use that interface. When you are done, click OK. You can change the weight from its default of 1 only if you have a Fireware Pro license. Otherwise, you will see an error when you try to close the Network Configuration dialog box. 6 7 Click OK. To complete your configuration, you must add link monitor information as described in “Checking WAN Interface Status” on page 123. For information on advanced multi-WAN configuration options, see “Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings” on page 125. Configuring the Multi-WAN Failover Option 120 1 To use the multiple WAN feature, you must have more than one external interface configured. If necessary, use the procedure described in “Configuring the external interface” on page 98. 2 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the Multi-WAN Failover Option 3 Select the Multi-WAN tab. From the drop-down list, select Failover. 4 Click Configure to specify a primary external interface and select backup external interfaces for your configuration. In the Include column, select the check box for each interface you want to use in the failover configuration. Use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to set the order for failover. The first interface in the list is the primary interface. In the screenshot shown below, if you want to make External-2 the primary interface, click on the interface name and then click the Move Up button. It moves to the top of the list. 5 6 Click OK. User Guide To complete your configuration, you must add link monitor information as described in “Checking WAN Interface Status” on page 123. For information on advanced multi-WAN configuration options, see “Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings” on page 125. 121 Configuring the Multi-WAN Interface Overflow Option Configuring the Multi-WAN Interface Overflow Option 122 1 To use the multiple WAN feature, you must have more than one external interface configured. If necessary, use the procedure described in “Configuring the external interface” on page 98. 2 3 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. 4 Click Configure. In the Include column, select the check box for each interface you want to include in your configuration. In the screenshot shown below, if you want to make Interface 3 (External-2) the primary interface, click on the interface name and then click the Move Up button. It moves to the top of the list. Select the Multi-WAN tab. From the drop-down list, select Interface Overflow. WatchGuard System Manager Checking WAN Interface Status 5 To configure a bandwidth threshold for an external interface, select the interface from the list and click Configure. Use the drop-down list to select Mbps or Kbps as the unit of measurement for your bandwidth setting and type the threshold value for the interface. It is important to remember that the Firebox calculates bandwidth based on the higher value of sent or received packets. Click OK. 6 To complete your configuration, you must add information as described in “Checking WAN Interface Status” on page 123. For information on advanced multi-WAN configuration options, see “Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings” on page 125. Checking WAN Interface Status Use the Link Monitor tab to set the method and frequency you want the Firebox to use to check the status of each WAN interface. If you do not configure a specified method for the Firebox to use, it will ping the interface default gateway to check interface status. If a link monitor host does not respond, it can take from 40 seconds to 60 seconds for the Firebox to update its route table. When the same Link Monitor host starts to respond again, it can take from 1 to 60 seconds for the Firebox to update its route table. This process takes more time than when the Firebox detects a physical disconnect of the Ethernet port. When this occurs, the Firebox updates its route table immediately. When the Firebox detects the Ethernet connection is back up, it updates its route table within 20 seconds. User Guide 123 Checking WAN Interface Status To configure a link monitor host: 124 1 Highlight the interface in the External Interface column. The Settings information changes dynamically to show the settings for that interface. 2 Select the Ping check box to add an IP address or domain name for the Firebox to ping to check for interface status. You can also select the TCP check box to add the IP address or domain name of a computer that the Firebox can negotiate a TCP handshake with to check the status of the WAN interface. Select the Both ping and TCP must be successful to define the interface as active check box if you want the interface to be considered active unless both a ping and TCP handshake fail. Note that if an external interface is a peer in a High Availability configuration, a multi-WAN failover caused by a failed connection to a link monitor host does not trigger HA failover. HA failover occurs only when the physical interface is down or does not respond. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings If you add a domain name for the Firebox to ping and any one of the Firebox external interfaces has a static IP address, you must configure a DNS server, as described in “Adding WINS and DNS Server Addresses” on page 101. 3 Use the Probe Interval setting to configure the frequency you want the Firebox to use to check the status of the interface. By default, the Firebox checks every 15 seconds. 4 Use the Deactivate after setting to change the number of consecutive probe failures that must occur before failover. By default, after three probe failures, the Firebox starts to send traffic through the next specified interface in the multi-WAN failover list. 5 Use the Reactivate after setting to change the number of consecutive successful probes through an interface before an interface that was inactive becomes active again. 6 7 Repeat these steps for each external interface. Click OK. Save your changes to the Firebox. Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings Use the multi-WAN configuration Advanced tab to set your preferences for sticky connections, failback, and notification of multi-WAN events. Not all configuration options are available for all multi-WAN configuration options. If a setting does not apply to the multi-WAN configuration option you selected, those fields are not active. User Guide 125 Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings Sticky Connections A sticky connection is a connection that continues to use the same WAN interface for a defined period of time. You can configure sticky connection parameters if you use the Round-robin or Interface Overflow configuration options for multi-WAN. Stickiness makes sure that, if a packet goes out through one external interface, any future packets between the source and destination address pair use the same external interface for a specified period of time. By default, sticky connections use the same interface for three minutes. Use the Advanced tab to configure a global sticky connection duration for TCP connections, UDP connections, and connections that use other protocols. You can override the multi-WAN sticky connection settings in any individual policy. Open a policy for edit and select the Advanced tab to change the sticky connection settings for a policy. Failback Use the drop-down list in the Failback for Active Connections box to set the action you want the Firebox to take when a failover event has occurred and then the primary external interface becomes active again. When this occurs, all new connections immediately fail back to the primary external interface. You select the method you want to use for connections in process at the time of failback. Select Immediate failback if you want the Firebox to immediately stop all existing connections. Select Gradual failback if you want the Firebox to continue to use the failover interface for existing connections until each connection is complete. This failback setting also applies to any policy-based routing configuration you set to use failover external interfaces. 126 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings User Guide 127 Configuring Advanced Multi-WAN Settings 128 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 10 Network Address Translation (NAT) Network Address Translation (NAT) was first developed as a solution for organizations that could not get enough registered IP network numbers from Internet Address Registrars for their increasing population of hosts and networks. NAT is generically used to describe any of several forms of IP address and port translation. At its most basic level, NAT changes the IP address of a packet from one value to a different value. The primary purposes of NAT are to increase the number of computers that can operate off a single publicly routable IP address, and to hide the private IP addresses of hosts on your LAN. You can apply NAT as a general firewall setting, or as a setting in a policy. Note that firewall NAT settings do not apply to BOVPN or MUVPN policies. Types of NAT WatchGuard® System Manager supports three different types of NAT. Dynamic NAT Dynamic NAT is also known as IP masquerading. The Firebox® can apply its public IP address to the outgoing packets for all connections or for specified services. This hides the real IP address of the computer that is the source of the packet from the external network. Dynamic NAT is generally used to hide the IP addresses of internal hosts when they get access to public services. 1-to-1 NAT 1-to-1 NAT creates a mapping between IP addresses on one network and IP addresses on a different network. This type of NAT is often used to give external computers access to your public, internal servers. Static NAT for a policy Also known as port forwarding, you configure static NAT when you configure policies, as described in “Configuring Policy Properties” on page 175. Static NAT is a port-to-host NAT. A host sends a packet from the external network to a port on an external interface. Static NAT changes this IP address to an IP address and port behind the firewall. It is possible that, in your configuration, you use more than one type of NAT. Using Dynamic NAT User Guide 129 Types of NAT Dynamic NAT is the most frequently used type of NAT. It changes the source IP address of an outgoing connection to the public IP address of the Firebox®. Outside the Firebox, you see only the external interface IP address of the Firebox on outgoing packets. Many computers can connect to the Internet from one public IP address. Dynamic NAT gives more security for internal hosts that use the Internet, because it hides the IP addresses of hosts on your network. With dynamic NAT, all connections must start from behind the Firebox. Malicious hosts cannot start connections to the computers behind the Firebox when the Firebox is configured for dynamic NAT. In most networks, the recommended security policy is to apply NAT to all outgoing packets. With Fireware®, dynamic NAT is enabled by default in the Network > NAT dialog box. It is also enabled by default in each policy you create. You can override the firewall setting for dynamic NAT in your individual policies. Adding firewall dynamic NAT entries The default configuration of dynamic NAT enables dynamic NAT from all private IP addresses to the external network. The default entries are: • 192.168.0.0/16 - Any-External • 172.16.0.0/12 - Any-External • 10.0.0.0/8 - Any-External These three network addresses are the private networks reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and usually are used for the IP addresses on LANs. To enable dynamic NAT for private IP addresses other than these, you must add an entry for them. The Firebox applies the dynamic NAT rules in the sequence that they appear in the Dynamic NAT Entries list. We recommend that you put the rules in a sequence that matches the volume of traffic the rules apply to. 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > NAT. The NAT Setup dialog box appears. 130 WatchGuard System Manager Using 1-to-1 NAT 2 On the Dynamic NAT tab of the NAT Setup dialog box, click Add. The Add Dynamic NAT dialog box appears. 3 Use the From drop-down list to select the source of the outgoing packets. For example, use the trusted host alias to enable NAT from all of the trusted network. For more information on builtin Firebox aliases, see “Working with Aliases” on page 69. 4 5 Use the To drop-down list to select the destination of the outgoing packets. To add a host or a network IP address, click the Add Address button shown at the right. Use the drop-down list to select the address type. Type the IP address or the range. You must type a network address in slash notation. When you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the periods. Do not use the TAB or arrow key. 6 Click OK. The new entry appears in the Dynamic NAT Entries list. Reordering dynamic NAT entries To change the sequence of the dynamic NAT entries, select the entry to change. Then click Up or Down. You cannot change a dynamic NAT entry. If a change is necessary, you must delete the entry with Remove. Use Add to enter it again. Using 1-to-1 NAT When you enable 1-to-1 NAT, the Firebox® changes and routes all incoming and outgoing packets sent from one range of addresses to a different range of addresses. A 1-to-1 NAT rule always has precedence over dynamic NAT. 1-to-1 NAT is frequently used when you have a group of internal servers with private IP addresses that must be made public. You can use 1-to-1 NAT to map public IP addresses to the internal servers. You do not have to change the IP address of your internal servers. When you have a group of similar servers (for example, a group of email servers), 1-to-1 NAT is easier to configure than static NAT for the same group of servers. To understand how to configure 1-to-1 NAT, we give this example: Company ABC has a group of five privately addressed email servers behind the trusted interface of their Firebox X Peak. These addresses are: 10.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.1.1.3 10.1.1.4 10.1.1.5 User Guide 131 Using 1-to-1 NAT Company ABC selects five public IP addresses from the same network address as the external interface of their Firebox, and creates DNS records for the email servers to resolve to. These addresses are: 50.1.1.1 50.1.1.2 50.1.1.3 50.1.1.4 50.1.1.5 Company ABC configures a 1-to-1 NAT rule for their email servers. The 1-to-1 NAT rule builds a static, bidirectional relationship between the corresponding pairs of IP addresses. The relationship looks like this: 10.1.1.1 <--> 50.1.1.1 10.1.1.2 <--> 50.1.1.2 10.1.1.3 <--> 50.1.1.3 10.1.1.4 <--> 50.1.1.4 10.1.1.5 <--> 50.1.1.5 When the 1-to-1 NAT rule is applied, the Firebox creates the bi-directional routing and NAT relationship between the pool of private IP addresses and the pool of public addresses. Defining a 1-to-1 NAT rule In each 1-to-1 NAT rule, you can configure a host, a range of hosts, or a subnet. You must also configure: Interface The name of the Firebox® Ethernet interface on which 1-to-1 NAT is applied. The Firebox will apply 1-to-1 NAT for packets sent in to, and out of, the interface. In our example above, the rule is applied to the external interface. NAT base When you configure a 1-to1 NAT rule, you configure the rule with a “from” and a “to” range of IP addresses. The NAT base is the first available IP address in the “to” range of addresses. The NAT base IP address is the address that the real base IP address changes to when the 1-to-1 NAT is applied. In our example above, the NAT base is 50.1.1.1. Real base When you configure a 1-to-1 NAT rule, you configure the rule with a “from” and a “to” range of IP addresses. The Real base is the first available IP address in the “from” range of addresses. It is the IP address assigned to the physical Ethernet interface of the computer to which you will apply the 1-to-1 NAT policy. When packets from a computer with a real base address go through the interface specified, the 1-to-1 action is applied. In our example above, the Real base is 10.1.1.1. Number of hosts to NAT (for ranges only) The number of IP addresses in a range to which the 1-to-1 NAT rule applies. The first real base IP address is translated to the first NAT Base IP address when 1-to-1 NAT is applied. The second real base IP address in the range is translated to the second NAT base IP address when 1-to-1 NAT is applied. This is repeated until the “Number of hosts to NAT” is reached. In our example above, the number of hosts to apply NAT to is five. 132 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Policy-Based Dynamic or 1-to-1 NAT You can also use 1-to-1 NAT to solve the problem when you must create a VPN tunnel between two networks that use the same private network address. When you create a VPN tunnel, the networks at each end of the VPN tunnel must have different network address ranges. If the network range on the remote network is the same as on the local network, you can configure both gateways to use 1-to-1 NAT. Then, you can create the VPN tunnel and not change the IP addresses of one side of the tunnel. 1-to-1 NAT for a VPN tunnel is configured when you configure the VPN tunnel and not in the Network > NAT dialog box. Configuring firewall 1-to-1 NAT 1 2 From Policy Manager, click Network > NAT. Click the 1-to-1 NAT tab. Click Add. The 1-1 Mapping dialog box appears. 3 In the Map Type drop-down list, select Single IP, IP range, or IP subnet if you want to map to one host, a range of hosts, or a subnet. If you select IP range or IP subnet, do not include more than 256 IP addresses in that range or subnet. If you have more than 256 IP addresses you want to apply 1-to1 NAT to, you must create more than one rule. 4 5 6 In the NAT base text box, type the address you want your real base IP address to be changed to. Complete all the information. Click OK. Repeat steps 2 – 4 for each 1-to-1 NAT entry. When you are done, click OK to close the NAT Setup dialog box. Save the changes to the Firebox. After you configure a global 1-to-1 NAT rule, you must configure the NAT base IP addresses in the appropriate policies. In the example given above, we must configure our SMTP policy to allow SMTP traffic from Any to 50.1.1.1-50.1.1.5. Note To connect to a computer located on a different Firebox interface that uses 1-to-1 NAT, you must use that computer’s private (NAT base) IP address. If this is a problem, you can disable 1-to-1 NAT and use static NAT. Configuring Policy-Based Dynamic or 1-to-1 NAT Both dynamic and 1-to-1 NAT can be applied to individual policies. If traffic matches both 1-to-1 NAT and dynamic NAT policies, the 1-to-1 NAT gets precedence. User Guide 133 Configuring Policy-Based Dynamic or 1-to-1 NAT Configuring policy-based 1-to-1 NAT With this type of NAT, the Firebox uses the private and public IP ranges that you set when you configured global 1-to-1 NAT, but the rules are applied to an individual policy. 1-to-1 NAT is enabled in the default configuration of each policy. If traffic matches both 1-to-1 NAT and dynamic NAT policies, the 1to-1 NAT gets precedence. Disabling policy-based 1-to-1 NAT 1 2 3 4 5 From Policy Manager, right-click a policy and select Modify Policy. The Edit Policy Properties window appears. Click the Advanced tab. Clear the 1-to-1 NAT check box to turn NAT off for the traffic this policy controls. Click OK. Save the change to the Firebox. Configuring policy-based dynamic NAT With this type of NAT, the Firebox maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses. Dynamic NAT is enabled in the default configuration of each policy. For policy-based dynamic NAT to work correctly, use the Policy tab of the Edit Policy Properties dialog box to make sure the policy is configured to allow traffic out through only one Firebox interface. 1-to-1 NAT rules have higher precedence than dynamic NAT rules. 1 From Policy Manager, right-click a policy and select Modify Policy. The Edit Policy Properties window appears. 2 134 Click the Advanced tab. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Static NAT 3 Select Use Network NAT Settings if you want to use the dynamic NAT rules set for the Firebox. Select All traffic in this policy if you want to apply NAT to all traffic in this policy. 4 If you selected All traffic in this policy, you can set a dynamic NAT source IP address for any policy that uses dynamic NAT. Select the Set source IP check box to do this. This makes sure that any traffic that uses this policy shows a specified address from your public or external IP address range as the source. You would most often do this to force outgoing SMTP traffic to show your domain’s MX record address when the IP address on the Firebox’s external interface is not the same as your MX record IP address. This source address must be on the same subnet as the interface you specified for outgoing traffic. If you do not select the Set source IP check box, the Firebox changes each packet’s source IP address to the IP address of the interface from which the packet is sent out. We recommend that you do not use the Set source IP option if you have more than one external interface configured on your Firebox. 5 Click OK. Save the changes to the Firebox. Disabling policy-based dynamic NAT 1 From Policy Manager, right-click a policy and select Modify Policy. The Edit Policy Properties window appears. 2 3 4 Click the Advanced tab. Clear the check box in front of Dynamic NAT to turn NAT off for the traffic this policy controls. Click OK. Save the change to the Firebox. Configuring Static NAT Static NAT, also known as port forwarding, is a port-to-host NAT. A host sends a packet from the external network to a port on an external interface. Static NAT changes this IP address to an IP address and port behind the firewall. If a software application uses more than one port and the ports are selected dynamically, you must use 1-to-1 NAT or check whether there is a proxy on the Firebox® to manage this kind of traffic. When you use static NAT, you use an external IP address of your Firebox instead of the IP address of a public server. You could do this because you choose to, or because your public server does not have a public IP address. For example, you can put your SMTP email server behind the Firebox with a private IP address and configure static NAT in your SMTP policy. The Firebox receives connections on port 25 and makes sure that any SMTP traffic is sent to the real SMTP server behind the Firebox. Because of how static NAT works, it is available only for policies that use a specified TCP or UDP port. A policy that has another protocol cannot use incoming static NAT. If you have a policy that uses a protocol other than TCP or UDP, the NAT button in the Properties dialog box of that policy is disabled. You also cannot use static NAT with the Any policy. 1 2 Double-click a policy icon in the Policy Manager window. 3 Below the To list, click Add. From the Connections are drop-down list, select Allowed. To use static NAT, the policy must let incoming traffic through. The Add Address dialog box appears. User Guide 135 Configuring Static NAT 4 Click Add NAT. The Add Static NAT dialog box appears. 5 6 From the External IP Address drop-down list, select the public IP address to use for this service. 7 If necessary, select the Set internal port to a different port than this policy check box. This enables port address translation (PAT). You usually do not use this feature. It enables you to change the packet destination not only to a specified internal host but also to a different port. If you select this check box, type the different port number or use the arrow buttons in the Internal Port box. 8 Click OK to close the Add Static NAT dialog box. Type the internal IP address. The internal IP address is the destination on the trusted or optional network. The static NAT route appears in the Members and Addresses list. 9 136 Click OK to close the Add Address dialog box. Click OK to close the Properties dialog box of the service. WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 11 Authentication User authentication allows a user name to be associated with an IP address to help you monitor connections through the Firebox. When you use user authentication, a Firebox administrator can see user names and IP addresses when he or she monitors connections through the Firebox. Without authentication, you see only the IP address of each connection. With authentication, users can log in to the network from any computer, but see only the information for which they are authorized. All the connections that start from that IP address also transmit the session name while the user is authenticated. The Firebox allows you to create policies that include group and user names. As a result, the policy is applied to any computer a person uses to log in. You monitor by user name: • If you use Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP can cause the IP address of a computer to change. • If many different users can use the same IP address in a day, such as in a university or computer lab environment. In these cases, authentication gives you more information about the user actions. How User Authentication Works An HTTPS server operates on the Firebox® to accept authentication requests. To authenticate, a user must connect to the authentication web page on the Firebox. The address is: https://IP address of a Firebox interface:4100/ or https://Host name of the Firebox:4100 An authentication web form appears. The user must type his or her user name and password, and select the authentication server from the drop-down list if more than one type of authentication is configured. The Firebox sends the name and password to the authentication server using PAP (Password Authentication Protocol). When the user is authenticated, the user is then allowed to use the approved network resources. User Guide 137 How User Authentication Works Note Because Fireware uses a self-signed certificate, you see a security warning from your web browser when you authenticate. You can safely ignore this security warning. About authentication timeout values Users are authenticated for some time after they close their last authenticated connection. This timeout is set by the Firebox administrator in Policy Manager > Setup > Global Settings (as described in “Defining global authentication settings” on page 73) or in the Setup Firebox User dialog box (as described in “Defining a new user for Firebox authentication” on page 142). The global setting is used if the value is not defined in the Setup Firebox User dialog box. To close an authenticated session before the timeout occurs, a user can click Logout on the Authentication web page. If the page is closed, the user must open it again to disconnect. To prevent a user from authenticating, the administrator must disable that user’s account on the authentication server. Authentication timeout values do not apply to PPTP users. If a user is authenticated by a RADIUS or SecurID server If you configure “Idle-Timeout” and “Session-Timeout” on the RADIUS or SecurId server for the user, those values take precedence over the timeouts set in Policy Manager > Setup > Global Settings. If a user is authenticated by an LDAP or Active Directory server If you configure “Idle Time Attribute String” and “Lease Time Attribute String” as described in “Using LDAP optional settings” on page 149 or “Using Active Directory optional settings” on page 153 (and the corresponding attributes are set on the actual LDAP or Active Directory server side), those values take precedence over the timeouts set in Policy Manager > Setup > Global Settings. Using authentication from the external network One function of the authentication tool is to authenticate outgoing traffic. You can also use it to restrict incoming network traffic. When you have an account on the Firebox, you can always authenticate to the Firebox from a computer external to the Firebox. For example, you can type this address in your browser at home: https://IP address of Firebox external interface:4100/ After you authenticate, you can use the policies that are configured for you on the Firebox. Use this procedure to let a remote user authenticate from the external network. This lets the person use resources through the Firebox. 1 From Policy Manager, double-click the WatchGuard Authentication policy icon. This policy appears after you add a user or group to a policy configuration. You see a warning to be careful when you edit an automatically configured policy. 2 3 138 From the WG-Auth connections are drop-down list, select Allowed. Below the From box, click Add. Select Any from the list and click Add. Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Authentication Server Types 4 Below the To box, click Add. Select Firebox from the list and click Add. Click OK. Using authentication through a gateway Firebox to another Firebox To send an authentication request through a gateway Firebox to a different Firebox, it can be necessary to add a policy that allows the authentication traffic on the gateway Firebox. If authentication traffic is denied on the gateway Firebox, use Policy Manager to add the WatchGuard Authentication policy. This policy controls traffic on TCP port 4100. Configure the policy to allow traffic to the IP address of the destination Firebox. Authentication Server Types With Fireware®, there are five authentication methods: • Firebox • RADIUS • SecurID • Generic LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) • Active Directory You can configure one or more authentication server types for a Firebox. If you use more than one type of authentication server, the user must select the authentication server type from a drop-down list when they authenticate. For the Firebox administrator, the difference is that the user database can be on the Firebox or on a dedicated authentication server. When you use an authentication server, you configure it with the instructions from its manufacturer. You install the server with access to the Firebox and put it behind the Firebox for security. User Guide 139 Configuring the Firebox as an Authentication Server Using a backup authentication server You can configure a primary and backup authentication server with all types of third-party authentication. If the Firebox cannot connect to the primary authentication server after three attempts, the primary server is marked as dead and an alarm message is generated. The Firebox then connects to the backup authentication server. If the Firebox cannot connect to the backup authentication server, it waits ten minutes, and then tries to connect to the primary authentication server again. The dead server is marked as active after the dead time interval is reached. Configuring the Firebox as an Authentication Server If you do not use a third-party authentication server, you can use the Firebox® as an authentication server. This procedure divides your company into groups and users for authentication. The group to which you assign a person is controlled by the tasks they do and information they use. For example, you can have an accounting group, a marketing group, and a research and development group. You can also have a new employee group, with controlled access to the Internet. In a group, you set the authentication procedure for the users, the system type, and the information to which they have access. A user can be a network or a computer. If your company changes, you can add or remove users or systems from your groups. The Firebox authentication server is enabled by default. You do not need to do anything to enable it. Authentication types You can configure the Firebox to authenticate users for three different types of authentication: • Firewall authentication • PPTP connections • MUVPN connections When the authentication is successful, the Firebox makes a mapping between these items: • User name • Firebox User group (or groups) of which the user is a member • IP address on the user’s computer when the user authenticates • Virtual IP address on the user’s computer if the user is connected with RUVPN Firewall authentication When a user authenticates to the Firebox, the user credentials and IP address of the user’s computer are both used to find whether a policy applies to the traffic starting from or going to that user’s computer. To create a Firebox user account, see “Defining a new user for Firebox authentication” on page 142. After you create the user account, you can make a Firebox User group and put the user in that group. Next, create a policy that allows traffic only to or from a list of Firebox user names or a list of Firebox groups. This policy is applied only if a packet comes from or goes to the authenticated user’s IP address. 140 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the Firebox as an Authentication Server A user authenticates with an HTTPS connection to the Firebox over port 4100 by typing: https://IP address of a Firebox interface:4100/ If the user name and password are valid, the user is authenticated. PPTP connections To configure the Firebox to host PPTP VPN sessions, select VPN > Remote Users and click the PPTP tab. If you do not select the check box Use RADIUS Authentication to authenticate remote users, then the Firebox authenticates the PPTP session. The Firebox checks to see whether the user name and password the user enters into the VPN connection box matches the user name and password in the Firebox User database. If the credentials supplied by the user match an account in the Firebox User database, the user is authenticated for a PPTP session. Next, create a policy that allows traffic only from or to a list of Firebox user names, or a list of Firebox groups. The Firebox does not look at this policy unless traffic comes from or goes to the authenticated user’s virtual IP address. The user makes the PPTP connection that uses the PPTP feature included in their computer operating system. Because the Firebox allows the PPTP connection from any Firebox user that gives the correct credentials, it is important that you make a policy for PPTP sessions that includes only users you want to allow to send traffic over the PPTP session. Or, put these users into a Firebox User group and make a policy that allows traffic only from this group. The Firebox creates a pre-configured group for this called “PPTP-Users”. MUVPN connections You can configure the Firebox to host Mobile User VPN (MUVPN) IPSec sessions. To do this, select VPN > Remote Users and click the Mobile User VPN tab. You can find more information and instructions for MUVPN in the MUVPN Administrator Guide, available at www.watchguard.com/help/documentation. You create the MUVPN group using the Add Mobile User VPN wizard. When the wizard is finished, Policy Manager does two things: • Makes a client configuration profile (called a .wgx file) and puts it on the management station computer that created the MUVPN account. The user must have this .wgx file to configure the MUVPN client computer. • Automatically adds an “Any” policy to the Mobile User VPN tab that allows traffic to pass to and from the authenticated MUVPN user. User Guide 141 Configuring the Firebox as an Authentication Server When the user’s computer is correctly configured, the user makes the MUVPN connection. If the user name and password the user enters into the MUVPN authentication dialog box match an entry in the Firebox User database, and if the user is in the MUVPN group you create, the MUVPN session is authenticated. Policy Manager automatically makes a policy that allows any traffic from the authenticated user. To restrict the ports the MUVPN client can access, delete the Any policy and add policies for those ports to the Mobile User VPN tab. To learn how to add policies, see “About Policy Manager” on page 168. Defining a new user for Firebox authentication 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers. The Authentication Servers dialog box appears. 142 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the Firebox as an Authentication Server 2 From the Firebox tab of the Authentication Servers dialog box, click Add below the Users list. The Setup Firebox User dialog box appears. 3 4 Type the name and (optional) a description of the new user. 5 In the Session Timeout field, set the maximum length of time the user can send traffic to the external network. If this field is set to zero (0) minutes, there is no session timeout and the user can stay connected for any length of time. 6 In the Idle Timeout field, set the length of time the user can stay authenticated when idle (not passing any traffic to the external network). A setting of zero (0) minutes means there is no idle timeout. For both timeout fields, the global setting for the Firebox is used if the values are not defined in the Setup Firebox User dialog box. For more information, see “About authentication timeout values” on page 138. 7 To add the user to a group, select the user name in the Available list. Click the double arrow that points left to move the name to the Member list. Type, and type again to confirm, the passphrase you want the person to use to authenticate to the Firebox. When this passphrase is set, you cannot see the passphrase in simple text again. If you lose the passphrase, you must set a new passphrase. You can also double-click the group name. 8 After you add the user to selected groups, click OK. The user is added to the user list. You can then add more users. 9 To close the Setup Firebox User dialog box, click OK. The Firebox Users tab appears with a list of the new users. User Guide 143 Configuring RADIUS Server Authentication Defining a new group for Firebox authentication 1 From the Firebox tab of the Authentication Servers dialog box, click Add below the User Groups list. The Setup Firebox Group dialog box appears. 2 3 4 Type the group name that you want. (Optional) Type a description for the new group. To add a user to the group, select the user name in the Available list. Click the double arrow that points left to move the name to the Member list. You can also double-click the group name. 5 After you add all necessary users to the group, click OK. At this time, you can use the users and groups to configure policies and authentication, as described in “Using users and groups in policy definitions” on page 155. Using a local user account for Firewall user, PPTP, and MUVPN authentication Any user can authenticate as a Firewall user, PPTP user, or MUVPN user, and open a PPTP or MUVPN tunnel if PPTP or MUVPN is enabled on the Firebox. However, after an authentication or tunnel has been successfully established, users can send traffic through the VPN tunnel only if the traffic is allowed by a policy on the Firebox. For example, an MUVPN-only user can send traffic through an MUVPN tunnel, but not a PPTP tunnel even though the user can authenticate and bring up a PPTP tunnel. If you use Active Directory authentication and a user’s group membership does not match your MUVPN policy, you can see an error message that says “decrypted traffic does not match any policy.” If you see this error message, make sure that the user is in a group with the same name as your MUVPN group. Configuring RADIUS Server Authentication Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) authenticates the local and remote users on a company network. RADIUS is a client/server system that keeps the authentication information for users, remote access servers, VPN gateways, and other resources in one central database. 144 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring RADIUS Server Authentication The authentication messages to and from the RADIUS server always use an authentication key. This authentication key, or shared secret, must be the same on the RADIUS client and server. Without this key, hackers cannot get to the authentication messages. Note that RADIUS sends a key, and not a password, during authentication. For web and MUVPN authentication, RADIUS supports only PAP (not CHAP) authentication. For authentication with PPTP, RADIUS supports only MSCHAPv2. To use RADIUS server authentication with the Firebox®, you must: • Add the IP address of the Firebox to the RADIUS server, as described in the RADIUS vendor documentation. • Enable and specify the RADIUS server in your Firebox configuration. • Add RADIUS user names or group names into the policies in Policy Manager. To enable RADIUS Server Authentication: 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers. Click the RADIUS Server tab. 2 To enable the RADIUS server and enable the fields on this dialog box, select the Enable RADIUS server check box. 3 4 In the IP Address box, type the IP address of the RADIUS server. In the Port box, make sure that the port number RADIUS uses for authentication appears. The default port number is 1812. Older RADIUS servers might use port 1645. 5 In the Secret box, type the shared secret between the Firebox and the RADIUS server. Retype the shared secret in the Confirm Secret box. The shared secret is case-sensitive, and it must be the same on the Firebox and the RADIUS server. 6 To set the timeout value, use the Timeout value control to set the value you want. The timeout value is the amount of time the Firebox waits for a response from the authentication server before it tries to connect again. User Guide 145 Configuring RADIUS Server Authentication 7 To set how many connection attempts the Firebox makes, use the Retries value control to set the number you want. This is the number of times the Firebox tries to connect to the authentication server (using the timeout specified above) before it reports a failed connection for one authentication attempt. 8 To set the group attribute, use the Group Attribute value control to set the attribute you want. The default group attribute is FilterID, which is RADIUS attribute 11. The group attribute value is used to set which attribute carries the User Group information. You must configure the RADIUS server so that, when it sends a message to the Firebox that a user is authenticated, it also sends a FilterID string; for example, “engineerGroup” or “financeGroup”. This information is then used for access control; it matches the FilterID string to the group name configured in the Firebox policies. 9 To add a backup RADIUS server, select the Secondary Server Settings tab, and select the Enable a secondary RADIUS server check box. Enter the information in the required fields. Make sure the shared secret is the same on the primary and backup RADIUS server. 10 To set a time after which a dead server is marked as active again, enter it in the Dead Time field. After an authentication server has not responded for a period of time, it is marked as dead. Subsequent authentication attempts will not try this server until it is marked as active again. 11 Click OK. 146 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring SecurID Authentication Configuring SecurID Authentication To use SecurID authentication, you must configure both the RADIUS and ACE/Server servers correctly. The users must also have an approved SecurID token and a PIN (personal identification number). Refer to the RSA SecurID instructions for more information. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers. Click the SecurID Server tab. 2 3 In the IP Address box, type the IP address of the RADIUS server. 4 In the Secret box, type the shared secret between the Firebox® and SecurID server. The shared secret is case-sensitive and must be the same on the Firebox and SecurID server. 5 To set the timeout value, use the Timeout value control to set the value you want. The timeout value is the amount of time the Firebox waits for a response from the authentication server before it tries to connect again. 6 To set how many connection attempts the Firebox makes, use the Retry value control. This is the number of times the Firebox tries to connect to the authentication server (using the timeout specified above) before it reports a failed connection for one authentication attempt. 7 Select the group attribute. We recommend that you do not change this value. The group attribute value is used to set which attribute carries the User Group information. When the SecurID server sends a message to the Firebox that a user is authenticated, it also sends a User Group string; for example, “engineerGroup” or “financeGroup”. This information is then used for access control. User Guide In the Port box, use the value control to select the port number to use for SecurID authentication. The default number is 1812. 147 Configuring LDAP Authentication 8 To add a backup SecurID server, select the Secondary Server Settings tab, and select the Enable a secondary SecurID server check box. Enter the information in the required fields. Make sure the shared secret is the same on the primary and backup SecurID server. 9 To set a time after which a dead server is marked as active again, enter it in the Dead Time field. After an authentication server has not responded for a period of time, it is marked as dead. Subsequent authentication attempts will not try this server until it is marked as active again after the dead time value is reached. 10 Click OK. Configuring LDAP Authentication You can use an LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) authentication server to authenticate your users to the Firebox®. LDAP is an open-standard protocol for using online directory services, and it operates with Internet transport protocols, such as TCP. Before you configure your Firebox for LDAP authentication, make sure you check your LDAP vendor documentation to see if your installation requires casesensitive attributes. 148 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers. Select the LDAP tab. 2 3 Select the Enable LDAP Server check box. 4 From the Port drop-down list, select the TCP port number for the Firebox to use to connect to the LDAP server. The default port number is 389. We do not support LDAP over TLS. In the IP Address box, type the IP address of the primary LDAP server for the Firebox to contact with authentication requests. The LDAP server can be located on any Firebox interface. You can also configure your Firebox to use an LDAP server through a VPN tunnel. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring LDAP Authentication 5 Type the Search Base. The standard format for the search base setting is: ou=organizational unit,dc=first part of distinguished server name,dc=any part of the distinguished server name that appears after the dot. You set a search base to put limits on the directories on the authentication server the Firebox searches in for an authentication match. For example, if your user accounts are in an OU (organizational unit) you refer to as “accounts” and your domain name is kunstlerandsons.com, your search base is: “ou=accounts,dc=kunstlerandsons,dc=com”. 6 Type the Group String. This attribute string holds user group information on the LDAP server. On many LDAP servers, the default group string is “uniqueMember”; on other servers it is “member”. 7 In the DN of Searching User field, type the distinguished name (DN) for a search operation. You can enter any user DN with the privilege to search LDAP/Active Directory, such as “Administrator.” A weaker user DN with only searching privilege is usually sufficient, and some administrators create a user with searching privileges but limited permissions to use in this field. 8 In the Password of Searching User field, type the password associated with the distinguished name for a search operation. 9 In the Login Attribute field, type the LDAP login attribute to use for authentication. The login attribute is the name used for the bind to the LDAP database. The default login attribute is uid. If you use uid, the DN of Searching User field and the DN of Searching Password field can be empty. 10 To add a backup LDAP server, select the Backup Server Settings tab, and select the Enable a secondary LDAP server check box. Enter the information in the required fields. Make sure the shared secret is the same on the primary and backup LDAP server. 11 To set a time after which a dead server is marked as active again, enter it in the Dead Time field. After an authentication server has not responded for a period of time, it is marked as dead. Subsequent authentication attempts will not try this server until it is marked as active again. Using LDAP optional settings Fireware can get additional information from the directory server (LDAP or Active Directory) when it reads the list of attributes in the server’s search response. This lets you use the directory server to assign extra parameters to the authenticated user’s session, such as timeouts and MUVPN address assignments. Because the data comes from LDAP attributes associated with individual user objects, you can set these parameters for each individual user instead of being limited to global settings in Policy Manager. You must perform several steps to use these optional settings: • Extend the directory schema to add new attributes for these items. • Make the new attributes available to the object class that user accounts belong to. • Give values to the attributes for the user objects that should use them. You should do careful planning and testing before you extend your directory schema. Additions to the Active Directory schema, for example, are generally permanent and cannot be undone. Use the Microsoft web site to get resources for planning, testing, and implementing changes to an Active Directory schema. Consult the documentation from your LDAP vendor before extending the schema for other directories. User Guide 149 Configuring LDAP Authentication To specify additional attributes for Fireware to look for in the directory server’s search response, click Optional Settings on the LDAP tab or the Active Directory tab at Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers. Fireware looks for the attributes you type in this dialog box in the list of attributes it gets from the search result, and uses the attribute’s value as follows: IP Attribute String This field applies only to MUVPN clients. Type the name of the attribute Fireware should use to assign the MUVPN client a virtual IP address. This should be a single-valued attribute. The attribute’s value should be a normal dotted-decimal IP address. The IP address must be within the pool of virtual IP addresses you specify when you create the MUVPN Group. If the Firebox does not see the IP attribute in the search response, or if you do not specify an attribute in Policy Manager, it assigns the MUVPN client a virtual IP address from the virtual IP address pool you create when you make the MUVPN Group. Netmask Attribute String This field applies only to MUVPN clients. Type the name of the attribute for Fireware to use to assign a subnet mask to the MUVPN client’s virtual IP address. This should be a single-valued attribute. The attribute’s value should be a normal dotted-decimal subnet mask. The MUVPN software automatically assigns a netmask if the Firebox does not see the netmask attribute in the search response, or if you do not specify one in Policy Manager. DNS Attribute String This field applies only to MUVPN clients. Type the name of the attribute Fireware should use to assign the MUVPN client one or more DNS addresses for the duration of the MUVPN session. This can be a multi-valued attribute. Each value for the attribute should be a normal dotted-decimal IP address. If the Firebox does not see the DNS attribute in the search response, or if you do not specify an attribute in Policy Manager, it uses the DNS addresses you enter if you select Network > Configuration in Policy Manager and click the WINS/DNS tab. 150 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring LDAP Authentication WINS Attribute String This applies only to MUVPN clients. Type the name of the attribute Fireware should use to assign the MUVPN client one or more WINS addresses for the duration of the MUVPN session. This can be a multi-valued attribute. Each value for the attribute should be a normal dotted-decimal IP address. If the Firebox does not see the WINS attribute in the search response or if you do not specify an attribute in Policy Manager, it uses the WINS addresses you enter if you select Network > Configuration in Policy Manager and click the WINS/DNS tab. Lease Time Attribute String This can apply to MUVPN clients and to clients that use Firewall Authentication. Type the name of the attribute for Fireware to use to control the absolute amount of time a user can stay authenticated (session timeout). After this amount of time, Fireware removes the user from its list of authenticated users. This should be a single-valued attribute. Fireware interprets the attribute’s value as a decimal number of seconds. It interprets zero as “never time out.” Idle Timeout Attribute String This applies to MUVPN clients and to clients that use Firewall Authentication. Type the name of the attribute Fireware should use to control the amount of time a user can stay authenticated with no traffic passing to the Firebox from the user (idle timeout). If no traffic passes to the Firebox for this amount of time, Fireware removes the user from its list of authenticated users. This should be a single-valued attribute. Fireware interprets the attribute’s value as a decimal number of seconds. It interprets zero as “never time out.” User Guide 151 Configuring Active Directory Authentication Configuring Active Directory Authentication You can use an Active Directory authentication server to authenticate your users to the Firebox®. You must configure the Firebox® and configure the Active Directory server. 152 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers. Select the Active Directory tab. 2 3 Select the Enable Active Directory Server check box. 4 Select the TCP port number for the Firebox to use to connect to the Active Directory server. The default port number is 389. If your Active Directory server is a global catalog server, it can be useful to change the default port. For more information, see the Authentication section of the Fireware FAQs at www.watchguard.com/support/faqs. 5 In the Search Base field, type the location in the directory to begin the search. The standard format for the search base setting is: ou=organizational unit,dc=first part of distinguished server name,dc=any part of the distinguished server name that appears after the dot. You set a search base to put limits on the directories on the authentication server the Firebox searches in for an authentication match. For example, if your user accounts are in an OU (organizational unit) you refer to as “accounts” and your domain name is HQ_main.com, your search base is: “ou=accounts,dc=HQ_main,dc=com”. 6 In the Group String field, type the attribute string that is used to hold user group information on the Active Directory server. If you have not changed your Active Directory schema, the group string is always “memberOf”. Type the IP address of the primary Active Directory server. The Active Directory server can be located on any Firebox interface. You can also configure the Firebox to use an Active Directory server available through a VPN tunnel. WatchGuard System Manager Defining Users and Groups in Policy Definitions 7 In the DN of Searching User field, type the distinguished name (DN) for a search operation. It is not necessary to enter anything in this text box if you keep the login attribute of sAMAccountName. If you change the login attribute, you must add a DN of Searching User to your configuration. You can enter any user DN with the privilege to search LDAP/Active Directory, such as “Administrator.” However, a weaker user DN with only searching privilege is usually sufficient. 8 In the DN of Searching Password field, type the password associated with the distinguished name for a search operation. 9 In the Login Attribute field, type an Active Directory login attribute to use for authentication. The login attribute is the name used for the bind to the Active Directory database. The default login attribute is sAMAccountName. If you use sAMAccountName, the DN of Searching User field and the DN of Searching Password field can be empty. 10 To set a time after which a dead server is marked as active again, enter it in the Dead Time field. After an authentication server has not responded for a period of time, it is marked as dead. Subsequent authentication attempts will not try this server until it is marked as active again. 11 To add a backup Active Directory server, select the Backup Server Settings tab, and select the Enable a secondary Active Directory server check box. Enter the information in the required fields. Make sure the shared secret is the same on the primary and backup Active Directory server. 12 If you want, enter Active Directory user properties as described in the next section. Click OK. Using Active Directory optional settings Fireware can get additional information from the directory server (LDAP or Active Directory) when it reads the list of attributes in the server’s search response. This lets you use the directory server to assign extra parameters to the authenticated user’s session, such as timeouts and MUVPN address assignments. Because the data comes from LDAP attributes associated with individual user objects, you can set these parameters for each individual user instead of being limited to global settings in Policy Manager. There are several steps you must do to use these optional settings: • Extend the directory schema to add new attributes for these items. • Make the new attributes available to the object class that user accounts belong to. • Give values to the attributes for the user objects that should use them. You should do careful planning and testing before you extend your directory schema. Additions to the Active Directory schema, for example, are generally permanent and cannot be undone. Use the Microsoft web site to get resources for planning, testing, and implementing changes to an Active Directory schema. To specify additional attributes for Fireware to look for in the directory server’s search response, click Optional Settings on the LDAP tab or the Active Directory tab at Setup > Authentication > Authentication Servers. You can find more information about each field in “Using LDAP optional settings” on page 149. Defining Users and Groups in Policy Definitions When you configure the Firebox® to use an authentication server, you can start to use specified user and group names when you create policies in Policy Manager. For example, you can define all policies such User Guide 153 Defining Users and Groups in Policy Definitions that connections are allowed only for authenticated users. Or, you can limit connections on a policy to particular users. The term “authorized users and groups” refers to users and groups that are allowed to access network resources. Defining users and groups for Firebox authentication If you use the Firebox as an authentication server and want to define users and groups that will authenticate through the Firebox, see “Defining a new user for Firebox authentication” on page 142 and “Defining a new group for Firebox authentication” on page 144. Defining users and groups for third-party authentication 1 Create a group on your third-party authentication server that contains all the user accounts on your system. 2 In Policy Manager, select Setup > Authentication > Authorized Users/Groups. The Authorized Users or Groups dialog box appears. 3 Click Add. The Define New Authorized User or Group dialog box appears. 4 5 6 7 154 Type a user or group name you created on the authentication server. (Optional) Type a description of the user or group. Select the Group or User radio button. From the Auth Server drop-down list, select either RADIUS (for authentication through a RADIUS server) or Any (for authentication through any other server). Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Defining Users and Groups in Policy Definitions Using users and groups in policy definitions Any user or group that you want to use in your policy definitions must be added as an authorized user. All users and groups you create for Firebox authentication and all MUVPN users are automatically added to this list. You can add any users or groups from third-party authentication servers to the authorized user and group list with the above procedure. You are then ready to add users and groups into your policy configuration. 1 From Policy Manager, double-click the icon for the policy definition. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears. 2 Below the From box, click Add. The Add Addresses dialog box appears. 3 Click Add. The Add Authorized Users or Groups dialog box appears. 4 In the Type box, select whether the user or group is authorized as a Firewall user, PPTP user, or MUVPN user. For more information on these authentication types, see “Authentication types” on page 140. 5 6 In the box to the far right of the Type box, select either User or Group. 7 Click Add to close the Edit Policy Properties dialog box. Select the user or group from the list below and click Select. If the user or group does not appear in the list, click Add and see “Defining a new user for Firebox authentication” on page 142, “Defining a new group for Firebox authentication” on page 144, or “Defining users and groups for third-party authentication” on page 154. After you add a user or group to a policy configuration, WatchGuard System Manager automatically adds a WatchGuard Authentication policy to your Firebox configuration. Use this policy to control access to the authentication web page. For information on modifying this policy, see “Using authentication from the external network” on page 138. User Guide 155 Defining Users and Groups in Policy Definitions 156 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 12 Firewall Intrusion Detection and Prevention WatchGuard® Fireware® and the policies you create in Policy Manager give you strict control over access to your network. A strict access policy helps keep hackers out of your network. But, there are other types of attacks that a strict policy cannot defeat. Careful configuration of the Firebox® default packet handling options can stop attacks such as SYN flood attacks, spoofing attacks, and port or address space probes. With default packet handling, a firewall examines the source and destination of each packet it receives. It looks at the IP address and port number and monitors the packets to look for patterns that show your network is at risk. If there is a risk, you can configure the Firebox to automatically block against the possible attack. This proactive method of intrusion detection keeps attackers out of your network. You can also purchase an upgrade for your Firebox to use signature-based intrusion prevention. For more information, see the chapter “Signature-Based Intrusion Detection and Prevention” in this manual. Using Default Packet Handling Options The firewall examines the source and destination of each packet it receives. It looks at the IP address and the port number. The firewall also monitors the packets to look for patterns that can show that your network is at risk. Default packet handling: • Rejects a packet that can be a security risk, including packets that could be part of a spoofing attack or SYN flood attack • Can automatically block all traffic to and from a source IP address • Adds an event to the log file • Sends an SNMP trap to the SNMP management server • Sends a notification of possible security risks You set all default packet handling options with the Default Packet Handling dialog box. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Intrusion Prevention > Default Packet Handling. Or, Click the default packet handling icon on the Policy Manager toolbar. The Default Packet Handling dialog box appears. User Guide 157 Using Default Packet Handling Options 2 Select the check box for the traffic patterns you want to prevent, as explained in the sections that follow. The default configuration sends a log message when one of these events occur. To configure an SNMP trap or notification for default packet handling, click Logging. Spoofing attacks One procedure that attackers use to get access to your network is to make an “electronic false identity.” With this “IP spoofing” procedure, the attacker sends a TCP/IP packet that uses a different IP address than the host that first sent it. With anti-spoofing enabled, the Firebox® checks to make sure that the source IP address of a packet is from a network on that interface. To protect against spoofing attacks, select the Drop Spoofing Attacks check box from the Default Packet Handling dialog box. IP source route attacks Attackers use IP source route attacks to send an IP packet to find the route that the packet uses to go through the network. The attacker can then see the response to the packets and get information about the operating system of the target computer or network device. To protect against IP source route attacks, select the Drop IP Source Route check box from the Default Packet Handling dialog box. Port space and address space attacks Attackers use probes to find information about networks and their hosts. Port space probes examine a host to find the services that it uses. Address space probes examine a network to see which hosts are on that network. To protect against port space and address space attacks, select the Block Port Space Probes and the Block Address Space Probes check boxes from the Default Packet Handling dialog box. You then use 158 WatchGuard System Manager Using Default Packet Handling Options the arrows to select the maximum allowed number of IP addresses or port probes per second for each source IP address. For example, if you enter 8 in the dest Ports/src IP field for port space probes, a source is blocked if it initiates connections to eight different ports within one second on the same host. If you enter 8 in the dest IPs/src IP field for address space probes, a source is blocked if it initiates connections to eight hosts within one second. Flood attacks In a flood attack, attackers send a very high volume of traffic to a system so it cannot examine and allow permitted network traffic. For example, an ICMP flood attack occurs when a system receives sufficient ICMP ping commands that it uses all of its resources to send reply commands. The Firebox can protect against these types of flood attacks: • IPSec flood attacks • IKE flood attacks • ICMP flood attacks • SYN flood attacks • UDP flood attacks Flood attacks are also known as Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. You can use the Default Packet Handling dialog box to configure the Firebox to protect against these attacks. Select the check boxes for the flood attacks you want to prevent. Use the arrows to select the maximum allowed number of packets each second. About the SYN flood attack setting For SYN flood attacks, you set the threshold for the Firebox to report that a SYN flood attack may be taking place. But, no packets are dropped if only that number of packets is received. At twice the threshold, all SYN packets are dropped. At any level between the threshold you define and twice that level, if a packet's src_IP, dst_IP, and total_length are the same as the previous packet received, then it will always be dropped; otherwise 25 percent of the new packets received are dropped. For example, suppose you define the threshold at 18 packets per second. When you receive that amount, the Firebox warns you that a SYN flood attack may be taking place but it drops no packets. If you receive 20 packets per second, the FB drops 25% of the packets (5 packets). If you receive 36 or more, the last 18 or more packets are dropped. Unhandled packets An “unhandled” packet is a packet that does not match any rule created in Policy Manager. The Firebox always denies the packet, but you can also select to always automatically block the source. This adds the IP address that sent the packet to the temporary Blocked Sites list. You can also send a TCP reset or ICMP error back to the client when an unhandled packet is received by the Firebox. Distributed denial of service attacks Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are almost the same as flood attacks. In a DDoS, many connections are sent to one computer system to try to flood the system and to prevent legitimate users from using the targeted system. You can use the Default Packet Handling dialog box to configure the Firebox to protect against DDoS attacks. Use the arrow keys to set the maximum allowed number of connections that your servers and clients can receive each second. User Guide 159 Setting Blocked Sites Setting Blocked Sites The Blocked Sites feature helps prevent network traffic from systems you know or think are dangerous or a security risk. After you find the source of suspicious traffic, you can block all the connections with that IP address. You can also configure the Firebox to send a log message each time the source tries to connect to your network. From the log file, you can see the services that they use to attack. A blocked site is an IP address that cannot make a connection through the Firebox. If a packet comes from a system that is blocked, it does not get through the Firebox®. There are two different types of blocked IP addresses: • Permanently blocked sites — on a list in the configuration file that you set manually. This is known as the Blocked Sites list. • Auto-blocked sites — IP addresses that the Firebox adds or removes on a temporary blocked site list. The Firebox uses the packet handling rules that are specified for each service. For example, suppose you configure the Firebox to block the IP addresses that try to connect to a blocked port. These addresses are then blocked for a specified time. This is known as the Temporary Blocked Sites list. You can use the Temporary Blocked Sites list with log messages to help you make decisions about which IP addresses to block permanently. Blocking a site permanently You use Policy Manager to permanently block a host that you know is a security risk. For example, a university computer that hackers use frequently is a good host to block. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Intrusion Prevention > Blocked Sites. The Blocked Sites Configuration dialog box appears. 2 Click Add. The Add Site dialog box appears. 160 3 Use the Choose Type drop-down list to select a member type. The selections are Host IP, Network IP, or Host Range. 4 Type the member value. WatchGuard System Manager Setting Blocked Sites The member type shows whether this is an IP address or a range of IP addresses. When you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the period. Do not use the tab or the arrow key. You cannot add internal IP or network addresses to the Blocked Sites list. If you must block an address range that includes one or more internal IP addresses, you must first add the internal IP addresses to the Blocked Sites Exceptions list. (To add exceptions, see “Creating exceptions to the Blocked Sites list” on page 162.) 5 Select OK. The new site appears in the Blocked Sites list. Blocking spyware sites You can block spyware by configuring categories of spyware sites to block. 1 2 From the Blocked Sites dialog box, select the Enable Antispyware Blocklist blocking check box. By default, the Firebox blocks all categories of spyware when you select the check box in the previous step. To choose which categories of spyware you want to block, click Configure. The Antispyware Blocklist Categories dialog box appears. 3 Select or clear the following check boxes to enable or disable antispyware blocking for these categories. To enable or disable all categories, select or clear the All Spyware Categories check box: Adware A software application in which advertising banners are shown while the program is in operation. It sometimes includes code that records a user's personal information and sends it to third parties, without the user's authorization or knowledge. Dialer A software application that can hijack a user’s modem and dial toll numbers that get access to inappropriate web sites. Downloader A program that gets and installs other files. Most are configured to get files from a designated web or FTP site. Hijacker A type of malware program that changes your computer's browser settings and redirects you to web sites that you did not plan to browse to. Trackware Any software that uses a computer’s Internet connection to send personal information without the user’s permission. User Guide 161 Setting Blocked Sites Using an external list of blocked sites You can make a list of blocked sites in an external file. This file must be a text (.txt) file. The IP addresses in the text file must be separated by spaces or line breaks. Use slash notation to specify networks. To indicate a range of addresses, separate the start and end addresses with a hyphen. An example text import file might look like this: 2.2.2.2 5.5.5.0/24 3.3.3.3-3.3.3.8 6.6.6.6 7.7.7.7 To add an external file to your Blocked Sites list: 1 2 In the Blocked Sites Configuration dialog box, select Import. Find the file. Double-click it, or select it and select Open. The sites in the file appear in the Blocked Sites list. Creating exceptions to the Blocked Sites list A host that is a blocked sites exception does not appear in the Blocked Sites list. The automatic rules do not apply for this host. 1 2 3 4 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Intrusion Prevention > Blocked Sites. Click the Blocked Sites Exceptions tab. Click Add. Use the Choose Type drop-down list to select a member type. The selections are Host IP, Network IP, or Host Range. Type the member value. The member type shows if this is an IP address or a range of IP addresses. When you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the period. Do not use the TAB or the arrow key. 5 Select OK. Setting logging and notification parameters You can configure the Firebox to make a log entry when a host tries to use a blocked site. You can also set up notification for when a host tries to get access to a blocked site. 1 From the Blocked Sites dialog box, select Logging. The Logging and Notification dialog box appears. 162 WatchGuard System Manager Setting Blocked Sites 2 Set the parameters and notification to comply with your security policy: Send log message When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends a log message when a packet is denied because of your blocked port configuration. The default configuration of all services is for the Firebox to send a log message when it denies a packet. Send SNMP trap When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends an event notification to the SNMP management system. Send notification When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends a notification when a packet is denied because of your blocked port configuration. You can configure the Firebox to do one of these actions: - E-mail The Firebox sends an email message when the event occurs. Set the email address in the Notification tab of the Log Server user interface. - Pop-up Window The Firebox makes a dialog box appear on the management station when the event occurs. Setting Launch Interval and Repeat Count You can control the time of the notification, together with the Repeat Count, as follows: Launch Interval The minimum time (in minutes) between different notifications. This parameter prevents more than one notification in a short time for the same event. Repeat Count This counts how frequently an event occurs. When this gets to the selected value, a special repeat notifier starts. This notifier makes a repeat log entry about that specified notification. Notification starts again after this number of events. Here is an example of how to use these two values. The values are configured as: • Launch interval = 5 minutes • Repeat count = 4 A port space probe starts at 10:00 a.m. and continues each minute. This starts the logging and notification mechanisms. These are the times and the actions that occur: 1 10:00—Initial port space probe (first event) 2 10:01—First notification starts (one event) 3 10:06—Second notification starts (reports five events) 4 10:11—Third notification starts (reports five events) 5 10:16—Fourth notification starts (reports five events) The launch interval controls the time intervals between the events 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. This was set to 5 minutes. Multiply the repeat count by the launch interval. This is the time interval an event must continue to start the repeat notifier. User Guide 163 Blocking Ports Blocking sites temporarily with policy settings You can use the policy configuration to block sites that try to use a denied service: 1 From Policy Manager, double-click the policy icon. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears. 2 3 On the Policy tab, make sure you set the Connections Are drop-down list to Denied. On the Properties tab, select the check box Automatically block sites that attempt to connect. IP addresses from the denied packets are added to the temporary Blocked Sites list for 20 minutes (by default). Blocked sites and Traffic Monitor When an IP address is in the Blocked Sites list, a traffic log message that involves this address shows the destination interface as unknown. (From Firebox System Manager, select the Traffic Monitor tab, select the message, right-click, and select Destination IP Address.) Fireware tries to save computation cycles by not identifying the destination interface of a packet if its source or destination address is blocked. Blocking Ports You can block the ports that you know can be used to attack your network. This stops specified external network services. When you block a port, you override all the service configurations. You can block a port because: • Blocking ports protects your most sensitive services. The feature helps protect you from errors in your Firebox® configuration. • Probes against sensitive services can make independent log entries. With the default configuration, the Firebox blocks some destination ports. This gives a basic configuration that you usually do not have to change. It blocks TCP and UDP packets for these ports: X Window System (ports 6000-6005) The X Window System (or X-Windows) client connection is not encrypted and is dangerous to use on the Internet. X Font Server (port 7100) Many versions of X-Windows operate X Font Servers. The X Font Servers operate as the superuser on some hosts. NFS (port 2049) NFS (Network File System) is a frequently used TCP/IP service where many users use the same files on a network. But, the new versions have important authentication and security problems. To supply NFS on the Internet can be very dangerous. Note The portmapper frequently uses the port 2049 for NFS. If you use NFS, make sure that NFS uses the port 2049 on all your systems. rlogin, rsh, rcp (ports 513, 514) These services give remote access to other computers. They are a security risk and many attackers probe for these services. RPC portmapper (port 111) The RPC Services use port 111 to find which ports a given RPC server uses. The RPC services are easy to attack through the Internet. 164 WatchGuard System Manager Blocking Ports port 8000 Many vendors use this port, and there are many security problems related to it. port 1 The TCPmux service uses Port 1, but not frequently. You can block it to make it more difficult for the tools that examine ports. port 0 This port is always blocked by the Firebox. You cannot add this port to the Blocked Ports list. You cannot allow traffic on port 0 through the Firebox. Note If you must allow traffic through for the types of software applications that use recommended blocked ports, we recommend that you allow the traffic only through an IPSec VPN tunnel or use ssh to get access to the port. Avoiding problems with blocked ports Be very careful if you block port numbers higher than 1023. Clients frequently use these source port numbers. Blocking a port permanently 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Intrusion Prevention > Blocked Ports. The Blocked Ports dialog box appears. 2 Type the port number. Click Add. The new port number appears in the Blocked Ports list. Automatically blocking IP addresses that try to use blocked ports You can configure the Firebox to automatically block an external host that tries to get access to a blocked port. In the Blocked Ports dialog box, select the Automatically block sites that try to use blocked ports check box. User Guide 165 Blocking Ports Setting logging and notification for blocked ports You can configure the Firebox to make a log entry when a host tries to use a blocked port. You can also set up notification or set the Firebox to send an SNMP trap to an SNMP management server when a host tries to get access to a blocked port. To set logging and notification parameters for blocked ports, use the same procedure as the one for blocked sites, as described in “Setting logging and notification parameters” on page 162. 166 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 13 Policies In Policy Manager, there are two categories of policies: packet filters and proxies. A packet filter examines each packet’s IP and TCP/UDP header and is the most basic feature of a firewall. It controls the network traffic into and out of your Firebox®. If the packet header information is legitimate, then the Firebox allows the packet. If the packet header information is not legitimate, the Firebox drops the packet. It can also record a log message or send an error message to the source. A proxy uses the same procedure to examine the header information as a packet filter, but it also examines the content. If the content does not match the criteria you set, it denies the packet. A proxy operates at the application layer, while a packet filter operates at the network and transport protocol layers. When you activate a proxy, the Firebox: • Removes all the network data • Examines the contents for RFC compliance and content type • Adds the network data again • Sends the packet to its destination A proxy uses more resources and bandwidth than a packet filter. But, a proxy looks for dangerous content that a packet filter cannot find. In this guide, we refer to packet filters and proxies together as policies. Unless we tell you differently, the procedures refer to both proxies and packet filters. Policy Manager shows each packet filter and proxy as an icon. The traffic is allowed or denied, and you can configure the source and destination. You also set rules for logging and notification and configure the ports, protocols, and other parameters of the packet filter or proxy. WatchGuard® Fireware® includes many pre-configured packet filters and proxies. For example, if you want a packet filter for all Telnet traffic, you add a Telnet policy. You can also make a custom packet filter or proxy for which you set the ports, protocols, and other parameters. Creating Policies for your Network The security policy of your organization is a set of rules that define how you protect your computer network and the information that goes through it. The Firebox® denies all packets that are not specially approved. This security policy helps to protect your network from: User Guide 167 About Policy Manager • Attacks that use new or different IP protocols • Unknown applications When you configure the Firebox with the Quick Setup Wizard, you set only the basic policies (TCP/UDP outgoing, FTP packet filter, ping, and WatchGuard) and interface IP addresses. If you have more software applications and network traffic for the Firebox to examine, you must: • Configure the policies on the Firebox to let necessary traffic through • Set the approved hosts and properties for each policy • Balance the requirement to protect your network against the requirements of your users to get access to external resources We recommend that you set limits on outgoing access when you configure your Firebox. About Policy Manager You add policies with Policy Manager. Policy Manager shows icons or a list to identify the policies that you configure on the Firebox®. For each policy you can: • Set allowed traffic sources and destinations • Make filter rules • Enable or disable the policy • Configure properties such as Traffic Management, NAT, schedules, and logging Opening Policy Manager To bring up the Policy Manager window, from the WatchGuard System Manager window: • Select the Firebox whose Policy Manager you want to view and select Tools > Policy Manager or the Policy Manager icon (shown at right). or • Select Tools > Policy Manager or the Policy Manager icon and then specify, in the dialog box that appears, which Firebox you want to create or edit a policy for. About the Policy Manager window The Policy Manager window contains icons for the policies that are defined on the Firebox. You can double-click them if you want to edit the properties for that policy. The appearance of the icons shows their status and type: • Enabled policies that allow traffic appear with a green bar on top with a check mark. • Enabled policies that deny traffic have a red bar on top with an X. • Disabled policies have a black bar. • An icon that contains a shield symbol on the left side is an enabled proxied policy. The others are packet-filter policies. The names of policies appear in color based on traffic type: • Managed policies appear in gray with a white background. • BOVPN policies (such as BOVPN-allow.out) appear in green with a white background. • Mixed BOVPN and firewall policies (such as Ping, MUVPN, or Any-PPTP) appear in blue with a white background. 168 WatchGuard System Manager About Policy Manager To change these default colors, see “Selecting colors for Policy Manager text” on page 170. Policy Manager has two tabs. The Firewall tab shows policies that are used for general firewall traffic on the Firebox. The Firewall tab also shows BOVPN policies so you can see the order in which the Firebox examines network traffic and applies a policy rule. (To change the order, see “Setting precedence manually” on page 186). The Mobile User VPN tab shows policies that are used with Mobile User VPN (MUVPN) tunnels. Changing the Policy Manager View Large Icons View Policy Manager has two views: Large Icons and Details. The default Large Icons view shows each policy as an icon. To change to the Details view, select Details from the View menu. In the Details view, each policy is a row. You can see configuration information, including source and destination, and logging and notification parameters. User Guide 169 About Policy Manager Details View Selecting colors for Policy Manager text The default setup for Policy Manager is for the names of policies (or the entire row in Details view) to appear highlighted in color based on traffic type: • Managed policies appear in gray with a white background. • BOVPN policies (such as BOVPN-allow.out) appear in green with a white background. • Mixed BOVPN and firewall policies (such as Ping, MUVPN, or Any-PPTP) appear in blue with a white background. You can use default colors or colors that you select. You can also disable policy highlighting. 1 From Policy Manager, select View > Policy Highlighting. The Policy Highlighting dialog box appears. 170 WatchGuard System Manager About Policy Manager 2 To turn policy highlighting off or on, clear or select the Highlight Firewall policies based on traffic type check box. 3 To select different colors for the text or background of the policy names for normal, managed, BOVPN, or mixed policies, click the block adjacent to Text Color or Background Color. The Select Text Color or Select Background Color dialog box appears. 4 Use one of the three tabs, Swatches, HSB, or RGB to specify the color you want: - Swatches: Click one the small swatches of the available colors. - HSB: Select the H (hue), S (saturation), or B (brightness) radio button and then either use the slider or type numbers into the adjacent fields. - RGB: Use the Red, Green, or Blue sliders or type numbers into the adjacent fields. When you specify a color, a sample of what it will look like appears in the Sample block at the bottom of the dialog box. When you are satisfied with the color, click OK. 5 Click OK on the Policy Highlighting dialog box for the changes to take effect. Adding a policy You use Policy Manager to add a packet filter or proxy to your configuration. To add a policy: 1 In Policy Manager, click the plus (+) sign on the Policy Manager toolbar. You can also select Edit > Add Policies. The Add Policies dialog box appears. User Guide 171 About Policy Manager 2 Click the plus (+) sign on the left side of the folder to expand the Packet Filters or Proxies folders. A list of packet filters or proxies appears. 3 Click the name of the policy to add. When you select a policy, the policy icon appears in the area below the New, Edit, and Remove buttons. Also, the Details box shows the basic information about the policy. 4 Click Add. The New Policy Properties dialog box appears. 5 172 You can change the name of the policy here. This information appears in the Policy Manager Details view. To change the name, type a new name in the Name text box. WatchGuard System Manager About Policy Manager 6 Click OK to close the Properties dialog box. You can add more than one policy while the Policies dialog box is open. 7 Click Close. The new policy appears in Policy Manager. You can now set policy properties, as shown in “Configuring Policy Properties” on page 175. Making a custom policy template Policy Manager includes many packet filter policy templates. You can also make a custom policy template. A template includes ports and protocols that are unique to one type of network traffic. It could be necessary to make a custom policy template if you add a new software application behind your firewall. 1 In Policy Manager, click the plus (+) sign on the Policy Manager toolbar. You can also select Edit > Add Policies. The Add Policies dialog box appears. 2 Click New. The New Policy Template dialog box appears. 3 In the Name text box, type the name of the policy template. This name must not be the same as any name in the list in the Add Policy dialog box. The name appears in Policy Manager as the policy type. It helps you to find the policy when you want to change or remove it. 4 In the Description text box, type a description of the policy. This appears in the Details section when you click the policy name in the list of User Filters. 5 6 Select the type of policy: Packet Filter or Proxy. To add protocols for this policy, click Add. The Add Protocol dialog box appears. 7 User Guide From the Type drop-down list, select Single Port or Port Range. 173 About Policy Manager 8 From the Protocol drop-down list, select the protocol for this new policy. For more information about network protocols, see the Reference Guide or online help system. When you select Single Port, you can select: - TCP - UDP - GRE - AH - ESP - ICMP - IGMP - OSPF - IP - Any When you add an IGMP policy to your Fireware configuration, Fireware does not pass IGMP multicast traffic through the Firebox or between Firebox interfaces. It only passes IGMP multicast traffic between an interface and the Firebox. When you select Port Range, you can select TCP or UDP. 9 From the Server Port drop-down list, select the port for this new policy. If you selected Port Range, select a starting server port and an ending server port. 10 Click OK. Policy Manager adds the values to the New Policy Template dialog box. Make sure that the name, information, and configuration of this policy are correct. If necessary, click Add to configure more ports for this policy. Do the Add Port procedure again until you configure all ports for the policy. 11 Click OK. The Add Policy dialog box appears with the new policy in the Custom folder. Adding more than one policy of the same type If your security policy requires it, you can add the same policy more than one time. For example, you can set a limit on web access for most users, while you give full web access to your management team. To do this, you make two different policies with different properties: 1 2 Add the first policy. Change the name of the policy to a name that matches your security policy and add the related information. In this example, you can name the first policy “restricted_web_access.” 3 Click OK. The Properties dialog box of the policy appears. Set the properties as shown in “Configuring Policy Properties” on page 175. 4 5 Add the second policy. Click OK. The Properties dialog box of the policy appears. Set the properties. Deleting a policy As your security policy changes, you sometimes have to remove one or more policies. To remove a policy, you first remove it from Policy Manager. Then you save the new configuration to the Firebox. 1 174 From Policy Manager, click the policy. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Policy Properties 2 In Policy Manager, click the X button on the Policy Manager toolbar. You can also select Edit > Delete Policy. 3 4 When asked to confirm, click Yes. Save the configuration to the Firebox and start the Firebox again. Select File > Save > To Firebox. Type the configuration passphrase. Select the Save to Firebox check box. Click Save. Configuring Policy Properties If you added a policy and want to change its properties, double-click the policy icon to open the Edit Policy Properties dialog box. Setting access rules, sources, and destinations You use the Policy tab to configure access rules for a given policy. The Policy tab shows: • If traffic that uses this policy is allowed or denied. • Who uses this policy to start a connection with the users, hosts, and networks reachable through the Firebox®. • The destinations for the traffic for this policy. On the From list, you add the computers and networks that can send (or cannot send) network traffic with this policy. On the To list, you add computers and networks to which the Firebox routes traffic if it matches the policy specifications. For example, you could configure a ping packet filter to allow ping traffic from all computers on the external network to one web server on your optional network. For more information on the aliases that appear as options on the From and To list, see “Working with Aliases” on page 69. User Guide 175 Configuring Policy Properties You can use these settings to configure how traffic is handled: Allowed The Firebox allows traffic that uses this policy if it obeys the rules you set in the policy. Denied The Firebox denies all traffic that matches this policy. You can configure it to record a log message when a computer tries to use this policy. It can also automatically add a computer or network that tries to start a connection with this policy to the Blocked Sites list (configured on the Properties tab). Denied (send reset) The Firebox denies all traffic that matches this policy. It can also automatically add a computer or network that tries to start a connection with this policy to the Blocked Sites list (configured on the Properties tab). The Firebox also sends a reset (RST) packet to tell the client that the session is refused and closed. 1 2 3 4 From the Policy tab, configure if connections are Allowed, Denied, or Denied (send reset). To add members for the policy, click Add for the From or the To member list. Use the Add Address dialog box to add a network, IP address, or specified user to a policy. Click either Add User or Add Other. You can also select an item in the Available Members window and click Add, or double-click an item in this window. The Available Members list contains the aliases you add and the preconfigured aliases that Policy Manager gives. If you selected Add Other, from the Choose Type drop-down list select the host range, host IP address, or network IP address to add. In the Value text box, type the correct network address, range, or IP address. Click OK. The member or address appears in the Selected Members and Addresses list. 176 5 If you selected Add User, select the type of user or group, select the authentication server, and whether you want to add a user or group. Do this again to add other members and addresses. Your policy can have more than one object in the From or To field. 6 Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Policy Properties About policy-based routing To send network traffic, a router usually examines the destination address in the packet and looks at the routing table to find the next-hop destination. In some cases, you want to send traffic to a different path than the default route specified in the routing table. You can configure a policy with a specific external interface to use for all outbound traffic that matches that policy. This technique is known as policybased routing. Policy-based routing can be used when you have more than one external interface and have configured your Firebox for multi-WAN. With policy-based routing, you can make sure that all traffic for a policy always goes out through the same external interface, even if your multi-WAN configuration is set to send traffic in a round-robin configuration. When you use policy-based routing along with multi-WAN failover, you can specify if traffic that matches the policy uses another external interface when failover occurs. The default is that the traffic is dropped until the interface is available again. Policy-based routing takes precedence over other multi-WAN settings. Also, failback settings (defined on the Multi-WAN tab of the Network Configuration dialog box) apply to policy-based routing. If a failover event occurs, and the original interface later becomes available, the Firebox can send active connections to the failover interface or it can fail back to the original interface. New connections are sent to the original interface. Note the following restrictions on policy-based routing: • Policy-based routing is available only if multi-WAN is enabled. If you enable multi-WAN, the Edit Policy Properties dialog boxautomatically includes fields for configuring policy-based routing. By default, policy-based routing is not enabled. • Policy-based routing does not apply to IPSec traffic, or to traffic destined for the trusted or optional network (incoming traffic). User Guide 177 Configuring Policy Properties Configuring policy-based routing 1 In Policy Manager, double-click the icon of the policy for which you want to define policy-based routing. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears. 2 At the bottom of the Edit Policy Properties dialog box, select the Use Policy-Based Routing check box to enable policy-based routing. 3 To specify the interface to send outbound traffic that matches the policy, select the interface name from the adjacent drop-down list. You must make sure that the interface you select is a member of the alias or network that you set in the To field of your policy. For example, in the screenshot above, the interface named “Backup-External” is a member of the Any-External alias. 4 5 (Optional) Configure policy-based routing with multi-WAN failover as described in the next section. Click OK. Configuring policy-based routing with failover 1 2 178 Configure policy-based routing, as described in the previous section. From the Edit Policy Properties dialog box, select Failover if you want to set the interface you specified for this policy as the primary interface and define other external interfaces as backup interfaces for all non-IPSec traffic. If you do not select Failover and the interface you set for this policy is not active, traffic is dropped until link monitoring establishes that the interface is available again. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Policy Properties 3 Click Configure to specify backup interfaces for this policy. If the primary interface you set for this policy is not active, traffic is sent to the backup interface or interfaces you specify here. The Policy Failover Configuration dialog box appears. 4 In the Include column, select the check box for each interface you want to use in the failover configuration. Use the Move Up and Move Down buttons to set the order for failover. The first interface in the list is the primary interface. 5 6 7 When you have selected the interfaces you want to use and set the order you want, click OK. Click OK to close the Edit Policy Properties dialog box. Save your configuration to the Firebox. Setting a proxy action If you create a proxied policy, you can use the Properties tab of the Policy Properties dialog box to set a proxy action. For more information, see the “Proxied Policies” chapter. This field is grayed out if you create a packet filter policy. Setting a custom idle timeout To set an idle timeout for a specific policy: 1 2 User Guide On the Properties tab of the Policy Properties dialog box, click Specify Custom Idle Timeout. Click the arrows to set the number of seconds before timeout. 179 Configuring Policy Properties Setting logging properties Use the Properties tab of the Policy Properties dialog box to set logging properties for a policy. You can configure the Firebox to record a log message when a policy denies packets. You can also set up notification when packets are allowed or denied. 1 From the Properties tab, click Logging. The Logging and Notification dialog box appears. 2 Set the parameters and notification: Send log message When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends a log message when it sees traffic of the type selected in the Category list. Domain name resolution on the Firebox can slow the time for the Firebox to send the log message to the log file. The default configuration of all policies is for the Firebox to send a log message when it denies a packet. Send SNMP Trap When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends an event notification to the SNMP management system. The trap identifies the occurrence of a condition, such as a threshold that has exceeded its predetermined value. Send notification When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends a notification when it sees traffic of the type selected in the Category list. You set the notification parameters from the Log Server. For more information on the Log Server, see the “Logging and Notification” chapter. You can configure the Firebox to do one of these actions: - Email The Firebox sends an email message when the event occurs. Set the email address in the Notification tab of the Log Server user interface. - Pop-up Window The Firebox makes a dialog box appear on the management station when the event occurs. You can control the time of notification, together with the Repeat Count. For information about how to use the Launch Interval and Repeat Count settings, see the subsequent section. Setting Launch Interval and Repeat Count You can control the time of the notification, together with the Repeat Count, with these parameters: Launch Interval The minimum time (in minutes) between different notifications. This parameter prevents multiple notifications in a short time for the same event. 180 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Policy Properties Repeat Count This counts how frequently an event occurs. When this gets to the selected value, a special repeat notifier starts. This notifier makes a repeat log entry about that specified notification. Notification starts again after this number of events. Here is an example of how to use these two values. The values are configured as: • Launch interval = 5 minutes • Repeat count = 4 A port space probe starts at 10:00 a.m. and continues each minute. This starts the logging and notification mechanisms. These are the times and the actions that occur: 1 10:00—Initial port space probe (first event) 2 10:01—First notification starts (one event) 3 10:06—Second notification starts (reports five events) 4 10:11—Third notification starts (reports five events) 5 10:16—Fourth notification starts (reports five events) The launch interval controls the time intervals between the events 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. This was set to 5 minutes. Multiply the repeat count by the launch interval. This is the time interval an event must continue to start the repeat notifier. If the policy you configured is a proxy, a Proxy drop-down list appears with the View/Edit Proxy and Clone Proxy icons. For information on how to use these options, see the “Configuring Proxied Policies” chapter in this guide. Note One policy manages either allowed or denied traffic, but not both. If you want the Firebox to send log messages for both allowed and denied traffic, you must use different policies for each. Configuring static NAT for a policy Static NAT is also known as port forwarding. Static NAT is a port-to-host NAT. A host sends a packet from the external network to a specified public address and port. Static NAT changes this address to an address and port behind the firewall. For more information on NAT, see the “Working with Firewall NAT” chapter in this guide. Because of how static NAT operates, it is available only for policies that use a specified port, which includes TCP and UDP. A policy that uses a different protocol cannot use incoming static NAT. The NAT button in the Properties dialog box of that policy does not operate. You also cannot use static NAT with the Any policy. Using NAT with SMTP To help fight spam, many servers that receive email do a reverse lookup of the source IP address the mail comes from. The receiving server does this to make sure that the sending server (the server sending the email) is an authorized mail server for that domain. Because of this, we recommend that you use the external IP address of your Firebox as the MX record for your domain. An MX, or Mail exchange, record is a type of DNS record that sets how email is routed through the Internet. MX records show the servers to send an email to, and which server to send an email to first, by priority. Usually, connections that start from a trusted or optional network and go to the Internet show the external IP address of the Firebox as the source IP address of the packets. If the Firebox external IP address is not your domain’s MX record IP address, some remote servers reject email that you send. They do this because the SMTP session does not show your MX DNS record as the source IP address for the connec- User Guide 181 Configuring Policy Properties tion. If your Firebox does not use your MX record IP address as the external interface IP address, you can use a 1-to-1 NAT mapping to make outgoing email connections show the correct source IP address. See the “Working with Firewall NAT” chapter for more information on 1-to-1 NAT. 1 2 In Policy Manager, double-click the policy icon. From the Connections are drop-down list, select Allowed. To use static NAT, the policy must let incoming traffic through. 3 Below the To list, click Add. The Add Address dialog box appears. 4 Click Add NAT. The Add Static NAT dialog box appears. 5 6 From the External IP Address drop-down list, select the “public” address to use for this policy. Type the internal IP address. The internal IP address is the destination on the trusted or optional network. 7 If necessary, select the Set internal port to different port than service check box. You usually do not use this feature. It enables you to change the packet destination not only to a specified internal host, but also to a different port. If you select the check box, type the different port number or use the arrow buttons in the Internal Port box. 8 Click OK to close the Add Static NAT dialog box. The static NAT route appears in the Members and Addresses list. 9 Click OK to close the Add Address dialog box. Click OK to close the Properties dialog box of the policy. Setting an operating schedule You can set an operating schedule for the policy. You can use the schedule templates in the Schedule drop-down list or create a custom schedule. For information, see the “Basic Configuration Setup” chapter in this guide. 182 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Policy Properties Note that schedules can be shared by more than one policy. Applying Traffic Management actions If you have Fireware® Pro on your Firebox, you can assign a Traffic Management action to the policy. Use the button on the far right to create a new Traffic Management action. After you create a new Traffic Management action, it appears in the Traffic Management drop-down list. For more information, see “About Traffic Management and QoS” on page 365. Note that these actions can be shared by more than one policy. Setting ICMP error handling You can set the ICMP error handling settings associated with the policy. These settings override the global ICMP error handling settings. From the drop-down list, select: Use global setting Use the global ICMP error handling setting set for the Firebox. For information on this global setting, see “Defining ICMP error handling global settings” on page 72. User Guide 183 Configuring Policy Properties Specify setting Configure a parameter that overrides the global setting. Click ICMP Setting. From the ICMP Error Handling Settings dialog box, select the check boxes to configure individual settings. For information on these settings, see “Defining ICMP error handling global settings” on page 72. Applying NAT rules You can apply Network Address Translation (NAT) rules to a policy: 1-to-1 NAT With this type of NAT, the Firebox uses private and public IP ranges that you set, as described in “Using 1-to-1 NAT” on page 131. Dynamic NAT With this type of NAT, the Firebox maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses. All policies have dynamic NAT enabled by default. Select Use Network NAT Settings if you want to use the dynamic NAT rules set for the Firebox. Select All traffic in this policy if you want to apply NAT to all traffic in this policy. You can use the Set Source IP field to set a dynamic NAT source IP address for any policy that uses dynamic NAT. This makes sure that any traffic that uses this policy shows a specified address from your public or external IP address range as the source. You would most often do this to force outgoing SMTP traffic to show your domain’s MX record address when the IP address on the Firebox’s external interface is not the same as your MX record IP address. 1-to-1 NAT rules have higher precedence than dynamic NAT rules. Using QoS Marking for a policy QoS Marking creates different classes of service for different kinds of outbound network traffic. When you “mark” traffic, you change up to six bits on packet header fields defined for this purpose. QoS-capable external devices can make use of this marking and provide appropriate handling of a packet as it travels from one point to another in a network. You can use QoS marking on a per-interface or per-policy basis. When you define QoS marking for an interface, packets leaving that interface are marked. QoS marking for a policy marks traffic that uses the policy. If you select the Override per-interface settings check box, the QoS marking for a policy overrides any QoS marking set on an interface. 184 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Policy Properties For information on how to use QoS marking, see “About QoS Marking” on page 369. Setting traffic priority for a policy Traffic priority can be set at the interface level, but you can override this setting for individual policies: 1 2 3 To override the setting at the interface level, select the Override per-interface settings check box. In the Prioritize Traffic Based On drop-down list, select either QoS Marking or Custom Value. If you chose Custom Value in the previous step, in the Value field, select a value from 0 (Best Effort) to 7 (highest priority). Enabling sticky connections for a policy A sticky connection is a connection that continues to use the same interface for a defined period of time. Stickiness makes sure that, if a packet goes out through one external interface, any future packets between the source and destination address pair use the same external interface for a specified period of time. By default, sticky connections use the same interface for 3 minutes. Note The Sticky Connections tab appears only if multi-WAN is enabled. The sticky connection setting for a policy overrides the setting, if any, at the interface level. 1 User Guide From the Policy Properties dialog box, click the Sticky Connection tab. 185 Setting Policy Precedence 2 Keep the Override Multi-WAN sticky connection setting check box clear if you want the sticky connection configured on the Network > Configuration > Multi-WAN tab to apply. Select this check box if you want to set a custom sticky connection for this policy. 3 If you want to set a custom sticky connection for this policy, select the Enable Sticky Connection check box. 4 Enter the amount of time to maintain the connection. Setting Policy Precedence Precedence is the sequence in which the Firebox® examines network traffic and applies a policy rule. The Firebox routes the traffic according to the rules for the first policy that the traffic matches. Fireware® Policy Manager automatically sorts policies from the most specific to the most general. You can also manually set the precedence. Using automatic order Unless you manually set precedence, Policy Manager gives the highest precedence to the most specific policies and the lowest to the least specific. Policy Manager examines specificity of the following criteria in this order. If it cannot determine the precedence from the first criterion, it moves to the second, and so on. 1 The policy itself. For example, an Any policy is less specific than policies that allow only specific traffic. 2 Protocols set for the policy type. For example, a policy that specifies many ports for a given protocol is less specific than a policy with fewer ports. 3 Traffic rules of the To field. Most specific to least specific are: rules specifying IP address ranges, users, groups, interfaces. 4 Traffic rules of the From field. Most specific to least specific are: rules specifying IP address ranges, users, groups, interfaces. 5 Firewall action applied to the policies. Most specific to least specific is: Denied or Denied (send reset), Allowed (proxied policy), Allowed (packet filter policy) 6 7 8 Schedules applied to the policies. Most to least specific is: Always off, Sometimes on, Always on. Alphanumeric sequence based on policy type. Alphanumeric sequence based on policy name. Setting precedence manually To switch to manual-order mode, select View > Auto-order mode so that the checkmark disappears. You are asked to confirm if you want to switch to manual order mode. If you switch to manual-order mode, the Policy Manager window changes to the Details view. You cannot change the order of policies if you are in Large Icons view. To change the order of policies: • Select the policy whose order you want to change. Click the up or down arrow on the far right side of the Policy Manager toolbar. or • Select the policy whose order you want to change and drag it to its new location. 186 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 14 Proxied Policies Proxy filters do much more than packet filters. A proxy examines the contents of a packet, not only the header. As a result, the proxy finds forbidden content hidden or embedded in the data payload. For example, an SMTP proxy examines all incoming SMTP packets (email) to find forbidden content, such as executable programs or files written in scripting languages. Attackers frequently use these methods to send computer viruses. The SMTP proxy knows these content types are not allowed, while a packet filter cannot detect the unauthorized content in the packet’s data payload. WatchGuard® proxies also look for application protocol anomalies and packets that are not made correctly. If an SMTP packet is not made correctly or contains unexpected content, it cannot go through the Firebox®. Proxy policies operate at the application, network, and transport protocol levels. Packet filter policies operate at only the network and transport protocol level. In other words, a proxy gets each packet, removes the network layer, and examines its payload. The proxy then puts the network information back on the packet and sends it to its destination on your trusted and optional networks. This adds more work for your firewall for the same volume of network traffic. But a proxy uses methods that packet filters cannot catch dangerous packets. About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets A ruleset is a group of rules based on one feature of a proxy. When you configure a proxy, you can see the rulesets for that proxy in the Categories list. The rulesets you see change when you change the proxy action on the Properties tab of a proxy configuration window. A proxy action is a ruleset defined for the HTTP, SMTP, FTP, DNS, or TCP proxy. You can create more than one proxy action for each type of proxy, but you can only assign one proxy action to each proxy policy. For example, you can use one proxy action for packets sent to an email server protected by the Firebox® and a different proxy action to apply to email messages being sent out through the Firebox to the Internet. You can use the existing proxy actions, or clone an existing proxy action and change it to create a new proxy action. A rule includes a type of content, pattern, or expression and the action the Firebox does when a component of the packet’s content matches a rule. Rules also include settings for when the Firebox sends alarms or if it sends events to the log file. User Guide 187 About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets For most proxy features, the Firebox has a preinstalled ruleset. But you can edit the rules in a ruleset to change the action for the rules. You can also add your own rules. The fields you use for these rule definitions look the same for each category of ruleset. The simple view is shown below. You can also select Change View to see the advanced view. Use the advanced view to improve the matching function of a proxy. In advanced view, you can configure exact match and Perl-compatible regular expressions. In simple view, you can configure wildcard pattern matching with simple regular expressions. Adding rulesets From the simple view, do these steps to add new rules: 1 In the Pattern text box, type a pattern that uses simple regular expression syntax. The wildcard for zero or more than one character is “*”. The wildcard for one character is “?”. 2 Click Add. The new rule appears in the Rules box. 3 In the Actions to take section, the If matched drop-down list sets the action to do if the contents of a packet match one of the rules in the list. The None matched drop-down list sets the action to do if the contents of a packet do not match a rule in the list. Below is a list of all possible actions. Different ones appear for different proxies or for different features of a particular proxy. For example, the actions Strip and Lock apply only to signature-based intrusion prevention actions. The AV Scan action applies only to SMTP, HTTP, and TCP. Allow Allows the connection. Deny Denies a specific request but keeps the connection if possible. Sends a response to the sender. Drop Denies the specific request and drops the connection. Does not send a response to the sender. Block Denies the request, drops the connection, and adds the source host to the Blocked Sites list. For more information on blocked sites, see “Setting Blocked Sites” on page 135. 188 WatchGuard System Manager About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets Strip Removes an attachment from a packet and discards it. The other parts of the packet are sent through the Firebox to its destination. Lock Locks an attachment, and wraps it so that it cannot be opened by the user. Only the administrator can unlock the file. AV Scan Scans the attachment for viruses. If you select this option, Gateway AntiVirus is enabled for the policy. 4 An alarm is a mechanism to tell users when a proxy rule applies to network traffic. Use the Alarm check box to configure an alarm for this event. To set the options for the alarm, select Proxy Alarm from the Categories list on the left side of a Proxy Configuration window. You can send an SNMP trap, send email, or open a pop-up window. 5 Use the Log check box to write a traffic log for this event. Using the advanced rules view To see a detailed view of the current rules, click Change View. The advanced view shows the action for each rule. It also has buttons you can use to edit, clone (use an existing rule definition to start a new one), delete, or reset rules. To go back to the simple view, click Change View again. You cannot go back to simple view if the enabled rules have different action, alarm, and log settings. In this case, you must continue to use the advanced view. Changing the precedence of rules The Firebox uses these guidelines to apply rules: • It examines the rules in sequence from the top to the bottom of the window. • When a filtered item matches a rule, the Firebox performs the related traffic action. User Guide 189 Customizing Logging and Notification for Proxy Rules • Content can match more than one of the rules or the default rule, but only the first rule is used. • The Firebox uses the default rule if no other rule applies. The default rule is always the last rule that the Firebox applies to the content. To change the sequence of rules, you must use the advanced view: 1 2 Click Change View to see the advanced view of created rules. Select a rule to move up or down in the list. Click the Up or Down button to move the rule up or down in the list. Customizing Logging and Notification for Proxy Rules An alarm, log message, or notification is a mechanism to tell a network administrator about network traffic that does not match the criteria for allowed traffic. For example, if traffic is more than a threshold value, you can configure the Firebox® to send an email message. You can set alarm, log message, and notification properties for each packet filter and proxy policy. Configuring log messages and notification for a proxy policy 1 2 Double-click the policy icon to open the Policy Properties dialog box. Click the Properties tab. Click Logging. The Logging and Notification dialog box appears. 3 Set the parameters to match your security policy. Configuring log messages and alarms for a proxy rule 1 2 3 190 Double-click the policy icon to open the Edit Policy Properties dialog box. Click the Properties tab. From the Proxy Action drop-down list, select the proxy action to configure. Click the View/Edit icon directly to the right of the drop-down list. Select Proxy and AV Alarms from the Category list. For more information about the parameters, see the subsequent section. There are more log messages and notification options available with signature-based intrusion prevention services. These options are examined in the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” WatchGuard System Manager Customizing Logging and Notification for Proxy Rules Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification The dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification in proxy definitions have most or all of these fields: Enter it in the log When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends a traffic log message to the Log Server when this event occurs. The default configuration of all policies is for the Firebox to send a log message when it denies a packet. Send SNMP Trap When you enable this check box, the Firebox sends an event notification to the SNMP management system. The SNMP trap shows when the traffic matches a condition such as a property that is more than its threshold value. Note that the bindings section in the SNMP trap is blank if the trap occurs when SNMP starts or stops, such as with a reset, restart, or failover. Send notification When you enable this check box, the Log Server sends a notification when this event occurs. You can configure the Log Server to do one of these actions: - Email The Log Server sends an email message when the event occurs. Set the email address in the Notification tab of the Log Server user interface. Notification email messages have the format [friendly_name]@[domain_name] Where: friendly_name = the Firebox friendly name. (For information on how to set or change this, see “Setting a Friendly Name and Time Zone” on page 60.) domain_name = the name in the Mail Host field on this dialog box. - Pop-up Window The Log Server makes a dialog box appear on the management station when the event occurs. Setting Launch Interval and Repeat Count You can control the time of the notification, together with the Repeat Count, as follows: Launch Interval The minimum time (in minutes) between different notifications. This parameter prevents more than one notification in a short time for the same event. User Guide 191 Configuring the SMTP Proxy Repeat Count This counts how frequently an event occurs. When this gets to the selected value, a special repeat notifier starts. This notifier makes a repeat log message about that specified notification. Notification starts again after this number of events. Here is an example of how to use these two values. The values are set up as follows: • Launch interval = 5 minutes • Repeat count = 4 A port space probe starts at 10:00 AM and continues each minute. This starts the log and notification mechanisms. These are the times and the actions that occur: 1 10:00—Initial port space probe (first event) 2 10:01—First notification starts (one event) 3 10:06—Second notification starts (reports five events) 4 10:11—Third notification starts (reports five events) 5 10:16—Fourth notification starts (reports five events) The launch interval controls the time intervals between the events 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. This was set to 5 minutes. Multiply the repeat count by the launch interval. This is the time interval an event must continue to start the repeat notifier. Configuring the SMTP Proxy You use the SMTP proxy to control email messages and email content. The proxy scans SMTP messages for a number of filtered parameters, and compares them against the rules set in the proxy configuration. To configure the SMTP proxy: 1 Add the SMTP proxy to Policy Manager. To learn how to add policies to Policy Manager, see “About Policy Manager” on page 168. 2 Double-click the SMTP icon and select the Properties tab. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears and shows the General Settings information. 3 In the Proxy drop-down list, select to configure SMTP-Incoming or SMTP-Outgoing. You can also clone a proxy action to create a new proxy action. 192 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the SMTP Proxy 4 User Guide Click the View/Edit Proxy icon. 193 Configuring the SMTP Proxy Configuring general settings You use the General Settings fields to configure basic SMTP proxy parameters such as idle timeout and message limits. Idle timeout You can set the length of time an incoming SMTP connection can idle before the connection times out. The default value is 600 seconds (10 minutes). Maximum email recipients With the Set the maximum email recipients to check box, you can set the maximum number of email recipients to which a message can be sent. The Firebox® counts and allows the specified number of addresses through, and then drops the other addresses. For example, if you set the value to 50 and there is a message for 52 addresses, the first 50 addresses get the email message. The last two addresses do not get a copy of the message. A distribution list appears as one SMTP email address (for example, [email protected]). The Firebox counts this as one address. You can use this feature to decrease spam email because spam usually includes a large recipient list. Be careful when you do this because you can also deny legitimate email. Maximum address length With the Set the maximum address length to check box, you can set the maximum length of email addresses. Maximum email size With the Set the maximum email size to check box, you can set the maximum length of an incoming SMTP message. Most email is sent as 7-bit ASCII text. The exceptions are Binary MIME and 8-bit MIME. 8-bit MIME content (for example, MIME attachments) is encoded with standard 194 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the SMTP Proxy algorithms (Base64 or quote-printable encoding) to enable them to be sent through 7-bit email systems. Encoding can increase the length of files by as much as one third. To allow messages as large as 1000 bytes, you must set this field to a minimum of 1334 bytes to make sure all email gets through. Maximum email line length With the Set the maximum email line length to check box, you can set the maximum line length for lines in an SMTP message. Very long line lengths can cause buffer overflows on some email systems. Most email clients and systems send short line lengths, but some web-based email systems send very long lines. Hide Email Server Select the Message ID and Server Replies check boxes to replace MIME boundary and SMTP greeting strings in email messages. These are used by hackers to identify the SMTP server vendor and version. If you have an email server and use the SMTP-Incoming proxy action, you can have the SMTP proxy replace the domain shown in your SMTP server banner with a domain name you select. To do this, next to Rewrite Banner Domain, type the domain name you want to use in your banner in the text box that appears. For this to occur, you must also have the Server Replies check box selected. If you use the SMTP-Outgoing proxy action, you can have the SMTP proxy replace the domain shown in the HELO or EHLO greetings. A HELO or EHLO greeting is the first part of an SMTP transaction, when your email server announces itself to a receiving email server. To do this, next to Rewrite HELO Domain, type the domain name you want to use in your HELO or EHLO greeting in the text box that appears. Enable uuencoded attachments Uuencode is an older program for sending binary files, particularly email attachments, in ASCII text format over the Internet. UUencode attachments can be security risks because they appear as ASCII text files but can actually contain executables. Send a log message Select the Send a log message check box to send a log message for each connection request through SMTP. For Historical Reports to create accurate reports on SMTP traffic, you must select this check box. Configuring greeting rules The proxy examines the initial HELO/EHLO responses during the SMTP session initialization. The default rules for the SMTP-Incoming proxy action make sure that packets with greetings that are too long, or include characters that are not correct or expected, are denied. Configuring ESMTP parameters You use the ESMTP Settings fields to set the filtering for ESMTP content. Although SMTP is widely accepted and widely used, some parts of the Internet community have found a need to extend SMTP to User Guide 195 Configuring the SMTP Proxy allow more functionality. ESMTP gives a method for functional extensions to SMTP, and for clients who support extended features to know each other. 1 From the Categories section, select ESMTP Settings. Allow BDAT/CHUNKING Select to allow BDAT/CHUNKING. This enables large messages to be sent more easily through SMTP connections. Allow ETRN (Remote Message Queue Starting) This is an extension to SMTP that allows an SMTP client and server to interact to start the exchange of message queues for a given host. Allow 8-Bit MIME Select to allow 8-bit MIME, if the client and host give support to the extension. The 8-bit MIME extension allows a client and host to exchange messages made up of text that has octets which are not of the US-ASCII octet range (hex 00-7F, or 7-bit ASCII) that uses SMTP. Allow Binary MIME Select to allow the Binary MIME extension, if the sender and receiver accept it. Binary MIME prevents the overhead of base64 and quoted-printable encoding of binary objects sent that use the MIME message format with SMTP. We do not recommend you select this option as it can be a security risk. Configuring authentication rules This ruleset allows a number of ESMTP authentication types. The default rule denies all other authentication types. The RFC that tells about the SMTP authentication extension is RFC 2554. 1 2 196 From the Categories section, select Authentication. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see ““Adding rulesets” on page 188”. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the SMTP Proxy Defining content type rules You use the ruleset for the SMTP-Incoming proxy action to set values for incoming SMTP content filtering. You use the ruleset for the SMTP-Outgoing proxy action to set values for outgoing SMTP content filtering. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Content Types. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rulesets” on page 79. Defining file name rules You use the ruleset for the SMTP-Incoming proxy action to put limits on file names for incoming email attachments. You use the ruleset for the SMTP-Outgoing proxy action to put limits on file names for outgoing email attachments. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Filenames. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rules” on page 79. Configuring the Mail From and Mail To rules The Mail From ruleset can put limits on email to allow email into your network only from specified senders. The default configuration is to allow email from all senders. The Mail To ruleset can put limits on email to allow email out of your network only to specified recipients. The default configuration allows email to all recipients out of your network. On an SMTP-Incoming proxy action, you can use the Mail To ruleset to prevent people from using your email server for email relaying. To do this, make sure that all domains your email server accepts email for appear in the rule list. Then, make sure the Action to Take if None Matched is set to Deny. Any email with an address that does not match the listed domains is denied. You can also use the Rewrite As feature included in this rule configuration dialog box to have the Firebox change the From and To components of your email address to a different value. This feature is also known as “SMTP masquerading.” There are two more options available in the Mail From and Mail To rulesets: Block source-routed addresses Select this check box to block a message when the sender address or recipient address contains source routes. A source route identifies the path a message must take when it goes from host to host. The route can identify which mail routers or “backbone” sites to use. For example, @backbone.com:[email protected] means that the host named Backbone.com must be used as a relay host to deliver mail to [email protected]. By default, this option is enabled for incoming SMTP packets and disabled for outgoing SMTP packets. 1 2 User Guide Block 8-bit characters Select this check box to block a message that has 8-bit characters in the sender user name or recipient user name. This allows an accent on an alphabet character. By default, this option is enabled for incoming SMTP packets and disabled for outgoing SMTP packets. From the Categories section, select Mail From or Mail To. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rules” on page 79. 197 Configuring the SMTP Proxy Defining header rules Header rulesets allow you to set values for incoming or outgoing SMTP header filtering. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Headers. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rules” on page 79. Defining antivirus responses The fields in this dialog box set the actions necessary if a virus is found in an email message. It also sets actions for when an email message contains an attachment that is too large or that the Firebox cannot scan. Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure Gateway AntiVirus, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the antivirus screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” Changing the deny message The Firebox gives a default deny message that replaces denied content. You can replace that deny message with one that you write. You can write a custom deny message with standard HTML. The first line of the deny message is a section of the HTTP header. There must be an empty line between the first line and the body of the message. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Deny Message. Type the deny message in the deny message box. You can use these variables: %(reason)% Puts the cause for the Firebox to deny the content. %(type)% Puts the type of content that was denied. %(filename)% Puts the file name of the denied content. %(virus)% Puts the name or status of a virus, for Gateway AntiVirus users only. %(action)% Puts the name of the action taken: lock, strip, and so on. %(recovery)% Allows you to set the text to fill this sentence: “Your network administrator %(recovery)% this attachment. Configuring the IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) for SMTP Hackers use many methods to attack computers on the Internet. The function of these attacks is to cause damage to your network, get sensitive information, or use your computers to attack other networks. These attacks are known as intrusions. Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure IPS, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the IPS screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” 198 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the FTP Proxy Configuring spamBlocker Unwanted email, also known as spam, fills the average inbox at an astonishing rate. A large volume of spam decreases bandwidth, degrades employee productivity, and wastes network resources. The WatchGuard® spamBlocker™ option increases your capacity to catch spam at the edge of your network when it tries to come into your system. Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure spamBlocker, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the spamBlocker screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “spamBlocker.” Configuring proxy and antivirus alarms for SMTP You can set the action the Firebox does when proxy or antivirus (AV) alarm events occur: 1 2 From the Categories section, select Proxy and AV Alarms. For information on fields in the Proxy/AV Alarm Configuration section, see “Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification” on page 191. Configuring the FTP Proxy File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the protocol used to move files on the Internet. Like SMTP and HTTP, FTP uses TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer. You usually use FTP to download a file from a server on the Internet or to upload a file to a server. 1 Add the FTP proxy to Policy Manager. To learn how to add policies to Policy Manager, see “About Policy Manager” on page 168. 2 3 4 5 6 Double-click the FTP icon and select the Policy tab. User Guide Select Allowed from the FTP proxy connections are drop-down list. Select the Properties tab. In the Proxy drop-down list, select to configure the proxy action for FTP-Client or FTP-Server. Click the View/Edit Proxy icon. 199 Configuring the FTP Proxy Configuring general settings You use the General fields to configure basic FTP parameters including maximum user name length. 1 From the Categories section, select General. 2 To set limits for FTP parameters, select the applicable check boxes. These settings help to protect your network from buffer overflow attacks. Use the arrows to set the limits: Maximum user name length Sets a maximum length for user names on FTP sites. Maximum password length Sets a maximum length for passwords used to log in to FTP sites. Maximum file name length Sets the maximum file name length for files to upload or download. 3 4 Maximum command line length Sets the maximum length for command lines used on FTP sites. For each setting, you can set or clear the Auto-block check box next to it. If someone tries to connect to an FTP site and exceeds a limit whose Auto-block check box is selected, the computer that sent the commands is added to the temporary Blocked Sites list. To create a log message for each transaction, select the Send a log message with summary information for each transaction check box. You must select this option to get detailed reports on FTP traffic with Historical Reports. Defining commands rules for FTP FTP has a number of commands to manage files. You can configure rules to put limits on some FTP commands. Use the FTP-Server proxy action to put limits on commands that can be used on an FTP server protected by the Firebox. Use the FTP-Client proxy action to put limits on commands that users protected by the Firebox can use when they connect to external FTP servers. The default configuration of the FTP-Client is to allow all FTP commands. 1 200 From the Categories section, select Commands. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the HTTP Proxy 2 Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. Setting download rules for FTP Download rules control the file names, extensions, or URL paths that users can use FTP to download. Use the FTP-Server proxy action to control download rules for an FTP server protected by the Firebox. Use the FTP-Client proxy action to set download rules for users connecting to external FTP servers. To add download rulesets: 1 2 From the Categories section, select Download. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. Setting upload rules for FTP Upload rulesets control the file names, extensions, or URL paths that users can use FTP to upload. Use the FTP-Server proxy action to control upload rules for an FTP server protected by the Firebox. Use the FTP-Client proxy action to set upload rules for users connecting to external FTP servers. The default configuration of the FTP-Client is to allow all files to be uploaded. To create upload rulesets: 1 2 From the Categories section, select Upload. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. Enabling intrusion prevention for FTP Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure IPS, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the IPS screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” Configuring proxy alarms for FTP An alarm is a mechanism to tell a network administrator when network traffic matches criteria for suspicious traffic or content. When an alarm event occurs, the Firebox does an action that you configure. For example, you can set a threshold value for file length. If the file is larger than the threshold value, the Firebox can send a log message to the Log Server. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Proxy Alarm. For information on fields in the Proxy Alarm Configuration section, see “Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification” on page 191. Configuring the HTTP Proxy The HTTP proxy is a high performance content filter. It examines web traffic to identify suspicious content which can be a virus, spyware, or other types of intrusion. It can also protect your web server from attacks from the external network. You can configure the HTTP proxy to: • Allow only content that matches RFC requirements for web servers and clients • Select which types of MIME content the Firebox® allows into your network User Guide 201 Configuring the HTTP Proxy • Block Java, ActiveX, and other code types • Examine the HTTP header to make sure it is not from a known source of suspicious content 1 Add the HTTP proxy to Policy Manager. To learn how to add policies to Policy Manager, see“About Policy Manager” on page 168. 2 3 Select the Properties tab. 4 Click the View/Edit Proxy icon. In the Proxy drop-down list, select to configure the HTTP-Client or HTTP-Server proxy action. Use the HTTP-Server proxy action (or an incoming proxy action you create based on the HTTP-Server proxy action) to protect a web server. Use HTTP-Client, or an outgoing proxy action, to filter HTTP requests from users behind the Firebox. You can also clone a proxy action to create a new proxy action. Configuring settings for HTTP requests You can configure general settings for HTTP requests. You can also see and edit the HTTP request rulesets included in a proxy action. To get access to these settings, click HTTP Request in the Categories list on the left of the proxy configuration. Configuring general settings for HTTP requests You use the General Settings fields to configure basic HTTP parameters such as idle timeout and URL length. Idle Timeout Controls how long the HTTP proxy waits for the web client to make a request for something from the external web server after it starts a TCP/IP connection or after the earlier request, if there was one, for the same connection. If it goes longer than the setting, the HTTP proxy closes the connection. 202 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the HTTP Proxy URL Length Sets the maximum length of the path component of a URL. This does not include the “http:\\” or host name. Control of the URL length can help to prevent buffer overflow attacks. Range requests Range requests allow a client to request subsets of the bytes in a web resource instead of the full content. For example, this is useful when you want only some sections of a large Adobe file. You can select a range request to prevent the download of unnecessary pages. Note: If you allow range requests through the Firebox and download a file infected with a virus whose signature is divided between two pages, antivirus software will not detect the virus. To allow range requests can make downloads occur more quickly, but it is not as safe. Send a log message with summary information for each transaction Creates a traffic log message for each transaction. This option creates a large log file, but this information is very important if your firewall is attacked. If you do not select this check box, you do not see detailed information about HTTP proxied connections in Historical Reports. Setting HTTP request methods Most browser HTTP requests are in one of two categories: GET and POST operations. Browsers usually use GET operations to download objects such as a graphic, HTML data, or Flash data. More than one GET is usually sent by a client computer for each page, because web pages usually contain many different elements. The elements are put together to make a page that appears as one page to the end user. Browsers usually use POST operations to send data to a web site. Many web pages get information from the end user such as location, email address, and name. If you disable the POST command, the Firebox denies all POST operations to web servers on the external network. This feature can prevent your users from sending information to a web site on the external network. The HTTP proxy supports request methods: HEAD, GET, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, and DELETE. (For HTTPServer, the proxy supports these request methods by default: HEAD, GET, and POST. OPTIONS, PUT, and DELETE are added but are disabled.) You can also add CONNECT and TRACE, but no other request methods are supported at this time. If you configure a rule to allow other request methods and your browser tries to use them, you get an error with the text: “Method unsupported.” 1 2 From the Categories section, select Request Methods. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rules” on page 79. Setting HTTP request URL paths You use URL path rules to filter the content of the host, path, and query-string components of a URL. Here are examples of how to block content using HTTP request URL paths: • To block all pages that have the host name www.test.com, type the pattern: www.test.com* • To block all paths containing the word “sex”, on all web sites: *sex* • To block URL paths ending in “*.test”, on all web sites: *.test Note Usually, if you filter URLs with the HTTP request URL path ruleset, you must configure a complex pattern that uses full regular expression syntax from the advanced view of a ruleset. It is easier and gives better results to filter based on header or body content type than it is to filter by URL path. 1 2 User Guide From the Categories section, select URL paths. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rules” on page 79. 203 Configuring the HTTP Proxy Setting HTTP request header fields This ruleset supplies content filtering for the full HTTP header. By default, the Firebox uses exact matching rules to strip Via and From headers, and allows all other headers. This ruleset matches against the full header, not only the name. Thus, to match all values of a header, type the pattern: “[header name]:*”. To match only some values of a header, replace the asterisk (*) wildcard with a pattern. If your pattern does not start with an asterisk (*) wildcard, include one space between the colon and the pattern when typing in the Pattern text box. For example, type: [header name]: [pattern] and not [header name]:[pattern]. Note that the default rules do not strip the Referer header, but do include a disabled rule to strip this header. To enable the rule, select Change View. Some web browsers and software applications must use the Referer header to operate correctly. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Header Fields. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rules” on page 79. Setting HTTP request authorization This rule sets the criteria for content filtering of HTTP Request Header authorization fields. When a web server starts a “WWW-Authenticate” challenge, it sends information about which authentication methods it can use. The proxy puts limits on the type of authentication sent in a request. It uses only the authentication methods that the web server accepts. With a default configuration, the Firebox allows Basic, Digest, NTLM, and Passport1.4 authentication, and strips all other authentication. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Authorization. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “Defining Rules” on page 79. Configuring general settings for HTTP responses You use the General Settings fields to configure basic HTTP parameters such as idle timeout and limits for line and total length. 1 2 From the Categories section, select General Settings. To set limits for HTTP parameters, select the applicable check boxes. Use the arrows to set the limits: Idle timeout Controls how long the Firebox HTTP proxy waits for the web server to send the web page. Maximum line length Controls the maximum allowed length of a line of characters in the HTTP response headers. Use this property to protect your computers from buffer overflow exploits. Maximum total length Controls the maximum length of the HTTP response headers. If the total header length is more than this limit, the HTTP response is denied. Setting header fields for HTTP responses This property controls which HTTP response header fields the Firebox allows. RFC 2616 includes many of the HTTP response headers that are allowed in the default configuration. For more information, see: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt 1 2 204 From the Categories section, select Header Fields. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the HTTP Proxy Setting content types for HTTP responses When a web server sends HTTP traffic, it usually adds a MIME type to the response. The HTTP header on the data stream contains this MIME type. It is added before the data is sent. This ruleset sets rules for looking for content type (MIME type) in HTTP response headers. By default the Firebox allows some safe content types, and denies MIME content that has no specified content type. Some web servers supply incorrect MIME types to get around content rules. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Content Types. Do the steps used to create rulesets. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. Setting cookies for HTTP responses HTTP cookies are small files of alphanumeric text put by web servers on web clients. Cookies monitor the page a web client is on to enable the web server to send more pages in the correct sequence. Web servers also use cookies to collect information about an end user. Many web sites use cookies for authentication and other legitimate functions and cannot operate correctly without cookies. This ruleset gives you control of the cookies in HTTP responses. You can configure rules to strip cookies, based on your network requirements. The default rule for the HTTP-Server and HTTP-Client proxy action allows all cookies. The Cookies ruleset looks for packets based on the domain associated with the cookie. The domain can be specified in the cookie. If there is no domain in the cookie, the proxy uses the host name in the first request. Thus, to block all cookies for nosy-adware-site.com, add a rule with the pattern: “*.nosyadware-site.com”. 1 2 From the Categories section on the left, select Cookies. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. Setting HTTP body content types This ruleset gives you control of the content in an HTTP response. The Firebox is configured to deny Java applets, Zip archives, Windows EXE/DLL files, and Windows CAB files. The default proxy action for outgoing HTTP requests (HTTP-Client) allows all other response body content types. We recommend that you examine the file types that are used in your organization and allow only those file types that are necessary for your network. 1 2 From the Categories section, select Body Content Types. Do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. Defining antivirus responses for HTTP The fields on this dialog box set the actions necessary if a virus is found in an email message. It also sets actions for when an email message contains an attachment that is too large or that the Firebox cannot scan. Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure Gateway AntiVirus, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the antivirus screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” User Guide 205 Configuring the HTTP Proxy Changing the deny message The Firebox gives a default deny message that replaces the content that is denied. You can replace that deny message with one that you write. You can customize the deny message with standard HTML. The first line of the deny message is a component of the HTTP header. There must be an empty line between the first line and the body of the message. 1 From the Categories section, select Deny Message. 2 Type the deny message in the deny message box. You can use these variables: %(transaction)% Puts “Request” or “Response” to show which side of the transaction caused the packet to be denied. %(reason)% Puts the reason the Firebox denied the content. %(method)% Puts the request method from the denied request. %(url-host)% Puts the server host name from the denied URL. If no host name was included, the IP address of the server is given. %(url-path)% Puts the path component of the denied URL. Enabling intrusion prevention for HTTP Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure IPS, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the IPS screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” 206 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the DNS Proxy Defining proxy and antivirus alarms for HTTP Use these settings to set criteria for a notification event: 1 2 From the Categories section, select Proxy and AV Alarms. Do the steps in “Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification” on page 191. Configuring the DNS Proxy With the Domain Name System (DNS), you can get access to a web site with an easy-to-remember “dotcom” name. DNS finds the Internet domain name (for example WatchGuard.com) and changes it to an IP address. The DNS proxy protects your DNS servers from TSIG, NXT, and other DNS attacks. To add the DNS proxy to your Firebox® configuration: 1 Add the DNS proxy to Policy Manager. To learn how to add policies to Policy Manager, see “About Policy Manager” on page 168. 2 3 4 5 6 Double-click the DNS icon and select the Policy tab. Select Allowed from the DNS proxy connections are drop-down list. Select the Properties tab. In the Proxy drop-down list, select to configure the NS-Outgoing or DNS-Incoming proxy action. Click the View/Edit Proxy icon. You can also clone an existing proxy action to create a new proxy action. Configuring general settings for the DNS proxy The general settings for the DNS Proxy include two protocol anomaly detection rules. Not of class Internet Select the action to do when the proxy examines DNS traffic that is not of the Internet (IN) class. The default action is to deny this traffic. We recommend that you do not change this default action. Use the Alarm check box to use an alarm for this event. Use the Log check box to write this event to the log file. User Guide 207 Configuring the DNS Proxy Badly formatted query Select the action when the proxy examines DNS traffic that does not use the correct format. Use the Alarm check box to use an alarm for this event. Use the Log check box to write this event to the event log file. Send a log message with summary information for each transaction Select this check box to record a log message for each DNS connection request. Note that this creates a large number of log messages and traffic. Configuring DNS OPcodes DNS OPcodes are commands given to the DNS server that tell it to do some action, such as a query (Query), an inverse query (IQuery), or a server status request (STATUS). You can allow, deny, drop, or block specified DNS OPcodes. 1 2 From the Categories section, select OPCodes. For the rules listed, select the Enabled check box to enable a rule. Clear the Enabled check box to disable a rule. Note If you use Active Directory and your Active Directory configuration requires dynamic updates, you must allow DNS OPcodes in your DNS-Incoming proxy action rules. This is a security risk, but can be necessary for Active Directory to operate correctly. Adding a new OPcodes rule 1 Click Add. The New OPCodes Rule dialog box appears. 2 Type a name for the rule. Rules can have no more than 31 characters. 3 DNS OPcodes have an integer value. Use the arrows to set the OPCode value. For more information on the integer values of DNS OPcodes, see RFC 1035. 4 208 Set an action for the rule and configure to send an alarm or enter the event in the log file. For more information, see “Adding rules” on page 80. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the DNS Proxy Configuring DNS query types A DNS query type can configure a resource record by type (such as a CNAME or TXT record) or a custom type of query operation (such as an AXFR Full zone transfer). You can allow, deny, drop, or block specified DNS query types. 1 From the Categories section, select Query Types. 2 To enable a rule, select the Enabled check box adjacent to the action and name of the rule. Adding a new query types rule 1 To add a new query types rule, click Add. The New Query Types Rule dialog box appears. 2 Type a name for the rule. Rules can have no more than 31 characters. 3 DNS query types have a resource record (RR) value. Use the arrows to set the value. For more information on the values of DNS query types, see RFC 1035. 4 User Guide Set an action for the rule and configure to send an alarm or enter the event in the log file. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. 209 Configuring the TCP Proxy Configuring DNS query names A DNS query name refers to a specified DNS domain name, shown as a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). 1 From the Categories section, select Query Names. 2 To add more names, do the steps used to create rules. For more information, see “About Proxy Actions, Rules, and Rulesets” on page 187. Enabling intrusion prevention for DNS Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure IPS, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the IPS screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” Configuring DNS proxy alarms Use these settings to set criteria for a notification event: 1 2 From the Categories section, select Proxy Alarm. Do the procedure in “Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification” on page 191. Configuring the TCP Proxy Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the primary protocol in TCP/IP networks. The IP protocol controls packets while TCP enables hosts to start connections and to send and receive data.The TCP proxy monitors all TCP connections and applies IPS and HTTP-client proxy actions to TCP traffic. Configuring general settings for the TCP proxy HTTP proxy action Select the HTTP proxy action to use for TCP connections. The TCP proxy applies the HTTP proxy ruleset to all traffic that it identifies as HTTP traffic. 210 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the TCP Proxy Send a log message with summary information for each transaction Select this check box to record a log message for all TCP connection requests. This feature creates a large number of log messages and traffic, but is necessary if you want to use data from connections processed by the TCP proxy in your Historical Reports. Enabling intrusion prevention for TCP Although you can use the proxy definition screens to activate and configure IPS, it is easier to use the Tasks menu in Policy Manager to do this. For more information on how to do this, or to use the IPS screens in the proxy definition, see the chapter “Signature-Based Security Services.” User Guide 211 Configuring the TCP Proxy 212 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 15 Historical Reports Historical Reports is a tool that makes summaries and reports from the data kept in Firebox® log files. You can use these reports to learn about Internet use. You also can measure bandwidth and see which users and software applications use the most bandwidth. Historical Reports creates reports from the log files that are recorded on the WatchGuard® Log Server. With the advanced features of Historical Reports, you can: • Set a specified time period for a report. • Customize the report with data filters. • Consolidate different log files to create a report for a group of Fireboxes. • Show the report data in different formats. Creating and Editing Reports When you make a report, you configure a group of settings that is used to create a report on a schedule that you select. This section shows you how to create, edit, and delete reports, and how to create a backup file of your report settings. Starting Historical Reports From the Device Status tab, click the Historical Reports icon. You can also select Tools > Logs > Historical Reports. User Guide 213 Creating and Editing Reports Starting a new report 1 From Historical Reports, click Add. The Report Properties dialog box appears. 2 Type the report name. The report name appears in Historical Reports and in the name of the output file. 3 Use the text box in the Log Directory to give the location of the log files. The default location for the log files is the path: My Documents\My WatchGuard\Shared WatchGuard\Logs. 4 If you want the Firebox to search subdirectories of the folder specified in the previous steps, select the Search subdirectories for matching Firebox logs check box. 5 Use the text box in the Output Directory to give the location of the output files. The default location for the output files is My Documents\My WatchGuard\Shared WatchGuard\reports. 6 Select the filter. For more information on the filters, refer to “Using Report Filters” on page 220. 7 To select the output type, click HTML Report or NetIQ Export. For more information on output types, refer to “Exporting Reports” on page 219. 8 214 To see the first page when you use the HTML output, select the Execute Browser Upon Completion check box. WatchGuard System Manager Creating and Editing Reports 9 Click the Firebox tab. 10 If you want to run a report for a Firebox that uses Fireware appliance software, type the Firebox host name and click Add. If you want to run a report for a Firebox that uses WFS appliance software, type the IP address of the Firebox and click Add. When you create a report with consolidated sections, you must use only WFS Fireboxes or Fireboxes using Fireware®. You cannot run a report that includes data from both WFS and Fireware in one report. To find your Firebox host name, from Policy Manager select Setup > System and look at the Name text box. If you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the periods. Do not use the TAB or the arrow key. 11 Use the other tabs to set the report preferences. You can find information about this in subsequent sections of this chapter. 12 Complete the report configuration. Click OK. The name of the report appears in the list of the reports. Editing an existing report You can change the definition of a report. 1 From Historical Reports, select the report to change. Click Edit. The Report Properties dialog box appears. 2 Change the report definition. To see the function of an item, right-click it, and then click What’s This?. Deleting a report You can remove a report from the list of available reports. From Historical Reports, select the report to change. Click Remove. This removes the <report name>.rep file from the path: My Documents\My WatchGuard\Shared WatchGuard\report-defs. Viewing the reports list To see all the reports, click Reports Page. The reports appear in your default browser. You can move through all the reports in the list. User Guide 215 Setting Report Properties Backing up report definition files Report definition files contain the settings for the reports you create. It is a good idea to create regular, frequent backup files of your report definition files. This can save you time later if you want to move your Log Server to a different computer. To create a backup file of your report definitions, copy the contents of the Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\report-defs folder to an archive file. Keep it in a safe place. Setting Report Properties You use the Report Properties dialog box to configure many properties of reports. To see this dialog box: • Select a report in Historical Reports and click Edit. or • In Historical Reports, click Add. Specifying a report time interval When you create a report, the report includes data from the full log file, unless you change the time interval. On the Time Filters dialog box, use the drop-down list to select a time interval, for example “yesterday” or “today.” You also can manually configure the start and end time. Thus the report includes data from only the specified time interval: 1 2 3 4 In the Report Properties dialog box, click the Time Filters tab. Select the time-stamp to appear on your report: Local Time or GMT. From the Time Span drop-down list, select the time interval for the report. If you did not select Specify Time Filters in the Time Span drop-down list, click OK. If you did select Specify Time Filters, click the Start and the End drop-down lists and select a start and an end time. Click OK. 216 WatchGuard System Manager Setting Report Properties Specifying report sections You can select the information to show in the report using the Sections tab on the Report Properties dialog box. 1 2 From Historical Reports, click the Sections tab. Select the check boxes for the sections to include in the report. To see the contents of each section, refer to the “Report Sections and Consolidated Sections” on page 222. 3 (Optional) To include the authentication names for the IP addresses of Firebox® authenticated users, select the Authentication Resolution on IP addresses check box. You must have user authentication enabled to create reports with resolution from IP address to user name. More time is necessary to create a report with resolution enabled. 4 (Optional) To include DNS names for IP addresses, select the DNS Resolution on IP addresses check box. This information is included only for IP addresses for which DNS information can be resolved from the Firebox. Consolidating report sections In the Consolidated Sections tab you can select which information to include in a report. You can get: • A vertical look at data, for each of a group of Fireboxes • A horizontal or cumulative look at data, put together for a group of Firebox® devices. To consolidate report sections: 1 In the Report Properties dialog box, select the Consolidated Sections tab. The tab has a list of report sections that you can put together. For short notes on the contents of these sections, refer to “Report Sections and Consolidated Sections” at the end of this chapter. 2 User Guide Select the check boxes adjacent to the sections to include in the report. Clear the check boxes for the sections to not include. 217 Setting Report Properties 3 Click OK. Setting report properties Reports can have Summary sections or Detail sections. You can control the display of each section independently to best show the information that is important to you. A report summary section shows text and graphs that contain user-defined information. To set the report properties: 1 2 From the Report Properties dialog box, select the Preferences tab. In the Elements to Graph text box, type the number of data points (items) to show as a graph in the report. As an example, if you have 45 hosts, graph the top 10 and list the remaining hosts as “other”. The default number is 10. 3 In the Elements to Rank text box, type the number of items to put in the table. The default number is 100. 4 5 6 Select the type of graph to use in the report. Select how to sort the proxied summary data: by bandwidth or by connections. Type the number of records to show on each page of the detail sections. The default number is 1,000 records. 218 WatchGuard System Manager Exporting Reports 7 Click OK. Viewing network interface relationships On the Inbound Traffic tab, you see all possible network interface relationships that the Firebox considers to be incoming. For example, traffic that comes from the optional network to the trusted network is considered incoming traffic. If you want to remove a relationship from the list, select it and click Remove. You also can add your own source and destination pair to the list. Click Add and type the new source and destination you want to set as incoming. Exporting Reports You can export a report to two formats: HTML and NetIQ. You can find all reports in the path My Documents\My WatchGuard\Shared WatchGuard\reports\<export file>. User Guide 219 Using Report Filters Exporting reports to HTML format If you select HTML Report from the Setup tab on the Report Properties dialog box, the report output is in HTML. You can go to each report section through a JavaScript menu. For this, you must enable JavaScript on your browser. The figure below shows how the report can appear in the browser. Exporting reports to NetIQ format NetIQ supplies system and security management solutions, including full reports about how the Internet is used by an organization. It measures data differently than WatchGuard® Historical Reports. To calculate Internet use report data, Historical Reports counts the number of HTTP protocol transactions. NetIQ calculates the number of URL requests. Note The WatchGuard HTTP proxy logging must be set to ON to supply NetIQ’s reporting tools with the information that is necessary to run a report. You can find the report in: My Documents\My WatchGuard\Shared WatchGuard\reports\webtrends Using Report Filters A report includes data from the full log file unless you create and use report filters. You can use a report filter to show only data about specified hosts, services, or users. A filter can be one of two types: 220 WatchGuard System Manager Using Report Filters Include To make a report that includes records with the properties set in the Host, the Service, or the User Report Filters tabs. Exclude To make a report that does not include records with the properties set in the Host, the Service, or the User Report Filters tabs. You can set a filter to Include or Exclude data in a report with three properties: Host Host IP address Port Service name or port number User Authenticated user name Creating a new report filter Use Historical Reports to make a new report filter. You can find the filters in the WatchGuard® installation directory at C:\Documents and Settings\Watchguard\report-defs with the file extension.ftr. 1 2 3 4 From Historical Reports, click Filters. Click Add. Type the name of the filter. This name appears in the Filter drop-down list on the Report Properties Setup tab. Select the filter type. As an example, if you have 45 hosts, graph the first 10 and list the remaining hosts as “other.” For a description of include and exclude, see above. 5 Complete the Filter tabs. To see the function of each item, right-click it, and then click What’s This?. 6 When finished, click OK. The name of the filter appears in the list of the filters. The Filter Name.ftr file is in My Documents\My WatchGuard\Shared WatchGuard\report-defs. User Guide 221 Running Reports Editing a report filter You can change the properties of a filter. From the Filters dialog box in Historical Reports: 1 Select the filter to change. Click Edit. The Add Report Filter dialog box appears. 2 Change the filter properties. To see the function of each property, right-click it, and then click What’s This?. Deleting a report filter To remove a filter from the list of filters, select the filter. Click Delete. This removes the .ftr file from the \report-defs directory. Applying a report filter Each report can use only one filter. To apply a filter, open the report properties. 1 2 From Historical Reports, select the report to apply a filter to. Click Edit. Use the Filter drop-down list to select a filter. Only if you make a filter in the Filters dialog box will it appear in the drop-down list. For more information, see “Creating a new report filter” on page 221. 3 Click OK. Save the new report to the ReportName.rep file in the report-defs directory. When you run the report, the filter is applied. Running Reports You can create one or more reports with Historical Report. 1 2 From Historical Reports, select the check box adjacent to each report that is necessary. Click Run. Note If the Send a log message with summary information for each transaction check box in each proxy action is not selected, you do not see detailed information about proxied connections in your reports. See the Proxied Policies chapter for more information. Report Sections and Consolidated Sections You can use Historical Reports to create a report with one or more sections. Each section includes a different type of information or network traffic. You can put together specified sections to create a summary. You can then create a report on the event log messages of a group of Firebox® devices. Report sections There are two basic types of Report sections: • Summary — The sections that rank data by bandwidth or connections. • Detailed — The sections that show all traffic and events with no summary graph or rank. 222 WatchGuard System Manager Report Sections and Consolidated Sections A list of the different types of the report sections and the consolidated sections is shown below: Firebox Statistics A summary of the statistics on one or more log files for one Firebox. Authentication Detail A list of authenticated users in the sequence of connection time. The text boxes include: - Authenticated user - Host - Start date and start time of the authenticated session - End time of the authenticated session - Length of the session Time Summary — Packet Filtered A table, and an optional graph, of all the accepted connections that is divided by user-defined intervals and time. The default time interval is each day, but you can select a different time interval. Host Summary — Packet Filtered A table, and an optional graph, of the internal and the external hosts that send packet-filtered traffic through the Firebox. The hosts show in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. Service Summary A table, and an optional graph, of the traffic for each service in the sequence of the connection count. Session Summary — Packet Filtered A table, and an optional graph, of the top incoming and outgoing sessions. The sessions show in sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. The format of the session is: client > server: service. Historical Reports tries to look up the server port with a table to show the service name. If this does not work, Historical Reports shows the port number. Time Summary — Proxied Traffic A table, and an optional graph, of all the accepted connections divided by user-defined intervals and in the sequence of the time. The default time interval is each day, but you can select a different time interval. Host Summary — Proxied Traffic A table, and an optional graph, of the internal and the external hosts that send traffic with a proxy through the Firebox. The hosts show in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. Proxy Summary The proxies in the sequence of bandwidth or connections. Session Summary — Proxied Traffic A table, and an optional graph, of the top incoming sessions and outgoing sessions. The sessions show in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. The format of the session is: client -> server: service. The service shows in all uppercase letters. HTTP Summary Tables, and an optional graph, of the top external domains and hosts that users connect to through the HTTP proxy. The domains and the hosts show in the sequence of the byte count or number of connections. User Guide 223 Report Sections and Consolidated Sections HTTP Detail Tables for incoming and outgoing HTTP traffic in the sequence of the time stamp. The fields are Date, Time, Client, URL Request, and Bytes Transferred. SMTP Summary A table, and an optional graph, of the top incoming and outgoing email addresses in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. SMTP Detail A table of the incoming and the outgoing SMTP proxy traffic in the sequence of the time stamp. The fields are: Date, Time, Sender, Recipient(s), and Bytes Transferred. FTP Detail Tables for incoming and outgoing FTP traffic, in the sequence of the time stamp. The fields are Date, Time, Client, Server, FTP Request, and Bandwidth. Denied Outgoing Packet Detail A list of denied outgoing packets, in the sequence of the time. The fields are: Date, Time, Type, Client, Client Port, Server, Server Port, Protocol, and Duration. Denied Incoming Packet Detail A list of denied incoming packets, in the sequence of the time. The fields are Date, Time, Type, Client, Client Port, Server, Server Port, Protocol, and Duration. Denied Packet Summary In this section there are different tables. Each table shows the data on the host that denied packets. The data has the time of the first and the last try, the type, the server, the port, the protocol, and the number of tries. If there is only one try, the last field has no data. Denied Service Detail A list of events in which a user was denied use of a service. This list includes Incoming and Outgoing requests. WebBlocker Detail A list of URLs denied because of WebBlocker™, in the sequence of time. The fields are Date, Time, User, Web Site, Type, and Category. Denied Authentication Detail A list of each denied authentication, in the sequence of the time. The fields are Date, Time, Host, and User. IPS Blocked Sites A list of the IPS blocked sites. Alarms Available for Fireware® users only, this report shows all device alarms and the problem found with each alarm. AV Detail A list of the source, sender, and virus detail for Gateway AntiVirus actions. This section is available to Fireware users who subscribe to the GAV/IPS service. AV Summary A summary of Gateway AntiVirus actions. The fields include sender, virus detail, if the virus was cleaned, and attachment size of the email. This section is available to Fireware users who subscribe to the GAV/IPS service. 224 WatchGuard System Manager Report Sections and Consolidated Sections IPS Detail A list of all Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) actions, including source, protocol, and signature detail. This section is available to Fireware users who subscribe to the GAV/IPS service. IPS Summary A summary of Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) actions, showing percentage traffic type, source IP address, and signature category. This section is available to Fireware users who subscribe to the GAV/IPS service. Spam Summary (Available to Fireware users who subscribe to spamBlocker) A summary of spam activity that shows the percentage of message type by spam level (confirmed/suspect/bulk/non-spam) and by action (allowed, blocked, tagged, quarantined, WB list). Also includes a list of the top 10 spam senders and spam recipients. Consolidated sections Network Statistics A summary of the statistics on one or more log files for all the Fireboxes that are monitored. Time Summary — Packet Filtered A table, and an optional graph, of all accepted connections divided by user-defined intervals and in the sequence of time. The default time interval is each day, but you can select a different time interval. Host Summary — Packet Filtered A table, and an optional graph, of the internal and external hosts that send packet-filtered traffic through the Firebox. The hosts show in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. Service Summary A table, and an optional graph, of the traffic for all services in the sequence of the connection count. Session Summary — Packet Filtered A table, and an optional graph, of the top incoming and outgoing sessions. The sessions show in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. The format of the session is: client -> server: service. Historical Reports tries to look up the server port with a table to show the service name. If this does not work, Historical Reports shows the port number. Time Summary — Proxied Traffic A table, and an optional graph, of all the accepted connections divided by user-defined intervals and in the sequence of the time. The default time interval is each day, but you can select a different time interval. Host Summary — Proxied Traffic A table, and an optional graph, of the internal and external hosts that send traffic with a proxy through the Firebox. The hosts show in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. Proxy Summary The proxies in the sequence of bandwidth or connections. User Guide 225 Report Sections and Consolidated Sections Session Summary — Proxied Traffic A table, and an optional graph, of the top incoming sessions and outgoing sessions. The sessions show in the sequence of the volume of bytes or the number of connections. The format of the session is: client -> server: service. The service shows in all uppercase letters. HTTP Summary Tables, and an optional graph, of the top external domains and hosts that users connect to through the HTTP proxy. The domains and the hosts show in the sequence of the byte count or the number of connections. 226 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 16 Management Server Setup and Administration The WatchGuard® Management Server manages the VPN tunnels of a distributed enterprise from one easy-to-use management interface. The Management Server also allows you to centrally manage multiple Firebox and Firebox® X Edge devices. After you complete the setup procedures in this chapter, you can use the WatchGuard® Management Server to configure and manage a Firebox device that is connected to the Management Server. You can open the correct tools from the Management Server device page to manage Firebox X Core, Firebox X Peak, Firebox III, Firebox X Edge, and SOHO 6 devices. You can install the Management Server on your management station during installation. Or, you can use the same installation procedure to install the Management Server on a different computer that uses the Windows operating system. We recommend that you install the Management Server software on a computer with a static IP address that is behind a Firebox with a static external IP address. Otherwise, the Management Server may not operate correctly. WatchGuard Management Server Passphrases The WatchGuard® Management Server uses a number of passwords to protect sensitive information on its hard disk and to secure data with client systems. After you install the WatchGuard Management Server software, you must use the Management Server Setup Wizard to configure the Management Server. This wizard prompts for these passphrases: • Master passphrase • Management Server passphrase The Management Server passphrase and other automatically created passphrases are kept in a passphrase file. Master passphrase The first passphrase that you set with the Setup Wizard is the master passphrase. This passphrase protects all passphrases in the passphrase file. The master passphrase is used to encrypt all other passphrases that are on the hard drive of the Management Server. This prevents a person with access to the hard drive or its archived contents from getting the passphrases and using them to get access to other sensitive data on the hard drive. User Guide 227 WatchGuard Management Server Passphrases Select and secure the master passphrase carefully. Make sure that the master passphrase and the Management Server passphrase are not the same. You use the master passphrase when you: • Migrate the Management Server data to a new system • Restore a lost or corrupt master key file • Change the master passphrase The master passphrase is not used frequently. We recommend that you write it down and lock it in a secure location. Management Server passphrase The second passphrase that the Setup Wizard prompts for is the Management Server passphrase. This passphrase is used frequently by the administrator. You use this passphrase to connect to the Management Server in WatchGuard System Manager. Password and key files The Management Server passphrase and all the automatically created passphrases are kept in a passphrase file. The passphrase data in this file is protected by the master passphrase. The master passphrase is not kept on the hard drive. An encryption key is created from the master passphrase. The default locations for the password file and encryption key are: • C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\wgauth\wgauth.ini • C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\wgauth\wgauth.key Note that these files are used by the Management Server software and must not be modified directly by an administrator. Microsoft SysKey utility The password file is protected by the master key. This key is protected by an encryption key, which is protected by the Windows system key. Windows operating systems use a system key to protect the Security Accounts Management (SAM) database. This is a database of the Windows accounts and passwords on the computer. By default, the system key data is hidden in the registry. The system is protected, and the system key is created from the registry during the startup procedure. If you want a more secure system, you can remove the system key data from the registry so that this sensitive data is not on the system at all. You can use the SysKey utility to: • Move the system key to a floppy disk • Make the administrator type a password at start time • Move the system key from the floppy disk to the system If you move the startup key to a floppy disk, then that disk must be inserted in the drive for the system to start. If you make the administrator type a startup password, the administrator must type in the password each time the system starts. To configure SysKey options, click Start > Run, type syskey, and click OK. 228 WatchGuard System Manager Setting Up the Management Server Setting Up the Management Server The Management Server Setup wizard creates a new Management Server on your workstation. If you used earlier versions of WatchGuard® System Manager and VPN Manager, you can also use the wizard to migrate a DVCP Server that is installed on a Firebox® to a new Management Server on a workstation. To move a Management Server off a Firebox, see the WFS to Fireware Pro Migration Guide. We recommend that you install the Management Server software on a computer with a static IP address that is behind a Firebox with a static external IP address. Otherwise, the Management Server may not operate correctly. This procedure shows the steps you must use to successfully set up a new Management Server. Use this procedure if you do not have a Management Server at this time. 1 Right-click the Management Server icon in the WatchGuard toolbar on the Windows taskbar. You do not see this icon if you have not installed the Management Server. 2 3 4 Select Start Service. The Management Server Setup wizard starts. Click Next. A master passphrase is necessary to control access to the WatchGuard management station. Type a passphrase that has a minimum of eight characters and then type it again to confirm. Click Next. Make sure you keep this passphrase in a safe place. 5 Type the Management Server passphrase to use when you configure and monitor the WatchGuard Management Server. Use a passphrase that has a minimum of eight characters and then type it again to confirm. Click Next. 6 Type the external IP address and passphrases for your gateway Firebox. The gateway Firebox protects the Management Server from the Internet. When you add an IP address, the wizard does three things: - The wizard uses this IP address to configure the gateway Firebox to allow connections to the Management Server. If you do not type an IP address here, you must configure any firewall between the Management Server and the Internet to allow connections to the Management Server on TCP ports 4110, 4112, and 4113. - If you have an earlier version of WatchGuard System Manager, and have a Firebox configured as a DVCP server, the wizard gets the DVCP server information from the gateway Firebox and moves these settings to your Management Server. See the Migration Guide for more information. - The wizard sets the IP address for the Certificate Revocation List. The devices you add as managed clients use this IP address to connect to the Management Server. This IP address must be the public IP address your Management Server shows to the Internet. If you do not type an IP address here, the wizard uses the current IP address on your Management Server computer for the CRL IP address. If this is not the IP address your computer shows to the Internet because it is behind a device that does Network Address Translation (NAT), you must edit the CRL and type the public IP address your Management Server uses. For more information, see “Changing the Management Server Configuration” on page 230. 7 Type the license key for the Management Server. Click Next. For more information on Management Server license keys, see the Management Server section of the Fireware FAQs at:www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs. User Guide 229 Changing the Management Server Configuration 8 Type the name of your organization. Click Next. This name is used for the Certificate Authority on the Management Server. 9 An information screen that shows the information for your server appears. Click Next. The wizard configures the server. 10 Click Finish. Note When an interface whose IP address is bound to the Management Server goes down and then restarts, we recommend that you restart the Management Server. Changing the Management Server Configuration The Management Server Setup Wizard configures your Management Server. It is not usually necessary to change the properties of your Management Server configuration after you use the wizard. If you must change the Management Server configuration, you can access the configuration properties on the Management Server itself. From the computer configured as a Management Server, right-click the Management Server icon in the WatchGuard® toolbar and select Configure. The Management Server Configuration dialog box appears. Adding or removing a Management Server license To add a Management Server license, click the Management tab. Type or paste the Management Server license key into the field, and click Add. 230 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the Certificate Authority To remove a Management Server license, click the Management tab. Select the license to remove, and click Remove. Click OK when you finish the configuration. For more information on Management Server license keys, see the Management Server section of the Fireware FAQs at:www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs. Recording diagnostic log messages for the Management Server To have the Management Server send diagnostic log messages to the Windows Event Viewer, click the Management tab. Select the Debug Management Server Service log messages check box. To see the diagnostic log messages, open the Windows Event Viewer. From the Windows desktop, select Start > Run. Type eventvwr. Look in the Application section of the Event Viewer to see the log messages. Configuring the Certificate Authority You can configure the Certificate Authority (CA) on the WatchGuard Management Server. Use the Certificate Authority to: • Configure the properties of the CA certificate • Configure the properties of the client certificate • Configure properties for the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) • Write CA Service diagnostic log messages to the Windows Event Viewer Configuring properties for the CA certificate Usually, Firebox administrators do not change the properties of the CA certificate. If you must change these settings: 1 User Guide From the computer configured as the Management Server, right-click the Management Server icon in the WatchGuard toolbar and select Configure. 231 Configuring the Certificate Authority 2 Click the Certificates tab. 3 4 5 In the Common Name text box, type the name you want to appear in the CA certificate. 6 From the Key Bits drop-down list, select the strength to apply to the certificate. The higher the number in the Key Bits setting, the stronger the cryptography that protects the key. 7 Click OK when you finish the configuration. In the Organization text box, type an organization name for the CA certificate. In the Certificate Lifetime text box, type the number of days after which the CA certificate will expire. A longer certificate lifetime could give an attacker more time to attack it. Configuring properties for client certificates 232 1 From the computer defined as the Management Server, right-click the Management Server icon in the WatchGuard toolbar and select Configure. 2 Click the Certificates tab. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring the Certificate Authority 3 In the Client section of the dialog box, in the Certificate Lifetime field, type the number of days after which the client certificate will expire. A longer certificate lifetime could give an attacker more time to attack it. 4 From the Key Bits drop-down list, select the strength to apply to the certificate. The higher the number in the Key Bits setting, the stronger the cryptography that protects the key. 5 Click OK when you complete the configuration. Configuring properties for the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) 1 From the computer defined as the Management Server, right-click the Management Server icon in the WatchGuard toolbar and select Configure. 2 3 Click the Certificates tab. In the Certificate Revocation List section of the dialog box, the Distribution IP Address box contains a list of IP addresses. You can select an address from the list, or click Add to add a new address. (You can also select an address and click Remove if you no longer need it.) By default, the distribution IP address is the address of the gateway Firebox. This is also the IP address the remote managed Firebox clients use to connect to the Management Server. If the external IP address of your Firebox changes, you must change this value. 4 Type the Publication Interval for the CRL in hours. This is the period after which the CRL is automatically published. The default setting is zero (0), which means that the CRL is published every 720 hours (30 days). The CRL is also updated after a certificate is revoked. 5 Click OK when you complete the configuration. Recording diagnostic log messages for the Certificate Authority service To have the Management Server send diagnostic log messages to the Windows Event Viewer, click the Certificates tab. Select the Debug CA Service log messages check box. To see the log messages, open the Windows Event Viewer. User Guide 233 Backing up or Restoring the Management Server Configuration Backing up or Restoring the Management Server Configuration The Management Server contains the configuration information for all managed Firebox® X Edge and VPN tunnels. It is a good idea to create regular and frequent backup files for the Management Server and keep them in a safe place. You can use this backup file to restore the Management Server in case of hardware failure. You can also use this backup file if you want to move the Management Server to a new computer. To use the backup file after it is created, you must know the master key. The master key is set when you first configure the Management Server. 1 2 From your Windows toolbar, right-click the Management Server icon and select Stop Service. 3 When the procedure is complete, right-click the Management Server icon on your Windows toolbar and select Start Service. From your Windows toolbar, right-click the Management Server icon and select Backup/Restore. The Management Server Backup/Restore Wizard starts. Use the onscreen instructions to create a backup file or restore a Management Server configuration from a backup file. Backing up the Management Server for troubleshooting Use the File > Export to File option to create a plain-text version of your Management Server configuration, which includes all information about managed devices and templates. This should be used only when you troubleshoot an issue with Technical Support. Moving the WatchGuard Management Server to a New Computer To move the Management Server to a new computer, you must know the master key. You must also make sure that the new Management Server is given the same IP address as the former Management Server. 1 Use the Management Server Backup/Restore Wizard to create a backup file of your current Management Server configuration. 2 Use the WatchGuard® System Manager installation file and install the Management Server software on the new Management Server. 3 4 Run the Restore wizard and select the backed-up file. From the Windows toolbar, right-click the Management Server icon and select Start Service. Connecting to a Management Server 1 234 Select File > Connect to Server. or Right-click anywhere in the WatchGuard System Manager window and select Connect to > Server. WatchGuard System Manager Connecting to a Management Server or Click the Connect to Server icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. The icon is shown at left. 2 From the Management Server drop-down list, select a server by its host name or IP address. You can also type the IP address or host name if necessary. When you type an IP address, type all the numbers and the periods. Do not use the TAB or arrow keys. 3 4 Type the passphrase for the Management Server. 5 If you are using the server only to monitor traffic, select the Monitoring Only check box. Do not select this check box if you must configure the server or its managed devices. 6 Click OK. If necessary, change the value in the Timeout field. This value sets the time (in seconds) that Watchguard System Manager listens for data from the Management Server before it sends a message that it cannot connect. If you have a slow network or Internet connection to the device, you can increase the timeout value. If you decrease the value, it decreases the time you must wait for a timeout message if you try to connect to a Management Server that is not available. The server appears in the WatchGuard System Manager window. Note In some previous versions of WatchGuard security products, the WatchGuard Management Server was called the DVCP Server. Disconnecting from a Server To disconnect, click on the Management Server name and select File > Disconnect. Or select the Management Server in the tree view and then click the Disconnect icon shown at left. User Guide 235 Connecting to a Management Server 236 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 17 Device Management Setup After you have set up and configured the Management Server, you can use it to manage multiple Firebox® devices. The procedures you use to prepare devices for management depend on which type of device you use. To prepare Fireboxes for management, see the next section. To prepare Firebox X Edge and SOHO devices, see “Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients” on page 240. After you prepare devices for management, you add them to the Management Server. For all devices, use the procedure in “Adding Devices” on page 245. Configuring Fireboxes as Managed Clients To manage a Firebox with the Management Server, you must: • Make sure the Firebox allows management connections from the Management Server. • For any Firebox that has a dynamic external IP address, manually enable the Firebox as a managed client. • Add the Firebox to the Management Server configuration. The procedures you use are different if you use different Firebox appliance software or a different Firebox model. The instructions can also be different if the managed Firebox client has a dynamic IP address. When you look at the sections below, make sure you find the information that matches your Firebox configuration. Configuring a Firebox X Core or X Peak running Fireware as a managed client 1 2 Open Policy Manager for the Firebox you want to enable as a managed client. Double-click the WatchGuard policy to open it for editing. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box for the WatchGuard policy appears. 3 4 5 User Guide Make sure the WG-Firebox-Mgmt connections are drop-down list is set to Allowed. Below the From dialog box, click Add. Click Add Other. Make sure the Choose Type drop-down list is set to Host IP. In the Value field, type the IP address of the external interface of the gateway Firebox or where the computer runs WSM. 237 Configuring Fireboxes as Managed Clients If you do not have a gateway Firebox that protects the Management Server from the Internet, type the static IP address of your Management Server. 6 7 Click OK. Click OK again. Make sure the To dialog box includes an entry of either Firebox or Any. Note If the Firebox you want to manage has a static IP address on its external interface, or if it is dynamic and you know the current IP address, you can stop here. Save the configuration to this Firebox. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration as described in “Adding Devices” on page 245. When you add this Firebox to the Management Server configuration, the Management Server automatically connects to the static IP address and configures the Firebox as a managed Firebox client. If the Firebox you want to manage has a dynamic IP address and you do not know the current IP address, go on to step 8. 8 From Policy Manager, select VPN > Managed Client. The Managed Client Setup dialog box appears. 9 To set up a Firebox as a managed device, select the Enable this Firebox as a Managed Client check box. 10 In the Client Name box, type the name you want to give the Firebox when you add it to the Management Server configuration. This name is case-sensitive and must match the name you use when you add the device to the Management Server configuration. 11 To enable the managed client to send log messages to the Log Server, select the Enable diagnostic logs check box. (We recommend this option only to perform troubleshooting.) 12 In the Management Server address box, select the IP address of the Management Server if it has a public IP address. Or, select the public IP address of the Firebox that protects the Management Server. If you need to add an address, click Add. The Firebox that protects the Management Server automatically monitors all ports used by the Management Server and will forward any connection on these ports to the configured 238 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Fireboxes as Managed Clients Management Server. When you use the Management Server Setup Wizard, the wizard adds a WG-Mgmt-Server policy to your configuration to handle these connections. If you did not use the Management Server Setup Wizard on the Management Server, or, if you skipped the “Gateway Firebox” step in the wizard, you must manually add the WG-Mgmt-Server policy to the configuration of your gateway Firebox. 13 In the Shared Secret box, type the shared secret. Type it again to confirm. The shared secret you type here must match the shared secret you type when you add the Firebox to the Management Server configuration. 14 Click the Import button and import the CA-Admin.pem file as your certificate. This file is in \My Documents\My WatchGuard\certs\[firebox_ip]. 15 Click OK. When you save the configuration to the Firebox, the Firebox is enabled as a managed client. The managed Firebox client tries to connect to the IP address of the Management Server on TCP port 4110. Management connections are allowed from the Management Server to this managed Firebox client. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration as described in “Adding Devices” on page 245. Configuring a Firebox III or Firebox X Core running WFS as a managed client 1 2 Open Policy Manager for the Firebox you want to enable as a managed client. Double-click the WatchGuard service to open it for editing. The Edit Service Properties dialog box for the WatchGuard policy appears. 3 On the Incoming tab, make sure that incoming WatchGuard connections are set to Enabled and Allowed. 4 5 Below the From dialog box, click Add. Click Add Other. 6 7 Click OK. Click OK again. Make sure the Choose Type drop-down list is set to Host IP Address. In the Value field, type the IP address of the external interface of the gateway Firebox that protects the Management Server from the Internet. If you do not have a gateway Firebox that protects the Management Server from the Internet, type the static IP address of your Management Server. Make sure the To dialog box includes an entry of either Firebox or Any. Note If the Firebox you want to manage has a static IP address on its external interface, you can stop here. Save the configuration to this Firebox. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration. When you add this Firebox to the Management Server configuration, the Management Server automatically connects to the static IP address and configures the Firebox as a managed Firebox client. If the Firebox you want to manage has a dynamic IP address, go on to step 8. 8 9 User Guide From Policy Manager, select Network > DVCP Client. Select the check box Enable this Firebox as a DVCP Client. 239 Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients 10 In the Firebox Name field, give the name of the Firebox. The Firebox name is case-sensitive. The name you type here must match the name you type when you add this Firebox to the Management Server configuration. 11 To send log messages for the managed client, select the check box Enable debug log messages for the DVCP Client. (WatchGuard recommends this option only to do troubleshooting.) 12 Click Add to add the Management Server the Firebox connects to. In the DVCP Server address box, type the IP address of the Management Server if it has a public IP address. Or, type the public IP address of the Firebox that protects the Management Server. Type the Shared Secret to use to connect to the Firebox. The shared secret you type here must match the shared secret you type when you add this device to the Management Server configuration. A Firebox can be a client of only one Management Server. The Firebox that protects the Management Server automatically monitors all ports used by the Management Server and will forward any connection on these ports to the configured Management Server. The Firebox protecting the Management Server is configured to do this when you run the Management Server Setup Wizard. If you did not use the Management Server Setup Wizard on the Management Server, or, if you skipped the “Gateway Firebox” step in the wizard, configure the gateway Firebox to forward TCP ports 4110, 4112, and 4113 to the private IP address of the Management Server. Click OK. When you save the configuration to the Firebox, the Firebox is enabled as a managed client. The managed Firebox client tries to connect to the IP address of the Management Server on TCP port 4110. Management connections are allowed from the Management Server to this managed Firebox client. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration as described in “Adding Devices” on page 245. Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients You can use the WatchGuard Management Server to configure and manage many Firebox® X Edge and SOHO devices. Each Firebox X Edge and SOHO must be configured for management by the Management Server. Then you Insert or Add the devices to the Management Server. You can Import one or more Firebox X Edge devices that have already been configured with the Quick Setup Wizard into the Management Server. This is the fastest procedure to provision and add a group of Firebox X Edge devices to the Management Server. 240 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients You can Add a Firebox X Edge device that is already configured or installed using the Add Device Wizard. You must configure values to identify the device to the Management Server. You can add only one device at a time. • For a new or factory default Firebox X Edge device, configure the device with the procedure “Preparing a new or factory default Firebox X Edge for management” on page 241, then import the device with the procedure “Importing Firebox X Edge devices into a Management Server” on page 242. • For a Firebox X Edge that is already installed, configure the device for management with the procedure “Preparing an installed Firebox X Edge for management” on page 242, and add the device to the Management Server using the procedure “Adding Devices” on page 245. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration as described in “Adding Devices” on page 245. Note Use the WG-SmallOffice-Mgmt packet filter to allow connections between the Management Server and the managed Firebox X Edge devices. If you have another firewall, make sure that you have a policy to allow traffic from managed Edge devices on TCP port 4109. Preparing a new or factory default Firebox X Edge for management To prepare a new or factory default Firebox X Edge for management with a Management Server, you must be able to physically connect the Firebox X Edge to an Ethernet interface on your computer. To prepare the Firebox X Edge: 1 Start WatchGuard System Manager and select Tools > Quick Setup Wizard. The Quick Setup Wizard starts. 2 3 4 Read the Welcome page and click Next. 5 6 7 Use the instructions on the subsequent page of the wizard to start the Firebox X Edge in Safe Mode. 8 9 Accept the License Agreement and click Next. Select Firebox X Edge as the type of Firebox and click Next. Connect the network interface on your computer to any LAN port on the Firebox X Edge, and click Next. Use one of the green Ethernet cables included with the Firebox X Edge. (If there is no green cable included with your Firebox X Edge, try the red cable.) Look at the light on the Edge front panel that has a number corresponding to the number of the Ethernet port you connected the cable to on the back of the Edge. Use the instructions on the wizard page, and click Next. Use the instructions on the Wait for the Firebox and The Wizard found this Firebox pages. Click Next after each page. Configure the external (WAN 1) interface of the Firebox X Edge. Select DHCP, PPPoE, or Static IP addressing, and click Next. (For detailed information on how to configure the Edge interfaces, see the Firebox X Edge User Guide.) 10 Click Next after you configure the interface. 11 Configure the Edge internal interface and click Next. 12 Create a status passphrase and a configuration passphrase for your Edge and click Next. You must type each passphrase two times. This is the passphrase that is used by WatchGuard System Manager to connect to and configure the device. User Guide 241 Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients 13 Type a user name and passphrase for the device, and click Next. You must type the passphrase two times. This is the user name and passphrase that you can use to connect to and configure the device with a web browser. 14 Select the time zone settings and click Next. 15 Configure the Management Server settings. Type the IP address of the gateway Firebox that protects the Management Server, the name to identify the Firebox in the Management Server interface, and the shared key. Click Next. The shared key is used by the Management Server to create VPN tunnels between Fireboxes. You do not have to remember this key. 16 Review the configuration for the Edge and click Next. 17 To set up another Edge, select the check box. Click Finish. If you select this check box, the Quick Setup Wizard populates the fields with the same values as this configuration, so you can easily set up similar Edge devices. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration as described in “Adding Devices” on page 245. Importing Firebox X Edge devices into a Management Server Firebox X Edge devices that are configured with the Quick Setup Wizard can be imported into the Management Server. You must connect from the computer from which you ran the Quick Setup Wizard. Also, you must connect to the same Management Server that you configured for the device when you ran the Quick Setup Wizard. 1 Start WatchGuard System Manager, and connect to the Management Server for which you configured Edge devices. 2 Select File > Import Device. The WatchGuard System Manager dialog box appears. 3 Select the check boxes in front of each Edge you want to import. Click Import. The Firebox X Edge devices are imported into the Management Server. The devices appear in the Imported Devices folder for the Management Server. Preparing an installed Firebox X Edge for management 1 To connect to the Firebox X Edge System Status page, type https:// in the browser address bar, and the IP address of the Edge trusted interface. The default URL is: https://192.168.111.1 242 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients 2 From the navigation bar, select Administration > WSM Access. The WatchGuard Management Access page appears. 3 4 5 Select the Enable remote management check box. From the Management Type drop-down list, select WatchGuard System Manager. Type a status passphrase for your Firebox X Edge and then type it again to confirm in the correct fields. Type a configuration passphrase for your Firebox X Edge and then type it again to confirm in the correct fields. These passphrases must match the passphrases you use when you add the device to the Management Server or the connection will fail. 6 Note If the Firebox X Edge you want to manage has a static IP address on its external interface, you can stop here. Save the configuration to this Firebox. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration. When you add this Edge to the Management Server configuration, the Management Server automatically connects to the static IP address and configures the Edge as a managed Firebox client. If the Edge you want to manage has a dynamic IP address, go on to step 7. 7 In the Management Server Address text box, type the IP address of the Management Server if it has a public IP address. If the Management Server has a private IP address, type the public IP address of the Firebox that protects the Management Server. The Firebox that protects the Management Server automatically monitors all ports used by the Management Server and will forward any connection on these ports to the configured Management Server. No special configuration is necessary for this to occur. 8 Type the Client Name to identify the Edge in the Management Server configuration. This name is case-sensitive and must match the name you use for the Edge when you add it to the Management Server configuration. 9 Type the Shared Key. The shared key is used to encrypt the connection between the Management Server and the Firebox X Edge. This shared key must be the same on the Edge and the Management Server. You must get the shared key from your Management Server administrator. User Guide 243 Configuring Edges and SOHOs as Managed Clients 10 Click Submit to save this configuration to the Firebox X Edge. When you save the configuration to the Edge, the Edge is enabled as a managed client. The managed Firebox client tries to connect to the IP address of the Management Server. Management connections are allowed from the Management Server to this managed Firebox client. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration as described in “Adding Devices” on page 245. Configuring a Firebox SOHO 6 as a managed client 1 2 3 Start your web browser. Type the IP address of the SOHO 6. If the SOHO 6 must have a login and passphrase, type the login and passphrase. Below Administration, click VPN Manager Access. The VPN Manager Access page appears. 4 5 6 In the left navigation pane below VPN, click Managed VPN. Select the Enable VPN Manager Access check box. Type the status passphrase for VPN Manager access. Type the status passphrase again to confirm the passphrase. Type the configuration passphrase for VPN Manager access. Type the configuration passphrase again to confirm the passphrase. Note If the Firebox SOHO you want to manage has a static IP address on its external interface, you can stop here. Click Submit to save your configuration to the SOHO. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration. When you add this SOHO to the Management Server configuration, the Management Server automatically connects to the static IP address and configures the SOHO as a managed Firebox client. If the SOHO you want to manage has a dynamic IP address, go on to step 7. 7 8 9 Select the Enable Managed VPN check box. From the Configuration Mode drop-down list, select SOHO. In the DVCP Server Address text box, type the IP address of the Management Server if it has a public IP address. If the Management Server has a private IP address, type the public IP address of the Firebox that protects the Management Server. The Firebox that protects the Management Server automatically monitors all ports used by the Management Server and will forward any connection on these ports to the configured Management Server. No special configuration is necessary for this to occur. 10 Type the Client Name to give your Firebox SOHO. This name is case-sensitive and must match the name you use for the device when you add it to the Management Server configuration. 244 WatchGuard System Manager Adding Devices 11 Type the Shared Key. The shared key is used to encrypt the connection between the Management Server and the Firebox SOHO. This shared key must be the same on the SOHO and the Management Server. You must get the shared key from your Management Server administrator. 12 Click Submit. When you save the configuration to the Firebox SOHO, the SOHO is enabled as a managed client. The managed SOHO client tries to connect to the IP address of the Management Server. Management connections are allowed from the Management Server to this managed SOHO client. You can now add the device to your Management Server configuration as described in the next section. Adding Devices You can use the Management Server to manage Firebox® devices, including Firebox III and Firebox X Core devices that use WFS appliance software, Firebox X devices that use Fireware® appliance software, Firebox X Edge devices, and Firebox SOHO devices. A device with a dynamic IP address must also be configured as a managed client from Policy Manager for the device. See the previous sections for these instructions. If your device has multiple external interfaces, do not change the interface configuration after you add the device to the Management Server. 1 In WatchGuard® System Manager, connect to the Management Server. Select File > Connect to Server, or select the Device Status tab. Or Right-click anywhere in the window and select Connect to > Server. 2 3 4 Type or select the IP address of the Management Server, type the passphrase, and click Login. Click the Device Management tab. Select the Management Server from the list at the left of the window. The Management Server page appears. 5 Expand the Devices folder. All devices managed by this Management Server are shown here. User Guide 245 Adding Devices 6 Select Edit > Insert Device, or right-click in the left frame of this window and select Insert Device. The Add Device wizard starts. 7 Click Next to see the first configuration screen. 8 If the device is either static or dynamic and you know the device’s IP address, type it (or the host name) along with the status and configuration passphrase. If the device has a dynamic IP address but does not use the Dynamic DNS service, type a unique name for the device. The name you type here must match the name you enter in Policy Manager for that device (if the device is a Firebox III, Firebox X Core or X Peak). If the device is a Firebox X Edge, this name must match the name you give the device when you enable the device as a managed client with the web configuration manager. If you do not know the device’s IP address, click the appropriate radio button. At any time after you complete the wizard, you can manually configure the device for management. When the device is configured for management, it will contact the Management Server. 9 Click Next. The wizard performs a device discovery. 10 Enter a name for the device, if you want to use a name other than the default name. Click Next. 11 Specify authentication for the device. Click Next. 12 Click Next. The Configure the Device screen appears. Click Next on this screen to configure the device with the new management settings and add it to the Management Server. If the device is already managed by another server, or configured for management by this server, a warning dialog box appears. Click Yes to continue. 13 Click Close to close the Add Device wizard. Note If traffic is very heavy, the Add Device wizard cannot connect because of SSL timeout. Try again later when the system has less load. 246 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 18 Device Management Properties When a Firebox® or Edge device is added to a Management Server, you can use the information and fields on the Device Management tab to configure settings on the device. For more information about how to add a device to the Management Server, see “Adding Devices” on page 245. Viewing the Managed Devices When you select the Devices folder, you can see a list of devices and the following information for each one. Name The name of the managed Firebox. Type The type of appliance software installed on the managed Firebox. IP Address The IP address used to identify the Firebox. If the Firebox has not reported into the server, the field shows “n/a”. User Guide 247 Viewing the Device Management Page Lease Time The Management Server lease time is the time interval at which the managed client contacts the Management Server for updates. The default is 60 minutes. The lease time is configured as part of the Device Properties, on the Connection Settings tab (described in “Connection settings” on page 249). Last Download The time of the most recent update of the managed device from the Management Server. The field can also show Never if it has never been updated, or Pending if an update is in progress. Last Modified The time of the most recent configuration file change on the managed Firebox. The field can also show Never if it has never been updated, or Pending if an update is in progress. Viewing the Device Management Page You can use the management page to configure management settings on the device. 1 Expand Devices on the left side of the WatchGuard® System Manager Device Management tab. A list of managed devices appears. 2 248 Select a device. The management page for the device appears. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Device Management Properties Configuring Device Management Properties You configure three categories of Firebox management properties: connection settings, IPSec tunnel preferences, and contact information. Connection settings 1 On the Firebox management page, click Configure. The Device Properties dialog box appears. 2 3 In the Display Name field, enter the name for the device that will appear in WSM. From the Firebox Type drop-down list, select the device hardware and, if applicable, the appliance software installed on it. 4 If the device has a static IP address, from the Hostname/IP Address box, select or type the entry for your device. This box contains the external IP addresses of all devices managed by the Management Server. 5 If the device has a dynamic IP address, select the Device has dynamic external IP address check box. In the Client Name field, enter the name of the device. (For information on how to set up a device manually for management, see the “Device Management Setup” chapter.) 6 7 Enter the status and configuration passphrases for the Firebox. User Guide In the Shared Secret field, enter the shared secret between the device and the Management Server. 249 Configuring Device Management Properties 8 Use the arrow buttons next to Lease Time to change the Management Server lease time. This is the time interval at which the managed client contacts the Management Server for updates. The default is 60 minutes. IPSec tunnel preferences 250 1 On the Device Properties dialog box, click the IPSec Tunnel Preferences tab. 2 From the Tunnel Authentication drop-down list, select either Shared Key or IPSec Firebox Certificate. The second option uses the certificate for the Firebox. For more information about certificates, see the “Certificates and the Certificate Authority” chapter. 3 Type the primary and secondary addresses for the WINS and DNS servers if you want your managed client to get its WINS and DNS settings through the IPSec BOVPN tunnel. Otherwise, you can leave these fields blank. You can also type a domain suffix in the Domain Name text box for a DHCP client to use with unqualified names such as “kunstler_mail”. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Device Management Properties Contact information 1 On the Device Properties dialog box, click the Contact Information tab. 2 A list of contact information for remote devices appears. To add to the contact list or edit an existing entry, click Contact List. 3 From the contact list that appears, click Add or select an entry you want to edit or delete. The Contact Information dialog box appears. User Guide 251 Updating a Device Updating a Device 1 On the device management page, click Update Device. The Update Device dialog box appears. 2 Select the Download Trusted and Optional Network Policies check box to download the policies on the managed device to the Management Server for the trusted and optional networks. We recommend you do this to make sure you have the latest policies when you edit the device configuration and have not connected to the device in a long time. 3 If the device does not receive the update, refresh the Management Server configuration: Select the Reset Server Configuration check box to refresh the Management Server IP address, hostname, and shared secret on the device. 4 Select the Expire Lease check box to expire the Management Server lease for the managed client and download any VPN or configuration changes. 5 Select the Issue/Reissue Firebox’s IPSec Certificate and CA’s Certificate check box to issue or reissue the IPSec certificate for the Firebox and the Certificate Authority’s certificate. 6 Click OK. Removing a Device To remove a device so that it is no longer managed by the Management Server and no longer appears on the Management Server window: 1 On the left side of the Management Server window, click the icon for the device you want to remove and select Edit > Remove. 2 3 On the confirmation dialog box, click Yes. Go to Policy Manager for that device, select VPN > Managed Client, and clear the Enable this Firebox as a Managed Client check box. Network Setup (Edge devices only) With a WatchGuard® Management Server, you can configure the network settings for a group of Firebox® X Edge devices using WatchGuard System Manager. You can use WatchGuard System Manager to configure the unique network settings for each Firebox X Edge. 252 WatchGuard System Manager Adding a VPN Resource Note All Firebox X Edge network settings can be configured using the Edge web interface. For detailed information on these configuration options, see the Firebox X Edge User Guide. 1 2 Click the Device Management tab on WatchGuard System Manager. Expand Devices, and click on a Firebox X Edge device. The Edge configuration appears in the right pane. 3 Below Network Settings, click Configure. The Network Settings dialog box appears. 4 To configure network settings, click each category of settings in the left pane of the dialog box and provide information in the fields that appear. For information on these fields and how to configure them, see the Firebox X Edge User Guide. Adding a VPN Resource For a VPN, you can configure (and put a limit to) the networks that have access through the tunnel. You can make a VPN between hosts or networks. To configure the networks that are available through a given VPN device, you define VPN resources. The Device Management tab lists VPN resources currently defined. To add more VPN resources, see “Adding VPN Resources” on page 268. Starting Firebox and Edge Tools The Device Management tab allows you to start other tools for device configuration and monitoring. For Firebox devices, you can start: •Policy Manager •Firebox System Manager •HostWatch •Ping For Edge devices, you can start: •Edge Web Manager (Firebox X Edge only). Use Internet Explorer 6.0 or later. This link provides secure web access to the device's web user interface without the need to open any ports on the device. •Policy Manager (SOHO 6 only) •Firebox System Manager •HostWatch •Ping User Guide 253 VPN Tunnels VPN Tunnels You can see all tunnels that include the device in the Tunnels section. You can also add a VPN tunnel in this section. 1 On the Firebox X Edge or SOHO management page, find the VPN Tunnels section. This section shows all tunnels in which this device is a VPN endpoint. 2 Click Add to add a new VPN tunnel. The Add VPN wizard starts. Configure the VPN to match your VPN requirements. For more information about the Add VPN Wizard, see “Making Tunnels Between Devices” on page 272. Using the Firebox X Edge Policy Section Note The management page for a SOHO 6 does not have the Policy section. This section shows the Edge Configuration Template to which this Firebox X Edge is subscribed. You can use the Configure link in this section to configure the Edge Configuration Template. For information about Edge Configuration Templates, see “Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates” on page 258. 254 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 19 Firebox X Edge Templates and Aliases WatchGuard® System Manager includes a number of features specifically for Firebox® X Edge device management. You can easily manage many Firebox X Edge devices and make changes to the security policy for more than one Firebox X Edge device at one time, and still have individual control over the configuration of each Firebox X Edge device. With a Management Server, you can also: • Manage Firebox X Edge firmware updates. With a Management Server, firmware updates can be scheduled and installed by the Management Server. • Create Edge Configuration Templates for a group of Firebox X Edge devices. You create a configuration template on the Management Server, and install it on many Firebox X Edge devices. To do this, select an Edge Configuration Template from the list, or drag the Firebox X Edge devices on to the template. If you make a change to the policy, the policy is automatically updated on all subscribed Firebox X Edge devices. • Use aliases to define a common destination for policy configuration on the Management Server. You can also manage Firebox SOHO 6 and SOHO 5 devices from WatchGuard System Manager. You cannot create configuration templates for the Firebox SOHO, or edit the network configuration with WatchGuard System Manager. Note This chapter describes how to use WatchGuard System Manager to manage Firebox X Edge devices. For detailed information on configuring the Firebox X Edge, see the Firebox X Edge User Guide. Scheduling Firebox X Edge Firmware Updates Firmware updates for Firebox® X Edge devices must be installed on the Management Server. You can then use a single operation to update firmware on groups of Edge devices, either immediately or on a schedule. Current status of firmware updates appear on the Device Management tab, in the Firmware Update Status section. User Guide 255 Scheduling Firebox X Edge Firmware Updates You get firmware updates from LiveSecurity. You can download Edge firmware updates whenever you update the WSM software. 1 In the Device Management tab in WatchGuard System Manager, select the Management Server. The Management Server settings page appears. 2 Scroll down to the Firmware Update Status section. If there are scheduled firmware updates, they are shown here. 3 Click Schedule Firmware Update. The Update Firmware wizard starts. 4 5 Read the Welcome screen and click Next. Select the device type from the list and click Next. Note In this version of WatchGuard System Manager, the only device type you can select is Firebox X Edge. 6 256 Select the check box in front of each Firebox X Edge that you want to update. Click Next. WatchGuard System Manager Scheduling Firebox X Edge Firmware Updates 7 Select the firmware version to use. Click Next. The Select the Time and Date page appears. 8 To update firmware immediately, select Update firmware immediately. To schedule the update for a time in the future, select Schedule firmware update. 9 If you selected Schedule firmware update, select the date from the Date field, and set the time in the Time field. 10 Click Next. 11 Click Next. Click Close. The Firmware is updated if you selected Update firmware immediately, or scheduled if you selected Schedule firmware update. Viewing and deleting firmware updates 1 In the Device Management tab, click Scheduled Firmware Updates below the Management Server. The Scheduled Firmware Updates page appears. All scheduled firmware updates are shown. Firmware updates are shown separately for each device, even if more than one device is included in the same firmware update. For this reason, when you select a device, all devices included in that scheduled firmware update are also selected. • To delete a scheduled firmware update, right-click a device and select Remove task. All devices in that firmware update task are removed from the schedule. • To add a scheduled firmware update, click Add. The Update Firmware wizard starts. User Guide 257 Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates When you use Firebox® X Edge devices with the WatchGuard® Management Server, you can create Edge Configuration Templates on the Management Server. You can then apply those Edge Configuration Templates to Edge devices. With Edge Configuration Templates, you can easily configure standard firewall filters, change the Blocked Sites list, change your WebBlocker configuration, or change other policy settings for one or many managed Edge devices. Note Edge Configuration Templates can be used with the Firebox X Edge only. Each Edge can have only one Edge Configuration Template. An Edge must have firmware version 7.5 or later to use Edge Configuration Templates. You must use separate templates for Edges that run firmware versions 7.5, 8.0, and 8.5. You can make changes to an Edge Configuration Template or the list of devices to which the policy has been applied at any time. The Management Server automatically makes the changes. 1 2 3 Start WatchGuard System Manager and connect to the Management Server. Click the Device Management tab. You can expand the list of Edge Configuration Templates to see any Edge Configuration Templates that have been created. If you have not created any Edge Configuration Templates, this list is empty. Right-click and select Insert Edge Configuration Template. The Product Version dialog box appears. 4 Select the product line and version from the drop-down list. Click OK. The Edge Configuration Edge Template appears. 5 6 258 Type a name for the template. To configure the policy, click each category of settings in the left pane of the dialog box and type information in the fields that appear. The categories listed depend on which version of the Edge you are defining the template for. For information on the fields that appear, see the Firebox X Edge User Guide. WatchGuard System Manager Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates 7 Click OK to close the Edge Configuration Template. The policy is saved to the Management Server, and an update is sent to all Firebox X Edge devices to which this policy is applied. Adding a pre-defined policy with the Add Policy wizard 1 From the Device Management tab, right-click Edge Configuration Templates and select Insert Edge Configuration Template. The Product Version dialog box appears. 2 Select the product line and version from the drop-down list. Click OK. The Edge Configuration Edge Template appears. 3 4 Select Firewall Policies and click Add. The Add Policy wizard starts. The Welcome page appears. Click Next. The Select a policy type page appears. 5 To use a pre-defined policy, select Choose a pre-defined policy from this list and select the policy to use from the list. 6 7 8 Click Next. If you use a pre-defined policy, select the traffic direction. Select to deny or allow traffic for this policy and direction. Adding a custom policy with the Add Policy wizard 1 User Guide Start the Add Policy wizard. To do this, on the Firewall Policies page, click Add in the Edge Configuration dialog box. 259 Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates 2 The Welcome page appears. Click Next. 3 4 To create and use a custom policy, select Create and use a new custom policy. Click Next. The Specify Protocols page appears. 5 6 Type a name for the protocol. To add a protocol, click Add. The Add protocol dialog box appears. 7 8 9 10 11 12 Select to filter the TCP, UDP, or IP protocol. Select one port or a range. Type the port number or numbers, or the IP protocol number. Click OK to add the protocol. Click Add to add another protocol. Click Next when all the protocols for this policy are added. Select the traffic direction. Select Incoming, Outgoing, or Optional. Select Allow or Deny for the filter action. If the action is Allow, add the From and To destinations as required. 13 Click Next. 14 Click Finish to finish the wizard and return to the Edge Configuration dialog box. 260 WatchGuard System Manager Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates Cloning an Edge Configuration Template To clone (copy) a template is useful when you have devices that use similar configurations, with slight variations. You can make one Edge Configuration Template, and then clone that policy for each variation, and make changes to those cloned templates. 1 2 Expand Edge Configuration Templates in the Device Management pane. Right-click the Edge Configuration Template to be cloned, and select Clone. A copy of the Edge Configuration Template appears in the list of Edge Configuration Templates. 3 Edit the cloned policy. Applying an Edge Configuration Template to devices You can apply an Edge Configuration Template to any number of Firebox X Edge devices. You cannot apply more than one Edge Configuration Template to the same Edge. Applying the template using drag-and-drop You can add an Edge Configuration Template to a Firebox X Edge device by drag-and-drop. Click the Edge device in the Devices list. Drag the Edge over the Edge Configuration Template in the Edge Configuration Templates list, and drop it on the policy. You can also drag a template and drop it on a device. The policy is added to the Edge. If you have a folder of devices, you can drag the folder over the Edge Configuration Template to apply the Edge Configuration Template to all Edge devices in the folder. All other devices are skipped. Applying the policy to devices in the device list 1 User Guide In the WatchGuard System Manager Device Management tab, expand the list of Edge Configuration Templates. 261 Creating and Applying Edge Configuration Templates 2 Select the template to add to a device. The template appears in the right frame of the window. 3 Click the Configure link below the Devices section. The Manage Device List appears. 4 Click Add to add a device or devices to the list. The Select Devices dialog box appears. 5 6 Select one or more devices from the list. Click OK. Click OK again. The managed devices you select are subscribed to the Edge Configuration Template. 262 WatchGuard System Manager Using Aliases Using Aliases Aliases are used with managed Firebox® X Edge devices to define a common destination for policy configuration on the Management Server. For example, with aliases, you can create an Edge Configuration Template for a mail server, and define that policy to operate with your mail server. Because the mail server can have a different IP address on each Firebox X Edge network, you create an alias on the Management Server called MailServer. When you create the Edge Configuration Template for the mail server, you use this alias as the destination. Then you define that alias as either the source or destination, depending on the direction of the policy. In this example you can configure an incoming SMTP Allow policy with MailServer as the destination. To make the Edge Configuration Template operate correctly on Edge devices that use the policy, you configure the MailServer alias in the Network Settings for each Firebox X Edge device. Alias configuration is done in two steps: • Naming aliases on the Management Server • Defining alias IP addresses on the Firebox X Edge Naming aliases on the Management Server 1 In the Device Management tab in WatchGuard® System Manager, select the Management Server. The Management Server settings page appears. User Guide 263 Using Aliases 2 Click Manage Aliases. The Aliases dialog box appears. 3 4 5 6 Select an alias and click Edit to edit the name. Type a name for the alias and click OK. Repeat this procedure for all aliases that you must define. Click OK when all aliases are configured. Defining aliases on a Firebox X Edge 1 In the Device Management tab in WatchGuard System Manager, select the Firebox X Edge. The Management Server settings page appears. 264 WatchGuard System Manager Using Aliases 2 Click Configure under the Network Settings section. The Network Settings dialog box appears. 3 Click Aliases. The aliases appear. The aliases you named on the Management Server appear with those names in this dialog box. 4 Select an alias to define and click Edit. The Local Alias Setting dialog box appears. 5 6 7 User Guide Type the IP address for the local alias on the network of this Firebox X Edge. Click OK. Repeat the procedure for each alias to define. Click OK when all aliases are defined. 265 Using Aliases 266 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 20 Managed BOVPN Tunnels WatchGuard® System Manager supplies speed and reliability when you create IPSec VPN tunnels through the drag-and-drop procedure, an automatic wizard, and the use of templates. You can make in minutes IPSec tunnels that use authentication and encryption. You can be sure that these tunnels operate with other tunnels and security policies. These tunnels are called managed BOVPN tunnels. Another type of tunnel is a manual BOVPN tunnel, which is a BOVPN tunnel that you use dialog boxes to define. Like manual tunnels, managed tunnels are shown in the Device Status tab for each Firebox®. About Managed BOVPN Tunnels You perform the following steps to create a managed BOVPN tunnel: • Configure a WatchGuard Management Server and Certificate Authority (CA) (described in the “Certificates and the Certificate Authority” chapter). • Add Fireboxes or Firebox X Edge devices to the Management Server, as described in “Adding Devices” on page 245. • (Dynamic devices only) Configure the Firebox as a managed client. • If necessary, create VPN Resources, Policy Templates, and Security Templates. Or, you can use those that are currently defined. • Create tunnels between the devices, as described in “Making Tunnels Between Devices” on page 272. VPN Failover VPN Failover, described in “About VPN Failover” on page 289, is supported with managed BOVPN tunnels. If you have multi-WAN configured, and create managed tunnels, WSM automatically sets up gateway pairs that include the external interfaces of both ends of your tunnel. No other configuration is necessary. User Guide 267 VPN Resources and Templates Global VPN settings Global VPN settings on your Firebox apply to all manual BOVPN tunnels, managed tunnels, and MUVPN tunnels. You can use these settings to: • Enable IPSec pass-through. • Clear or maintain the settings of packets with Type of Service (TOS) bits set. • Use an LDAP server to verify certificates. To change these settings, from Policy Manager, select VPN > VPN Settings. For more information on these settings, see “Using Global VPN Settings” on page 74. VPN Resources and Templates You can use the following to simplify tunnel creation, especially if you need to create large numbers of tunnels: VPN Resources The networks that can connect through VPN tunnels. If a VPN endpoint device has a static IP address, the Management Server automatically creates a default VPN resource for the device that includes all trusted networks. If the trusted network behind the device has many routed or secondary networks configured, consider using a Policy Template, described below. VPN Firewall Policy Templates Sets of one or more bidirectional firewall policies that restrict the type the traffic allowed across a VPN. If you do not select a Policy Template for a tunnel, the default “Any” policy applies to the tunnel. Security Templates Sets of encryption types, authentication types, and renegotiation lifetimes to be applied to VPNs. WSM includes default Security Templates, but you can modify them or create new ones. Later sections in this chapter describe how to create and use these objects. Configuring a Firebox as a Managed Firebox Client To allow WatchGuard® System Manager to manage a Firebox® or Edge, or SOHO with a dynamic IP address, you must enable it as a managed Firebox client. For instructions on how to enable a Firebox as a managed client, see the “Device Management Setup” chapter. Adding VPN Resources For a VPN, you can configure (and put a limit to) the networks that have access through the tunnel. You can make a VPN between hosts or networks. To configure the networks that are available through a given VPN device, you define VPN resources. If a VPN endpoint device has a static IP address, the Management Server automatically creates a default VPN resource for the device that includes all trusted networks. If the trusted network behind the device has many routed or secondary networks configured, consider using a Policy Template (described in “Adding Policy Templates” on page 270) to restrict the resources available through the VPN tunnel. 268 WatchGuard System Manager Adding VPN Resources Getting the current resources from a device Before you add more VPN resources, get the current resources from the device. This is most important for dynamic devices because the Firebox® automatically adds a network resource for static devices. Before you update a device, make sure that it is configured as a managed Firebox client. 1 In WatchGuard System Manager on the Device Management tab, select a managed client, and then select Edit > Update Device. The Update Device dialog box appears. 2 3 Select the Download Trusted and Optional Network Policies check box. Click OK. Creating a new VPN resource To make a VPN resource, on the Device Management tab: 1 Select the device for which you want to configure a VPN resource. 2 Right-click and select Insert VPN Resource or click the Insert VPN Resource icon. The VPN Resource dialog box for that device appears. 3 In the Policy Name box, type a name for the policy. This name will appear in the Device Management window and in the Add VPN wizard. 4 If you want to create a VPN resource for a Firebox X Core, Firebox X Peak, or WFS device, the Disposition field appears. From the Deposition drop-down list, select one of the following options: secure Encrypt traffic to and from this resource. This is the most commonly used option. User Guide 269 Adding Policy Templates bypass Sends the traffic in cleartext. You might use this option if one Firebox is in drop-in mode and the tunnel routes traffic to the drop-in network. In this case, the drop-in IP address must be bypassed but not blocked or the tunnel cannot negotiate. 5 6 block Do not allow the traffic through the VPN. You might use this option to exclude one or more IP addresses from using a VPN that allows a full subnet, but only when given a higher precedence than the full subnet. If you want to create a VPN resource for a Firebox X Edge, the Disposition field does not appear because only the secure option is supported. Add, edit, or delete resources. Click Add to add an IP address or a network address. Click Edit to edit a resource that you have selected in the list. Select a resource in the Resources list and click Remove to delete a resource. Click OK. Adding more hosts or networks 1 From the VPN Resource dialog box, click Add. The Resource dialog box appears. 2 From the Allow to/from drop-down list, select the resource type, and then type the IP address or network address in the adjacent address box. 3 Click OK. Adding Policy Templates You use VPN Firewall Policy templates to create a set of one or more bidirectional firewall policies that restrict the type the traffic allowed across a VPN. Note that Policy Templates do not support proxied policies. 1 On the left side (tree view) of the Device Management tab, expand Managed VPNs, and click VPN Firewall Policy Templates. A list of currently defined policy templates, if any, appears on the right side of the screen. 270 WatchGuard System Manager Adding Security Templates 2 In the upper-right corner of the screen, click Add. The VPN Firewall Policy Template dialog box appears. 3 In the Name field, type a name for the Policy Template. This name will appear in the Device Management tree view and in the Add VPN wizard. 4 To add a policy to the template, click Add. The Add Policy wizard starts. 5 Select from a list of pre-defined policies or create a custom policy. If you select to create a custom policy, use the wizard’s next screen to type a name and select a port and protocol for the policy. 6 After you add the policy, you can repeat the procedure to add additional policies, if needed. Click OK when you are done. Adding Security Templates A Security Template is a set of configuration information to be used when you create tunnels. When you use Security Templates, you do not need to individually create settings each time you create a tunnel. These templates include an encryption type, an authentication type, and renegotiation lifetimes. Default Security Templates are supplied for the available encryption types. You can modify the existing templates or make new templates. To make a Security Template: 1 On the Device Management tab, right-click in the window, and select Insert Security Template or click the Insert Security Template icon (shown at the left side). The Security Template dialog box appears. User Guide 271 Making Tunnels Between Devices 2 In the Template Name box, type a name for the template. This name will appear in the Device Management tree view and in the Add VPN wizard. 3 From the Authentication and Encryption drop-down lists, select the authentication method and encryption method. 4 To set the end date for a key, select the Force key expiration check box, and then select the kilobytes or hours until the expiration. If you give two values, the key stops at the event that comes first. 5 Click OK. Making Tunnels Between Devices You configure a tunnel with the Add VPN wizard. Dynamic Fireboxes and Firebox® X Edge devices must have networks that are configured before you can use this procedure. You must also get the policies from any new dynamic devices before you configure tunnels (use the procedure “Getting the current resources from a device” on page 269 to do this). On the Device Management tab: 1 On one of the tunnel endpoints, click the device name. Drag-and-drop the name to the device name at the other tunnel endpoint. The Add VPN wizard starts. Or, From the Device Management tab, select Edit > Create a new VPN or click the Create New VPN icon. The Add VPN wizard starts. 2 3 Click Next. 4 From the drop-down list, select a VPN resource for each device. For more information on VPN resources, see “VPN Resources and Templates” on page 268 and “Adding VPN Resources” on page 268. Click Next. 5 Select the Security Template applicable for the type of security and type of authentication to use for this tunnel. For more information on Security Templates, see “VPN Resources and Templates” on page 268 and “Adding Security Templates” on page 271. Click Next. 6 Select the Policy Template applicable for the type of traffic you want to allow through this tunnel. If no Policy Templates have been defined, the default “Any” policy applies to the tunnel. For more information on Policy Templates, see “VPN Resources and Templates” on page 268 and “Adding Policy Templates” on page 270. 7 Click Next. If you used the drag-and-drop procedure in Step 1, the screen shows the two endpoint devices you selected with drag-and-drop, and the VPN resource that the tunnel uses. If you did not use dragand-drop, select the endpoints from the drop-down list. The wizard shows the configuration. 8 272 Select the Restart devices now to download VPN configuration check box. Click Finish to start the devices again and deploy the VPN tunnel. WatchGuard System Manager Editing a Tunnel Editing a Tunnel You can see all your tunnels on the Device Management tab of WatchGuard® System Manager (WSM). WSM lets you change the tunnel name, Security Template, endpoints, and the policy you use. If you want to change the Policy Template or the Security Template for the tunnel, you can drag-anddrop the template name from the tree view at the left side of the Device Management tab to the VPN name in the tree view. The new template is applied. For other changes, or to use a dialog box to change a template: 1 2 3 On the Device Management tab, expand the tree to see the device to change and its policy. Select the tunnel you want to change. Right-click and select Properties. The VPN Properties dialog box appears. 4 Make the changes you want to the tunnel. The fields on this dialog box are explained in previous sections. 5 Click OK to save the changes. When the tunnel is renegotiated, the changes are applied. Removing Tunnels and Devices To remove a device from WatchGuard® System Manager (WSM), you must first remove the tunnels for which that device is an endpoint. Removing a tunnel 1 2 3 4 5 User Guide From WSM, click the Device Management tab. Expand the Managed VPNs folder to show the tunnel you want to remove. Right-click the tunnel. Select Remove. Click Yes to confirm. You may have to restart the devices that use the tunnel you want to remove. Click Yes. 273 Removing Tunnels and Devices Removing a device 1 From System Manager, click the Device Status or Device Management tab. The Device Status tab (left side figure below) or the Device Management tab (right side figure below) appears. 2 3 4 274 If you use the Device Management tab, expand the Devices folder to show the device to remove. Right-click the device. Select Remove. Click Yes. WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 21 Manual BOVPN Tunnels Branch Office Virtual Private Networking (BOVPN) enables businesses to deliver secure, encrypted connectivity between geographically separated offices. These communications often contain the types of critical data exchanged inside the corporate firewall. In this scenario, a BOVPN ensures confidential connections between these offices, streamlining communication, reducing the cost of dedicated lines, and retaining security at each end. Manual BOVPN tunnel refers to a BOVPN tunnel that you use dialog boxes to define. The other type of VPN tunnel is a managed BOVPN tunnel, which you create with a drag-anddrop procedure, an automatic wizard, and the use of templates. About Manual VPN Tunnels The basic procedure for creating a manual tunnel involves configuring gateway endpoints—connection points on both the local and remote sides of the tunnel—configuring routes for the tunnel, specifying how the devices control security, and making a policy for the tunnel. Note that the two ends of the tunnel must use the same encryption and authentication method. VPN and failover VPN tunnels automatically fail over to the backup WAN interface during a WAN failover. You can configure BOVPN tunnels such that they fail over to a backup peer endpoint. In the event of a dead peer, the tunnel can fail over to a backup endpoint. You can also use the VPN Failover feature as described in “About VPN Failover” on page 289. Global VPN settings Global VPN settings on your Firebox apply to all manual BOVPN tunnels, managed tunnels, and MUVPN tunnels. You can use these settings to: • Enable IPSec pass-through. • Clear or maintain the settings of packets with Type of Service (TOS) bits set. • Use an LDAP server to verify certificates. User Guide 275 Configuring Gateways To change these settings, from Policy Manager, select VPN > VPN Settings. For more information on these settings, see “Using Global VPN Settings” on page 74. Configuring Gateways A gateway is a connection point for one or more tunnels. To create a tunnel, you must set up gateways on both the local and remote devices. To configure these gateways, you specify: • Credential method—either pre-shared keys or an IPSec Firebox certificate. • Location of local and remote gateway endpoints, either by IP address or domain information. • Settings for Phase 1 of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) negotiation. This phase defines the security association—protocols and settings that the gateway endpoints will use to communicate—to protect data that is passed during the negotiation. 1 From Policy Manager, click VPN > Branch Office Gateways. The Gateways dialog box appears. 2 To add a gateway, click Add. The New Gateway dialog box appears. 276 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Gateways 3 In the Gateway Name text box, type a name to identify this gateway in Policy Manager for this Firebox. Defining the credential method 1 From the New Gateway dialog box, select either Use Pre-Shared Key or Use IPSec Firebox Certificate to identify the authentication procedure to use. If you selected Pre-Shared Key Type the shared key. You must use the same shared key on the remote device. This shared key must use only standard ASCII characters. If you selected Use IPSec Firebox Certificate From the table below the radio button, select the certificate to be used for the gateway. Certificates for the devices at each gateway endpoint must use the same algorithm. Either both must use DSS or both must use RSA. Note You must start the Certificate Authority if you select certificate-based authentication. For information on this, see the “Certificates and the Certificate Authority” chapter in this manual. Also, if you use certificates you must use the WatchGuard® Log Server for log messages. We do not support third-party certificates. User Guide 277 Configuring Gateways Defining gateway endpoints A set of gateway endpoints is known as a gateway pair. 1 In the Gateway Endpoints section of the New Gateway dialog box, click Add. The New Gateway Endpoints Settings dialog box appears. 2 278 Specify the location of the local gateway. If you want to use the IP address - Select the By IP Address radio button. - Select the address from the IP Address drop-down list. All configured Firebox IP addresses appear in the list. - In the External Interface field, select whether to use the backup or main external interface. Click OK. If you want to use domain information - Select the By Domain Information radio button. Click Configure. - In the Configure Domain for Gateway ID dialog box that appears, select either By Domain Name or By User ID on Domain to specify the method of domain configuration and external interfaces for tunnel gateway authentication. - Type either the domain name or user and domain name (UserName@DomainName) according to which radio button you selected in the previous step. Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Gateways - In the External Interface field, select whether to use the backup or main external interface. Click OK. 3 Specify the way the remote gateway obtains an IP address. If it has a static IP address - Select the Static IP address radio button. - Enter the IP address in the IP Address field. If it has a dynamic IP address - Select the Dynamic IP address radio button. 4 Specify the remote gateway location for tunnel authentication. If you want to use the IP address - Select the By IP Address radio button. - Select the address from the IP Address drop-down list. All configured Firebox IP addresses appear in the list. If you want to use domain information - Make sure the Firebox is configured with DNS servers that can resolve the domain name. - Select the By Domain Information radio button. Click Configure. - From the Configure Domain for Gateway ID dialog box that appears, select either By Domain Name, By User ID on Domain, or By X500 Name to specify the method of domain configuration and external interfaces for tunnel gateway authentication. - Type either the domain name, user and domain name (UserName@DomainName), or x500 name according to which radio button you selected in the previous step. Click OK. - If the remote VPN endpoint uses DHCP or PPPoE to get its external IP address, set the ID type of the remote gateway to Domain Name. Set the peer name field to the fully qualified domain name of the remote VPN endpoint. The Firebox uses the IP address and domain name User Guide 279 Configuring Gateways to find the VPN endpoint. Make sure the DNS server used by the Firebox can identify the name. 5 Click OK to close the New Gateway Endpoints Settings dialog box. The New Gateway dialog box appears. The gateway pair you defined appears in the list of gateway endpoints. 6 Click OK. Configuring mode and transforms (Phase 1 settings) Phase 1 of establishing an IPSec connection is where the two peers make a secure, authenticated channel they can use to communicate. This is known as the ISAKMP Security Association (SA). A Phase 1 exchange can use either "Main Mode" and "Aggressive Mode." The mode determines the type and number of message exchanges that take place during this phase. A transform is a set of security protocols and algorithms to protect data. During IKE negotiation, the peers make an agreement to use a certain transform. You can define a tunnel such that it offers a peer more than one transform for negotiation, as described in “Adding a Phase 1 transform” on page 281. 280 1 From the New Gateway dialog box, select the Phase1 Settings tab. 2 From the Mode drop-down list, select Main, Aggressive, or Main fallback to Aggressive. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Gateways Main Mode More secure; Uses three separate message exchanges (total of six messages). The first two negotiate policy; the next two exchange Diffie-Hellman data, and the last two authenticate the Diffie-Hellman exchange. Main mode supports Diffie-Hellman groups 1, 2, and 5. This mode also enables you to use multiple transforms, as described in “Adding a Phase 1 transform” on page 281. Aggressive Mode Quicker because it uses only three messages, which exchange Diffie-Hellman data and identify the two VPN endpoints. The latter makes Aggressive Mode less secure. 3 4 5 6 Main fallback to aggressive The Firebox attempts Phase 1 exchange with Main Mode. If the negotiation fails, it uses Aggressive Mode. If you want to build a BOVPN tunnel between the Firebox and another device that is behind a NAT device, select the NAT Traversal check box. NAT Traversal, or UDP Encapsulation, allows traffic to get to the correct destinations. To set the Keep-alive interval, type the number of seconds or use the value control to select the number of seconds you want. To have the Firebox send messages to its IKE peer to keep the VPN tunnel open, select the IKE Keep-alive check box. To set the Message Interval, type the number of seconds or use the value control to select the number of seconds you want. To set the maximum number of times the Firebox tries to send an IKE keep-alive message before it tries to negotiate Phase 1 again, type the number you want in the Max failures box. The Firebox contains one default transform set, which appears in the Transform Settings list. This transform specifies SHA1 authentication, 3DES encryption, and the Diffie-Hellman group 1. You can either: - Use this default setting. - Remove it and replace it with a new one. - Add an additional setting, as explained in the next section. Adding a Phase 1 transform You can define a tunnel such that it offers a peer more than one transform for negotiation. For example, one transform might bundle SHA1-DES-DF1 ([authentication method]-[encryption method]-[key group]) and a second transform might consist of MD5-3DES-DF2, with the SHA1-DESDF1 transform having a higher priority than MD5-3DES-DF2. When traffic passes through the tunnel, the security association can use either SHA1-DES-DF1 (first priority) or MD5-3DES-DF2 (second priority) depending on which of the transforms match the peer's transform. User Guide 281 Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints You can include a maximum of nine transforms. You must specify Main Mode in step 2 of the previous procedure to use multiple transforms. 1 From the Phase 1 Settings tab of the New Gateway dialog box, click Add. The Phase1 Transform dialog box appears. 2 3 4 From the Authentication drop-down list, select SHA1 or MD5 as the type of authentication. 5 From the Key Group drop-down list, select the Diffie-Hellman group you want. WatchGuard supports groups 1, 2, and 5. Diffie-Hellman groups determine the strength of the master key used in the key exchange process. The higher the group number, the greater the security but the more time is required to make the keys. 6 You can add up to nine transforms. You can select a transform and select the Up or Down key to change the priority of transforms. 7 Click OK. From the Encryption drop-down list, select, None, DES, or 3DES as the type of encryption. To change the SA (security association) life, type a number in the SA Life field, and select Hour or Minute from the drop-down list. Editing and deleting gateways To change a gateway, select VPN > Branch Office Gateways. Or, right-click on a tunnel icon in the BOVPN tab of Policy Manager, and select Gateway Property. 1 Select the gateway you want and click Edit. The Edit Gateway dialog box appears. 2 Make the changes and click OK. To delete a gateway, select the gateway and click Remove. Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints After you define gateway endpoints, you can make tunnels between them. The process for making a tunnel includes specifying: • Routes—local and remote endpoints for the tunnel • Settings for Phase 2 of the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) negotiation. This phase sets up security associations for the encryption of data packets. 282 WatchGuard System Manager Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints Configuring routes for the tunnel 1 From Policy Manager, select VPN > Branch Office Tunnels. The Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box appears. 2 Click Add. The New Tunnel dialog box appears. 3 4 In the Tunnel Name box, type a name for the tunnel. From the Gateway list, select the gateway for this tunnel to use. If you want to edit existing gateways, select the name and click the Edit button. Follow the procedures described in “Editing and deleting gateways” on page 282. I If you want to add a new gateway, click the New button. Follow the procedure described in “Configuring Gateways” on page 276. 5 User Guide Select the Add this tunnel to the BOVPN-Allow policies check box at the bottom of the dialog box if you want to add the tunnel to the BOVPN-Allow.in and BOVPN-Allow.out policies. These policies allow all traffic that matches the tunnel’s routes. If you want to restrict traffic through 283 Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints the tunnel, clear this check box and use the BOVPN Policy wizard (as described in “Making a Tunnel Policy” on page 288) to create policies for types of traffic that you want to allow through the tunnel. Adding new routes 1 From the New Tunnel dialog box, click Add. The Tunnel Route Settings dialog box appears. 2 From the Local drop-down list, select the local address you want. You can also click the button adjacent to the Local drop-down list to enter a host IP address, network address, a range of host IP addresses, or a DNS name. 3 In the Remote box, type the remote network address. You can also click the adjacent button to enter a host IP address, network address, a range of host IP addresses, or a DNS name. 4 From the Direction drop-down list, select the direction for the tunnel. The tunnel direction determines which endpoint of the VPN tunnel can start a VPN connection through the tunnel. 5 You can enable 1-to-1 NAT and Dynamic NAT for the tunnel, depending on the address types and tunnel direction you select for the tunnel. Select the 1:1 NAT check box or the DNAT check box. 6 If you selected the 1:1 NAT check box, click the adjacent button to enter the address you want to change. You can specify a host IP address, network address, a range of host IP addresses, or a DNS name. If you want to use Dynamic NAT, you must set a unidirectional tunnel from LAN1 to LAN2 where you want all LAN1 servers to connect to LAN2 servers but appear as only one IP address on LAN2. For information on how to do this, see “Setting up Outgoing Dynamic NAT through a BOVPN Tunnel” on page 288. 7 Click OK. Configuring Phase 2 settings Phase 2 settings include settings for a security association (SA), which defines how data packets are secured when they are passed between two endpoints. The SA keeps all information necessary for the Firebox to know what it should do with the traffic between the endpoints. Parameters in the SA can include: • Encryption and authentication algorithms used. • Lifetime of the SA (in seconds or number of bytes, or both). 284 WatchGuard System Manager Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints • IP address of the device for which the SA is established (the device that handles IPSec encryption and decryption on the other side of the VPN, not the computer behind it that sends or receives traffic). • Source and destination IP addresses of traffic to which the SA applies. • Direction of traffic to which the SA applies (there is one SA for each direction of traffic, incoming and outgoing). 1 From the New Tunnel dialog box, select the Phase2 Settings tab. 2 Select the PFS check box to enable Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS). If you enable PFS, select the Diffie-Hellman group. Perfect Forward Secrecy gives more protection to keys that are created in a session. Keys made with PFS are not made from a previous key. If a previous key is compromised after a session, your new session keys are secure. Diffie-Hellman Group 1 uses a 768-bit group to create the new key exchange, Diffie-Hellman Group 2 uses a 1024-bit group, and Diffie-Hellman Group 5 uses a 1536bit group. 3 The Create one SA that includes all tunnel routes check box controls whether or not a unique SA is created for each Local/Remote address pair in your VPN tunnel definition. We recommend you keep this check box cleared. Most IPSec devices create an SA for each Local/Remote address pair. This is compliant with the RFC and increases Firebox interoperability with other vendors’ IPSec devices, but can affect your BOVPN license count as each SA is equal to one BOVPN tunnel. Select this check box only if you know that the other VPN endpoint can put all Local/Remote address pairs into one SA. 4 The Create one SA that includes all ports and protocols check box specifies, when selected, that all ports/protocols will use the same SA. If you clear this check box, one SA will be created for each unique port/protocol pair. We recommend you keep this check box selected because many IPSec devices cannot make an SA that includes port and protocol information. This is compliant with the RFC and increases Firebox interoperability with other vendors’ IPSec devices. You can still filter the traffic that the Firebox allows to go through the VPN tunnel with the firewall policies on your Firebox. The Firebox sends traffic to the IPSec module only if there is a firewall User Guide 285 Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints policy to allow the traffic. Even if an SA is for all ports and protocols, your firewall policies control what is allowed in and out of your network. Clear this check box only if you know that the other VPN endpoint can make an SA that can select traffic by port or protocol. If you do this, you must control what port is used by each SA in your firewall policies. 5 The Firebox contains one default proposal, which appears in the IPSec Proposals list. This proposal specifies the ESP data protection method, AES encryption, and SHA1 authentication. You can either: - Use this default proposal. - Remove it and replace it with a new one. - Add an additional proposal, as explained in the next section. If you plan to use the IPSec pass-through feature, you must use a proposal that specifies ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) as the proposal method. IPSec pass-through supports ESP but not AH. For more information on IPSec pass-through, see “Using Global VPN Settings” on page 74. Adding a Phase 2 proposal You can define a tunnel such that it offers a peer more than one proposal for Phase 2 of the IKE. For example, you might specify ESP-3DES-SHA1 in one proposal, and ESP-DES-MD5 for second proposal. When traffic passes through the tunnel, the security association can use either ESP-3DESSHA1 (first priority) or ESP-DES-MD5 (second priority) depending on which of the proposals match the peer's transform. You can include a maximum of nine proposals. 1 To add a new proposal, from the Phase2 Settings tab of the New Tunnel dialog box, click the Add button. The New Phase2 Proposal dialog box appears. Adding an existing proposal 1 2 286 Select the Use an existing Phase 2 proposal check box. From the drop-down list, select the proposal you want to add. Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Making Tunnels between Gateway Endpoints Creating a new proposal 1 2 Select the Create a new Phase 2 proposal check box. 3 From the Authentication drop-down list, select SHA1, MD5, or None for the authentication method. 4 (If you selected ESP from the Type drop-down list) From the Encryption drop-down list, select the encryption method. The options are DES, 3DES, and AES 128, 192, or 256 bit which appear in the list from the most simple and least secure to most complex and most secure. 5 You can make the key expire after a quantity of time or a quantity of traffic. To enable key expiration, select the Force Key Expiration check box. In the fields below, enter a quantity of time and a number of bytes after which the key expires. If Force Key Expiration is disabled, or if it is enabled and both the time and kBytes are set to zero, the Firebox tries to use the key expiration time set for the peer. If this is also disabled or zero, the Firebox uses a key expiration time of 8 hours. You can set the time up to one year. 6 Click OK. Type a name for the new proposal. From the Type drop-down list, select ESP or AH as the proposal method. We recommend that you use ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload). The differences between ESP and AH (Authentication Header) are: - ESP is authentication with encryption. AH is authentication only. - ESP authentication does not include the protection of the IP header, while AH does. - IPSec pass-through supports ESP but not AH. If you plan to use the IPSec pass-though feature, you must specify ESP as the proposal method. For more information on IPSec pass-through, see “Using Global VPN Settings” on page 74. Editing and deleting a tunnel To change a tunnel, select VPN > Branch Office Tunnels. Or, right-click on a tunnel icon in the Branch Office VPN tab of Policy Manager, and select Tunnel Property. 1 Select the tunnel and click Edit. The Edit Tunnel dialog box appears. 2 Make the changes and click OK. To delete a tunnel from the Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box, select the tunnel and click Remove. Changing order of tunnels Order of tunnels is particularly important when more than one tunnel uses the same routes or when the routes overlap. A tunnel higher in the list of tunnels on the Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box takes precedence over a tunnel below it when traffic matches tunnel routes of multiple tunnels. You can change the order in which the Firebox attempts connections: 1 From Policy Manager, select VPN > Branch Office Tunnels. The Branch Office IPSec Tunnels dialog box appears. 2 User Guide Select a tunnel and click Move Up or Move Down to move it up or down in the list. 287 Making a Tunnel Policy Making a Tunnel Policy Tunnel policies are sets of rules that apply to tunnel connections. By default, a new VPN tunnel is automatically added to the BOVPN-Allow.in and BOVPN-Allow.out policies, which allow all traffic to use the tunnel. You can configure the tunnel such that it is not added to this policy (as explained at the end of “Configuring routes for the tunnel” on page 283) and then create a custom VPN policy to allow specified policy types. You can also keep the default setting of adding the tunnel to BOVPN-Allow.in and BOVPN-Allow.out and then add other policies for other types of traffic, such as HTTP proxy. 1 From Policy Manager, select VPN > Create BOVPN Policy. The BOVPN Policy wizard starts. 2 Click through the wizard and add the information it asks for. The wizard has these screens: Choose a name for the policies The name is prepended to “.in” and “.out” to create the firewall policy names for incoming and outgoing tunnels, respectively. For example, if you use “williams” as the name base, the wizard creates the policies “williams.in” and “williams.out.” Select the policy type Specify the traffic type allowed to pass through the BOVPN tunnel. Select the BOVPN tunnels Specify the tunnels to which the policy will apply. Create an alias for the tunnels (Optional) As with the policy name, the name you specify is prepended to “.in” and “.out” to create the alias names for incoming and outgoing tunnels, respectively. You can use these aliases in other policies as well. You should consider creating an alias when you create policies for many BOVPN tunnels. Include those tunnels in the alias. You can then modify the alias as you add or remove tunnels instead of regenerating the policy. The BOVPN Policy Wizard has completed successfully The final screen tells you which policies and aliases were created by the wizard. Setting up Outgoing Dynamic NAT through a BOVPN Tunnel You can use dynamic NAT through BOVPN tunnels. Dynamic NAT acts as unidirectional NAT, and keeps the VPN tunnel open in one direction only. This can be helpful when you make a BOVPN to a remote site where all VPN traffic comes from one public IP address. 288 WatchGuard System Manager About VPN Failover For example, suppose you want to create a BOVPN tunnel to a business partner so you can get access to their database server, but you do not want this company to get access to any of your resources. Your business partner wants to allow you access, but only from a single IP address so they can monitor the connection. You must have the external IP address and the trusted network address of each VPN endpoint to do this procedure. If you enable dynamic NAT though a BOVPN tunnel, you cannot use the VPN Failover feature for that VPN tunnel. 1 2 3 From Policy Manager at your site, select VPN > Branch Office Tunnels. Select Add to add a new BOVPN tunnel. Give the BOVPN tunnel a name. Select the New Gateway icon (button at the far right of the Gateway field). The New Gateway dialog box appears. 4 5 6 Create a new gateway, as described in the beginning of “Configuring Gateways” on page 276. Click OK to return to the New Tunnel dialog box. On the Addresses tab, click Add. Use the procedure that starts with “From the Local drop-down list” on page 284 to add a new tunnel route. Make sure you select the DNAT check box. 7 8 Click OK. Save these changes to the Firebox®. 9 Do steps 2 – 7 at the remote site, but do not select the DNAT check box. From Policy Manager at the remote site, select VPN > Branch Office Tunnels. Select Add to add a new BOVPN tunnel. When the Firebox at the remote site restarts, the two Firebox devices negotiate a VPN tunnel. Your Firebox applies dynamic NAT to all traffic destined for the trusted network of the remote site. When this traffic reaches the remote site, it arrives as traffic that originated on your external interface. About VPN Failover When you have multi-WAN failover configured, VPN tunnels automatically fail over to a backup external interface if a failure occurs. You can also configure VPN tunnels to fail over to a backup endpoint if the primary endpoint becomes unavailable. VPN Failover occurs when one of these two events occur: • A physical link is down. The Firebox monitors the status of the VPN gateway and the devices identified in the multi-WAN link monitor configuration. If the physical link is down, VPN failover occurs. • The Firebox detects the VPN peer is not active. When failover occurs, IKE continues to send Phase 1 keep-alive packets to the peer. When it gets a response, IKE triggers failback to the primary VPN gateway. When a failover event occurs, most new and existing connections failover automatically. For example, if you start an FTP “PUT” command and the primary VPN path goes down, the existing FTP connection continues on the backup VPN path. The connection is not lost, but there is some delay. Note that VPN Failover can occur only if: • Fireboxes at each tunnel endpoint have Fireware v9.0 installed. • Multi-WAN failover is configured, as described in the chapter “Network Configuration with Multiple External Interfaces.” User Guide 289 About VPN Failover • The interfaces of your Firebox are listed as gateway pairs on the remote Firebox. If you have already configured multi-WAN failover, your VPN tunnels will automatically fail over to the backup interface. VPN Failover does not occur for branch office VPN tunnels with dynamic NAT enabled as part of their tunnel configuration. For non-NAT BOVPN tunnels, VPN Failover occurs and the BOVPN session continues. With MUVPN tunnels, the session does not continue. You must authenticate your MUVPN client again to make a new MUVPN tunnel. Configuring multiple gateway pairs To configure VPN tunnels to fail over to a backup endpoint, you must configure more than one set of local and remote endpoints (gateway pairs) for each gateway. For complete failover functionality for a VPN configuration, you must define gateway pairs for each combination of external interfaces on each side of the tunnel. For example, suppose your primary local endpoint is 205.122.1.1/24 with a backup of 205.122.2.1/24. Your primary remote endpoint is 50.50.1.1/24 with a backup of 50.50.2.1/24. For complete VPN Failover, you would need to define these four gateway pairs: 205.122.1.1 - 50.50.1.1 205.122.1.1 - 50.50.2.1 205.122.2.1 - 50.50.1.1 205.122.2.1 - 50.50.2.1 1 2 Select VPN > Branch Office Gateways. Click Add to add a new gateway. Give the gateway a name and define the credential method, as described in“Configuring Gateways” on page 276. In the Gateway Endpoints section of the New Gateway dialog box, click Add. The New Gateway Endpoints Settings dialog box appears. 290 WatchGuard System Manager About VPN Failover 3 Specify the location of the local and remote gateways. Select the external interface name that matches the local gateway IP address or domain name you add. You can add both a gateway IP address and gateway ID for the remote gateway. This can be necessary if the remote gateway is behind a NAT device and requires more information to authenticate to the network behind the NAT device. 4 Click OK to close the New Gateway Endpoints Settings dialog box. The New Gateway dialog box appears. The gateway pair you defined appears in the list of gateway endpoints. 5 Repeat this procedure to define additional gateway pairs. You can add up to nine gateway pairs. You can select a pair and select the Up or Down key to change the order in which the Firebox attempts connections. 6 Click OK. User Guide 291 About VPN Failover 292 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 22 Certificates and the Certificate Authority When you create a VPN tunnel, you can select from two types of tunnel authentication: shared secrets or certificates. Shared secrets are an authentication method used to create trust between computers in a VPN. A shared secret is used with a passphrase. Certificates usually give more security than shared secrets during the authentication procedure. Certificates are related to a security component called a key pair, which consists of two mathematically related keys. The user keeps one key, the private key, secret. The user can supply the other key, known as the public key, to other users. The private key has the ability to “unlock” the public key. Certificates are used to make sure public keys are valid. A Certificate Authority (CA) is a trusted third party that gives certificates to clients. In WatchGuard® System Manager, the workstation that is configured as the Management Server also operates as a CA. The CA can give certificates to managed Firebox® clients when they contact the Management Server to receive configuration updates. Certificates have a lifetime that is set when they are created. But certificates are occasionally revoked before the end date and time that was set for their lifetime. The CA keeps an online, current list of revoked certificates. This list is the Certificate Revocation List (CRL). Certificates in a WatchGuard VPN To authenticate VPN tunnels with certificates, you must first configure a Management Server. When you configure the Management Server, the CA is automatically activated. Each managed Firebox® client connects to the Management Server and receives a certificate from the CA. When a VPN tunnel is created between two managed clients, the clients use the certificates to authenticate the tunnel. This occurs only if each of the two managed Firebox clients is configured to use certificate authentication. Certificates are handled in a different way in a Mobile User VPN (MUVPN). Because MUVPN clients are not clients of the Management Server, they authenticate to the Firebox. Use the MUVPN Wizard from Policy Manager to contact the CA and create a certificate for the MUVPN client. Policy Manager creates a package that includes this certificate and two other files. The Firebox administrator gives each MUVPN user the package of files. Together, these files are the MUVPN end-user profile. Users who authenticate with shared keys receive one .wgx file. Users who User Guide 293 Managing the Certificate Authority authenticate with certificates receive a .wgx file, a .p12 file (which is the client certificate), and a cacert.pem file (which contains the root certificate). The MUVPN user who authenticates with certificates then opens the .wgx file. The root and client certificates contained in the cacert.pem and the .p12 files are automatically loaded. For more information on MUVPN, see the MUVPN Administrator Guide. Managing the Certificate Authority You can control different parameters of the Certificate Authority with the web-based CA Manager. 1 From WatchGuard® System Manager, connect to the Management Server. You must type the configuration passphrase to connect. 2 3 Click the Device Management tab for the Management Server. Below the Tools menu, select CA Manager. or Click the CA Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. The icon is shown at left. The menu of the Certificate Authority Settings pages appears. 4 From the menu, select the correct page: Certificate Authority CA Certificate Print a copy of the CA (root) certificate to the screen. You can manually save it to the client. Management Server CA Certificate Print a copy of the Management Server CA certificate to the screen. You can manually save it to the client. You can use this for client access to the authentication web page. Generate a New Certificate Type a subject common name, organizational unit, password, and certificate lifetime to make a new certificate. - For MUVPN users, the common name must agree with the user name of the remote user. - For Firebox® users, the common name must agree with the Firebox identifying information (normally, its IP address). - For a generic certificate, the common name is the name of the user. 294 WatchGuard System Manager Managing the Certificate Authority Note Type the organizational unit only if you make certificates for MUVPN users. Do not use this for other types of VPN tunnels. The unit name must appear in this format: GW:<vpn gateway name> where <vpn gateway name> is the value of config.watchguard.id in the configuration file of the gateway Firebox. Find and Manage Certificates Provide the serial number, common name, or organizational unit of a certificate to find in the database. Also, as an alternative to a special certificate, you can make sure that only valid, revoked, or expired certificates are found. The results of the search appear on the List and Manage Certificates page. List and Manage Certificates See a list of certificates that are in the database. Select the certificates to publish, revoke, put back, or remove. For information about how to manage certificates, see the section that follows. Upload Certificate Request Use this page to sign a certificate request from a different device. Type in the common name and organizational unit of the subject and click Browse to find the CSR (Certificate Signing Request) file. Publish a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Make the CA publish the CRL to all clients with current certificates. A managed Firebox client cannot create a VPN tunnel if it uses a certificate that is on the CRL to authenticate. Managing certificates with the CA Manager You use the List and Manage Certificates page to publish, revoke, put back, or remove certificates: 1 2 From the List and Manage Certificates page, select the serial number of the certificate to change. From the Choose Action drop-down list, select one of the alternatives, and then select GO: Revoke Checked Revokes a certificate. Note that managed Firebox clients will not see that the certificate is revoked until their current Management Server lease expires (one hour by default). Reinstate Checked Puts back a certificate that was revoked before. User Guide 295 Managing Certificates from WSM Destroy Checked Removes a certificate. Managing Certificates from WSM If you are in configuration (read/write) mode in WatchGuard System Manager, you can view, retrieve, and remove Management Server certificates from the Management Server. 1 From WSM, select File > Certificates. The Certificate Maintenance dialog box appears. 2 296 If you want to retrieve a certificate, select it from the list and click OK. or If you want to delete a certificate, select it from the list and click Remove. Click to delete the selected certificate from the hard drive on the management station. If the certificate is currently used by the Management Server, you must first disconnect from the Server before you delete the certificate. Note that when you delete a Management Server certificate, you do not delete certificates in Microsoft Internet Explorer. WatchGuard System Manager Viewing, Requesting, and Importing Certificates Viewing, Requesting, and Importing Certificates You can do the following from Firebox System Manager: • View a list of the current Firebox certificates and see details on any of them. • Remove a certificate from the Firebox. • Make a certificate request. • Import a third-party CA certificate and store it in the certificate trust list. Viewing current certificates 1 From Firebox System Manager, select View > Certificates. The Certificate dialog box lists all certificates on the Firebox. 2 User Guide To view additional information on a certificate in the list, select the certificate whose detail you want to view and click Detail. 297 Viewing, Requesting, and Importing Certificates Removing a certificate To remove an existing certificate from the Firebox, select the Firebox from the Certificate dialog box and click Remove. You must provide the Firebox configuration (read/write) passphrase to do this. Requesting a certificate 1 From the Certificate dialog box, click Create Request. The Certificate Request wizard starts. 298 2 Enter your name, your department, the name of your company, and the city, state or province, and country you are working in. These entries are used to create an LDAP subject name that is used on the next screen. Click Next. You are asked to provide the Firebox configuration (read/write) passphrase. 3 The wizard creates a subject name based on what you entered in the previous screen. Enter the DNS name, IP address, and user domain name. Click the appropriate radio button to specify algorithm, WatchGuard System Manager Retrieving the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) length, and key usage. Click Next. You are prompted to type the configuration passphrase. Click OK. The wizard shows you the Certificate Signing Request it generated for you to submit. 4 Copy the Certificate Signing Request and send it to whoever will generate the certificate. Click Next. You are informed that you must wait for the certificate to be generated before you can import the certificate. Importing certificates 1 From the Certificate dialog box, click Import Certificate/CRL. or If you have just finished running the Certificate Request wizard, on the last screen, click Import Now. 2 Click the Import a Certificate tab. You can either paste the certificate text into the box provided or load it from a file. You are asked to provide the Firebox configuration (read/write) passphrase. Retrieving the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) You can import the CRL either from a file that contains it or from an LDAP server. User Guide 299 Retrieving the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Retrieving the CRL from a file 1 2 3 From Firebox System Manager, select View > Certificates. 4 At the prompt, type the configuration passphrase. Click OK. From the Certificate dialog box, click Import Certificate/CRL. Browse to find the file, and then click the Import CRL button. Retrieving the CRL from an LDAP server You can retrieve the CRL from an LDAP server if you have access to the server. You must have LDAP account information provided by a third-party CA service. 1 From Policy Manager, select VPN > VPN Settings. The VPN Settings dialog box appears. 2 3 4 300 Select the Enable LDAP server for certificate verification check box. Enter the name or address of the LDAP server. (Optional) Enter the port number. WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 23 Remote User VPN with PPTP Remote User Virtual Private Networking (RUVPN) uses Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) to make a secure connection. It supports as many as 50 users at the same time for each Firebox®. RUVPN users can authenticate to the Firebox or to a RADIUS authentication server. You must configure the Firebox and the remote host computers of the remote user. Configuration Checklist Before you configure a Firebox® to use RUVPN, record this information: • The IP addresses for the remote client to use for RUVPN sessions. These IP addresses cannot be addresses that the network behind the Firebox uses. The safest procedure to give addresses for RUVPN users is to install a “placeholder” secondary network with a range of IP addresses. Then, select an IP address from that network range. For example, create a new subnet as a secondary network on your trusted network 10.10.0.0/24. Select the IP addresses in this subnet for your range of PPTP addresses. For more information, see “IP Addressing” on page 252. • The IP addresses of the DNS and WINS servers that resolve host names to IP addresses. • The user names and passphrases of users that are allowed to connect to the Firebox with RUVPN. Encryption levels For RUVPN with PPTP, you can select to use 128-bit encryption or 40-bit encryption. U.S. domestic versions of Windows XP have 128-bit encryption enabled. You can get a strong encryption patch from Microsoft for other versions of Windows. The Firebox always tries to use 128-bit encryption first. It uses 40-bit encryption (if enabled) if the client cannot use the 128-bit encrypted connection. For information on how to enable the drop from 128-bit to 40-bit, see “Preparing the Client Computers” on page 307. If you do not live in the U.S. and you want to have strong encryption allowed on your LiveSecurity Service account, send an email to [email protected] and include in it: • Your LiveSecurity Service key number • Date of purchase • Name of your company User Guide 301 Configuring WINS and DNS Servers • Company mailing address • Telephone number and name • Email address If you live in the U.S. and are not already using WSM with strong encryption, you must download the strong encryption software from your archive page in the LiveSecurity™ Service web site. Go to www.watchguard.com, click Support, log in to your LiveSecurity Service account, and then click Latest Software. Download WatchGuard System Manager with strong encryption. Then, uninstall WatchGuard System Manager, and install WatchGuard System Manager with strong encryption software from the downloaded file. Note To keep your current Firebox configuration, do not use the Quick Setup Wizard when you install the new software. Open System Manager, connect to the Firebox, and save your configuration file. Configurations with a different encryption version are compatible. Configuring WINS and DNS Servers RUVPN clients use shared Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) and Domain Name System (DNS) server addresses. DNS changes host names into IP addresses, while WINS changes NetBIOS names to IP addresses. The trusted interface of the Firebox® must have access to these servers. 1 From Policy Manager, click Network > Configuration. Click the WINS/DNS tab. The information for the WINS and DNS servers appears. 2 302 In the IP address text boxes, type the addresses for the WINS and DNS servers. You can type three addresses for DNS servers, and two addresses for WINS servers. Type a domain name for the DNS server. WatchGuard System Manager Enabling RUVPN with PPTP Enabling RUVPN with PPTP Remote User Virtual Private Networking (RUVPN) uses Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) to make a secure connection. It supports as many as 50 users at the same time for each Firebox. RUVPN users can authenticate to the Firebox or to a RADIUS authentication server. 1 2 From Policy Manager, click VPN > Remote Users. Click the PPTP tab. Select the Activate Remote User VPN with PPTP check box. This allows PPTP remote users to be configured and automatically creates a WatchGuard PPTP policy to allow PPTP traffic to the Firebox. We recommend that you do not change the default properties of the WatchGuard PPTP policy. Enabling RADIUS authentication RUVPN with extended authentication lets users authenticate to a RADIUS authentication server as an alternative to the Firebox®. For more information on extended authentication, see “Extended authentication” on page 251. 1 Select the Use RADIUS Authentication to authenticate remote users check box. If you do not select this check box, the Firebox database is used to authenticate users. 2 Configure the RADIUS server in the Authentication Servers dialog box. Refer to “Configuring RADIUS Server Authentication” on page 144. 3 On the RADIUS server, create a PPTP-Users group and add names or groups of PPTP users. User Guide 303 Adding IP Addresses for RUVPN Sessions Setting encryption for PPTP tunnels U.S. domestic versions of Windows XP have 128-bit encryption enabled. You can get a strong encryption patch from Microsoft for other versions of Windows. 1 Select the Require 128-bit encryption if you want to require 128-bit encryption for all PPTP tunnels. We recommend that you use 128-bit encryption for VPN. 2 Select the Enable Drop from 128-bit to 40-bit check box to allow the tunnels to drop from 128-bit to 40-bit encryption for connections that are less reliable. The Firebox always tries to use 128-bit encryption first. It uses 40-bit encryption if the client cannot use the 128-bit encrypted connection. Usually, only customers outside the United States use this check box. 3 Select the Do not require encryption check box to allow traffic that is not encrypted through the VPN. Adding IP Addresses for RUVPN Sessions RUVPN with PPTP supports as many as 50 users at the same time. The Firebox® gives an open IP address to each incoming RUVPN user from a group of available addresses. This goes on until all the addresses are in use. After a user closes a session, the address is put back in the available group. The subsequent user who logs in gets this address. For more information about how to get IP addresses for RUVPN clients, see “IP Addressing” on page 252. You must configure two or more IP addresses for PPTP to operate correctly. From the PPTP tab on the Remote Users Configuration dialog box: 1 Click Add. The Add Address dialog box appears. 304 2 From the Choose Type drop-down list, select Host IP (for a single IP address) or Host Range (for a range of IP addresses). You can configure 50 addresses. If you select Host IP, you must add at least two IP addresses. If you select Host Range and add a range of IP addresses that is larger than 50 addresses, RUVPN with PPTP uses the first 50 addresses in the range. 3 In the Value text box, type the host IP address. If you selected Host Range, type the first and last IP address in the range. Click OK. Type IP addresses that are not in use that the Firebox can give to clients during RUVPN with PPTP sessions. The IP address appears in the list of addresses available to remote clients. 4 Do the procedure again to configure all the addresses for use with RUVPN with PPTP. WatchGuard System Manager Adding New Users to the PPTP_Users Authentication Group Adding New Users to the PPTP_Users Authentication Group To create a PPTP VPN tunnel with the Firebox®, a remote user types their user name and password to authenticate. WatchGuard® System Manager software uses this information to authenticate the user to the Firebox. When you enable PPTP in your Firebox configuration, a default user group is created automatically. This user group is called pptp_users. You see this group name when you create a new user or add user names to policies. For more information on Firebox groups, see “Authentication,” on page 137. 1 From Policy Manager, click Setup > Authentication Servers. The Authentication Servers dialog box appears. 2 Click the Firebox tab. 3 To add a new user, click the Add button below the Users list. The Setup Firebox User dialog box appears. User Guide 305 Configuring Policies to Allow Incoming RUVPN Traffic 4 Type a user name and passphrase for the new user. Type the passphrase again to confirm it. The new user is put on the Users list. The Authentication Servers dialog box stays open so you can add more users. 5 To close the Authentication Servers dialog box, click OK. You can use the users and groups to configure policies. See the subsequent section. Configuring Policies to Allow Incoming RUVPN Traffic RUVPN users have no access privileges through a Firebox®. You must add user names or the full PPTPUsers group to policies to give remote users access to specified network resources. We recommend two procedures to configure the policies for RUVPN traffic: individual policies or the Any policy. It is best to configure individual policies to control RUVPN traffic. The Any policy opens a hole through the Firebox for authenticated RUVPN users. This lets all the traffic flow between hosts and does not apply firewall rules. This is a security risk. By individual policy In Policy Manager, double-click a policy to enable for your VPN users. It is a good idea to create a new policy specially for PPTP traffic and keep it separate from your other firewall policies. To set the properties: For an incoming policy: - Allowed - From: PPTP users or groups - To: trusted, optional, network or host IP address, or alias For an outgoing policy: - Allowed - From: trusted, optional, network or host IP address, or alias - To: PPTP users or groups 306 WatchGuard System Manager Preparing the Client Computers Using the Any policies Add Any policies with these properties: Incoming policy: - Allowed - From: PPTP users or groups - To: trusted, optional, network or host IP address, or alias Outgoing policy: - Allowed - From: trusted, optional, network or host IP address, or alias - To: PPTP users or groups Make sure that you save your configuration file to the Firebox after you make these changes. Note To use WebBlocker to control the access of remote users, add PPTP users or groups to a proxy policy that controls WebBlocker, such as HTTP-proxy. Use this type of policy with any packet filter or proxy policy as an alternative to the Any policy. Preparing the Client Computers You must first prepare each computer that you use as an RUVPN with PPTP remote host with Internet access. Then, do these procedures using the instructions in the subsequent sections: • Install the necessary version of Microsoft Dial-Up Networking and the necessary service packs • Prepare the operating system for VPN connections • Install a VPN adapter (not necessary for all operating systems). Installing MSDUN and service packs It can be necessary to install these options for the correct configuration of RUVPN: • MSDUN (Microsoft Dial-Up Networking) upgrades • Other extensions • Service packs For RUVPN with PPTP, you must have these upgrades installed: Encryption Platform Application Base Windows NT 40-bit SP4 Strong Windows NT 128-bit SP4 Base Windows 2000 40-bit SP2* Strong Windows 2000 128-bit SP2 *40-bit encryption is the default for Windows 2000. If you upgrade from Windows 98, with strong encryption, Windows 2000 will automatically set strong encryption for the new installation. To install these upgrades or service packs, go to the Microsoft Download Center Web site at: http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/search.asp User Guide 307 Creating and Connecting a PPTP RUVPN on Windows XP Creating and Connecting a PPTP RUVPN on Windows XP To prepare a Windows XP remote host, you must configure the network connection. From the Windows Desktop of the client computer: 1 Click Start > Control Panel > Network Connections. The Network Connection wizard appears. 2 Click Create a new connection from the menu on the left. The New Connection wizard starts. Click Next. 3 4 5 6 Click Connect to the network at my workplace. Click Next. Click Virtual Private Network Connection. Click Next. Give the new connection a name, such as “Connect with RUVPN.” Click Next. Select to not dial (for a broadband connection), or to automatically dial (for a modem connection) this connection. Click Next. The wizard includes this screen if you use Windows XP SP2. Not all Windows XP users see this screen. 7 8 9 10 Type the host name or IP address of the Firebox® external interface. Click Next. Select who can use this connection profile. Click Next. Select Add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop. Click Finish. To connect with your new VPN connection, first make an Internet connection through a dial-up network, or directly through a LAN or WAN. 11 Double-click the shortcut to the new connection on your desktop. Or, select Control Panel > Network Connections and look in the Virtual Private Network list for the connection you created. 12 Type the user name and passphrase for the connection. This information was given when you added the user to pptp_users. See “Adding New Users to the PPTP_Users Authentication Group” on page 305. 13 Click Connect. Creating and Connecting a PPTP RUVPN on Windows 2000 To prepare a Windows 2000 remote host, you must configure the network connection. From the Windows Desktop of the client computer: 1 Click Start > Settings > Network Connections > Create a New Connection. The New Connection wizard appears. 308 2 3 4 5 6 Click Next. 7 8 9 Type the host name or IP address of the Firebox® external interface. Click Next. Select Connect to the network at my workplace. Click Next. Click Virtual Private Network connection. Give the new connection a name, such as “Connect with RUVPN.” Click Next. Select to not dial (for a broadband connection), or to automatically dial (for a modem connection) this connection. Click Next. Select Add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop. Click Finish. To connect with your new VPN connection, first make an Internet connection through a dial-up network, or directly through a LAN or WAN. WatchGuard System Manager Running RUVPN and Accessing the Internet 10 Double-click the shortcut to the new connection on your desktop. Or, select Control Panel > Network Connections and look in the Virtual Private Network list for the connection you created. 11 Type the user name and passphrase for the connection. This information was given when you added the user to pptp_users. See “Adding New Users to the PPTP_Users Authentication Group” on page 305. 12 Click Connect. Running RUVPN and Accessing the Internet You can enable remote users to get access to the Internet through a RUVPN tunnel. But this option has an effect on security. See “Tunneling Methods” on page 255. 1 When you set up your connection on the client computer, use the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box to select the Use default gateway on remote network check box. To open the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box on Windows XP or Windows 2000, right-click the VPN connection in Control Panel > Network Connections. Select Properties and click the Network tab. Find Internet Protocol in the list box and click Properties. On the General tab, click Advanced. 2 Make sure that the IP addresses you have added to the PPTP address pool are included in your dynamic NAT configuration. To make sure, from Policy Manager select Network > NAT. 3 Edit your policy configuration to allow connections from PPTP-Users through the external interface. If you use WebBlocker to control remote user web access, add PPTP-Users to the policy that controls WebBlocker (such as HTTP-proxy). Note If you use the “route print” or “ipconfig” commands after you start a PPTP RUVPN tunnel on a computer with Microsoft Windows installed, you see incorrect default gateway information. You will see correct information if you look at the Details tab of the Virtual Private Connection Status dialog box. Making outbound PPTP connections from behind a Firebox If necessary, you can make a PPTP connection to a Firebox from behind a different Firebox. For example, a remote user goes to a customer office that has a Firebox. The user can make PPTP connections to their network with PPTP. For the local Firebox to correctly allow the outgoing PPTP connection, add the PPTP policy and allow PPTP to Any-External. For information on enabling policies, see the “Configuring Policies” chapter of this guide. User Guide 309 Making outbound PPTP connections from behind a Firebox 310 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 24 WebBlocker The WebBlocker feature of WatchGuard® Fireware® uses the HTTP proxy to control web traffic. You can select the exact hours in the day that users can browse the Internet. You can also select categories of web sites that users cannot go to. Installing the Software Licenses To install WebBlocker, you must have a WebBlocker license key and register it on the LiveSecurity web site. After you register the license key, LiveSecurity gives you a new feature key. To install this feature key: 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Licensed Features. The Firebox License Keys dialog box appears. 2 User Guide Click Remove to remove the current feature key. You must remove the entire feature key before you install the new one that includes WebBlocker. 311 Getting Started with WebBlocker 3 4 Click Add. In the Add Firebox License Key dialog box, type or paste your license key. You can click Import to find it on your computer or network. Click OK. The license key appears on the Firebox License Keys dialog box. Getting Started with WebBlocker You can install the WebBlocker Server on your WatchGuard® management station when you first do the setup for WatchGuard System Manager. You can also install the WebBlocker Server software on a different computer. To do this, use the same method as you used to install the WatchGuard System Manager software, but select only the WebBlocker Server component. Operating systems that are supported for the WebBlocker Server are Windows 2000, Windows 2003, and Windows XP. Note If you install one of the WSM servers on a computer with a personal firewall other than the Microsoft Windows firewall, you must open the ports for the servers to connect through the firewall. To allow connections to the WebBlocker Server, open UDP port 5003. It is not necessary to change your configuration if you use the Microsoft Windows firewall. See the “Getting Started” chapter for more information. Before you configure WebBlocker, you must download the WebBlocker database. 1 Right-click the WebBlocker Server icon in the toolbar at the bottom of the screen. (The WebBlocker Server icon is the one on the right.) 2 Select Get Full Database. The Download WebBlocker Database dialog box appears. 3 Select Download to download the new database. You cannot save the WebBlocker database to a root directory, such as c:\. Note The WebBlocker database has more than 140 MB of data. Your connection speed sets the download speed, and the download can be more than 30 minutes. Make sure the hard disk drive has a minimum of 200 MB of free space. You can use the WebBlocker utility at any time to: • Download a new version of the database • See the database status • Start or stop the server 312 WatchGuard System Manager Activating WebBlocker To get an incremental update of the WebBlocker database, you must first stop the WebBlocker Server service. To stop the service, right click the WebBlocker Server icon on the WatchGuard toolbar and select Stop Service. Automating WebBlocker database downloads The best procedure to keep your WebBlocker database updated is to use Windows Task Scheduler. You can use Windows Task Scheduler to schedule the “updatedb.bat” process, which is created automatically for you in your WSM9/bin directory. 1 Open Scheduled Tasks. To open the Task Scheduler using Windows XP, click Start, click All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Scheduled Tasks. 2 3 4 5 6 Click Add Scheduled Task. 7 Type the time and frequency to start the procedure. Because you must stop the WebBlocker Server to do the update, we recommend that you schedule updates outside of your usual hours of operation. 8 9 Select a start date. Click Next. The Scheduled Tasks wizard starts. Click Next. The screen shows a list of programs. Click Browse. Go to C:\Program Files\WatchGuard\wsm9\bin. Select updatedb.bat. Select the time interval at which to do this task. We recommend that you update your database each day. You can update less frequently if you have low bandwidth. Click Next. Type the user name and the password to use this procedure. Make sure that this user has access to the necessary files. Click Next. 10 Click Finish. Activating WebBlocker Before you use WebBlocker in an HTTP proxy policy, you must use the Activate WebBlocker wizard to activate the feature and create a basic configuration. To do this: 1 2 From WatchGuard® System Manager, select the Firebox® to use WebBlocker. Select Tools > Policy Manager. Or, you can click the Policy Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. User Guide 313 Activating WebBlocker 3 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > WebBlocker > Activate. The Activate WebBlocker Wizard starts. 4 5 Click Next. Click through the wizard and add the information it asks for. The wizard has these screens: Select policies for WebBlocker This screen does not appear if you have not yet defined any HTTP proxy policies. In this case, the wizard will create an HTTP proxy policy for you. If HTTP proxy policies are already created on your Firebox, this screen shows them in a list. From the list, select the proxy policies you want to enable WebBlocker for. If no policy is selected, a new HTTP proxy policy is created with a WebBlocker action. Identify the WebBlocker Servers You must configure a minimum of one WebBlocker Server. To add a WebBlocker Server, click Add. Next to Server IP, type the IP address of the WebBlocker Server. If necessary, change the port number. You can add more than one WebBlocker Server so the Firebox can fail over to a backup server if it cannot connect to the primary server. The first server in the list is the primary server. 314 WatchGuard System Manager Activating WebBlocker To add a WebBlocker Server after you complete the wizard, go to Setup > Actions > WebBlocker. Add servers on the Servers tab. Select categories to block Select the check box adjacent to the categories of web sites you want to block. To read a description of the category, select the check box adjacent to it. The description appears in the box at the bottom of the screen. If you want to block access to web sites that match any category, select Deny All Categories. Note To stop users from going to anonymizer web sites to try to avoid WebBlocker, block the Remote Proxies category in WebBlocker. User Guide 315 Configuring WebBlocker Configuring WebBlocker After you use the Activate WebBlocker Wizard to activate WebBlocker and create a basic configuration, you can configure more WebBlocker settings. 1 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > WebBlocker > Configure. The Configure WebBlocker dialog box appears and shows the HTTP policies that were already created. 2 Select the policy you want to configure and click Configure. The WebBlocker Configuration dialog box for that policy appears. The WebBlocker Configuration dialog box includes tabs to configure servers, categories, exceptions, and advanced settings. 316 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring WebBlocker Adding new servers You can add more than one WebBlocker Server so the Firebox® can fail over to a backup server if it cannot connect to the primary server. The first server in the list is the primary server. You cannot add more than five WebBlocker Servers to a configuration. 1 To add a server, click Add. The Add WebBlocker Server dialog box appears. 2 Next to Server IP, type the IP address of the WebBlocker Server. Type the port number. Selecting categories to block When you used the Activate WebBlocker wizard, you selected categories of web sites you want to block. Click the Categories tab on this dialog box to make changes to your original configuration. Select the check box adjacent to the categories of web sites you want to block. To read a description of the category, click on it. The description appears in the box at the bottom of the screen. You can also find a full list and description of all categories in the Reference Guide. If you want to block access to web sites that match any category, select Deny All Categories. Note To stop users from going to anonymizer web sites to try to avoid WebBlocker, select to block the Remote Proxies category in WebBlocker. Defining WebBlocker exceptions You can override a WebBlocker action with an exception. You can add a web site that is allowed or denied as an exception to the WebBlocker categories. The web sites you add apply only to HTTP traffic. They are not added to the Blocked Sites list. The exceptions are based on IP addresses or a pattern based on IP addresses. You can have the Firebox block a URL with an exact match. Usually, it is more convenient to have the Firebox look for URL pat- User Guide 317 Configuring WebBlocker terns. The URL patterns do not include the leading "http://". To match a URL path on all web sites, the pattern must have a trailing “/*”. The host in the URL can be the host name specified in the HTTP request, or the IP address of the server. Network addresses are not supported at this time, though you can use subnets in a pattern (for example, 10.0.0.*). For servers on port 80, do not include the port. For servers on ports other than 80, add “ :port”, for example: 10.0.0.1:8080. You can also use a wildcard for the port—for example,10.0.0.1:*—but this does not apply to port 80. Exceptions using part of a URL You can create WebBlocker exceptions with the use of any part of a URL. You can set a port number, path name, or string that must be blocked for a special web site. For example, if it is necessary to block only www.sharedspace.com/~dave because it has inappropriate photographs, you type “www.sharedspace.com/~dave/*”. This gives the users the ability to browse to www.sharedspace.com/~julia, which could contain content you want your users to see. To block URLs that contain the word “sex” in the path, you can type “*/*sex*”. To block URLs that contain “sex” in the path or the host name, type “*sex*”. You can block ports in an URL. For example, look at the URL http://www.hackerz.com/warez/ index.html:8080. This URL has the browser use the HTTP protocol on TCP port 8080 instead of the default method that uses TCP 80. You can block the port by matching *8080. Adding exceptions 1 318 To create exceptions to the WebBlocker categories, click the Exceptions tab. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring WebBlocker 2 Click Add to add a new exception rule. The New WebBlocker Exception dialog box appears. 3 In the Match Type field, select one of these options: Pattern match Pattern matches match a pattern in the URL or address, for example “pattern” in www.pattern.com. Be sure to drop the leading “http://” and include “/* at the end. Use the wildcard symbol, *, to match any character. You can use more than one wildcard in one pattern. For example, the pattern www.somesite.com/* will match all URL paths on the www.somesite.com web site. To enter a network address, use a pattern match that ends in a wildcard. For example, to match all the web sites at 1.1.1.1 on port 8080, set the directory to “*”. Exact match Exact matches match an exact URL or IP address, character by character. You cannot use wildcards, and you must type each character exactly as you want it to be matched. For example, if you enter an exception to allow www.yahoo.com as an exact match only, and a user types “www.yahoo.com/news”, the request is denied. 4 5 User Guide Regular expression Regular expression matches use a Perl-compatible regular expression to make a match. For example, \.[onc][eor][gtm] matches .org, .net, .com, or any other 3-letter combination of one letter from each bracket, in order. Be sure to drop the leading “http://” Supports wild cards used in shell script. For example, the expression “(www)?\.watchguard\.[com|org|net]” will match URL paths including www.watchguard.com, www.watchguard.net, and www.watchguard.org. The expression 1.1.1.[1-9] will match all IP addresses from 1.1.1.1 to 1.1.1.9. In the Type field, enter the web site type: URL or Host IP Address. If you chose URL in the previous field, enter the pattern, value, or expression, depending on the value in the Match Type field. 319 Configuring WebBlocker If you chose Host IP Address in the previous field, enter the address, port, and directory to be matched. 6 7 Click OK to close the New WebBlocker Expression dialog box. 8 9 Type a name for the exception in the Name text box. The default name is WB Rule[number]. Click the Action column to get access to the Action drop-down list. Select to have WebBlocker allow or deny the exception. You can use the drop-down lists for the Match Type and Pattern fields if you want to change the settings you made in the New WebBlocker Expression dialog box. 10 Click the Log check box if you want a log message when an action is taken on a WebBlocker exception. 11 To enable the exception, click the Enabled check box. 12 In the Use category list section, you can configure the action to occur if the URL does not match the exceptions you configure. If you want to use the list on the Categories tab to determine accessibility, click the top radio button. If you want to deny access, click the bottom radio button. If you deny access, you can select the check box below the radio button to send a log message for that action. Defining advanced WebBlocker options 320 1 To configure advanced WebBlocker options, click the Advanced tab. 2 You can adjust the Cache size setting to improve WebBlocker performance. Use the arrows to change the number of entries in the cache or type in a number. 3 You can set a time-out value and an action to occur when the server times out. If you want to allow the web site if the server times out, select Allow the user to view the website. If you want to deny the web site, select Deny access to the website. WatchGuard System Manager Defining Additional WebBlocker Actions Defining Additional WebBlocker Actions The basic configuration you created with Tasks > WebBlocker > Configure is a WebBlocker action—a set of WebBlocker settings—that you can apply to an HTTP proxy definition. You can define additional WebBlocker actions if you want to apply different settings to different proxies. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Actions > WebBlocker. Or From the HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box, next to the WebBlocker drop-down list, click the far right icon. The WebBlocker Configurations dialog box appears. 2 Click Add. Or if you want to define a new action based on an existing one, select that action and click Clone. 3 Configure the WebBlocker action as described in “Configuring WebBlocker” on page 316. Adding WebBlocker Actions to a Policy 1 2 3 Double-click the HTTP policy icon to open the Edit Policy Properties dialog box. Select the Properties tab. Click the View/Edit Proxy icon. The HTTP Proxy Action Configuration dialog box appears. 4 From the WebBlocker drop-down list, select the WebBlocker action you want to apply. Scheduling WebBlocker Actions You can set an operating schedule for the policy. You can use the predefined settings in the drop-down list or create custom schedules. You use these time periods to set rules for when to block different web sites. For example, you can block sports web sites during usual business hours of operation, but allow users to browse at lunch time, evenings, and weekends. To set a schedule for a policy: 1 2 User Guide Open the policy to edit it, and click the Advanced tab. Select a schedule from the drop-down list, or click the New/Clone icon to make a new schedule. For more information, see “Creating Schedules” on page 75. 321 Scheduling WebBlocker Actions 3 Configure an HTTP policy that uses the schedule. You can also configure two HTTP policies, but create a schedule for only one of them. Each policy uses one of the HTTP proxy actions. Each of these HTTP proxy actions points to one of at least two WebBlocker actions. 322 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 25 spamBlocker Unwanted email, also known as spam, fills the average inbox at an astonishing rate. A large volume of spam decreases bandwidth, degrades employee productivity, and wastes network resources. The WatchGuard® spamBlocker™ option uses industry-leading pattern detection technology from Commtouch® to block spam at your Internet gateway and keep it from getting to your email server. spamBlocker looks for patterns in spam attacks, instead of the contents of individual email messages. Because it looks for patterns, it can detect spam in any language, format, or encoding method. About spamBlocker Before you install spamBlocker™, you must have: • spamBlocker license key certificate • SMTP email server behind the Firebox® • SMTP Proxy policy • DNS configured on the Firebox. From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. Click the WINS/DNS tab and type the IP addresses of the DNS servers your Firebox uses to resolve host names. • Connection to the Internet spamBlocker actions The Firebox uses spamBlocker actions to apply decisions about the delivery of an email message that is spam. It can: • Deny — Stop the spam email message from being delivered to the mail server. The Firebox sends this 571 SMTP message to the sending email server: “Delivery not authorized, message refused”. • Add subject tag —Identify the email message as spam or not spam and allow spam email messages to go to the mail server. See the subsequent section for more information on spamBlocker tags. • Allow — Let spam email messages go through the Firebox without a tag. User Guide 323 Installing the Software License • Drop — Drop the connection immediately. The Firebox does not give any SMTP error message to the sending server. spamBlocker tags The Firebox can add spamBlocker tags to the subject line of the email message. You can also configure spamBlocker to customize the tag that it adds. This example shows the subject line of an email message that was found to be spam. The tag added is the default tag: ***SPAM***. Subject: ***SPAM*** Free auto insurance quote This example shows a custom tag: [SPAM] Subject: [SPAM] You've been approved! spamBlocker categories spamBlocker looks at email messages to find matches to the patterns in the spamBlocker database. It puts spam email into three categories: Spam, Bulk, and Suspect. spamBlocker assigns email messages to these categories based on the number of patterns found in the email message. • The Spam category includes email messages that come from known spammers. We recommend you use the Deny action for this type of email. • The Bulk category includes email messages that do not come from known spammers, but do match some known spam structure patterns. We recommend that you use the Add Subject Tag action for this type of email. • The Suspect category includes email messages that look like email messages that could be associated with a new spam attack. Frequently, these messages are legitimate email messages. We recommend that you use the Allow action for this type of email. Installing the Software License To install spamBlocker™, you must have a spamBlocker license key and register it on the LiveSecurity® web site. After you register the license key, LiveSecurity gives you a new feature key. 324 WatchGuard System Manager Activating spamBlocker To install this feature key: 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Licensed Features. The Licensed Features dialog box appears. 2 Click Remove to remove the current feature key. You must remove the entire feature key before you install the new one that includes spamBlocker. 3 4 Click Add. In the Add Firebox License Key dialog box, type or paste your license key. You can click Import to find it on your computer or network. Click OK. The license key appears on the Licensed Features dialog box. Activating spamBlocker To activate spamBlocker™, you use a wizard that starts the feature and creates a basic configuration. 1 2 User Guide From WatchGuard® System Manager, select the Firebox® that will use spamBlocker. Select Tools > Policy Manager. Or, you can click the Policy Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. 325 Configuring spamBlocker 3 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > spamBlocker > Activate. The Activate spamBlocker wizard starts. 4 Click through the wizard and add the information it asks for. The wizard has one of two screens depending on how your Firebox is currently configured: Apply spamBlocker settings to your policies This screen appears if you already have one or more SMTP policies defined on your Firebox but do not have spamBlocker enabled. From the list, select the proxy policies for which you want to enable spamBlocker. Any policies that have spamBlocker already enabled are grayed out. OR Create SMTP proxy policy This screen appears if your Firebox does not yet have a policy created for SMTP. The wizard will create an SMTP proxy policy for you. You must have at least one external interface with a static IP address. To create an SMTP policy, enter the email server IP address. The policy created by this wizard contains “Any-External” for the From field and a static NAT entry for the To field. The static NAT entry uses the first static external IP address configured on the Firebox. It enables static NAT for the email server IP address you enter in the wizard. If this default static NAT SMTP policy is not the best choice for your organization, you can use Policy Manager to create an SMTP policy before you use the wizard. You can click the check box at the bottom of the screen to go to the spamBlocker Configuration dialog box, as described in the next section. Configuring spamBlocker After you use the Activate spamBlocker Wizard to activate spamBlocker, you can set other configuration parameters. 1 326 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > spamBlocker > Configure. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring spamBlocker The spamBlocker dialog box appears with SMTP policies in a list. It shows if spamBlocker is enabled for each policy. 2 Select the policy you want to configure and click Configure. The spamBlocker Configuration page for that policy appears. 3 Set the actions spamBlocker applies for email in the Spam, Bulk, and Suspect categories. You can change the actions in this dialog box. 4 If you want to record log messages for a spamBlocker response, select the Log check box for the action. If you do not want to record log messages, clear the Log check box. User Guide 327 Configuring spamBlocker 5 Make sure DNS is enabled on the Firebox® that applies spamBlocker rules. Note If you have any perimeter firewall between the Firebox that uses spamBlocker and the Internet, it must not block HTTP traffic. The HTTP protocol is used to send requests from the Firebox to the spamBlocker server. Adding spamBlocker exceptions At times, the Firebox identifies a message as spam when it is not spam. If you know the address of the sender, you can configure the Firebox with an exception that tells the Firebox not to examine messages from this source address. To look for exceptions, spamBlocker looks at the “mail from:” field. It does not look at the “From:” header that you see in emails. If you create an exception rule and it does not operate correctly, make sure you verify that you entered the correct field. 1 From the Exceptions block of the spamBlocker Configuration dialog box, click Add. The Add Exception Rule dialog box appears. 2 3 328 Select a rule action: Allow, Add subject tag, Deny, or Drop. Type a sender, recipient, or both. You can type the full email name or use wildcards. WatchGuard System Manager Setting Global spamBlocker Parameters Setting Global spamBlocker Parameters You can use global spamBlocker™ settings to optimize spamBlocker for your own installation. Because most of these parameters affect the amount of memory that spamBlocker uses on the Firebox®, you must balance good spamBlocker performance with the needs of other Firebox functionality. 1 From the spamBlocker dialog box, click Settings. The spamBlocker Settings dialog box appears. 2 spamBlocker creates a thread for each message it processes. The thread includes information about the message that is used to generate its spam score. spamBlocker sets a default maximum number of threads that can be simultaneously buffered according to your Firebox appliance model. You can use the Maximum number of threads field to increase or decrease this value. If the amount of traffic handled by your proxy policies is low, you can increase the number of supported threads for spamBlocker without affecting performance. If you have memory problems related to your use of proxies on the Firebox, you might want to decrease the value in this field. 3 Use the Maximum file size to scan field to set the number of bytes of an email message to be passed to spamBlocker to be scanned. Usually, 20-40K is sufficient for spamBlocker to correctly detect spam, but if image-based spam is a problem for your organization, you can increase the maximum files size to block more image-based spam. 4 In the Cache size field, enter the number of entries spamBlocker caches locally for messages that have been categorized as spam and bulk. A local cache can improve performance because no network traffic to Commtouch is required. Usually, you do not have to change this value. You can set the Cache size field to 0 to force all email to be sent to Commtouch. This is generally used only for troubleshooting. 5 The Connection string override text box is used only when you must troubleshoot a spamBlocker problem with a technical support representative. Do not change this value unless you are asked to give additional debug information for a technical support problem. 6 Select the Contact the spamBlocker server using an HTTP proxy server check box if spamBlocker must use an HTTP proxy server to connect to the CommTouch server through the Internet. Use the remaining fields in this dialog box to set up parameters for the proxy server, which include the address of the proxy server, the port the Firebox must use to contact the proxy server, User Guide 329 Creating Rules for Bulk and Suspect Email on Email Clients and authentication credentials for the Firebox to use for proxy server connections (if required by the proxy server). 7 Click OK. Creating Rules for Bulk and Suspect Email on Email Clients Many network administrators allow email that is not confirmed as spam to be delivered to the destined email recipient. They then set up rules in their email client software to have any email tagged and put into a special folder on the email client. The procedure below gives instructions on how to configure the Microsoft Outlook email client. For information about how to use this procedure on other types of email clients, look at the user documentation for those products. Sending spam or bulk email to special folders in Outlook This procedure shows you the steps to create rules for bulk and suspect email in Microsoft Outlook. You can have email with a “spam” or “bulk” tag delivered directly to special folders in Outlook. When you create these folders, you keep possible spam email out of your usual Outlook folders, but you can get access to the email if it becomes necessary. If you use another email client, check your user documentation for that product. Before you start, make sure that you set the action for spam and bulk email to Add Subject Tag. You can use the default tags, or create custom tags. The steps below describe how to create folders with the default tags. 1 2 3 4 5 From your Outlook Inbox, select Tools > Rules and Alerts. 6 7 Click Next. 8 9 10 11 12 In the Choose a Folder dialog box, click New. In the folder name field, type Spam. Click OK. Click New Rule to start the Rules wizard. Select Start from a blank rule. Select Check messages when they arrive. Click Next. Select the condition check box: when specific words in the subject. Then, in the bottom pane, edit the rule description by clicking on the specific words. In the Search Text dialog box, type the spam tag as ***SPAM***. If you use a custom tag, type it here instead. Click Add. Click OK. The wizard asks what you want to do with the message. Select the move it to the specified folder check box. Then, in the bottom pane, click the word specified to select the destination folder. Click Next two times. To complete the rule setup, type a name for your spam rule. Click Finish. Click Apply. Repeat these steps to create a rule for bulk email, using the bulk email tag. You can send bulk email to the same folder, or create a separate folder for bulk email. Reporting False Positives and False Negatives A false positive email message is a legitimate message that spamBlocker™ incorrectly identifies as spam. A false negative email message is a spam message that spamBlocker does not correctly identify as 330 WatchGuard System Manager Monitoring spamBlocker Activity spam. If you find a false positive or false negative email, you can report the classification error directly to Commtouch. You must have access to the email message to submit the report. To learn how to submit a report for a false positive or false negative, look for the FAQ with the procedure at: www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs Monitoring spamBlocker Activity You can use Firebox® System Manager to monitor spamBlocker™ activity. 1 From WatchGuard® System Manager, select the Firebox whose spamBlocker activity you want to monitor. 2 Select Tools > Firebox System Manager. Or, you can click the Firebox System Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. 3 From Firebox System Manager, click the Security Services tab. The counters for spamBlocker appear at the bottom of the screen. If you reboot the Firebox, all counters reset to zero. Customizing spamBlocker Using Multiple Proxies You can configure more than one SMTP Proxy service to use spamBlocker™. This lets you create custom rules for different groups in an organization. For example, you can allow all email to your management and use a spam tag for the marketing team. If you want to use more than one SMTP Proxy service with spamBlocker, your network must use one of these configurations: • Each SMTP proxy policy must send email to a different internal email server. or • You must set the external source or sources that can send email for each SMTP proxy policy. User Guide 331 Customizing spamBlocker Using Multiple Proxies 332 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 26 Signature-Based Security Services Hackers use many methods to attack computers on the Internet. These attacks (called intrusions in this chapter) are created to cause damage to your network, get sensitive information, or use your computers to attack other networks. WatchGuard® offers the Gateway AntiVirus/Intrusion Prevention Service (GAV/IPS) that can identify and stop a possible intrusion. The Intrusion Prevention Service operates with all WatchGuard proxies. WatchGuard Gateway AntiVirus operates with the SMTP, HTTP, and TCP proxies. When a new virus or intrusion is identified, the features that make the virus or intrusion unique are recorded. These recorded features are known as the signature. GAV/IPS uses these signatures to find viruses and intrusions. New viruses and intrusion methods appear on the Internet frequently. To make sure that GAV/IPS gives you the best protection, you must update the signatures frequently. You can configure the Firebox® to update the signatures automatically from WatchGuard. You can also update the signatures manually. Note WatchGuard cannot guarantee that the product can stop all viruses or intrusions, or prevent damage to your systems or networks from a virus or intrusion. User Guide 333 Installing the Software Licenses Installing the Software Licenses To install Gateway AntiVirus/Intrusion Prevention Service, you must have a license key for each feature. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Licensed Features. The Licensed Features dialog box appears. 2 3 Click Add. In the Add Firebox License Key dialog box, type or paste your license key. You can click Import to find it on your computer or network. Click OK. The license key appears on the Licensed Features dialog box. About Gateway AntiVirus WatchGuard® Gateway AntiVirus (GAV) stops viruses before they get to computers on your network. GAV operates with the WatchGuard SMTP, HTTP, and TCP proxies. When you enable GAV, the SMTP, HTTP, or TCP proxy looks at email messages and web traffic, and removes any viruses it finds. (The GAV configuration of a TCP policy is in an HTTP proxy action referenced by the TCP proxy action that matches it.) Note If your organization does not use an email server protected by the Firebox, Gateway AntiVirus does not protect against email viruses. If you enable Gateway AntiVirus with the SMTP proxy, it finds viruses encoded with frequently used email attachment methods. These include base64, binary, 7-bit, and 8-bit encoding. Gateway AntiVirus does not find viruses in unencoded or binhex-encoded messages; the Firebox® strips these types of messages. If you enable Gateway AntiVirus with the HTTP proxy, it finds viruses in web pages that users try to download. If a virus is found, the user’s connection is dropped. (GAV does not give a notification about why the connection was dropped.) 334 WatchGuard System Manager About Gateway AntiVirus Activating Gateway AntiVirus Before you use Gateway AntiVirus in an SMTP, HTTP, or TCP proxy policy, you must run the Activate Gateway AntiVirus wizard to activate the feature and create a basic configuration. To do this: 1 2 From WatchGuard System Manager, select the Firebox that you want to use Gateway AntiVirus. Select Tools > Policy Manager. Or, you can click the Policy Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. 3 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > Gateway AntiVirus > Activate. The Activate Gateway AntiVirus wizard starts. 4 5 Click Next. Complete the wizard. The wizard shows different screens depending on whether you already have proxy policies in your configuration. If you do not, the wizard helps you create a proxy policy. You can then use the wizard again to configure GAV, or see the instructions in the subsequent section. The wizard has the following screens. Apply Gateway AntiVirus Settings to your policies This screen includes a list of proxy policies that are already on your Firebox. From the list, select the proxy policies for which you want to enable Gateway AntiVirus. Any policies that have Gateway AntiVirus already enabled are greyed out. You can also automatically enable Gateway AntiVirus for the SMTP, HTTP, and TCP proxies if you change certain settings in the proxy definition. In ruleset definitions for attachments and other items, select AV Scan from the If matched or None matched drop-down list. Create new proxy policies This screen appears if your Firebox does not yet have policies created for Incoming SMTP, TCP, or HTTP Client. To create a policy, select the corresponding check box. If you select SMTP, enter the mail server IP address. If you select to create an SMTP policy, the wizard creates a default SMTP policy, which is a static NAT policy. To create this default SMTP policy, you must have at least one external interface with a static IP address or PPPoE. Only one policy is created even if you have more than one external interface. The To field of the policy is a static NAT entry (the static IP address of the first external interface to User Guide 335 Configuring Gateway AntiVirus the specified mail service IP address). If this default policy does not meet your requirements, you can create an SMTP policy in Policy Manager before you run this wizard. Configuring Gateway AntiVirus After you use the Activate Gateway AntiVirus wizard to activate GAV and create a basic configuration, you can further refine the configuration. 1 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > Gateway AntiVirus > Configure. The Gateway AntiVirus dialog box appears, which lists the SMTP, HTTP, and TCP policies that have already been created. 336 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Gateway AntiVirus 2 Select the policy you want to configure and click Configure. The General Gateway Antivirus Settings page for that policy appears. 3 The fields on this dialog box set the actions necessary if a virus or error is found in an email message or web page. For the SMTP proxy, you also use this dialog box to set actions for when an email message contains an attachment that is too large or that the Firebox cannot scan. In the Actions section, use the drop-down lists to select the Firebox action for each of these conditions: Allow Allows the packet to go to the recipient, even if the content contains a virus. Lock (SMTP proxy only) Locks the attachment. This is a good option for files that are too large for Gateway AntiVirus or that cannot be scanned by the Firebox. A file that is locked cannot be opened easily by the user. Only the administrator can unlock the file. The administrator can use a different antivirus tool to scan the file and examine the content of the attachment. Remove (SMTP proxy only) Removes the attachment and allows the message through to the recipient. Drop Drops the packet and drops the connection. No information is sent to the source of the message. Block Blocks the packet, and adds the IP address of the sender to the Blocked Sites list. Note If you set the configuration to allow attachments, your configuration is less secure. Creating alarms or log entries for antivirus responses An alarm is a mechanism to tell users when a proxy rule applies to network traffic. Use the Alarm check box on the General Gateway AntiVirus Settings page to create an alarm for an antivirus response. If you User Guide 337 Configuring Gateway AntiVirus do not want an alarm for an antivirus response, clear the Alarm check box for that antivirus response. To use the alarm feature successfully, you must also configure the type of alarm to use in each proxy policy. To configure the alarm type to use, open the proxy policy. In the proxy action category list, select Proxy and AV Alarms. If you want to record log messages for an antivirus response, select the Log check box for the antivirus response. If you do not want to record log messages for an antivirus response, clear the Log check box. Configuring GAV engine settings 1 From the Gateway AntiVirus dialog box, click Settings. 2 To scan inside compressed attachments, select the Decompress archives check box. Select or type the number of compression levels to scan. Compressed attachments that cannot be scanned include encrypted files or files that use a type of compression that we do not support such as password-protected Zip files. Select Tasks > Gateway AntiVirus > Configure to set the action for the Firebox when it finds a message it cannot scan. 3 Enter the maximum file size for email messages in kilobytes. Configuring the update server 338 1 From the Gateway AntiVirus dialog box, click Update Server. 2 To enable automatic updates for the GAV server, select the Automatic update check box. Enter the number of hours between automatic updates. If you want to check for updates for the GAV engine and automatically download them if available, select the Include GAV engine update check box. 3 Do not change the URL of the update server for GAV/IPS unless you are told to do so by WatchGuard. If you change the URL accidentally or incorrectly, click Default to return to the default setting. 4 Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Activating Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) Using Gateway AntiVirus with more than one proxy You can use more than one SMTP proxy to find and remove viruses for different servers in your organization. Each proxy that uses Gateway AntiVirus is configured with options that are special to that proxy. For example, you can use different proxy antivirus configurations for email that is for different servers or different destinations. You can strip attachments that are too large to scan for some users, and allow the same attachments for other users. Unlocking an attachment locked by Gateway AntiVirus WatchGuard System Manager provides an executable to unlock attachments locked by Gateway AntiVirus: C:\Program Files\WatchGuard\wsm9.0\bin\unlock.exe To open a locked file: 1 2 Open a command prompt. Type: Unlock <path to locked file> Updating the antivirus software Because there are new types of intrusions all the time, you must regularly update your antivirus software. When it is necessary, WatchGuard releases updates to the antivirus database and to the antivirus software. When we release an update, you get an email message from LiveSecurity. You have access to all updates while your Gateway AntiVirus subscription is active. To download software updates, log in to your LiveSecurity® account at: www.watchguard.com/support Activating Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) Hackers use many methods to attack computers on the Internet. The function of these attacks is to cause damage to your network, get sensitive information, or use your computers to attack other networks. These attacks are known as intrusions. You use the Firebox® Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) with the WatchGuard proxies to find and stop intrusions. IPS examines DNS, FTP, HTTP, and SMTP traffic. It uses the TCP proxy to scan other TCP-based traffic. Before you use IPS in a proxy policy, you must run the Activate Intrusion Prevention wizard to activate the feature and create a basic configuration. To do this: 1 2 From WatchGuard System Manager, select the Firebox that will use IPS. Select Tools > Policy Manager. You can also click the Policy Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. User Guide 339 Activating Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) 3 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > Intrusion Prevention > Activate. The Activate Intrusion Prevention wizard starts. 4 5 Click Next. Click through the wizard and add the information it asks for. The wizard shows different screens depending on whether you already have proxy policies in your configuration. If you do not, the wizard helps you create a proxy policy. You can then use the wizard again to configure IPS, or see the instructions in the subsequent section. The wizard has the following screens. Select proxy policies to enable This screen shows a list of proxy policies that are already defined on your Firebox. From the list, select the proxy policies you want to enable IPS for. Any policies that have IPS already enabled are grayed out. Create new proxy policies This screen shows the proxy types whose corresponding policies do not currently exist. If, for example, you have already created an SMTP policy, it does not appear in the list. To create a policy, select the corresponding check box. If you select SMTP, enter the mail server IP address. This wizard creates a default SMTP policy, which is a static NAT policy. To create this default SMTP policy, you must have at least one external interface with a static IP address or PPPoE. Only one policy is created even if you have more than one external interface. The To field of the policy is a static NAT entry (the static IP address of the first external interface to the specified mail service IP address). If this default policy does not meet your requirements, you can create an SMTP policy in Policy Manager before you run this wizard. Select Advanced Intrusion Prevention settings (HTTP and TCP only) If you use the wizard to add an HTTP or TCP policy, you can select protection against Instant Messaging (IM), Peer-to-Peer (P2P), and Spyware. 340 WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Intrusion Prevention Configuring Intrusion Prevention After you use the Activate Intrusion Prevention wizard to activate IPS and create a basic configuration, you can further refine the configuration. 1 From Policy Manager, select Tasks > Intrusion Prevention > Configure. The Intrusion Prevention dialog box appears, which lists the policies that have already been created. 2 Select the policy you want to configure and click Configure. The General Intrusion Prevention Settings page for that policy appears. About intrusion severity levels The proxy settings for intrusion prevention generally use three separate security levels. These three intrusion severity levels look for the following: High Vulnerabilities that allow remote access or execution of code, such as buffer overflows, remote command execution, password disclosure, backdoors, and security bypass. Medium Vulnerabilities that allow access, disclose server-side source code to attackers, and deny access to legitimate users. Examples are directory traversal, file/source disclosure, DoS, SQL injection, and cross-site scripting. Low Vulnerabilities that do not allow the attacker to directly get access, but allow the attacker to get information that can be used in an intrusion. For example, an attacker can send a command that gets information about the operating system, IP addresses, or topology of a network. Signatures that get access to software applications with vulnerabilities (such as signatures that do not have very specific content) also get this level of severity. Some signatures that would usually be in the High or Medium level are put in lower levels if their content is not very detailed. They are also put in lower levels if they have a wide scope that could cause false positives. User Guide 341 Configuring Intrusion Prevention Configuring intrusion prevention for HTTP or TCP The HTTP and TCP proxies include options to prevent Instant Messaging (IM), Peer to Peer (P2P), and spyware use. 1 Select the Enable Intrusion Prevention check box. 2 (HTTP only) Under Signatures, click one or both check boxes to use a more accurate list of signatures for HTTP client endpoints, HTTP server endpoints, or both. 3 In the Actions section, use the drop-down lists to select the Firebox action for each severity level. Allow You allow a packet so it can get to its recipient, even if the content matches a signature. Deny You deny a packet to stop it and send a TCP reset packet to the sender. Drop You drop a packet to deny it, but send no TCP reset packet to the sender. Block You block a message to drop the packet, and to add the IP address that the packet started from to the Blocked Sites list. Preventing Instant Messaging (IM) use The HTTP Proxy has options to prevent Instant Messaging (IM) use. It finds these IM services: • AOL Instant Messenger (AIM) • ICQ • IRC (available for the TCP proxy only) • MSN Messenger • Yahoo Messenger 1 342 From the Intrusion Prevention Services fields of the HTTP proxy, click the IM tab. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring Intrusion Prevention 2 3 Select the action the Firebox will take when it detects IM: Allow, Drop, Deny, or Block. Select IM Signature Categories to enable sets of signatures for different IM services. You can then unselect individual services. Preventing Peer to Peer (P2P) use The HTTP Proxy has options to prevent Peer to Peer (P2P) use. It finds these types of P2P services: • BitTorrent • eDonkey2000 (Ed2k) • Gnutella • IRC (available for the TCP proxy only) • Kazaa • Napster • Phatbot 1 2 3 From the Intrusion Prevention Services fields of the HTTP proxy, click the P2P tab. Select the action the Firebox will take when it detects IM: Allow, Drop, Deny, or Block. Select P2P Signature Categories to enable sets of signatures for different P2P services. You can then unselect individual services. Blocking spyware The HTTP and TCP proxies provide these antispyware categories: Adware A software application in which advertising banners are shown while the program is in operation. It sometimes includes code that records a user's personal information and sends it to third parties, without the user's authorization or knowledge. Dialer A software application that can hijack a user’s modem and dial toll numbers that get access to inappropriate web sites. Downloader A program that gets and installs other files. Most are configured to get files from a designated web or FTP site. Hijacker A type of malware program that changes your computer's browser settings and redirects you to web sites that you did not plan to browse to. 1 2 User Guide Trackware Any software that uses a computer’s Internet connection to send personal information without the user’s permission. From the Intrusion Prevention Services fields of the HTTP proxy, click the Antispyware tab. Select the action the Firebox will take when it detects spyware: Allow, Drop, Deny, or Block. 343 Configuring Intrusion Prevention Configuring Intrusion Prevention for FTP, SMTP, or DNS 1 Select the Enable Intrusion Prevention check box. 2 For each severity level, select one of the following actions. Allow Allow the attachment. Deny Deny the attachment and send a deny message to the sender. Drop Drop the attachment to stop the message and drop the connection. No information is sent to the source of the message. Block Block a message to drop the attachment, and to add the IP address of the sender to the Blocked Sites list. Note If you set the configuration to allow attachments, your configuration is less secure. Configuring the IPS update server 1 For information on how to automatically update the IPS server and change the server’s URL, see “Configuring the update server” on page 338. Configuring signature exceptions Each signature used by IPS has a unique ID number. You can find the ID number for a signature using the Firebox System Manager tool. Open Firebox System Manager and select the Show Signatures 344 WatchGuard System Manager Getting GAV/IPS Status and Updates option on the Security Services tab. If you have a signature that you want the IPS service to ignore, you can add it as an exception. 1 From the Intrusion Prevention dialog box, click Signature Exceptions. The Signature ID Exceptions dialog box appears. 2 Type or use the value control button to enter the signature that you want to disable. Click Add. Copying IPS settings to other policies After configuring IPS for one proxy, you can copy the same configuration to other proxies. However, you can copy IPS settings only between policies with compatible IPS configurations. • Between FTP, DNS, and SMTP policies • Between multiple TCP policies • Between multiple HTTP policies 1 From the Intrusion Prevention dialog box, select the proxy whose configuration you want to copy, right-click, and select Copy IPS Configuration. 2 From the same dialog box, select the proxy or proxies you want to copy the configuration to, rightclick, and select Paste IPS Configuration. Getting GAV/IPS Status and Updates You can see the status and get updates for GAV/IPS on the Security Services tab in Firebox® System Manager. Seeing service status The Security Services tab in Firebox® System Manager shows you whether protection is active. You can also see information about the signature versions. To see service status: 1 From WatchGuard® System Manager, select the Firebox. Select Tools > Firebox System Manager. You can also click the Firebox System Manager icon on the WatchGuard System Manager toolbar. 2 Click the Security Services tab. User Guide 345 Getting GAV/IPS Status and Updates The window shows the status for the installed security services. Licenses for these features must be installed to see status information. Updating signatures or engines manually Security services can be configured to update signatures and the engine automatically, as described in “Configuring the update server” on page 338. You can also update signatures or the engine manually. If the signatures or engine on the Firebox are not current, you are not protected from the latest viruses and intrusions. To update the services manually: 1 2 Start Firebox System Manager. Click the Security Services tab. Security service status appears. 3 346 Click Update for the service you want to update. You must type your configuration passphrase. The Firebox downloads the most recent available signature update or the most recent available engine for Gateway AntiVirus or Intrusion Protection Services. You see information about the update in Traffic Monitor. WatchGuard System Manager Getting GAV/IPS Status and Updates Viewing the update history From the Security Services tab, click History to see a list of updates of services and engines. User Guide 347 Getting GAV/IPS Status and Updates 348 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 27 Dynamic Routing Note The OSPF and BGP dynamic routing protocols are available only in Fireware® Pro. Only the RIP dynamic routing protocol is available with Fireware. A routing protocol is the language a router speaks with other routers to share information about the status of network routing tables. With static routing, routing tables are set and do not change. If a router on the remote path fails, a packet cannot get to its destination. Dynamic routing lets routing tables in routers change as the routes change. If the best path to a destination cannot be used, dynamic routing protocols change routing tables when necessary to keep your network traffic moving. Fireware® Pro supports RIP v1 and v2, OSPF, and BGP v4 dynamic routing protocols. Fireware supports only RIP v1 and v2. Routing Daemon Configuration Files To use any of the dynamic routing protocols with Fireware, you must import or type a dynamic routing configuration file for the routing daemon you choose. This configuration file includes information such as a password and log file name. To see configuration templates for each of the routing protocols, see the Dynamic Routing section of the Fireware FAQs at:www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs. You can find a list of supported configuration commands for each routing protocol in the sections below. The command sections below appear in the order they must go in an operating configuration file. Notes about configuration files: • The “!” and the “#” characters are comment characters. If the first character of the word is one of the comment characters, then the rest of the line is interpreted as a comment. If the comment character is not the first character of the word, it is interpreted as a command. • Usually, you can use the word “no” at the beginning of the line to disable a command. For example: “no network 10.0.0.0/24 area 0.0.0.0” disables the backbone area on the specified network. User Guide 349 Using RIP Using RIP Note Support for this protocol is available in both Fireware® and Fireware Pro. RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is used to manage router information in a self-contained network, such as a corporate LAN or a private WAN. With RIP, a gateway host sends its routing table to the closest router each 30 seconds. This router, in turn, sends the contents of its routing tables to neighboring routers. RIP is best for small networks. This is because the transmission of the full routing table each 30 seconds can put a large traffic load on the network, and because RIP tables are limited to 15 hops. OSPF is a better alternative for larger networks. RIP Version 1 RIP V1 uses a UDP broadcast over port 520 to send updates to routing tables. To create or modify a routing configuration file, here is a table of supported routing commands. The sections must appear in the configuration file in the same order they appear in this table. You can also use the sample RIP configuration file in the Dynamic Routing section of the Fireware FAQs at:www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs. Section Command Description Set simple password or MD5 authentication on an interface interface eth[N] Begin section to set authentication type for interface ip rip authentication string [PASSWORD] Set RIP authentication password key chain [KEY-CHAIN] Set MD5 key chain name key [INTEGER] Set MD5 key number key-string [AUTH-KEY] Set MD5 authentication key ip rip authentication mode md5 Use MD5 authentication ip rip authentication mode key-chain [KEY-CHAIN] Set MD5 authentication key-chain Configure RIP routing daemon router rip Enable RIP daemon version [1|2] Set RIP version to 1 or 2 (default version 2) ip rip send version [1|2] Set RIP to send version 1 or 2 ip rip receive version [1|2] Set RIP to receive version 1 or 2 no ip split-horizon Disable split-horizon; enabled by default Configure interfaces and networks no network eth[N] passive-interface eth[N] passive-interface default network [A.B.C.D/M] neighbor [A.B.C.D/M] 350 WatchGuard System Manager Using RIP Section Command Description Distribute routes to RIP peers and inject OSPF or BGP routes to RIP routing table default-information originate Share route of last resort (default route) with RIP peers redistribute kernel Redistribute firewall static routes to RIP peers redistribute connected Redistribute routes from all interfaces to RIP peers redistribute connected routemap [MAPNAME] Redistribute routes from all interfaces to RIP peers, with a route map filter (mapname) redistribute ospf Redistribute routes from OSPF to RIP redistribute ospf route-map [MAPNAME] Redistribute routes from OSPF to RIP, with a route map filter (mapname) redistribute bgp Redistribute routes from BGP to RIP redistribute bgp route-map [MAPNAME] Redistribute routes from BGP to RIP, with a route map filter (mapname) Configure route redistribution filters with route maps and access lists access-list [PERMIT | DENY] [LISTNAME] [A.B.C.D/M | ANY] Create an access list to allow or deny redistribution of only one IP address or for all IP addresses route-map [MAPNAME] permit [N] Create a route map with a name and allow with a priority of N match ip address [LISTNAME] Configuring Fireware or Fireware Pro to use RIP v1 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Dynamic Routing. The Dynamic Routing Setup dialog box appears. 2 User Guide Click Enable Dynamic Routing and Enable RIP. 351 Using RIP 3 Click Import to import a routing daemon configuration file, or type your configuration file in the text box. If you click Import, you can browse to the location of the RIP daemon configuration template. It is located in C:\Documents and Settings\My Documents\My WatchGuard. 4 Click OK. Allowing RIP v1 traffic through the Firebox You must add and configure a policy to allow RIP broadcasts from the router to the network broadcast IP address. You must also add the IP address of the Firebox® interface to the To field. 1 2 352 From Policy Manager, select Edit > Add Policies. From the list of packet filters, select RIP. Click Add. In the New Policy Properties dialog box, configure the policy to allow traffic from the IP or network address of the router that uses RIP to the Firebox interface it connects to. You must also add the network broadcast IP address. WatchGuard System Manager Using RIP 3 Click OK. RIP Version 2 RIP v2 uses multicast to send routing table updates. To create or modify a routing configuration file, refer to the table of supported RIP routing commands in the section RIP Version 1. Any command that uses a network IP address must include the subnet mask or RIP v2 will not operate. The sections must appear in the configuration file in the same order they appear in this table. Configuring Fireware to use RIP v2 1 In Policy Manager, select Network > Dynamic Routing. The Dynamic Routing Setup dialog box appears. 2 3 User Guide Click Enable Dynamic Routing and Enable RIP. Click Import to import a routing daemon configuration file, or type your configuration parameters in the text box. 353 Using RIP If you click Import, you can browse to the location of the RIP daemon configuration file. It is located in C:\Documents and Settings\My Documents\My WatchGuard. 4 Click OK. Allowing RIP v2 traffic through the Firebox You must add and configure a policy to allow RIP v2 multicasts from the routers that have RIP v2 enabled to the reserved multicast IP address for RIP v2. 1 From Policy Manager, select Edit > Add Policies. From the list of packet filters, select RIP. Click Add. The New Policy Properties window appears for RIP. 354 2 In the New Policy Properties window, configure the policy to allow traffic from the IP or network address of the router that uses RIP to the multicast address 224.0.0.9. 3 Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Using OSPF Using OSPF Note Support for this protocol is available only in Fireware® Pro. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an interior router protocol used in larger networks. With OSPF, a router that sees a change to its routing table or that detects a change in the network immediately sends a multicast update to all other routers in the network. OSPF is different from RIP because: • OSPF sends only the part of the routing table that has changed in its transmission. RIP sends the full routing table each time. • OSPF sends a multicast only when its information has changed. RIP sends the routing table every 30 seconds. Also, note the following about OSPF: • If you have more than one OSPF area, one area must be area 0.0.0.0 (the backbone area). • All areas must be adjacent to the backbone area. If they are not, you must configure a virtual link to the backbone area. OSPF daemon configuration To create or modify a routing configuration file, here is a catalog of supported routing commands. The sections must appear in the configuration file in the same order they appear in this table. You can also use the sample OSPF configuration file found in the Dynamic Routing section of the Fireware FAQs at:www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs. Section Command Description Configure Interface ip ospf authentication-key [PASSWORD] Set OSPF authentication password interface eth[N] Begin section to set properties for interface ip ospf message-digest-key [KEY-ID] md5 [KEY] Set MD5 authentication key ID and key ip ospf cost [1-65535] Set link cost for the interface (see OSP Interface Cost table below) ip ospf hello-interval [1-65535] Set interval to send hello packets; default is 10 seconds ip ospf dead-interval [1-65535] Set interval after last hello from a neighbor before declaring it down; default is 40 seconds ip ospf retransmit-interval [1-65535] Set interval between link-state advertisements (LSA) retransmissions; default is 5 seconds ip ospf transmit-delay [1-3600] Set time required to send LSA update; default is 1 second ip ospf priority [0-255] Set router priority; high value increases eligibility to become the designated router (DR) Configure OSPF Routing Daemon router ospf User Guide Enable OSPF daemon 355 Using OSPF Section Command Description ospf router-id [A.B.C.D] Set router ID for OSPF manually; router will determine its own ID if not set ospf rfc 1583compatibility Enable RFC 1583 compatibility (can lead to routing loops) ospf abr-type [cisco|ibm|shortcut|standard] More information about this command can be found in draftietf-abr-alt-o5.txt passive interface eth[N] Disable OSPF announcement on interface eth[N] auto-cost reference bandwidth [0-429495] Set global cost (see OSPF cost table below); do not use with “ip ospf [COST]” command timers spf [0-4294967295][0-4294967295] Set OSPF schedule delay and hold time Enable OSPF on a Network *The “area” variable can be typed in two formats: [W.X.Y.Z]; or as an integer [Z]. network [A.B.C.D/M] area [Z] Announce OSPF on network A.B.C.D/M for area 0.0.0.Z Configure Properties for Backbone Area or Other Areas *The “area” variable can be typed in two formats: [W.X.Y.Z]; or as an integer [Z]. area [Z] range [A.B.C.D/M] Create area 0.0.0.Z and set a classful network for the area (range and interface network and mask settings should match) area [Z] virtual-link [W.X.Y.Z] Set virtual link neighbor for area 0.0.0.Z area [Z] stub Set area 0.0.0.Z as a stub area [Z] stub no-summary area [Z] authentication Enable simple password authentication for area 0.0.0.Z area [Z] authentication message-digest Enable MD5 authentication for area 0.0.0.Z Redistribute OSPF Routes default-information originate Share route of last resort (default route) with OSPF default-information originate metrics [0-16777214] Share route of last resort (default route) with OSPF default-information originate always Share route of last resort (default route) with OSPF default-information originate always metrics [0-16777214] Share route of last resort (default route) with OSPF redistribute connected Redistribute routes from all interfaces to OSPF redistribute connected metrics Redistribute routes from all interfaces to OSPF Configure Route Redistribution with Access Lists and Route Maps 356 access-list [LISTNAME] permit [A.B.C.D/M] Create an access list to allow distribution of A.B.C.D/M access-list [LISTNAME] deny any Restrict distribution of any route map not specified above WatchGuard System Manager Using OSPF Section Command Description route-map [MAPNAME] permit [N] Create a route map with name [MAPNAME] and allow with a priority of [N] match ip address [LISTNAME] OSPF Interface Cost table The OSPF protocol finds the most efficient route between two points. To do this, it looks at factors such as interface link speed, the number of hops between points, and other metrics. By default, OSPF uses the actual link speed of a device to calculate the total cost of a route. You can set the interface cost manually to help maximize efficiency if, for example, your gigabyte-based firewall is connected to a 100M router. Use the numbers in the OSPF Interface Cost table to manually set the interface cost to a value different than the actual interface cost. User Guide Interface Type Bandwidth in bits/second Bandwidth in bytes/second OSPF Interface Cost Ethernet 1G 100M 1 Ethernet 100M 10M 10 Ethernet 10M 1M 100 Modem 2M 200K 500 Modem 1M 100K 1000 Modem 500K 50K 2000 Modem 250K 25K 4000 Modem 125K 12500 8000 Modem 62500 6250 16000 Serial 115200 9216 10850 Serial 57600 4608 21700 Serial 38400 3072 32550 Serial 19200 1636 61120 Serial 9600 768 65535 357 Using OSPF Configuring Fireware Pro to use OSPF 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Dynamic Routing. The Dynamic Routing Setup dialog box appears. 358 2 3 4 Click the OSPF tab. 5 Click OK. Click Enable Dynamic Routing and Enable OSPF. Click Import to import a routing daemon configuration file, or type your configuration parameters in the text box. If you click Import, you can browse to the location of the OSPF daemon configuration file. It is located in C:\Documents and Settings\My Documents\My WatchGuard. WatchGuard System Manager Using BGP Allowing OSPF traffic through the Firebox You must add and configure a policy to allow OSPF multicasts from the routers that have OSPF enabled to the reserved multicast addresses for OSPF. 1 From Policy Manager, select Edit > Add Policies. From the list of packet filters, select OSPF. Click Add. The New Policy Properties window appears for OSPF. 2 In the New Policy Properties window, configure the policy to allow traffic from the IP or network address of the router using OSPF to the IP addresses 224.0.0.5 and 224.0.0.6. Click OK. Using BGP Note Support for this protocol is available only in Fireware® Pro. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a scalable dynamic routing protocol used on the Internet by groups of routers to share routing information. BGP is the routing protocol used on the Internet. BGP uses route parameters or “attributes” to define routing policies and create a stable routing environment. This protocol allows you to advertise more than one path to and from the Internet to your network and resources, which gives you redundant paths and can increase your uptime. Hosts that use BGP use TCP to send updated routing table information when one host finds a change. The host sends only the part of the routing table that has the change. BGP uses classless interdomain routing (CIDR) to reduce the size of the Internet routing tables. The size of the BGP routing table in Fireware® Pro is set at 32K. The size of the typical WatchGuard® customer wide area network (WAN) is best suited for OSPF dynamic routing. A WAN can also use external border gateway protocol (EBGP) when more than one gateway to the Internet is available. EBGP allows you to take full advantage of the redundancy possible with a multi-homed network. User Guide 359 Using BGP To participate in EBGP with an ISP you must have an autonomous system number (ASN). You must get an ASN from one of the regional registries in the table below. After you are assigned your own ASN, you must contact each ISP to get their AS numbers and other necessary information. Region Registry Name Web Site North America ARIN www.arin.net Europe RIPE NCC www.ripe.net Asia Pacific APNIC www.apnic.net Latin America LACNIC www.lacnic.net Africa AfriNIC www.afrinic.net BGP daemon configuration To create or modify a routing configuration file, here is a catalog of supported routing commands. The sections must appear in the configuration file in the same order they appear in this table. You can also use the sample BGP configuration file found in the Dynamic Routing section of the Fireware FAQs at:www.watchguard.com/support/FAQs. Do not use BGP configuration parameters that you do not get from your ISP. Section Command Description Configure BGP Routing Daemon router bgp [ASN] Enable BGP daemon and set autonomous system number (ASN); this is supplied by your ISP network [A.B.C.D/M] Announce BGP on network A.B.C.D/M no network [A.B.C.D/M] Disable BGP announcements on network A.B.C.D/M Set Neighbor Properties 360 neighbor [A.B.C.D] remote-as [ASN] Set neighbor as member of remote ASN neighbor [A.B.C.D] ebgp-multihop Set neighbor on another network using EBGP multi-hop neighbor [A.B.C.D] version 4+ Set BGP version (4, 4+, 4-) for communication with neighbor; default is 4 neighbor [A.B.C.D] update-source [WORD] Set the BGP session to use a specific interface for TCP connections neighbor [A.B.C.D] default-originate Announce default route to BGP neighbor [A.B.C.D] neighbor [A.B.C.D] port 189 Set custom TCP port to communicate with BGP neighbor [A.B.C.D] neighbor [A.B.C.D] send-community Set peer send-community neighbor [A.B.C.D] weight 1000 Set a default weight for neighbor’s [A.B.C.D] routes neighbor [A.B.C.D] maximum-prefix [NUMBER] Set maximum number of prefixes allowed from this neighbor WatchGuard System Manager Using BGP Section Command Description Community Lists ip community-list [<1-99>|<100-199>] permit AA:NN Specify community to accept autonomous system number and network number separated by a colon neighbor [A.B.C.D] distribute-list [LISTNAME] [IN|OUT] Set distribute list and direction for peer neighbor [A.B.C.D] prefix-list [LISTNAME] [IN|OUT] To apply a prefix list to be matched to incoming advertisements or outgoing advertisements to that neighbor neighbor [A.B.C.D] filter-list [LISTNAME] [IN|OUT] To match an autonomous system path access list to incoming routes or outgoing routes neighbor [A.B.C.D] route-map [MAPNAME] [IN|OUT] To apply a route map to incoming or outgoing routes Peer Filtering Redistribute Routes to BGP redistribute kernel Redistribute static routes to BGP redistribute rip Redistribute RIP routes to BGP redistribute ospf Redistribute OSPF routes to BGP Route Reflection bgp cluster-id A.B.C.D To configure the cluster ID if the BGP cluster has more than one route reflector neighbor [W.X.Y.Z] route-reflector-client To configure the router as a BGP route reflector and configure the specified neighbor as its client Access Lists and IP Prefix Lists User Guide ip prefix-list PRELIST permit A.B.C.D/E Set prefix list access-list NAME [deny|allow] A.B.C.D/E Set access list route-map [MAPNAME] permit [N] In conjunction with the “match” and “set” commands, this defines the conditions and actions for redistributing routes match ip address prefix-list [LISTNAME] Matches the specified access_list set community [A:B] Set the BGP community attribute match community [N] Matches the specified community_list set local-preference [N] Set the preference value for the autonomous system path 361 Using BGP Configuring Fireware Pro to use BGP 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > Dynamic Routing. The Dynamic Routing Setup dialog box appears. 2 3 4 5 362 Click the BGP tab. Click Enable Dynamic Routing and Enable BGP. Click Import to import a routing daemon configuration file, or type your configuration parameters in the text box. If you click Import, you can browse to the location of the BGP daemon configuration file. It is located in C:\Documents and Settings\My Documents\My WatchGuard. Click Select a BGP Configuration file. Click OK. WatchGuard System Manager Using BGP Allowing BGP traffic through the Firebox You must add and configure a policy to allow BGP traffic to the Firebox® from the approved networks. These networks must be the same networks you defined in your BGP configuration file. 1 From Policy Manager, select Edit > Add Policies. From the list of packet filters, select BGP. Click Add. The New Policy Properties window appears for BGP. 2 User Guide In the New Policy Properties dialog box, configure the policy to allow traffic from the IP or network address of the router that uses BGP to the Firebox interface it connects to. Click OK. 363 Using BGP 364 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 28 Traffic Management and Quality of Service Note To use the features described in this chapter, you must have Fireware Pro installed on your Firebox. In a large network with many computers, the volume of data that moves through the firewall can be very large. A network administrator can use Traffic Management and Quality of Service (QoS) actions to prevent data loss for important business applications and to make sure mission-critical applications take priority over other traffic. About Traffic Management and QoS Traffic Management and QoS provide a number of benefits. You can: • Guarantee or limit bandwidth • Control the rate at which the Firebox sends packets to the network • Prioritize when to send packets to the network To apply traffic management to policies, you define a Traffic Management action, which is a collection of settings that you can apply to one or more policy definitions. This way you do not need to configure the traffic management settings separately in each policy. You can define additional Traffic Management actions if you want to apply different settings to different proxies. Guaranteeing bandwidth Bandwidth reservation prevents connection timeouts. A traffic management queue with reserved bandwidth and low priority can give bandwidth to real-time applications with higher priority when necessary without disconnecting. Other traffic management queues can take advantage of unused reserved bandwidth when it becomes available. For example, suppose your company has an FTP server on the external network and you want to guarantee that FTP always has at least 200 Kilobytes per second through the external interface. You might also consider setting a minimum bandwidth from the trusted interface to make sure that the connection has end-to-end guaranteed bandwidth. To do this, you would create a Traffic Management action that defines a minimum of 200 kbps for FTP traffic on the external interface. You would then create an User Guide 365 Configuring Outgoing Interface Bandwidth FTP policy and apply the Traffic Management action. This will allow “ftp put” at 200 kbps. If you want to allow “ftp get” at 200 kbps, you must configure the FTP traffic on the trusted interface to also have a minimum of 200 kbps. As another example, suppose your company uses multimedia materials (streaming media) for training external customers. This streaming media uses RTSP over port 554. You have frequent FTP uploads from the trusted to external interface, and you do not want these uploads to compete with your customers receiving streaming media. You would apply a Traffic Management action to the external interface for the streaming media port to guarantee sufficient bandwidth. Restricting bandwidth The guaranteed bandwidth setting works with another setting, Outgoing Interface Bandwidth, to make sure you do not guarantee more bandwidth than actually exists. This setting also helps you make sure the sum of guaranteed bandwidth settings does not fill the link such that non-guaranteed traffic cannot pass. For example, suppose the link is 1 Mbps and you try to use a Traffic Management action that guarantees 973 Kbps (0.95 Mbps) to the FTP policy on that link. With these settings, the FTP traffic could prevent other types of traffic from using the interface. If you try to configure the Firebox this way, Policy Manager warns you that you are approaching the Outgoing Interface Bandwidth setting for that interface. Setting traffic priority You can use QoS marking to assign different levels of priority either to policies or for traffic from a particular interface. Traffic prioritization at the firewall allows you to manage multiple class of service (CoS) queues and reserve the highest priority for real-time or streaming data. A policy with high priority can take bandwidth away from existing low priority connections when the link is congested and traffic is competing for bandwidth. Configuring Outgoing Interface Bandwidth Before you use traffic management features, you must give each interface a bandwidth limit, known as Outgoing Interface Bandwidth, for traffic sent from that interface to the network segment to which it is connected. After you set this limit, Fireware will refuse packets that exceed the limit. Also, Policy Manager gives a warning if you allocate too much bandwidth as you create or adjust traffic management actions. If you keep the Outgoing Interface Bandwidth setting for any interface at its default value of 0, it is set to the auto-negotiated link speed for that interface. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Global Settings. The Global Settings dialog box appears. 2 At the bottom of the dialog box, make sure the Disable all traffic management and QoS features check box is cleared. If it is not, clear it. Click OK. You might want to disable these features at a later time if you do performance testing or network debugging. 3 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 4 Select the interface for which you want to set bandwidth limits and click Configure. The Interface Settings dialog box appears. 366 WatchGuard System Manager Guaranteeing Bandwidth for a Policy 5 Click the Advanced tab. 6 In the Outgoing Interface Bandwidth field, enter the amount of bandwidth provided by the network. Use your Internet connection upload speed (in Kbps rather than KBps) as the limit for external interfaces. Set your LAN interface bandwidth based on the minimum link speed supported by your LAN infrastructure. Guaranteeing Bandwidth for a Policy 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Actions > Traffic Management. or From Policy Manager, double-click the icon of the policy for which you want to guarantee a minimum bandwidth. Click the Advanced tab. Click the New/Clone Traffic Management icon to the far right of Traffic Management. The Traffic Management Actions dialog box appears. User Guide 367 Guaranteeing Bandwidth for a Policy 2 Click Add. The New Traffic Management Action Configuration dialog box appears. 3 4 5 In the Guaranteed Minimum Bandwidth box, select Add. 6 If you started defining the traffic action from a policy definition, the new traffic action now appears in Traffic Management on the Advanced tab. If you started defining the traffic actions from selecting Setup > Actions > Traffic Management, you must apply the setting to a policy, as explained in the next section. Under Outgoing Interface, select the interface for which you want to set a minimum bandwidth. Under Minimum Bandwidth, set the minimum Kilobytes per second through that interface. Click OK. Applying the Traffic Management action to a policy After you have created Traffic Management actions, you can apply them to the policies you have configured in Policy Manager. To apply a Traffic Management action: 1 2 3 From Policy Manager, double-click the icon of the policy for which you want to guarantee a minimum bandwidth. Click the Advanced tab. From the Traffic Management drop-down list, select a Traffic Management action to apply to the policy. Click OK to close the Edit Policy Properties dialog box. Save your changes to the Firebox. You will get a warning message if the sum of all guaranteed bandwidths for an interface approaches or exceeds the bandwidth limit you set for the interface. The new action appears in the Traffic Management Actions dialog box. Using Traffic Management in a multi-WAN environment When a Traffic Management action is applied on a multiple WAN policy with multiple WAN set up in round robin mode, the maximum bandwidth and connection rate settings in the Traffic Management 368 WatchGuard System Manager Setting Connection and Bandwidth Limits action control the total throughput and connection rate across all interfaces. This includes all external interfaces that are configured to route traffic. When a Traffic Management action is applied on a multiple WAN policy with multiple WAN set up in WAN failover mode, the maximum bandwidth and connection rate settings in the Traffic Management action control the throughput and connection rate across the one external interface that is currently sending packets. Setting Connection and Bandwidth Limits You can define an alarm to occur when network capacity is exceeded according to the parameters that you specify. You can configure the alarm to make the Firebox® send an event notification to the SNMP management system, or to send a notification in the form of e-mail or a pop-up window on the management station. 1 Start to define the Traffic Management action, as described in steps 1 and 2 of “Guaranteeing Bandwidth for a Policy” on page 367. 2 Use the Connection Rate drop-down list to set a maximum number of connections per second that can occur before Traffic Management actions start. The default configuration puts no limits on the connection rate. If you select Custom, you can type the maximum connection rate. When this limit is reached, the Traffic Management action starts. 3 If you want to set an alarm when the connection rate is exceeded, select the Alarm when capacity exceeded check box. Click Notification and set the notification parameters, as described in “Setting logging and notification parameters” on page 162. 4 Use the Maximum Bandwidth drop-down list to set or remove the bandwidth limits for this action. Use No Limit to remove bandwidth restrictions for important traffic, or select a maximum kilobytes per second bandwidth. When the maximum bandwidth limit is reached, the traffic will be dropped and a log message will be shown in Traffic Monitor. 5 Click OK. The new action appears in the Traffic Management Actions dialog box. 6 If you started defining the Traffic Management action from a policy definition, the new action now appears in Traffic Management on the Advanced tab. If you started to define the action from selecting Setup > Actions > Traffic Management, you must apply the setting to a policy, as explained in “Applying the Traffic Management action to a policy” on page 368. About QoS Marking Today’s networks often consist of many kinds of network traffic that compete for bandwidth. All traffic, whether of prime importance or negligible importance, has an equal chance of reaching its destination in a timely manner. Quality of Service (QoS) Marking gives critical traffic preferential treatment to make sure it is delivered quickly and reliably. QoS functionality must be able to differentiate the various types of data streams that flow across your network. It must then “mark” data packets. The Fireware feature called QoS Marking creates different classifications of service for different kinds of network traffic. When you mark traffic, you change up to six bits on packet header fields defined for this purpose. The Firebox and other QoS-capable external devices can make use of this marking and provide appropriate handling of a packet as it travels from one point to another in a network. User Guide 369 About QoS Marking Make sure your LAN equipment supports QoS Marking and handling. You might also need to make sure your ISP supports QoS. The use of QoS procedures on a network requires that you do extensive planning. You can first identify theoretical bandwidth available and then determine which network applications are high priority, particularly sensitive to latency and jitter, or both. The networking industry has many different algorithms to prioritize network traffic. Fireware uses a high performance, class-based queueing method based on the Hierarchical Token Bucket algorithm. Prioritization in Fireware is equivalent to CoS levels 0 to 7 where 0 is normal priority (default) and 7 is the highest priority. Per-interface and per-policy You can use QoS marking on a per-interface or per-policy basis. When you define QoS marking for an interface, packets leaving that interface are marked. QoS marking for a policy marks traffic that uses the policy. The QoS marking for a policy overrides any QoS marking set on an interface. For example, suppose your Firebox receives QoS-marked traffic from the external network and sends it to the trusted network. However, you want only the traffic to your executive team from external to trusted to be differentiated by QoS marking. You set the QoS marking for the trusted interface to Clear. Then, you add a policy with QoS marking set for the traffic to your executive team. Marking types and values Fireware supports two types of QoS marking: IP Precedence marking (also known as Class of Service) and Differentiated Service Code Point (DSCP) marking. IP Precedence marking affects only the first three bits in the IP type of service (TOS) octet. DSCP marking expands marking to the first six bits in the IP TOS octet. Both methods allow you to either preserve the bits in the header, which may have been marked previously by an external device, or change them to a new value. DSCP values can be expressed in numeric form or by special keyword names that correspond to per-hop behavior (PHB). Per-hop behavior is the priority applied to a packet when traveling from one point to another in a network. Fireware DSCP marking supports three defined types of per-hop behavior: • Best-Effort Best-Effort is the default type of service and is recommended for traffic that is not critical or realtime. All traffic falls into this class if you do not use QoS marking. • Assured Forwarding (AF) Assured Forwarding PHB is recommended for traffic that needs better reliability than the besteffort service. • Expedited Forwarding (EF) This type has the highest priority. It is generally reserved for mission-critical and real-time traffic. Within the Assured Forwarding (AF) type of PHB, traffic can be assigned to three classes: Low, Medium, and High. Class-Selector (CSx) code points are defined to be backward compatible with IP Precedence values. CS1 through CS7 are identical to IP Precedence values 1 through 7. The following table shows the DSCP values you can select, the corresponding IP Precedence value (which is the same as the CS value), and the description in PHB keywords. 370 WatchGuard System Manager About QoS Marking DSCP Value Equivalent IP Precedence value (CS values) 0 8 Description: Per-hop Behavior keyword Best-Effort (same as no marking) 1 Scavenger* 10 AF Class 1 - Low 12 AF Class 1- Medium 14 AF Class 1- High 16 2 18 AF Class 2 - Low 20 AF Class 2- Medium 22 AF Class 2- High 24 3 26 AF Class 3 - Low 28 AF Class 3- Medium 30 AF Class 3- High 32 4 34 AF Class 4 - Low 36 AF Class 4- Medium 38 AF Class 4- High 40 5 46 EF 48 6 Internet Control 56 7 Network Control * Scavenger class is intended for the lowest priority traffic such as media sharing or gaming applications. This traffic has a lower priority than Best-Effort. For more information on DSCP values, see the following RFC: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2474.txt Enabling QoS Marking for an interface Use this procedure to set the default marking behavior as traffic goes out this interface. These settings can be overridden by settings defined for a policy. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Global Settings. The Global Settings dialog box appears. 2 At the bottom of the dialog box, clear the Disable all traffic management and QoS features check box. Click OK. You might want to disable these features at a later time if you do performance testing or network debugging. 3 From Policy Manager, select Network > Configuration. The Network Configuration dialog box appears. 4 Select the interface for which you want to enable QoS marking and click Configure. The Interface Settings dialog box appears. 5 User Guide Click the Advanced tab. 371 About QoS Marking 6 7 8 From the Marking Type drop-down list, select either DSCP or IP Precedence. Set the marking method: Preserve: Do not change the bit’s current value. The Firebox prioritizes the traffic based on this value. Assign: Assign the bit a new value. Clear: Clear the bit (set it to zero). If you selected Assign in the previous step, select a marking value. If you chose the IP precedence marking type you can select values from 0 (normal priority) - 7 (highest priority). If you selected the DSCP marking type, the values are 0 - 56. For more information these values, see “Marking types and values” on page 370. 9 Select the Prioritize traffic based on QoS Marking check box. 10 Click OK. Enabling QoS Marking for a policy In addition to marking traffic leaving a Firebox interface, you can also mark traffic on a per-policy basis. The marking action you select is applied to all traffic that uses the policy. Multiple policies that use the same marking actions have no effect on each other. 1 From Policy Manager, select Setup > Global Settings. The Global Settings dialog box appears. 2 At the bottom of the dialog box, clear the Disable all traffic management and QoS features check box. Click OK. 3 4 5 6 From Policy Manager, double-click the icon for the policy whose traffic you want to mark. 7 Configure QoS Marking as described in steps 6 - 8 of the previous procedure. We recommend that you assign a priority higher than 5 only to WatchGuard administrative policies, such as the WatchGuard policy, the WG-Logging policy, or the WG-Mgmt-Server policy. Give high priority business traffic a priority of 5 or lower. The Edit Policy Properties dialog box appears. Click the Advanced tab. Click the QoS tab halfway down the dialog box. If you want to override any QoS marking settings defined for the Firebox interface that will send this traffic, select the Override per-interface settings check box. QoS Marking and IPSec traffic If you want to apply QoS to IPsec traffic, you must create a specific firewall policy for the corresponding IPsec policy and apply QoS marking to that policy. Consider also the setting of the Enable TOS for IPSec check box in the VPN Settings dialog box. If you select this check box, any existing marking is preserved when the packet is encapsulated in an IPSec header. If the check box is cleared, the TOS bits are reset and no marking is preserved. 372 WatchGuard System Manager CHAPTER 29 High Availability Note To use the features described in this chapter, you must have Fireware Pro installed on your Firebox. High Availability (HA) refers to the ability of a network to operate when hardware or software fails. When you add redundancy to your network, you remove one point of vulnerability. This chapter includes two methods to configure High Availability. Use the first method if the Firebox devices to configure for High Availability are Firebox X Core or Peak e-Series devices. If the two Firebox devices are Firebox X Core or Peak devices and not e-Series appliances, you can use the first or second method. About WatchGuard High Availability The WatchGuard® High Availability feature enables the installation of two Firebox® devices in a failover configuration. The configuration includes one Firebox we identify as the primary device and the other we identify as the secondary device. One of these devices is always in active mode and the other in standby mode. These two Fireboxes are known as peers. They constantly send messages to each other to communicate their status. HA failover occurs when the internal heartbeat is lost or when an HA-monitored physical interface is down. When a failover event occurs, the standby system becomes active. After a Firebox becomes active, it stays active until it goes offline and the standby Firebox starts as the active unit. When High Availability is enabled, WSM continues to support: • Secondary networks on external, trusted, or optional interfaces • Multi-WAN connections, with the limitation that a multi-WAN failover caused by a failed connection to a link monitor host does not trigger HA failover. HA failover occurs only when the physical interface is down or does not respond. HA failover takes precedence over multi-WAN failover. • VLANs When High Availability is enabled, the following connections are disconnected when a failover event occurs: • RUVPN with PPTP User Guide 373 High Availability Requirements • MUVPN with IPsec • Proxy connections Users must manually reestablish these connections after a failover. When a High Availability Firebox becomes active, its non-HA interfaces get a new MAC address with the format 00:00:5E:00:01:xy. The non-HA interfaces of the standby Firebox keep their original MAC addresses, which start with 00:90:7F. High Availability Requirements Here are the requirements for the High Availability feature: • One Firebox in each HA pair is the primary Firebox®. We recommend that you use the Firebox® with the most licensed features and capacities as the primary HA device. • The two Fireboxes in an HA configuration must be the same model and must use the same software version. If the software versions are different, you must upgrade the Firebox with the old version to match the other Firebox. The Firebox with the old software must have a license for the upgraded software. • Each active interface on the primary HA Firebox must connect to the same hub or switch as its matching active interface on the secondary HA Firebox. • HA does not operate correctly if one of the Fireboxes in the HA pair is a VPN endpoint in a VPN tunnel created and managed by the Management Server. • You cannot put a WatchGuard Management Server behind a gateway Firebox that is part of an HA cluster. Note High availability requires an interface or interfaces dedicated specifically for HA synchronization. Selecting a Primary High Availability Firebox When you activate High Availability, each Firebox® in the pair must have a Fireware® feature key that enables the same version of the Fireware appliance software. We recommend that you select the Firebox with the most features as the primary Firebox. If you purchase an upgrade for your High Availability pair, you must apply the upgrade to the serial number of the primary Firebox when you activate the upgrade on the LiveSecurity web site. Both Fireboxes in the High Availability pair will use the licensed features of the primary Firebox. If you use IPSec VPN tunnels that use a VPN certificate for authentication, the secondary Firebox must get its own IPSec VPN certificate. Only the Management Server certificate is copied from the primary Firebox to the secondary Firebox when a failover occurs. Configuring HA for Firebox X e-Series Devices 1 From Policy Manager on the primary HA Firebox, select Network > High Availability. The High Availability dialog box appears. 2 374 Select the Enable High Availability check box. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring HA for Firebox X e-Series Devices 3 4 Select the HA1 check box for the interface you want to enable for High Availability. 5 In the Primary Box IP text box, you can change the default IP address. This IP address should be from a reserved or unassigned network. This becomes the permanent IP address for that interface. 6 In the Secondary Box IP text box, type an IP address from the same subnet as the interface with High Availability enabled on the active Firebox®. If you do not change the default primary Firebox IP address, do not change the default secondary box IP address. 7 If you want to use the second HA interface, select the HA2 check box to enable it. If you want to change the interface you use for HA1, select an interface number from the Interface drop-down list. The HA2 interface is optional. 8 In the Monitor Interfaces box, you can select the interfaces you want to monitor for physical link status. The Firebox monitors the selected interfaces and, if the interface is not active, starts an HA failover. Click the check box adjacent to the interface name to enable monitoring. Clear the check box adjacent to the interface name to turn off monitoring of an interface. It is a good idea to monitor all enabled interfaces. 9 If you want to configure notification settings for HA failover and failback events, select Notification. For information on this dialog box, see “Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification” on page 191. 10 Use the Group ID value control to identify this HA group on the network. If you use more than one HA pair on the same network, this number must be different for each pair. 11 Click the Yes radio button to encrypt all HA traffic between the Fireboxes. This is usually not necessary, and uses more resources. Or, Click the No radio button to not encrypt HA traffic between the Fireboxes. 12 If you selected Yes to encrypt HA traffic, in the Shared Secret field, type a shared secret to encrypt HA traffic between the Fireboxes. Type the shared secret again in the Confirm field. 13 Save this configuration to the active Firebox. 14 Close Policy Manager. Configuring the secondary High Availability Firebox The secondary High Availability Firebox must: • Be the same model as the primary HA Firebox • Have a valid feature key Before you enable the secondary Firebox for HA, you must first use the Web Quick Setup Wizard to install Fireware® and a basic configuration on the Firebox. When the Web Quick Setup Wizard is complete, put the Firebox on your network. Enabling High Availability After the primary and secondary HA Fireboxes are configured: 1 User Guide Open Firebox System Manager for the Firebox you want to be the secondary HA Firebox. 375 Configuring HA for Firebox X (non e-Series) Devices 2 Select Tools > High Availability > Enable as Secondary. The Confirm Enable as Secondary warning box appears. 3 Click Yes to reset the Firebox to its default state and configure it as the secondary HA Firebox in the HA pair. You must type the configuration passphrase for the secondary HA Firebox. 4 Use a crossover cable to connect the HA1 interface on one Firebox to the HA1 interface on the other Firebox. If HA2 is enabled, connect both HA2 interfaces as well. 5 Open Firebox System Manager for the primary HA Firebox and select Tools > High Availability > Synchronize Configuration. When prompted, type the configuration passphrase. You see a message that says High Availability is enabled. Configuring HA for Firebox X (non e-Series) Devices 1 From Policy Manager, select Network > High Availability. The High Availability dialog box appears. 2 3 376 Select the Enable High Availability check box. The HA1 check box is automatically selected when you enable High Availability. If you want to change the interface you use for HA1, select an interface number from the Interface drop-down list. WatchGuard System Manager Configuring HA for Firebox X (non e-Series) Devices 4 In the Primary Box IP text box, you can change the default IP address. This IP address should be from a reserved or unassigned network. This becomes the permanent IP address for that interface. 5 In the Secondary Box IP text box, type an IP address from the same subnet as the interface with High Availability enabled on the active Firebox®. 6 Select the HA2 check box to enable the HA2 interface. The HA2 interface is optional. 7 In the Monitor Interfaces box, you can select the interfaces you want to monitor for physical link status. The Firebox monitors the selected interfaces and, if the interface is not active, starts an HA failover. Click the check box adjacent to the interface name to enable monitoring. Clear the check box adjacent to the interface name to turn off monitoring of an interface. It is a good idea to monitor all enabled interfaces. 8 If you want to configure notification settings for HA failover and failback events, select Notification. For information on this dialog box, see “Using dialog boxes for alarms, log messages, and notification” on page 191. 9 Use the Group ID value control to identify this HA group on the network. If you use more than one HA pair on the same network, this number must be different for each pair. 10 Click the Yes radio button to encrypt all HA traffic between the Fireboxes. This is usually not necessary, and uses more resources. or Click the No radio button to not encrypt HA traffic between the Fireboxes. 11 If you selected Yes to encrypt HA traffic, in the Shared Secret field, type a shared secret to encrypt HA traffic between the Fireboxes. Type the shared secret again in the Confirm field. 12 Save this configuration to the active Firebox. 13 Close Policy Manager. 14 Use a crossover cable to connect the HA1 interface on one Firebox to the HA1 interface on the other Firebox. If HA2 is enabled, connect both HA2 interfaces as well. 15 Put the secondary unit in safe mode. To do this, turn the Firebox off, and then turn it back on while you hold down the up arrow button on the Firebox front panel. Up arrow button 16 Start Firebox System Manager and connect to the primary Firebox. 17 Select Tools > High Availability > Synchronize Configuration. When prompted, type the configuration passphrase. You see a message that says High Availability is enabled. User Guide 377 Manually Controlling High Availability Manually Controlling High Availability Although High Availability operations usually occur automatically, you can do some of the functions manually. Enabling the current Firebox as a standby peer To make the current Firebox® the standby peer in a High Availability configuration: From Firebox System Manager, select Tools > High Availability > Enable as Secondary For more information, see “Enabling High Availability” on page 375. Synchronizing the configuration You must synchronize the configuration when one Firebox configuration changes while the other is disconnected from the HA peer or turned off. From Firebox System Manager, select Tools > High Availability > Synchronize Configuration Forcing a failover You can cause a failover to occur on the current Firebox. The peer becomes active immediately and the current Firebox becomes standby. From Firebox System Manager, select Tools > High Availability > Force Failover Forcing a failover and transferring management to peer The Force Admin option is similar to Force Failover except that it transfers the management of High Availability from the current Firebox to the peer. The current Firebox is put into a state where it cannot become active. If the peer is available, the peer becomes active. The current Firebox cannot become active again unless you restart it (or the active Firebox issues the Restart Peer command) and then a failover occurs or you force a failover back to the original Firebox. From Firebox System Manager, select Tools > High Availability > Force Admin Restarting the peer When you connect to an HA configuration, you communicate only to the active Firebox. To restart the peer Firebox, you must send the command from the active Firebox: From Firebox System Manager, select Tools > High Availability > Restart Peer. Note When the Firebox is in a high CPU or traffic condition and you use Firebox System Manager to control HA operations, you can get an incorrect “timeout” message. In this case, the operation could have completed, and it is possible the timeout message is not correct. 378 WatchGuard System Manager Upgrading Software in an HA Configuration Backing up an HA configuration When a Firebox is in a High Availability pair, you can back up the flash image of the Firebox only when it is the active Firebox. This is because the backup image includes the system and policy information, certificates, and licenses that do not exist on the secondary Firebox until failover. To create a backup image (.fxi) of the active Firebox: 1 2 3 From Policy Manager, select File > Backup. Type the configuration passphrase. Click OK. Type and confirm an encryption key. This key is used to encrypt the backup file. Type a strong encryption key that is easy to remember. 4 Browse or type the location for the backup file. Click OK. The backup file is created. 5 Click OK when the backup is complete. Upgrading Software in an HA Configuration If you install the software on the active Firebox®, the standby Firebox in the HA configuration does not automatically upgrade. You must upgrade each Firebox. Upgrade the active Firebox first. When it restarts, the standby becomes the active Firebox. You can then upgrade that Firebox. You cannot upgrade the software on a Firebox that is in standby mode. Using HA with Signature-based Security Services Gateway AntiVirus and Intrusion Prevention Service (IPS) signature databases do not automatically synchronize between active and standby HA devices. If the antivirus and IPS features are enabled and an event occurs that causes the standby Firebox® to become active, this device can have a version of the Gateway AntiVirus and IPS signature databases that is not current (especially if it was in standby mode for a long time). Until an update of the database occurs, there is a period of time when a new virus or IPS attack can bypass the Firebox. To minimize this problem, keep the automatic signature update intervals for Gateway AntiVirus and Intrusion Prevention Service enabled and short. If possible, force a manual signature update on the new active Firebox immediately after the failover occurs. Using HA with Proxy Sessions When High Availability is activated and a failover event occurs, all outgoing TCP sessions are disconnected. Users must manually reestablish all interactive or persistent sessions. This is because proxy session state is not retained between HA peers. Consider adding specific packet filter policies to your configuration for telnet, ssh, or any other policy for which you want failover. Note that IPS does not operate with these new policies. User Guide 379 Using HA with Third-Party Certificates Using HA with Third-Party Certificates We do not recommend you use third-party certificates on your HA Firebox devices. The certificates are not synchronized between the HA pair at this time. If you must use third-party certificates on your HA devices, make sure you follow these instructions carefully: • Request certificates for both HA devices with the same IP address, domain name, user domain name, or X.500 name, so that the same value can be used in the VPN gateway configuration and will apply no matter which HA Firebox is active. Make sure both certificates are RSA or both are DSA. The type of certificate on each Firebox must be the same. • If you have more than one third-party certificate, make sure you import the certificates to both Firebox devices in the same order so that each Firebox assigns the same internal certificate ID numbers. 380 WatchGuard System Manager APPENDIX A Copyright and Licensing WatchGuard Firebox Software End-User License Agreement IMPORTANT - READ CAREFULLY BEFORE ACCESSING WATCHGUARD SOFTWARE: This Firebox Software End-User License Agreement ("AGREEMENT") is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or a single entity) and WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. ("WATCHGUARD") for the WATCHGUARD Firebox software product, which includes computer software components (whether installed separately on a computer workstation or on the WATCHGUARD hardware product or included on the WATCHGUARD hardware product) and may include associated media, printed materials, and on-line or electronic documentation, and any updates or modifications thereto, including those received through the WatchGuard LiveSecurity Service (or its equivalent), (the "SOFTWARE PRODUCT"). WATCHGUARD is willing to license the SOFTWARE PRODUCT to you only on the condition that you accept all of the terms contained in this Agreement. Please read this Agreement carefully. By installing or using the SOFTWARE PRODUCT you agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. If you do not agree to the terms of this AGREEMENT, WATCHGUARD will not license the SOFTWARE PRODUCT to you, and you will not have any rights in the SOFTWARE PRODUCT. In that case, (1) if the SOFTWARE PRODUCT was bundled with a hardware product, promptly return the SOFTWARE PRODUCT and hardware product, along with proof of payment, to the authorized dealer from whom you obtained the SOFTWARE PRODUCT and hardware product for a full refund of the price you paid or (2) if the SOFTWARE PRODUCT was sold separately, promptly return any license key for the SOFTWARE PRODUCT, along with proof of payment, to (i) the authorized dealer from whom you obtained the SOFTWARE PRODUCT or (ii) if purchased directly from WATCHGUARD, to WATCHGUARD for a full refund of the price you paid. The WATCHGUARD hardware product is subject to a separate agreement and limited hardware warranty included with the WATCHGUARD hardware product packaging and/or in the associated user documentation. 1. Ownership and License. The SOFTWARE PRODUCT is protected by copyright laws and international copyright treaties, as well as other intellectual property laws and treaties. This is a license agreement and NOT an agreement for sale. All title and copyrights in and to the SOFTWARE PRODUCT (including but not limited to any images, photographs, animations, video, audio, music, text, and applets incorporated into the SOFTWARE PRODUCT), the accompanying printed materials, and any copies of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT are owned by WATCHGUARD or its licensors. Your rights to use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT are as specified in this AGREEMENT, and WATCHGUARD retains all rights not expressly granted to you in this AGREEMENT. Nothing in this AGREEMENT constitutes a waiver of our rights under U.S. copyright law or any other law or treaty. 2. Permitted Uses. You are granted the following rights to the SOFTWARE PRODUCT: (A) You may install and use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT on any single WATCHGUARD hardware product at any single location and may install and use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT on multiple workstation computers. User Guide 381 (B) To use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT on more than one WATCHGUARD hardware product at once, you must purchase an additional copy of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT for each additional WATCHGUARD hardware product on which you want to use it. To the extent that you install copies of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT on additional WATCHGUARD hardware products in accordance with the prior sentence without installing the additional copies of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT included with such WATCHGUARD hardware products, you agree that use of any software provided with or included on the additional WATCHGUARD hardware products that does not require installation will be subject to the terms and conditions of this AGREEMENT. You must also maintain a current subscription to the WatchGuard LiveSecurity Service (or its equivalent) for each additional WATCHGUARD hardware product on which you will use a copy of an updated or modified version of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT received through the WatchGuard LiveSecurity Service (or its equivalent). (C) In addition to the copies described in Section 2(A), you may make a single copy of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT for backup or archival purposes only. 3. Prohibited Uses. You may not, without express written permission from WATCHGUARD: (A) Use, copy, modify, merge or transfer copies of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT or printed materials except as provided in this AGREEMENT; (B) Use any backup or archival copy of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT (or allow someone else to use such a copy) for any purpose other than to replace the original copy in the event it is destroyed or becomes defective; (C) Sublicense, lend, lease or rent the SOFTWARE PRODUCT; (D) Transfer this license to another party unless (i) the transfer is permanent, (ii) the third party recipient agrees to the terms of this AGREEMENT, and (iii) you do not retain any copies of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT; or (E) Reverse engineer, disassemble or decompile the SOFTWARE PRODUCT. 4. Limited Warranty. WATCHGUARD makes the following limited warranties for a period of ninety (90) days from the date you obtained the SOFTWARE PRODUCT from WATCHGUARD or an authorized dealer: (A) Media. The disks and documentation will be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use. If the disks or documentation fail to conform to this warranty, you may, as your sole and exclusive remedy, obtain a replacement free of charge if you return the defective disk or documentation to WATCHGUARD with a dated proof of purchase. (B) SOFTWARE PRODUCT. The SOFTWARE PRODUCT will materially conform to the documentation that accompanies it. If the SOFTWARE PRODUCT fails to operate in accordance with this warranty, you may, as your sole and exclusive remedy, return all of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT and the documentation to the authorized dealer from whom you obtained it, along with a dated proof of purchase, specifying the problems, and they will provide you with a new version of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT or a full refund, at their election. Disclaimer and Release. THE WARRANTIES, OBLIGATIONS AND LIABILITIES OF WATCHGUARD, AND YOUR REMEDIES, SET FORTH IN PARAGRAPHS 4, 4(A) AND 4(B) ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN SUBSTITUTION FOR, AND YOU HEREBY WAIVE, DISCLAIM AND RELEASE ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, OBLIGATIONS AND LIABILITIES OF WATCHGUARD AND ITS LICENSORS AND ALL OTHER RIGHTS, CLAIMS AND REMEDIES YOU MAY HAVE AGAINST WATCHGUARD AND ITS LICENSORS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARISING BY LAW OR OTHERWISE, WITH RESPECT TO ANY NONCONFORMANCE OR DEFECT IN THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY ARISING FROM COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, COURSE OF DEALING, OR USAGE OF TRADE, ANY WARRANTY OF NONINFRINGEMENT, ANY WARRANTY THAT THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS, ANY WARRANTY OF UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR-FREE OPERATION, ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY IN TORT, WHETHER OR NOT ARISING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE (WHETHER ACTIVE, PASSIVE OR IMPUTED) OR FAULT OF WATCHGUARD AND ITS LICENSORS AND ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY FOR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO, OR CAUSED BY OR CONTRIBUTED TO BY, THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT). 382 WatchGuard System Manager Limitation of Liability. WATCHGUARD'S LIABILITY (WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, OR OTHERWISE; AND NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAULT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY OR PRODUCT LIABILITY) WITH REGARD TO THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT WILL IN NO EVENT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID BY YOU FOR SUCH PRODUCT. THIS SHALL BE TRUE EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAILURE OF AN AGREED REMEDY. IN NO EVENT WILL WATCHGUARD BE LIABLE TO YOU OR ANY THIRD PARTY, WHETHER ARISING IN CONTRACT (INCLUDING WARRANTY), TORT (INCLUDING ACTIVE, PASSIVE OR IMPUTED NEGLIGENCE AND STRICT LIABILITY AND FAULT), FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS WARRANTY OR THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT, EVEN IF WATCHGUARD HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS SHALL BE TRUE EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAILURE OF AN AGREED REMEDY. 5.United States Government Restricted Rights. The SOFTWARE PRODUCT is provided with Restricted Rights. Use, duplication or disclosure by the U.S. Government or any agency or instrumentality thereof is subject to restrictions as set forth in subdivision (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013, or in subdivision (c)(1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer Software -- Restricted Rights Clause at 48 C.F.R. 52.227-19, as applicable. Manufacturer is WatchGuard Technologies, Inc., 505 5th Ave. South, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98104. 6.Export Controls. You agree not to directly or indirectly transfer the SOFTWARE PRODUCT or documentation to any country to which such transfer would be prohibited by the U.S. Export Administration Act and the regulations issued thereunder. 7.Termination. This license and your right to use the SOFTWARE PRODUCT will automatically terminate if you fail to comply with any provisions of this AGREEMENT, destroy all copies of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT in your possession, or voluntarily return the SOFTWARE PRODUCT to WATCHGUARD. Upon termination you will destroy all copies of the SOFTWARE PRODUCT and documentation remaining in your control or possession. 8.Miscellaneous Provisions. This AGREEMENT will be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws of Washington excluding the 1980 United National Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, as amended. This is the entire AGREEMENT between us relating to the SOFTWARE PRODUCT, and supersedes any prior purchase order, communications, advertising or representations concerning the SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND BY USING THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT YOU AGREE TO THESE TERMS. IF THE SOFTWARE PRODUCT IS BEING USED BY AN ENTITY, THE INDIVIDUAL INDICATING AGREEMENT TO THESE TERMS REPRESENTS AND WARRANTS THAT (A) SUCH INDIVIDUAL IS DULY AUTHORIZED TO ACCEPT THIS AGREEMENT ON BEHALF OF THE ENTITY AND TO BIND THE ENTITY TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT; (B) THE ENTITY HAS THE FULL POWER, CORPORATE OR OTHERWISE, TO ENTER INTO THIS AGREEMENT AND PERFORM ITS OBLIGATIONS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND; (C) THIS AGREEMENT AND THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ENTITY'S OBLIGATIONS UNDER THIS AGREEMENT DO NOT VIOLATE ANY THIRD-PARTY AGREEMENT TO WHICH THE ENTITY IS A PARTY. No change or modification of this AGREEMENT will be valid unless it is in writing and is signed by WATCHGUARD. Version: 050309 WatchGuard Technologies, Inc. Add-on Product/Service Customer Agreement/End-User License Agreement IMPORTANT: READ CAREFULLY. THIS ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE CUSTOMER AGREEMENT/ENDUSER LICENSE AGREEMENT (THE "AGREEMENT") IS A LEGAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN YOU THE CUSTOMER ("CUSTOMER"), AND WATCHGUARD TECHNOLOGIES, INC. ("WATCHGUARD"). TO ACTIVATE THE WATCHGUARD ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE DESCRIBED BELOW (THE "ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE"), OR RENEW/UPGRADE YOUR ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE, YOU MUST FIRST READ THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREE TO ACCEPT ITS TERMS BY INDICATING YOUR ACCEPTANCE AS PROMPTED BY THE TEXT ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENTATION OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, YOUR ACTIVATION/ User Guide 383 RENEWAL/UPGRADE REQUEST WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED AND YOU WILL NOT HAVE ACCESS TO THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE OR YOUR RENEWAL/UPGRADE REQUEST WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. IF YOU WISH TO DECLINE ACCEPTANCE, YOU MAY INDICATE THAT YOU DECLINE AS PROMPTED BY THE TEXT ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRESENTATION OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THIS AGREEMENT, YOUR PURCHASE WILL NOT BE COMPLETED OR YOU MAY PROMPTLY RETURN THE LICENSE KEY FOR THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE (DEFINED BELOW), ALONG WITH PROOF OF PAYMENT, TO THE AUTHORIZED DEALER or, if purchased directly from WATCHGUARD, to WATCHGUARD, FOR A FULL REFUND OF THE PRICE YOU PAID. WatchGuard and Customer hereby agree as follows: 1 Definitions. As used herein, the following capitalized terms shall have the following meanings: "Add-on Product/Service" means the software license and renewable subscription service made generally available by WatchGuard to its customers purchasing the equivalent product/service (including level of service, if applicable) as indicated on the License Key, which may include the provision of/access to Software, Threat Signatures, information or other items/services, and which is subject to change by WatchGuard from time to time. "Software" means any WatchGuard software, which includes computer software components (whether installed separately on a computer workstation or on a WatchGuard hardware product or included/pre-installed with a WatchGuard hardware product) and may include associated media, printed materials, and on-line or electronic documentation, and any updates or modifications thereto, including those received through the WatchGuard LiveSecurity Service (or its equivalent) or the Add-on Product/Service. “License Key” means the license key or other written or online documentation provided to Customer evidencing Customer's purchase or renewal/upgrade (as applicable) of the Add-on Product/Service. “Threat Signatures” means information used to scan for and identify known cyber-threats that fall into specific classes (e.g., virus signatures or intrusion prevention signatures). 2 Add-on Product/Service. WatchGuard will make the Add-on Product/Service available to Customer during the Term. Customer agrees that (i) an Add-on Product/Service (and all benefits associated with the Add-on Product/Service) may only be used in conjunction with that number of WatchGuard products as expressly provided for in the License Key and that additional Add-on Product/Service licenses/subscriptions must be purchased for additional WatchGuard products that are to receive any benefits of the Add-on Product/Service and (ii) a renewal/upgrade to an Add-on Product/Service (and all benefits associated with the Add-on Product/Service renewal/upgrade) may only be used in conjunction with that number of WatchGuard products as expressly provided for in the renewal/upgrade License Key and that additional renewals/upgrades must be purchased for additional WatchGuard products that are to receive any benefits of the renewal/upgrade. 3 Add-on Product/Service Fees. Customer will pay to WatchGuard the applicable Add-on Product/Service fee and any and all applicable Add-on Product/Service renewal/upgrade fees for Add-on Product/Service renewals/upgrades purchased, each as established by WatchGuard from time to time. The Add-on Product/ Service and Add-on Product/Service renewal/upgrade fees are non-refundable to Customer, even in the event of the termination of this Agreement pursuant to Section 6 prior to the expiration of the initial Term, or any renewal of the Term. 4 Term. The term of this Agreement ("Term") shall commence upon acceptance of this Agreement and activation of the Add-on Product/Service or Add-on Product/Service renewal/upgrade by Customer, and shall end upon expiration of the term specified in the applicable License Key, unless renewed in accordance with Section 5 or sooner terminated in accordance with Section 6. The term of the WatchGuard Firebox Software End-User License Agreement applicable to all Software associated with the Add-on Product/Service as described below shall be as stated in such end-user license agreement. 5 Renewal. WatchGuard may establish different renewal options from time to time that will be effective as a renewal pursuant to this Section 5 once payment is made in accordance with such option. Notwithstanding the foregoing, renewals may not be available to Customers with WatchGuard products that have been discontinued or that WatchGuard no longer supports for purposes of the Add-on Product/Service. 6 Termination. Either party may terminate this Agreement if the other party is in material breach and fails to cure such breach within fifteen (15) days of receipt of written notice of such breach, except that WatchGuard may terminate this Agreement immediately upon Customer's failure to pay any applicable fees when due. 384 WatchGuard System Manager 7 Software License. Customer expressly agrees that use of all Software associated with the Add-on Product/ Service shall be governed solely by the terms and conditions of the WatchGuard Firebox Software End-User License Agreement as a “SOFTWARE PRODUCT”or, if applicable, the WatchGuard software end-user license agreement associated with such Software, and such terms and conditions are incorporated herein by reference. 8 Disclaimer and Release. Warranty Disclaimer. WatchGuard warrants that the Add-on Product/Service will be provided to Customer in accordance with all the requirements of this Agreement. WATCHGUARD MAKES NO OTHER GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR USE OR PURPOSE, WITH RESPECT TO THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE OR THE ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY THREAT SIGNATURES, INFORMATION OR OTHER ITEM/SERVICE (OR UPDATES THERETO) PROVIDED OR MADE AVAILABLE AS PART OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE. WATCHGUARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES INCURRED AS A RESULT OF ANY USE OF OR RELIANCE UPON THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE OR ANY THREAT SIGNATURES, INFORMATION OR OTHER ITEM/SERVICE PROVIDED OR MADE AVAILABLE AS PART OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/ SERVICE. THE WARRANTY CONTAINED IN THE FIRST SENTENCE OF THIS PARAGRAPH 8 IS EXCLUSIVE AND IN SUBSTITUTION FOR, AND YOU HEREBY WAIVE, DISCLAIM AND RELEASE ANY AND ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, OBLIGATIONS AND LIABILITIES OF WATCHGUARD AND ALL OTHER RIGHTS, CLAIMS AND REMEDIES YOU MAY HAVE AGAINST WATCHGUARD, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARISING BY LAW OR OTHERWISE, WITH RESPECT TO THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE OR THE ACCURACY, RELIABILITY, OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY THREAT SIGNATURES, INFORMATION OR OTHER ITEM/SERVICE (OR UPDATES THERETO) PROVIDED OR MADE AVAILABLE AS PART OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY ARISING FROM COURSE OF PERFORMANCE, COURSE OF DEALING, OR USAGE OF TRADE, ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY IN TORT, WHETHER OR NOT ARISING FROM THE NEGLIGENCE (WHETHER ACTIVE, PASSIVE OR IMPUTED) OR FAULT OF WATCHGUARD AND ANY OBLIGATION, LIABILITY, RIGHT, CLAIM OR REMEDY FOR LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED BY OR CONTRIBUTED TO BY, THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE). Some jurisdictions do not allow the exclusion of implied warranties, so the above exclusions may not apply to Customer. This limited warranty gives Customer specific legal rights, and Customer may also have other legal rights, which vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. 9 Limitation of Liability. WATCHGUARD'S LIABILITY TO CUSTOMER (WHETHER ARISING IN TORT, CONTRACT OR OTHERWISE; AND NOTWITHSTANDING ANY FAULT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY OR PRODUCT LIABILITY) UNDER THIS AGREEMENT OR WITH RESPECT TO THE ADDON PRODUCT/SERVICE WILL IN NO EVENT EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID BY SUBCRIBER FOR THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE. THIS SHALL BE TRUE EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAILURE OF AN AGREED REMEDY. IN NO EVENT SHALL WATCHGUARD OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE TO CUSTOMER OR ANY THIRD PARTY, WHETHER ARISING IN CONTRACT (INCLUDING WARRANTY), TORT (INCLUDING ACTIVE, PASSIVE OR IMPUTED NEGLIGENCE AND STRICT LIABILITY AND FAULT), FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION) ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OR FAILURE TO PERFORM THE ADD-ON PRODUCT/SERVICE, EVEN IF WATCHGUARD OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. THIS SHALL BE TRUE EVEN IN THE EVENT OF THE FAILURE OF AN AGREED REMEDY. Some jurisdictions do not allow these limitations or exclusions, so they may not apply to Customer. 10 Reservation of Rights. WatchGuard and its licensors hereby reserve ownership of and all rights in the Threat Signatures, information and other items/services provided or made available as part of or in connection with the Add-on Product/Service and all copyrights, trademarks and other proprietary rights associated with such Threat Signatures, information and other items/services. Except as provided for in this Agreement or as expressly authorized by WatchGuard in writing (including by publishing the terms and User Guide 385 conditions of use by WatchGuard of any Threat Signatures subject to “open source” licensing), you may not reproduce, republish, post, transmit or distribute the Threat Signatures, information or other items/services provided as part of the Add-on Product/Service. 11 Entire Agreement. This Agreement, together with the WatchGuard License Key, the WatchGuard Firebox Software End-User License Agreement, any software end-user license agreements accompanying the Software licensed to Customer, and any agreement between Customer and WatchGuard explicitly stating that the terms of such agreement control over the terms of any of the agreements listed in this sentence in the case of any conflict or inconsistency, constitutes the entire Agreement between WatchGuard and Customer and supersedes any and all prior or contemporaneous statements, representations and agreements, written or oral, with regard to the Add-on Product/Service. 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SSL Licenses This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. OpenSSL License © 1998-2003 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software must display the following acknowledgment: “This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)” 4. 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The license and distribution terms for any publicly available version or derivative of this code cannot be changed. i.e. this code cannot simply be copied and put under another distribution license [including the GNU Public License.] The mod_ssl package falls under the Open-Source Software label because it's distributed under a BSD-style license. The detailed license information follows. Copyright (c) 1998-2003 Ralf S. Engelschall. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 388 WatchGuard System Manager Licenses 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. 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Any executables containing that work also fall under Section 6, whether or not they are linked directly with the Library itself. 6. As an exception to the Sections above, you may also combine or link a “work that uses the Library” with the Library to produce a work containing portions of the Library, and distribute that work under terms of your choice, provided that the terms permit modification of the work for the customer's own use and reverse engineering for debugging such modifications. You must give prominent notice with each copy of the work that the Library is used in it and that the Library and its use are covered by this License. You must supply a copy of this License. If the work during execution displays copyright notices, you must include the copyright notice for the Library among them, as well as a reference directing the user to the copy of this License. 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A suitable mechanism is one that (1) uses at run time a copy of the library already present on the user's computer system rather than copying library functions into the executable, and (2) operate properly with a modified version of the library, if the user installs one, as long as the modified version is interface-compatible with the version that the work was made with. c) Accompany the work with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give the same user the materials specified in Subsection 6a, above, for a charge no more than the cost of performing this distribution. d) If distribution of the work is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, offer equivalent access to copy the above specified materials from the same place. e) Verify that the user has already received a copy of these materials or that you have already sent this user a copy. For an executable, the required form of the "work that uses the Library" must include any data and utility programs needed for reproducing the executable from it. However, as a special exception, the materials to be distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. It may happen that this requirement contradicts the license restrictions of other proprietary libraries that do not normally accompany the operating system. Such a contradiction means you cannot use both them and the Library together in an executable that you distribute. 7. You may place library facilities that are a work based on the Library side-by-side in a single library together with other library facilities not covered by this License, and distribute such a combined library, provided that the separate distribution of the work based on the Library and of the other library facilities is otherwise permitted, and provided that you do these two things: a) Accompany the combined library with a copy of the same work based on the Library, uncombined with any other library facilities. This must be distributed under the terms of the Sections above. b) Give prominent notice with the combined library of the fact that part of it is a work based on the Library, and explaining where to find the accompanying uncombined form of the same work. User Guide 395 Licenses 8. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, link with, or distribute the Library except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, link with, or distribute the Library is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 9. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Library or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Library (or any work based on the Library), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Library or works based on it. 10. Each time you redistribute the Library (or any work based on the Library), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute, link with or modify the Library subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties with this License. 11. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Library at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Library by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Library. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply, and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 12. If the distribution and/or use of the Library is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Library under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 13. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the Lesser General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Library specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Library does not specify a license version number, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 14. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Library into other free programs whose distribution conditions are incompatible with these, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 396 WatchGuard System Manager Licenses GNU General Public License Some components of the WatchGuard System Manager software distribute with source code covered under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too. When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights. We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software. Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations. Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you". Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program. User Guide 397 Licenses You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. b) You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License. c) If the modified program normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on the Program is not required to print an announcement.) These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, c) Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code. (This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you received the program in object code or executable form with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable. If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, 398 WatchGuard System Manager Licenses from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it. 6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances. It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice. This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License. 8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation. 10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. NO WARRANTY 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, User Guide 399 Licenses INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS Sleepycat License Some components of the WatchGuard System Manager software are distributed with a version of the BerkeleyDB covered under the Sleepycat software license. Copyright (c) 1990-2004 Sleepycat Software. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Redistributions in any form must be accompanied by information on how to obtain complete source code for the DB software and any accompanying software that uses the DB software. The source code must either be included in the distribution or be available for no more than the cost of distribution plus a nominal fee, and must be freely redistributable under reasonable conditions. For an executable file, complete source code means the source code for all modules it contains. It does not include source code for modules or files that typically accompany the major components of the operating system on which the executable file runs. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY SLEEPYCAT SOFTWARE ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, OR NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL SLEEPYCAT SOFTWARE BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Copyright (c) 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. 400 WatchGuard System Manager Licenses THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Copyright (c) 1995, 1996 The President and Fellows of Harvard University. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY HARVARD AND ITS CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL HARVARD OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. Sourcefire License In addition to the copyright and license information found earlier in this Appendix, signature updates provided as part of the Gateway AV/IPS Subscription are subject to this license agreement: SOURCEFIRE,INC. VERSION 1.1.1 THE VRT CERTIFIED RULES ARE MADE AVAILABLE TO YOU BY SOURCEFIRE, INC. ("SOURCEFIRE") UNDER THE TERMS OF THIS VRT CERTIFIED RULES LICENSE AGREEMENT (THE "AGREEMENT"). BY CLICKING THE "ACCEPT" BUTTON BELOW, OR BY INSTALLING OR USING THE VRT CERTIFIED RULES, YOU ARE CONSENTING TO BE BOUND BY THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT, DO NOT CLICK THE "ACCEPT" BUTTON, AND DO NOT INSTALL OR USE ANY PART OF THE VRT CERTIFIED RULES. 1. Definitions 1.1. "Commercial Purpose" means the use, reproduction or distribution of (i) the VRT Certified Rules or any Modification, or any portion of the foregoing, (ii) a Compilation that includes, in whole or in part, the VRT Certified Rules or any Modification that in either case is intended to result in a direct or indirect pecuniary gain or any other consideration or economic benefit to any person or entity involved in such use, reproduction or distribution. 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Expat-MIT HTML Parser Toolkit License Copyright (c) 1998, 1999, 2000 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Curl Software MIT-X License COPYRIGHT AND PERMISSION NOTICE Copyright (c) 1996 - 2006, Daniel Stenberg, <[email protected]>. All rights reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Except as contained in this notice, the name of a copyright holder shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written authorization of the copyright holder. User Guide 405 Licenses Note All other trademarks or trade names mentioned herein, if any, are the property of their respective owners. 406 WatchGuard System Manager APPENDIX B WatchGuard File Locations This appendix gives the locations where common data files are kept by the WatchGuard® System Manager software. Because it is possible to configure the Windows operating system (OS) to put these directories on different disk drives, you must know the correct location of these files based on the configuration of Windows on your computer. It is also possible to configure log files to be kept in a different directory than other installation files. If you change the default location of log files, these default locations do not apply. If you are using an OS version that is not English, you must translate directory names (such as “Documents and Settings” or “Program Files”) to match the OS language you use. User Guide File Type Location User-created data My Documents\My WatchGuard (User-created data includes files such as Firebox configuration files, license files, and certificates. In many cases, the WSM software creates subfolders in the My WatchGuard folder to keep these files.) User-created data (shared) C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard Firebox® configuration files My Documents\My WatchGuard\configs Firebox log files C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\logs Report files C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\reports Certificates My Documents\My WatchGuard\certs\<IP Address of Management Server> WatchGuard® applications C:\Program Files\WatchGuard\wsm9 Shared application libraries C:\Program Files\Common Files\WatchGuard\wsm9 Management Server data C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\wmserver Certificate Authority data C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\wmserver\wgca WebBlocker Server data C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\wbserver Future product upgrade images C:\Program Files\Common Files\WatchGuard\resources\Fireware\9.0 407 Default File Locations File Type Location Help files (Fireware®) C:\Program Files\WatchGuard\wsm9.0\help\fireware Help files (WFS) C:\Program Files\WatchGuard\wsm9.0\help\wfs Default File Locations These tables gives the default locations where the WatchGuard® software applications and servers look for their data files or for data files created by users (such as Firebox® configuration files). In some cases, the default location changes based on where the software application opened a file of a similar type. In these cases, the software application remembers the last place the file was read/written and looks in that location first. Because it is possible to configure the Windows operating system (OS) to put these directories on different disk drives, you must determine the exact location of these files based on the configuration of Windows on your computer. It is also possible to configure log files to be kept in a different directory than other installation files. If you change the default location of log files, these default locations do not apply. If you are using an OS version that is not English, you must translate directory names (such as “Documents and Settings” or “Program Files”) to match the OS language you use. Policy Manager for Fireware Appliance Software 408 Operation File Type Default Location Read/Write Firebox backups C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard\backups Read Product upgrade images C:\Program Files\Common Files\WatchGuard\Resources\Fireware\9.0 Read Blocked Sites My Documents\My WatchGuard Read Blocked Sites exceptions My Documents\My WatchGuard Read/Write Firebox configuration files My Documents\My WatchGuard\configs Read/Write Firebox license files My Documents\My WatchGuard\configs Read Initial license import My Documents\My WatchGuard Write MUVPN .wgx file C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard\ muvpn WatchGuard System Manager Default File Locations Policy Manager for WFS Appliance Software Operation File Type Default Location Read Logging Notification Current working directory Read Spam rules import Current working directory Write Saved backups C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard\ backups Write MUVPN SPDs (.wgx) C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard\ muvpn Read Blocked Sites imports Current working directory Flash Disk Management for WFS Appliance Software Operation File Type Default Location Read/Write Backup image C:\Documents and Settings\All Users\Shared WatchGuard\ backups Historical Reports User Guide Operation File Type Default Location Read/Write Report definitions C:\Documents and Settings\WatchGuard\report-defs Read/Write Reporting graphics C:\Program Files\WatchGuard\wsm9\reports\graphics\ <report .jpg/.gif files> 409 Default File Locations 410 WatchGuard System Manager APPENDIX C Types of Policies This chapter gives a list of the pre-defined policies included with Fireware® appliance software, their protocols, and their ports. It also gives special information about circumstances that could have an effect on the security of some policies. In this chapter, policies are divided into two groups—policies that are controlled by a packet filter and policies that are controlled by a proxy. Packet Filter Policies Packet filter policies examine the source and destination headers of each packet. Packets are allowed or denied based on if the headers appear to come from and go to trusted addresses. Any Use an Any policy only to allow all traffic between two specified trusted IP or network addresses. An Any policy opens a “hole” through the Firebox®, and allows all traffic to flow freely between specified hosts. We recommend that the Any policy be used only for traffic through a VPN. The Any policy is different from other policies. For example, if you allow FTP only to a specified host, all other FTP sessions to other hosts are denied by that policy (unless you have also configured other FTP policies). The Any policy does not deny like other policies. You also cannot use an Any policy unless specified IP addresses, network addresses, host aliases, group names, or user names are used in the From or To lists. If not, the Any policy does not operate. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): Any • Port Number(s): Any port User Guide 411 Packet Filter Policies archie archie is a search protocol used to find files on FTP servers. We recommend that you use the available web interfaces to archie. A current list of archie servers is available through anonymous FTP from: ftp://microlib.cc.utexas.edu/microlib/mac/info/archie-servers.txt External hosts can be spoofed. The Firebox cannot make sure that these packets were sent from the correct location. You can configure your Firebox to add the source IP address to the Blocked Sites list when an incoming archie connection is denied. You can use all of the usual log options with archie. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 1525 auth The Authentication Server protocol (AUTH) has a new name. It is now called the Identification Protocol (IDENT). Refer to IDENT for more information about this policy. BGP Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the routing protocol used across most of the Internet. It is a highly configurable protocol that can add redundancy to links to and from the Internet for LANs. We recommend that you use this service only if you have enabled and configured BGP in the dynamic routing processes in the Fireware® configuration. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP or UDP • Port Number(s): 179 Citrix Citrix, or Independent Computing Architecture (ICA), is an application protocol used by Citrix software applications such as Winframe and Metaframe Presentation Server (MPS). Winframe gives access to a Windows computer from different types of clients that use TCP port 1494. Citrix MPS 3.0 uses ICA with Session Reliability over TCP port 2598. If you use Citrix MPS, you must add a custom policy for TCP port 2598. If you add the Citrix policy, you could put your network security at risk because it allows remote access to computers through the firewall without authentication. The threat to a Winframe or MPS server includes denial-of-service attacks. We recommend that you use VPN options to give more security for ICA connections. You can use all of the usual log options with WinFrame. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 1494 412 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies Clarent-Command Clarent Corporation supplies IP telephone technology to mainstream carriers and service providers. Clarent products allow voice-over-IP between Clarent gateways across the Internet. This policy gives support to the Clarent v3.0 product and later. Clarent products use two sets of ports, one for gateway-to-gateway communications (UDP ports 4040, 4045, and 5010) and one for gateway-to-command center communications (UDP ports 5001 and 5002). Use the Clarent-command policy for the gateway-to-command center communications. Allow incoming connections only from specified external gateways to your gateway or command center. Clarent also gives support for the use of PCAnywhere for management. Refer to the PCAnywhere policy notes for more information. The Clarent-command policy could put network security at risk because it allows traffic inside the firewall based only on network address. This is not a trusted method of authentication. In addition, your Clarent server could receive denial-of-service attacks in this configuration. Where possible, we recommend that you use VPN options to give more security for Clarent-command connections. Characteristics: • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Numbers(s): 5001, 5002 Clarent-Gateway Clarent Corporation supplies IP telephone technology to mainstream carriers and service providers. Clarent products allow voice-over-IP between Clarent gateways across the Internet. This policy gives support to the Clarent v3.0 product and later. Clarent products use two sets of ports, one for gateway-to-gateway communications (UDP ports 4040, 4045, and 5010) and one for gateway-to-command center communications (UDP ports 5001 and 5002). Use the Clarent-command policy for the gateway-to-command center communications. Allow incoming connections only from specified external gateways to your gateway or command center. Clarent also gives support for the use of PCAnywhere for management. Refer to the PCAnywhere policy notes for more information. The Clarent-gateway policy could put network security at risk because it allows traffic inside the firewall based only on network address. This is not a trusted method of authentication. In addition, your Clarent server could receive denial-of-service attacks in this configuration. Where possible, we recommend that you use VPN options to give more security for Clarent-gateway connections. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 4040, 4045, 5010 CU-SeeMe CU-SeeMe is a software application used to do video conferencing through the Internet. For CU-SeeMe to operate through the Firebox, you must make sure that you are not on a network that uses outgoing dynamic NAT. User Guide 413 Packet Filter Policies The CU-SeeMe protocol makes you configure this policy for traffic going in to and out of your network. The CU-SeeMe policy uses the correct ports to allow the use of CU-SeeMe versions 2.X and 3.X. CUSeeMe Version 2.X operates on UDP port 7648. Version 3.X operates on UDP port 7648, UDP port 24032 (for H.323 conferences), and TCP port 7648 (video conference directories). Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Numbers(s): UDP 7648, UDP 24032, TCP 7648 DHCP-Server or DHCP-Client Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) gives a way to allocate dynamic IP addresses to devices on a network. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • DHCP-Server Port Number(s): 67 • DHCP-Client Port Number(s): 68 DNS Domain Name Service (DNS) matches host names to IP addresses. The DNS policy allows UDP DNS traffic, as well as TCP zone transfers to occur as specified. All of the usual log options can be used with DNS. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): Multi: TCP (for server-server zone transfers) and UDP (for client-server lookups) • Port Number(s): TCP 53 and UDP 53 Entrust The Entrust Authority Public Key distribution application protocol passes public keys to a trusted thirdparty organization for verification. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 709, 710 finger finger is an application protocol used to get information about users on a given host. It is easy for a hacker to use this information against you. We do not recommend that you put finger servers on the trusted interface. 414 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 79 FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is used to move files across the Internet. An FTP packet filter will not apply the FTP proxy rule set to any traffic. To proxy FTP traffic, use the FTP proxy policy. We recommend that incoming FTP be allowed only to public FTP servers located behind the Firebox. External hosts can be spoofed. WatchGuard cannot verify that these packets were actually sent from the correct location. You can configure the Firebox to add the source IP address to the Blocked Sites list whenever an FTP connection to a computer protected by the Firebox is denied. The packet filter and proxy policy included in WatchGuard Policy Manager both handle the data channel for active and passive FTP sessions. All of the usual log options can be used with FTP. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): FTP uses two ports: TCP 21 for control connections and TCP 20 for data transfer. TCP 20 can be an incoming or outgoing connection depending on how the client is configured. If it is incoming, 20 is the source port, and the destination port is random. Gopher Gopher is a data-retrieval protocol developed at the University of Minnesota. Gopher is not frequently used, as most users use HTML. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 70, but servers can be configured to use other ports GRE Generic Routing Encapsulation Protocol (GRE) is used together with Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) to create virtual private networks (VPNs) between clients or between clients and servers. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): GRE • Protocol Number(s): 47 HBCI The Home Banking Computer Interface (HBCI) is a standard created for bank customers and manufacturers of banking products. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP User Guide 415 Packet Filter Policies • Port Number(s): 3000 HTTP An HTTP packet filter will not apply the HTTP proxy rule set to any traffic. To proxy HTTP traffic, use the HTTP proxy policy. We recommend that HTTP be allowed only to public HTTP servers located behind the Firebox. External hosts can be spoofed. WatchGuard cannot verify that these packets were actually sent from the correct location. You can configure the Firebox to add the source IP address to the Blocked Sites list whenever an HTTP connection to a computer protected by the Firebox is denied. All of the usual log options can be used with HTTP. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 80 HTTPS HTTPS is a secure and encrypted version of the HTTP protocol. The client and the web server set up an encrypted session on TCP port 443. Because this session is encrypted, the proxy cannot examine packet contents using a proxy. This policy uses a packet filter to examine the connection. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 443 IDENT The Identification Protocol (IDENT) is a protocol used to match TCP connections to a user name. It is used most frequently by large public SMTP and FTP servers. It is used for logs, but you cannot trust the information it gives, as attackers can change their servers to have them send back incorrect information. IDENT uses “fake” information to hide internal user information. When you use SMTP with incoming static NAT, you must add IDENT to your Policy Manager. Configure IDENT to allow traffic to the Firebox. This enables mail messages to flow from behind the Firebox to the many SMTP servers on the Internet that use IDENT to identify other mail servers’ identities, and allows these servers to return messages through the Firebox to their senders. If you are not using dynamic NAT, allow IDENT to the IP address of your email server. We recommend that IDENT policies be allowed to and from the Firebox, but know that hackers can use IDENT to collect user names. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 113 416 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies IGMP The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is the standard for IP multicasting on the Internet. It is used to control host memberships in multicast groups on a single network. When you add an IGMP policy to your Fireware configuration, Fireware does not pass IGMP multicast traffic through the Firebox or between Firebox interfaces. It only passes IGMP multicast traffic between an interface and the Firebox. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): IGMP IKE The Internet Key Exchange Protocol is a standard protocol for key management. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 4500 and 500. UDP 4500 is used only for NAT traversal. IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) is an application layer protocol for getting email or bulletin board messages on a remote email server as if the messages were local. You can get access to email stored on an IMAP server from many locations (such as home, work, or laptop) without moving messages. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 143 IPSec Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a framework for a set of protocols for security at the network or packet layer of network communications. It is a VPN tunneling protocol with encryption. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP, encapsulated security payload (ESP), and authentication header (AH) • Port Number(s): UDP 500 and UDP 4500 IRC Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a system for Internet chatting. To use IRC you must have an IRC client and Internet access. The IRC client is a software application on your computer that sends and receives messages to and from an IRC server. The IRC server makes sure that all messages are sent to all users in the chat session. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP User Guide 417 Packet Filter Policies • Port Number(s): 6667 Intel Video Phone Intel Video Phone is a real-time multimedia application based on H.323. H.323 is an international standard for conferencing over TCP/IP networks. This policy does not filter for dangerous content. It does not support rsvp protocol, and it does not support NAT. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 1720, 522 Kerberos v 4 and Kerberos v 5 The Kerberos network authentication protocol is an authentication system developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Kerberos enables two computers to exchange private information across an open network using authentication for security. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Kerberos v 4 Port Numbers(s): UDP 750 • Kerberos v 5 Port Number(s): TCP 88 and UDP 88 L2TP Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is an extension to the PPP protocol that enables ISPs to operate virtual private networks. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 1701 LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an open-standard protocol for using online directory services. The protocol operates with Internet transport protocols, such as TCP. You can use LDAP to get access to stand-alone directory servers or X.500 directories. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 389 LDAP-SSL Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over TLS/SSL (LDAP-SSL) is used with Windows 2000 to give more security when you access Active Directory. 418 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 636 Lotus Notes Lotus Notes is a client/server platform for conferencing, databases, and email. It is also used to create and use documents. This policy enables the proprietary Lotus Notes protocol. Because the protocol uses encapsulation and tunneling, and gives access to internal data, we do not recommend the Lotus Notes policy for addresses out of your trusted networks. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 1352, UDP 1352 MS-SQL-Monitor Microsoft SQL Monitor is used to monitor Microsoft SQL databases. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 1434, UDP 1434 MS-SQL-Server Microsoft SQL Server is usually used to make a remote connection to a Microsoft SQL database. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 1433, UDP 1433 MS-Win-Media Microsoft Windows Media Server is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft to supply unicast streams. It enables bidirectional connections that enable users to go forward, go back, or pause the playback of unicast streams. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 1755, 80 NetMeeting NetMeeting is a product developed by Microsoft Corporation that enables groups to teleconference across the Internet. It is included with Microsoft’s Internet Explorer web browser. This policy is based on User Guide 419 Packet Filter Policies the H.323 protocol and does not filter for dangerous content. It does not support rsvp protocol, and it does not support NAT. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 1720, 389 NFS The Network File System (NFS) protocol is a client server software application created by Sun Microsystems to allow all network users to get access to shared files kept on computers of different types. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 2049, UDP 2049 NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) is used to transmit Usenet news articles. The best procedure to use NNTP is to set internal hosts to internal news servers and external hosts to news feeds. In most conditions NNTP must be enabled in two directions. If you operate a public newsfeed, you must allow NNTP connections from all external hosts. WatchGuard cannot make sure that these packets were sent from the correct location. You can configure the Firebox to add the source IP address to the Blocked Sites list when an incoming NNTP connection is denied. All of the usual log options can be used with NNTP. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 119 NTP Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol built on TCP/IP that controls local timekeeping. It synchronizes computer clocks with other clocks located on the Internet. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP and TCP • Port Number(s): TCP 123 and UDP 123 OSPF Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol developed for IP networks based on the link-state algorithm. OSPF is quickly replacing the use of RIP on the Internet because it gives smaller, more frequent updates to routing tables and makes networks more stable. 420 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): OSPF • Protocol Number(s): 89 pcAnywhere pcAnywhere is a software application used to get remote access to Windows computers. To enable this protocol, add the PCAnywhere policy. Then, allow access from the hosts on the Internet that must get access to internal pcAnywhere servers, and to the internal pcAnywhere servers. pcAnywhere is not a very secure policy and can put network security at risk, because it allows traffic through the firewall without authentication. Also, your pcAnywhere server can receive denial-of-service attacks. We recommend that you use VPN options to give more security. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP and TCP • Port Number(s): UDP 22, UDP 5632, TCP 5631, TCP 65301 Ping You can use ping to confirm if a host can be found and is operating on the network. To find DOS-based or Windows-based traceroute packets, configure a ping policy. Outgoing ping is a good tool for troubleshooting. We do not recommend you allow ping connections to your trusted network. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): ICMP • Protocol Number(s): 1 POP2 and POP3 POP2 and POP3 (Post Office Protocol) are email transport protocols, usually used to get a user’s email from a POP server. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 109 (POP2), and 110 (POP3) PPTP PPTP is a VPN tunnel protocol with encryption. It uses one TCP port (for negotiation and authentication of a VPN connection) and one IP protocol (for data transfer) to connect the two peers in a VPN. Configure the PPTP policy to allow access from Internet hosts to an internal network PPTP server. PPTP cannot get access to hosts’ static NAT because NAT cannot forward IP protocols. Because this policy enables a tunnel to the PPTP server and the Firebox cannot examine packets in the tunnel, use of this policy must be controlled. Be sure to use the most current version of PPTP. User Guide 421 Packet Filter Policies Characteristics • Transport Protocol(s): TCP • Internet Protocol(s): GRE • PPTP Negotiation Port Number(s): 1723 RADIUS and RADIUS-RFC The Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) supplies remote users with secure access to corporate networks. RADIUS is a client-server system that keeps authentication information for users, remote access servers, and VPN gateways in a central user database that is available to all servers. Authentication for the network occurs from one location. RADIUS uses an authentication key that identifies an authentication request to the RADIUS client. In RFC 2865, the server port used by RADIUS changed from port 1645 to 1812. Make sure you select the policy that matches your implementation. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • RADIUS policy Port Number(s): UDP 1645 • RADIUS-RFC policy Port Number(s): UDP 1812 RADIUS-Accounting and RADIUS-Acct-RFC The Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) Accounting policy supplies accounting information to administrators of networks that use RADIUS authentication. RADIUS is a client-server system that keeps authentication information for users, remote access servers, and VPN gateways in a central user database that is available to all servers. The RADIUS server is also notified when the authenticated session starts and stops. This information can be helpful for accounting. In RFC 2866, the server port used by RADIUS changed from port 1646 to 1813. Make sure you select the policy that matches your implementation. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • RADIUS-Accounting policy Port Number(s): UDP1646 • RADIUS-ACCT-RFC policy Port Number(s): UDP 1813 RDP The Microsoft Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) supplies remote display and input abilities over network connections for Windows software applications that operate on a server. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 3389 422 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies RIP Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a link state routing protocol developed in the early years of routing. Its limitations make it inappropriate for use in the Internet, but it can be useful in small networks. We recommend that you use this service only if you have enabled and configured RIP in the dynamic routing processes in the Fireware configuration. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 520 RSH Remote Shell (RSH) is used to get access to the command line of a remote host computer. Because it is not encrypted, we do not recommend you allow any RSH connections to computers protected by the Firebox without the use of a VPN. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 514 RealPlayerG2 Media streaming protocol v7 and v8. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 554, 80 Rlogin Remote login (RLogin) is a UNIX command that allows an approved user to log in to other UNIX computers on a network. After the login, the user can do all the operations the host has approved, such as read, edit, or delete files. Because it does not use encryption, we recommend you do not allow Rlogin connections to computers protected by the Firebox. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 513 SecurID RSA SecurID Two-Factor Authentication give more security to the user authentication procedure. Created by Security Dynamics Technologies, Inc., it uses SecurID tokens to generate codes and ACE/Server software to corroborate the codes. User Guide 423 Packet Filter Policies Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 5510, UDP 5500 SMB (Windows Networking) Windows uses Server Message Block (SMB) to share files, computers, printers, and other network resources. If you set up replication, you can see many tries to use the port mapper service on port 135. When this fails, SMB begins to use port 42. Refer to the RFC for DCE for more instructions. Note SMB through the Firebox is not secure and we do not recommend it, unless used through a VPN connection. These configuration settings are to be used only if there is no other alternative, and policy settings must specify internal and external hosts. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): UDP 137, UDP 138, TCP 139, TCP 445, UDP 445 SMTP The SMTP packet filter policy allows SMTP traffic (email) without using the SMTP proxy. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 25 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to collect information about and configure remote computers. This can be dangerous. Many Internet attacks use SNMP. Because SNMP can cause changes in a network if enabled, carefully review alternatives and record logs for all connections. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 161 SNMP-Trap Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) traps are notification messages that an SNMP agent (for example, a router) sends to a network management station. These messages usually report an important event that must be examined. 424 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s):162 SQL*Net Oracle uses one port for its sql*net software. By default, this port is 1526/tcp or port 1521/tcp. Or, edit the tnsnames.ora file to change the port. To allow sql*net through the Firebox, set up a policy for the port that your sql*net server uses, with a protocol of tcp, and a client port of ignore. Then set up incoming access from the allowed external hosts to the sql*net server. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 1521, 1526 SQL-Server The SQL-Server policy is used to give access to Sybase Central and SQL Advantage software. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 10000 SSH Secure Shell (ssh) is a free application protocol that allows remote login, command control, and the movement of files between computers. It gives strong authentication and secure (encrypted) connections. We recommend the use of ssh because it is more secure than more vulnerable protocols such as telnet, rssh, and rlogin. UNIX versions are available from www.ssh.com, and information on versions for Windows can be found at F-Secure (http://www.f-secure.com). Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 22 SunRPC Sun Remote Procedure Call (Sun RPC) was developed by Sun Microsystems for connections between clients and servers in the Sun network file system. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 111, UDP 111 User Guide 425 Packet Filter Policies Syslog syslog is a policy used to record operating system events on UNIX hosts. Syslog data is usually enabled on a firewall to collect data from a host outside the firewall. The syslog port is blocked in the default Firebox configuration. To allow one log host to collect logs from more than one Firebox: • Remove port 514 from the Blocked Ports list • Add the WatchGuard Logging policy to Policy Manager Note It is usually not secure to allow syslog traffic through the Firebox. It is possible for hackers to fill syslogs with log entries. If the syslog is full, it is more difficult to see an attack. Also, the disk frequently fills up and the attack is not recorded. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 514 TACACS TACACS user authentication is a system that uses user accounts to authenticate users into a dial-up modem pool. This removes the need to keep copies of accounts on a UNIX system. TACACS does not support TACACS+ or RADIUS. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 49 TACACS+ TACACS+ user authentication is a system that uses user accounts to authenticate users into a dial-up modem pool. This eliminates the need to keep copies of accounts on a UNIX system. TACACS+ supports RADIUS. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 49 TCP This policy serves as the default policy for all TCP connections, and other policies override it. TCP connections that do not match specified policies in Policy Manager do not complete unless TCP-UDP, TCP, or the TCP Proxy are also configured in Policy Manager. This policy does not enable FTP, which operates only with an FTP policy. 426 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies TCP-UDP This policy serves as the default policy for all TCP and UDP connections, and other policies override it. Connections that do not match specified policies in Policy Manager do not complete unless TCP-UDP, TCP and UDP, or the TCP Proxy are also configured in Policy Manager. This policy does not enable active mode FTP, which operates only with an FTP policy. Telnet The telnet policy is used to log in to a remote computer. It is almost the same as dial-up access, but the connection is made across a network. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 23 Timbuktu Timbuktu Pro is remote control and file transfer software used to get access to Windows computers. The protocol uses TCP port 1417 and UDP port 407. Add the Timbuktu policy and allow access from the hosts on the Internet that must get access to internal Timbuktu servers, and to the internal Timbuktu servers. Timbuktu is not a very secure software application and can put network security at risk. It allows traffic inside the firewall without authentication. In addition, the Timbuktu server can receive denial-of-service attacks. We recommend that you use VPN options for more security. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP, UDP • Port Number(s): UDP 407, TCP 1417 Time The Time policy is almost the same as NTP. It is used to synchronize clocks between hosts on a network. Time is usually less accurate and less efficient than NTP across a WAN. We recommend that you use NTP. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP, UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 37, UDP 37 Traceroute Traceroute is a software application that creates maps of networks. It is used for network troubleshooting, network route troubleshooting, and finding the Internet service provider of a site. The WatchGuard traceroute policy controls UNIX-based, UDP-style traceroute only. For a DOS-based or Windows-based traceroute packet filter, use the ping policy (see “ping” on page 42). Traceroute uses ICMP and UDP packets to create paths across networks. It uses the UDP TTL field to send back packets from each router and computer between a source and a destination. If you allow User Guide 427 Packet Filter Policies traceroute to computers protected by your Firebox, this can enable a hacker to create a map of your private network. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): UDP • Port Number(s): 33401-65535 UDP • This policy serves as the default policy for all UDP connections, and other policies override it. UDP connections that do not match specified policies in Policy Manager do not complete unless UDP, TCP-UDP, or the TCP Proxy are also configured in Policy Manager. UUCP Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP) is a UNIX tool and protocol that enables one computer to send files to another computer. This tool is not used frequently, as users more often use FTP, SMTP, and NNTP to transfer files. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 540 WAIS Wide Area Information Services (WAIS) is a protocol you can use to find documents on the Internet. Thinking Machines Incorporated first developed WAIS. Some web sites use WAIS to look for searchable indices, but it is not used frequently. WAIS is created on the ANSI Z39.50 search protocol, and the words Z39.50 and WAIS refer to the same technology. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 210, but servers can be (and frequently are) configured on other ports, much like HTTP servers WinFrame Citrix ICA is a protocol used by Citrix for its software applications, which includes the Winframe product. Winframe gives access to Windows from different types of clients. Citrix uses TCP port 1494 for its ICA protocol. Citrix MPS 3.0 uses Session Reliability by default. This changes the ICA protocol to use TCP 2598. If you use Citrix MPS, you must add a policy for TCP port 2598. A WinFrame policy could put your network security at risk because it allows traffic through the firewall without authentication. In addition, your Winframe server can receive denial-of-service attacks. We recommend that you use VPN options to give more security for ICA connections. You can use all of the usual log options with WinFrame. 428 WatchGuard System Manager Packet Filter Policies Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 1494 WG-Auth The WatchGuard® Authentication policy allows users to authenticate to the Firebox. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 4100 WG-Firebox-Mgmt The WatchGuard Firebox Management policy allows configuration and monitoring connections to be made to the Firebox. We recommend that you allow this policy only to the management station. The policy is usually set up on the trusted interface. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 4103, 4105, 4117, 4118 WG-Logging The WatchGuard Logging policy is necessary only if a second Firebox must get access to a Log Server on the trusted interface of a Firebox. If there is only one Firebox, this policy is not necessary. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 4107, 4115 WG-Mgmt-Server When you use the WatchGuard Management Server Setup wizard to configure a Management Server, the wizard automatically adds this policy to the gateway Firebox. It controls incoming connections to the Management Server. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 4110, 4112, 4113 WG-SmallOffice-Mgmt The WatchGuard Small Office Management policy allows you to make a secure connection to SOHO and Firebox X Edge devices from WatchGuard System Manager. User Guide 429 Proxied Policies Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): TCP 4109 WG-WebBlocker The WatchGuard WebBlocker™ policy allows connections to the WebBlocker Server. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP, UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 5003, UDP 5003 WHOIS The WHOIS protocol gives information about the administrator of web sites and networks. It is frequently used to find the administrator of a different web site. To filter WHOIS traffic, add a WHOIS policy that allows connections to the WHOIS server (such as rs.internic.net). Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 43 X11 The X Windows System Protocol has components that are used to create graphic desktops, which include windows, colors, displays, and screens. X11 also supplies a flow of events that show the interaction between a user and a computer input device (such as a mouse, keyboard, and so on). Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 6000-6063 Proxied Policies This section reviews the proxied policies supplied by the WatchGuard® System Manager. A proxy policy opens packets, strips out forbidden data types in the packet content, and assembles the packets again using the source and destination headers of the proxy. You configure and activate proxies the same way you add packet filtering policies. 430 WatchGuard System Manager Proxied Policies DNS-proxy Domain Name Service (DNS) matches host names to IP addresses. The DNS proxy policy examines the contents of DNS packets to help protect your DNS servers from hackers. It puts limits on the type of operations allowed in a DNS query and can look for specified patterns in query names. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP and UDP • Port Number(s): TCP 53 and UDP 53 FTP-proxy FTP is File Transfer Protocol. FTP is used to move files across the Internet. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 20 (data channel), 21 (control channel) HTTP-proxy HTTP is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol used by the World Wide Web to move information around the Internet. Note The WatchGuard policy “HTTP Proxy” is not the same as an HTTP caching proxy. An HTTP caching proxy controls the caching of Web data. If you use an external caching proxy, you must enable (by adding policies) any outgoing policies that are necessary for your organization. If you do not, outgoing TCP connections do not operate correctly. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP • Port Number(s): 80 (but servers can operate on any port, a common alternative is 8080, and Secure Socket Layer (SSL) connections are usually served on port 443) SMTP-proxy Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the Internet standard protocol used to transmit and receive email. Usually SMTP servers are public servers. You must add an IDENT policy to Policy Manager when you use incoming static NAT with SMTP. Configure IDENT to allow incoming auth to the Firebox. This enables outgoing mail messages to flow freely from behind the Firebox to the many SMTP servers on the Internet that use IDENT. It allows these servers to send messages back through the Firebox to the senders. To not use the SMTP proxy but have SMTP operate correctly, create a new policy in Policy Manager that uses TCP protocol and port 25. Characteristics • Internet Protocol(s): TCP User Guide 431 Proxied Policies • Port Number(s): 25 TCP-proxy The TCP Proxy policy gives configuration options for HTTP on port 80 and adds a rule that allows TCP connections from networks behind the Firebox to networks external to the Firebox by default. The TCP Proxy rule makes sure that all HTTP traffic from behind the Firebox on all ports is proxied with the HTTP proxy rules. We recommend that you allow HTTP only to any public HTTP servers kept behind the Firebox. External hosts can be spoofed. WatchGuard cannot make sure that these packets were sent from the correct location. Configure WatchGuard to add the source IP address to the Blocked Sites list when an HTTP connection to a host behind your Firebox is denied. Configure the parameters and MIME types the same as you do for the HTTP Proxy. 432 WatchGuard System Manager
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Key Features
- Centralized management of multiple Fireboxes and other WatchGuard devices
- Real-time monitoring of device status and security events
- Remote configuration and management of devices
- Automated software updates and security patches
- Generation of detailed reports on security events and network activity
Related manuals
Frequently Answers and Questions
How do I install WSM?
You can install WSM on a Windows or Linux server. The installation process is straightforward and can be completed in a few minutes.
How do I connect WSM to my Firebox?
To connect WSM to your Firebox, you will need the Firebox's IP address and administrative password.
What are the benefits of using WSM?
WSM provides a number of benefits, including centralized management of multiple devices, real-time monitoring of security events, and automated software updates.
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