HM5530 Manual dt-engl.indd

99 Washington Street
Melrose, MA 02176
Fax 781-665-0780
TestEquipmentDepot.com
Spectrum-Analyzer
HM5530
Manual
General information concerning the CE marking
Hersteller
Manufacturer
Fabricant
HAMEG Instruments GmbH
Industriestraße 6
D-63533 Mainhausen
KONFORMITÄTSERKLÄRUNG
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
DECLARATION DE CONFORMITE
Die HAMEG Instruments GmbH bescheinigt die Konformität für das Produkt
The HAMEG Instruments GmbH herewith declares conformity of the product
HAMEG Instruments GmbH déclare la conformite du produit
Bezeichnung / Product name / Designation:
Spektrumanalysator
Spectrum Analyzer
Analyseur de spectre
Überspannungskategorie / Overvoltage category / Catégorie de surtension: II
Verschmutzungsgrad / Degree of pollution / Degré de pollution: 2
Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit / Electromagnetic compatibility /
Compatibilité électromagnétique
EN 61326-1/A1 Störaussendung / Radiation / Emission:
Tabelle / table / tableau 4; Klasse / Class / Classe B.
Typ / Type / Type:
HM5530
Störfestigkeit / Immunity / Imunitée: Tabelle / table / tableau A1.
mit / with / avec:
–
Optionen / Options / Options:
–
EN 61000-3-2/A14 Oberschwingungsströme / Harmonic current emissions /
Émissions de courant harmonique:
Klasse / Class / Classe D.
mit den folgenden Bestimmungen / with applicable regulations /
avec les directives suivantes
EMV Richtlinie 89/336/EWG ergänzt durch 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EWG
EMC Directive 89/336/EEC amended by 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EEC
Directive EMC 89/336/CEE amendée par 91/263/EWG, 92/31/CEE
EN 61000-3-3 Spannungsschwankungen u. Flicker / Voltage fluctuations and flicker /
Fluctuations de tension et du flicker.
Datum / Date / Date
10. 04. 2006
Unterschrift / Signature /Signatur
Niederspannungsrichtlinie 73/23/EWG ergänzt durch 93/68/EWG
Low-Voltage Equipment Directive 73/23/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC
Directive des equipements basse tension 73/23/CEE amendée par 93/68/CEE
Angewendete harmonisierte Normen / Harmonized standards applied / Normes
harmonisées utilisées:
Sicherheit / Safety / Sécurité: EN 61010-1:2001 (IEC 61010-1:2001)
Messkategorie / Measuring category / Catégorie de mesure: I
Manuel Roth
Manager
General information concerning the CE marking
HAMEG instruments fulfill the regulations of the EMC directive. The
conformity test made by HAMEG is based on the actual generic- and
product standards. In cases where different limit values are applicable,
HAMEG applies the severer standard. For emission the limits for
residential, commercial and light industry are applied. Regarding the
immunity (susceptibility) the limits for industrial environment have
been used.
3. Influence on measuring instruments.
Under the presence of strong high frequency electric or magnetic fields,
even with careful setup of the measuring equipment an influence of
such signals is unavoidable.
This will not cause damage or put the instrument out of operation. Small
deviations of the measuring value (reading) exceeding the instruments
specifications may result from such conditions in individual cases.
The measuring- and data lines of the instrument have much influence
on emmission and immunity and therefore on meeting the acceptance
limits. For different applications the lines and/or cables used may
be different. For measurement operation the following hints and
conditions regarding emission and immunity should be observed:
4. RF immunity of oscilloscopes.
4.1 Electromagnetic RF field
The influence of electric and magnetic RF fields may become visible
(e.g. RF superimposed), if the field intensity is high. In most cases
the coupling into the oscilloscope takes place via the device under
test, mains/line supply, test leads, control cables and/or radiation.
The device under test as well as the oscilloscope may be effected by
such fields.
Although the interior of the oscilloscope is screened by the cabinet,
direct radiation can occur via the CRT gap. As the bandwidth of
each amplifier stage is higher than the total –3dB bandwidth of the
oscilloscope, the influence RF fields of even higher frequencies may
be noticeable.
1. Data cables
For the connection between instruments resp. their interfaces and
external devices, (computer, printer etc.) sufficiently screened cables
must be used. Without a special instruction in the manual for a reduced
cable length, the maximum cable length of a dataline must be less than
3 meters and not be used outside buildings. If an interface has several
connectors only one connector must have a connection to a cable.
Basically interconnections must have a double screening. For IEEE-bus
purposes the double screened cables HZ73 and HZ72L from HAMEG
are suitable.
2. Signal cables
Basically test leads for signal interconnection between test point and
instrument should be as short as possible. Without instruction in the
manual for a shorter length, signal lines must be less than 3 meters
and not be used outside buildings.
4.2 Electrical fast transients / electrostatic discharge
Electrical fast transient signals (burst) may be coupled into the
oscilloscope directly via the mains/line supply, or indirectly via test
leads and/or control cables. Due to the high trigger and input sensitivity
of the oscilloscopes, such normally high signals may effect the trigger
unit and/or may become visible on the CRT, which is unavoidable.
These effects can also be caused by direct or indirect electrostatic
discharge.
HAMEG Instruments GmbH
Signal lines must screened (coaxial cable - RG58/U). A proper ground
connection is required. In combination with signal generators double
screened cables (RG223/U, RG214/U) must be used.
26
Subject to change without notice
Content
Deutsch
2
English
Decleration of conformity
26
General information concerning the CE-marking
26
Spectrum-Analyzer HM5530
28
Specifications
29
Important hints
Symbols
Handling
Safety
Operating conditions
Warranty and repair
Maintenance
Protective Switch Off
Power supply
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
Front Panel Elements – Brief Description
32
Test Signal Display
34
Operational hints
First measurements
35
35
Spectrum-Analyzer basics
36
Spectrum-Analyzer specifications
Frequency Measurements
Stability
Resolution
Noise
Video filter
Sensitivity – Maximum input level
Frequency response
36
36
37
37
37
37
38
38
Functional principle of the HM5530
38
Functiónal controls and readout
40
RS-232 Interface:
Reading measurement results and remote control
Description
RS-232 cables
Adjustment of Baud rate
Data communication
Comands from PC to HM5530
Listing of control commands
Extensive description of the command #bm1
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
47
Subject to change without notice
27
HM5530
3 GHz Spectrum Analyzer
HM5530
Frequency range 100 kHz to 3 GHz
Test signal 50 MHz
Amplitude measurement range -110 dBm to +20 dBm
Phase synchronous direct digital frequency synthesis
Resolution bandwiths (RBW): 9 kHz, 120 kHz and 1 MHz
Externally triggered
AM signal (zero span)
YIG oscillator
Pre-compliance emi measurements
Software for extended measurement functions for emi
measurements included
RS-232 Interface, optional: USB/RS-232
Amplitude modulated
3 GHz signal
28
Subject to change without notice
Specifications
3 GHz Spectrum Analyzer HM5530
(Valid at 23 degr. C after a 30 min. warm-up period.)
Frequency characteristics
Frequency range:
100 kHz to 3 GHz
Frequency generation:
TXCO with DDS
(Digital Frequency Synthesis)
Stability:
± 1 ppm
Ageing:
± 1 ppm/year
Frequency resolution:
1 kHz (61⁄2-digit readout)
Center frequency range:
0 to 3 GHz
Tolerance of center frequency: ± 1 kHz
Span setting range:
0 (zero span) and 1 to 3000 MHz
Amplitude characteristics
Display range:
-110 dBm to +20 dBm
Scaling, units:
10 or 5 dB/div, dBm, dBmV,
dBμV selectable
Dynamic range:
80 dB (10 dB/div), 40 dB (5 dB/div)
Amplitude frequency response (ATT 10 dB, zero span, 1 MHz-RBW
signal level –20 dBm):
±3 dB
Display (CRT):
8 cm x 10 cm
Display chracteristic:
logarithmic
Display units:
dB (dBm, dBmV, dBμV)
Input attenuator:
0 to 50 dB in 10 dB increments
Tolerance:
± 2 dB, referred to 10 dB
Maximum continuous input level:
Attenuation 10 to 50 dB:
+ 20 dBm (0.1 W)
Attenuation 0 dB:
+ 10 dBm
Maximum input dc voltage:
± 25 V
Reference level:
Adjustment range:
-110 dBm to +20 dBm
Tolerance (1500 MHz, ATT 10 dB, Zero Span,
RBW 1 MHz):
±1 dB
Min. average noise level (RBW 9 kHz):
150 kHz – 1.5 MHz:
-90 dBm
1.5 MHz – 2.6 GHz:
-100 dBm
2.6 GHz – 3.0 GHz:
-90 dBm
3rd order intermodulation (2 signals of):
–33 dBm each, frequency
difference › 3 MHz:
› 75 dBc
2nd order harmonic distortions (2nd harmonic at a signal level of -30 dBm,
ATT 0 dB, frequency difference › 3 MHz): › 75 dBc
Bandwidth dependent frequency response amplitude tolerance
amplitude tolerance (relative to RBW 1 MHz, zero span: ± 1 dB
Digitization:
± 1 Digit (0.4 dB) at 10 dB/div
scaling (average, zero span)
Marker/Deltamarker
Frequency resolution:
Frequency accuracy:
Amplitude resolution:
External trigger input:
Digital signal:
Low level:
High level:
Functions
Keyboard input:
Rotary encoder input:
MAX HOLD:
AVG (average):
Reference spectrum:
SAVE/RECALL:
AM demodulation:
REMOTE:
Readout:
Miscellaneous
Display (CRT):
Acceleration voltage:
Trace rotation:
Ambient temperature range:
Storage temperature:
Power supply:
Safety class:
Dimensions (W x H x D):
Weight:
BNC connector
0 to +0.8 V
+2.5 V to +5.0 V
Center frequency, span, start frequency,
stop frequency, marker, deltamarker,
reference level, test signal level
Center frequency, span, start frequency,
stop frequency, marker, deltamarker,
reference level, test signal level intensity,
focus, trace rotation, volume
Peak detection
Averaging
memory depth 2 k x 8 Bit
Storage and recall of up to
10 instrument settings
for the PHONE output
Display of remote/local control
via RS-232 interface
8 parameter display fields, display of
keyboard inputs
D 14-363GY, 8 cm x 10 cm internal graticule
approx. 2 kV
adjustable on front panel
+10 to +40 °C
- 40 to +70 °C
105 to 254 VAC, 50 to 60 Hz,
approx. 37 W CAT II
I (EN/IEC 61010-1) with protective earth
285 x 125 x 380 mm Adjustable handle,
as a tilt-stand or for convenient carrying
approx. 6.5 kg
Accessories supplied: Line cord, manual, CD-ROM, HZ21 Adapter N male to
BNC female
Optional accessories:
HO720 Dual-Interface RS-232/USB
HZ70 Opto-Interface (with optical fiber cable)
HZ520 Antenna
HZ530 Near Field Probe Set for EMI Diagnosis
HZ560 Transient Limiter
HZ575 75 /50 ohm-converter
span/2000, max. 1 kHz, 61⁄2-digit
± (1 kHz + tolerance of center frequency
+ 0.02% x span)
0.4 dB, 31⁄2-digit
Bandwidths
Resolution bandwidths (RBW) at –6 dB: 1 MHz, 120 kHz, 9 kHz
Videobandwidth (VBW):
50 kHz, 4 kHz
with automatic selection of sweep time:
40, 80, 160, 320 und 1000 ms
Inputs/Outputs
Measuring input:
Input impedance:
VSWR (ATT 10 dB):
Testsignal output:
Output impedance:
Frequency:
Level:
Accuracy of level:
Supply voltage for
field probes:
Audio output (PHONE):
RS-232 interface:
N connector
50 Ω
typ. 1.5 : 1
N connector
50 Ω
50 MHz ± 1 kHz
-10 to 0 dBm in 0.2 dB increments
± 3 dB @ 0 dBm
6 VDC, max. 100 mA (2.5 mm jack)
3.5 mm jack
9-pin. sub-D
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
FAX 781.665.0780 - TestEquipmentDepot.com
Subject to change without notice
29
Important hints
Important hints
B
B
C
T
A
Immediately after unpacking, the instrument should be checked
for mechanical damage and loose parts in the interior. If there
is a damage of transport, first the instrument must not to be
put into operation and second the supplier have to be informed
immediately.
C
D
F
E
Used symbols
D
ATTENTION - refer to manual
Danger - High voltage
Protective ground (earth) terminal
Important note1
Positioning the instrument
E
A
STOP
As can be seen from the figures, the handle can be set into
different positions:
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
HM507
PUOPFGkT
A = carrying
B = handle removal and horizontal carrying
C = horizontal operating
D and E = operating at different angles
F = handle removal
T = shipping (handle unlocked)
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUk
PUk
PUk
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUk
PUk
PUk
PUkT
HGOPFFD
B
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUkT
PUkT
HGOFFD
PUkT
INPUT CHI
OPK
HJ
VBN
HJKL
PUkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUOPFGkT
PUkT
PUkT
PUkT
PUkT
INPUT CHI
OPK
HJ
VBN
HJKL
HAMEG
INPUT CHI
OPK
HJ
VBN
HJKL
PUOPFGkT
T
STOP
Attention!
When changing the handle position, the instrument
must be placed so that it can not fall (e.g. placed
on a table). Then the handle locking knobs must be
simultaneously pulled outwards and rotated to the
required position. Without pulling the locking knobs
they will latch in into the next locking position.
T
Handle mounting/dismounting
The handle can be removed by pulling it out further, depending
on the instrument model in position B or F.
be negated by the use of an extension cord without a protective
conductor.
Safety
The mains/line plug must be inserted before connections are
made to measuring circuits.
This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance
with IEC Publication 1010-1 (overvoltage category II, pollution
degree 2), Safety requirements for electrical equipment for
measurement, control, and laboratory use.
The grounded accessible metal parts (case, sockets, jacks)
and the mains/line supply contacts (line/live, neutral) of the
instrument have been tested against insulation breakdown
with 2200 VDC.
The CENELEC regulations EN 61010-1 correspond to this standard. It has left the factory in a safe condition. This instruction
manual contains important information and warnings that have
to be followed by the user to ensure safe operation and to retain
the instrument in a safe condition.
The case, chassis and all measuring terminals are connected
to the protective earth contact of the appliance inlet. The instrument operates according to Safety Class I (three conductor
power cord with protective earthing conductor and a plug with
earthing contact).
Under certain conditions, 50 Hz or 60 Hz hum voltages can
occur in the measuring circuit due to the interconnection with
other mains/line powered equipment or instruments. This can
be avoided by using an isolation transformer (Safety Class II)
between the mains/line outlet and the power plug of the device
being investigated.
The mains/line plug must be inserted in a socket outlet provided
with a protective earth contact. The protective action must not
Whenever it is likely that protection has been impaired, the
instrument must be made inoperative and be secured against
30
Subject to change without notice
Most cathode ray tubes develop X-rays. However, the dose
equivalent rate falls far below the maximum permissible value
of 36pA/kg (0.5mR/h).
Important hints
any unintended operation. The protection is likely to be impaired if, for example, the instrument shows visible damage, fails
to perform the intended measurements, has been subjected to
prolonged storage under unfavourable conditions (e.g. in the
open or in moist environments), has been subject to severe
transport stress (e.g. in poor packaging).
benzine (but not with spirit (alcohol) or solvents), it must then be
wiped with a dry clean lint free cloth. Under no circumstances
must the cleaning fluid get into the instrument. The use of other
cleaning agents can attack the plastic and paint surfaces.
Operating conditions
This instrument is equipped with a switch mode power supply.
It has both over voltage and overload protection, which will
cause the switch mode supply to limit power consumption to a
minimum. In this case a ticking noise may be heard.
This instrument must be used only by qualified experts who are
aware of the risks of electrical measurement. The instrument
is specified for operation in industry, light industry, commercial
and residential environments.
Protective Switch Off
Power supply
Due to safety reasons the instrument must only be connected to
a properly installed power outlet, containing a protective earth
conductor. The protective earth connection must not be broken.
The power plug must be inserted in the power outlet while any
connection is made to the test device.
The instrument has been designed for indoor use. The permissible ambient temperature range during operation is
+10 °C (+50 °F) ... +40 °C (+104 °F). It may occasionally be
subjected to temperatures between +10 °C (+50 °F) and -10 °C
(+14°F) without degrading its safety. The permissible ambient temperature range for storage or transportation is 40 °C
(-40 °F) ... +70 °C (+158 °F). The maximum operating altitude is
up to 2200 m (non operating 15000 m). The maximum relative
humidity is up to 80%.
If condensed water exists in the instrument it should be acclimatized before switching on. In some cases (e.g. extremely cold
instrument) two hours should be allowed before the instrument
is put into operation. The instrument should be kept in a clean
and dry room and must not be operated in explosive, corrosive,
dusty, or moist environments. The instrument can be operated
in any position, but the convection cooling must not be impaired.
The ventilation holes may not be covered. For continuous operation the instrument should be used in the horizontal position,
preferably tilted upwards, resting on the tilt handle.
The instrument operates on mains/line voltages between 105 VAC
and 250 VAC. No means of switching to different input voltages
has therefore been provided.
The power input fuse is externally accessible. The fuse holder
and the 3 pole power connector is an integrated unit. The power input fuse can be exchanged after the rubber connector is
removed. The fuse holder can be released by lever action with
the aid of a screwdriver. The starting point is a slot located
on contact pin side. The fuse can then be pushed out of the
mounting and replaced.
The fuse holder must be pushed in against the spring pressure
and locked. Use of patched fuses or short circuiting of the fuse
holder is not permissible; HAMEG assumes no liability whatsoever for any damage caused as a result, and all warranty claims
become null and void.
The specifications stating tolerances are only valid if the instrument has warmed up for 20 minutes at an ambient temperature
between +15 °C (+59 °F) and +30 °C (+86 °F). Values without
tolerances are typical for an average instrument.
Warranty and repair
HAMEG instruments are subjected to a rigorous quality control.
Prior to shipment each instrument will be burnt in for 10 hours.
Intermittent operation will produce nearly all early failures.
After burn in, a final functional and quality test is performed to
check all operating modes and fulfilment of specifications. The
latter is performed with test equipment traceable to national
measurement standards.
Statutory warranty regulations apply in the country where the
HAMEG product was purchased. In case of complaints please
contact the dealer who supplied your HAMEG product.
Maintenance
The exterior of the instrument should be cleaned regularly with
a dusting brush. Dirt that is difficult to remove on the casing
and handle, the plastic and aluminium parts, can be removed
with a moistened cloth (99% water +1% mild detergent). Spirit
or washing benzine (petroleum ether) can be used to remove
greasy dirt. The screen may be cleaned with water or washing
Fuse type:
Size 5x20mm; 0.8A, 250V AC fuse;
must meet IEC specification 127,
Sheet III (or DIN 41 662
or DIN 41 571, sheet 3).
Time characteristic: time lag.
Subject to change without notice
31
Front Panel Elements – Brief Description
Front Panel Elements – Brief Description
The figures indicate the page for complete descriptions in the chapter
CONTROLS AND READOUT! n
POWER
Power switch.
40
Keyboard
Number entry.
40
CENTER
Center frequency adjustment via keyboard
TUNING . (Display: CF...)
40
40
START
Start frequency setting via keyboard
(Display: SR ...)
40
or TUNING
.
STOP
Stop frequency setting (via keyboard
(Display: SP ...)
or TUNING
.
41
TUNING
41
(Rotary encoder) Parameter entry or change for the following
functions:
Center frequency CENTER , SPAN, START/STOP frequency, MARKER, Deltamarker, REF.-LEVEL, TEST signal
level, Intensity (INTENS), FOCUS, TRACE rotation, volume
(PHONE).
DISPLAY MODE
41
Readout intensity setting. Sequence: 100%, 50%, 0%, 100%
etc. – Pressing and holding shows the selected interface
(indicate RS-232 or USB; only in connection with HO720).
Pressing and holding once more sets the interface (RS232/USB; only in connection with HO720)
42
SELECT
42
After briefly pressing either pushbuttons, the selected
function and the memory location are displayed for a few
seconds. Within this time the memory location can be selected by briefly pressing either pushbutton.
SAVE / RECALL
42
If the function (SAVE or RECALL) and the memory location
are displayed, the function can be executed by pressing and
holding the related pushbutton.
MARKER
43
Briefly pressing calls the absolute marker for frequency and
level determination. Position control by TUNING . (Display
Marker-Frequency: MF…; Marker- Level: ML…)
Briefly pressing once more sets the marker automatically
to the highest level.
Δ-MARKER
43
Pressing and holding activates the relative marker (Rhombus Symbol), measuring in respect to the absolute marker.
Position control by TUNING . (Display Delta-Marker Frequency: DF…; -Level: DL…)
Pressing and holding once more sets the delta marker
automatically to the highest level.
RBW
44
Briefly pressing switches the resolution bandwidth (1000
kHz, 120 kHz and 9 kHz). (Display: BW…)
AUTO
44
Press and hold to switch the automatic resolution bandwidth
setting on or off.
(AUTO on, Display: B*…)
(AUTO off, Display: BW…)
41
.
FOCUS
Focus adjustment use TUNING
AVG
Switches the average function on or off.
44
41
42
MAX HOLD
44
Switches the maximum value signal capture function on or
off.
dB/DIV
42
Briefly pressing selects between 5dB/div and 10dB/div
MIN HOLD
Switches the minimum value signal capture function on or
off. Function is indicated by flashing key.
TRACE
Trace rotation use TUNING
.
.
dB/unit
Pressing and holding, switches over from dBm to dBmV and
dBμV.
ATTENUATION 42
Input attenuator from 0 to 50 dB switchable in 10 dB steps.
0 dB
For safety reasons 0 dB can only be called by pressing and
holding.
REF.-LEVEL
42
Briefly pressing calls Reference Level setting via keyboard
or TUNING without influence on the attenuator setting.
(Display: RL…)
32
VBW
Video bandwidth selection 4 kHz / 50 kHz.
or
SPAN
Frequency range setting via keyboard
or TUNING
in combination with CENTER . (Display: SP…)
INTENS
Intensity setting use TUNING
AUTO Press and hold, switches Reference Level settings
via keyboard or TUNING on or off in combination with
reference level dependent automatic attenuator setting
changes. (Display in condition ON: RL*…).
Subject to change without notice
PHONE
Volume adjustment by TUNING
44
.
PHONE
44
Headphone connector, 3.5 mm jack, intended for headphones of > 8 Ω impedance.
VIEW B
Shows the reference memory signal display.
44
CALC A – B
44
Shows the difference (A–B) between the current signal (A)
and the reference memory content (B).
Front Panel Elements – Brief Description
REMOTE
44
In remote control mode this pushbutton is lit. Briefly pressing switches remote off.
External TRIGGER
45
BNC input connector for the external trigger signal (triggers
a sweep).
WRITE A
Shows the current signal (A).
ON
Switches the external trigger function on or off.
45
COPY A B
45
Copies the current signal (A) into the reference memory (B).
TEST SIGNAL ON
Switches the test signal output on or off.
45
TEST SIGNAL / LEVEL
Test signal level adjustment (via keyboard
(Display: TL…)
OUTPUT 50 Ω
Output N connector of the test signal.
45
44
or TUNING
45
).
INPUT 50 ohms
45
Input N connector. The maximum input levels resp. voltages
must not be exceeded. Danger of destruction!
PROBE POWER
45
2.5 mm output jack, providing 6 V DC/400 mA for field
probes.
Subject to change without notice
33
Test Signal Display
Test Signal Display
Video Bandwidth (RO)
Attenuator und dB/div
Resolution Bandwidth (RO)
Reference Level
Marker Level (RO
Testsignal Output Level (RO)
Marker Frequency (RO)
Sweeptime
Reference Level
Graticule Line
50 MHz Test signal ON
with marker
50 MHz Test signal, 2nd harmonic distortion with Delta-Marker
Center Frequency
Graticule Line
(RO = Readout)
External
Test signal VIEW B
Output
(Stored Signal) Trigger Input
34
RF Input
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
Subject to change without notice
FAX 781.665.0780 - TestEquipmentDepot.com
Operational hints
Operational hints
Prior to operation of the HM 5530 the section „Safety“ heading
this manual should be carefully studied! The instructions given should be meticulously followed. No special knowledge is
required for operating this instrument. The front panel layout
as well as the concentration on the essential functions allow
easy and efficient use immediately after first time operation.
However, it is material to observe these hints in order to benefit
from troublefree operation.
By far the most sensitive and thus vulnerable part of the instrument is the input stage consisting of the input attenuator, a low
pass filter, and the first mixer.
Without any attenuation (0 dB) the following input levels resp.
voltages must not be exceeded: +10 dBm (0.7 Vrms) AC, ±25 VDC.
With 10 to 50 dB of attenuation +20 dBm is the limit. Higher
levels may destruct the input stage!
When measuring the output signal of a LISN (line impedance
standardization network) , the input must definitely be protected
with the HZ560, otherwise there will be high danger of destruction of the input stage!
Whenever attempting the measurement of still unknown
signals, it should be tested (e.g. with a high frequency scope
with 50 ohms input) whether these are within the maximum
input levels specified. In any case, the measurement should be
started by switching the attenuator to its highest position (50 dB)
and selecting the widest span (3000 MHz). This will, however,
not preclude that excessive and possibly destructive signals
are present, these may be outside the instrument’s frequency
range! These would not be displayed but could well overdrive
and destruct the input stage. Short of destruction any overdrive
would create distortions and spurious signals of all sort.
The frequency range below 100 kHz is not specified, any display
of spectra in this region may not be reliable.
The intensity should not be turned up higher than necessary
for easy readability; any higher setting would not reveal more
information nor uncover any signals buried in the noise. Due to
the functional principle which includes a/d conversion and digital
storage like in a DSO, all details are already present even at low
intensity, there is no information content in the trace intensity
as in an analog scope. Too high an intensity will enlarge the
spot size and thus in fact deteriorate the recognition of details,
even with optimum focus adjustment. Also, if the intensity is
set too high, the screen phosphor in the area of the noise band
will burn out too soon.
Due to the functional principle of modern spectrum analyzers,
a spectral line will be visible even if the center frequency is
set to zero. This is the case if the frequency of the first local
oscillator (1st LO) is within the passband of the first if filter.
This display is called ”Zero Peak“; it is caused by (undesired)
residual oscillator feedthrough in the first mixer stage, hence
the level of this display differs between instruments which does
not indicate any malfunction.
First measurements
Settings: Prior to connecting an unknown signal to the instrument it should be tested that its level is below +10 dBm and any
DC content below ±25 V.
ATTN (input attenuation):
As a protective measure, the attenuator should be set to its
highest position 50 dB (AT 50 dB).
Frequency settings:
Set the center frequency (CENTER) to 500 MHz (CF 500 MHz)
and the SPAN to 3000 MHz (SF 3000 MHz).
Vertical scaling:
Set the scaling to 10 dB/div (AT 50 dB 10 dB/) in order to have
the maximum dynamic range of 80 dB.
RBW (resolution bandwidth):
For a start, 1 MHz RBW should be selected (RB 1 MHz). The
video filter should be switched off (VB 50 kHz).
If no signal is visible but the base noise band, the attenuation
may be carefully reduced in order to increase the sensitivity.
If the base noise band should shift upwards, this may be an
indication of excessive signal levels outside this instrument’s
frequency range!
The attenuator must be set with respect to the highest input
signal, definitely not with respect to Zero Peak! The dynamic
range is used best if the highest peak just reaches the top of
the graticule (reference level), but does not reach beyond. If
the top of the graticule is exceeded, external attenuation has
to be added; the external attenuator must be specified for the
frequency range and the signal level (dissipation).
Please note that at full span (SF 3000 MHz) narrow peaks
may be hardly visible, hence, before increasing the sensitivity,
one should search for peaks. Full span is only good for a first
overview, any meaningful measurement requires a reduction
of the SPAN. The correct procedure is to shift the spectral
line of interest to the screen center by adjusting the CENTER
frequency accordingly, then to reduce the SPAN. If necessary,
the resolution bandwidth (RBW) may be reduced to 120 or
9 kHz (RB ...), also the video filter may be inserted (VB 4 kHz).
The amplitude measurement results are valid as long as the
message „uncal“ does not appear in place of the sweep time
readout (SW ...).
Reading of measurements:
The easiest way to numerical results is the proper use of the
markers. A short depression of the MARKER pushbutton will
call the first marker forward (symbol: cross), the tuning knob
is used to position the marker to the point of the signal to be
measured. The level is then indicated in the marker level readout (ML ...), the frequency at this point in the marker frequency
readout (MF ...). The marker level readings automatically include
the reference level (REF.LEVEL) and attenuator (ATT) settings.
With the 2nd marker (symbol: rhombus, readout (DL, DF) the
difference in levels and frequency between both markers may
be determined. Please refer to the elaborate description in the
section „Functional controls and readout“ for more information
about the features of the markers.
If numerical values are to be obtained without the use of the
markers, it should first be noted that all measurements are
referred to the reference level (RL ... dBm), this is the top of the
graticule. Readings are thus taken from the top downward to
the point on the spectrum to be measured! This is contrary to
oscilloscopes! The scaling may be 10 or 5 dB/div. At 10 dB/div,
the screen encompasses a dynamic range of 80 dB; the bottom
graticule line is equivalent to –80 dB if the reference level is,
e.g., 0 dB (RL 0 dB).
Subject to change without notice
35
Spectrum analyzer basics
Spectrum-Analyzer basics
Introduction to spectrum analysis, advantages of
spectrum analyzers.
The analysis of eletrical signals is a fundamental task for many
engineers and scientists. Even if the parameters to be measured
are basically non-electrical, in many cases they are converted to electrical signals. Such transducers are available for
mechanical parameters like pressure or acceleration as well
as for chemical and biological ones. The conversion allows to
use the many electrical and electronic measuring instruments
for analysis in the time and frequency domains.
Traditionally, electrical signals are observed and measured
in the amplitude – time – domain, e.g. with an oscilloscope in
the Y/t mode. This yields information about waveforms, amplitudes and time relationships. However, not all signals can be
adequately characterized that way. An oscilloscope displays
the waveform, but not the individual components of which this
is composed. So to speak the oscilloscope shows the sum of
the components, but it can not measure the frequencies and
amplitudes of them.
A spectrum analyzer displays the amplitudes of the spectral
components of a signal with respect to frequency (Y/f). The
signal resp. its components must repeat periodically. There
are oscilloscopes which calculate and display a mathematically derived Fourier spectrum, but even with this feature an
oscilloscope will not become a spectrum analyzer by far! There
remain fundamental differences, although such oscilloscope
Fourier spectra may suffice for many applications. In general,
one needs both types of instruments.
1. The sensitivity of spectrum analyzers is several orders of
magnitude higher than that of any oscilloscope. This fact,
also in conjunction with the following item, allows the analysis of signals which can not be displayed on a scope.
5. A spectum analyzer can display simultaneously a wide frequency band and also a 80 dB (HM5530) amplitude range due
to its logarithmic scaling. This is an enormous advantage in
many important applications such as emi measurements,
because the results of circuit modifications will be evident
immediately over a wide frequency range. In emi work there
is the socalled „water bed effect“ which means that a certain
measure to suppress a portion of the frequency spectrum
may cause an increase of amplitudes in another portion with
the net result of no improvement at all.
Spectrum analyzers operate according to two predominant
principles: tuned or real time analyzers. Real time analyzers
conforming to the principles of the discrete Fourier transform
consist of the parallel connection of a multitude of frequency
selective indicators. Only that many discrete frequencies can
be detected and measured as there are filters. Depending on
the number and quality of such filters, the increase in cost sets
limits to their practical application.
Almost all modern spectrum analyzers use the superheterodyne principle. One method is the use of a bandpass filter which
can be tuned over the interesting frequency range. A detector
generates the Y signal while a sweep generator tunes the filter
synchronously with the X deflection. This simple principle is
low cost, but suffers from serious drawbacks with respect to
selectivity and sensitivity, one reason is the change of bandwidth
with tuning.
Practical spectrum analyzers function quite like a high performance radio receiver and use one or several bandpass filters
with fixed center frequencies. The disadvantages of tunable
bandpass filters are avoided by frequency conversion of the input
signal to a fixed if. The if filter(s) allow such input frequencies to
pass which conform to the equation: finp(t) = fLO(t) ± fZF.
Circuit design and layout of the input stage determine to a
large extent the frequency range as well as the sensitivity of a
spectrum analyzer. The hf input stage consists of the attenuator,
the input filter, and the 1st local oscillator.
2. The dynamic range of spectrum analyzers is several orders
of magnitude larger than that of any oscilloscope.
3. Spectrum analyzers excel also and especially in the analysis
of distortions of sine waves, the detection of weak amplitude
or frequency modulation of signals, in measurements of
AM, FM such as carrier frequency, modulation frequency,
modulation depth etc. Also frequency converters can be
characterized with respect to losses and distortions.
4. An oscilloscope amplifies the whole signal in a wideband
amplifier up to its crt (in analog scopes) or up to the a/d
converter (in DSO’s). Large signal components or interference dictate the setting of the input attenuator i.e. the
sensitivity, consequently weak signals or components can
not be seen any more. Increasing the sensitivity in order to
detect small signal components is not possible, because
this would cause overdrive and hence distortions. (There
is an exception: a true difference amplifier with offset is
able to give a microscopic display of small signal waveform
portions, but not of spectral components.)
A spectrum analyzer is a high performance narrow bandpass
tunable receiver with high quality input preselection filters and
multiple superheterodyning with its known advantages. It is
able to detect and measure very small signal components even
in the presence of very much larger amplitudes nearby.
36
Subject to change without notice
Spectrum-Analyzer specifications
The many applications of spectrum analyzers require a variety
of properties which may partly exclude each other or which
can only be combined with great effort. The main application
areas are those where the accuracy, the resolution in time resp.
frequency and the low dynamic range of oscilloscopes limit the
analysis of signals.
A wide frequency tuning range, requirements on the filters from
extremely narrow to „full span“ as well as high sensitivity need
not exclude each other; but their combination with also high
resolution, high stability, flat frequency response, low distortions mostly requires indeed high effort and cost.
Frequency measurement
Spectrum analyzers allow the measurement of frequencies
in SPAN (frequency sweep) mode as well as in the Zero Span
(SF = 0) mode. In SPAN mode, the whole frequency range of
Spectrum analyzer specifications
the instrument may be swept and displayed in „full span“ (SF
= 3000 MHz), in this mode the frequency of a spectral component may be determined roughly. Subsequently, this frequency
can be shifted to the screen center by changing the CENTER
frequency, then the SPAN is decreased, thus the frequency
resolution increased.
The smaller the SPAN, the narrower the filter bandwidth (RBW),
the better the accuracy of frequency measurements, because
the display and the MARKER accuracies are increased.
In the ZERO SPAN mode and selecting the smallest bandwidth,
it is sufficient to tune the (unmodulated) signal, displayed as a
horizontal baseline, with the CENTER adjustment for maximum
amplitude and read the frequency from the readout. The analyzer
operates as a selective voltmeter with selectable bandwidth.
Stability
It is important that the frequency stability of the analyzer surpasses that of the signal. The frequency stability depends upon
the stability of the first local oscillator (1st LO). One must discriminate between short-term and long-term stability. Residual
fm is a measure of the short-term stability. Noise side bands
are a measure of the spectral purity of the 1st LO and contribute
to the short-term (in)stability; they are characterized by their
attenuation in dB and their distance in Hz from the signal to be
analyzed with respect to a specified filter bandwidth.
The long-term stability of a spectrum analyzer is mainly determined by the frequency drift of the 1st LO; it is a measure of
how much the frequency may change within a predetermined
time period.
However, the form factor is but one parameter influencing
the separation of spectral lines of different amplitude and
frequency; the residual FM and the spectral purity of the internal oscillators are as important, because they generate noise
sidebands, thereby reducing the achievable resolution. Noise
sidebands will show up at the base of the if filter display and
deteriorate the stopband behaviour of the filters.
If the narrowest if bandwidth is 9 kHz, the smallest frequency
distance possible between two spectral lines is also 9 kHz if
they are still to be recognized as separate. The reason is that,
when detecting a signal, the spectrum analyzer displays its own
if filter shape while sweeping the frequency. As the resolution
is mainly dictated by the if filter bandwidth, one might assume
that infinite resolution will be obtained with an infinitely narrow filter bandwidth. As mentioned above, the residual fm of
the oscillators also limits the resolution and determines the
narrowest practical if bandwidth. If the residual fm is 9 kHz,
e.g., the narrowest practically useful if bandwidth will be also
9 kHz if a single signal is to be measured. An if filter with still
lower bandwidth would show more than one spectral line or a
jittery display, depending upon the sweep speed, also a partly
complete display is possible.
There is another important limitation to the narrowest practical
if filter bandwidth: the frequency sweep speed relative to the if
filter bandwidth selected. The narrower the filter, the slower the
sweep speed; if the sweep speed is too high, the filter can not
respond fast enough, and the amplitudes of the spectral lines
will be incorrectly displayed, in general too low.
A socalled optimum resolution is defined by:
optimum resolution
Resolution.
=
SQRT Span in Hz
—————————
Sweeptime in s
Prior to measuring the frequency of a signal with a spectrum
analyzer, the signal must be detected and resolved. Resolution
means the signal resp. the spectral line must be separated from
neighbouring signals within the spectrum being analyzed. This
ability of resolution is a decisive criterion in many spectrum
analyzer applications.
A socalled optimum resolution bandwidth is defined by:
The resolution is determined by:
– sweep time
– span (dispersion)
– 6 dB bandwidth of the narrowest amplifier stage resp. filter.
The optimum resolution bandwidth for pulsed signals is:
The 6 dB bandwidth of the narrowest amplifier resp. filter, Gauss
behaviour assumed, is called the resolution bandwidth. This
is the smallest bandwidth which can be displayed if the other
parameters (sweep time, span) are varied.
If the bandwidth is narrower, the amplitudes of the side lobes
will be displayed too low. With the optimum bandwidth, there
are sharp nulls and a correct spectrum display. If the bandwidth
is too large, the side lobes will become averaged, thus less
pronounced, the nulls will be hardly discernible, the spectrum
distorted.
The bandwidth and the slope of the if filters are thus the important
characteristics which determine whether two adjacent spectral
lines of widely different amplitude can be resolved. In general,
the bandwidth is defined as the –3 dB bandwidth, for spectrum
analyzers it is customary to specify the –6 dB bandwidth which
also applies to the HM5530. The different bandwidth definitions
are to be borne in mind when comparing instruments. The ratio of
the bandwidth at –60 dB to the bandwidth at –3 dB is defined as the
form factor; the smaller the form factor, the better the capability
of the analyzer to separate two adjacent spectral lines.
optimum resolution bandwidth =
0,66 x SQRT Span
—————————
Sweeptime
For very long sweep times both become identical.
Optimum (–3 dB) bandwidth for pulsed signals ≤0.1 pulse
width.
Noise
The sensitivity is a measure of the ability of a spectrum analyzer
to detect small signals. The maximum sensitivity is limited by
its internal noise. There are two kinds of noise: thermal and
non-thermal noise. Thermal noise is given by:
PN = K x T x B
If e.g. the form factor of a filter in the analyzer is 15 :1, two spectral lines differing in amplitude by 60 dB, must be at least 7.5
times the filter bandwidth apart in frequency if they are still to be
recognized as two signals, otherwise they will merge and appear
as a single signal.
PN: Noise power in watts
K: Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x exp - 23 Joule/K)
T: absolute temperature
B: Bandwidth
Subject to change without notice
37
Spectrum analyzer specifications
The equation shows that the noise power is directly proportional
to bandwidth. Hence reducing the filter bandwidth by a decade
will decrease the noise by 10 dB. This is equivalent to a sensitivity increase by 10 dB.
All other noise sources within the analyzer are assumed to be
non-thermal. Sources of non-thermal noise are: undesired
emissions, distortions due to nonlinear characteristics or
mismatches. The non-thermal noise defines the socalled noise
figure to which the thermal noise is added in order to arrive at
the total noise figure of the system. This is the noise which is
visible on the screen and which determines the sensitivity of
the analyzer.
As the noise level depends on the bandwidth, any comparison
of analyzers requires the use of the same bandwidth and the
same bandwidth definition (–3 or –6 dB). Spectrum analyzers are
swept over a wide frequency range, but they are narrow bandpass selective measuring instruments. All signals within the
frequency range of the analyzer are converted (possibly several
times) to an if (or several) and pass the if filter(s). The detector
at the if output sees only that noise which passes through the
narrowest filter, and this will be displayed. When measuring
discrete signals, maximum sensitivity is hence achieved with
the narrowest filter bandwidth.
Larger input signals should be reduced by the attenuator preceding the mixer. The largest signal which the analyzer can digest
without creating more distortions than specified is called the
„optimum input level“, meaning that the mixer input remains
< –30 dBm. At higher levels, the specification for the generation
of harmonics will not be met any more. The distortionfree input
range is also called the „useful dynamic range“. This is to be differentiated from the display range which is the ratio of the highest
to the lowest signal displayed simultaneously without any visible
intermodulation products.
The maximum dynamic range follows from the specifications.
The first hint is the specification for the harmonics‘ level, this is
> 75 dBc below the signal as long as the input level to the mixer
is < –30 dBm. In order to make full use of these specifications,
the analyzer must be able to detect levels of –110 dBm. The if
bandwidth required for this should not be too narrow, otherwise
difficuties will arise due to noise sidebands.The if bandwidth of
9 kHz is sufficient to display signals at this level.
The distortionfree measuring range may be further extended
by reducing the input level. This is limited by the analyzer’s
sensitivity. The maximum available dynamic range is achieved if
the highest peak of the spectral lines just touches the reference
level. i.e. the top of the graticule.
Video filter
Frequency response.
If the amplitude of a signal is comparable to the analyzer‘s
average noise, a measurement becomes difficult. The measurement can be improved by reducing the bandwidth below
that of the narrowest if filter. A socalled video filter is inserted
in the signal path following the detector, its bandwidth of 4 kHz
averages the instrument’s noise and decreases the displayed
noise substantially. In many cases a small signal buried in noise
will become visible.
The frequency response should be flat over the range, i.e. the
accuracy of the signal level measured should be independent of
frequency. Amplifiers and filters must be given sufficient time
to reach full amplitude.
If the if bandwidth is already small compared to the span selected (high sweep speed), the video filter should not be used,
because this could lead to false (too low) amplitude measurements. (An illegal combination of filter bandwidth and sweep
speed will be indicated by „uncal“ in place of the sweep time
readout (SW ... )).
Sensitivity – Maximum input level
The definition resp. specification of an analyzer‘s sensitivity is
somewhat arbitrary. One method of specification is to define the
sensitivity as that input signal power level which is equal to the
analyzer‘s average noise power level. As an analyzer measures
signal plus noise, the signal will appear 3 dB above the noise.
The maximum permissible input level is that which is still
safe for the input stage. This level is specified as + 10 dBm (no
attenuation, attenuator 0 dB) and + 20 dBm (attenuator 10 to
50 dBm) for the input mixer. Before the „burn-out“ level is
reached, the analyzer will start to compress the signal; this is
acceptable as long as the compression remains below 1 dB.
Functional principle of the HM5530
The HM5530 is a spectrum analyzer for the frequency range of
100 kHz to 3 GHz. The spectral components of signals in this
range can be detected and measured from –110 to +20 dBm.
The signal to be analyzed first passes through an attenuator
which can be switched from 0 to 50 dB in 10 dB steps. A preselection input filter follows which serves several purposes: to
some degree, it prevents multiple signal reception, it prevents
the reception of signals at the 1st if (if feedthrough), and it suppresses any oscillator feedback to the input. The purpose of the
input mixer and the 1st oscillator (1st LO) is the conversion of the
input frequencies within the analyzer’s range; it determines the
frequency dependent amplitude characteristic and the dynamic
properties of the instrument.
The analyzer will also produce nonlinearities if overdriven. There
is further the danger of undetected input stage overload because
individual spectral lines may only change imperceptibly due to
the onset of compression. In such cases the amplitude display
will not any more be true.
The analyzer is designed as a triple superheterodyne receiver,
it is an electronically tuned selective amplifier. Frequency tuning is performed with the aid of the 1st LO which can be tuned
through the range of 3537.3 to 6537.3 MHz. Its output signal
and the full-range input signal are fed to the first mixer (input
mixer). At the mixer output there are the following frequency
components present:
The analyzer generates distortions, mostly by input stage nonlinearities. These remain >75 dBc below the input signal level
as long as the level is < –30 dBm.
1. Signal of the 1st LO, the frequency of which must be 3537.3
MHz above the frequency of the desired input signal. The
frequency of the 1st LO will thus be 3537.3 MHz if the input
38
Subject to change without notice
Functional principle of the HM5530
signal is 0 kHz (0 kHz + 3537.3 MHz). For an input frequency
of 100 kHz the LO frequency will be 3537.4 MHz (0,1 MHz
+ 3537.3 MHz). For an input frequency of 1000 MHz the LO
frequency will be 4537.3 MHz (1000 MHz + 3537.3 MHz).
Hence the tuning range of the 1st LO is 3537.3 to 6537.3
MHz.
2. Input signal spectrum (finp) after passing through the
attenuator and the input filter (specified signal range: 0.1
to 3000 MHz).
3. Sum of the LO frequency (fLO) and the whole input spectrum
(finp). For a desired signal of 100 kHz the LO frequency will
be 3537.4 MHz, the sum 3537.5 MHz. For 1000 MHz the LO
frequency will be 4537.3 MHz, the sum 4437.3 MHz.
4. Difference of the LO frequency (fLO) and the whole input
spectrum (finp). For an input of 100 kHz the LO frequency will
be 3537.4 MHz, the difference 3537.3 MHz (3537.4 – 0.1 MHz).
For an input of 1000 MHz the LO frequency will be 4537.3 MHz,
the difference 3537.3 MHz (4537.3 MHz – 1000 MHz).
All the signals from the 1st mixer mentioned above are applied
to the input of the 1st if (bandpass) filter which is tuned to 3537.3
MHz, hence only the mixer output difference frequency and the
signal of the 1st LO (if tuned to 0 kHz) can pass.
Note: The socalled „0 kHz signal“ from the 1st LO is unavoidable
and may disturb measurements with a resolution bandwidth
RBW = 1 MHz in the range from 0.1 to several MHz. By selection
of a lower RBW this problem can be solved.
The next stage in the signal path is the 2nd mixer with the 2nd
LO (3200 MHz), the 2nd if = 337.3 MHz, followed by the 3rd mixer
and the 3rd LO (348 MHz), the 3rd if = 10.7 MHz.
The last if stage contains a bandpass filter with a manually
or automatically selectable bandwidth of 1 MHz, 120 kHz, or
9 kHz. The signal is then fed to an AM detector, from now on it
is called the video signal. This signal is amplified by a logarithmic amplifier and passes through a 50 kHz filter which can be
switched to 4 kHz (video filter, VBW). It is then a/d converted,
so the following signal processing is digital. The signal data are
stored in a RAM, the lowest frequency at the lowest address,
the highest at the highest address.
The data in this memory (A) are continuously updated i.e.
overwritten by new data, while they are being read out and
reconverted to an analog signal by a d/a converter. This analog signal is amplified and applied to the Y deflection plates
of the CRT. With increasing signal amplitude the trace will be
logarithmically deflected in positive direction. The full screen
dynamic range is 80 dB (10 dB/div.) or 40 dB (5 dB/div.). This
dynamic range can be shifted through the whole dynamic range
of the instrument by setting the reference level between –110
and +20 dBm. This is analogous to the difference amplifier with
offset of a scope.
Such errors will accrue if the sweep speed is too high compared
to the narrowest bandwidth of the combined filters including
the video filter: The narrower the filter bandwidth, the slower
the sweep speed, otherwise the filters are not allowed sufficient response time to reach full amplitude. The instrument will
indicate illegal combinations of bandwidth and sweep speed by
UNCAL in place of the sweep speed readout (SW ... ).
Normal operating mode and ZERO SPAN mode.
Basically, there are two operating modes: swept (SPAN unequal to 0, i.e. 1 to 3000 MHz with the HM 5530) and sweep off
or ZERO SPAN.
In ZERO SPAN mode, the 1st LO is not swept, but generates a
fixed frequency, set by the CENTER adjustment, which is 3537.3
MHz above the input (CENTER) frequency. The analyzer will
then only display the level of that one frequency by a logarithmic shift of the baseline in vertical direction. This is similar to
a scope which displays (linearly) a pure dc level. The analyzer
thus becomes a frequency selective voltmeter.
In normal mode (SPAN 1 to 3000 MHz) a frequency range equal
to the SPAN setting will be displayed. If the center frequency is
e.g. 500 MHz and the span 1000 MHz, the measurement will start
at the left of the graticule at 0 kHz and stop at its right at 1000
MHz; the frequency of the 1st LO will be swept by the staircase
voltage from 3537.3 to 4537.3 MHz. The HM5530 also provides for
the direct setting/readout of START and STOP frequencies.
The stored data may be further processed or transmitted to
a pc via the serial interface. The instrument can also be remotely controlled that way. Available functions are: Average,
Max. Hold, Min Hold, Copying of a spectrum from memory A to
memory B, display of the contents of memories A or B, display
of the difference of memories A – B. All these operations are
performed digitally.
The manually or automatically selectable reference level (REF.
LEVEL) which can be varied from –110 dBm to +20 dBm as well
as the two markers allow the easy acquisition of numerical
measurement results. Both markers can also be automatically
positioned on the peak of the spectrum displayed, the deltamarker indicates the difference frequency and the difference
amplitude between markers.
The instrument further features a test signal output (reference
spectrum) which may be used for instrument self tests by connecting it to the input.
There is also an input for an external trigger which can trigger
a sweep.
The RAM addresses are d/a converted into a staircase voltage
which is amplified and applied to the X deflection plates of the
crt. The signal with the lowest frequency is displayed at the left
of the graticule (START), the signal with the highest frequency at
its right (STOP). The same signal tunes the 1st local oscillator
through the range (CENTER frequency ± ½ SPAN) selected, the
time for one sweep is indicated in the readout (SW ... ).
The frequency range swept as determined by the SPAN setting
and the resolution bandwidth (RBW) are related by physical laws,
if these are violated, the amplitudes displayed will be too low.
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
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Subject to change without notice
39
Controls and readout
Controls and readout
Functions designated with an asteric * are called by a long
depression of the pushbutton.
With the exception of DISPLAY MODE, dB/dic., 2 x ATT, COPY
A to B, keyboard all pushbuttons light up when depressed and
remain lit as long as the function is active. A function is disabled
by calling another one.
Prior to entering a number via the keyboard, the respective
function key must be lit, else it has to be first depressed. The
entry will appear at the bottom of the left readout field, the
function selected is shown. The entry will be accepted after
depressing the lighted function pushbutton (again); the entry
display will disappear. Entries which would exceed a specified
maximum or minimum will not be accepted; the instrument will
set the respective maximum or minimum value allowed, there
is no acoustical warning.
The tuning knob (rotary encoder) is always active if any of the
function pushbuttons listed under is lit. Entries which would
exceed a maximum or minimum specified will not be accepted;
the instrument will set the respective maximum or minimum
value allowed, an acoustical warning is sounded.
POWER
Power (mains) switch with the symbols I for ON and
OFF.
for
The switch will latch in the ON position; after the time required by the crt for heating has elapsed, the HAMEG logo
will be displayed, then the firmware version; the intensity
is fixed in order to ensure a readable display irrespective
of the setting of the intensity control and to forecome the
impression the instrument might be defective.
depressed first. The entry is shown in the bottom line of the
left readout field, together with an indication of the function
selected. The entry is accepted after depressing the function
pushbutton (again); the entry display will disappear. If an
entry is made and then a pushbutton depressed which was
not lit, the entry will be ignored and erased. Entries which
would exceed a specified maximum or minimum will not be
accepted, the instrument will set the maximum or minimum
allowable values. No acoustical warning is given.
CENTER
Center frequency setting either via the keyboard or with
the tuning knob . Prior to any entry, the pushbutton must
be depressed if it was not already lit; the tuning knob will
be active immediately. A number entry will be displayed in
the left readout field; it will be accepted after a (second)
depression and shown in the center frequency readout
field (CF ... MHz). Legal values are from 0 to 3000 MHz. The
signal at the center frequency will be displayed in the screen
center, provided the SPAN is unequal to 0.
SPAN
Span (dispersion, sweep width) = the frequency range which
is displayed on the screen. The span is adjusted either by
number entry via the keyboard or with the tuning knob .
Prior to any entry, the pushbutton must be depressed unless
it was already lit; the tuning knob will be active immediately.
A number entry will be displayed in the left readout field;
it will be accepted after a (second) depression and shown
in the span readout (SF ... MHz). Legal values are 0 or 1 to
3000 MHz; entries > 0 but < 1 MHz will be accepted as (SF =
1 MHz). Span and center frequency settings determine the
start (left) and stop (right) frequencies displayed.
Note:
The specified frequency range is 0.1 to 3000 MHz;
any readings < 0.1 MHz may be unreliable.
STOP
After the firmware display, the instrument will enter its
operational mode: the two readout fields will appear at the
top left and right of the screen, and the pushbuttons CENTER
and WRITE A will light up. At the bottom of the screen the
more or less wide noise band will show up, even if there is
no input signal.
Note:
Upon turn-off, all memory contents are lost with the exception of the memories which store the functions and numbers
displayed in the 8 readout fields. The functions and numbers
shown last at the time of turn-off will be reinserted in the
8 readout fields. Irrespective of the function pushbuttons
which were active at the time of turn-off, only CENTER and
WRITE A will light up after turn-on.
Keyboard.
10 numerical keys plus a decimal point key are provided
for number entry of the following parameters: Center frequency CENTER , SPAN , START frequency , STOP
frequency , MARKER / Δ-MARKER , REF.LEVEL ,
TEST signal level .
The key C/ESC* has a triple function: minus sign, short
depression: erase of one digit of the entry, long depression:
erase of the whole entry in the readout entry display field.
Prior to any number entry, the respective function pushbutton, e.g. CENTER , must be lit already, else it must be
40
Subject to change without notice
Example: If the center frequency is 300 MHz and
the span is 500 MHz, the sweep and the display
will extend from 50 MHz (START) at the left of the
graticule (300 MHz – ½ span) to 550 MHz at the right
(STOP) of the graticule (300 MHz + ½ span).
Start and stop frequencies can be read/set directly
by depressing the respective pushbuttons, sidestepping the calculation.
STOP
Note:
The instrument displays the sweep time in the
readout (SW ... ), it adapts the sweep time automatically with respect to the span and filter settings
(RBW) and (VBW). If the sweep speed can not be
slowed down further, „uncal“ will be displayed in
place of the sweep time in order to warn that the
amplitude measurements may be wrong.
ZERO SPAN, after setting the span to (SF = 000.000 MHz),
is a special operating mode. The instrument converts to a
selective voltmeter of the center frequency signal. The level is
indicated by the vertical shift of the baseline in 10 or 5 dB/div.
This is similar to a scope displaying a pure dc level.
START
Adjustment/display of the start frequency. The adjustment is
performed either via the keyboard or the tuning knob .
Prior to any entry the pushbutton must be depressed unless
it was already lit; the tuning knob will be active immediately.
A number entry will be displayed in the left readout field; it
Controls and readout
will be accepted after a (second) depression and shown in
the start frequency readout field (SR ... MHz) in place of the
center frequency (CF ... MHz) display. Legal values are 0 to
3000 MHz.
The choice of a pair of start and stop frequencies is another
method of selecting the spectrum displayed on screen resp.
setting center frequency and span. No calculations of start
and stop from center frequency and span are necessary. If
center frequency and span were set first, a depression of
the START pushbutton will display the start frequency.
If an illegal combination of start and stop frequencies like
START > STOP is chosen, the instrument will set both values
equal which equals ZERO SPAN, see SPAN .
STOP
Adjustment/display of the stop frequency. The adjustment is
performed either via the keyboard or the tuning knob .
Prior to any entry, the pushbutton must be depressed unless
it was already lit; the tuning knob will be active immediately.
A number entry will be displayed in the left readout field; it
will be accepted after a (second) depression and shown in
the stop frequency readout field (ST ... MHz) in place of the
span (SF ... MHz) display. Legal values are 0 to 3000 MHz.
A depression of the STOP pushbutton will display the stop
frequency.
If an illegal combination of start and stop frequencies like
START > STOP is chosen, the instrument will set both values
equal which equals ZERO SPAN, see SPAN .
Tuning knob (rotary encoder)
Rotary encoder for the parameter entry or change of:
Center frequency CENTER , SPAN , START frequency
, STOP frequency , MARKER / Δ-MARKER , REF.
LEVEL , TEST signal level , Intensity INTENS ,
FOCUS , TRACE rotation , volume PHONE .
Any entry which would exceed a specified maximum or
minimum value will not be accepted, the instrument will
set the maximum or minimum allowable value, a warning
will be sounded.
DISPLAY MODE
Depressing this pushbutton once will dim the character
readout intensity. The switching sequence is 100%, 50%, 0%
and then again 100. A second depression turns the character
readout off. A third one will restore the initial setting. The
activated interface (RS-232 or USB) can be indicated by
long pressing (only in connection with the option HO720).
The interface (RS-232 or USB) can be selected by repeated
short pressing.
INTENS
The intensity can be varied with the tuning knob , CW rotation will increase, CCW rotation will decrease the intensity.
It is recommended to increase the intensity only so much
as is needed for a well visible display, any higher setting will
not reveal any more details but defocus the trace, also the
life of the phosphor in the area of the noise baseline will be
impaired.
Subject to change without notice
41
Controls and readout
FOCUS
The focus can be adjusted with the tuning knob . The
correct procedure is to first set the intensity and then to
adjust the focus for uniformity over the whole screen.
The noise band will disappear altogether, if it was already positioned at the graticule bottom, if the scaling
is
switched from 10 to 5 dB/div. It will become visible again by
decreasing the reference level.
TRACE
The trace rotation can be adjusted with the tuning knob
. After depressing this pushbutton a rectangle with a
horizontal center line will be displayed; this line can be
rotated with the tuning knob until it is parallel to the graticule center line. In spite of the crt shield provided residual
influences of the earth’s magnetic field may require a readjustment when the instrument was moved. A slight barrel
or pincushion distortion can not be corrected and has no
influence on the measurements.
Interpretation of measurement results
The measurement results shown in the readout fields take
all settings into account automatically, also the input attenuation; hence all numbers displayed represent the true
values at the measurement points selected in dBm, dBmV,
or dBμV, as selected.
dB/div. - dB unit
Short depression: alternation of scaling between 10 and
5 dB/div. Display in the righthand readout to the right of the
attenuator value (AT...dB ... dB/).
Long depression: cyclic change of the unit from dBm to
dBmV to dBμV. The unit selected will be shown in all applicable readout fields: (RL ... dBm), (ML ... dBm), (TL ... dBm).
This pushbutton does not light up.
ATTENUATION (0 dB)
These two pushbuttons (which do not light up) switch the
input attenuator from (0) 10 to 50 dB in 10 dB steps. Display
in the right readout field (AT … dB).
STOP
„0 dB *“ means that this position of the attenuator
(no attenuation) can only be switched in by an intentional long depression of the upper pushbutton.
This is provided for safety reasons in order to minimize the danger of destruction of the input stage.
Please note carefully that the maximum specified values for
the input signal level and a dc content must not be exceeded!
This is especially important because a spectrum analyzer
will not show signals outside its specified range (0.1 to 3000
MHz) and also, depending on the settings, may display only
a portion of the spectrum within its range; excessive levels
outside the displayed spectrum may cause destruction of
the input stage.
REF.LEVEL / AUTO
Short depression: adjustment of the reference level either
by keyboard
entry or with the tuning knob . Prior to
any adjustment, the pushbutton must be lit, else it must be
depressed first. The tuning knob will be active immediately;
a keyboard entry will be displayed in the last line of the left
readout field, it will be accepted after a (second) depression
and displayed in the reference level readout (RL ... dBm),
the entry display will disappear. Legal values are –110 to
+20 dBm.
AUTO means that the analyzer can be switched to automatic
reference level selection by a long depression; this will be
indicated in the readout by (RL * ... dBm). Please note that
the 0 dB attenuator position will not be used in automatic
mode. The AUTO mode is left by another long depression.
Should the noise band already reside at the graticule bottom, the reference level can not be increased any further,
i.e. the noise band can not be positioned farther down, a
warning will be sounded. The reference level can then only
be decreased, i.e. the noise band shifted upward; this will,
however, also decrease the available dynamic range.
42
Subject to change without notice
STOP
The reference level refers to the top graticule line,
from which all measurements are to be derived
downward! This is exactly the opposite of the procedure with oscilloscopes. If the reference level is, e.g.
RL = 0 dBm, the bottom graticule line corresponds to
–80 dBm at 10 dB/div. or –40 dBm at 5 dB/div.
The reference level is equivalent to an offset voltage with
scopes, it can be selected within the permissible range of –110
to +20 dBm in order to facilitate readings; it has no influence
on the sensitivity or the calibration. Quite comparable to a
difference amplifier with offset, the dynamic range window of
80 or 40 dB can be shifted within the reference level range.
There are two options for obtaining numerical results:
directly from the screen or by use of the markers.
When reading from the screen display, one counts the divisions (cm) from the reference level at the top graticule line
downward to the point of interest and multiplies the divisions
with the scaling factor, e.g. 10 dB/div. If the reference level
is, e.g. , RL = 0 dBm, and if the point to be measured 1 div
(cm) below, its true level will be –10 dBm.
Much easier is the method of calling the first marker by a
short depression of MARKER
and of positioning it with
the tuning knob to the point of interest: the level and the
frequency can be read directly from the readout (ML ... dBm),
(MF ... MHz). In practice, mostly the levels of spectral peaks
are of interest. By a second short depression of the MARKER
pushbutton the marker will be positioned automatically
on the highest peak of the spectrum displayed.
See MARKER
for a description of the marker functions.
VBW (Video bandwidth)
This pushbutton switches a video filter in which reduces
the video bandwidth from 50 to 4 kHz, indicated in the left
readout field (VB 4 kHz). The use of this low pass attenuates
the noise and increases the visibilty of weak signals. This
filter should not be used with pulsed signals.
STOP
If this filter is switched in, the permissible sweep
speed will be decreased; if too large a span was
selected, the amplitudes displayed will be too low;
in such a case the message „uncal“ will be shown in
place of the sweep time readout (SW ... ms).
The span must then be reduced, until the „uncal“
display vanishes. In order to still see the signal,
prior to reducing the span, the signal should be
moved to the screen center with the CENTER
adjustment. If this is not followed, the signal may
fall outside the measurement range, i.e. outside the
screen area.
SAVE / RECALL
These pushbuttons are used to store and recall up to 10
instrument settings; only those settings/parameters are
Controls and readout
stored upon turn-off which are shown in the 8 readout
fields. After turn-on, only these 8 parameter settings will
be reinstalled and displayed; only the pushbuttons CENTER
and WRITE A will light up, irrespective of the kind and
number of pushbuttons which were lit before turn-off or a
save operation.
tically after 2 s, the pushbutton(s) will extinguish, the sweep
time display will return.
In order to save a setting, first the pushbutton SAVE must
be depressed shortly, it will light up, the sweep time readout
(SW ... ms) in the right readout field will be replaced by the
message „SAVE 0“ (or another number from 1 to 9). Now
there are 2 s allowed for increasing the number by more
short depressions of SAVE or reducing it by short depressions
of RECALL; after each depression the timer is reset, thus
allowing further time. If the desired number of the memory
is displayed, another but this time long depression of SAVE
will store the setting which is announced by a beep, the pushbutton extinguishes, the sweep time readout will return.
MARKER / Δ-MARKER
Frequency/level and delta frequency/delta level markers. A
short depression of MARKER calls the first marker (symbol:
cross), the readout will show the frequency (MF ... MHz) in
place of the center frequency (CF) and the level (ML ... dBm)
in place of the span frequency (SF). The marker will appear
at that frequency where it was last positioned before it was
switched out. By a second short depression of MARKER,
the marker will automatically position on the peak of the
displayed spectrum. The marker can be set via a keyboard
input or moved with the tuning knob.
A long depression of MARKER will call the second (delta)
marker (symbol: rhombus). The readout will display the
difference frequency (DF ... MHz) and the difference level
(DL ... dBm) to the first marker with the appropriate sign in
place of the (CF) and (SF) readouts. By a second long depression the deltamarker will automatically position on the
peak of the displayed spectrum. The difference frequency
can be changed with the tuning knob.
In order to recall a setting, first the pushbutton RECALL is
shortly depressed, it will light up, „RECALL 0“ (or another
number from 1 to 9) will be displayed in the sweep time readout field. Again, there are 2 s of time allowed to increase the
number with SAVE or decrease it with RECALL; after each
depression, the timer is reset and further time allowed. If the
desired number is displayed, a long depression of RECALL
will install the setting which is announced by a beep, the
pushbutton extinguishes, the sweep time readout returns.
If there is no further depression of either SAVE or RECALL
after the initial depression, the function will be left automa-
In contrast to the HM5014-2, SAVE and RECALL also function
if AVG or MAX HOLD are activated, but both will be disabled
by storing a setting or turning the instrument off.
If both markers are activated, the tuning knob may be
associated with the first marker by a short depression and
with the deltamarker with a long depression of MARKER,
the latter will be indicated by a beep.
Subject to change without notice
43
Controls and readout
The marker function can only be left by depressing another
function key.
RBW / AUTO (Resolution bandwidth)
By short depressions of this pushbutton the bandwidth of
the last if stage can be selected: 1 MHz, 120 kHz, or 9 kHz,
the actual value is shown in the left readout field (RB ... ).
A long depression will switch to automatic selection of the
optimum bandwidth, this will be indicated in the readout by
(RB* ... ). The automatic mode is left by another long depression.
If the video filter VBW is switched in (VB 4 kHz), the bandwidth is reduced further.
The measuring signal causes a display of the shape of the
combined filters‘ response (except, of course, in ZERO SPAN
mode), because the analyzer sweeps the frequency across the
filters‘ bandpass. The amplitude shown is equal to the true
level unless UNCAL is displayed in the sweep time readout.
It depends on the if bandwidth (RBW), how well the analyzer
can display two adjacent spectral lines. Two sine wave signals
of the same level, 40 kHz apart, e.g. will still be displayed as
two separate lines if RBW = 9 kHz was selected. With RBW =
120 kHz or 1 MHz both lines would merge into one.
Thus a lower resolution bandwidth (RBW) is equal to a
better resolution and will show more details of a signal, but
the consequence is a slower response time of the filters.
The analyzer automatically selects a slower sweep, if the
span is increased with a given setting of RBW in order to
allow the filters more time for reaching the full amplitude, else the amplitudes shown would be too low. If the
slowest sweep available is still not adequate, UNCAL will
be displayed in the sweep time (SW ... ms) readout field.
In order to recur to a calibrated measurement, the SPAN
must be reduced. The slower sweep also reduces the
sweep repetition rate.
A lower bandwidth reduces the noise and thus increases the
usable sensitivity. This will e.g. be visible by switching from
1 MHz to 9 kHz: the width of the noise band will decrease,
and the noise band will shift downwards.
AVG (Average).
This pushbutton activates/deactivates the averaging mode.
This function will only be indicated by the lighted pushbutton, not also in the readout. The video signal is continuously
being averaged by calculating an average of preceding and
actual values, displaying it, taking this value and calculating
the average of it and the next value etc. This continuous
averaging is evident on the screen. The averaging reinforces
recurring signal components and weakens stochastic components, resulting in a substantial noise reduction at the
expense of waiting for the averaging. In fact this averaging
is nothing else but a further bandwidth reduction.
If this function is selected, the MAX HOLD- and MIN HOLD
function
will also be active in the background and vice
versa, such that it is possible to switch back and forth
between both.
If COPY A to B is depressed, the topical indicated averaged
signal spectrum made of memory will transfer from memory
A into memory B.
If a parameter e.g. the reference level REF.LEVEL
is
called and changed, the averaging is again started.
44
Subject to change without notice
MAX HOLD
This function automatically detects, stores and displays the
maximum of the averaged spectrum. This function is only
indicated by the lighted pushbutton, not also in the readout. Hence the AVG
function will be automatically also
activated, its pushbutton does not light up. It is possible to
switch back and forth between both functions. The function
continuously detects the actual highest value of the averaged
signal, its memory will only be updated if a still higher level
should be detected. This allows the reliable measurement of
the peaks even of pulsed signals. It is, however, necessary
to always wait some time and read the result only after no
further increase of the level is discernible.
The function can be disabled by another short depression
of the pushbutton.
MIN HOLD
This function automatically detects, stores and displays the
minimum of the averaged spectrum. This function is indicated by the lighted pushbutton. As is the case for the function
MAX HOLD is switched on automatically also with the function MIN HOLD averaging AVG. With a short depression the
pushbutton can be switched by MIN HOLD to MAX HOLD.
With a long depressing the pushbutton can be switched by
MAX HOLD to MIN HOLD. The function continuously detects
the actual lowest value of the averaged signal, its memory
will only be updated if a still lower level should be detected.
This allows the reliable measurement of short signal variations or signal discontinuations. It is, however, necessary
to always wait some time and read the result only after no
further decrease of the level is discernible.
The function can be disabled by twice short depression or
by long depression of the pushbutton.
In order to realize a rather short filter response
for pulsed signals, a small span, RBW = 1 MHz,
VBW = 50 kHz should be selected.
PHONE
STOP
The volume can be adjusted with the tuning knob . The
volume is indicated in the Readout as percentage quotation
in place of the test signal output level.
PHONE
Headphone connector, 3.5 mm jack for headphones with an
impedance of >8 Ω. The signal available at this connector
comes from an am detector, it helps to identify the sources
of interference e.g. when making emi measurements (precompliance measurements). If an antenna is connected to the
analyzer input and zero span selected with SPAN (SF 000.000
MHz), selecting CENTER and using the tuning knob the
analyzer can be tuned to a transmitter. Please note that this
operational mode may be subject to national restrictions!
VIEW B
This pushbutton will only light up upon a depression, if a
spectrum was previously stored in memory B by depressing
COPY A to B . If yes, this spectrum will be displayed and a
lit pushbutton WRITE A or CALC A – B will extinguish.
If no, a warning will be sounded. The memory B contents
will be lost upon turn-off.
CALC A – B
This pushbutton will only light up, if a spectrum was previously stored in memory B, then the difference of spectra
A – B will be displayed, any lit pushbutton WRITE A
or
VIEW B
will extinguish. If no spectrum was stored in B,
a warning will be sounded. The three pushbuttons: WRITE
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
FAX 781.665.0780 - TestEquipmentDepot.com
Controls and readout
A , VIEW B , and CALC A – B
three spectra in turn.
may be used to look at
REMOTE
This pushbutton is lit if the instrument is under remote control via the serial interface. By depressing the pushbutton,
control is returned to the front panel.
WRITE A
The instrument contains two memories: A and B. In normal
mode this pushbutton is lit, indicating that the actual spectrum is being written into memory A and at the same time
read out, d/a converted and displayed. The memory contents
will be lost upon turn-off.
COPY A B
This pushbutton will not light up. Upon depressing it, the
actual spectrum in memory A will be copied to memory B
which is indicated by a beep. The pushbutton WRITE A
will continue to be lit. If the function CALC A – B is activated,
this function can not be called, a warning will be sounded.
TEST SIGNAL / LEVEL
The adjustment of the test signal level is performed with the
tuning knob from –10 to 0 dBm. The level is indicated in
the readout field (TL ... dBm).
INPUT 50 Ω
Input N connector. Without attenuation (ATT 0 dB) +10 dBm
and ±10 VDC must not be exceeded. With an attenuation of
10 to 50 dB, the maximum level is +20 dBm. Levels or dc
voltages above the values mentioned may destruct the input
stage. The outer contact is connected to the instrument
chassis and thus to safety ground (PE).
External TRIGGER
External trigger input BNC connector.
Low-Pegel: 0 ... +0.8 V, High-Pegel: +2.5 V … + 5.0 V
pos. edge triggered, Treshold typ.: 1.3 V,
max. Input voltage: ±10 V
ON: Pushbutton for activating the external trigger.
TEST SIGNAL ON
Pushbutton for turning the test signal on/off.
OUPUT 50 Ω
Test signal output N connector. If the ON pushbutton is lit,
a 50 MHz test signal with a broad spectrum is available the
level of which can be adjusted from –10 to 0 dBm with the
tuning knob after depressing TEST SIGNAL LEVEL . The
test signal level is indicated in the readout field (TL ... dBm).
The output may be connected directly with the input with a
N cable in order to test the function of the instrument. The
outer contact is connected to the chassis and hence to safety
ground (PE).
PROBE POWER
2.5 mm jack, power supply (6 VDC, max. 100 mA) for HAMEG
field probes. The outer contact is connected to the chassis
and hence to safety ground (PE), the inner conductor is the
positive terminal.
Subject to change without notice
45
Interface
RS-232 Interface, USB/RS-232 Dual Interface
Reading measurement results, remote control
Attention:
All terminals of the interface are galvanically connected to the instrument chassis and hence also to
the safety ground (protective earth PE).
STOP
Elevated measurements, i.e. measurements where the input
and output terminals and hence also the instrument chassis
are connected to a high reference potential are not permitted
and endanger operator, instrument, interface and peripheral
devices! In case these warnings and the warnings given in the
section „Safety“ are disregarded, HAMEG refuses any liability for
personal injury and/or damage to HAMEG or other equipment,
possible damages will not be repaired under the warranty
Description
The instrument features a RS-232 or combined USB/RS-232
interface (option HO720), which is implemented with RS-232 as
female 9-pin sub D connector and with USB as socket contact
type B on its back panel. This bidirectional interface allows to
remotely control the instrument as well as the transmission of
parameters and measurement results to a PC.
USB cables
The double shielded cable must be <3 m. After installation of the
interface HO720 (option) the combined USB/RS-232 interface
is recognized automatically by the firmware of the spectrum
analyzer. After switching on the interface is indicated in the
Readout by the reference INTERFACE HO720.
RS-232 cables
The double shielded cable must be < 3 m and connected 1 : 1.
The pinout is as follows:
Pin
2
3
5
9
Signal
TX data (from the instrument to the external device)
RX data (from the external device to the instrument)
Ground (connected to the chassis and to safety ground PE)
+5 VDC power supply for extermal devices (max. 400 mA)
The maximum signal amplitude at pins 2 and 3 is ±12 V.
RS-232 protocol N – 8 –1 (no parity, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit)
Adjustment of Baud rate
After turn-on of the instrument, the Baud rate will be set to 9600.
It can be changed to 4800, 38400 or 115200 by a command.
Data communication
After turn-on (POWER), the instrument will automatically transmit the message „HAMEG HM5530“ at 9600 Baud.
The instrument is delivered with a CD-ROM containing a program which will run under Windows Me, NT 4.0 (with service
pack), 2000 and XP. Updates are available on the HAMEG
homepage www.hameg.de.
Commands from the pc to the HM5530.
General structure of commands: Each command/request
must be preceded by # (23 hex = 35 dec), followed by 2. With
commands, the parameters must follow the characters. Each
command is terminated by „Enter“ (hex 0x0d). No distinction
46
Subject to change without notice
between lower and upper case. The unit is always the same
and is not included.
Listing of control commands
(E)
(CR)
#kl0(E)
#kl1(E)
= Enter
= Carriage return
= Key-lock off (remote control off, pushbutton
dark)
= Key-lock on (remote control active, pushbutton
lit)
The following commands are only executed when
remotely controlled: Remote On; kL 1):
Amplitude:
#rl-30.0(E) =
#ra0(E)
=
#ra1(E)
=
#at0(E)
=
#db5(E)
=
#db10(E) =
#du0(E)
=
#du1(E)
=
#du2(E)
=
Referenz level (Unit: dBm or dBmV, or dBμV)
Ref level automatic OFF
Ref level automatic ON
Attenuator 0 (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) dB
5 dB/Div.
10 dB/Div.
dB-Unit : dBm
dB-Unit : dBmV
dB-Unit : dBμV
Frequency:
#cf1500.000(E)
#sp2200.000(E)
#sr0100.000(E)
#st0500.000(E)
Filter:
#bw1000(E)
#ba1(E)
=
#ba0(E)
=
#vf0(E)
=
#vf1(E)
=
= Center frequency in xxxx.xxx MHz
= Span frequency in xxxx.xxx MHz
= Start frequenz in xxxx.xxx MHz
= Stop frequenz in xxxx.xxx MHz
= Bandwidth RBW = 1000 kHz (120, 9 kHz)
Bandwidth automatic ON (RBW Auto)
Bandwidth automatic OFF (RBW Manual)
Video filter off (VBW = 50 kHz)
Video filter on (VBW = 4 kHz)
Marker:
#mf0500.000(E) = Marker frequency in xxxx.xxx MHz
#df0100.000(E) = Delta (Marker) frequency in xxxx.xxx MHz
#mk0(E) = (all) Marker OFF
#mk1(E) = Marker ON
#mk2(E) = Delta Marker ON
Signal:
#vm0(E)
#vm1(E)
#vm2(E)
#vm3(E)
#vm4(E)
#sa(E)
#bm1(E)
#et0(E)
#et1(E)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Display: Signal A (WRITE A)
Display: Signal B (VIEW B) )
Display: Signal A-B (CALC A-B)
Display: Average (AVG)
Display: Maximum Hold (MAX HOLD)
stored Signal A to memory B
Signaltransfer im Block (2048 Byte)
2044 Signalbytes,
3 checksumbytes + 0x0d
= External trigger OFF
= External trigger ON
Test signal:
#tg0(E)
=
#tg1(E)
=
#tl+00.0(E) =
#tl-10.0(E) =
#br38400(E)
Test signal generator off
Test signal generator on
Test signal level (Unit: dBm or dBmV, or dBμV)
–10.0 dBm to 0.0 dBm in 0.2 dB steps
= Baudrate 38400 (4800, 9600, 19200, 115200)
Baud (This command sends no „RD(0x0D)“
EMV measurement:
#es0(E)
= switch OFF :“Single shot”
Interface
#es1(E)
#ss1(E)
= switch ON: “Single Shot”
= Starts a “Single Shot” (Sweep time: 1000ms)
After the reception and execution of a command,
the spectrum analyzer answers with: „RD“ (CR).
Parameter request (Listing of request commands):
The following requests will also be answered if the instrument
is not in the remote control mode (Remote off; KL0).
Syntax:
#xx(E)
= transmit parameter of xx (xx = tl, rl, vf, at, bw,
sp, cf, sr, st, db, kl, hm, vn, vm, dm,uc)
4th Example: PC sends a sequence of commands to
the analyzer:
#kl1(E)
= Switches to remote control.
#cf0752.000(E)
= Sets center frequency to 752 MHz
#sp0002.000(E) = Sets span to 2 MHz
#bw120(E)
= Sets resolution abdnwidth to 120 kHz
#kl0(E)
= Returns control to front panel.
If a command is not recognized, the instrument will not respond with a message to the pc (no RD (CR) or no parameter
transmission.
Extensive description of the command #bm1
Amplitude:
#rl(E)
= Reference level “RL-xxx.x“ (in dB-Unit)
#ra(E)
= Ref. level automatic “RAx” (x=0: Manual; x=1:
Auto)
#at(E)
= Attenuator “ATxx“ (in dB)
#db(E)
= Y-Scale (dB/Div) “DBxx“ (xx = 5,10 dB/Div)
#du(E)
= Y-Unit (dBx) “DUx“ (x=0:dBm;x=1:dBmV;x=2
dBμV)
#uc(E)
= Level uncal “UCx“ (x=0:cal, x=1:uncal)
Frequency:
#cf(E)
=
#sp(E)
=
#sr(E)
=
#st(E)
=
Marker:
#mf(E)
#df(E)
#mk(E)
#lv(E)
Center frequency “CFxxxx.xxx” (in MHz)
Span frequency “SPxxxx.xxx” (in MHz)
Start frequency “SRxxxx.xxx” (in MHz)
Stop frequency “STxxxx.xxx” (in MHz)
= Marker frequency “MFxxxx.xxx” (in MHz)
= Delta frequenz “DFxxxx.xxx” (in MHz)
= Marker mode “MKx” (x=0: OFF; x=1: Marker1,
x=2: M1&2)
= aktiv Marker level “ML-xxx.x” (in dB-Unit)
(#MK1) or
aktiv Delta-Level “DL-xxx.x” (in dB) (#MK2)
Test signal:
#tl(E)
= Test signal level “TL-xxx.x” (in dB-Unit)
#tg(E)
= Test signal gen. ON/OFF “TGx”
(x=0:TG OFF, x=1:TG ON)
Filter:
#bw(E)
#ba(E)
#vf(E)
#kl(E)
= Resolution bandwidth “BWxxxx“ (in kHz)
= Bandwidth automatic “BAx”
(x=0: Manual; x=1: Auto)
= Video filter “VFx” (x=0:VF OFF, x=1:VF ON)
= Remote “KLx” (x=0:Local, x=1:Remote)
Signal:
#vm(E)
= Video mode “VMx” (x=0:A,x=1:B,x=2:A-B)
General:
#vn(E)
#hm(E)
= Version nummer “VNx.xx“ (x.xx = 1.00 ... 9.99)
= Device typ “HMxxxx“(xxxx = 5530)
#BM1(CR) = Block mode (transmits 2048 data bytes
via the RS-232 interface)
The transmission data consist of 2048 bytes: trans_byte [0] to
trans_byte [2047]. These 2048 data bytes contain 2001 signal
bytes, the parameter center frequency and a checksum of the
signal bytes.
The signal data are on the following transmission bytes:
trans_byte[n] = sig_data[n] ( n = 0 bis n = 2000):
trans_byte[0] = sig_data[0]
trans_byte [2000] = sig_data[2000]
The checksum is a 24 bit word (= 3 bytes ), it consists of:
checksum = sig_data[0] + sig_data[1] +.. sig_data[1999] +
sig_data[2000] (=sum of all signal data)
The 24 bit checksum is on the following data bytes:
trans_byte[2044] = 1st byte checksum [MSB]
trans_byte[2045] = 2nd byte checksum
trans_byte[2046] = 3rd byte checksum [LSB]
The center frequency parameter is on the following transmission data bytes:
trans_byte [2016] = ‘C’; trans_byte [2017] = ‘F’; trans_byte
[2018] = ‘x’;
trans_byte [2019] = ‘x’; trans_byte [2020] = ‘x’; trans_byte [2021]
= ‘x’;
trans_byte [2022] = ‘.’; trans_byte [2023] = ‘x’; trans_byte [2024]
= ‘x’;
trans_byte [2025] = ‘x’; (x= ‘0’ to ‘9’) Example: CF0623.450
(These bytes are not used when calculating the checksum.)
The last character is always a CR (carriage return).
trans_byte[2047] = 0D hex (carriage return)
All other „free“ bytes will be set to (00 hex).
Signal data and CRT display:
The signal data are the result of 2001 a/d conversions during
a sweep.
2nd Example: „#vn(E)“, PC requests number of version:
PC sends #vn(CR). Instrument answers:
x.xx(CR) x.xx z. B.: 1.23
X position: The first byte „sig_data(0)“ corresponds to the first
point on the screen, coinciding with the left edge of the graticule.
All other bytes follow linearly up to „sig_data(2000), this point
coincides with the right edge of the graticule. The frequency of
the individual points can be calculated from the center frequency
and the span:
Frequency (x) = (center frequency – 0.5 span) + span x x/2000.
X = 0 ... 2000 (position of the point = sig_data(x)).
3rd Example: „#hm(E)“, pc requests type of instrument:
PC sends #hm(CR).
Instrument answers: 5530 (CR)
Y position: The 8 bit value (hex: 00 to FF) of each memory location
of sig_data(x) relates to the video signal as follows:1C hex (28
dec) coincides with the bottom line of the graticule.
1st Example: „#uc(E) (uncalibrated)“: PC sends #uc(CR).
Instrument answers: UC0(CR) (calibrated) or
UC1(CR) (uncalibrated)
Subject to change without notice
47
Interface
E5 hex (229 dec) coincides with the top line of the graticule (=
reference level)
The resolution in Y direction is 25 points per division (equals
10 dB at 10 dB/div).
The vertical distance of the points is 0.4 dB at 10 dB/div. or 0.2
dB at 5 dB/div.
The level of a specific point (y) can be calculated as follows:
For y ≤ 229 (Ref level position):
Level in dBm (y) = ref level (dBm) – ((229-y) x 0.4 dB) at
10dB/Div
For y >229 (Ref level position):
Level in dBm (y) = ref level (dBm) + ((y-229) x 0.4 dB) at
10dB/Div.
Test Equipment Depot - 800.517.8431 - 99 Washington Street Melrose, MA 02176
48
Subject to change without notice
FAX 781.665.0780 - TestEquipmentDepot.com