Contents Vol. XX, No. IV BES Review October'14 - December’14 Editorial Board Chairman Ashish Bhatnagar Member A. Shanmugam-Advisor M.S. Duhan Meenakshi Singhvi O.P. Rajpurohit Pradeep Mehra Sunil Bhatia Published by : P. K. Singh, Hon. Secretary, on behalf of Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912, Surya Kiran Building, 19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001 Tel. : + 91-11- 23316709 Fax : + 91-11- 23316710 E-mail : [email protected] Printed at : Pragati Creations 27/1B, Dilshad Garden Ind. Area, G.T. Road, Delhi-110095 e-mail : [email protected] Ph.: 011-22596695, 9312438440 Views expressed by authors are their own and may not be that of BES(I) Editorial 2 From the President 3 BES Council 2014-2016 4 Journey of FM Radio in India - B. P. Srivastava 6 Managing Broadcasts during Disasters- N. Thiyagrajan 11 Cloud Computing - Kailash S 15 Energy Audit -Manisha Shete 20 Single Frequency Network by Rohde & Schwarz - Nirav Bhatia 24 Interactive Broadcasting Technology and its Impact - V. Rajeshwar 27 Restoration of Doordarshan in Srinagar After Flood - W. B. Prasad, O. P. Rajpurohit 34 Interview- Mr. Animesh Chakarborty -By Meenakshi singhvi 38 Planar Transmission Lines- An Overview - Dr. S. Raghavan 40 Implementation of HDTV DVB T2 Transmitters at Metro Cities in India 44 - M. S. Duhan Audio Compression - MPEG-4 HE-AAC-v2 - Audio coding..... - S. K. Biswas 51 Report - National Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebration at Delhi 61 Report : Ahmedabad Chapter -Lecture on “Cloud technology and its application in Broadcasting” 63 Report : Pune Chapter - Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery Platforms– Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges” & NPSB Day Celebration 64 Report : Hyderabad Chapter -Seminar on “Advances in Digital Broadcasting” 68 Report : Thanjavur Chapter -A Seminar on “media Assets Management” 70 Report : Mumbai Chapter -A Seminar on “Web & TV-New Dimensions & Standards” 72 Corporate Members 74 Obituary 76 Editorial Dear Friends, As we move on to 2015, let me just glance back at the wonderful happenings of 2014 in the world of broadcasting in India. BES saw a new dynamic council taking over the reins, amidst lot's of challenges and expectations, We saw one of the worst floods at Jammu and Kashmir and the brave bold brilliant efforts of broadcast engineers to run the transmissions – the lifeline for the stranded people, then we saw Cyclones throwing away the infrastructures and the swift efforts of broadcast engineers to rapidly resume operations. We saw India marching at ABU with quality documentary inputs from AIR and Doordarshan and Jawhar Sircar CEO of India's Public Service broadcaster - Prasar Bharati clinching the prestigious post of ABU Vice President, a pride moment for our country. We also saw some of our beloved senior broadcasters leaving this world and we saw inflow of some of the best latest technologies in the form of Digital Radio and TV in our country. We saw excellent activities at the grass roots – indigenous developments at some Doordarshan stations, Seminars / Workshops at the local chapters - Ahmedabad, Thanjavur, Hyderabad, Pune and Mumbai. And above all we saw this year's Noble Peace Prize Winner Shri kailash Satyarthi speaking about power of broadcasts at the BES Public Service Broadcast day event at Constitution Club New Delhi on 12 November 2014. A bowl full of happenings – We have tried to report some… Thanks to the efforts of Editorial team, there has been a good inflow of technical articles too. We have brought for you writings on a broad spectrum – from Cloud computing, Audio compression to Energy Audit, From Interactive broadcasting, Trends in Terrestrial TV to Journey of FM radio in India and Managing broadcasts during disaster – case studies. A To-the-Point interview of Animesh Chakraborty, the Engineer-in-Chief of AIR speaks about the growth potential of broadcasts in India. So our baskets are full…. And now looking ahead, Many of us are meeting on 15-17 January 2015, at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi - at the Hot – Spot of Broadcasting Experts in India – The 21st International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcasting, BES Expo 2015. Many of us will witness some of the latest broadcast products and listen to technical lectures from the Industry / Media Experts – but for those, who may not be able to make it, BES Review promises to capture the glimpses and shall bring you at your doorstep soon. Good bye till then, Best wishes for the New Year and happy Reading…. Ashish Bhatnagar [email protected] 2 October'14 - December’14 From the President Dear Friends, It's my second chance to interact with you through BES Review and I am happy to state that in these three months BES Council and Executive have done considerable progress on various fronts. Chairpersons and members of various committees have started working cohesively. Shri II George, Vice President and Chairman BES Conference committee has developed excellent conference Schedule for BES Expo and st the delegates who are attending BES Expo 2015, the 21 International Conference and Exhibition of Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcast to be held at th th Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India from 15 to 17 January 2015 will surely appreciate the sessions. I would request you to visit the website www.besindia.com or www.besexpo.org for further details. Feel free to talk to Executive Members or Council Members for any issue, contact details of whom are given in this publication on later pages. I am happy to share with you that BES(I) celebrated National Public Service Broadcasting Day on 12 November 2014 at Constitution club, New Delhi in a grand way. Shri Kailash Satyarthi, the Noble Peace Prize winner graced the function as chief guest with many other eminent personalities like Shri Jawhar Sircar CEO, Prasar Bharati and senior officers from AIR and Doordarshan. Our dynamic young Hon. Secretary Shri PK Singh and Shri RC Bhatnagar alongwith the secretariat team deserve sincere appreciation for their efforts and management. I am also happy to see that this issue of BES Review has got articles on varied topics and has come out of the press at right time. I congratulate the whole Editorial team for their excellent work and hope that the readers will enjoy reading the journal. While extending my best wishes to all BES members on X-mas and New Year, I will look forward to meeting many of them at BES Expo at 0930 hrs. on 15th January 2014 at Hall No. 12, 12A, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. With best wishes O.K. Sharma [email protected] 3 October'14 - December’14 BES (I) Council 2014-2016 Name Designation Mobile / E-mail O.K. Sharma President Addl. Director General (E) AIR & DD 8750451819 [email protected] A.K. Dixit Immediate Past President Former Engineer-in-Chief Doordarshan 9958581560 [email protected] R.K. Sinha Past President Former Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio 9868631895 [email protected] I.I.George Vice President Addl. Director General (E) AIR & DD 9868233470 [email protected] Om Prakash Rajpurohit Vice President Asstt. Engineer Doordarshan 9414251557 [email protected] Pravin Kumar Singh Hon. Secretary Director (Engg.) All India Radio 9968993838 [email protected] R.C. Bhatnagar Hon. Treasurer Former Addl. Director General (Engg.), DD 9968296792 [email protected] A.V Swaminathan Council Member Former Chief Engineer AIR & DD 9811470018 [email protected] Deepak Joshi Council Member Dy. Director General (E) All India Radio 9435032256 [email protected] Meenakshi Singhvi Council Member Dy. Director (E) All India Radio 9426302816 [email protected] N. Thiyagrajan Council Member Addl. Director General (E) AIR & DD 9445562769 [email protected] Anila Shah Council Member Asstt. Engineer Doordarshan 9825956386 [email protected] V. Appakutty Council Member Former Chief Engineer AIR & DD 9444015580 [email protected] S.S Bindra Council Member Former Chief Engineer AIR & DD 9899968022 [email protected] K. Murugan Council Member Director (Engg.) All India Radio 9971159629 [email protected] P.S. Shrivastava Council Member Director (Engg.) Doordarshan 9419171731 [email protected] Dinesh Pratap Singh Council Member Director (Engg.) Doordarshan 9868103141 [email protected] Neeraj Goel Council Member Dy. Director General (E) All India Radio 9968326123 [email protected] P.S. Sundram Permanent Invitee CMD, Technomedia 9811197746 [email protected] Animesh Chakraborty Permanent Invitee Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio 9871178429 [email protected] N.A. Khan Permanent Invitee Engineer-in-Chief, Doordarshan 9871345550 [email protected], [email protected] Saurabh Sanyal Co-opted Member Executive Director, PHD Chamber of Commerce 9650225333 [email protected] Rakesh Aggarwal Co-opted Member Director M/s. Comcon 9810298552 [email protected] 4 October'14 - December’14 Local Chapters Chapter Chairperson Hon. Secretary Hon. Treasurer Tel. No. /E-mail. 1) Ahmedabad Chandira J.K. A.K. Gupta Ramesh Tele 9426513961 [email protected] 2) Bangalore Anil Mangalgi A. Hanumant Sanjeev K.P. 9448490241 [email protected] 3) Bhubaneshwar L.K. Pradhan A.C. Subudhi N. Jethi 9437073498 4) Chennai S.K. Aggarwal K V Ramachandran P Bhoopathy [email protected] 5) Jaipur R.S. Tyagi O.P. Rajpurohit K.C. Jani 9414051284 [email protected] 6) Kolkatta Animesh Chakraborty Ved Prakash Soumitra Kumar Deb- 7) Hyderabad M.B.S. Purushottam Er. Nuli Namassivaya R. Janardhan Rao +91-9869489551 [email protected] 8) Mumbai S.C. Khasgiwal P.K. Sharma P.S. Khurana [email protected] 9) Thanjavur Ms A. Chitra S. Periandavar G. Muthukrishnan [email protected] 10)Thiruvananthapuram - - - - 11) Pune Ashish Bhatnagar Ashok Kale Ravindra Rajnekar +91-9421053428 [email protected] 12) Guwahati C.B.S. Maurya R.C. Boro - - BES Committees S. No. Name of Commitees Chairman Co- Chairman/Members 1. BES EXPO Event (Conference) I.I. George N Thiagarajan, M.S Duhan, J.K. Chandira, Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh Kumar, Rajender Kumar 2. BES EXPO Event (Exhibition) D. P. Singh A.V. Swaminathan 3. BES Review Ashish Bhatnagar M.S. Duhan, Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, O.P. Rajpurohit, Pradeep Mehra, Sunil Bhatia 4. Website Management K. Murugan Neeral Goel, V. R. Hari, P. Narayanan, Alpana Pande 5. BES Awards N. Thiagarajan V. Sitaram, V. Srinivasvardan 6. Constitution Committee V. Appakutty R. Vardadrajan, S.Ramesh 7. New Member Induction S.C. Khasgiwal A.V. Swaminathan 8. Seminar and Lectures Deepak Joshi Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, Devesh, K.Murugan, Rajesh Chandra, Anila Shah Chaudhry 9. Innovative Ideas P.S. Shrivastava Anil Khandelwal, B.G. Nair 10. Local Chapters O.P. Rajpurohit Ms. A. Chtra T. Rajendiran, Nuli Namassivayam, Pradip K Sharma 5 October'14 - December’14 Journey of FM Radio in India From Pangs of Birth to Plenty B. P. Srivastava Introduction reducing static and interference that was associated with AM reception. He got his invention patented in 1933 and brought up an experimental FM station with 410 feet tower in Alpine (New Jersey) in 1939 at a whooping personal cost of $ 300,000 after obtaining a permit from Federal Communication Service (FCC) in 1933 and getting an FM broadcast spectrum between 42 and 50 MHZ created. Here it may be of interest to the readers to th know that on 27 June 1945, FM spectrum was moved from Amstrong frequencies to 88 to 108 MHZ that are in use today. While not going into the details of the tragic end of Amstrong on February 1, 1954, it would suffice to say that change of frequencies did have a tremendous adverse effect on him. However, Amstrong’s contribution to the cause of FM bore fruit and by 1940, FM transmission became a commercial reality in Europe and America. Radio broadcasting, all over the world, started with Amplitude Modulation (AM), the technique which was invented and developed during the two decades from 1900 to 1920. For the next thirty years i.e. up to 1950’s- a period that is called the Golden Age of radio, AM ruled the roost until Frequency Modulation (FM) started to displace it from its exalted position in the sphere of domestic broadcasting in many parts of the world such as Europe and America. India’s domestic broadcasting scene, like that of the most other countries of the world, was also dominated by Amplitude Modulation. The only perceptible difference between India and some other countries had been India’s extensive use of tropical short wave broadcasting to aid and supplement the efforts of medium wave (MW) in the area of domestic coverage. In India, however, AM continued to remain the sole domestic broadcasting mode for a much larger time than that in other countries of the world, as introduction of FM was considerably delayed in India. It may look strange that even when smaller countries in the neighbourhood like Bangladesh, Singapore, Iran & Turkey introduced FM in their countries in 1965, 1967, 1967 and 1968 respectively, India took much longer to introduce it. It was only in the late nineteen eighties, during the Seventh Five Year Plan period, that it was decided to introduce it in a regular manner in All India Radio, which was the only broadcasting organization in the country at that time. But once it was introduced, one initiative led to the other with the result that today India already has nearly 650 FM transmitters and is going to add nearly thousand more in two years time to make the availability of FM in plenty. The journey of FM in India from pangs of birth to plenty is quite interesting and needs to be told. Since the author has been associated with the introduction and development of FM in the country at every stage till now, he feels it as a part of his duty to do so. This paper is, therefore, an attempt in that direction. During the time FM was developing in Europe and America, India was under British raj and broadcasting in the country had still not taken wings. An idea about the state of development of broadcasting in the country can be had from the fact that at the time of independence there were only six radio stations in the country located at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow and Trichi. The Government of India had, therefore, a big task in hand to expand its existing medium wave network with a back-up short wave service in each state, which was undertaken through various Five Year Plans. During that period, the power of transmitters was not that high and the spectrum was also not congested. As such day time reception of medium wave services was steady and good with sky wave providing extended Invention of FM and Indian Broadcasting Scenario FM transmission technique was invented in USA in 1930 by Edwin H Amstrong with the purpose of 6 October'14 - December’14 FM not getting favour coverage during night time. AIR, therefore, went on expanding its medium wave services so much so that the third five year plan between 1961 and 1966 had come to be known as Medium Wave Plan. It was not that the authorities at AIR were oblivious of the menace of night time shrinkage that was eating into the coverage area or the advantages of FM. As a matter of fact, a decision to start FM service on an experimental basis in four metros with 3 KW transmitters was taken and the service was commissioned in Chennai on 23.7.1977, in Calcutta in 7.4.1980, in Mumbai on 21.9.1980 and in Delhi on 7.9.1984. However, every time the idea of its introduction on a regular manner came up, the alternative view of of increasing the power of medium wave transmitters prevailed. Besides the effect of LF-MF conference, non-availability of reasonably priced FM radio receivers was also playing in the minds of planners. Yet another reason which seemed to be more of a psychological and political nature was, perhaps, the general perception of FM being a rich man’s medium providing listening of high quality music on costly FM sets with roof top aerials, There is, therefore, a school of thought that feels that amongst various reasons for delay in introduction of FM, the same reason as that of delay in introduction of colour TV in the country played a big part. In the midst of all these events and considerations, the primary aim of introduction of FM to take care of the night time shrinkage of radio coverage of the country had, somewhere, got lost. Dawn of Night Time Shrinkage Radio broadcasting scenario on medium wave started changing from late sixties and more prominently in early seventies. Not only the number of transmitters but also their power went on increasing all over the world including the countries of region 3 in which India is situated. With the increase in number and power of transmitters, the sky wave mode of propagation of medium wave, which was once a boon for long distance coverage, became its bane. Co-channel and adjacent channel night time interference gave rise to night time shrinkage of AIR’s coverage. There were two options available before the planners to take care of the shrinkage. One was to increase the power of the existing transmitters and the other was to go for an alternative medium. As it would be, it was the first option that was continued to be adopted for a longer period than what could, perhaps have been. ITU’s LF-MF Conference in 1975 In view of the large increase in requirement of all countries and the availability of limited medium wave (MW/MF) spectrum, it became necessary to carry out the world wide planning of stations in a coordinated way. With this aim in view, a Regional Administrative LF-MF conference was convened by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) at Geneva in 1975. On Indian side, lot of preparatory work was done by AIR directorate along with the Research Department under the overall leadership of Shri S. N. Mitra, Additional Chief Engineer to present AIR’s case at the conference. After hard negotiations, particularly with neighbouring countries, a large number of allocations were obtained for the country. It was, therefore, considered a great triumph for AIR team and especially for Shri Mitra when the Indian delegation came back with large number of medium wave assignments including six numbers of 1000KW, more than 170 numbers of 300 KW and huge numbers of 1 KW assignments that could be utilized for the emerging concept of local radio. Introduction of FM on a regular basis, therefore, took a back seat in the din of that triumph for one more Five Year Plan (Sixth Plan 1980-85). FM gets the nod All this brought us to the Seventh Plan period (1985-90) under the leadership of the young Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi, who wanted to introduce new technology in various fields. This included FM also. Provision of introduction of FM was, therefore, made in the plan. Side by side, studies and discussions were undertaken to take various necessary decisions including the choice of technical parameters. For this purpose a group was formed under the chairmanship of the author with representation from the Research Department by its two Directors Ms. Ratna Chakravarty and Shri K M Paul (who later became the Engineer-in-Chief of All India Radio). So much was the enthusiasm for the new technology that Shri S P Bhatikar, the then Engineer- in Chief, used to occasionally drop in the meetings and participate in discussions. The euphoria and the hopes were, however, soon belied, when earlier thoughts again seemed to prevail. This was a setback to everybody in the department, but it was decided not to give up. Accordingly a committee, comprising of the author who 7 October'14 - December’14 was in-charge of the planning and development of transmitter network, Shri O P Khushu, Chief Engineer looking after frequency assignment wing of the Directorate (who later became the Engineer-in-Chief, Doordarshan and later on the Director of Technical Department of ABU), and Dr. C S R Rao, Chief Engineer (Research), was formed to present FM’s case before the Advisor to the Prime Minister. A comprehensive case was accordingly prepared, the thrust of the case being that FM was primarily needed for restoring and enhancing the radio coverage of the country and was not limited to providing better quality of sound. Stress was also to be made of the choice of circular polarization (instead of the horizontal one of experimental transmitters), with the objective of providing better reception on portable receivers and thus to the common man. The team successfully presented the case before Prof. P S Deodhar, as a result of which FM got the nod. FM was, thus introduced in the country in the Seventh Five Year plan and 100 FM transmitters were planned for AIR in that plan itself. 2,50,59,275,in 1994-95 Rs. 3,46,96,250, in 1995-96 Rs. 4,10,21,034, in 1996-97 Rs Rs.4,18, 85,250, in 1997-98 Rs. 4,21,96,850 and in 1998-99 Rs 11,44,22,241. Among the first private entities to enter the business was Times FM which had commenced operations in 1993. So much was the popularity gained by Times FM, that there was clamour for allotment of airtime slots by many other entities. This led to litigation resulting in cancellation of allotment of all the time slots as per the directions given in Delhi High Court judgment. AIR, thereafter, started operating these slots also with effect from 26.06.1998. Entry of Private Players As if the entry of private entities was destined to continue, there came a landmark Supreme Judgment during that time itself in the case of West Bengal Cricket Association v/s Union of India, which held that airwaves were public property and the government’s role was restricted to management and regulation. The implication was that private parties had an equal right to broadcast in India thus paving the way for entry of private parties in broadcasting field. The Government of India vide its notification dated 1st July 1999 opened the doors of broadcasting to private agencies by announcing its policy on Phase-1 Private FM Radio Broadcasting. It offered therein to allot 108 FM channels in 40 cities. The Growth of FM in AIR After getting the nod, FM made steady progress in AIR. Out of the total number of stations included in the Seventh Plan, eight numbers came up in the plan period itself. These were, four of the earlier ones viz Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi with new parameters, fifth one Kothagudam (Andhra Pradesh) on 24.03.1989, sixth one Cochin (Kerala) on 01.10.1989, seventh one Murshidabad (West Bengal) on 21.01.1990 and the eighth one Warrangal (Andhra Pradesh) on 17.02.1990. Incidentally Warrangal was the hundredth radio station th of AIR. After the 8 Plan, the number of FM transmitters th th rose to 98, after 9 it became 130, after 10 it was 158 th and after 11 it became 237. As on date AIR has 391 FM transmitters. By the time, however, this paper is published, the number would have gone up with AIR bringing up more transmitters. FM gains popularity By the early 90’s, the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting had started feeling the need to diversify the content by bringing in private players on AIR’s platform. Hiring of time slots was thus started, in Delhi and Mumbai from 15.09.1993, in Chennai from 01.09.1993, in Kolkata from 20.07 1994 and in Panaji from 13.11.1994. AIR earned quite a bit of revenue from these time slots. In 1993-94, it got a revenue of Rs. 8 October'14 - December’14 idea behind the decision was to attract private agencies to supplement and complement the efforts of All India Radio by operationalizing radio stations that provide programmes with local content and relevance, improve the quality of fidelity in reception, encouraging participation by local talent and generating employment. Side by side, it also earmarked a channel in each one of these cities for education. It was during this time that the author was invited to join BECIL (Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd), which played an important role in the introduction of private FM and also thereafter in all its future phases. formulated its policy for Phase-II and announced it on 13th July, 2005 offering 337 channels encompassing 91 cities. All the cities having population equal to or more than 3 lakhs, barring the few which were technically not viable, were included in the scheme. All the state capitals, even though not having the desired population criteria, were also included in the scheme. Major deviations made in this policy from Phase-I were the replacement of open bidding mechanism by closed bid tendering system and introducing the concept of One Time Entry Fee (OTEF) plus an annual revenue sharing arrangement in place of Annual Fee. The scheme was a great success and 225 channels came up in 2 years time raising the total number of channels to 245 in 87 cities. The credit for the success story goes to the policy of mandatory co-location and sharing of Prasar Bharti’s land & tower infrastructure together with cooperation between Private operators, Prasar Bharti and BECIL, the integrator. In May 2000, these 108 frequencies were put to auction. Multiple round open auction mechanism was followed to award these licenses which were to be given for a period of 10 years and the annual license fee was to get escalated by 15% every year. The cities were divided into five categories on the basis of population and thus for the amount of reserve license fee. The clamour for frequencies and the atmosphere at open auction led to heavy bidding. An idea about the heavy bidding can be had from the fact that 101 frequencies were bid for an amount of Rs 425 crores as against the reserve price of about Rs 79 crores. Many of the bidders, however, defaulted later on and as such the actual collection was only Rs, 158.80 crores for 37 frequencies. Out of these 37 also, only 22 became operational, with one dropping off midstream. These 21 channels, however, revolutionized the scene of radio listening in the country creating a demand for more channels which led to the launching of Private FM Phase-II. Private FM Phase-III Encouraged by the success of Phase-II and responding to the demand of more channels, Government has formulated a policy for Private FM Phase-III that includes all the cities having population equal to or more than 1 lakh. Phase-III would bring 223 more cities under the ambit of Private FM Broadcasting by adding 830 channels to the existing 245 channels operating in 87 cities. With the completion of Phase-III, border areas of India will also get a taste of FM. Phase-III policy has already been notified on 25th July 2011 after due consultation with TRAI and its roll out is awaited. Meanwhile, TRAI has recommended the release of frequencies with 400 KHZ separation for transmitters serving the same service area, instead of the present 800 KHZ. The Government is seized of the matter. While there is agreement in principle to go for 400 KHZ separation, there is only a question of time as there are some logistic problems in introducing it in the present set-ups of metro and category A cities, where there seems to be demand for more number of channels. Time is, however, not far off when 400 KHZ separation will become a reality for transmitters serving a common service area and more channels would be available to the broadcasters. Private FM Phase-II Learning from the experiences of Phase-I, the Government took certain bold initiatives before finalizing its policy for Phase-II. As a first step, it set up a Radio Broadcast Policy Committee under the th chairmanship of DR. Amit Mitra on 24 July 2003. The committee made a series of recommendations after having interaction with wide ranging public opinion. Thereafter the Government on February 12, 2004, referred the report of the Radio Broadcast Policy Committee together with the representations made by private FM broadcasters to Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), after notifying broadcasting to be a telecommunication service under Section 2 (i) (k( of TRAI Act on 9th January, 2004. FM in Community Radio FM has also been chosen to be the medium for community radios, the policy for which was announced Taking into account various inputs, the Government 9 October'14 - December’14 country. At the time of writing this paper, 173 community radio stations are in operation in the country while 216 applications are under scrutiny. Concluding FM has already come of age in India and is poised to play a dominant role in the sphere of domestic coverage of the country, may it be by the public broadcaster or private agencies. Besides providing overall radio coverage in the country, it will play a big role in boosting the concept of local radio. It has already been chosen as a medium for community radios, which by itself is turning into a movement and is expected to bring up thousands of stations. Presently FM is in analog mode in the country, but ultimately it will go digital. However as long as it is analog, it will require more spectrum in the 87-108 MHZ band for exclusive use. More and more chunks in this band will, therefore, have to be earmarked for exclusive use of Broadcasting, as was done before the second phase of Private FM by carving out the chunk of 91.5-95.0 MHZ exclusively for Broadcasting. in December 2002. The policy was initially meant for educational institutions and later modified in 2006 to bring into its ambit NGOs and other non-profit organizations. Community radios are low powered transmitters intended to serve a community within its geographical coverage area with a maximum ERP of 100 watts and maximum EHAAT of 30 meters. There is a huge demand for getting licenses for them across the About The Author Shri B P Srivastava has now been associated with radio broadcast engineering for more than 60 years and is still continuing to work actively for development of radio broadcasting in the country. His association with FM dates back to its inception in the country. It was under his charge that FM was introduced in All India Radio in a big way in the late nineteen eighties and the technical policy on FM was formulated along with the planning for 100 FM transmitters across the country. He was decorated with “Akashvani Annual Award for Technical Excellence” for his work in this field. Later on, he again came to the centre stage of FM when Private FM Broadcasting was introduced in the country by playing a pivotal role in the preparation of policy frame work of its various schemes and in their unfolding from Phase I to III. During this period itself, he has published more than a dozen papers on FM broadcasting. In recognition of his overall contribution towards the growth of radio broadcasting in the country, he has been honoured with the “Life Time Achievement Award” at Radio Congress 2011. Mr. Srivastava has also worked as Panel Expert with AIBD - an organization working under the aegis of ITU. In this capacity, he has conducted international courses in Pacific region and for Asian region in Papua New Guinea and Pakistan respectively. He was also acted as an expert to advise the national broadcaster of Papua New Guinea on the matters connected with Medium Wave broadcasting. Mr. Srivastava is presently working as Senior Advisor with Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd (-BECIL) – a Government of India Enterprise. 10 6 October'14 - December’14 Managing Broadcasts during DisastersA report on sustaining and restoration of broadcast services prior to, during and after Hud Hud Cyclone at Visakhapatnam N. Thiyagrajan During the recent cyclone "Hud Hud", that hit coastal Andhra Pradesh on 12/10/14 the entire city of Visakhapatnam was devastated and thrown off the gear completely. The damage caused by the cyclone not only changed the landscape of the port city but also made it the first city in the country to be directly hit by a cyclone since 1891. Managing broadcasts prior to the disaster: Since there was adequate warning about the impending cyclone, a contingency plan was worked out and all necessary preparatory actions were taken at both AIR and Doordarshan to effectively manage the broadcast services during and after cyclone. As during any disasters, the power supply is the first casualty, the stations were directed to adequately stock fuel so that the transmitters and essential broadcast activities could be sustained on Diesel Generators for several days. All modes of connectivity both physical and electronic got snapped. Due to fallen trees, the road transport was disturbed for a couple of days. Train services were not through till 15th of October. Air transport was suspended for about a week. The Airport was severely damaged. One could see fallen trees, electric poles and cellular towers everywhere. Wherever fibre sheets were used as roof, it was completely shattered and blown away. There was no power supply or water. ATMs and banking services were not through for more than a week. Communication was very difficult with only a few landline and cellular phones functioning intermittently. It was like a war-torn city. Since there would be dislocations in transport, staff were asked to be prepared to stay for longer durations. Necessary stocking of food and beverages were made. They were also asked to keep standby programmes to be aired in case of any exigencies. Such a plan has helped in handling the transmission for a week to 10 days even after cyclone without regular power supply.Prior to the cyclone, the public broadcaster aired programmes informing the public on the cyclone at regular intervals. AIR SETUP Visakhapatnam : Despite all this....the public broadcaster was ON AIR, broadcasting programmes. 1. 100 KW MW BEL HMB 140 TRANSMITTER ON TWO MW MASTS ( 140 MT NEC & 140 MT HBB ) DA SYSTEM With Phasing & Branching unit & 6 WIRE 230 OHMS FEEDER LINE AIR FM services, Terrestrial TV for both DD1 and DD2 at HPT as well as LPT was functional uninterruptedly on 24 x 7 basis during and after cyclone. These services were run on DG sets. 2. 10 KW NEC TRANSMITTER WITH 'L' AERIAL & 6 WIRE FEEDER LINE 3. A 10 KW FM transmitter at Studio site. DD SETUP at Visakhapatnam : Doordarshan has two high power transmitters and two low power transmitters at different locations at Vizag, broadcasting DD National/ Regional and DD News. The day Hud Hud hit the city of Vizag: On 12.10.2014, the cyclonic storm HUD-HUD was centered at and crossed over the land of Visakhapatnam. This Cyclone was experienced from 0600 hrs – 2000 hrs with the heavy rains and wind at a speed of 190-210 kms. 11 October'14 - December’14 all electrical poles in staff quarters have fallen. The sheets on the DG shed roof at transmitting center got damaged and thrown away. Water pipelines got damaged. Many trees got uprooted and fallen, causing lot of obstruction in studio center, transmitting center and staff quarters. Scooter sheds and internal roads in all the centers got damaged. While at HPTV Vizag, the transmission was carried in an un-interrupted manner on both the Transmitters on Diesel Generators. However, here too there were a few damages. The PDAs got damaged due to heavy wind. Big trees had fallen in the campus and over armed guard dormitory. There were damages to the compound wall too. At LPTV, both the transmitters were operational on DG sets. The PDAs got damaged. Local Electricity department on precautionary measures had already shut down the HT supply on their feeders before the storm. Hence, there was no power supply available to the entire city from 11th evening onwards. As reported by AIR, Visakhapatnam, first transmission on 12/10/2014 was on air on 100 KW MW setup as usual (continuous transmission since previous day), but at around 10.30 am, upon noticing heavy swing on one of the two masts ( 140 Mt NEC mast), the service was taken on standby system, i.e., 10 KW NEC with 'L' aerial as a precautionary measure. However, at 11.00 am, a big tree near 'L' aerial got fully uprooted and fell over the feed point & subsequently due to heavy wind the 'L' aerial also collapsed to ground. Service got shutdown w.e.f 11.20 am on 12/10/2014. Details of restoration works carried out : The Zonal Office had already directed all the coastal stations in the cyclone prone areas to take all contingency arrangements including over stay of staff at technical areas, adequate food arrangements and stocking diesel, etc to ensure uninterrupted transmission. On receiving information from AIR, Visakhapatnam about the effects/damages of HUD HUD cyclonic storm, restoration of MW transmission service was planned by ADG(M), SZ, Chennai and accordingly a team of engineering officials was deputed to AIR, Visakhapatnam on 13.10.2014. The team could reach Visakhapatnam only at 4.30 pm on 14.10.2014 as there were no train / flight services to Visakhapatnam. They At around 11.30 Hrs , the top most guy of 140 mt MW NEC mast got snapped due to heavy wind and the top portion of tower got bent down and slowly entire tower collapsed to ground along the space in between NEC hut and old ATU hut. The top portion of the 100 mt FM tower at the studio center got bent due to heavy winds at 88 mt height and three out of six branch feeder cables got damaged. However, because of this, transmission did not get affected. VSWR was checked to be within limit. The Microwave studio transmitter link dish got disoriented to a large extent at the transmitting end and the VHF yagi antenna got damaged and the elements got thrown away by the wind. The compound wall at transmitting center has fallen at many places. All feeder lights and most of the street lights in studio center, transmitting center & staff quarters got damaged. Many glass panes of windows broke and door shutters got damaged in all the buildings. Electrical substation at studio center got damaged and 12 10 October'14 - December’14 have to travel up to Vijayawada by train and thereafter by road to reach Visakhapatnam. In the mean time, the restoration works commenced. To quickly restore the transmission, it was decided to put through the damaged 'L' aerial first, as it was easier and therefore was serviced fully and hoisted back by AIR, Visakhapatnam. Necessary Impedance measurements of 'L' aerial were carried out and the old 10 KW NEC standby transmitter (more than five decades old) was connected to the “L” aerial. The service was restored at 6.30 pm on 14.10.2014, on 63 KVA DG supply. mast (140 mt HBB) was re-designed so as to obtain proper matching between the base impedance of this mast and the 230 ohm feeder line. The ATU components were mobilized from fallen mast ATU and were rend installed in the 2 mast ATU as per the new design. On 15.10.2014 the work began on the 100 KW MW transmitter. Three teams viz., AIR Vizag, HPT Avadi and Mast Technician from SPT Bangalore under the supervision of officers from Zonal office, were deployed at Transmitter, ATU and Feeder Lines, respectively. At the transmitter, the water logged inside the Transmitter cubicles was cleaned and dried with blowers. The cubicle was kept heated up with filaments 'On” condition. Restoration of 6 wire feeder line was also taken up simultaneously. Tilted feeder poles were straightened. Outer wires (4 WIRES) of feeder line were repaired to the entire length. On 16th October, 2014 center live wires of feeder line were laid with new 8swg copper wire to the entire length and the feeder line repairs got completed by 3 pm on the same day. On completion of feeder line repairs & ATU modification, the impedance figures of full RF Chain like Mast----ATU-----Feeder------Transmitter Output network------ PA valve were confirmed to be of the specified /required figures. The other team worked on de-connecting phasing & nd branching unit and bypassed the ATU. The ATU for 2 On 400 KVA DG supply, the 100 KW transmitter was switched 'On” with repaired feeder line / modified ATU on single mast (140 mt HBB) and transmitter was tested for full power of 100KW. Service was made operational th w.e.f 5 pm on 16 October 2014 onwards. At Doordarshan, the damages were comparatively less. One of the uprooted PDAs at HPT, was re-installed quickly and smaller PDAs and DTH units were procured and installed at both HPT and LPT for receiving the Programmes through satellite. The transmission was maintained even during cyclone and after, at the HPT and LPTs. The team of Engineers from HPT Avadi, SPT Bengaluru, AIR Vizag, HPT, DMC and LPT Vizag performed with great zeal and enthusiasm along with the officers from Zonal office in restoring the services. It involved a lot of coordination and even support from the State Government was taken for continuous availability of Diesel. All these restoration works have been completed even before power supply, banking, ATM & air transport services could be restored to the city. Prior to the cyclone, information on precautionary measures, alerts/ warnings and voice bites of Director, 13 11 October'14 - December’14 Cyclone Warning Center and District Collectors of Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram & Srikakulam and other district officials were aired both on MW and FM channels at regular intervals, from 10th October onwards. Messages of AP Chief Minister were also broadcast. After the MW mast collapsed, AIR FM Rainbow Saagarika 102 was the only source of information to the public during/ after the cyclone with periodical special news bulletins received from AIR, Hyderabad and updates on cyclone status from Indian Meteorological Department. All the four Private FM channels were off the air from the evening of 12th October till next day morning. After the cyclone also, information on restoration activities in the city and telephone nos. of sources of various utility services arranged by local district administration, namely, water, power/ DG supply, electrical/ plumbing repairs, removal of uprooted trees, etc., was informed to the public through AIR FM channel. Continuous transmission was given on air on AIR FM, Srikakulam and FM relay center, Kakinada for the benefit of the th th public in those areas on 11 and 12 October 2014. The public service broadcaster played a vital role and thereby received good appreciation from the public for the services rendered at the time of calamity. This is confirmed from the numerous calls from the public as well as the quick feedback telephonic survey conducted by the Audience Research Unit of AIR, Vizag. The listenership of FM Rainbow has increased considerably after the cyclone. About The Author Mr. N. Thiyagarajan, A 1986 batch officer of Indian Engineering Services, Mr.Thiyagarajan has been serving in Doordarshan for the last 26 years and held various positions in major Doordarshan Kendras and DG, Doordarshan. He has wide ranging experience in the field of broadcasting encompassing programme production, post production and transmission. As the Regional Engineering Head of Prasar Bharati, he presently oversees the operation and maintenance of All India Radio and Doordarshan installations in South Zone. His mandate includes Human Resource Development, and provides strategic direction in modernisation and digitalisation of existing infrastructure. During his career Mr.N.Thiyagarajan has technically coordinated the common wealth games from Melbourne and New Delhi in the year 2006 and 2010 respectively and was instrumental in the installation of robotic camera system in the Indian Parliament. He has participated in many national & international conferences and represented Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union in ITU conference held at Hyderabad in the year 2010. He has been closely associated with Broadcast Engineering Society (I) for several years and is the council member since 2012. He is presently Additional Director General (E) of South Zone, Chennai. 14 10 October'14 - December’14 Cloud Computing Kailash S Background In the recent years, almost entire IT industry is migrating towards cloud computing irrespective of their business domain. The latest hardware industry products are cloud enabled. The software industry products are cloud enabled. The mobile industry products and services are cloud enabled. Embedded systems are cloud enabled. As the products are cloud enabled their applicable domains are on cloud. To state few, Banking, Education, e-Governance, Media, Communication, Healthcare and so on are marching towards cloud. The background inspiration of cloud computing is the conventional electrical grid. In electrical grid, the power generation units are interconnected and through proper distribution mechanism, the power supply delivered to consumers. From the consumer point of view, the end user is not concerned of from where the power is generated, how it is distributed, how transmitted and so on. All the concern of user is that, whenever he needs power supply for his needs, he should get it in his required quantity. For example, whenever he plugs in the power cable of his devices into the power socket, he should get power with regard to his required capacity. From the Power grid point of view, the service provider is concerned about how to deliver the power generated to consumers, distribution, maintenance of power units and management. At every consumer location, a meter is placed which measures the usage of power units. The consumption is converted into numerical value with regard to usage such as whether used for high power electrical devices or low power electronic devices. The term Cloud computing was coined in to the industry during 2007 – 2008. At the infantry stage of cloud, there was different opinion about the technology that cloud computing is not a new technology instead it's a wrapper around existing technology. During the early stages there was no standard for cloud. From that stage, now cloud has penetrated into all the domains in collaboration with all the technology. In the forthcoming parts, we shall discuss on what is cloud computing all about and its architecture. The phrase cloud computing can be split up into two parts such as CLOUD + COMPUTING. The word computing refers to all the operations that we perform on computers, with computers. The word Cloud refers to internet. In network diagrams, Internet is represented with the symbol cloud. So in simple terms, Cloud computing denotes that computing operations are performed with internet / on internet / through internet. The cloud environment operation methodology is similar to that of power grid. The cloud users are not concerned of how the services are delivered, from where and so on. All the concern of the cloud users is that, he should get the cloud services when he plugs in his computing devices into the network. The concern of the cloud service provider is to deliver the services, make the services available, secure the environment and so on. Similar to the electrical meter, a meter runs at the service provider location measuring the cloud services consumed by the users and billing generated accordingly. CLOUD CENTRE Evolution The evolution of cloud computing started with the networks such as local area network to Internet, and from internet to Virtualization technology. Virtualization is the backbone of cloud computing. Virtualization in simple terms means the computing services are virtually available. After virtualization technology evolved grid computing. Grid computing is the computing environment offered through web 15 October'14 - December’14 Pay per use – The cloud service consumer is charged for his service consumption based on his usage. All the resources consumed by the user are monitored and the consumption is converted into numerical value and charged similar to the electrical meter system. EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING Ubiquitous network access – The services are accessible from anywhere within the network whether internet or local network, at anytime. Benefits The benefits that the cloud environment offers are as follows, Eliminates capital expenses- Since the cloud service consumers consumes the cloud services available from the service provider through a network on thin computing devices, there is no necessity for the cloud service consumers to maintain his own data centres, servers, storage, network, software, application, security tools, monitoring, power, cooling, physical location, administrators, support executives and so on, thereby reducing the capital and operational expenses as these are maintained by the cloud service providers. The only expense to be borne by the user is the service consumption cost which is very less when compared to the capital and operational expenses. services, mainly used for real time scientific operations such as whether prediction and forecasting, protein synthesis, drug discovery, mechanical simulation, nuclear analysis, defense mechanism and so on. From grid computing evolved the cloud computing. In grid computing the resources distributed across are consolidated and offered as service to users. For example, if there are n number of servers in a grid environment, every user in cloud will enjoy the computational or storage power of consolidated n servers whereas in a cloud environment, the servers/storage/network resources are virtualized and offered to users as services. Optimal utilization of resources – Since the cloud services are offered on virtualization mode, this ensures optimal utilization of resources such that the computational and storage capacity of servers is not underutilized thereby providing more return on investment. Characteristics As the cloud has evolved with Virtualization as the backbone, the characteristics that a cloud environment should bear are as follows, Availability, reliability and scalability – The cloud environment ensures high availability of services and the services are scalable without disturbing the existing services. Rapid elasticity – This is the capability of the cloud services to automatically expand the base capacity as the load to the service increases and automatically shrinks as the load decreases. The elastic bands expand as the pressure or load increases and contrast as the pressure or load decreases. This feature is brought into cloud services. This ensures optimal utilization of the resources. Services As discussed earlier, cloud offers the services with various features and functionalities. The basic services offered by cloud are On demand dynamic provisioning –The configuration and capacity of service required by the consumer is provisioned dynamically on the fly as and when needed. The services and its capacity are not preconfigured. As and when a request is received from the consumers, the cloud environment automatically provisions the request as service. 1) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) – the base infrastructure required for computational and storage operations is offered as a service. This includes the computational, storage and network resources. The service is offered as virtual machine. The virtual machine configuration is specified in terms of Memory 16 October'14 - December’14 (RAM) capacity, No. of cores & processor, Storage and network parameters such as IP address – static or dynamic and so on along with the operating system. The Mentioned configuration is provisioned as virtual machine and offered to users. Users with the help of IP address, username and password access the infrastructure through remote connectivity. particular organization. The departments and its members within an organization can only avail the cloud services. 3) Hybrid cloud – This cloud is a combination of public and private cloud. When the private cloud resources are exhausted, the services are fetched from public cloud by the cloud administrator and offered service to the users. 2) Platform as a service (PaaS) – Platform as a service is categorized into two types such as Application development platform and application deployment platform. 4) Community cloud – This cloud is established by the community for the use of certain community. For example a Banking community cloud is established for use by the banking sector. The application development platform delivers the tools required for developing the application as a service such as application server, web server, database server, scripting tools and so on. Instead of procuring all the software tools required for developing the application, the hardware required, license for the same and maintaining it, all the required are offered as service which can be accessed through remote connectivity and the charges are calculated based on the usage. Apart from the mentioned basic cloud types, there are other types of cloud emerging out due to adoption of cloud in all domains. Such cloud types include adhoc cloud, mobile cloud, scientific cloud and so on. Roles in Cloud There are three major roles in cloud such as The application deployment platform delivers the software tools and hardware environment required for deploying the application. This includes the web server, application server, database server, scripting tools over infrastructure service. 1) Cloud service provider – The cloud service provider establishes the cloud environment, maintains, manages and operates the cloud environment. Under cloud service providers category, there are certain category of administrators such as cloud security manager, Cloud network administrators, Support executives and so on. 3) Software as a service (SaaS) – Software as service delivers highly customizable application as a service. The user can customize the application available based on his need and can access the same as cloud service. This eliminates the need for users to procure or develop application, maintain and manage the application. 2) Cloud service developers – The service developers develops the services and deploys it in cloud and offers to the cloud service consumers. For example the application is developed by the developers and deployed in cloud and offered as software service. 3) Cloud service consumers – Consumers are the users who utilize the cloud services. Apart from the basic services mentioned, recent improvements in cloud offers advanced cloud services such as security as a service, database as a service, data as a service and so on. Types of Cloud Apart from the mentioned cloud roles, there are other roles such as cloud broker who acts as a broker between the users and service providers and also with the service developers. There are about four basic types of cloud as follows, Concern of roles 1) Public cloud – Public cloud offers services to general public. Anyone who is in need of cloud service can register with the cloud service provider and can avail the services. The cloud services are monitored, metered and charged to the users accordingly. The concern of Cloud service consumer is the availability of services, quality of service he is availing, cost of the services. The concern of Cloud service developer is the availability of services, quality of service he is availing, cost of the service, partially the architecture of the cloud. 2) Private Cloud – Private cloud is established for a 17 October'14 - December’14 Whereas the concern of the cloud service provider is much more in establishing the cloud, scaling up the resources, availability of services, monitoring, securing the cloud environment and services, managing the resources and services, maintenance of cloud environment and so on. Architecture of Cloud The architecture of cloud is classified with 6 layers. At the lowermost layer lies the hardware including servers offering the computational power, storage and network. Above the layer lies the virtualization layer. The virtualization software called hypervisor or virtual machine manager virtualizes the underlying resources and offers them as service. The components virtualized are i) Computational resources virtualization ii) Storage resources virtualization in the cloud functionality of elasticity, automated functioning, dynamic provisioning and so on to the environment. The security layer secures the entire cloud resources and services from the network , hardware to the virtualization, middleware, virtual machines, application, database, data and so on. iii) Network resources virtualization iv) Software resources virtualization The management layer is responsible for management and maintenance of entire cloud resources and services. The activities include monitoring, metering, billing, service level agreement management, backup, disaster recovery, ensuring availability, user profile management, Quality of service maintenance, support services and so on. Computational resources virtualization virtualizes memory, processor. Storage resource virtualization virtualizes the storage. Network resources virtualization virtualizes the network resources and software resources virtualization virtualizes the software and application. The software application includes a specific property called “ multi-tenancy”. Issues Above the virtualization layer is the middleware layer which controls the virtualization layer. This layer brings Although cloud establishments are stable and widely adopted by all the domains due to its benefits offered to the users, still there are lot of issues yet to be addressed in cloud which includes security, legal, policies, standards and so on. LAYERED ARCHITECTURE Even before the cloud services are standardized at all levels, there are other modified forms of cloud technology coming up and widely accepted by the domains. The industry is moving up at such as faster pace. To withstand in the cyber market, its mandatory that every industry and every domains should constantly update with the emerging technology. The article is authored by Kailash S, Senior Engineer, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Chennai - A scientific society under Ministry of 18 October'14 - December’14 Communication and Information technology, Government of India. country. As a product of NRCFOSS, CDAC has developed and released a Linux based operating system called Bharat Operating system solutions (BOSS) – Indian version of OS customized for Indian environment which comes in 3 flavors – Desktop, Server and Educational OS. Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) is the premier R&D organization of the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY), Ministry of Communications & Information Technology (MCIT) for carrying out R&D in IT, Electronics and associated areas. With about 10 centres across the country, Chennai centre is the premier and coordinating centre for National Resource Centre for Free and Open Source software. Being a pioneer in cloud computing, CDAC Chennai has released a free and open source cloud computing suite called – Meghdoot, with which the cloud service providers can establish cloud environment on top of their hardware. This indigenous suite is one stop solution to establish cloud environment comprising free and open source tools across all layers of standard cloud. NRCFOSS aims to develop, proliferate and promote usage of free and open source software across the About The Author Sh. Kailash is working as Senior Engineer in Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Chennai with over 8 years of experience in Grid and Cloud computing, involved in design and development of open source cloud computing suite named Meghdoot. He is involved in various cloud consultation and implementation assignments for Government agencies and offerred corporate trainings to Govt., SMEs, Corporate, workshop in academic institutions. Graduated with M.S and currently pursuing Ph.D in Cloud computing. Editorial Guidelines for BES Review 1. Article should not exceed 3000 words. For book/website/ Conference Reviews, the word limit is 1000. Longer Articles may be considered in exceptional cases. 2. Articles/reviews can be sent by e-mail at [email protected] or by post to The Editor, BES Review, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912 Surya Kiran Building, 19 K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001, India. 3. Relevant figures/ tables/ photographs should be sent in hard copies preferably in 5’X7’ size, soft copies in 300dpi or with better resolution. 4. Passport size photograph and brief bio-data of the author(s) must be enclosed with the article. 5. For book reviews please mention the title, name of the author(s), publisher(s), year of publication, price, number of pages and a photograph of the cover. 6. In case of conference/ workshop/ seminar reviews, please mention the theme, venue, date and name of the organizer. Please send photographs of conference/ workshop/seminar. The conference held in past 3 months of the forthcoming issue will be preferred. 7. The editor reserves the right to reject, edit and adjust articles in order to conform to the format of the Review. 19 October'14 - December’14 Energy Audit Manisha Shete Introduction: Electrical energy is the most expensive and the most important form of purchased energy. Hence must be efficiently used. Efforts to save electricity result in significant savings. In developing countries like India, where electrical energy resources are scarce and production of electricity is very costly, energy conservation studies are of great importance. An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used and to identify methods for energy savings. If we can reduce the energy usage or improve the energy efficiency in electrical installations, energy can be conserved and some of the resulting environmental problems, such as greenhouse effect and ozone depletion, can be alleviated. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation, throughout the organization and: • To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality • To minimise environmental effects. In this article practical solutions given during energy audit conducted by MITCON at DDK Pune are shared. consideration of effects of external factors (e.g., changes in weather and other conditions). With the computer simulation audit, a baseline related to a facility's actual energy use is established, against which effects of system improvements are compared. This audit often is used for assessing energy performance of new buildings. Walk-through Audit This is the least expensive. It involves an examination of the building or facility, including a visual inspection of each of the associated systems. The walk-through audit provides an initial estimate of potential savings and prepare list of inexpensive savings options, usually involving incremental improvements in operation and maintenance. Information from this level of audit also serves as a basis for determining if a more comprehensive audit is needed. Steps in Energy Audit Energy audit is conducted in following simple steps. a. The audit firm first collects data from the energy bills consumed for a duration of roughly one year to study the consumption pattern. Standard Audit This involves a more comprehensive and highly detailed evaluation of facilities, equipment, operational systems. Conditions are assessed thoroughly and onsite measurements and testing are conducted to arrive at a careful assessment of energy use, including losses. Technical changes in the existing setup are provided, also long term and short term solutions with its payback time are suggested. In short, the standard audit will include a complete analysis of energy consumption pattern, economic analysis and payback time of the proposed technical improvements. b. Share of electrical energy by different loads is studied and represented in pie chart form. c. Study of power quality is done by tabulating current and voltage harmonics at mains transformer for fixed time period. d. Detailed study of AHU units is carried out and power consumed by each split ACs is measured. e. Detail study of lighting load, fan load in each and every room is carried out. Light level in each room is measured. Computer Simulation The computer simulation approach is the most expensive and often is recommended for more complicated systems, structures or facilities. This involves using computer simulation software for prediction purposes (i.e., performance of buildings) and f. 20 October'14 - December’14 Recommendations for energy conservation are given along with short term and long term solutions for implementation is given along with payback time. g. Implementation assistance by the audit team if required. reactive elements. Power factor is ratio of real power in watts or kilowatts by apparent power in KVA or VA. The vector sum of the active power and reactive power make up the total (or apparent) power used. Power factor measures how efficiently the current is being converted into real power. A power factor of 1 is the most efficient Analysis of Energy Audit Energy audit becomes a futile exercise if proper analysis of the report and implementation is not done. Energy audit points losses and inefficiency of the system existing along with short term and long term solutions. DDK Pune has two setups, a studio at Kothrud and HPT at Singhad, so is a HT consumer. First step of energy saving is proper analysis of electricity bill and thorough understanding of how billing is done. Following points are to be monitored to avoid overpaying. 1. Keep contract demand optimum depending on consumption. 2. Monitor Maximum Demand. Fig 1 The “Power Triangle” 3. Maintain power factor close to unity. loading of supply 4. Keep check on voltage and current harmonics in power supply. Apparent power is generated by the State Electricity Boards for the user to perform a given amount of work measured in kVA (Kilo Volts-Amperes).Power factor controllers maintain power factor close to 1 by switching capacitor bank to counter inductive loads, considerable saving in electricity is done. APFC (automatic power factor correctors) maintain power factor close to 1 in all load conditions, by switching different set of capacitor banks as per load. Incentive is obtained in electricity bills if power factor is maintained to 1. Contract demand should always be kept slightly more than average consumption throughout the year.HT consumer is billed not only for the units consumed throughout the month but also for (MD) or maximum demand charges. This charge is usually based on the highest amount of power used during some period (say 30 minutes) during the metering month. The maximum demand charge often represents a large proportion of the total bill and may be based on only one isolated 30 minute episode of high power use. Considerable savings can be achieved by monitoring power use and turning off or reducing non-essential loads during such periods of high power use. Next measurement is quality of power supply which is determined by measuring Harmonics. They are measured at secondary of mains transformer. The presence of harmonics in a network would result in. Maximum Demand Controller is a device designed to meet load management. Alarm is sounded when demand approaches a preset value. If corrective action is not taken, the controller switches off non-essential loads in a logical sequence. Using M.D controllers can amount to large savings in electricity bills. a. Current overload on the capacitor and increase in temperature which reduces the life of capacitors. . c. Increased resistance of conductors thereby increased losses and thermal failure d. Additional losses in transformers and in rotating electrical machines Next is power factor correction. In all electrical distribution systems, the major loads are resistive and inductive. Resistive loads are incandescent lighting and resistance heating. Inductive loads are transformers and motors. Practical loads are combination of resistive and e. Measurement errors in the counters and untimely triggering of safety relays. f. Disturbance and faults in electronic equipment and computers. 21 October'14 - December’14 For HT consumer harmonics (current and voltage) should be within limits specified by standard IEEE 5191992. Formula used for calculation of Total Harmonic Distortion for current. Same formula is used to calculate Total Harmonic Distortion in voltage with voltage replacing current in the above formula. Fig 3: Power consumption pattern at transmitter. Tuned harmonic filters consisting of capacitor and reactance in series are designed to provide low impedance path to the harmonics and keep harmonics in the system in check. As is evident,from the above pie charts. In studio and transmitter most of the power is consumed by AC plants. Choosing split conditioner of proper ratings is very important. Mains Transformer Long term solution for savings with split ACs: Replace old ACs with star rating ACs. The greater the star ratings of AC more is its efficiency and electricity savings. Voltage regulation and rating of mains transformer play important role. Also percentage loading of transformer is important as it determines its losses. Ideally to have minimum losses it should be loaded around 50%. Large voltage variation from transformer causes large electrical consumption, increases Maximum Demand and reduces power factor. Short term solution: Installation of energy saver kits for individual split ACs which can reduce power consumption from 50 to 70%. These energy saver kits are available in price range of 8000-10000 per AC. Following tips can be used for efficient split AC working: After ensuring that incoming electricity is clean, harmonics are within specified limits and power factor and MD is maintained the bill amount is optimized. Next step is to measure consumption pattern of electricity by different loads present in the system. 1. AC operates most efficiently when intake and discharge airflows are free from nearby obstacles. Consider using an interior ceiling fan in conjunction with AC to spread the cooled air more effectively within the room. Using fan allows to set the thermostat temperature higher and thus reduces the energy consumption. Load distribution Pattern 2. Clean the air-conditioner filter regularly. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may damage the unit. Clean filters enable the unit to cool. 3. Clean outdoor coils when they become dusty. Efficiency of AC degrades in dusty conditions, and especially when layers of dirt and mud are evident. Lighting load It is recommended to use LED light fittings wherever possible and to adopt good practice of switching off lights in area where it is not necessary. In areas where it is not possible occupancy sensors can be used which Fig 2: Power consumption pattern at studio 22 October'14 - December’14 For AC plants automatically switch off the lights when there are no human movements. Also using instead of 75 watts fans 50 watt fans can also help in reducing energy consumption. In HPTs there is a tendency to use heater coils for heating water and cooking that practice should be stopped altogether instead induction heaters should be used. There is considerable lighting load during day time. It is proposed by the energy audit team to install solar photovoltaic system for generation of electricity during the day. The electricity generated can be fed to the local grid and utilized for the day loads in the office. It is proposed to install about 15 kWp solar PV system at our Kothrud studio with payback time of 6-7 yrs. 6. Tune up the HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Airconditioning) control system. Consider installing a building automation system (BAS) or energy management system (EMS) or restoring an out-of-service one. 7. Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce blower / fan / pump power. Use of VFDs(Variable Frequency Drives) for motors increases efficiency of AC plants. 8. Check HVAC filters on a schedule (at least monthly) and clean / change if appropriate. 9. Check pneumatic controls air compressors for proper operation, cycling, and maintenance. Inspect, clean, lubricate and adjust damper blades and linkages. In addition to guide lines discussed in the above paragraphs Here are few practical guidelines or tips for energy conservation in AIR or DDK setup: For D G sets For Distribution System 1. Stagger start-up times for equipment with starting currents to minimize load peaking. 2. Set transformer taps to optimum settings. Disconnect primary power to transformers that do not serve any active loads. 10. Optimize loading. Clean air filters regularly. Insulate exhaust pipes to reduce DG set room temperatures. large Conclusion In short energy audit plays important role in pointing out power wastages and makes us more aware to reduce them. Most of the guidelines given in the article are of practical nature and can be implemented without much expenditure involved. Motors and Fans 3. Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation. 4. Eliminate leaks in duct, minimise bends in ductwork. References: For Blowers 5. Minimize blower inlet and outlet and clean filters regularly. 1. Energy Audit report submitted by MITCON Consultancy & Engineering Services Ltd. 2. www. Bureau of Energy Efficiency. obstructions. About The Author Smt. Manisha Shete, is a 1998 batch IB(E)S officer, presently working as Deputy Director(Engg) at DDK, Pune. She has Bachelor Degree in Electronics and Telecommunication from Pune University. She entered this service in 2000 at DDK, Mumbai. She had handled VTR maintenance, transmitter, earth station and installation of server based playback station at DDK, Mumbai. As sponsored candidate of Doordarshan, completed M.Tech.(RF and Photonics) from IIT, Kanpur in 2012. Published research paper in IEEE sensor journal in 2013 and also a research paper in PIERS (Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium) conference in Stockholm 2013. She is interested in Microwave Integrated Circuits, fiber optics and modern trends in communication. 23 October'14 - December’14 Single Frequency Network by Rohde & Schwarz Due to the limitation of available spectrum and demanding bandwidth world over, Analog and TV transmission is switching to Digital transmission and India is no behind. In India for the terrestrial transmission network, the opted standards are DRM/ DRM Plus and DVB-T2 standards for Digital Radio and Digital TV Transmission respectively. • • • Nirav Bhatia Spectrum efficient Network gain because of simultaneous reception of multiple useful signals No need to retune while travelling Analog AM and FM radio broadcast networks as well as digital broadcast networks can operate in this manner. SFNs are not generally compatible with analog television transmission; however, since the SFN results in ghosting due to echoes of the same signal, it is not preferred. In India, for terrestrial TV transmission, DVB-T2 transmitters for HDTV and SDTV services have been put in operation in few major cities including four metro cities i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Also few AM transmitters have been upgraded to DRM standard and also there is planning to upgrade FM transmitters to DRM+ standard. A simplified form of SFN can be achieved by a low power co-channel repeater, booster or broadcast translator, which is utilized as gap filler transmitter. The aim of SFNs is efficient utilization of the radio spectrum, allowing a higher number of radio and TV programs in comparison to traditional multi-frequency network (MFN) transmission. An SFN may also increase the coverage area and decrease the outage probability in comparison to an MFN, since the total received signal strength may increase to positions midway between the transmitters. Unlike analog transmission, one main transmitter is not enough to cover the entire area in digital network. Hence, in order to achieve optimized terrestrial transmission coverage in a given area, the repeater transmitters or gap fillers are used for the proper coverage of signal. With multiple transmitters running in one area, these should be either operating in Multi Frequency Network (MFN) or Single Frequency Network (SFN). SFN for DVB-T/ DVB-T2 Networks: In DVB-T network, a SFN allows for re-transmitters, gap-filler transmitters (essentially a low-power synchronous transmitter) and use of SFN between main transmitter towers. The DVB-T SFN uses the fact that the guard interval of the COFDM signal allows for various length of path echoes to occur is not different from that of multiple transmitters transmitting the same signal onto the same frequency. The criticality is that it needs to occur about in the same time and at the same frequency. The versatility of time-transfer systems such as GPS receivers (here assumed to provide PPS and 10 MHz signals) as well as other similar systems allows for phase and frequency coordination among the transmitters. The guard interval allows for a timing budget of which several microseconds may be allocated to time errors of the time-transfer system used. A GPS receiver worstcase scenario is able to provide +/- 1 µs time, well within Top: Multi Frequency Network (MFN), Bottom: Single Frequency Network (SFN) Why SFN A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel. The main advantages of SFN over MFN are as follows: 24 October'14 - December’14 the system needs of DVB-T SFN in typical configuration. transmits pair of data cells S0, S1 and Tx2 transmits -S1*, S0*, where S1*and SO* are complex conjugates of S1 and S0 .MISO removes the RF spectrum ripples and notches that occur in a standard (SISO-single input single output) SFN channel. This degrades the system's signal quality (Modulation Error Ratio, MER) and do not occur in a MISO SFN because the two transmitted signals are no longer identical, so destructive signal (for individual carriers) combination between transmitters is avoided Naturally, it should be possible to implement SFN also in DVB-T2, the main reason being the economic use of frequencies. Frequencies are expensive and are becoming ever more scaring. Being able to reuse the same frequency is, therefore, important. SFNs allow this at several adjacent transmitter sites in isolated, single frequency networks. DVB-T2 additionally allows larger interference-free single frequency networks to be formed. Size of SFN SFNs must meet the following conditions: • • • SFNs require careful planning and if they are made too large in size the transmitters in the SFN will start to interfere with each other, this is called SFN selfinterference. It should be pointed out that a guard interval of 224 µs would allow for SFNs with a diameter of up to about perhaps 100 - 150 km, depending on network topology and the terrain. Creation of really large SFNs with diameters of 150 - 400 km may not be possible using the DVB-T system, due to SFN selfinterference. If however DVB-T2 is used, additional guard interval options are available. It will be possible to make SFNs covering larger areas with smaller loss of capacity due to the use of the 32k or 16k modes. For example the DVB-T2 mode 32k 256-QAM R= 3/5 with guard interval fraction 1/8 with a guard interval of 448 µs, or a guard interval fraction of 19/128 with a guard interval of 532 µs. Using one of these DVB-T2 SFN options will reduce the loss of capacity from 20% (DVB-T) to about 15% (DVB-T2- for GI fraction 19/128) or about 12% (DVB-T2- for GI fraction 1/8). The drawback of using the 32k mode is the lack of mobile reception. Frequency Synchronism Time Synchronism Data Synchronism Guard interval condition, i.e. maximum transmitter spacing must not be exceeded (table below) Mode Symbol g=1/128 Duration t (ms) (ms) d (KM) g=1/32 t (ms) d (KM) g=1/16 t (ms) d (KM) g=19/256 t (ms) d (KM) g=1/8 t (ms) d (KM) g=19/128 t (ms) d (KM) g=1/4 t (ms) d (KM) 32K 3.384 0.028 8.4 0.112 33.6 0.224 67.2 0.226 79.7 0.448 134.3 0.532 159.5 16K 10792 0.014 4.2 0.056 16.8 0.112 33.6 0.133 39.9 0.224 67.2 0.226 79.75 0.448 134.3 8K 0.896 0.007 2.1 0.028 8.4 0.061 16.8 0.076 19.8 0.112 33.6 0.133 39.89 0.224 67.2 4K 0.448 0.014 4.2 0.031 8.4 0.056 16.8 0.112 33.6 2K 0.224 0.07 2.1 0.016 0.028 8.4 0.056 16.8 1K 0.112 0.014 4.2 0.028 8.4 Frequency synchronism is achieved by frequency standards at the transmitter site, generally a professional GPS receiver providing a 10-MHz reference. Time and data synchronism is achieved by time stamps in the baseband feed signal. This is the T2-MI signal in DVBT2. The DVB-T2 modulator synchronizes its frame structure to these time stamps. The guard interval condition is met by suitable network planning with planning software. The new factor in DVB-T2 is possibility of distributed MISO. There are transmitter sites which radiate either MISO Mode 1 or 2. The advantage of this method is that destructive fading no longer occurs between two adjacent transmitter sites. However the appropriate choice and simulation of the MISO modes is also a new challenge for the network planning. Typical example of DVB-T/ T2 Network Optimization SFN in Italy In Italy, the public service multiplex with regional contents (RAI Multiplex 1) is usually deployed by using two VHF frequencies (channels 5 and 9) in an MFN configuration and another UHF frequency for each region in an SFN configuration, taking into account international coordination. As an example, the region of Puglia, in southern Italy, is considered. It covers a very large area, which mainly consists of flat land and includes some HTHP transmitters: for this reason it represents a relevant case study as for SFN planning. In 'MISO' i.e. 'Multiple Input Single Output', two transmitters Tx1 and Tx2 provide multiple inputs to a receiver which gives out single output while Tx1 In Puglia, channel 32 (562 MHz) is used to develop a 25 October'14 - December’14 SFN in Southern Bavaria regional SFN, which includes 27 transmitters distributed throughout the area. Since Multiplex 1 is the public service multiplex, at least 99% of population has to be covered with good quality. The DVB-T Single frequency networks (SFNs) used as the example are networks in the South of Germany, in Germany's largest federal state which has a geography of high and low mountains and includes the gentle foothills. This topography was of the greatest significance in the planning of the networks. The southern Bavaria DVB-T network consists of the two transmitters Olympic Tower Munich and Mt. Wendelstein. The Olympic Power is a typical telecommunication tower to the north-west of Munich with a height of 292 m at about 450m above sea level. At the upper end of the Tower there are transmitting antennas for FM radio, DAB and now for DVB also. The Mt. Wendelstein transmitter is located at about 1750m above sea level on the mountain of the same name which has a total height of 1850m. These two towers form the SFN Southern Bavaria which has taken into operation in the night of 30th May 2005. At the same time this was the end of Analog terrestrial TV transmission in Southern Bavaria. These transmitters broadcast 6 DVB-T channels completely synchronize on the same frequency as DVB-T SFN. The data rates are about 13Mbps each and each carries about 4 TV programs per data stream. Altogether, the viewer is thus provided with 22 programs over terrestrial digital antenna TV. These TV programs which are both public service programs and private programs form a viable alternative to the satellite and cable media. The transmitting frequencies are now only located in UHF band. The choice of the sites depends on: • • • • • • Coverage requirements (specified in terms of location probability) Service area of transmitters (verified theoretically and in the field) Priority use of channels 5 and 9 on other sites Availability / supply of transmitting antenna in UHF band Availability of user receiving antenna in UHF band International coordination After site selection, the main technical parameters that are used to optimize the SFN are the following: • • Static delay of each SFN transmitter Antenna diagram / power of transmitters 42 TR 029 DVB-T2 SFNs & Spectrum Efficiency Location probability Inhabitants Percentage on a regional basis 95% 3,646,682 89.98% 90% 3,742,624 92.35% 70% 3,974,559 98.08% About The Author Sh. Nirav Bhatia, is presently working in India for Rohde & Schwarz India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. 26 October'14 - December’14 Interactive Broadcasting Technology and its Impact A Case Study At Local Radio Station V. Rajeshwar Interactive broadcasting technology is being adopted at local radio station by means of landline telephones, WLL (Wireless loop) phone, mobile phones and Internet. This is in addition to traditional OB based and interactivity with letters from the audience. Interactive technology is useful to have universal access of radio broadcasting to all citizens irrespective of their social class, religion, gender and literacy levels of audiences. Interactive technology also promotes active participation of audiences in creation of media content along with radio jockeys, artists and subject experts. Interactivity in radio broadcasting technology is achieved through, live phone – in, SMS (Short Message Service) based requirements from the audiences. Interactive broadcasting technology is a means to have richest radio experience by removing the physical, semantic and psychological barriers of communication. This paper studies the impact of interactive broadcast technology at three levels viz. providing information, education and entertainment to the audiences at the local radio station. Introduction: Public service broadcasting in India is vertically divided its services into three categories viz. national, regional and local level depending upon the geographical coverage areas and media content. Local FM radio stations are very popular in India as they broadcast in the local speaking style. The local development matters, local artists and farmers, local subject experts and radio jockeys, friends, relatives and known people's voices are broadcast which the listeners are acquainted with. Local radio stations have the capacity to reach to the grass roots audiences in rural and tribal villages. Therefore, audiences are very quickly identifying themselves with the local radio station. In traditional radio broadcasting, the audiences are passive recipients of FM signals and they have no opportunity to broadcast their voice. As a public service broadcaster, its main aim is promote universal access of broadcasting services by introducing new technology in an efficient and cost effective way for the benefit of audiences. Renowned, electronic media scientist Marshall Mc Luhan predicted that, the interactive type media technologies make the spatial and temporal distance to collapse between artist, subject expert and the listeners. Thus he famously said “Medium is the message”. Interactive broadcasting technology makes the free flow of information faster, less hierarchical, more democratic with the development of attitude of ''sense of participation” to the listener. The attitudinal development of “sense of participation” is very significant in the audiences who are illiterates, economically poor and other social exclusion groups in the society such as lower castes and women in public spheres. The interactive broadcasting technologies encourage active participation of audience to complete the broadcast messages to have greater impact. Objectives of the study: All India Radio with its vast reach especially with the local radio stations spread across the country are the primary source of information and entertainment in rural and tribal areas. Interactive broadcasting technologies have greater impact on audience at local level particularly with radio receivers and mobile phones with FM reception facility. To study the impact of interactive broadcasting technologies the following are the objectives: 1) To examine the role of interactive broadcast technologies in promotion of public service 27 61 October'14 - December’14 Interactive Broadcasting Technology setup at AIR (FM) Nizamabad: broadcaster's urge to have universal access of radio broadcasting on multiple range of programmes to all citizens irrespective of their literacy level, social, economic back grounds and geographical locations in the country. Technological advancements brought profound changes in traditional transmission studios. After computer based recording system introduced in sound studios the separate forms of recording, editing, storage, transmission and reproduction of audio information have fused into one Audio work stations called hard disk based recording (HDBR). Today, broadcasting, computing and telecommunication have converged. These technological integrations are making the local radio stations and rural villages to fall within the definition of information society. The interactive broadcasting technologies adopted by local radio station is to provide the richest radio experience by accessing over the telephone, internet and SMS, letters, outside broadcast in face to face interviews etc. This allows delivering full range of services viz. providing information, education and entertainment with active participation of listeners. 2) To assess the active participation of radio listeners due to interactive broadcasting technologies in creation of media content. 3) To examine the benefits the radio listeners are getting with the use of interactive broadcasting technologies. Materials and Methods: To find the answers to the above objectives, the study is divided into two parts, viz. 1) To study the technical facilities at All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad studios and Transmitter in general and Interactive broadcasting technologies in particular, 2) To interview the selected listeners who are actively participating in interactive broadcasting. The transmission studio with interactive broadcasting technology consists: 1) 1-Audio mixing console, 2) 2mike channels, one each for radio jockey and subject expert, 3) 2- HDBR Systems for daily broadcast, 4) 2CD players for commercial spots, 5) 1-Computer for SMS based service and 6) 1- Phone-in console for telephones. These are connected to audio mixing console for interactive broadcasting. The schematic of interactive broadcasting technology transmission studio is shown below in figure a): A structured questionnaire was prepared incorporating independent variables such as name, age of the respondents, village they belong, occupation, literacy level etc. The dependent variables are pertaining to the purpose of active participation in interactive broadcasting and the benefit they derived from it. Location of the study: The location of the study is at All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad which was commissioned on 9 September 1990 as a local radio station in Telangana state (India) at operating frequency of 103.2 MHz. It is located at 0 0 latitude of 18 39' 30.63” N and longitude of 78 5' 32.40” E at the mean sea level of 392.27 meters. The district is spread around 7,956 Sq Kms of geographical area with 922 villages. Total population of the district as per 2011 census is 25.52 lakh souls. Out of which 12.52 lakhs are males and 13.0 lakhs are females and the sex ratio is 1000: 1038. Population density is 321 / Sq. Km. Literacy rate in the district is 62.25 per cent, out of which male literacy rate is 72.66 per cent and female literacy rate is 52.33 per cent. Nizamabad is one of the agriculturally richest districts in Telangana state. a) HDBR System and LAN Network: The HDBR systems convert analog audio input into digital with uncompressed PCM with sampling rate of 48 KHz and 32 bit resolution for processing and later on the digital audio is reconverted back into analog audio for transmission. The input to the HDBR system is through audio console and output of HDBR system is fed to audio console as input. The studio software such as audio science, wave lab, sound forge, creative sound, cooledit, winamp etc., are provided for automatic ingest of audio signals for recording, editing, file management and replaying etc. HBDR systems changed the transmission studios functioning such as studio automation and live interactive broadcasting. The interactive broadcasting studio and transmitter facilities available at AIR (FM) Nizamabad as follows. At AIR (FM) Nizamabad the HDBR systems are networked in Local area network with 8 - port Ethernet 28 October'14 - December’14 M/s Rohde & Schwarz; Company in collaboration with M/s BEL, Bangalore has been functioning since 1990 at AIR (FM) Nizamabad. The transmitters are used for both non interactive and interactive broadcasting.The output of the interactive broadcasting transmission studio is fed into the control room switching console (ER&DC Stereo XS12A) and the output of it is fed to the limiter cum pre-emphasis unit. The limiter (EMT 266 x) unit is capable of performing limiting function from -30 dB to 0 dB of incoming audio signal from the interactive transmission studio. The pre-emphasis function performed by the unit ranges from 1 KHz to 15 KHz from 0 dB to 15 dB respectively. The maximum frequency deviation after pre-emphasis for monophonic FM transmitter has been made for +/- 75 KHz with the pre-emphasis time constant of 50 micro seconds. The FM modulation has high immunity to atmospheric, manmade and other unwanted noise and the sound quality is very superior for listening. a) Interactive Broadcast Technology Transmission Studio Wireless FM Radio Head Phone Radio Jockey Subject expert Radio Jockey Microphone Audio monitor Subject expert Micro phone File Transfer LAN File Transfer LAN Audio mixing console HDBR1 HDBR2 CD player1 (ER & DC Stero Transmission Console) To Control Room CD player2 SMS Based WLL1 WLL1 Internet Systems (TS 12A) Phone-in console Mix- minus feed switch and window NT 2003 software. The Ethernet switch is connected with seven ports in the LAN network. They are: 1) 2- HDBRS in Multi- Purpose studio, 2) 2- HDBRS in Transmission studio, 3) 1HDBRS in CD library, 4) 1- HDBRS for dubbing and 5) 1- HDBRS in control room for monitoring. All the seven HDBRS are connected in local area network in group configuration. Therefore, any HDBRS terminal can be accessed from any other terminal in the LAN network. Songs, commercial spots and other variety of audio segments used in a broadcast can be stored in transmission studio HDBR system for play back purpose. b) Phone – in Console: The two WLL telephones which are used for live interactive broadcasting are connected with audio mixing console through the interface called “phone- in console”. It converts audio coming from the telephone into a line level signal that can be fed into the audio mixing console. Similarly, it also converts the line level signal coming out from audio mixing console into an audio signal that can be fed over to the telephone line back to the caller. The mix minus feed of the program sent back to telephone caller from the audio mixing console which contains complete interactive programme except the caller's own audio, to avoid feedback. The phone in console allows the caller to be heard live on air and the radio Jockey with FM reception head phone to hear the caller without having to pick-up the telephone hand set. It also ensures that the caller voice is of telephone quality and the radio jockey and subjective expert equality remains of broadcast quality. There are two exciters (SU 115), out of which one is in circuit and other is in standby mode. The exciter converts the base band audio signal into a frequency modulated radio signal at the station carrier frequency of 103.2 MHz. The output of the exciter is 10 W and which is to be made into 6 KW with the help of power amplifiers before feed it into antenna for wide coverage. The modulated input signal from exciter is amplified in power amplifiers (VU 315) to the level of 1.5 KW with the use of BJT/ FET/MOSFET (TP 9383 & TP 9380) high power transistors. The power amplifiers are designed in three stages viz. 1x30 W, followed by 2x120 W and 4 x 400 W stages and are finally combined to get the 1.5 KW. This power is achieved with parallel combination of power stages. The power couplers are used to parallel the power amplifiers to combine 2x1.5 KW power outputs to get 3 KW. Similarly the 2x 3 KW The 2 x 3 KW BEL HVB 164/FM Transmitters at AIR (FM) Nizamabad: The 2 x 3 KW FM transmitters were manufactured by 29 October'14 - December’14 transmitters outputs are combined to get 6 KW power. The figure b) above shows the building blocks of power development in stages of amplification such as 1.5 KW, 3 KW and 6 KW. The unbalance in phase and amplitude while combining, if any goes to the bridged unbalance resistors i.e., absorber or reject load. The power amplifiers are designed for broadband and the harmonic filtering is carried out. The high power amplifiers get very hot during operation and must be cooled for proper functioning and to reduce failures for which air cooling through blowers is done. For good reception, the harmonic distortion measured between 40 Hz to 15 KHz (with +/- 75 KHz deviation) should not be more than 0.5 per cent for monophonic transmitter. FM receivers. It is found from the survey that, FM signals are received with good quality within the range of 50 to 60 Km radius in Omni directional patterns. The station covers Nizamabad district fully and it covers partially the adjoining districts of Karimnagar, Adilabad and Nanded. Varieties of Interactive Broadcasting Media used at AIR (FM) Nizamabad: The AIR (FM) Nizamabad broadcasts 12.00 hours in a day. Nearly, 6.00 hours News and Vividh Bharati programmes are relayed. Remaining 6.00 Hours meant for local programme production. Out of the 6.00 hours local broadcast, 3.00 hours in house studio and 3.00 hours interactive broadcasting are carried out daily. Therefore, 25 per cent of the daily broadcast activities are of interactive broadcasting. They are as follows: FM Tower, Antenna System and Coverage Areas: The FM tower at AIR (FM) Nizamabad is of 100 meters height for covering wide area. The FM antenna used is of a Band II in VHF frequency band. The FM antenna consists of six bay dipole antennas which are stacked vertically on the tower with 2.6 meter space between each element. The six element antenna is mounted on FM tower at 82 meters. The maximum aperture length of the array is 17.4 meters above the mounting base of the antenna. The 2 x 3 KW power transmitters output signals are carried with coaxial feeder cable from transmitter to antenna. The antenna is fed through power divider which divides total power into six outlets for feeding to the each dipole. With this type of array antenna an Omni directional horizontal radiation pattern developed with circular polarization. The circular polarization has advantage of having good reception in fixed and mobile receivers. I) Mobile phone and Internet for SMS based interactive Film Music : SMS based Telugu film music entertainment broadcast namely “Indradanasu” interactive broadcast uses mobile phones and internet technology. On an average the station receives Ten to Fifteen SMS daily from the mobile phone users for listening to their liked film songs. For this, the listeners send their SMS with a message “NZB (space) song name/ film name/ person name/ village name)” and send to 56060. The SMS are then downloaded from the internet site http://tzsms.co/air by the radio jockey for broadcasting them in the evening broadcast from 6.25 pm to 6.55 pm daily. On an average only 5 to 6 songs are broadcast. II) OB Based interactive developmental programme production: Short wave lengths of FM signals propagate in line of sight. The FM signals are less depends on ground conductivity for propagation. The FM signals coverage area mainly depends upon height of the antenna and effective radiated power from the antenna. The minimum field strength (measured at 10meters height above the ground level) required for monophonic FM transmission in the presence of domestic and industrial equipment interference for good listening with radio receiver as follows: The Mikes and recorders are carried to the fields and outdoors for important recording with subject experts and learned citizens for broadcasting. Such broadcast technology is used for making two type of programmes 1) Weekly twice for recording of Farm and Home programmes in the fields with progressive farmers, agricultural and veterinary scientists which are broadcast weekly twice from 7.15 pm to 7.45 pm, 2) Other OB recordings are also regularly carried out under flagship programmes such as radio reports on local events, local festivals, district officials, school children, educational institutes etc, for broadcast. i) For rural areas : 48 dB µv/m or 250 µv/m ii) For urban areas: 60 dB µv/m or 1 mv/m And in case of, absence of interference from the industrial and domestic appliances the minimum field strength of 34 dBµv/m is sufficient for good reception in III) 30 April'14 - September’14 October'14 - December’14 Interactive broadcast of Telugu film music participating. It is one of the most popular broadcasts of the station. The patients and their relatives seeking information are participating to know about the diseases they are suffering and modes of treatment for curing the disease. with listeners Letters: On an average the station receives 20 to 30 letters daily from the listeners who write for film songs they would like to listen on radio. The songs are broadcast from 8.30 pm to 9.00 pm daily as listeners' choice in the name of “abhiruchi” Telugu film songs. On every Sunday 9.00 am to 10.00 am same “abhiruchi” film songs are broadcast as a Holiday entertainment. In addition, every Friday from 12.05 pm to 12.30 pm listener's opinion and feedback letters are readout and the station's assuring answers are broadcast for the satisfaction of the interactive listeners. c) Entertainment Type: “Hello FM” is a Telugu film songs interactive broadcasting and scheduled twice daily from 8.30 am to 9.00 am and 12.40 pm to 1.10 pm. Of these, two days are specially catered for women listeners only on every Tuesday and Friday to encourage rural women in interactive broadcasting. On an average 5 Telugu film songs are played for entertaining to the listeners in each episode. Men, women, youth, tailors, goldsmiths, barbers, farmers and others are actively participating in it. It is also one of the most popular broadcasts of the station. IV) Live interactive Broadcasting using WLL phones and phone in console: As discussed earlier, two WLL phones have been provided by the public Telephone Company (M/s BSNL, Nizamabad) free of cost for Interactive broadcasting in Transmission studio. The following interactive broadcasts are carried out daily. They are: Of the above four types of interactive broadcast only live interactive broadcasting technology with the use of WLL phones and phone - in console is being studied. The study is carried out on a single day randomly for one episode each viz. Information, education and entertainment type broadcast. The findings of the study are as follows. a) Educational Type: “Farm & Home” broadcast is called “Kisanvani” which is sponsored by Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India for dissemination of new farming information for the purpose of learning and adopting of high yielding technologies. The Kisanvani broadcast is from 7.15 pm to 7.45 pm and six days in a week. Out of this: 1) 2 days for outdoor recordings with progressive farmers and Scientists, 2) 3 days in studio recording, 3) 1 day for Kishanvani live phone- in interactive broadcast with agricultural and its allied sciences expert are carried out. Kisanvani quiz competitions are also organized on every Thursday. The first and second winners of the quiz are being given Radios as prizes. Findings and analysis: Significantly large numbers of rural people are using mobile phones due to liberalization and competition among private mobile operators, the prices have come down and usage of mobile phones is rising. Today, the catalytic role of radio for social change process is significantly revived many folds with FM local radio broadcasting and radio reception facility in mobile phones. The audiences are now have the option to listen to his liked broadcast on radio after the introduction of interactive broadcasting technology and it is profoundly impacting rural and tribal villages never before and promoting them to participate in local radio station activity. Interactive broadcasting is being used successfully to satisfy a range of listeners needs. Such as advice for a health problem, farming needs, film music for entertainment. b) Informational Type: Sponsored Health Programme “Hello Doctor” is broadcast from 7.30 am to 8.00 am daily. This broadcast is sponsored by the local doctors in Nizamabad town. The specialist doctors participate in it includes, General Physician, Psychiatrists, Gastroenterologists, Gynecologists, Pediatricians, Nephrologists, Urologist, Dermatologists, Cardiologists, Dentists and others. Nearly, hundreds of patients try to contact doctor in the studio with phone calls, but only six to eight calls are being attended in this half an hour interactive broadcasting. Males, females, adults, old, retired, villagers and town people, literates and illiterates, people living in far off villages are Now, let us analyze estimate the impact of “Kisanvani”, “Hello Doctor” and “Hello FM” live broadcast. a) On the day of survey on impact of interactive broadcast technology on farmers the District Agricultural Officer is replying to the callers in “ Kisanvani” live educational phone in broadcast and the 35 31 October'14 April'14 --September’14 December’14 following calls replied : i) The first caller is a male of 45 years age, farmer from Thimojiwada village. He is suffering with back pain and asked the general physician in the “Hello Doctor” broadcast about treatment for his back pain. The doctor provided the relevant information for his back pain treatment in an interactive way. The patient became aware of the back pain treatment and do's and don'ts for relieving the pain. Total six callers have been attended in “Kisanvani” interactive broadcast. Similarly, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth callers enquired about Jaundice, diabetes, malaria fever, joint pains and asthma related treatment respectively to the general physician. The doctor provided relevant information for the treatment of above diseases for the benefit of the callers. 1) The first caller from Chintalur village, owns 11 acres of land and he wanted information about short duration crops for adopting. The agricultural officer gave details about 90 days red and black variety rice and method of cultivation in the Kisanvani interactive broadcasting. The knowledge gained through this interactive broadcasting made him to adopt the 90 days rice cultivation and improved the rice yield as well as gross income from the agricultural land. In this broadcast the listener is very much in receptive mood as they are saving the money of the patients from doctor fee and transportation charges to meet the doctor for obtaining proper information and guidance regarding the treatment. Interactive broadcasting technology is improving the awareness of various health issues; listeners are coming to know about good health practices and helping the patient to take informed decisions for a particular disease treatment due to interactivity. Similarly, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth callers sought information about, vegetable cultivation, drip irrigation, vermin compost, soya bean cultivation and inland fisheries respectively. For which the agricultural officer provided relevant information and guidance for the benefit of farmers for adopting. These farmers have adopted the information provided in the interactive broadcasting and improved their income using modern cultivation methods. c) On the day of survey on impact of interactive broadcast technology on listeners the radio Jockey is playing to the callers liked Telugu film songs in “Hello FM” live phone in entertainment broadcast: The hundreds of farmers' callings on the day of interactive broadcasting and the response the farmers reported is an indication of gainful impact. It is needed for the farmers to progress economically. b) On the day of survey on impact of interactive broadcast technology on listeners the general physician is replying to the callers in “Hello Doctor” live phone in informational broadcast and the following calls the doctor replied: Total five callers have been attended in “Hello FM” interactive Telugu film music. Total six callers have been attended in “Hello Doctor” interactive broadcast. 32 October'14 - December’14 i) The first caller is a female of age 20 years, a beedi rolling worker from Vellula village in Karimnagar district. She asked the radio jockey to play her favorite Telugu film song for listening. The radio jockey played the listeners liked film song. The caller informed that, she and her friends are regular listeners of local radio station broadcast, while they are rolling the beedis. It is very entertaining to them to listen to radio broadcast while working. Similarly, second, third, fourth and fifth callers are tailor, grocery shop owner, school teacher and mechanic respectively, asked the radio jockey to play for their favorite Telugu film songs. For which the radio Jockey played them. The participants in the interactive broadcasting informed that, they listen to radio broadcast for information and entertainment on regular basis. Most of the listeners revealed that, they listen to film songs to remove the fatigue and brighten up their mood while working their jobs. They listen to film songs while attending work to make it entertaining to increase production. listeners with greater emphasis on instantaneous impact. The interactive broadcast technology is having positive impact on spreading the awareness about health and agricultural related information in addition to offering entertainment to the rural and tribal people. In this way, the interactive broadcasting technology at local radio station is fulfilling the aims of public service broadcaster. Acknowledgements My most sincere gratitude goes to E-in-C, All India Radio, New Delhi for his guidance. I am also grateful to ADG (E)(SZ), Chennai for timely encouragement and support. My sincere thanks to DDG (E)(SZ), Chennai for offering advices. I would like to thank all the staff of All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad for their assistance. Conclusions: AIR (FM) Nizamabad is regularly broadcasting education, information and entertainment based broadcast in proper weightage to fulfill the aspiration of the public service broadcaster's urge. The universal access to the broadcasting services irrespective of religion, caste, gender and literacy level of the audience is achieved through local radio station and interactive broadcasting in their local dialect. The listeners are hugely responding to interactive broadcasts. Live Interactive broadcasting especially “Hello FM”, “Hello Doctor” and “Kisanvani” have the largest listeners and actively interacting with radio station at the scheduled time. The listeners are feeling part of local radio station by participating in creation of media content using interactive broadcasting technology. Interactive broadcasting technology driving the local radio station towards audience maximization with the reduction in production costs. References: 1) Chatterjee P.C, 1981. Broadcasting in India, Sage Publication, New Delhi. 2) 2000. “Administrator Manual for Hard disc based System (HDBS)”, All India Radio & Center for Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC), Noida (UP). 3) 2003.“ Reading material on FM Transmitters – Volume I & II”, Staff Training Institute (Tech), All India Radio & Doordarshan, Delhi. 4) 2003. “A Compendium of Articles on FM”, O/o the Chief Engineer (SZ), All India Radio & Doordarshan, Chennai. 5) 1998. Solid state VHF FM Transmitter 2x3 KW type HVB-164/A Technical manual – 1,2 & 3, M/s BEL, Bangalore (India). 6) Gupta V.S, 1999. Communication technology: Media policy and National development, Concept publishing company, New Delhi. 7) Mehra Masani, 1976. Broadcasting and people, National book trust, India. 8) Singh Ranjit, 1993. Communication Technology for rural development, B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi. The landless laborers, small and large farmers, businessmen, beedi rolling women, students, employee and people from all walks of life are now actively participating and listening to FM broadcasting and deriving benefits. By interactivity the unknown audiences are becoming known audience for information sharing and the industrial impersonal nature of the radio broadcast transformed into a mediated interpersonal communication with the About The Author Sh. V. Rajeshwar did his BE(ECE) in 1990 from Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering from Osmania University, Hyderabad. He also completed one year Electronic fellowship from IAT, Pune sponsored by DRDO. Before joining IBES services in 1994 as Assistant Station Engineer , he had worked in DRDO as Scientist "B" for three years. He has worked at DDK , New Delhi, DDK Nagpur, AIR(FM) Nanded, AIR Parbhani and looked after the station management. Presently, I am looking after AIR(FM) Nizamabad and Karimnagar stations. 33 October'14 - December’14 Restoration of Doordarshan in Srinagar After Flood flood water after landing at Srinagar airport. The city power supply was restored by that time at the HPT site but it was highly unstable and fluctuating. Drinking and washing water was not available at the HPT site and had to be arranged by carrying it approximately 7 km from the bottom of the hill to the HPT site. Even then, the team immediately began the restoration activities by testing the 3 high power transmitters meant for DD News, DD Kashir & DD National. The problems were identified which were attended on the 17th morning. On th 17 September, 2014 all 3 HPTs were put on air at 1500 hours. Background:th A devastating flood occurred in Srinagar on 7 September, 2014 affecting the normal lives of the people and their day to day activities. The flood water entered the Doordarshan Kendra in the morning and the recordings from studios and telecast from the earth station were forced to be suspended. The staff present inside the hostel premises made successful efforts to save the expensive broadcasting equipment such as OB Van, DSNG Van, DG Van, Studio Cameras etc. A partial telecast was resumed from the High Power TV Transmitter site i.e. from Shankracharya Hill on the same day by using OB Van, DSNG Van & DG Van. The city power supply, communication (telephone as well as mobile) and internet services were also suspended. The entire city was submerged in flood water preventing commutation by road. The staff members (around 37 in number) staying in the hostel and at the HPT site were evacuated on the 12th September, 2014 and the transmission as well as the partial telecast went off the air. The DD Kashir telecast was resumed from Delhi by shifting the carrier of Srinagar to DD News and DDK Delhi on 13th September, 2014. Sending News Feeds from HPT site:th Team visited the Kendra on 17 September, 2014 and met the staff members who were called for the meeting through an announcement on FM transmitter. All the technical staff were directed to report at the HPT site. At 1400 hours on the same day, the programme and news staff including Shri S. A. Buch, DDG (P) and Shri Shafiq Shah, Dy. Director (News) assembled at the HPT site and it was decided to start partial transmission and telecast by sending news and programme feeds to MSR Delhi by using OB and DSNG Vans. On 17th September, 2014 news feeds were sent to MSR Delhi at 1600 hours. In the evening all the technical staff members present at the HPT site were asked to assemble in the transmitter hall. The gathering was addressed by Shri W. B. Prasad. All the staff members were thanked for their positive response during such a crisis prevailing in their personal lives and for their appreciable contribution towards the restoration of the transmission and partial telecast. They were also motivated by an inspirational speech delivered by him during this opportune moment. Restoration of Transmission from HPT:On the direction from Shri N. A. Khan, E-in-C, Doordarshan an engineering team comprising of Shri Prakash Veer, DDG (E), Shri Neeraj Choudhary, AE & Shri Rajan Gupta, AE managed to reach the HPT site on Shankracharya Hill on the 13th September, 2014. They held meetings with the local staff of Doordarshan who were called on 14th September, 2014 through an announcement on FM transmitter. They also met the programme and news officers and discussed future plan of actions for restoration of the services. Sending News Feeds from hotel site:th The second engineering team comprised of Shri W. B. Prasad, DDE, Shri O. P. Rajpurohit, AE and Shri S. K. Shah, AE which reached the HPT site (on th Shankracharya Hill) on the night of 16 September, 2014 after travelling for approximately 7 hours through multiple modes i.e. by road, by boat and on foot in the On 18 September, 2014 the transmission from all the 3 transmitters were normal. The recording of VIP interviews etc. and news feeds were sent to MSR Delhi at 1400 hours. It was informed by DDG (P) that 2 rooms have been made available at the hotel 'The Lalit' for starting a make shift arrangement for recording and 34 October'14 - December’14 W. B. Prasad O. P. Rajpurohit telecast. After exploring the feasibility of movement of vehicles by road adjacent to the Dal Lake as well as that of the location at the hotel, the OB, DSNG and DG Vans th were shifted to the hotel 'The Lalit' at 1200 hours on 19 September, 2014. The transmission from all the 3 transmitters continued to be normal. The recording of VIP interviews and news was fed to MSR Delhi using the OB and DSNG Vans parked at the hotel 'The Lalit'. Cleaning of Campus and Equipment:A meeting scheduled by DDG (P)/HOO in the Kendra to discuss the steps to be taken for the cleaning of the Kendra premises was attended by Technical, th Programme and Administrative officers on 20 September, 2014. Due to urgency of shifting the partial telecast to the Kendra from the hotel site, it was decided to engage agencies to undertake the cleaning of the premises on war footing basis. Thereafter, the team held a meeting with the technical staff members to discuss the strategies and teams to be formulated for cleaning the technical areas and equipment submerged in the flood water. The old Flyaway DSNG Van which was parked on the public road near the All India Radio station, Srinagar was brought back inside the DDK campus by hiring private crane because the brake/gear of this van was not functional. With the help of technical staff, the technical areas/rooms such as Earth Station, ENG, Studio I & II, PCR I & II, AVR, DG and AC Plant were opened and checked for damages apart from listing the equipment which were saved during the flood. st Photographs were also clicked for record. On 21 September, 2014 the cleaning of the DDK campus commenced. From 21st September, 2014 to 5th October, 2014, three more teams were deputed by E-in-C under the headship of Shri D. N. Gupta, DDE, Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) and Shri K. K. Gupta, DDE respectively. After the removal of flood water logged inside the premises, the OB, DSNG and DG Vans were shifted to the DDK th campus on 24 September, 2014 under the guidance of Shri D. N. Gupta and partial telecast was resumed by nd setting up a make shift studio on the 2 floor of the RNU building. Under an able guidance of Shri J. M. Kharche, strategies for restoration of service, cleaning of equipment and other important activities were formulated and initiated. The 400 KVA HT transformer meant for hostel and 300 KVA HT transformer meant for studio were handed over to CCW Electrical staff for repairing. All major power supply cables submerged in flood water were tested and new cables were laid wherever found defective. On 6th October, 2014, Shri W. B. Prasad, DDE along with Shri O. P. Rajpurohit, AE, Shri Jaswant Singh, AE, Shri Tarun Saxena, AE and Shri V. Katiyar returned to DDK Srinagar for expediting the cleaning activities of 35 October'14 - December’14 technical equipment, initiating procurement of essential items through engineering stores and setting up of an interim earth station by using old flyaway DSNG equipment as well as a make shift studio for increasing the recording hour and telecast hour. Essential items for facilitating the cleaning of technical equipment were brought by this team from Jallandhar and Delhi which were used by the technical staff of the Kendra for cleaning the equipment. Various items such as gum boots, spray jets, cleaning agents, torches, gloves, masks, tools, gamaxine powder etc. were procured from the local market for expediting the cleaning jobs. The campus was bubbling with activities involving cleaning of equipment at several locations viz; ENG, Earth Station, Kashir playback, Studios, AC Plant, Diesel generators, AVRs, Sub-station, Stores, Furniture, NLE, EPABX, Camera and IT sections and ground floor of the hostel. tank was emptied. The electronic circuits were replaced, coils were varnished, meters and contactors were replaced before refilling the transformer oil. The AVR was put into service after successful testing. The AC Plant was thoroughly cleaned and it was decided to restore the heating plant on priority. Mud/Silts were removed, heat chamber, AHU, motors, ducts etc. were cleaned and dried. The 200 KVA diesel generator which was under AMC was taken up for restoration by the agency. The entire generator was dismantled for cleaning and drying. The excitation unit of alternator was heated for few days at a stretch before testing. Since the activities started in the Kendra, a make shift mess was operationalized from a room in the hostel for providing lodging to the technical teams and staff involved in cleaning/restoration works. With the energizing of the 400 KVA transformer, the power supply to the hostel was stabilized. The mess/dining hall was cleaned, repaired and painted before sanitizing. It was made functional in the first week of November, 2014. The existing diesel generators were out of order after being submerged in the flood and therefore a 125 KVA silent DG meant for DTT was shifted from the HPT site. This generator was put into service after laying new cables and existing busbars. The 400 KVA transformer (used for hostel) was repaired and installed by CCW th Electrical on 27 October, 2014. The interim earth station was tested under the guidance of Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) and the same was put into service from 18th October, 2014. The cleaning of equipment was carried out first by water cleaning with the help of jets and brushes, then drying by dryer and finally contained for a day in a room converted into an oven using gas bukharies for evaporation of remaining moisture. The agency engaged for repairing the 200 KVA AVR (for essential load) executed the job at the Kendra itself. The equipment was opened and water filled inside the oil The Bottlenecks:It is needless to mention here that the city power supply which was restored at the HPT site was highly erratic. Due to this unpredictable behavior, heavy fluctuations in the input supply and non availability of functional UPS (APLAB make) damaged equipment and compelled the operation of the transmitters on diesel generators power supply. Since the city petrol pumps were still non functional due to damages caused during the flood, the usage of diesel was managed with extreme caution. Besides this adverse situation, the other major constraints faced by this team was no telephone facility, feeble and unreliable mobile network, no internet service, no drinking water supply, limited food items, no cook, no washing facilities, no sweepers etc. Radio Kashmir was also operating from the HPT site by using 36 October'14 - December’14 their FM transmitter installed there and all kinds of support were extended to their staff, such as diesel, food and drinking water, washroom facilities and boarding facilities despite the limited available resources. Due to feeble mobile network and no proper internet facility, regular reports to the senior officers at Zonal Office and DGDD since 17th September, 2014 were forwarded using WHATSAPP. Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) to Shri S. A. Buch, DDG (P) and Shri Shafiq Shah, Dy. Director (News), the decision to uplink live on the Srinagar carrier for 4 hours from DDK Srinagar using the interim earth station was mutually agreed upon. After an extensive pursuance by Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) with Shri N. A. Khan, Ein-C, Shri O. K. Sharma, ADG (E) (NZ), Shri S. N. Singh, DDG (E) DDK Delhi and Shri D. Ramakhrishna, DDG (E) DD News, the clearance for a 4 hours (3PM to 7PM) uplinking of programme & news on the Srinagar th carrier from this Kendra was finally obtained on 15 October, 2014 and the telecast was started from the same day. Make-shift Studio, Interim Earth Station and restoration of Regional Service from DDK campus:Cleaning jobs were at the highest ebb in the Kendra. Simultaneously the staff members were also managing the routine recording and telecast. The interim earth station was setup on the 1st floor of the office block by shifting the officers occupying rooms, removing the partitions, providing new flooring, installation of equipment dismantled from the old flyaway DSNG, routing wave guides and cables, fixing distribution boards etc. Since the existing make shift studio was inadequate to meet the increasing recordings, a new make shift studio for recording of programme and news was setup on the 3rd floor of the RNU building by making it acoustically worthy using HDPE, quilts and curtains. On confirmation of technical readiness conveyed by 24 Hours Regional service restored:A team deputed by the Zonal Office, New Delhi set up the playback facility in the interim earth station as well as installed the HPAs diverted from another Kendra thereby establishing a 1+1 uplink chain. A diverted UPS was also installed and pressed into circuit. With this arrangement in place, the Kendra was prepared to uplink th the 24 hours DD Kashir from here. On 17 November, 2014 the carrier from Delhi was shifted to Srinagar and the regional service continued to be uplinked from the Kendra thereafter. About The Authors Sh. W. B. Prasad, a 1994 Batch IBES Officer has completed his B.E. from REC, Durgapur and his PG in Business Management from IIM, Calcutta. He joined Doordarshan in June 1996, served at Kargil from August, 2002 to October, 2003 as Station Engineer and at Doordarshan Directorate from November'2003 to June, 2014 as Dy. Director Engineering. He has vast experience in managing & monitoring the performance of studios & terrestrial transmitters, human resource management, budget planning and expenditure management, preparation of Plan Capital proposals, EFC Memorandums, Expenditure sanctions of technical as well as CCW estimates etc. He has also worked as Dy. Director (Administration) in various sections of administration as well as finance in Doordarshan Directorate from December, 2011 to June, 2014. At present he is posted at DDK Srinagar. E-mail id of Mr. W. B. Prasad is [email protected] Sh. OP Rajpurohit is working with Doordarshan since 1987. He has been very actively serving the Broadcast Engineering Society (India) as Hon. Secretary of its Rajasthan Chapter for the past 6 consecutive terms. Currently, he is the Vice President of Broadcast Engineering Society (India), Chairman of Local chapters Coordination Committee BES (India), General Secretary of “United Engineers Council, Rajasthan”, General Secretary of Rajpurohit Seva Sansthan, Rajasthan and JOINT SECRETARY of Confederation of Central Government employees, Rajasthan. He has been honoured with SAMAJ RATNA (All India Level) award in December 2001 by I R Shiksha and Seva Trust and as an OUTSTANDING ENGINEER in Rajasthan by the United Engineers Council, Rajasthan on the occasion of Engineers Day-2009. He was also honoured 37 October'14 - December’14 We are going to install FM transmitter in each and every LP TV and HP TV Interview with Animesh Chakraborty, Engineer-in-Chief, All India Radio By: Meenakshi singhvi Mr. Animesh Chakarborty is an IBES officer of 1979 batch, who took over the charge of Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio (Technical head of India';s Public Service Radio Network) w.e.f. 01.10.2014. A Kolkata University Alumni, Mr. Animesh Chakarborty has an experience of over 33 years of serving at various field offices and zonal headquarters like zonal office Kolkata, zonal office Guwahati, zonal office Mumbai, All India Radio Chhatarpur, All India Radio Naogaon, Super Power Transmitter AIR Chinsura and All India Radio Kolkata in various capacities. He is also a recipient of Akashvani Annual Award for three times for his contribution/Technical Excellence in projects and maintenance. Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, BES Review Editorial Member interviewed Mr. Animesh on the challenges for Radio and AIR';s plans, which is placed below.... Q.-1. Congratulations sir for taking charge of E-in-C of All India Radio, the largest broadcasting organization in the world. Sir, everybody is eagerly waiting to know the future plans of AIR especially related to FM Radio Expansion? Ans. Thank you, in the 12th plan we are going to install FM transmitter in each and every LP TV and HP TV. Q.-2. enlighten us about future of MW broadcasting? Ans. Wait for another six month. When all the 27 DRM transmitters will be commissioned. I am sure MW will bounce back. Since all the advanced countries are adopting digital broadcasting standards in MW as well in FM, What standard our country is going to adopt for digital FM terrestrial broadcasting in future? Ans. Properly we shall go for DRM+. Q.-3. Nowadays listening of MW Radio is falling down due to difficulty in tuning and nonavailability of receiver, Will you please Q.-4. As we all Know that India has adopted digital radio Mondale i.e. DRM standard for MW broadcasting in digital domain. What is the planning of our organization for expansion of DRM transmitters? Ans. In the 12th plan we are keeping further DRM expansion on hold, we shall go for more FM. 38 October'14 - December’14 Q.-5. Sir, it is also being learnt that receivers are not available in the market for receiving DRM signals. How long it will take that these receivers be available in the market at affordable rates? BES is doing very well. I expect it will play a vital role in the present scenario. Ans. Cost of receivers will surely come down within one or two years. Q.-6. Sir, one important fact our readers would like to know whether these DRM signals will be available moving Car on not? Ans. It is available. Q.-7. In this age of smart phones, what is or strategy to explore the potion for making DRM signals available on mobile phone as the youth population is more keen to listen radio on mobile. Ans. Yes, we are serious about it. Q.-8. All India Radio originates programming in 23 languages and 146 dialects. Internet Radio can play a key role to cater listener worldwide. What is our future plan to have all AIR radio channels on internet media? Ans. Very soon all the DTH Channels of AIR will be available on internet also. Q.-9. Sir, social media is playing s vital role for taking feedback of audience and to popularize our programmers. Is there and proposal of Akashvani to increase the interactivity from listeners through social media platform? Ans. We are entering social media speedily. Q.-10. Technology is changing very fast, what is the approach of our organization to abreast the technical manpower with these latest technological changes? Q.-12. What message would you like to give to all readers and staff members who are working in different parts of the country at distant places? Ans. We are on the same boat brother. Ans. We are revamping our Staff Training Institutes. Q.-13. Sir lastly, May I know your opinion about how Broadcast Engineering society, BES can plans its activities to play and added role in broadcasting? Q.-11. What is the planning of our organization for induction of fresh blood in the system, which we all are feeling shortage of? Ans. BES is doing very well. I expect it will play a vital role in the present scenario. Ans. Very soon we are going to recruit more than 1000 EAs who are all Engineering Graduates. 39 October'14 - December’14 Planar Transmission LinesAn Overview Dr. S. Raghavan From the expression of the skin depth and the field expressions, it is possible to show that the conducting wires are of no use at microwave frequencies and waveguides become transmission media. From the dominant mode definition, one can see that waveguides also are of no use beyond certain frequencies and under certain conditions. Here comes Microwave Integrated Circuit (MIC) where planar transmission lines (transmission lines that consist of conducting strips printed on surfaces of the transmission lines'substrates) form the backbones of it. The progress of MICs would not have been possible but for the advances of planar transmission lines.To completely characterize the behavior of transmission lines for RF and Microwave designs, it is enough if few necessary properties of them are known. To know the properties of each transmission line, it is sufficient to know which mode is supported by each transmission line which will then facilitate expanding the characteristic properties. A planar configuration implies that the characteristics of the element can be determined by the dimensions in a single plane. all other planar transmission lines it is effective dielectric constant. This makes design easier. Low cost, small size and weight, conformability, improved reliability and reproducibility, multi octave performance and circuit design flexibility and multifunction performance on a chip are the major features of planar transmission lines. The write up is an attempt to over view various planar transmission lines and their variants along with the salient properties. From the equation for the sending end impedance Stripline and its variants Zs = Zo (ZR coshγl + Zo sinhγl) / (Zo coshγl + ZR sinhγl) First in the planar transmission line family is strip line which is homogeneous and has TEM mode as the dominant mode of propagation. Robert M. Barrett in 1949, while trying to devise a new method of feeding a microwave antenna, occurred to him that “flat strip” coaxial lines could be employed to carry signals from point to point, but also be used to make all types of microwave components. Merger of”flat strip” form of the coaxial line to the art of “printed circuits” has resulted in “microwave printed circuit” (MPC) or “Strip Line”. Homogeneous Strip transmission line basic structure consists of a flat strip conductor situated symmetrically between two large ground planes first proposed by Barret(1951) has TEM mode as the dominant mode of propagation. The suspended stripline, the most useful variant of the stripline it is possible to show the miracles of 'transmission line LENGTH and LENGTH only' in obtaining various microwave components, systems, antennas, matching transformers, transmission line parameters. A shorted small (less than quarter wave length) transmission line acts as an inductor, while that of an open acts as a capacitor. Using stepped Impedance method also Inductor and Capacitor can be realized. This concept will felicitate all M.I.C.filter elements, Amplifiers (input and output matching networks and Oscillators(matching networks) design.While the design relations remain constant, the effective dielectric constant alone varies with various transmission line. While it is relative dielectric constant for stripline, for 40 October'14 - December’14 (inhomogeneous transmission line), has the effective dielectric constant close to that of air.Edge coupled suspended substrate lines has lower loss and less sensitivity to physical dimensions than an equivalent microstrip or stripline. Shielded strip line corrects for the effect of side walls at a finite distance. of achievable impedances; the air dielectric is essentially lossless and dominates the dispersion characteristics. Suspended microstrip line is used for precision low loss lines; it allows a wider range of achievable impedances and reduced dispersion. Suspended Microstrip, which incorporates an air gap between the substrate and the ground plane permits larger circuit dimensions, leading to less stringent mechanical tolerances and increased accuracy of circuit fabrication as compared with microstrip. Microstripline and its variants Microstripline proposed by D,.D.Greig and H.F.Englemann (1952) is an inhomogeneous structure and Quasi TEM mode is the dominant mode of propagation. The birth of Microstrip technology can be accredited to the following three classic papers. December 1952 Proceedings of the IRE, “Microstrip-A New Transmission Technique for the Kilomegacycle Range” written by D.D.Greig and H.Engelmann. Assadourian and Rimai paper, “Simplified Theory of Microstrip Transmission System.” J.A.Kostriza's paper on Microwave Components. The 1960's were a period of rapid growth for MIC activity. Inverted Microstrip, suspended microstrip, microstrip with overlay are few of the variants of microstripline. Coupled asymmetric microstrip lines on a ferrite substrate structures are of interest in the design of several gyromagnetic device applications. Broadside coupled microstrip line is useful for tight coupling directional couplers and differential transmission of signals. Three coupled microstrip lines have the potential to reduce space over two-line couplers where the signal is to be split into three paths. This structure has five mode impedances.Microstrip line to stripline aperture coupler allows one to couple between layers of a multilayer structure. This is useful when a small amount of signal coupled to another layer is needed Embedded microstrip, microstrip with overlay. Microstrip with hole, inverted microstrip, suspended microstrip and shielded microstrip are other variants of mictostrip line. Embedded or buried microstrip line buries surface imperfections remaining after processing. Slotline and its variants Third in the family of planar transmission lines is Slot Line .Slot line proposed by Seymour B. Cohn in 1968 consists of a narrow gap in a conductive coating on one side of a dielectric substrate, the other side of the substrate being bare. Slot line proposed by S.B.Cohn (1969) is complementary to the microstrip structurally.Non TEM mode is the mode of proagtion.While the characteristic Impedance decreases with the increase in microstrip width, the characteristic Impedance width increases with increase in Slot width. Compared with microstrip and stripline, the Q factor of Slot line less around 100. Shunt mounting is easier in Slotline whereas series connection is easier in Microstripline. The characteristic Impedance varies considerably with frequency in Slot line, where as in microstrip, it exhibits only a very small variation with frequency. The effective dielectric constant of the Slotline is lower than that for the microstrip line for the same substrate. Coupled slot lines are strongly related to the coplanar waveguide structure and the slot line structure. For very wider center conductor or loose coupling between the slots, the structure becomes two uncoupled slotlines or CPW. Coplanar waveguide and its variants The coplanar waveguide, proposed by C.P.Wen in 1969 is essentially a coupled slotline,having hybrid mode of propagation , the magnetic field in the slots at the airdielectric interface is elliptically polarized. Whose property is useful in the design of non receiprocal ferrite devices. Both shunt and series connections of active and passive devices. It eliminates the need for wraparound and via holes. The characteristic impedance is determined by the ratio of a/b, so size reduction is possible without limit. The characteristic Impedance is relatively independent of the thickness of the dielectric substrate. Micro- coplanar strip line or Non symmetrical CPW have unequal gaps Grounded CPW with ground: Non homogenous dielectric embedded microstrip line results when a microstrip line is covered with solder mask. Shielded microstrip line lowers εeff and z0 and creates resonances. Edge compensated microstrip line (ECM line) corrects the effects of a shielded microstrip line near a dielectric truncation. Impedance of a microstrip line of a given set of dimensions is lowered by the presence of a cover at a finite distance. Inverted microstrip line structures are used for precision low loss lines; it allows a wider range 41 October'14 - December’14 Propagates in 3 modes namely microstrip, CPW and coupled slotlines.Asymmetric CPW reduces the line impedance of symmetric CPW. Broadside coupled CPW which is of multiple dielectric configuration is useful in integrated circuits. Edge coupled CPW has all of the advantages of the planarity of the coplanar structure together with an increased possible isolation over microstrip line structures. introduced in 1972 by Paul Meier is low loss performance, less stringent tolerance requirements, compatibility with waveguides , and ease of E plane integration with other forms of transmission lines has been recognized as an important transmission medium for millimeter wave integrated circuits. Fin line is a suitable transmission medium for frequencies in the range of 30 to 100 GHz.The guide wavelength is longer than in a microstrip.It has low loss propagation. Useful for passive and active integrated circuits. Unilateral, Bilateral, Insulated, Antipodal. Edge coupled unilateral, edge coupled bilateral, double dielectric bilateral (fins facing side walls) and double dielectric bilateral (fins facing each other) are few of the fin line variants. Coplanar Stripline and its variants Coplanar strips, the complementary CPW is suitable for microwave monolithic integrated circuits. Like CPW , in CPS also series and shunt mounting of devices is possible. The CPS is a balanced transmission line which facilitates balanced mixers and feed network for printed dipole antennas. It offers much higher impedance ranges than that of microstrip line. Applications of coplanar waveguides include MEMS based switches and Phase shifters, high-T c superconducting transmission lines, tunable devices using ferroelectric materials, photonic bandgap structures and printed circuit antennas. The lower ground plane of conductor backed coplanar waveguide provides mechanical strength and acts as a heat sink. Rectangular shaped Microshielded line, V-shaped Microshielded line, Circular shaped Microshielded line, Edge coupled coplanar waveguide without a lower ground plane, Broadside coupled coplanar waveguide are the other variants of CPW. Coupled transmission lines have applications like filters, directional couplers, interdigital capacitors and planar spiral inductors. Dielectric Guide Dielectric guides have low transmission loss at millimeter wave frequencies. Dielectric guides backed by metallic ground planes are more practical for integrated circuit applications Dielectric integrated guides are useful in high mm wave frequencies where fin lines pose fabricational difficulties because of increasingly stringent dimensional tolerances. Image guide, Insular image guide, Trapped image guide , Trapped insular image guide are the basic dielectric integrated guides, Non-radiative dielectric guide, Non –radiative insular dielectric guide are the insular counterparts of image guide, /inverted strip dielectric guide, Cladded dielectric image guide, Hollow image guide, Ridge dielectric guide are the variants of image guide and Integrated waveguide technology FIN LINE and its variants Rectangular Waveguide (Non PLANAR Structure) Paul Meir's Finline, was specifically useful for integrated circuits using planar techniques in an E-plane construction at millimeter wave techniques. FIN line A rectangular waveguide which behaves somewhat (not exactly) like a high pass filter is differing from most of the planar transmission lines in the sense it does not pass DC.They are bulky, heavy, critical in dimensions and more expensive to manufacture . Coaxial components can be made smaller for a given wavelength than the waveguide equivalent, but usually require critical, and expensive to manufacture. Conclusion Static or Quasi approach and dynamic or full wave approach are the two methods of planar transmission line analysis. The first approach produces transmission line parameters for the TEM mode are valid only at DC and are frequency independent. The second approach can produce transmission line parameters not only for the TEM mode but also for hybrid modes whose 42 October'14 - December’14 parameters are functions of frequency. To equalize the odd mode and even mode phase velocities in coupled lines anisotropic substrates may be used in transmission lines. Sapphire and pyrolytic boron nitride are two popular anisotropic materials. To know the properties of a transmission line, it is enough if one knows the mode supported by each transmission line. As seen, the Stripline supports TEM mode, Microstrip line supports Quasi Tem mode. For Non TEM mode, Slot line is the best example. FIN line supports Hybrid mode. India's global achievements in space science are proven one. In space satellite communications where size and weight are the constraints, the Planar Transmission lines play a very big role. References • • • Cheng. P. Wen, “Coplanar waveguide, a surface strip transmission line suitable for nonreciprocal gyromagnetic device applications,” G-MTT International Microwave Symposium, Dallas TX, USA, IEEE, pp. 110-115, May 1969. D. D. Grieg, and H. F. Engelmann, “Microstrip- A new transmission technique for the Kilomegacycle range,” Proceedings of the IRE., vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1644-1650, 1952. • Robert M. Barrett, “Microwave printed circuits- a historical survey,” IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-9, 1955. • Harlan Howe, “Microwave integrated circuits- an historical perspective,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-32, no. 9, pp. 991-996, 1984. • Seymour B. Cohn, “Problems in strip transmission lines,” IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 119-126, 1955. • Howe, H., Stripline Circuit Design, Artech House (Dedham, Mass.), 1974 • Rainee N.Simons, Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, And Systems, 2001 • Ingo Wolff, Coplanar Microwave Integrated Circuits, Verlagsbuchhandlung Dr.Wolff Gmbh, 2005 • Brian C. Wadell, Transmission Line Design Handbook, Artech House, Boston, 1991 • Terry Edwards, Foundations for Microstrip Circuit Design, John Wiley & sons, 1995 • Bharathi Bhat, Shiban K. Koul, Analysis, Design And Applications of Fin lines, Artech house, 1987 Robert M. Barrett, “Microwave printed circuits- the early years,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 983-990, 1984. About The Author Dr. S. Raghavan is a Professor in Electronics and Communication Engineering department, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli and has an experience of more than thirty two years of teaching and research. He has won 'Best Teacher Award' twice. He has to his credit 69 papers in International journals, 57 papers in IEEE xplore. He is a Fellow in BES, IETE, IE , Senior Member in IEEE , CSI and in 18 more professional societies. 44 43 October'14 - December’14 Implementation of HDTV DVB T2 Transmitters at Metro Cities in India M. S. Duhan Abstract : A scheme for installation of 4 Nos. of HDTV DVB T2 Transmitters was approved for Metro Cities in India at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata in 2010. India has experimented with DVB-T Transmitters in these cities and this experiment promoted to adopt DVB T2 Technology due to its higher capacity and robustness. These Cities have high population density and people will have alternative platform for viewing HD Services. This paper explains the various challenges and observations during the installations and testing of these services. The signal analysis for DVB T, DVB T2, DVB H and DVB T2 lite is also included in this chapter to give the insight of various technologies and their accrued benefits to the people. The need of SFN using gap fillers was also felt and challenges in new area of planning and implementation are to be addressed. Training to staff is the essence for success of new technology and as such provision was made for it. It is to be seen how best these signals become the favorite among the billions of people in their coverage area albeit technological migration from DVB T to DVB T2 has been established. Introduction: such constitutes a tremendous leap forward in image quality by providing up to five times higher resolution than standard analogue TV. However the bigger issue is the optimum utilisation of the capacity of these Transmitters with attractive business model. After finalization of DVB-T standard for digital terrestrial broadcasting in the Country on recommendation of an expert committee, a Pilot Project on DTT was initiated by Doordarshan in 2001. DVB-T transmitters of 5 kW Average Power each were installed at Metro cities namely, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai in the beginning of the year 2002. This project was primarily to gain experience in the field of digital terrestrial transmission technology. Delhi transmitter was later enabled to receive 16 channels on mobiles using DVB-H technology at Delhi. It was a successful nd technology demonstrator. As the 2 generation DVB T2 Standard has about 50% more capacity than its first generation DVB T , so India decided to establish DVB T2 Transmitters at these Metro Cities to provide HDTV Programme services. Further upgradation of DVB Standard ETSI EN 302 755 V1.3.1 (T2-Lite) has provided more flexibility for Mobile TV and T2 Radio alongwith transmission of HDTV programmes and these transmitters are being upgraded with T2 Lite software and T2MI Gateway. New TV technology will make pictures look more like real-life by offering us more light levels. The High Dynamic Range (HDR) feature is one of the ways in which UHDTV can drastically increase picture quality. But as on now HDTV is the best feature in TV as it offers the experience comparable to that of a cinema screen and as Challenges and Experiences in procurement and Installations:This was the first time for the procurement of DVB T2 Transmitters, so all care and essential checks were taken in procurement, installation and testing of the Transmitter system. Some of observations and experiences are as below: i). Demonstration of Transmitter System: The demonstration of DVB T2 Transmitters and compression chain was one of the steps in evaluation of t h e Te n d e r f o r procurements of the equipments. To check the performance of the Tr a n s m i t t e r s u s i n g various RF Profiles Tr a n s m i t t e r s w e r e subjected to rigorous testing after 24 Hours of Fig. 1 burning Test on full power. The various 44 October'14 - December’14 reference streams used for the verification and the validation of the DVB-T2 specification were used to ensure that the specification is unambiguous. The methods were developed by the verification and validation (V&V) group of DVB TM-T2. The performance tests were checked using measuring equipments like Demodulator, Signal Analyzer, Spectrum analyzer, Network Analyzer, STB, iDTV, Stream Analyzer, Dummy Load etc. Fig. 1 Shows the result of constellation, MER etc. Further processing for procurement was carried out on the successful equipments. Factory acceptance testing was carried at Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's) premises also. The test set up is shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 iii). Case Study for Delhi Tower: The TV tower consists of a RCC tapered conical structure having base diameter of 15.514 m and tapering to 6.5 m at 144 m, and from 144.0 to 167.06 m height, the diameter is constant at 6.5 m with a spherical dome. From 167.06 m to 235.0 m, it is steel lattice, square cross section. The various antennas mounted on this tower are below:- Fig. 2 • UHF, band IV-V TV at top of tower i.e.235.0 m (New) • Band III, TV antenna from 217.5 m to 235 m (Existing) • Band II, FM antenna from 198.5 m to 213.7 m (Existing) • Band I, Vacant • Grid parabolic dish antennas and other are at RCC platform at 167.06 m (Existing) ii). Tower Strengthening: All Transmitters are in UHF Band IV. New Antennas have been procured and these were to be mounted on top of the tower. This required strengthening of Towers after their load analysis and modeling and considering the updated wind Zone of city concerned. Towers were modeled using SAP14 software. The modified designs of towers for their strengthening were approved by Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Extra tower members were added in the tower and thickness of some members was increased. New interface (adopt structure) between tower top and base of DTT Antenna was installed. Vertical Gap of atleast10000 mm was kept between Band III and Band IV Antenna Panels. Panels of existing Band III Antenna on one face had to be removed for mounting of derricks on the tower. Derricks, pulleys and manpower were used to haul up the antenna at all these locations. 20kW Antenna alongwith 5” Dia RF feeder cable were installed alongwith support structure on top of towers. Fig. 3&4 show antenna mounting process. Fig. 4 The other accessories on this tower includes: • Lift inside the RCC Tower • Platform at 197.4 m and 213.7 m • Ladder at inside face from 167.06 to 213.7 m • Cable rack inside the RCC tower and at inside face from 167.06 m to 235 m 45 October'14 - December’14 Design Considerations: • BASIC WIND SPEED = 47 m/s • FACTOR K1 = 1.07 • FACTOR K2 = varies with height and terrain • FACTOR K3 = 1.0 in this case At Delhi the 235 m high RCC-Steel composite TV Tower was modeled using 3D finite element technique. It was subjected to static wind – Case 1 parallel to two faces; and Case 2 - along the diagonal of the 4 legs of the tower. It also shows the load carrying capacities in tension and compression for each member based on IS: 800-2007 working stress method. Next comparison of the computed member forces was carried out with the member capacities. The ratio of computed member force and the corresponding member capacity is called as “Stress Ratio”. If this ratio is less than 1.0, then the member is safe and no strengthening is required. If the stress ratio is more than 1.0, it means that member capacity is less than the force it is required to carry. Hence, it needs strengthening. In the present case, the maximum stress ratio is less than 0.34 in static diagonal case in the legs of panel 3. In panel 2, the stress ratio is still lesser. Hence, there is no need to carry out any strengthening. Fig. 5A&B It was again analyzed for dynamic wind parallel to two faces; and - along the diagonal of the 4 legs of the tower. Thus there are a total of 4 load cases: 2 static wind and 2 dynamic wind. iv). Repair of damaged RF Feeder Cable: Due to falling of some object on 5” RF Cable at Delhi, a dent was created on it, which resulted in high reflection in the Transmitter at one location. During night time the DTF in RF cable and antenna was checked and found Earthquake forces are not important for such TV tower structures as they are very flexible. The earthquake force was computed and found to be very small as compared to the wind forces. Height Vs Displacement and Height Vs Wind Pressure are shown in Graph I and II respectively. Table 1 shows the member forces obtained from the 3D computer model in various members under static wind. Fig. 6 46 October'14 - December’14 that a VSWR of 1.31 was observed at a distance of 134 M distance. It was then physically checked and found dent in the cable. There were two options to repair the defect. First was to add flange connectors by cutting the cable at this location and second was to remove the dent. The second option was tried using a Bench Voice mounted on flattened position and round clamps were inserted between cable and the jaws of Bench Voice. Network analyzer was connected at the start of cable and slowly the handle of the Voice was tightened with gradual steps. The reading of VSWR was continuously checked. It was observed that VSWR was improving with every movement of handle and compression of cable. The flattened part was approaching towards its original shape and the dent in cable was also reducing. Finally it came nearly to its original position with the following results and operating personnel. The A/C Current per phase is about 50 A for the 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter and compression chain and associated equipments . vi). Transmitter Power, Frequency & Tower heights: The details in this regard is as below: vii). Training & Seminars: Training to staff is the essence for success of new technology. Therefore two weeks training on DVB T2 Transmitter and Compression equipments was provided at Delhi and one day training was provided for operational staff at each of 4 Metro sites which was interactive and proved to be useful in understanding the technology and various configurations of the system. Three Seminars have been organized during past 3 years to educate and popularize the Engineers and Programme Staff about DVB T2 technology. These are tabulated as below: v). Installation Issues: The new Transmitters have to be installed in the existing Transmitter Hall, where analog transmitters were operating and un-interrupted transmission of these services was to be ensured. Some civil modification works had to be carried out in the Transmitter Hall and augmentation of Power Supply was carried out and installation of Equipments was smoothly carried out. Some shifting and relocation of existing equipments was also carried out. Only lower bay Panels of Band III TV Transmitters were used as interim measure as one panels of Upper Bay on one face were dismantled. The prominent speakers in above includes Dr. Peter Siebert, Executive Director, DVB, Mr. Gerard Faria, CTO, Teamcast, Mr. M.S. Duhan, Deputy Director General(E) , Doordarshan, Mr. Philip Laven, Chairman, DVB Project, Mr. Ahmed Nadeem, Director, Technical ABU ,Mr. Adrian Potter, Director, Communications Networks , Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Mr. Sharad Sadhu, Director Technology, ABU, Mr. L. M. Aliberti, RAI WAY, Sh. Jawhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharati, DG & Engineer -in- Chief , Doordarshan and Senior Officers from Doordarshan and Prasar Bharati. These TV Towers are being shared by various Broadcasters like FM transmitters of All India Radio, Indira Gandhi National Open University and Private FM Broadcasters besides Doordarshan's Analogue Transmitters. So the working time was restricted to night time from 0000 Hrs to 0600 Hrs for about 30 days and these services were switched off during above period to prevent against RF Hazards. The Transmitters are liquid cooled and about 2 kW heat is generated in Transmitter. So two additional Airconditioners (3 Ton Tower Type) were installed to meet the cooling requirement of the additional equipments The participation from broadcast industry includes Media Broadcast , Enensys , ST Microelectronics, Sony, 47 October'14 - December’14 Ø The summary of results is as below: a) With QPSK modulation - Very good reception was observed up to 6Km. - The reception quality of was observed good with intermittent freezing of signal from 6Km to 12Km. b) With 16QAM modulation - Very good reception quality was observed up to 3Km. - The reception quality was good with intermittent freezing of signal from 3Km to 6Km. - Beyond 6Km, the reception quality was highly inconsistent. Fig. 7 Samsang, Ericsson, Funke, Harris, Rohde & Schwarz, Samsung, Tektronix, Dolby, Arrycom , HBE, STB , Indeon Technology and iDTV manufacturers. The display of DVB T2 modulators and receiving devices was carried out to give insight of the technology. c) A threshold value of C/N was about 20dB and 24dB for QPSK and 16QAM Modulation respectively. The probability of good reception above 20dB C/N is almost 100% with QPSK modulation. While the probability of reception above 24dB C/N is almost100% with 16QAM modulation Spectrum Planning: Doordarshan has planned for digitalization of its Network in UHF band using Multiple Frequency Network (MFN) National Level but Single Frequency Network(SFN) is planned in regional and Local Level. Doordarshan has planned two multiplex at 4 Metro Cities. There are some uncovered areas in each of these metro cities, where low power gap fillers in SFN are required. At Delhi 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter is installed at Pitampura and 5 kW DVB-H Transmitter installed in 2003 on 100 M Tower in AIR Campus at a distance of 17 kms from Pitampura. This transmitter can be upgraded in DVB T2/T2 lite and used in SFN to give larger coverage. Experiment has been carried out for T2 Lite services from above 5 kW NEC Make Transmitter model using Teamcast Modulator model Twister and its results have been very encouraging. Interference from LTE and White space Signals is big threat to DVB T2 Signals. d). Reception remained unimpaired at a speed of 90Km/h. e) Vehicle penetration loss was measured to be 6 to 7 dB. f) Building penetration loss was recorded about 19 dB. RF Profiles and Signal analysis: Ø DVB-H Transmitter: Transmission Parameters are: 5 kW DVB-H Transmitter with Antenna at 100 M Tower, Channel 26(514 MHz), Video format: QCIF (352x144), F r a m e rate: 15fps, Video data rate: 384 kbps, Audio data rate: 64 kbps, Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM , Mode: 8K, FEC: ½ Guard Interval (GI) : 1/8, MPE-FEC: 25%. Fig. 8 g) Height loss from 3rd floor to Ground floor was measured about 20dB. 48 October'14 - December’14 Ø DVB T at Delhi: ¾ from Pitampura for outdoor Antenna is Fig. 9. The brief results with 5 kW power with antenna at 100 M Tower are as below: Fig. 9 Ø DVB –T2 at Delhi : 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter was tested using various RF Profiles were tested using outdoor antenna and some observations are as below: RF Profile for DVB T2 The possible best RF Profile options in Transmitter are as below:A. DVB-T2 base for outdoor reception : Constellation: 64 QAM rotated, FEC: ¾, FFT: 32k, G.I: 1/128, Pilot pattern: PP7(Data capacity @ 33 Mbps) B. DVB-T2 lite for mobile reception: Ø DVB T2 at Chennai: Constellation: QPSK rotated, FEC: 1/3, FFT: 8k, G.I: 1/32, Pilot pattern: PP2(Data capacity @3.8 Mbps). The coverage with above profile with 6 kW Transmitter from Pitampura was found highly satisfactory upto 50 KMs. Signal Survey with field strength meter of R&S Make, EFL-340 Model with portable TV Receiver and external receiving antenna of 10' height with 6 kW DVB-T2 Transmitter. Upgradation of DVB T2 System: It is observed that with external antenna and fixed reception, signal reception at different locations even upto 60 Kms radius was satisfactory with 1HD & 4SD channels with VV003 mode (256 QAM) Procurement of (1+1 ) DVB-T2 gateway is underway by Doordarshan and it will be implemented within next few months. DVB-T2 Gateway encapsulates Transport Streams in T2-MI frames to interface with DVB-T2 modulators. The T2-MI interface includes the original input TS, L1-signalling for the configuration of the modulators and timing information for synchronization. The upgradation of DVB T2 transmitter compliant with ETSI EN 302 755 V1.3.1 (with addition of T2 Lite Features) is under process. After above additions, these Transmitters will be capable to transmit SDTV, HDTV, Radio and Mobile TV. Ø DVB T2 Lite at Delhi: The 5 kW DVB – H Transmitter at Delhi was converted into T2 Lite for experimental purpose by replacing NEC Modulator with Teamcast Modulator model Twister. It provided T2(base) and T2 lite RF signals. The T2 lite signals in QPSK, 1/3, 8k, PP2 were tested. The signal was checked using Sony make Dongle with mobile phone and it was found satisfactorily upto 25 Kms from Transmitter site. The signal was very good along with overhead Metro Track and high rise buildings on the way. Business opportunities: DVB T2 has redefined alternative access for information, education and entertainment for the masses in a Fixed, Portable and mobile environment. The expected coverage map with 6 kW 64QAM FEC 49 October'14 - December’14 With upgradation of the DVB T2 Transmitters with T2 Lite and introduction of T2-MI Gateway , it will be capable to transmit SDTV, HDTV, Radio and Mobile TV and will provide service specific robustness. It is an excellent all weather reliable platform for distribution of Video, Audio and data. It is an evolving platform like the banyan tree. It plays a vital role in ensuring healthy competition between Competing variants of broadcast television systems used around the world and in the process it drives innovation in service delivery by other competing platforms.Billboard, Text etc. find other options. The existing VHF Transmitters may also be upgraded as DVB T2/T2 lite using new modulator in 1.7 MHz Band width. The DTT is most popular for local programme services. There can be several combinations of bouquets of channels; various possible options for one DTT transmitter are as below : SDTV/HDTV Reception – Specification” and IS:9793 : “Antennas for the reception of Sound and TV Broadcasting in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHzSpecifications-1992”. The iDTV Standard has been approved and is under printing. Doordarshan is the convener of Panel for above Standard. Integrated Digital TV(iDTV) are available from Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Samsang etc. Dongles/Mobile for DVB T2/T2 Lite signals for mobiles and tablets are available . Some Smartphone and Tablets have inbuilt embedded tuner & decoder for DVB T2/T2 lite. Numerous chips are available for receiving devices. (Any of the following) Conclusions: Before Analogue Switch off in India, there are lot of expectations and miles to cover. The experience, experiments and expectations with DVB T2 and T2-Lite are of great interest in India, which is an attractive investment site for digitalization of terrestrial network of content distribution. The viewing experience with HDTV will be great and if attractive content is transmitted, terrestrial TV will become boon to the nation to have multiple Channels for Fixed TV and mobile reception in Smartphones, PC, moving vehicles and Radio and that too in plenty with a single Transmitter. So India awaits exciting technological advancement with DVB T2 and T2 Lite Transmitters of Doordarshan. Doordarshan may transmit its 4 channels (say DD National, DD News, DD Sports, & DD Regional) & remaining capacity may be leased out preferably local channel. Expected population served with 4 HDTV transmitters is tabulated as above: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has finalized standard for HDTV DVB T2 STB, Antenna and integrated digital television (iDTV). The BIS No. is : “IS-16129 for Set Top Box for Digital Terrestrial About The Author Sh. M.S. Duhan is an officer of 1988 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios and Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA and Master of Mass Communication. He has received the DD Awards four times, for the best maintained High Power Transmitters & DMCs. He has inspected India's first HDTV Antenna system at works of M/s SIRA Milan and Digital Terrestrial Television at the works of M/s Harris, Quincy, IL, USA. He has contributed significantly in the implementation of DVB T2 Transmitters in India. 44 posted at DG:DD New Delhi and is responsible for planning and implementation He is currently of TV Transmitters and spectrum planning for Doordarshan. Email: [email protected] Phone: +9123383840 Mobile: +919013462293 50 October'14 - December’14 Audio Compression - MPEG-4 HE-AAC-v2 - Audio coding for today's media world S. K. Biswas A) ABSTRACT Broadcasting the quality content is a challenging job in digital broadcasting era because of scarcity of RF(Radio Frequency) spectrum as we all know that, in digital form, the electronic media contents are required to be necessarily compressed (i) in order to make them occupy smaller spectrum and (ii) for further processing such as storing them and the retrieving and then using it, in an easy way. This scarcity demands very efficient use of the spectrum, necessitating careful choice of compression schemes for technical and the economical feasibility/viability of the system. In the case of audio content, the MPEG-4 High Efficiency AAC-v2 profile (HE-AAC-v2) has proven, in several independent tests, to be the most efficient audio compression scheme available worldwide. HE-AAC-v2 comprises a fullyfeatured tool set for the coding of audio signals in mono, stereo and multichannel modes (up to 48 channels/tracks) – at high quality levels using a wide range of bitrates. HE-AAC-v2(High Efficiency Advance Audio Coding version-2) is a very efficient digital audio compression coding. This article gives an overview of its technical components and compression efficiency. Obviously, the future potential of ongoing development work is related to this compression efficiency. HE-AAC-v2 consists of three technologies - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) and the two numbers of 'Enhancement Tools' viz. Spectral Band Replication (SBR) and Parametric Stereo (PS). AAC is considered as the state-of-the-art for transparent audio quality at a typical bit rate of 128 kbps. Below this rate, the audio quality of AAC would start to degrade, which can be compensated to a maximum degree with the enhancement techniques SBR and PS. SBR is a bandwidth extension technique that enables audio codec to deliver the same listening experience at approximately half the bit rate that the AAC codec would require. PS increases the coding efficiency further by exploiting a parametric representation of the stereo image of input signal. Thus, HE-AAC-v2 extends the reach of highquality MPEG-4 audio to much lower bitrates. The combination of AAC and SBR is called HEAAC(i.e. HE-AAC-v1) which is also known as aacPlus (i.e. aacPlus-v1) & combination of HE-AAC-v1& PS is HE-AAC-v2 ie. aacPlus-v2 i.e. enhanced aacPlus. Nowadays, for streaming(transporting) the digital medias by IP/COFDM, across (A) DRM (B) audio link between Spots (C) several such other cases - this HEAAC-v2 is extensively used as the reasonably high quality audio transported at a bitrate merely around 36 kbps. {Spots are – (i) Studios (ii) Studios and Live OB points (iii) and such others, through (a) ISDN (b) Leased Lines (c) Computer LAN/MAN/WAN (d) WiFi/WiMAX/Wireless LAN/MAN (e) Cellular Phone network (f) INMARSAT (g) Micro and Milli Wave channels (h) Geo-Stationary Satellite channels (i) other such lines/channels/network }. {Acronyms of abbreviations are – (a) DRM = Digital Radio Mondiale (b) COFDM = Coded( i.e. FEC i.e. Forward Error Correction) Orthogonal(quadrature carriers) Frequency Division Multiplexing (c) ISDN = Integrated Services D i g i t a l N e t w o r k ( d ) L A N / M A N / WA N = Local/Metropolitan/Wide Area Network (e) WiFi = Wi r e l e s s F i d e l i t y, Wi M A X = Wo r l d w i d e Interoperability for Microwave ACcess (g) IP = Internet Protocol (h) OB = Outdoor Broadcasting (i) INMARSAT = INternational MARitime SATtellite Organisation. B) PRESENTATION B1) INTRODUCTION MPEG-4 HE-AAC-v2 (in short, only HE-AAC-v2) acronymed as Moving Picture Expert Group version-4 High Efficiency Advance Audio Coding version-2. HE-AAC-v2 consists of three technologies - Advanced Audio Coding ( AAC ) and two numbers of 'Enhancement Tools' viz. Spectral Band Replication 51 October'14 - December’14 HE-AAC(i.e. HE-AAC-v1) encoded audio data can exist in a variety of file formats with different extensions, depending on the implementation and the usage scenario. Most commonly used file formats are the MPEG-4 file formats MP4 and M4A, carrying the respective extensions .mp4 and .m4a. The “.m4a” extension is used to emphasize the fact that a file contains audio only. (SBR) and Parametric Stereo (PS). AAC is considered as the state-of-the-art for transparent audio quality at a typical bit rate of 128 kbps. Below this rate, the audio quality of AAC would start to degrade, which can be compensated to a maximum degree with the enhancement techniques SBR and PS. SBR is a bandwidth extension technique that enables audio codec to deliver the same listening experience at approximately half the bit rate that the AAC codec would require, if operated. B2) Why AAC came, in spite of the fact that the format MP3(extension is .mp3) i.e. MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Layer-III audio compression coding have been also a very popular format- PS increases the coding efficiency further by exploiting a parametric representation of the stereo image of input signal. Thus, HE-AAC-v2 extends the reach of highquality MPEG-4 audio to much lower bitrates. Research on perceptual audio coders started about 32 years ago. Research on the human auditory system revealed that hearing is mainly based on a short-term spectral analysis of the audio signal. The so-called masking effect was observed: the human auditory system is not able to perceive distortions that are masked by a stronger signal in the spectral neighborhood. Thus, when looking at the short-term spectrum, the so-called masking threshold can be calculated. Distortions below this threshold are – in the ideal case - The combination of AAC and SBR is called HEAAC(i.e. HE-AAC-v1) which is also known as aacPlus (i.e. aacPlus-v1)& combination of HE-AAC-v1& PS is HE-AAC-v2 ie. aacPlus-v2 i.e. enhanced aacPlus. Mathematically and graphically represented below AAC + SBR = HE-AAC-v1 = aacPlus-v1 inaudible. The distortion generated by the PCM format used on CD's is for all frequencies way below this threshold. However, since the PCM signal, representing the time domain, does not allow frequency dependent shaping of the quantization noise, a high SNR needs to be applied in order to achieve high quality sound across a large dynamic range. This also reveals the basic idea of perceptual audio coding: if HE-AAC-v1 + PS = HE-AAC-v2 = aacPlus-v2 = enhanced aacPlus i.e. AAC + SBR + PS = HE-AAC-v2 = aacPlus-v2 = enhanced aacPlus it would be possible to shape the quantization noise in the frequency domain, compression of audio signals beyond the CD format must be achievable. Research started on how to calculate the masking threshold (“psychoacoustic model”) and how to process the audio signal in a way that only audible information resides in the signal. The ideal audio codec introduces quantization distortions that are exactly below the masking threshold. The basic structure of MPEG-1 audio coders follows that of perception-based coders. In the first step, the PCM(actually Adaptive Differential PCM is to reduce/compress the bit rate from the very beginning itself) signals are converted into spectral components via an analysis filterbank; Layers I and II use a subband filterbank while Layer III employs a hybrid filterbank. Each spectral component is then quantized and coded with the goal of keeping the quantization noise below Another important feature of the HE-AAC(i.e. HEAAC-v1) and HE-AAC-v2 architecture is the extremely flexible transport of metadata. Metadata can be embedded as auxiliary data in a way that only compatible decoders take notice of their existence. Noncompatible decoders simply ignore the metadata. 52 October'14 - December’14 the masking threshold. The number of bits for each subband and a scale-factor are determined on a blockby-block basis: each block has 12 (Layer I) or 36 (Layers II and III) subband samples. The number of quantizer bits is obtained from a dynamic bit-allocation algorithm that is controlled by a “psychoacoustic model". The subband codewords, the scalefactor and the bit allocation information are multiplexed into one bitstream to send to the channel, together with a header and optional ancillary data. achieves better sound quality than MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III coding i.e. MP3 format at similar bit rates. The improvements of AAC over MPEG-1/2 Audio LayerIII coding(i.e. MP3 format) include- The Layer III MPEG architecture achieves performance improvements by adding several important mechanism on top of the Layer I/II foundation. A hybrid filterbank is introduced to increase frequency resolution and thereby better approximate critical band behavior. The hybrid filterbank contains adaptive segmentation to improve pre-echo control. Sophisticated bit allocation and quantization strategies which rely on nonuniform quantization, analysis-by-synthesis, and entropy coding are introduced to allow reduced bit rates and improved quality. • Arbitrary bit-rates and variable frame length. Standardized constant bit rate with bit reservoir. • More sample frequencies (from 8 KHz to 96 KHz) than MP3 (16 KHz to 48 KHz) • Up to 48 channels (MP3 supports up to two channels in MPEG-1 mode and up to 5.1 channels in MPEG-2 mode) • Higher efficiency and simpler filter bank (rather than MP3's hybrid coding, AAC uses a pure MDCT) • Higher coding efficiency for stationary signals (AAC uses a blocksize of 1024 or 960 samples, allowing more efficient coding than MP3's 576 sample blocks) • Higher coding accuracy for transient signals (AAC uses a blocksize of 128 or 120 samples, allowing more accurate coding than MP3's 192 sample blocks) However, having reached up to MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III coding(i.e. MP3 format)efficiency, urge were there to further improve the coding efficiency. Hence, AAC is designed to be the successor of the MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III coding i.e. MP3 format, with many improvements over this MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III coding with a main aim of more efficient coding than MP3. Although, both of the MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III codec and AAC follow the same principle, they still differ significantly in compression efficiency. The performance of these codecs depends mainly on two aspects - how precisely the masking threshold can be approached and how efficiently the quantized spectrum can be coded. AAC, for example, is, according to several tests, twice as efficient as Layer-II. Obviously AAC • Much better handling of audio frequencies above 16 KHz So, AAC have the compression coding/decoding line/block diagram same as that of a MPEG-1 or MPEG2 Layer-III audio compression codind/decoding as in Fig-2a and Fig-2b. B3) Why HE-AAC-v1 came Nevertheless, traditional waveform coding has its limits. Having reached a performance like AAC, it gets very hard to further increase compression as urge were still there to further improve the coding efficiency. If the bitrate is lowered significantly from the codecs reasonable operating point, the quantization noise 53 October'14 - December’14 significantly exceeds the masking threshold, thus generating audible artefacts. Hence, SBR is added to AAC to improves audio coding efficiency - AAC + SBR = HE-AAC or HE-AAC-v1. sufficient for their intended use, but unsuitable for high quality SBR -like High-Frequency-Reconstruction (HFR) methods as introduced by 'Coding Technologies' for audio coding. Therefore the development of new (patented) and more suitable algorithms was a prerequisite for the successful deployment of SBR. Strict demand was set on basic algorithm performance due to the unusual need to transpose signal components from the available (coded) baseband, by at least a factor three, without creating annoying artifacts. Particular emphasis was put on recreating psychoacoustically accurate representations of the original high-band signal components without violating the well-known consonance-dissonance criteria. However compared to the original signal, the recreated high-band is not necessarily signal-coherent in a technical sense, but coherent in a mere psychoacoustic sense, a most important characteristic.] B3/1) SBR concept Two main methods have been used so far to overcome this problem of increasing the compression in perceptual waveform codecs. The most important one is to limit the audio bandwidth of the signal in or prior to the coding process, resulting no high frequency energy to be coded(obviously, limiting bandwidth means keeping lower frequencies only), and thus, more information is available for the remainder of the spectrum, resulting in a clean, but hollow/dull/flat sound in contrary to the rich sound. [Background of the SBR Development - The use of means to recreate missing or reduced high-frequencies in audio is nothing new, and has been used more or less frequent over the years in the recording industry. One of the most famous products was the “Aphex Aural Exciter” invented by Kurt Knoppel in the early 70's. Although Knoppel was not the first (or last) in this field, similar technologies can be found in some audio editing software tools today as well as in some audio processing hardware units. The main aim with such technologies is to add some “sparkle”, “warmth” or high-end “enrichment” of the recorded vocals, speech, instruments, CD-master or broadcast feed, using typically nonlinearities or “controlled” forms of highfrequency distortion. However, such technologies are performance limited by the way the high-frequencies are recreated. This limits their scope of use to just “touching-up” existing programme material, and making them unable to replicate major frequency ranges of a high quality programme material. A related technology, “Harmonizing”, was first successfully pioneered by the Eventide Clockworks as “Harmonizer” in the early 70's, where programme material can be transposed in a “musically correct” manner. This is quite opposite to the “Bode Frequency Shifter” developed for electronic music applications by Harald Bode where harmonic relations are “nonmusically” shifted (scrambled). Finally, the RingModulator, one of the oldest “weird” sound effects units, is sometimes used in electronic music. Spin-off's from Harmonizer-like algorithms are the popular pitchshift and timestretch algorithms used in many audio workstation sound-editing software tools today. The above-mentioned technologies or methods are The other method, called intensity stereo, can only be used for stereo signals. In intensity stereo, only one channel and a panning information is transmitted instead of a left and a right channel. However, this is only of rather limited use for increasing compression efficiency, as in many cases the stereo image of the audio signal gets destroyed. A third method used is insertion of artificial noise. This method, however, works only with a rather limited class of audio signals. At this point, the SBR technology comes into the picture. SBR deviates from the waveform coding principle towards a hybrid waveform/parametric method. It is based on the fact that in most cases, there are large dependencies between the lower and higher frequency parts of an audio signal. Therefore, the high frequency part of an audio signal can be efficiently reconstructed from the low frequency part. Transmission of the high frequency part is therefore not necessary - only a small amount of SBR control data needs to be carried in the bitstream to guarantee an optimal reconstruction of the high frequencies. The low frequency part is still coded by an codec such as AAC(or .mp3 ). The high frequency part, however, is generated by a high quality transposition algorithm. The mere generation of high frequency content is not at all sufficient for accurate high frequency reconstruction, since the reconstructed part does not reflect the spectral envelope of the original. Therefore careful adjustment of the spectrum is essential for the performance of the system. The adjustment is controlled by the SBR information carried in the bitstream and results in a correctly shaped high freq part. 54 October'14 - December’14 extracted in the encoder in order to ensure the most accurate high frequency reconstruction in the decoder. The encoder process is depicted in Fig-3a. The encoder estimates the spectral envelope of the SBR range for a time and frequency range/resolution suitable for the current input signal segments characteristics. The spectral envelope is estimated by a complex QMF(Quadrature Mirror Filter)bank analysis and subsequent energy calculation. The time and frequency resolutions of the spectral envelopes can be chosen with a high level of freedom, in order to ensure the best suited time frequency resolution for the given input segment. The envelope estimation needs to consider that a transient in the original, mainly situated in the high frequency region (for instance a high-hat), will be present to a minor extent in the SBR generated highband prior to envelope adjustment, since the highband in the decoder is based on the low band where the transient is much less pronounced compared to the highband. This aspect imposes different requirements for the time frequency resolution of the spectral envelope data, compared to ordinary spectral envelope estimation as used in other audio coding algorithms. SBR Crossover Frequencies Bitrate (kbps) 20 AAC Frequency range (KHz) SBR Frequency range (KHz) 0 – 4.5 4.5 – 15.4 32 0 – 6.8 6.8 – 16.9 48 0 – 8.3 8.3 – 16.9 To summarize, SBR enhanced codecs perform significantly better mainly because - (i) SBR allows the recreation of the high frequencies using only a very small amount of transmitted side information. (ii) The high frequencies, which normally consume a significant amount of bits, do not need to be waveformcoded anymore, resulting in (a) significant coding gain (b) the underlying waveform coder can run with a comparatively high SNR, as it is only responsible for the lower frequencies. It can even operate at the optimum sampling rate, which is usually different from the desired output sampling rate. SBR converts the waveform codec sampling rate into the desired output sampling rate. Obviously there are signals where the reconstruction method does not deliver the desired results, e.g. when there is little relationship between the low and high frequency part. Care has been taken to equip SBR with additional tools so that such situations can be handled very well without losing compression efficiency. Apart from the spectral envelope, several additional parameters are extracted representing spectral characteristics of the input signal for different time and frequency regions. Since the encoder naturally has access to the original signal as well as information on how the SBR unit in the decoder will create the highband, given the specific set of control parameters, it is possible for the system to handle situations where the lowband constitutes a strong harmonic series and the high band, to be recreated, mainly constitutes random signal components, as well as situations where strong tonal components are present in the original highband without counterparts in the lowband, upon which the highband region is based. Furthermore, the SBR B3/2) How SBR works The SBR system is preferably used as a dual-rate system, with the underlying codec operating at half the original sampling-rate, while SBR operates at the original sampling rate. The following description will briefly explain the different parts in the encoder and decoder of the SBR system. The SBR encoder works in parallel with the underlying core codec, albeit at a higher sampling-rate. Although SBR is mainly a post process in the decoder, important parameters are 55 October'14 - December’14 encoder works in close relation to the core codec to assess which frequency range should be covered by SBR at a given time. The SBR data is efficiently coded prior to transmission by exploiting entropy coding as well as channel dependencies of the control data, in the case of stereo signals. carried in the ancillary data field. SBR enhanced audio codecs are already in use in several applications, some of which are listed hereafter. 2) Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) - The DRM consortium has been founded in 1998 with the goal to standardize a new digital system for medium, long and shortwave transmissions. The system should deliver significantly better audio and reception quality than ordinary analog AM. At the same time the existing AM channel spacing should be used. In addition, reuse of existing transmitter equipment should be possible to guarantee a cost efficient introduction of the new system. Depending on the wavelength and the region, the channel spacing in the AM bands is either 9 KHz or 10 KHz. The propagation conditions, which depend very much on the wavelength, determine the spectral efficiency achievable. Extensive tests have resulted in an efficiency in the range of 1.5 to 3 bit/Hz. As a result, the bitrate available in one transmission channel is in the range of 13 to 30 kbps. Normal operation will use bitrates between 20 and 25 kbps. Delivering high quality audio at such a low bitrate asks for the most powerful source coding scheme available. Consequently, AAC+SBR, the combination of MPEG-AAC and SBR has been chosen as audio coding method. Tests done within the DRM consortium clearly show the superiority of this coding system compared to previous state of the art. More details about DRM and the listening test can be found in and at the DRM web site www.drm.org. DRM finalized the specification of the system in January 2001. It is recommended by the ITU and standardized by ETSI. First regular transmissions and receiver products are came in 2004. [1) .mp3PRO - In January 2001, “Coding Technologies” and its licensing partner “Thomson Multimedia” presented .mp3PRO, the combination of .mp3 and SBR, for the first time. In June 2001, a free demo software has been made available. Since then several software applications integrating .mp3PRO have been released (e.g. from Ahead, Steinberg, Magix, etc.). First hardware products are appeared in 2003. .mp3PRO offers significantly improved performance compared to .mp3 and outperforms competitive codecs according to independent tests. .mp3PRO is backward and forward compatible with .mp3. Not only will any .mp3PRO decoder decode .mp3 content, all .mp3 players will be able to decode .mp3PRO bitstreams, although without the quality improvement achieved through SBR. Basically, SBR can be seen as pre/post processing around the existing .mp3 modules. Even the bitstream format remains unchanged, as the SBR data can be 3) MPEG - Because of its outstanding compression performance, the combination of AAC and SBR is of high interest not only for broadcasting, but also for audio and audio/video applications like streaming over the internet, streaming and delivery over mobile networks and storage in portable devices. For a lot of these applications, open standards like MPEG play an important role. They usually provide state-of-the-art algorithms and guarantee interoperability and accessibility of the technology. As a consequence, MPEG issued a call for proposals in January 2001, asking for technologies that could further enhance the compression efficiency of the MPEG-4 audio coding algorithms (in particular AAC). SBR was submitted as a proposal; a competitive test was performed by MPEG. AAC + SBR did not only show an excellent performance, but already met the acceptance criteria set up for final acceptance of the technology in the standard. The control parameter extraction algorithms need to be carefully tuned to the codec at a given bitrate and a given sampling rate. This is due to the fact that a lower bitrate, usually implies a larger SBR range compared to a high bitrate, and different sampling rates correspond to different time resolutions of the SBR frames. Different core codecs may also display different characteristics during bit constraints, i.e. more or less severe spectral band shutdowns etc. The decoder is constituted of several different parts, as in Fig-3b. It comprises a bitstream decoding module, a High Frequency Reconstruction (HFR) module, and an envelope adjuster module. The system is based around a complex valued QMF bank. In the bitstream extraction module, the control data is read from the bitstream and decoded. The time frequency grid is obtained for the current frame, prior to reading the envelope data from the bitstream, and decoding of the same. For stereo signal, suitable stereo decoding is performed according to control data. B3/3) SBR Applications 56 October'14 - December’14 So, Spectral Band Replication is a novel technology that combines traditional audio coding with the capabilities of high quality high frequency reconstruction methods. Through the use of SBR in .mp3PRO, the compression efficiency of .mp3 could be significantly improved while remaining compatible with the widespread .mp3 format. But .mp3PRO will succeed .mp3 in all application areas. The combination of AAC and SBR offers the most powerful audio compression available today. As such it is most suited for digital broadcasting and streaming/delivery over networks with limited resources. AAC+SBR is already used in the market place and is the 'Reference Model' in the MPEG-4 standardization. Both .mp3PRO and AAC+SBR are available today in software and hardware; several applications have already been launched. It is expected that the number of applications using SBR will increase significantly in the near future. B4) Why HE-AAC-v2 came Having reached up to a performance like HE-AAC(i.e. HE-AAC-v1), it gets even further harder to increase compression, as the usual urge were still there to further improve the coding efficiency. Now PS is added to HEAAC-v1 to improves audio coding efficiency further HE-AAC-v1 + PS = HE-AAC-v2 i.e. aacPlus-v2 i.e. enhanced aacPlus. As a result, SBR became Reference Model for version 3 of the MPEG-4 standard. Fig-4a shows the result of the test at 24 kbps mono. The test was done with experienced listeners and the well proven MUSHRA(MUltiple Stimulus test with Hidden Reference and Anchors test method. As test items, the “usual” MPEG test items were used (e.g. harpsichord, glockenspiel, pitchpipe, male german speech, castagnettes, a.s.o). Till today those items are known to be very critical for audio coding. AAC+SBR shows a vast improvement compared to AAC, even when compared to the higher bitrate AAC (30 kbps). Moreover AAC+SBR shows a very good absolute performance at this very low bitrate. The stereo test results are shown in Fig-4b. Again, AAC+SBR shows a significant gain over AAC and a very good absolute grading of more than 85 at a bitrate of 48 kbps. For both tests, it should be noted that the comparison was done against MPEG-4 AAC. A comparison to the yet much more popular MPEG-2 AAC, which is the AAC version available on the market today, would show an even higher improvement through SBR (which operates based on MPEG-2 AAC). Since AAC was so far deemed to be state-of-the-art audio compression, it can be concluded from the this test that, AAC+SBR is the new performance leader in audio coding. ] B4/1) PS concept PS(Parametric Stereo) coding is a technique to efficiently code a stereo audio signal as a monaural signal plus a small amount of stereo parameters. The monaural signal can be encoded using any audio coder like HE-AAC-v1. The stereo parameters can be embedded in the ancillary part of the mono bit stream creating backwards mono compatibility. In the decoder, first the monaural signal is decoded after which the stereo signal is reconstructed from the stereo parameters. In this paper, a (LC)Low Complexity decoder solution is described based on complexmodulated filter banks. B4/2) How PS works Parametric Stereo coding aims at describing a stereo signal as a mono signal plus a set of parameters characterizing the stereo image. A block diagram of a PS encoder is shown in Fig-5a. From the stereo input signal (l[n], r[n]), the time-variant stereo parameters are estimated on a non-uniform frequency grid, closely resembling the Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth 57 October'14 - December’14 (ERB) grid. These parameters describe the perceptually relevant spatial cues. Furthermore, a mono downmix m[n] is generated. This mono downmix can then be encoded by any audio encoder. The stereo parameters are quantized and coded into the ancillary part of the mono bit stream yielding a backwards (mono) compatible system. segments of both signals m[n] and d[n] are processed by a time-to-frequency (t/f) transform, performed by windowing followed by an FFT, resulting in the complex-valued frequency domain representations M[k] and D[k] respectively. The two frequency domain representations of the left and right channels, L[k] and R[k] respectively, are obtained as linear combinations of the signals M[k] and D[k]. The mixing parameters are time and frequency dependent; for each frequency component k the mixing process can be described by - PS employs mainly three types of parameters to describe the stereo image - (1) Inter-channel Intensity Differences (IID); describing the intensity differences between the channels, (2) Inter-channel Phase Differences (IPD); describing the phase differences between the channels and, (3) Inter-channel Coherence (IC); describing the coherence between the channels. The coherence is measured as the maximum of the cross-correlation as a function of time or phase. In principle, these three parameters allow for a high quality reconstruction of the stereo image. However, the IPD parameters only specify the relative phase differences between the channels of the stereo input signal. They do not prescribe the distribution of these phase differences over the left and right channels. Hence, a fourth type of parameter is introduced, describing an overall phase offset or Overall Phase Difference (OPD). In order to reconstruct the stereo image, in the PS decoder a number of operations are performed, consisting of scaling (IID), phase rotations (IPD/OPD) and decorrelation. A block diagram of the PS decoder is shown in Fig-5b. L[k] = h11[k].M[k] + h12[k].D[k] & R[k] = h21[k].M[k] + h22[k].D[k] where h11[k], h12[k], h21[k] and h22[k] are defined by the stereo parameters. The signals L[k] and R[k] are finally transformed back to the time domain by means of a frequency-to-time (f/t) transform. In the FFT-based PS decoder, the f/t transform consists of an inverse FFT followed by windowed overlap-add. B4/3) Success and Justification of HE-AAC-v2 When the low complexity PS tool presented in this paper is combined with aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1), this results in a codec that achieves a significantly increased coding efficiency for stereo signals at very low bit rates when compared to aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) operating in normal stereo mode. Block diagram of the the decoder in Fig-5b is also referred to as “enhanced aacPlu(HE-AAC-v2).” Since the SBR tool of aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) already operates in the QMF domain, the PS tool can be included in such a decoder in a computationally very efficient manner directly prior to the final QMF synthesis filter bank. Comparing Fig-4b & Fig-5b, it is evident that only the “Parametric Stereo Decoding and Synthesis”, including its hybrid filter bank, have to be added to a In the FFT-based PS decoder, first a decorrelated signal d[n] is calculated by means of convolving the monaural signal m[n] with a pre-defined sequence. In the stereo reconstruction process, consecutive windowed 58 October'14 - December’14 mono aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) decoder, plus of course a second QMF synthesis filter bank. The computational complexity of such a decoder is approximately the same as that of a aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) decoder operating in normal stereo mode, where AAC decoding, QMF analysis filtering and SBR processing have to be carried out for both channels of a stereo signal. ( These complexity figures are based on the instrumentation of an optimized floatingpoint decoder implementation of the baseline version of the PS tool as defined in.) achieves more than twice the coding efficiency of AAC for stereo signals. Further MUSHRA(see above for acronym) tests have shown that the enhanced aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) with parametric stereo achieves a significantly better subjective quality that normal aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) stereo also for 18 and 32 kbps. Fig-6 shows subjective results from a listening test comparing aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) using normal stereo coding at 24 and 32 kbps with enhanced aacPlus(HEAAC-v2) utilizing the Parametric Stereo tool at 24 kbps. The MPEG-4 Stereo verification test were used as test material and playback was done using headphones. The test employed MUSHRA(see above for acronym) methodology and included a hidden reference and lowpass filtered anchors with 3.5 and 7 kHz bandwidth. It was found that enhanced aacPlus(HE-AAC-v2) i.e. (HE-AAC-v1+PS) at 24 kbps achieves an average subjective quality that is equal to aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) stereo at 32 kbps and that is significantly better than aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) stereo at 24 kbps. It is of interest Also, comprehensive test was conducted, evaluating a variety of open standard and proprietary audio codecs including HE-AAC-v1(AAC+SBR), AAC, Windows Media Audio, and others, at a bitrate of 48 kbps for comparison. The tests were conducted according to the MUSHRA(see above for acronym) test method. The to relate these results to the MPEG-4 verification test. There, it was found that aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) stereo at 32 kbps achieved a subjective quality that was significantly better than AAC stereo at 48 kbps and was similar to or slightly worse than AAC stereo at 64 kbps. This shows that enhanced aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1) 59 October'14 - December’14 results clearly show the superior compression efficiency of HE-AAC-v1. Remarkably, the second best codec in the tests was mp3PRO – the combination of MPEG Layer-III(.mp3) & SBR. Fig-7 shows subjective listening test @48kbps stereo. range down to 32 kbps. Even at bitrates as low as 24 kbps, HEAAC-v2 still produces a quality far higher than that of any other audio codec available. For multichannel 5.1 signals, HE-AAC provides a coding efficiency that is a factor of two higher than Dolby AC3. The diagram shows comparison of audio quality degradation of HE-AAC-v1, HE-AAC-v2 and AAC. Prior to standardization of HE-AAC-v2, MPEG carried out listening tests to verify the efficiency improvement of HE-AAC-v2 (incorporating PS) over HE-AAC-v1. The MUSHRA(see above for acronym) test method was also used for this evaluation. According to the scope of the listening tests, the bitrates used included 24 kbps for HE-AAC-v1, and 32 and 24 kbps for HE-AAC-v2. The results of these tests showed a clear performance gain introduced by PS. HE-AAC-v2 at 24 kbps was seen to perform significantly better than HE-AAC-v1 at 24kbps and equal to or better than HE-AAC-v1 at 32 kbps. Fig-8 beside shows MUSHRA scores relative to 7KHz anchor(stereo). References: 1) ITU - https://www.itu.int/md/T05-FG.IPTV-DOC0195/en 2) Wikipedia = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HighEfficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding 3) Fraunhofer = http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/bf/amm/produkte/audi ocodec/audiocodecs/heaac.html 4) Orban = ftp://ftp.orban.com/1010/Documentation/Entertainme nt%20Grade%20Streaming%20Audio.pdf 5) Chriscoxcommunications = http://www.chriscoxcommunications.co.uk/26series/Enhanced-aacPlus.php 6) Joebert S. Jacaba = http://www.mp3tech.org/programmer/docs/jacaba_main.pdf 7) EBU = https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3296.pdf 8) J.Breebaart+S.van de Par+A. Kohlrausch+E. Schuijers = http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~ee502/ParStereo.pdf 9) Lab Man2 = http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~barry/mydocs/MyCOMP28 512/MS14_Lab_material/MS14_Lab 10) P.Sripada, Deco = http://seamist.se/fou/cuppsats.nsf/all?OpenView&Start=451&R estrictToCategory=S Fig-9 below shows only a smooth degradation in audio quality of HE-AAC-v2 towards low bitrates over a wide About The Author Sh. Sujit Kumar Biswas is an Electrical Engineering Graduate from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, passed out in the year 1989. After that he joined Steel Authority of India Limited at Bokaro Steel City Plant in July of the same year. There, he was placed in jobs involving Electronic and Electrical maintenance. However in the year 1992, he joined Indian Broadcasting Engineering Service in Office of Chief Engineer(North Zone), New Delhi as Assistant Director(Engineering). After that, he was transferred at various places like - Office of Chief Engineer(East Zone), AIR & TV, Kolkata; All India Radio Sasaram; Jamshedpur, Agartala. Now he is posted in O/o ADGE(EZ) i.e. O/o Additional Director General Engineering(East Zone), AIR & TV, Kolkata as DDG(E) i.e. Deputy Director General(Engineering). His main jobs have been the installation works and the Stations maintenance jobs. The concerned project was part of the installation experiences where this development job was necessary. 60 October'14 - December’14 REPORT National Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebration at Constitution Club, New Delhi Broadcast Engineering Society (India), celebrated National Public Service Broadcasting Day at Constitution Club, New Delhi on 12 November 2014. Shri Kailash Satyarthi, the Indian Noble Peace Prize Laureate 2014 was the Chief Guest of the function. Dignitaries present at the event included Shri Jawhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharati, Shri F Sheheryar, DG, All India Radio, Sh N A Khan, Engineer-in-Chief Doordarshan. Devesh Kumar Broadcasting in a large democratic country like India. Talking about the future developments in Public Service Broadcasting in India, Shri Sircar said that keeping up with the technological developments, we need to strengthen FM Radio now and upgrade to DRM III and Internet streaming Radio within the next few years. Also, in television, Prasar Bharati is exploring expanding its FreeDish DTH service to 112 channels and bring up its subscriber base adding some popular private channels. BES(I) celebrates the day every year on 12 November because Mahatma Gandhi made his first speech to the Nation on All India Radio on 12 November 1947 at Nilokheri Refugee Camp, Kurukshetra, Haryana. Celebrations started with Mahatma Gandhi's favourite bhajan, “Vaishnav Jan”, followed by welcome address by Sh. O.K. Sharma, President BES (I). Shri Satyarthi who has been honoured with the Noble Peace Prize this year for saving thousands of children from slavery all over the world, spoke about giving emotional support to our children and not to pressurize them with overload of guidance. He appreciated All India Radio saying that it helped him to great extent in his 'Bachpan Bachao Aandolan' to reach out to parents who had lost their children. Delivering the keynote address, Shri Jawhar Sircar spoke about the importance of Public Service 61 October'14 - December’14 Shri F Sheheryar, DG, All India Radio insisted upon the importance of Public Service Broadcaster and remembered the remarkable contribution of Radio services during disasters like Tsunami, Fallen etc. Sh N A Khan, Engineer-in-Chief Doordarshan told about the expansion plans of DTH services of Doordarshan and the introduction of new terrestrial platforms like DVB T2, and DVB-T2 lite by Doordarshan in near future. Three veteran broadcasters of India namely, Shri M C Aggarwal, former Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio, Shri G S S Sarma former Chief Engineer All India Radio & Doordarshan and Shri A R Krishnamurthy former Dy. Director General ( Programme), All India Radio were given lifetime achievement awards for their outstanding and remarkable contribution towards public service broadcasting. Sh P K Singh, Hon Secretary of BES proposed vote of thanks to all the guests and dignitaries, who were participating in the event. 62 October'14 - December’14 REPORT Ahmedabad Chapter A. K. Gupta BES Ahmadabad chapter has organized a series of lecture for the benefit of members and broadcast Professionals. The brief description of the activities as follows. Lecture on “Cloud technology and its application in Broadcasting”: th A lecture on cloud technology was planned on 25 September 2014. The lecture was delivered by Shri. Rahul Sharma, SE, ISRO Ahmadabad. Recently you can't read anything about technology these days (broadcast or otherwise) without coming across some mention of “the cloud.” Cloud technology and services are essential to the way content professionals manage and deliver their video and audio assets. Its lowcost digital acquisition technology. For media and entertainment cloud deployments include streaming, archiving, editing, transcoding, and content distribution. Cloud is bringing innovative solutions for Broadcasters, Production and post production houses with anywhere access, time saving and reduced resource cost. Cloud brings platform and services to realize live broadcasting for non linear networks and takes content to the viewers irrespective of their location. The fact that multi-platform content delivery (MPCD) is the industry trend that is most important commercially to their business jumps off the page, and it is possible through Cloud. All professional who has attend this lecture, understand these various aspects of Cloud. Shri J K Chandira, Dy.Director General(Engg.),Doordarshan Kendra Ahmedabad & Chapter Chairman BES Ahmedabad emphasized the importance of Cloud Technology and also focused on contribution of such lectures for the up gradation of knowledge level among engineers. Shri A.K.Gupta Dy.Director (Engg.),and Secretary of BES Ahmedabad chapter briefed the achievements of Shri. Rahul Sharma and welcomed all the gathering and Shri R. T, Tale, Hon. Treasurer BES Ahmadabad Chapter presented vote of thanks. Lecture cum Demonstration: Role of HAM Radio during Disaster Recently Gujrat, came across the disaster warning of 'Nilofer”. During disaster Ham Radio is useful 63 39 October'14 - December’14 communication tool. A lecture cum demonstration on HAM Radio in Disaster management was planned on th 20 November 2014. The lecture was delivered by Shri. Pravin Valera, Jt. Secretary, Gujarat institute of amateur radio. an identifying call sign. Prospective amateur operators are tested for their understanding of key concepts in electronics and the host government's radio regulations. Shri. Pravin Valera, demonstrate, the features of Ham radio. He also shared his experiences during various disasters with the members. Shri J K Chandira, Chairman, BES, Ahmedabad Chapter welcomed the gathering and briefed about the achievements of Shri. Pravin Valera. Shri A.K. Gupta, Hon. Secretary, BES Ahmadabad Chapter highlighted the importance of HAM Radio during disaster and Shri R. T, Tale, Hon. Treasurer BES Ahmadabad Chapter presented the vote of thanks. The session received an overwhelming response from the members, who actively participated. The above lecture was well attended by BES members, Prasar Bharti engineers, and guests from other engineering organizations, program officers and staff of Doordarshan. Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) is a popular hobby and service in which licensed Amateur Radio operators (hams) operate communications equipment. Radio amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes and have access to frequency allocations throughout the RF spectrum to enable communication across a city, region, country, continent, the world, or even into space. Amateur radio is officially represented and coordinated by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU). National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with 64 38 January'13 - March'13 October'14 December’14 REPORT Pune Chapter Yogesh Hoshing Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges” Speech. Shri. S. S. Raman Assistant Engineer All India Radio Pune & Joint Secretary BES Pune Chapter introduced Chief Guest Dr. P. B. Mane, Principal AISSMS Institute of Information Technology Pune. Dr. P. B. Mane delivered Inaugural Speech. Smt. S. D. Upadhye ADE,AIR Pune introduced distinguished speakers Shri.Sudhir Sodhia and Shri Ramesh Gharde to the audience. Shri. Sudhir Sodhia delivered Talk and showed Demo on Internet Radio. Shri Ramesh Gharde explained necessity of DRM Transmitter and introduced DRM transmitters and Receivers. Shri. S. N. Patange introduced key note speaker Shri I.I. George, who divulged his views on “Various Radio Delivery Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges.” The session saw great involvement of audience with a lively Q & A session at the end. Broadcast Engineering Society (BES), Pune Chapter organized Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges” on 19th Sept. 2014. Venue was All India Radio Pune’s Auditorium. Delegates from various All India Radio and Doordarshan stations in Maharashtra were present. Shri I.I. George Additional Director General (Training), AIR & Doordarshan Delhi and Vice President BES(I) was the Key note speaker. Shri.Ravindra Ranjekar Honorary Treasurer BES PUNE Chapter offered Vote of Thanks. Anchoring of the prog. was done by Shri. Yogesh Hoshing AIR Pune. Shri.Ashish Bhatnagar DDG(E) All India Radio Pune and the Chairman of Pune Chapter presented Welcome 65 October'14 - December’14 National Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebration at Pune Ashok Kale The 'National Public Service Broadcasting Day' was celebrated on 12th November 2014, by BES Pune Chapter with great vigour & enthusiasm. Two important events with active involvement of various mass communication/ journalism, political science, social studies, art, science, commerce college /institutions in and around Pune region were organised as the part of celebration. A short essay competition on the theme “How to Sustain & Strengthen Public Service Broadcasting in this era of Commercial Broadcasting” was organised for college students from various streams – the winners were felicitated on National Public Service Broadcasting Day during a panel discussion on “Public Service through Radio & TV: Strength & Challenges”, which was organised on 12th November 2014 at All India Radio Auditorium, Shivajinagar, Pune with eminent speakers like: Naik, Modern College & Second prize winner: Subhekshna Murudkar, Fergusson College) The Juries of the essay competition, Shri R.N. Katkar, Director(E) AIR, Pune & Smt. Manisha Shete, Dy Director(E), DDK Pune, both Vice Chairperson, BES Pune Chapter, after going through the entries received for essay competition, shortlisted the first level entries, judged first & second prize winners, distributed certificates to winners & first level shortlisted candidates. The first & second prize winners (Siddharth Naik & Subhekshna Murudkar) were also presented with trophies & were given the opportunity to share the dais with invited experts & to speak on the theme for 5-7 minutes. Padmashri Shri Niranjan Pandya, Managing Director H V Desai Hospital, Shri Nagraj Manjule, National Award winning Marathi Film Director Smt. Manisha Gupte, Renowned Social Activist, Shri Ashok Jadhav, Representative of Industry Employees, on panel & Voices from the youth (First prize winner: Siddharth At the outset, eminent speakers were welcomed & felicitated by BES office bearers. Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, Chairman, BES Pune Chapter welcomed the panel of expert. Shri Bhatnagar, while setting the ball rolling, stressed the importance of public service broadcasting, and requested the panellists to express their views /experiences/ expectations freely. Ms Subhekshna Murudkar from Furgusson college, Pune, the Second prize winner of essay competition, expressed her views on Public Service broadcasting. Thereafter Mr Siddharth Naik from Modern College, Pune, the First prize winner of essay competition, shared his views on AIR & Doordarshan programming 66 October'14 - December’14 Scientist/ activist, discussed how AIR is playing an important role in addressing the issues of most deprived sections of the society viz. women, children, elderly persons, rural population, farmers, tribal's etc. Padmashri Shri Niranjan Pandya– Managing Director H V Desai Hospital, Pune, while expressing the 'Radio' as very disciplined media, also said that the radio is the best friend of persons blindness problems & other physical disabilities. He said that, “some of the AIR programmes are so popular that the people understand the timings of the day, by simply listening the radio programmes”. He also said that in order to prevent loneliness of blind /physically challenged persons, radio listening is suggested as the therapy. & attributed the 'cultural discipline' as an important strength of India's Public Service Broadcaster. He also compared the PSB's in other countries & favoured to carryout SWOT analysis of India's PSB Prasar Bharati. The panel discussion & Q/A session in which large no students & faculties interacted with experts on the dais was vividly moderated by Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, Chairman BES(I) Pune Chapter. He also clarified certain aspects of the present Govt. policies on broadcasting The programme ended with vote of thanks. Shri Nagraj Munjale, a noted Marathi feature film Director (Fandry – A national Award winner), shared his experience of Radio listening on how he & his family members used to eagerly wait for programmes like Bina ki Geet Mala etc, felt connected with the songs & how he used to watch feature films on TV at his native place with lot of jugglery with antenna/speakers . He further elaborated that even today in presence of large number of private TV / radio channels, if people wants reliable & authentic news, AIR & Doordarshan channels are the first choice. He also explained his association with radio during early days of his carrier as Marathi Poet. Shri Ashok Jadhav, Representative of Industry Employees, shared his love for radio like- listening cricket commentary & how he developed friendship with renown Pakistani wrestler because of radio, how he selected his job as the 'hoist operator' to pursue his hobby of radio listening. He also expected that the AIR Pune primary channel programmes should be available on local FM channel. Smt Manisha Gupte, Social At the beginning of the programme, the presentation on BES activities, audio clip on historical landmarks of AIR Pune programmes, video clip on Doordarshan Pune Programme activities were presented to the audience. The programme was attended by about 120 participants(students/faculties) from various colleges/ Institutes viz. Fergusson College, Ranade Institute, Gokhale Institute, Modern College, AISSM's COE, Pune University, MKSSS's SMART Institute etc., AIR & DD Prog/Engg. Staff members, BES Members. The meticulous & excellent planning of the programme by hard working team led by Mrs. Sangeeta Upadhye, Event Coordinator, EC member BES & AD(E) AIR Pune under the overall guidance of Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, Chairman BES Pune Chapter & DDG(E), AIR Pune made the programme, a big success! 67 October'14 - December’14 REPORT Hyderabad Chapter Er. Nuli Namassivaya Seminar on “Advances in Digital Broadcasting” changeover to digital of all Broadcast services in the country, except terrestrial broadcasting. Easy availability of digital receiving sets at affordable cost is the key to the success of digital broadcasting and thus it has become an “egg and chicken' problem, he said. The technical sessions that followed were chaired by Sri SLK Prasada Rao, Chief Engineer, ETV, Sri Y. Venkateswarlu, former CEO, SAPNET and Dr. Neeraj Upadhay, Principal, JBIET, Hyderabad. In his paper on “Social Media in Broadcasting”, Sri Devesh Kumar, Dy. Engineer, National Academy of Broadcasting & Multimedia, Delhi gave a lucid account on the historical evolution of Media, the latest being the social media which, he said, brought about the biggest shift since the Industrial revolution. Emphasising that the social media are not a threat to broadcast media, he said that there is a symbiotic relationship between the two despite their opposite characteristics. Social media are enabling the broadcast media to connect with their audiences – particularly the youth – in a more effective manner. The BES, Hyderabad chapter conducted their annual one-day seminar on 14th Dec 2014 at Hotel Tourism Plaza on the theme “Advances in Digital Broadcasting”. Sri K. jayachandra, IPS, former DGP, Govt of AP was the Chief Guest, while Sri O.K. Sharma, President, BES delivered the keynote address. Sri Nori Venkateswarlu, retired Chief Engineer of AIR&DD, was the Guest of honour and was felicitated on the occasion. Around 100 delegates from different stations of AIR, DD and private channels participated. Ms. Meenakshi Sanghvi, Dy Director (E) at AIR, Vadodara, in her paper “FM combiners” gave a systematic account of the technical features of different Sri K. Jayachandra, in his inaugural speech, quoted a recent World Bank study which came out with the finding that the development of a nation is largely influenced by advances in the telecommunications field. Digitisation of telecommunications – Broadcasting included – has been progressing at a rapid pace in the world over, with an all round impact on the services. In his keynote address Shri O.K. Sharma explained at length the rationale behind digitisation of Broadcasting, including the road map of All India Radio and Doordarshan. He stated that DRM technology is being adopted for digitisation of radio broadcasting, while all satellite transmissions are already fully digitized. March 2017 has been decided as the deadline for full 68 October'14 - December’14 FM combiners and their indispensable need while installing multiple FM transmitters at a single location through a common tower, feeder line and antenna system. for the human body exposure. He, however, enumerated some precautions to be observed while handling the mobile phone sets. He also opined that curtailing the member of service providers for a given cell zone and limiting the maximum radiated power will further improve the radiation environment and wil make it still safer, while at the same time improving spectral efficiency. Sri NV Ramana, Director (E), DDK, Hyderabad spoke on “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, also known as H.265. Increasing video resolution and supporting parallel processing are the twin concerns of the new compression format and he explained how both these concerns are addressed by this format which will come into use by year 2015. In a refreshingly different talk on 'Who am I – How to get Bliss in old age', Swamy Purnabodhananda of Ramakrishna Mutt, Hyderabad dealt with higher goals of life and how they can be realized. Meditation, a sense of detachment and Karma yoga will go a longway in obviating daily stress and in ensuring lasting bliss, he said. 'Big data and Broadcasting', is the paper presented by Dr Neeraj Upadhay, Principal, JBIET, Hyderabad. Stating that Broadcasting in a 'social business', he explained how software giants like IBM, Microsoft, Kognito, Oracle, Cloudena and some others are serving the Broadcast industry through 'Big data' : provision of return channel, instant audience feed back as well as audience – directed programming. Dr. V. Rama Rao, CTO, SV Bhakti Channel summed up the proceedings of the seminar at the end. Sri MBS Purushotham, Chairman, BES, Hyderabad chapter gave the welcome address, while Sri Nuli Namassivaya, Secretary and Sri RJ Rao, Treasurer, proposed a vote of thanks. Sri Ravi Sankar, AGM, BSNL, spoke on 'Spectrum Issues and Management'. Saying that the radiation hazards of cellular signals and broadcast signals are an unfounded myth, he clarified that both these services are 'instances of non-ionising radiation and therefore safe A souvenir containing the papers presented at the seminar was also released on the occasion. 69 October'14 - December’14 REPORT Thanjavur Chapter A. Chitra A Seminar on “media Assets Management” Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Thanjavur Chapter in Co-Ordination with Periyar Maniyammai University conducted a seminar on “MEDIA ASSETS MANAGEMENT” at the University campus Vallam, Tanjore on16/10/2014. The seminar was inaugurated by Mrs.A.Chitra, Chairperson, BES(I)Thanjavur Chapter. Smt. G.Gandhimathi, HOD/ECE Department welcomed the gathering. Many Engineering officials from All India Radio and Doordarshan ,Faculty of Periyar Maniammai University and students attended the seminar. Dr.M.Thavamani, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Periayar Maniammai University presided over the function. She spoke about the importance of Community Radio in uplifting the life's of the villages especially the women, also informed that the first community Radio was started by two women in a remote village of Andhra Pradesh after struggling to get the licence over a decade. Management. The arrangements for the seminar was coordinated by BES(I)., Thanjavur Chapter Secretary Mr.S.Periandavar., and Treasurer Mr.G.Muthukrishnan. Mrs.L.Jayanthi Kesavan Asst.Professor/ ECE Department delivered the vote of thanks. The seminar was ended with the National Anthem and then with High Tea. The lecture was delivered by Sri.S.Muthusamy, Deputy Director General, ADG Office of All India Radio and Doordarshan, Chennai. He elaborated about the various methodologies and techniques to archive the vast treasure of recordings available with both All India Radio and Doordarshan. He cleared the doubts raised by the students about various video formats and the latest developments in the field of Media Asset Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebration Broadcast Engineering Society, Thanjavur Chapter and All India Radio Thiruchirappalli observed “Public Broad casting Day” on 12th November 2014 at All India Radio premises. Smt. A. Chitra, Chairperson, Broadcast Engineering Society, Thanjavur Chapter inaugurated the function 70 October'14 - December’14 and lighting the lamp also spoke the importance of public broad casting day, at the time of independence 1947 our father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhiji addressed over radio to the people who were in the refugee camp at Kurukeshtra on November 12th, also highlighted the service rendered by both AIR and Doordarshan. Former Station Director(Retd), Shri.T.Ganesan and Dr.M.Vijaya Sundari Assistant Professor, UDC, Trichy who were the chief guests elaborated about the entertainment and benefits in all the fields for the people. The function was attended well by staff of All India Radio, Doordarshan and BES (I) Thanjavur c h a p t e r . Vo t e o f T h a n k s g i v e n b y Shri.G.MuthuKrishnan, Treasurer BES(I) Thanjavur. The function ended with National Anthem and High tea. Smt.M.Vasuki,DDG(E),AIR,Thiruchirappalli, Smt.Jothimani Ellangovan spoke on the occasion. Jawhar Sircar CEO PB elected ABU Vice President Shri Jawhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharati, India has been elected as Vice President of Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union, unopposed at it's General Assembly held at Macau in October 2014. It's a great honour for our India, it's public service broadcaster and Sh. Jawhar Sircar. Doordarshan has also been re-elected as technical bureau member and AIR to ABU Administrative Council unanimously Broadcast Engineering Society (India) congratulates Sh. Jawhar Sircar for this rare achievement and applauds the efforts of the Prasar Bharati team who has worked hard to make this a reality. 71 October'14 - December’14 REPORT Mumbai Chapter S. C. Khasgiwal • Pilot Deployment of entire Multilingual DVB Subtitle Solution in four metro Kendra's of Doordarshan aided by DeitY • This will allow the viewers to select the subtitle language of their choice with the click of remote. • Facilitate Local Alerts, Emergency Messages etc. • Multilingual Subtitles and Captions helps address the viewers with diverse linguistic backgrounds and also those with hearing impairments. Next Generation Viewing Experience: Key Points • Second Screen or Companion Screen (consumers moving away from time-boxed viewing, they are moving away from the box itself) • Full Web and Social Networking experience on TV • Stop and start programs on one TV or device and pick up where they left off on another. • Connect your tablet to a hotel TV • More relevant and engaging advertising. (Advertising becomes useful, rather than annoying.) • HTTP Adaptive Streaming • Media Sharing Using DLNA : Share and Play content across home network Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai Chapter organised a seminar on “Web & TV-New Dimensions & Standards”on 14th Nov., 2014 in the Conference hall of Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai. The main speaker was Shri M.D.Kulkarni, Associate Director & HoD, C-DAC, Pune supported by Shri Sudesh Mudaliar Jt. Director, C-DAC, Pune. The Chairman of Mumbai Chapter & National Chairman of New Member Induction Committee at BES (I), New Delhi Shri S.C.Khasgiwal Rtd. ADG(Ewz) welcomed the invited guests and the BES members attending the seminar. He expressed that while the Digital Wave has started shaking the traditional structures of broadcasting industry, the future will bring in more revolutionary changes with many new services on the horizon, including the multiplatform delivery to multiple devices. The guest of honours were Shri S.K.Arora ADG(E-wz) AIR Maintenance and Shri B.Yadav ADG(E-wz) TV Maintenance. The occasion was graced by Shri S.R.Aggarwal Formerly E in C, AIR & Secretary General of IETE; Shri Sudhir Sodhia DDG(E) AIR; Shri Satyajit Das DDG(E) Doordarshan, Mumbai; Corporate Members from the Industries, large number of BES Members and many AIR & DD officials. The gist of the presentation by Shri M.D.Kulkarni Associate Director of C-DAC was as under: Over The Top Technology (OTT) • As content becomes more digitized and use of connected devices becomes the norm, the rise in demand for TV everywhere is becoming more dominant and relevant than ever. • OTT technology will dominate in coming years Pilot Deployment of Multilingual Subtitling System on DTT at Metro Kendras • Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai 72 October'14 - December’14 interactivity on Gyandarshan Educational Broadcasts and provides the learner viewer with enriched and immersive learning experience. The initial requirements of this application are taken from EM2RC, Pune. It enables the learner viewer to take the lecture notes, participate in quiz and access to supplementary information about the programme. With further enhancements it can also facilitate text chat based Learner-Mentor interaction during the live sessions of the programme with the help of return channels. The application currently supports 10 Indian Languages namely Hindi, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu. It is tested on Videocon set-top-boxes under lab simulation environment. These set-top-boxes are capable of receiving DD Direct+ DTH FTA service on which Gyandarshan channels are available. World Wide Web (W3C) Consortium The W3C has its presence in all countries and is hosted by four nationals globally 4 host locations and 19 offices • MIT (USA), Keio (Japan). ERCIM (France), Beihang (China) Interaction over Return Channel Enrich viewer's experience through interactivity and participation using return channel. 400 Members from 45 countries; Many Industries and Governments including BRIC countries. T-Governance: Multilingual Interactive TV service for Farmers W3C Web and TV Interest Group Established in February 2011, the aim is to provide a forum for Web and TV technical discussions, Web and TV Interest Group, to review existing work, as well as the relationship between services on the Web and TV services, and to identify requirements and potential solutions to ensure that the Web will function well with TV. This service can help enable interactivity on Krishi Darshan programmes and disseminate latest market prices and Govt. schemes in local languages thus creating an alternate information channel for viewers. Synergizing Doordarshan & C-DAC activities • Participation in W3C Standardization activities (W3C, HbbTV and Other SDO's) • Indian language compliant - Set-top-box.. Middleware, Language Stacks, EPG & other component development. • Advance Digital TV Services -Concept to transmission. • Set-top-Box Certification • T-learning, T-Governance and allied areas. • Localisation guidelines and standards • Joint project on assisted living. Open IPTV Forum (OIPF) • The Open IPTV Forum (OIPF) is a non-profit consortium and standards organization. (Japan) • It is focused on generating free of charge specifications for end-to-end IPTV services. • The HbbTV standard, which has been adopted by many broadcasters across Europe, is based on the specifications created by the Open IPTV Forum. Hbb TV • Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV or “HbbTV”, is a major new pan-European initiative aimed at harmonising the broadcast and broadband delivery of entertainment to the end consumer through connected TVs and set-top boxes. Live demonstration was done by Shri Subhanshu G u p t a , Te c h n i c a l O f f i c e r, C - D A C , P u n e on interactivity on T-learing & T-Governance. The Lectures & Demo were followed by Q & A session. The Anchoring was conducted by Shri Pradeep Sharma Hon. Secretary of BES(I) Mumbai Chapter and also presented the Vote of Thanks. T-Learning: The sample interactive application The application demonstrated here intends to enable 73 October'14 - December’14 Corporate Members Mem. No. Name Address 1. LCM-01 M/s AKG Acoustics (India) Ltd. Kamal Cinema Building, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029 2. LCM-02 M/s Telematics Systems Ltd. Mount Poonamallee Road, Nandambakkam, Chennai- 600 089 3. LCM-03 M/s Electronics Corpn.of Tamilnadu Ltd. LLA Buildings, 735, Anna Salai, Chennai- 600 002 4. LCM-04 M/s Hinditron Tektronix Inst.Ltd. No.5, Crescent Road, High Grounds, Bangalore - 560 001 5. LCM-05 M/s Rohde & Schwarz Liaison Office India, 244, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase-III, New Delhi - 110 020 6. LCM-06 M/s Maharashtra Elects.Corpn.Ltd. D-26, South Extension, Part-I, New Delhi-110049 7. LCM-07 M/s Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. Gurunanak Foundation Building, 15-16, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 067 8. CM-09 M/s Acoustics Engineers 'VASANT' 1286 A, Shivajinagar, Opp.Balgandharava Rangmandir, Pune - 411 005 9. LCM-10 M/s Gujarat Commns. & Elect.Ltd. G.I.D.C Industrial Estate, Makarpura, Vadodara - 390 010 10. LCM-15 M/s Comcon Industries S-54, Functional Industrial, Estate for Electronics, Okhla PhaseII, New Delhi - 110 020 11. LCM-19 M/s Satcom Electronics (P) Ltd. 33, B.R.B. Bose Road, 2nd Floor, Calcutta-700001 12. LCM-21 M/s Army Headquarter Signal Regiment, 1, Army Headquarter, Signal Regiment, Signals Enclave, New Delhi-110010 13. LCM-35 M/s Benchmark Microsystems Pvt. Ltd. No.140,Greater Kailash-I, New Delhi-110048 14. CM-36 M/s Bharat Electronics Ltd Jalahalli, Bangalore-560013 15. CM-25 M/s Visual Tech. India PVT.LTD. A-1, First floor, lajpat Nagar-II, New Delhi-110024. 16. LCM-08 M/s Webel Mediatronics Ltd. P-1, Taratala Road, Calcutta - 700 088 17. LCM-11 M/s Hindustan Photo Films Co.Ltd. Indu Nagar, Ooty, Tamilnadu-643006. 18. LCM-14 M/s Broadcast Equipments(I) P.Ltd. 370-371/2, First Floor, Hospital Road, Jangpura, New Delhi-14 19. LCM-16 M/s R & S Electronics A-1-24, Ghanshyam Ind. Estate, Veera Desai Road, Andheri (West), Mumbai-400053 20. LCM-17 M/s Swati Industries Z-40, Okhala Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020 21. LCM-20 M/s Elect. Corpn. of India Ltd. ECIL Post, Hyderabad-500062 22. LCM-23 M/s BECIL B-1, Sector 31, Noida-201301 23. LCM-24 M/s AVF Distributors (I) PVT. LTD. 208 and 12 jagani Ind. Comp., Near ATI, Chunabhatti, Mumbai400022. 24. LCM-26 M/s Cinecita Comoptronics Ind. Pvt. Ltd Parijat House 3rd floor, 1076, off. pr. E. moses Road, Worli, Mumbai-400018 25. LCM-27 M/s Studio Systems Sangeeta Aptts. Bldg. 6-C,Flat No. 5. Ground Floor, Behind Lido Cinema, Juhu Road, Mumbai-400049 26. LCM-28 M/s Canara Lighting Industries Ltd. Bata Compound Khopet, Pokhran Road No. 1, Thane-400601 27. LCM-29 M/s AGIV (India) Pvt. Ltd. SION Chunabhatti Road, Mumbai-400022 74 October'14 - December’14 Corporate Members Mem. No. Name Address 28. LCM-30 M/s Doordarshan Doordarshan Bhavan, Copernicus Marg, New Delhi-110001 29. LCM-31 M/s Silicon Graphics Systems (I)(P)Ltd. 228 Udog Vihar Phase-1, Gurgaon 30. LCM-32 M/s Essel Shyam Communication Ltd FC-20, Sector 16 A, Noida-201301 31. LCM-33 M/s All India Radio Directorate General, Akashvani Bhavan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-1 32. LCM-34 M/s The IEI Delhi State Centre Engineers Bhavan, Bahadur Shar Zafar Marg, New Delhi-2 33. LCM-37 M/s Trans World Radio- South Asia L-15, Green Park, New Delhi-110016 34. LCM-38 M/s Kathrein India Pvt. Ltd. 4-B-4. Industry Manor, 3rd Floor, A.S.M. Marg, Prabha Devi, Mumbai-25. 35. LCM-39 M/s Arraycom (India) Limited B-13, 13/1 & 14, GIDC, Electronics Estate, Sector 25, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 36. LCM-40 M/s Sun Broadcast Equipments Pvt. Ltd. 3/31, 3rd Floor, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi-110008 37. LCM-41 M/s Diksaat Transworld Ltd. No. 12, Balia Avenue, Luz Mylapore, Chennai-600004 38. LCM-42 M/s Qualcomm India Pvt. Ltd. 3rd Floor, DLF Centre, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001 39. LCM-43 M/s. Monarch Computers Pvt. Ltd. Monarch House, Royal Palms, Aarey Milk Colony, Goregaon (E) Mumbai-400065 40. LCM-44 M/s. Setron India Private Limited E-2 Greater Kailash Enclave-1 New Delhi-110048 41. LCM-45 M/s. Global Institute of Technology Sitapur Jaipur-302022 42. LCM-46 M/s. Institute of Management Studies A-8B IMS Campus Sector-62 Noida Uttar Pradesh-201303 43. LCM-47 M/s. A. V. Institute of Technology Vinayaka Mission University OMR, Vinayaka Nagar, Paiyanoor Tamilnadu-603104 Advertisement Rates BES REVIEW, being the only journal in India totally dedicated to Broadcasting, invites advertisement for publication from the industries serving the broadcast media. The charges are as given below : 1. Back Cover Colour Rs. 15000/- per issue 2. Inside Back/Front Covers Colour Rs. 12,000/- per issue 3. Inside full page Colour Rs. 11,000/- per issue The charges are for only one issue and the advertiser(s) must send positive of the advertisements along with requisit fee by Cheque/D.D. drawn in favour of Broadcast Engineering Society (India), payable at New Delhi to Hon. Secretary, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912, Surya Kiran Building, 19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001 75 October'14 - December’14 Obituary Sad demise of BES Life Fellow former eminent AIR Engineer, Prof. Dr. P J Joglekar Prof. Dr. P. J . Joglekar of Thane, Mumbai expired on 26th Nov. ,2014 , morning ; after prolonged illness of about last eight months. Prof. Joglekar was born on 15th Jan. ,1935 , studied Telecom Engg . in CoEP ,Pune and did his Ph. D at IISC , Banglore. Shri Joglekar had served as UPSC recruit Technical Assistant at mall Road Transmitters of AIR in 1957 and in Research Department of AIR from 1957 to 1960. Later he moved to IIT, Delhi and then to College of Engg. , Tiruchirapalli and later did freelance work -- teaching, consultancy & writings in English and Marathi in the field of Telecom . He was actively associated with IETE Hqs [ exCouncil Member ] and its Mumbai / Pune Centres , Institution of Engrs. ,Pune and the Broadcast Engg. Society etc. He was widely known in the Telecom / Broadcasting fraternity , which has suffered a significant loss due to his death. In his reminiscences published in BES Review ( December 2013), Dr. Joglekar candidly admits that his days in Akashvani gave very valuable practical experience, which helped him immensely in his future career. Above all they gave him great friends from all states and helped in developing a National Outlook. Broadcast Engineering Society(India) deeply mourns the sad demise of Prof. Dr. P. J . Joglekar and prays for the peace of the departed soul. 76 April'14 - September’14
* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
advertisement
© 2021