NETGEAR ProSafe FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server Reference Manual

Reference Manual for the
ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server
Model FWG114P v2
NETGEAR, Inc.
4500 Great America Parkway
Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA
201-10301-02
May 2005
201-10301-02, May 2005
© 2005 by NETGEAR, Inc. All rights reserved.
Trademarks
NETGEAR is a trademark of Netgear, Inc.
Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective holders.
Statement of Conditions
In the interest of improving internal design, operational function, and/or reliability, NETGEAR reserves the right to
make changes to the products described in this document without notice.
NETGEAR does not assume any liability that may occur due to the use or application of the product(s) or circuit
layout(s) described herein.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Compliance Notice: Radio Frequency Notice
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to
part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a
residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and
used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to
radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try
to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
•
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
•
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
•
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
•
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Caution
1.
FCC RF Radiation Exposure Statement: The equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth
for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20
centimeters between the radiator and your body.
2.
This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.
3.
Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the
user authority to operate the equipment.
EN 55 022 Declaration of Conformance
This is to certify that the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 is shielded against the
generation of radio interference in accordance with the application of Council Directive 89/336/EEC, Article 4a.
Conformity is declared by the application of EN 55 022 Class B (CISPR 22).
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Bestätigung des Herstellers/Importeurs
Es wird hiermit bestätigt, daß das ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 gemäß der im
BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991 und Vfg 46/1992 aufgeführten Bestimmungen entstört ist. Das vorschriftsmäßige Betreiben
einiger Geräte (z.B. Testsender) kann jedoch gewissen Beschränkungen unterliegen. Lesen Sie dazu bitte die
Anmerkungen in der Betriebsanleitung.
Das Bundesamt für Zulassungen in der Telekommunikation wurde davon unterrichtet, daß dieses Gerät auf den Markt
gebracht wurde und es ist berechtigt, die Serie auf die Erfüllung der Vorschriften hin zu überprüfen.
Certificate of the Manufacturer/Importer
It is hereby certified that the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 has been suppressed
in accordance with the conditions set out in the BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991 and Vfg 46/1992. The operation of some
equipment (for example, test transmitters) in accordance with the regulations may, however, be subject to certain
restrictions. Please refer to the notes in the operating instructions.
Federal Office for Telecommunications Approvals has been notified of the placing of this equipment on the market
and has been granted the right to test the series for compliance with the regulations.
Voluntary Control Council for Interference (VCCI) Statement
This equipment is in the second category (information equipment to be used in a residential area or an adjacent area
thereto) and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Data Processing
Equipment and Electronic Office Machines aimed at preventing radio interference in such residential areas.
When used near a radio or TV receiver, it may become the cause of radio interference.
Read instructions for correct handling.
Product and Publication Details
Model Number:
FWG114P v2
Publication Date:
May 2005
Product Family:
wireless access point
Product Name:
ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
Home or Business Product:
Business
Language:
English
Publication Part Number:
201-10301-02
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Contents
Chapter 1
About This Manual
Audience, Scope, Conventions, and Formats ................................................................1-1
How to Use This Manual ................................................................................................1-2
How to Print this Manual .................................................................................................1-3
Chapter 2
Introduction
Key Features of the FWG114P v2 ..................................................................................2-1
Full Routing on Both the Broadband and Serial Ports .............................................2-2
802.11g and 802.11b Wireless Networking ..............................................................2-2
Virtual Private Networking ........................................................................................2-3
Wireless Multimedia (WMM) Support .......................................................................2-3
A Powerful, True Firewall with Content Filtering ......................................................2-3
Security ....................................................................................................................2-4
Autosensing Ethernet Connections with Auto Uplink ...............................................2-4
Extensive Protocol Support ......................................................................................2-5
Easy Installation and Management ..........................................................................2-6
NETGEAR Related Products ..........................................................................................2-6
Package Contents ..........................................................................................................2-7
The FWG114P v2 Front Panel .................................................................................2-7
The FWG114P v2 Rear Panel ..................................................................................2-8
Chapter 3
Connecting the FWG114P v2 to the Internet
What You Will Need Before You Begin ...........................................................................3-1
Cabling and Computer Hardware Requirements .....................................................3-1
Computer Network Configuration Requirements .....................................................3-1
Internet Configuration Requirements .......................................................................3-2
Where Do I Get the Internet Configuration Parameters? .........................................3-2
Record Your Internet Connection Information ..........................................................3-3
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Connecting the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server .........................................3-4
Verify That Basic Requirements Are Met .................................................................3-4
Basic Setup Troubleshooting Tips ................................................................................3-10
FWG114P v2 Setup Wizard Auto Detection .................................................................3-10
Wizard-Detected Login Account Setup .................................................................. 3-11
Wizard-Detected Dynamic IP Account Setup .........................................................3-13
Wizard-Detected Fixed IP Account Setup ..............................................................3-14
How to Configure the Serial Port as the Primary Internet Connection .........................3-15
Testing Your Internet Connection ..................................................................................3-17
Manually Configuring Your Internet Connection ...........................................................3-18
How to Manually Configure the Primary Internet Connection ................................3-19
Chapter 4
Wireless Configuration
Observing Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines .........................................4-1
Implementing Appropriate Wireless Security ..................................................................4-2
Understanding Wireless Settings ...................................................................................4-3
Default Factory Settings ...........................................................................................4-6
Before You Change the SSID and WEP Settings ....................................................4-7
How to Set Up and Test Basic Wireless Connectivity ..............................................4-8
How to Restrict Wireless Access by MAC Address .................................................4-9
How to Configure WEP ..........................................................................................4-10
How to Configure WPA with Radius .......................................................................4-12
How to Configure WPA2 with Radius .....................................................................4-14
How to Configure WPA and WPA2 with Radius .....................................................4-16
How to Configure WPA-PSK ..................................................................................4-18
How to Configure WPA2-PSK ................................................................................4-20
How to Configure WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK ........................................................4-21
Chapter 5
Serial Port Configuration
Configuring a Serial Port Modem ...................................................................................5-2
Basic Requirements for Serial Port Modem Configuration .......................................5-2
How to Configure a Serial Port Modem ....................................................................5-2
Configuring Auto-Rollover ..............................................................................................5-3
Basic Requirements for Auto-Rollover .....................................................................5-3
How to Configure Auto-Rollover ...............................................................................5-3
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Configuring Dial-in on the Serial Port .............................................................................5-4
Basic Requirements for Dial-in .................................................................................5-5
How to Configure Dial-in ..........................................................................................5-5
Configuring LAN-to-LAN Settings ...................................................................................5-6
Basic Requirements for LAN-to-LAN Connections ..................................................5-6
How to Configure LAN-to-LAN Connections ............................................................5-6
Chapter 6
Firewall Protection and
Content Filtering
Firewall Protection and Content Filtering Overview ........................................................6-1
Using the Block Sites Menu to Screen Content ..............................................................6-1
Services and Rules Regulate Inbound and Outbound Traffic .........................................6-3
Defining a Service ....................................................................................................6-3
Using Inbound/Outbound Rules to Block or Allow Services .....................................6-4
Examples of Using Services and Rules to Regulate Traffic ...........................................6-6
Inbound Rules (Port Forwarding) .............................................................................6-6
Example: Port Forwarding to a Local Public Web Server ..................................6-7
Example: Port Forwarding for Videoconferencing .............................................6-8
Example: Port Forwarding for VPN Tunnels when NAT is Off ...........................6-8
Outbound Rules (Service Blocking or Port Filtering) ................................................6-9
Outbound Rule Example: Blocking Instant Messaging ....................................6-10
Other Rules Considerations .........................................................................................6-10
Order of Precedence for Rules .............................................................................. 6-11
Rules Menu Options ............................................................................................... 6-11
Using a Schedule to Block or Allow Content or Traffic .................................................6-12
Setting the Time Zone ............................................................................................6-13
Getting E-Mail Notifications of Event Logs and Alerts ..................................................6-13
Viewing Logs of Web Access or Attempted Web Access .............................................6-16
What to Include in the Event Log ...........................................................................6-17
Chapter 7
Print Server
Printing Options ..............................................................................................................7-1
For Windows XP and 2000, Use TCP/IP LPR Printing ...................................................7-2
For Windows 95/98/Me, Use the Netgear Printer Port Driver .........................................7-6
Printing from the Macintosh ............................................................................................7-9
Windows Printer Port Management ..............................................................................7-10
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Troubleshooting the Print Server ..................................................................................7-12
Chapter 8
Virtual Private Networking
Overview of FWG114P v2 Policy-Based VPN Configuration .........................................8-1
Using Policies to Manage VPN Traffic .....................................................................8-2
Using Automatic Key Management ..........................................................................8-2
IKE Policies’ Automatic Key and Authentication Management ................................8-3
VPN Policy Configuration for Auto Key Negotiation .................................................8-6
VPN Policy Configuration for Manual Key Exchange ...............................................8-9
Using Digital Certificates for IKE Auto-Policy Authentication .......................................8-14
Certificate Revocation List (CRL) ...........................................................................8-14
Walk-Through of Configuration Scenarios on the FWG114P v2 ..................................8-15
How to Use the VPN Wizard to Configure a VPN Tunnel .............................................8-15
VPNC Scenario 1: Gateway to Gateway with Preshared Secrets .........................8-19
Scenario 1: FWG114P v2 to FWG114P v2 with Preshared Secrets ......................8-20
How to Check VPN Connections ...........................................................................8-24
VPNC Scenario 2: Gateway-to-Gateway with Certificates .....................................8-25
Scenario 2: FWG114P v2 to FWG114P v2 with Certificates ..................................8-26
Netgear VPN Client to FWG114P v2 ............................................................................8-32
Configuration Profile ...............................................................................................8-32
Step-By-Step Configuration of FWG114P v2 Gateway .................................................8-33
Step-By-Step Configuration of the Netgear VPN Client ...............................................8-38
Testing the VPN Connection .........................................................................................8-45
From the Client PC to the FWG114P v2 ................................................................8-45
From the FWG114P v2 to the Client PC ................................................................8-46
Monitoring the PC VPN Connection .............................................................................8-46
Viewing the FWG114P v2 VPN Status and Log Information ........................................8-47
Chapter 9
Maintenance
Viewing Wireless Firewall/Print Server Status Information .............................................9-1
Viewing a List of Attached Devices .................................................................................9-6
Upgrading the Router Software ......................................................................................9-7
Configuration File Management .....................................................................................9-7
Restoring and Backing Up the Configuration ...........................................................9-8
Erasing the Configuration .........................................................................................9-9
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Changing the Administrator Password ...........................................................................9-9
Chapter 10
Advanced Configuration
Using the WAN Setup Options .....................................................................................10-1
How to Configure Dynamic DNS ..................................................................................10-3
Using the LAN IP Setup Options ..................................................................................10-5
Configuring LAN TCP/IP Setup Parameters ..........................................................10-5
Using the Router as a DHCP server ......................................................................10-7
Using Address Reservation ....................................................................................10-7
Configuring Static Routes .............................................................................................10-8
Enabling Remote Management Access .....................................................................10-10
Using Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) ...................................................................... 10-11
Advanced Wireless Settings .......................................................................................10-12
Chapter 11
Troubleshooting
Basic Functioning ......................................................................................................... 11-1
Power LED Not On ................................................................................................. 11-1
LEDs Never Turn Off .............................................................................................. 11-2
LAN or Internet Port LEDs Not On ......................................................................... 11-2
Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface ........................................................ 11-3
Troubleshooting the ISP Connection ............................................................................ 11-4
Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility ............................................... 11-5
Testing the LAN Path to Your Router ..................................................................... 11-5
Testing the Path from Your Computer to a Remote Device ................................... 11-6
Restoring the Default Configuration and Password ...................................................... 11-7
Problems with Date and Time ....................................................................................... 11-7
Appendix A
Technical Specifications
Appendix B
Networks, Routing, and Firewall Basics
Related Publications ...................................................................................................... B-1
Basic Router Concepts .................................................................................................. B-1
What is a Router? ................................................................................................... B-1
Routing Information Protocol ................................................................................... B-2
IP Addresses and the Internet ................................................................................. B-2
Netmask .................................................................................................................. B-4
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Subnet Addressing .................................................................................................. B-4
Private IP Addresses ............................................................................................... B-7
Single IP Address Operation Using NAT ................................................................. B-7
MAC Addresses and Address Resolution Protocol ................................................. B-9
Related Documents ................................................................................................. B-9
Domain Name Server .............................................................................................. B-9
IP Configuration by DHCP .................................................................................... B-10
Internet Security and Firewalls .................................................................................... B-10
What is a Firewall? .................................................................................................B-11
Stateful Packet Inspection ......................................................................................B-11
Denial of Service Attack .........................................................................................B-11
Ethernet Cabling ...........................................................................................................B-11
Category 5 Cable Quality ...................................................................................... B-12
Inside Twisted Pair Cables .................................................................................... B-13
Uplink Switches, Crossover Cables, and MDI/MDIX Switching ............................ B-14
Appendix C
Preparing Your Network
Preparing Your Computers for TCP/IP Networking ....................................................... C-1
Configuring Windows 95, 98, and Me for TCP/IP Networking ....................................... C-2
Install or Verify Windows Networking Components ................................................. C-2
Enabling DHCP to Automatically Configure TCP/IP Settings ................................. C-4
Selecting Windows’ Internet Access Method .................................................... C-4
Verifying TCP/IP Properties .................................................................................... C-5
Configuring Windows NT, 2000 or XP for IP Networking ............................................... C-5
Installing or Verifying Windows Networking Components ....................................... C-5
Verifying TCP/IP Properties .................................................................................... C-6
Configuring the Macintosh for TCP/IP Networking ........................................................ C-6
MacOS 8.6 or 9.x .................................................................................................... C-6
MacOS X ................................................................................................................. C-7
Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Macintosh Computers ........................................... C-8
Verifying the Readiness of Your Internet Account ......................................................... C-9
Are Login Protocols Used? ..................................................................................... C-9
What Is Your Configuration Information? ................................................................ C-9
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers ....................... C-10
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh Computers ..................... C-11
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Restarting the Network ................................................................................................ C-12
Appendix D
Firewall Log Formats
Action List ...................................................................................................................... D-1
Field List ........................................................................................................................ D-1
Outbound Log ................................................................................................................ D-1
Inbound Log ................................................................................................................... D-2
Other IP Traffic .............................................................................................................. D-2
Router Operation ........................................................................................................... D-3
Other Connections and Traffic to this Router ................................................................ D-4
DoS Attack/Scan ........................................................................................................... D-4
Access Block Site .......................................................................................................... D-6
All Web Sites and News Groups Visited ........................................................................ D-6
System Admin Sessions ................................................................................................ D-6
Policy Administration LOG ............................................................................................. D-7
Appendix E
Wireless Networking Basics
Wireless Networking Overview ...................................................................................... E-1
Infrastructure Mode ................................................................................................. E-1
Ad Hoc Mode (Peer-to-Peer Workgroup) ................................................................ E-2
Network Name: Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID) ................................ E-2
Authentication and WEP Data Encryption ..................................................................... E-2
802.11 Authentication .............................................................................................. E-3
Open System Authentication ................................................................................... E-3
Shared Key Authentication ...................................................................................... E-4
Overview of WEP Parameters ................................................................................ E-5
Key Size .................................................................................................................. E-6
WEP Configuration Options .................................................................................... E-7
Wireless Channels ......................................................................................................... E-7
WPA Wireless Security .................................................................................................. E-8
How Does WPA Compare to WEP? ........................................................................ E-9
How Does WPA Compare to IEEE 802.11i? ........................................................ E-10
What are the Key Features of WPA Security? ...................................................... E-10
WPA Authentication: Enterprise-level User
Authentication via 802.1x/EAP and RADIUS .................................................. E-12
WPA Data Encryption Key Management ........................................................ E-14
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Is WPA Perfect? .................................................................................................... E-16
Product Support for WPA ...................................................................................... E-16
Supporting a Mixture of WPA and WEP Wireless Clients is Discouraged ...... E-16
Changes to Wireless Access Points ............................................................... E-17
Changes to Wireless Network Adapters ......................................................... E-17
Changes to Wireless Client Programs ............................................................ E-18
Appendix F
Virtual Private Networking
What is a VPN? ..............................................................................................................F-1
What is IPSec and How Does It Work? ..........................................................................F-2
IPSec Security Features ..........................................................................................F-2
IPSec Components ..................................................................................................F-2
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) ....................................................................F-3
Authentication Header (AH) .....................................................................................F-4
IKE Security Association ..........................................................................................F-4
Mode ..................................................................................................................F-5
Key Management .....................................................................................................F-6
Understand the Process Before You Begin ....................................................................F-6
VPN Process Overview ..................................................................................................F-7
Network Interfaces and Addresses ..........................................................................F-7
Interface Addressing ..........................................................................................F-7
Firewalls ............................................................................................................F-8
Setting Up a VPN Tunnel Between Gateways .........................................................F-8
VPNC IKE Security Parameters ...................................................................................F-10
VPNC IKE Phase I Parameters ..............................................................................F-10
VPNC IKE Phase II Parameters .............................................................................F-11
Testing and Troubleshooting .........................................................................................F-11
Additional Reading .......................................................................................................F-11
Appendix G
NETGEAR VPN Configuration
FVS318 or FVM318 to FWG114P v2
Configuration Template .................................................................................................. G-1
Step-By-Step Configuration of FVS318 or FVM318 Gateway A .................................... G-2
Step-By-Step Configuration of FWG114P Gateway B ................................................... G-5
Test the VPN Connection .............................................................................................. G-9
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Appendix H
NETGEAR VPN Configuration
FVS318 or FVM318 with FQDN to FVS328
Configuration Template .................................................................................................. H-1
Using DDNS and Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN) ..................................... H-2
Step-By-Step Configuration of FVS318 or FVM318 Gateway A .................................... H-3
Step-By-Step Configuration of FVS328 Gateway B ....................................................... H-7
Test the VPN Connection ............................................................................................ H-11
Glossary
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Chapter 1
About This Manual
This chapter describes the intended audience, scope, conventions, and formats of this manual.
Audience, Scope, Conventions, and Formats
This reference manual assumes that the reader has basic to intermediate computer and Internet
skills. However, basic computer network, Internet, firewall, and VPN technologies tutorial
information is provided in the Appendices and on the Netgear website.
This guide uses the following typographical conventions:
Table 1-1.
Typographical Conventions
italics
Emphasis, books, CDs, URL names
bold
User input
fixed
Screen text, file and server names, extensions, commands, IP addresses
This guide uses the following formats to highlight special messages:
Note: This format is used to highlight information of importance or special interest.
This manual is written for the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server according to these
specifications:
Table 1-2.
Manual Scope
Product Version
ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
Manual Publication Date
May 2005
Note: Product updates are available on the NETGEAR, Inc. Web site at
http://kbserver.netgear.com/products/FWG114P v2.asp.
About This Manual
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Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
How to Use This Manual
The HTML version of this manual includes the following:
•
Buttons,
at a time
and
, for browsing forwards or backwards through the manual one page
•
A
button that displays the table of contents and an
button. Double-click on a
link in the table of contents or index to navigate directly to where the topic is described in the
manual.
•
A
product model.
•
Links to PDF versions of the full manual and individual chapters.
button to access the full NETGEAR, Inc. online knowledge base for the
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Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
How to Print this Manual
To print this manual you can choose one of the following several options, according to your needs.
•
Printing a Page in the HTML View.
Each page in the HTML version of the manual is dedicated to a major topic. Use the Print
button on the browser toolbar to print the page contents.
•
Printing a Chapter.
Use the PDF of This Chapter link at the top left of any page.
–
Click the PDF of This Chapter link at the top right of any page in the chapter you want to
print. The PDF version of the chapter you were viewing opens in a browser window.
Note: Your computer must have the free Adobe Acrobat reader installed in order to view
and print PDF files. The Acrobat reader is available on the Adobe Web site at
http://www.adobe.com.
–
Click the print icon in the upper left of the window.
Tip: If your printer supports printing two pages on a single sheet of paper, you can save
paper and printer ink by selecting this feature.
•
Printing the Full Manual.
Use the Complete PDF Manual link at the top left of any page.
–
–
Click the Complete PDF Manual link at the top left of any page in the manual. The PDF
version of the complete manual opens in a browser window.
Click the print icon in the upper left of the window.
Tip: If your printer supports printing two pages on a single sheet of paper, you can save
paper and printer ink by selecting this feature.
About This Manual
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Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
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About This Manual
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Chapter 2
Introduction
This chapter describes the features of the NETGEAR ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print
Server Model FWG114P v2.
Key Features of the FWG114P v2
The ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2, with a 4-port switch,
connects your LAN to the Internet through a broadband modem. With auto fail-over connectivity
through the serial port, the FWG114P v2 provides highly reliable Internet access.
The FWG114P v2 is a complete security solution that protects your network from attacks and
intrusions and enables secure communications using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Unlike
simple Internet sharing routers that rely on Network Address Translation (NAT) for security, the
FWG114P v2 uses Stateful Packet Inspection for Denial of Service attack (DoS) attack protection
and intrusion detection. The FWG114P v2 allows Internet access for up to 253 users. It provides
multiple Web content filtering options, plus browsing activity reporting and instant alerts via
e-mail. Parents or network administrators can establish restricted access policies based on
time-of-day, Web site addresses and address keywords, and share high-speed cable/DSL Internet
access for up to 253 personal computers.
With minimum setup, you can install and use the router within minutes. The FWG114P v2
Wireless Firewall/Print Server provides the following features:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
802.11g and 802.11b standards-based wireless networking.
Easy, Web-based setup for installation and management.
Supports two VPN tunnels, Content Filtering, and Site Blocking Security.
Wireless Multimedia (WMM) support.
Built-in 4-port 10/100 Mbps Switch and USB 2.0 Printer Port.
Ethernet and Serial ports for connection to a WAN device, such as a broadband modem.
Extensive Protocol Support.
Login capability.
Front panel LEDs for easy monitoring of status and activity.
Introduction
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•
•
Flash memory for firmware upgrade.
NAT off (classical routing).
Full Routing on Both the Broadband and Serial Ports
You can install, configure, and operate the FWG114P v2 to take full advantage of a variety of
routing options on both the serial and broadband WAN ports, including:
•
Internet access via either the serial or broadband port.
•
Auto fail-over connectivity through an analog or ISDN modem connected to the serial port.
If the broadband Internet connection fails, after waiting for an amount of time you specify, the
FWG114P v2 can automatically establish a backup ISDN or dial-up Internet connection via
the serial port on the firewall.
•
Remote Access Server (RAS) that allows you to log in remotely through the serial port to
access a server on your LAN, other LAN resources, or the Internet, based on a user name and
password you define.
•
LAN-to-LAN access between two FWG114P v2 wireless firewall/print servers through the
serial port, with the option of enabling auto-failover Internet access across the serial
LAN-to-LAN connection.
802.11g and 802.11b Wireless Networking
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server includes an 802.11g-compliant wireless access
point. The access point provides:
•
802.11b standards-based wireless networking at up to 11 Mbps.
•
802.11g wireless networking at up to 54 Mbps, which conforms to the 802.11g standard.
•
WPA and WPA2 enterprise class strong security with RADIUS and certificate authentication
as well as dynamic encryption key generation.
•
WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK pre-shared key authentication without the overhead of RADIUS
servers but with all of the strong security of WPA and WPA2.
•
64-bit and 128-bit WEP encryption security.
•
WEP keys can be generated manually or by passphrase.
•
Wireless access can be restricted by MAC Address.
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Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
•
Wireless network name broadcast can be turned off so that only devices that have the network
name (SSID) can connect.
Virtual Private Networking
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server provides a secure encrypted connection between
your local network and remote networks or clients. Its VPN features include:
•
Support for up to 2 simultaneous VPN connections.
•
Support for industry standard VPN protocols.
The ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 supports standard
keying methods (Manual or IKE), standard authentication methods (MD5 and SHA-1), and
standard encryption methods (DES, 3DES). It is compatible with many other VPN products.
•
Support for up to 168 bit encryption (3DES) for maximum security.
•
Support for VPN Main Mode, Aggressive mode, or Manual Keying.
•
Support for Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) configuration when the Dynamic DNS
feature is enabled with one of the supported service providers.
Wireless Multimedia (WMM) Support
WMM is a subset of the 802.11e standard. WMM allows wireless traffic to have a range of
priorities, depending on the kind of data. Time-dependent information such as video or audio will
have a higher priority than normal traffic. For WMM to function correctly, wireless clients must
also support WMM.
A Powerful, True Firewall with Content Filtering
Unlike simple Internet sharing NAT routers, the FWG114P v2 is a true firewall, using stateful
packet inspection to defend against hacker attacks. Its firewall features include:
•
DoS protection.
Automatically detects and thwarts DoS attacks, such as Ping of Death, SYN Flood, LAND
Attack, and IP Spoofing.
•
Blocks unwanted traffic from the Internet to your LAN.
•
Blocks access from your LAN to Internet locations or services that you specify as off-limits.
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•
Logs security incidents.
The FWG114P v2 will log security events, such as blocked incoming traffic, port scans,
attacks, and administrator logins. You can configure the router to e-mail the log to you at
specified intervals. You can also configure the router to send immediate alert messages to your
e-mail address or e-mail pager whenever a significant event occurs.
•
With its content filtering feature, the FWG114P v2 prevents objectionable content from
reaching your PCs. The router allows you to control access to Internet content by screening for
keywords within Web addresses. You can configure the router to log and report attempts to
access objectionable Internet sites.
Security
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server is equipped with several features designed to
maintain security, as described in this section:
•
PCs hidden by NAT.
NAT opens a temporary path to the Internet for requests originating from the local network.
Requests originating from outside the LAN are discarded, preventing users outside the LAN
from finding and directly accessing the PCs on the LAN.
•
Port forwarding with NAT.
Although NAT prevents Internet locations from directly accessing the PCs on the LAN, the
router allows you to direct incoming traffic to specific PCs based on the service port number
of the incoming request, or to one designated “DNS” host computer. You can specify
forwarding of single ports or ranges of ports.
Autosensing Ethernet Connections with Auto Uplink
With its internal 8-port 10/100 switch, the FWG114P v2 can connect to either a 10 Mbps standard
Ethernet network or a 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet network. Both the LAN and WAN interfaces are
autosensing and capable of full-duplex or half-duplex operation.
The router incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology. Each Ethernet port will automatically sense
whether the Ethernet cable plugged into the port should have a ‘normal’ connection, such as to a
computer, or an ‘uplink’ connection, such as to a switch or hub. That port will then configure itself
to the correct configuration. This feature also eliminates the need to worry about crossover cables,
as Auto Uplink will accommodate either type of cable to make the right connection.
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Extensive Protocol Support
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server supports the Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Routing Information Protocol (RIP).
•
The ability to enable or disable IP address sharing by NAT.
The FWG114P v2 allows several networked PCs to share an Internet account using only a
single IP address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your Internet service
provider (ISP). This technique, known as NAT, allows the use of an inexpensive single-user
ISP account. This feature can also be turned off completely for using the FWG114P v2 in
settings where you want to manage the IP address scheme of your organization.
•
Automatic configuration of attached PCs by DHCP.
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server dynamically assigns network configuration
information, including IP, gateway, and domain name server (DNS) addresses, to attached PCs
on the LAN using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). This feature greatly
simplifies configuration of PCs on your local network.
•
DNS Proxy.
When DHCP is enabled and no DNS addresses are specified, the router provides its own
address as a DNS server to the attached PCs. The router obtains actual DNS addresses from
the ISP during connection setup and forwards DNS requests from the LAN.
•
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE).
PPPoE is a protocol for connecting remote hosts to the Internet over a DSL connection by
simulating a dial-up connection. This feature eliminates the need to run a login program, such
as Entersys or WinPOET on your computer.
•
PPTP login support for European ISPs, BigPond login for Telstra cable in Australia.
•
Classical IP (RFC 1577).
Some Internet service providers, in Europe for example, use Classical IP in their ADSL
services. In such cases, the firewall is able to use the Classical IP address from the ISP.
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Easy Installation and Management
You can install, configure, and operate the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model
FWG114P v2 within minutes after connecting it to the network. The following features simplify
installation and management tasks:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Automatic fail-over connectivity through an analog or ISDN modem connected to the serial
port. If the broadband modem Internet connection fails, after waiting for an amount of time
you specify, the FWG114P v2 can automatically establish a backup ISDN or dial-up Internet
connection via the serial port on the firewall.
Browser-based management.
Browser-based configuration allows you to easily configure your router from almost any type
of personal computer, such as Windows, Macintosh, or Linux. A user-friendly Setup Wizard is
provided and online help documentation is built into the browser-based Web Management
Interface.
Smart Wizard.
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server automatically senses the type of Internet
connection, asking you only for the information required for your type of ISP account.
Diagnostic functions.
The firewall incorporates built-in diagnostic functions, such as Ping, DNS lookup, and remote
reboot.
Remote management.
The firewall allows you to log in to the Web Management Interface from a remote location on
the Internet. For security, you can limit remote management access to a specified remote IP
address or range of addresses, and you can choose a nonstandard port number.
Visual monitoring.
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server’s front panel LEDs provide an easy way to
monitor its status and activity.
Regional support, including ISPs like Telstra DSL and BigPond, or Deutsche Telekom.
Flash memory for firmware upgrades.
NETGEAR Related Products
The following NETGEAR products are related to the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print
Server Model FWG114P v2:
•
•
ProSafe™ Dual Band Wireless PC Card Model WAG511
ProSafe™ Dual Band Wireless PCI Adapter Model WAG311
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
54 Mbps Wireless PC Card Model WG511
54 Mbps Wireless PCI Card Model WG311
54 Mbps Wireless USB 2.0 Adapter Model WG121
ProSafe™ Indoor 5 dBi Omni-directional Antenna Model ANT24O5
ProSafe™ Indoor/Outdoor 18 dBi Patch Panel Directional Antenna Model ANT24D18
ProSafe™ Indoor/Outdoor 9 dBi Omni-directional Antenna Model ANT2409
Low-loss Antenna Cables
Package Contents
The product package should contain the following items:
•
•
•
•
•
•
ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2.
AC power adapter.
Category 5 (Cat 5) Ethernet cable.
FWG114P Installation Guide (201-10301-01).
Resource CD for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P
(SW-10023-03), including:
— This manual.
— Application Notes and other helpful information.
Registration and Warranty Card.
If any of the parts are incorrect, missing, or damaged, contact your NETGEAR dealer. Keep the
carton, including the original packing materials, in case you need to return the router for repair.
The FWG114P v2 Front Panel
The front panel of the FWG114P v2 contains the status LEDs. Use the LEDs to verify various
operations. Viewed from left to right, Table 2-1 describes the LEDs on the front of the router.
Broadband
PWR
TEST
ProSafe 802.11g Wireless Firewall/Print Server
ACT
ACT
100
ALERT
LINK
LNK/ACT
P R IN TER
M O DEM
MODEL
FWG114P
100
1
2
3
4
LNK/ACT
IN TER N ET
LO CA L
W LA N
Figure 2-1: FWG114P v2 Front Panel
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Table 2-1.
LED Descriptions
Label
Activity
Description
POWER
On
Power is supplied to the firewall.
TEST
On
Off
The system is initializing.
The system is ready and running.
ACT
On
Blinking
The printer is connected and powered on.
Data is being transmitted or received by the Printer port.
ALERT
On (Amber)
The printer has a problem, such as out of paper, out of ink, or a
paper jam.
ACT
Blinking
Data is being transmitted or received by the Modem port.
LINK
On (Amber)
The port has detected a link with an attached device.
PRINTER
MODEM
INTERNET
Note: The operation of these LEDs depends on how the WAN port is configured.
100 (100 Mbps)
On
Off
The Internet (WAN) port is operating at 100 Mbps.
The Internet (WAN) port is operating at 10 Mbps.
LINK/ACT
(Link/Activity)
On
Blinking
The Internet port has detected a link with an attached device.
Data is being transmitted or received by the Internet port.
100 (100 Mbps)
On
Off
The Local port is operating at 100 Mbps.
The Local port is operating at 10 Mbps.
LINK/ACT
(Link/Activity)
On
Blinking
The Local port has detected a link with an attached device.
The Local port is transmitting or receiving data.
On
Blinking
The Wireless (WLAN) port is operating.
The Wireless (WLAN) port is transmitting or receiving data.
LOCAL
WLAN
The FWG114P v2 Rear Panel
The rear panel of the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server contains the port connections
listed below.
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USB
MODEM
LO CA L
4
3
10/100M
2
1
IN TER N ET
12VDC, 1.0A
Figure 1-2: FWG114P v2 Rear Panel
Viewed from left to right, the rear panel contains the following features:
•
Wireless antenna.
•
DB-9 serial port for modem connection.
•
•
•
•
•
USB 2.0 Printer Port.
Factory Default Reset push button.
Four Ethernet LAN ports.
Internet Ethernet WAN port for connecting the router to a broadband modem.
AC power adapter outlet.
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Chapter 3
Connecting the FWG114P v2 to the Internet
This chapter describes how to set up the router on your local area network (LAN) and connect to
the Internet. You will find out how to configure your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print
Server Model FWG114P v2 for Internet access using the Setup Wizard, or how to manually
configure your Internet connection.
What You Will Need Before You Begin
You need to prepare these three things before you begin:
1.
An active Internet service, such as those provided by a cable or DSL broadband account.
2.
Locate the Internet Service Provider (ISP) configuration information for your broadband
account.
3.
Connect the router to a broadband modem and a computer as explained below.
Cabling and Computer Hardware Requirements
To use the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server on your network, each computer must
have an installed Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC) and an Ethernet cable. If the computer
will connect to your network at 100 Mbps, you must use a Category 5 (CAT5) cable, such as the
one provided with your router.
Computer Network Configuration Requirements
The FWG114P v2 includes a built-in Web Configuration Manager. To access the configuration
menus on the FWG114P v2, you must use a Java-enabled Web browser program that supports
HTTP uploads, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. Use Internet Explorer
or Netscape Navigator versions 4.0 or above. Free browser programs are readily available for
Windows, Macintosh, or UNIX/Linux.
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For the initial connection to the Internet and configuration of your router, you will need to connect
a computer to the router that is set to automatically get its TCP/IP configuration from the router via
DHCP.
The cable or DSL modem broadband access device must provide a standard 10 Mbps (10BASE-T)
Ethernet interface.
Internet Configuration Requirements
Depending on how your ISP set up your Internet account, you might need one or more of these
configuration parameters to connect your router to the Internet:
•
•
•
•
Host and Domain Names.
ISP login name and password.
ISP Domain Name Server (DNS) Addresses.
Fixed IP address which is also known as static IP address.
Where Do I Get the Internet Configuration Parameters?
There are several ways you can gather the required Internet connection information:
•
Your ISP provides all the information needed to connect to the Internet. If you cannot locate
this information, you can ask your ISP to provide it or you can try one of the options below.
•
If you have a computer already connected using the active Internet access account, you can
gather the configuration information from that computer.
— For Windows 95/98/ME, open the Network control panel, select the TCP/IP entry for the
Ethernet adapter, and click Properties. Record all the settings for each tab page.
— For Windows 2000/XP, open the Local Area Network Connection, select the TCP/IP entry
for the Ethernet adapter, and click Properties. Record all the settings for each tab page.
— For Macintosh computers, open the TCP/IP or Network control panel. Record all the
settings for each section.
•
You may also refer to the FWG114P v2 Resource CD for the NETGEAR Router ISP Guide
which provides Internet connection information for many ISPs.
Once you locate your Internet configuration parameters, you may want to record them on the
following form:
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Record Your Internet Connection Information
Print this page. Fill in the configuration parameters from your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
ISP Login Name: The login name and password are case sensitive and must be entered exactly as
given by your ISP. For AOL customers, the login name is their primary screen name. Some ISPs
use your full e-mail address as the login name. The Service Name is not required by all ISPs. If
you connect using a login name and password, then fill in the following:
Login Name: ______________________________ Password: ____________________________
Service Name: _____________________________
Fixed or Static IP Address: If you have a static IP address, record the following information. For
example, 169.254.141.148 could be a valid IP address.
Fixed or Static Internet IP Address: ______.______.______.______
Gateway IP Address: ______.______.______.______
Subnet Mask: ______.______.______.______
ISP DNS Server Addresses: If you were given DNS server addresses, fill in the following:
Primary DNS Server IP Address: ______.______.______.______
Secondary DNS Server IP Address: ______.______.______.______
Host and Domain Names: Some ISPs use a specific host or domain name like CCA7324-A or
home. If you have not been given host or domain names, you can use the following examples as a
guide:
•
•
If your main e-mail account with your ISP is [email protected], then use aaa as your host name.
Your ISP might call this your account, user, host, computer, or system name.
If your ISP’s mail server is mail.xxx.yyy.com, then use xxx.yyy.com as the domain name.
ISP Host Name: _________________________ ISP Domain Name: _______________________
Serial Port Internet Access: If you use a dial-up account, record the following:
Account/User Name: _________________________ Password: _________________________
Telephone number: ______________________ Alternative number: ______________________
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Connecting the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server
This section provides instructions for connecting the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server.
Also, the Resource CD for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P
(SW-10023-03), included with your router, contains an animated Installation Assistant to help you
through this procedure.
Verify That Basic Requirements Are Met
Assure that the following requirements are met:
•
•
1.
You have your broadband Internet service settings handy.
The computer is configured to obtain an IP address automatically via DHCP. For instructions
on how to do this, please see the Reference Manual on the Resource CD for the ProSafe
Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P (SW-10023-03).
CONNECT THE WIRELESS FIREWALL/PRINT SERVER
Turn off your computer and cable or DSL modem.
b. Disconnect the Ethernet cable (A) from your computer which connects to the broadband
modem.
a.
Disconnect
from
computer
A
&DEOHRU'6/PRGHP
Figure 3-1: Disconnect the broadband modem
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c.
Securely insert the Ethernet cable from your broadband modem into the Internet port (B)
on the FWG114P v2.
Internet Port
USB
MODEM
B
LO CA L
4
3
10/100M
2
1
IN TER N ET
12VDC, 1.0A
Broadband modem
Figure 3-2: Connect the broadband modem to the router
d.
Securely insert one end of the Ethernet cable that came with your wireless firewall/print
server into a Local port on the router, such as Local port 4 (C), and the other end into the
Ethernet port of your computer (D).
D
C
USB
MODEM
Local Port 4
LO CA L
4
3
10/100M
2
1
IN TER N ET
12VDC, 1.0A
Broadband modem
Figure 3-3: Connect the computers on your network to the router
Note: The FWG114P v2 incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology which eliminates the
need to worry about crossover cables by automatically adjusting to the cable type.
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2.
RESTART YOUR NETWORK IN THE CORRECT SEQUENCE
Warning: Failure to restart your network in the correct sequence could prevent you from
connecting to the Internet.
First, turn on the broadband modem and wait 2 minutes.
b. Now, turn on your wireless firewall/print server.
c. Last, turn on your computer.
Note: If software usually logs you in to the Internet, do not run that software, or cancel it if
it starts automatically.
a.
Broadband
PWR
TEST
ProSafe 802.11g Wireless Firewall/Print Server
ACT
ACT
100
ALERT
LINK
LNK/ACT
P R IN TER
Power
Test
M O DEM
IN TER N ET
MODEL
FWG114P
100
1
2
3
4
LNK/ACT
LO CA L
Internet Port
W LA N
Local Port 4
Figure 3-4: Verify the connections to the firewall
d.
Check the status lights and verify the following:
•
•
•
•
3-6
Power: The power light goes on when your turn the wireless firewall/print server on.
Test: The test light turns on, then goes off after less than a minute.
Local: A Local light on the router is lit. If no Local lights are lit, check that the
Ethernet cable connecting the powered on computer to the router is securely attached
at both ends.
Internet: The Internet light on the wireless firewall/print server is lit. If the Internet
light is not lit, make sure the Ethernet cable is securely attached to the wireless
firewall/print server Internet port and the powered on modem.
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3.
LOG IN TO THE WIRELESS FIREWALL/PRINT SERVER
a.
From your PC, launch your Internet browser. Because you are not yet connected to the
Internet, your browser will display a page not found message.
b.
Connect to the wireless firewall/print server by typing http://192.168.0.1 in the address
field of Internet Explorer or Netscape® Navigator.
Figure 3-5: Log in to the firewall
c.
Enter admin for the router user name and password for the router password, both in
lower case letters.A login window opens as shown here:
Figure 3-6: Login window
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d.
After logging in to the router, you will see the login result page.
Figure 3-7: Login Result page
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4. RUN THE SETUP WIZARD TO CONNECT TO THE INTERNET
Figure 3-8: Setup Wizard
a.
You are now connected to the router. If you do not see the menu above, click the Setup
Wizard link on the upper left of the main menu.
b.
Choose NAT or Classical Routing. Typically, NAT is used. NAT automatically assigns
private IP addresses (192.168.0.x) to LAN connected devices. Classical routing lets you
directly manage the IP addresses the FWG114P v2 uses.
Note: If you choose not to use NAT, each computer on the LAN connected to the
FWG114P v2 must have a valid public IP address in the same subnet as the Wan port of
the FWG114P v2. For more information on NAT, please see “Single IP Address Operation
Using NAT” on page B-7. Furthermore, if you turn NAT off and plan to use VPN, you will
have to open UDP port 500 in the Security settings according to the instructions at
Click Next to proceed. Input your ISP settings, as needed.
d. At the end of the Setup Wizard, click the Test button to verify your Internet connection
and register your product. If you have trouble connecting to the Internet, use the
Troubleshooting Tips below to correct basic problems, or refer to the Reference Manual
on the CD.
c.
If you were unable to connect to the firewall, please refer to Basic Functioning “Basic
Functioning” on page 11-1.
You are now connected to the Internet!
Note: For wireless placement and range guidelines, and wireless configuration instructions, please
see Chapter 4, “Wireless Configuration.”
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Basic Setup Troubleshooting Tips
Here are some tips for correcting simple problems that prevent with you from connecting to the
Internet or connecting to the wireless firewall/print server.
Be sure to restart your network in the correct sequence.
Follow this sequence. Turn off the modem, wireless firewall/print server, and computer. Turn
on the modem first and wait two minutes. Next, turn on the wireless firewall/print server, and
finally the computer.
Make sure the Ethernet cables are securely plugged in.
• For each powered on computer connected to the wireless firewall/print server with a securely
plugged in Ethernet cable, the corresponding wireless firewall/print server Local port status
light will be lit. The label on the bottom of the wireless firewall/print server identifies the
number of each Local port.
• The Internet port status light on the wireless firewall/print server will be lit if the Ethernet
cable from the wireless firewall/print server to the modem is plugged in securely and the
modem and wireless firewall/print server are turned on.
Make sure the network settings of the computer are correct.
LAN connected computers must be configured to obtain an IP address automatically via
DHCP, unless you have turned NAT off and are managing the IP addresses directly. For
instructions on these configuration settings, please see the Reference Manual on the Resource
CD for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P (SW-10023-03).
FWG114P v2 Setup Wizard Auto Detection
There are two ways you can configure your firewall to connect to the Internet:
•
Let the FWG114P v2 auto-detect the type of Internet connection you have and configure it.
•
Manually choose which type of Internet connection you have and configure it.
These options are described below. Unless your ISP uses DHCP, you will need the parameters
from your ISP you entered in “Record Your Internet Connection Information” on page 3.
The Setup Wizard will can check for the following connection types:
•
Dynamic IP assignment
•
A login protocol, such as PPPoE
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•
Fixed IP address assignment
Next, the Setup Wizard will report which connection type it has discovered, and then display
the appropriate configuration menu. If the Setup Wizard finds no connection, you will be
prompted to check the physical connection between your firewall and the cable or DSL
modem. When the connection is properly made, the firewall’s Internet LED should be on.
The procedures for filling in the configuration menu for each type of connection follow below.
Wizard-Detected Login Account Setup
If the Setup Wizard determines that your Internet service account uses a login protocol, such as
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE), you will be directed to a menu like the PPPoE menu in Figure 3-9:
Figure 3-9: Setup Wizard menu for PPPoE login accounts
1.
Enter your Account Name (may also be called Host Name) and Domain Name. These
parameters may be necessary to access your ISP’s services, such as mail or news servers. If
you leave the Domain Name field blank, the firewall will attempt to learn the domain
automatically from the ISP. If this is not successful, you may need to enter it manually.
2.
Enter the PPPoE login user name and password provided by your ISP. These fields are case
sensitive. If you wish to change the idle timeout, enter a new value in minutes.
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Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
Note: You will no longer need to launch the ISP’s login program on your computer in order to
access the Internet. When you start an Internet application, your firewall will automatically log
you in.
3.
The Idle Timeout setting determines how long to wait after there is no activity before
disconnecting from the Internet. This is useful in countries where Internet service charges are
based on the amount of time connected to the Internet. Whenever a computer on the network
requests access to the Internet the FWG114P v2 will automatically reconnect.
4.
Domain Name Server (DNS) Address: If you know that your ISP does not automatically
transmit DNS addresses to the firewall during login, select “Use these DNS servers” and enter
the IP address of your ISP’s Primary DNS Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is
available, enter it also.
Note: If you enter an address here, after you finish configuring the firewall, reboot your PCs
so that the settings take effect.
5.
Click Apply to save your settings.
6.
Click Test to test your Internet connection. If the NETGEAR Web site does not appear within
one minute, refer to Chapter 11, “Troubleshooting”.
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Wizard-Detected Dynamic IP Account Setup
If the Setup Wizard determines that your Internet service account uses Dynamic IP assignment,
you will be directed to the menu shown in Figure 3-10 below:
Figure 3-10: Setup Wizard menu for Dynamic IP address
1.
Enter your Account Name (may also be called Host Name) and Domain Name. These
parameters may be necessary to access your ISP’s services, such as mail or news servers. If
you leave the Domain Name field blank, the firewall will attempt to learn the domain
automatically from the ISP. If this is not successful, you may need to enter it manually.
2.
If you know that your ISP does not automatically transmit DNS addresses to the firewall
during login, select “Use these DNS servers” and enter the IP address of your ISP’s Primary
DNS Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is available, enter it also.
Note: DNS servers are required to perform the function of translating an Internet name, such
as www.netgear.com to a numeric IP address. For a fixed IP address configuration, you must
obtain DNS server addresses from your ISP and enter them manually here. You should reboot
your PCs after configuring the firewall for these settings to take effect.
3.
The Router’s MAC Address is the Ethernet MAC address that will be used by the firewall on
the Internet port.
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If your ISP allows access from only one specific computer’s Ethernet MAC address, select
“Use this MAC address.” The firewall will then capture and use the MAC address of the
computer that you are now using. You must be using the one computer that is allowed by the
ISP. Otherwise, you can type in a MAC address.
Note: Some ISPs will register the Ethernet MAC address of the network interface card in your
computer when your account is first opened. They will then only accept traffic from the MAC
address of that computer. This feature allows your firewall to masquerade as that computer by
using its MAC address.
4.
Click Apply to save your settings.
5.
Click Test to test your Internet connection. If the NETGEAR Web site does not appear within
one minute, refer to Chapter 11, “Troubleshooting”.
Wizard-Detected Fixed IP Account Setup
If the Setup Wizard determines that your Internet service account uses Fixed IP assignment, you
will be directed to the menu shown in Figure 3-11 below:
Figure 3-11: Setup Wizard menu for Fixed IP address
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1.
Enter your assigned IP Address, Subnet Mask, and the IP Address of your ISP’s gateway
router. This information should have been provided to you by your ISP. You will need the
configuration parameters from your ISP you recorded in “Record Your Internet Connection
Information” on page 3.
2.
Enter the IP address of your ISP’s Primary DNS Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is
available, enter it also.
Note: DNS servers are required to perform the function of translating an Internet name, such
as www.netgear.com to a numeric IP address. For a fixed IP address configuration, you must
obtain DNS server addresses from your ISP and enter them manually here. You should reboot
your PCs after configuring the firewall for these settings to take effect.
3.
Click Apply to save the settings.
4.
Click Test to test your Internet connection. If the NETGEAR Web site does not appear within
one minute, refer to Chapter 11, “Troubleshooting.
How to Configure the Serial Port as the Primary Internet
Connection
Use the procedure below to configure an Internet connection via the serial port of your firewall.
There are three steps to configuring the serial port of your firewall for an Internet connection:
1.
Connect the firewall to your ISDN or dial-up analog modem.
2.
Configure the firewall.
3.
Connect to the Internet.
Follow the steps below to configure a serial port Internet connection on your firewall.
1.
2.
Connect the Firewall to your ISDN or dial-up modem
a.
Turn off your modem and connect the cable from the serial port of the FWG114P v2 to the
modem.
b.
Turn on the modem and wait about 30 seconds for the lights to stop blinking.
Configure the Serial Port of the Firewall.
a.
Use a browser to log in to the firewall at http://192.168.0.1 with its default User Name of
admin and default Password of password, or using whatever Password you have set up.
b.
From the Setup Basic Settings menu, click Serial Port.
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Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
Figure 3-12: Serial Internet Connection configuration menu
c.
Fill in the ISDN or analog ISP Internet configuration parameters as appropriate:
•
•
d.
3-16
For a Dial-up Account, enter the Account information. Check “Connect as required”
to enable the firewall to automatically dial the number. To enable Idle Time
disconnect, check the box and enter a time in minutes.
To configure the Internet IP settings, fill in the address parameters your ISP provided.
Configure the Modem parameters.
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Note: You can validate modem string settings by first connecting the modem directly to a
computer, establishing a connection to your ISP, and then copying the modem string
settings from the computer configuration and pasting them into the FWG114P v2 Modem
Properties Initial String field. For more information on this procedure, please refer to the
support area of the NETGEAR Web site.
•
•
Select the Serial Line Speed. This is the maximum speed the modem will attempt to
use. For ISDN permanent connections, the speeds are typically 64000 or 128000 bps.
For dial-up modems, 56000 bps would be a typical setting.
Select the Modem Type:
– For ISDN, select “Permanent connection (leased line).”
– For dial-up, select your modem from the list. “Standard Modem” should work in
most cases.
– If your modem is not on the list, select “User Defined” and enter the Modem
Properties.
Note: If you are using the “User Defined” Modem Type, you must first use the Serial Port
menu Modem link to fill in the Modem Properties settings for your modem.
e.
3.
Click Apply to save your settings.
Connect to the Internet to test your configuration.
a.
If you have a broadband connection, disconnect it.
b.
From a workstation, open a browser and test your serial port Internet connection.
Note: The response time of your serial port Internet connection will be slower than a
broadband Internet connection.
Testing Your Internet Connection
After completing the Internet connection configuration, your can test your Internet connection.
Log in to the firewall, then, from the Setup Basic Settings link, click the Test button. If the
NETGEAR Web site does not appear within one minute, refer to Chapter 11, “Troubleshooting.”
Note: Popup blocking software may block the test page from opening. Alternately, you can just
open a new browser window and browse the Internet.
To access the Internet from any computer connected to your firewall, launch a browser, such as
Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. You should see the firewall’s Internet LED
blink, indicating communication to the ISP. The browser should begin to display a Web page.
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Manually Configuring Your Internet Connection
You can manually configure your firewall using the menu below, or you can allow the Setup
Wizard to determine your configuration as described in the previous section.
ISP Does Not Require Login
ISP Does Require Login
Figure 3-13: Browser-based configuration Basic Settings menu
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Reference Manual for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2
How to Manually Configure the Primary Internet Connection
Use these steps to manually configure the primary Internet connection in the Basic Settings menu.
1.
Select your Internet connection type (broadband with or without login, or serial).
Note: If you are a Telstra BigPond broadband customer, or if you are in an area, such as
Austria that uses broadband PPTP, login is required. If so, select BigPond or PPTP from the
Internet Service Type drop down box.
2.
Enter your Account Name (may also be called Host Name) and Domain Name. These
parameters may be necessary to access your ISP’s services, such as mail or news servers.
3.
If needed, enter the PPPoE login user name and password provided by your ISP. These fields
are case sensitive. To change the login timeout, enter a new value in minutes.
Note: You will no longer need to run the ISP’s login program on your computer in order to
access the Internet. When you start an Internet application, your firewall automatically logs
you in.
4.
You should only disable NAT if you are sure you do not require it. NAT automatically assigns
private IP addresses (for example, 192.168.0.x) to LAN connected devices. When NAT is
disabled, only standard routing is performed by this router.
Note: Disabling NAT will reboot the router and reset all the FWG114P v2 configuration
settings to the factory default. Disable NAT only if you plan to install the FWG114P v2 in a
setting where you will be manually administering the IP address space on the LAN side of the
router.
5.
Internet IP Address: If your ISP assigned you a permanent, fixed IP address for your computer,
select “Use Static IP Address.” Enter the IP address your ISP assigned. Also enter the IP
Subnet Mask and the Gateway IP address. The Gateway is the ISP’s router to which your
firewall will connect.
6.
Domain Name Server (DNS) Address: If your ISP does not automatically transmit DNS
addresses to the firewall during login, select “Use These DNS Servers” and enter the IP
address of your ISP’s Primary DNS Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is available,
enter it.
Note: A DNS server is a host on the Internet that translates Internet names (such as
www.netgear.com) to numeric IP addresses. Typically your ISP transfers the IP address of one
or two DNS servers to your firewall during login. If the ISP does not transfer an address, you
must obtain it from the ISP and enter it manually here. If you enter an address here, you should
reboot your PCs after configuring the firewall.
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7.
Router’s MAC Address: This section determines the Ethernet MAC address that will be used
by the firewall on the Internet port. Some ISPs will register the Ethernet MAC address of the
network interface card in your computer when your account is first opened. They will then
only accept traffic from the MAC address of that computer. This feature allows your firewall
to masquerade as that computer by “cloning” its MAC address. To change the MAC address,
select “Use This Computer’s MAC Address.” The firewall will then capture and use the MAC
address of the computer that you are now using. You must be using the one computer that is
allowed by the ISP. Or, select “Use This MAC Address” and enter it.
8.
Click Apply to save your settings.
9.
Click Test to test your Internet connection. If the NETGEAR Web site does not appear within
one minute, refer to Chapter 11, “Troubleshooting.”
The remaining chapters in this manual describe how to configure the Advanced features of your
firewall, and how to troubleshoot problems that may occur.
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Chapter 4
Wireless Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure the wireless features of your FWG114P v2 Wireless
Firewall/Print Server.
Observing Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines
In planning your wireless network, you should consider the level of security required. You should
also select the physical placement of your FWG114P v2 in order to maximize the network speed.
For further information on wireless networking, refer to in Appendix E, “Wireless Networking
Basics.”
Note: Failure to follow these guidelines can result in significant performance
degradation or inability to wirelessly connect to the wireless firewall/print server. For
complete range and performance specifications, please see Appendix A, “Technical
Specifications.”
The operating distance or range of your wireless connection can vary significantly based on the
physical placement of the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server. The latency, data
throughput performance, and notebook power consumption also vary depending on your
configuration choices. For best results, place your wireless firewall/print server:
• Near the center of the area in which your PCs will operate.
• In an elevated location, such as a high shelf where the wirelessly connected PCs have
line-of-sight access (even if through walls). The best location is elevated, such as wall
mounted or on the top of a cubicle, and at the center of your wireless coverage area for all the
mobile devices.
• Away from sources of interference, such as PCs, microwaves, and 2.4 GHz cordless phones.
• Away from large metal surfaces.
Be aware that the time it takes to establish a wireless connection can vary depending on both your
security settings and placement. WEP connections can take slightly longer to establish. Also, WEP
encryption can consume more battery power on a notebook computer.
Wireless Configuration
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Implementing Appropriate Wireless Security
Note: Indoors, computers can connect to wireless networks at ranges of 300 feet or
more. Such distances allow others outside of your area to access your network.
Unlike wired network data, your wireless data transmissions can extend beyond your walls and
can be received by anyone with a compatible adapter. For this reason, use the security features of
your wireless equipment. The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server provides highly
effective security features which are covered in detail in this chapter.
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Figure 4-1: FWG114P v2 wireless data security options
There are several ways you can enhance the security of your wireless network:
•
•
•
Restrict Access Based on MAC Address. You can allow only trusted PCs to connect so that
unknown PCs cannot wirelessly connect to the FWG114P v2. Restricting access by MAC
address adds an obstacle against unwanted access to your network, but the data broadcast over
the wireless link is fully exposed.
Turn Off the Broadcast of the Wireless Network Name SSID. If you disable broadcast of
the SSID, only devices that have the correct SSID can connect. This nullifies wireless network
‘discovery’ feature of some products, such as Windows XP, but the data is still exposed.
WEP. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) data encryption provides data security. WEP Shared
Key authentication and WEP data encryption will block all but the most determined
eavesdropper.
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•
WPA/WPA2 with Radius or WPA/WPA2-PSK. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2)
data encryption provides data security. The very strong authentication along with dynamic per
frame rekeying of WPA and WPA2 make it virtually impossible to compromise. Because this
is a new standard, wireless device driver and software availability may be limited.
Understanding Wireless Settings
To configure the wireless settings of your FWG114P v2, click the Wireless link in the Setup
section of the main menu. The wireless settings menu will appear, as shown below.
Figure 4-2: Wireless Settings menu
Note: The 802.11b and 802.11g wireless networking protocols are configured in exactly
the same fashion. The FWG114P v2 will automatically adjust to the 802.11g or 802.11b
protocol as the device requires without compromising the speed of the other devices.
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•
Wireless Network. The station name of the FWG114P v2.
— Wireless Network Name (SSID). The SSID is also known as the wireless network name.
Enter a value of up to 32 alphanumeric characters. In a setting where there is more than
one wireless network, different wireless network names provide a means for separating the
traffic. Any device you want to participate in the 802.11b/g wireless network will need to
use this SSID for that network. The FWG114P v2 default SSID is: NETGEAR.
— Region. This field identifies the region where the FWG114P v2 can be used. It may not be
legal to operate the wireless features of the wireless firewall/print server in a region other
than one of those identified in this field. Unless you select a region, you will only be able
to use Channel 11.
— Channel. This field determines which operating frequency will be used. It should not be
necessary to change the wireless channel unless you notice interference problems with
another nearby access point. For more information on the wireless channel frequencies,
please refer to “Wireless Channels” on page E-7.
— Mode. Select the desired wireless mode. The options are:
•
•
•
g & b - Both 802.11g and 802.11b wireless stations can be used.
g only - Only 802.11g wireless stations can be used.
b only - All 802.11b wireless stations can be used. 802.11g wireless stations can still
be used if they can operate in 802.11b mode.
The default is “g & b” which allows both 802.11g and 802.11b wireless stations to access
this device.
•
Wireless Access Point
— Enable Wireless Access Point. Enables the wireless radio. When disabled, there are no
wireless communications through the FWG114P v2.
— Allow Broadcast of Name (SSID). The default setting is to enable SSID broadcast. If you
disable broadcast of the SSID, only devices that have the correct SSID can connect.
Disabling SSID broadcast somewhat hampers the wireless network ‘discovery’ feature of
some products.
•
Wireless Card Access List
Lets you restrict wireless connections according to a list of Trusted PCs MAC addresses.
When the Trusted PCs Only radio button is selected, the FWG114P v2 checks the MAC
address of the wireless station and only allows connections to PCs identified on the trusted
PCs list.
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To restrict access based on MAC addresses, click the Set up Access List button and update the
MAC access control list.
•
Security Options
–
Disable: No data encryption is used.
–
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): Use WEP 64 or 128 bit data encryption.
–
WPA with Radius: This version of WPA requires the use of a Radius server for
authentication. Each user (Wireless Client) must have a "user" login on the Radius Server
- normally done via a digital certificate. Also, this device must have a "client" login on the
Radius server. Data transmissions are encrypted using a key which is automatically
generated.
–
WPA2 with Radius: WPA2 is a later version of WPA. Only select this if all clients
support WPA2. If selected, you must use AES encryption, and configure the Radius Server
Settings. Each user (Wireless Client) must have a "user" login on the Radius Server normally done via a digital certificate. Also, this device must have a "client" login on the
Radius server. Data transmissions are encrypted using a key which is automatically
generated.
–
WPA and WPA2 with Radius: This selection allows clients to use either WPA (with AES
encryption) or WPA2 (with TKIP encryption). If selected, encryption must be TKIP +
AES. If selected, you must configure the Radius Server Settings.
–
WPA-PSK (Wi-Fi Protected Access Pre-Shared Key): Use WPA-PSK standard
encryption
–
WPA2-PSK: WPA2 is a later version of WPA. Only select this if all clients support
WPA2. If selected, you must use AES encryption, and enter the WPA passphrase
(Network key).
–
WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK: This selection allows clients to use either WPA (with AES
encryption) or WPA2 (with TKIP encryption). If selected, encryption must be TKIP +
AES.
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Default Factory Settings
The FWG114P v2 default factory settings shown below. You can restore these defaults with the
Factory Default Restore button on the rear panel as seen in the illustration “FWG114P v2 Rear
Panel” on page 2-9. After you install the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server, use the
procedures below to customize any of the settings to better meet your networking needs.
FEATURE
SSID
RF Channel
DEFAULT FACTORY SETTINGS
NETGEAR
11 until the region is selected
Access Point
Enabled
SSID broadcast
Enabled
Wireless Card Access List for
Access Point Connections
WEP Security
Authentication Type
All wireless stations allowed
Disabled
Open System
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Before You Change the SSID and WEP Settings
Take the following steps:
For a new wireless network, print or copy this form and fill in the configuration parameters. For an
existing wireless network, the person who set up or is responsible for the network will be able to
provide this information. Be sure to set the Regulatory Domain correctly as the first step.
•
•
•
•
•
SSID: The Service Set Identification (SSID) identifies the wireless local area network.
Wireless is the default FWG114P v2 SSID. However, you may customize it by using up to 32
alphanumeric characters. Write your customized SSID on the line below.
Note: The SSID in the wireless firewall/print server is the SSID you configure in the wireless
adapter card. All wireless nodes in the same network must be configured with the same SSID:
Authentication
Circle one: Open System or Shared Key. Choose “Shared Key” for more security.
Note: If you select shared key, the other devices in the network will not connect unless they
are set to Shared Key as well and have the same keys in the same positions as those in the
FWG114P v2.
WEP Encryption Keys
For all four 802.11b keys, choose the Key Size. Circle one: 64 or 128 bits
Key 1: ___________________________________
Key 2: ___________________________________
Key 3: ___________________________________
Key 4: ___________________________________
WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK (Pre-Shared Key)
Record the WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK key:
Key: ___________________________________
WPA or WPA2 RADIUS Settings
For WPA or WPA2, record the following RADIUS settings:
Server Name/IP Address: Primary _________________ Secondary __________________
Port: ___________________________________
Shared Key: ___________________________________
Use the procedures described in the following sections to configure the FWG114P v2. Store this
information in a safe place.
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How to Set Up and Test Basic Wireless Connectivity
Follow the instructions below to set up and test basic wireless connectivity. Once you have
established basic wireless connectivity, you can enable security settings appropriate to your needs.
1.
Log in using the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with the default user name of
admin and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you
have set up.
Figure 4-3: Wireless Settings menu
2.
Set the Regulatory Domain correctly.
3.
Choose a suitable descriptive name for the wireless network name (SSID). In the SSID box,
enter a value of up to 32 alphanumeric characters. The default SSID is NETGEAR.
Note: The characters are case sensitive. An access point always functions in infrastructure
mode. The SSID for any wireless device communicating with the access point must match the
SSID configured in the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2.
If they do not match, you will not get a wireless connection to the FWG114P v2.
4.
Set the Channel.
It should not be necessary to change the wireless channel unless you notice interference
problems with another nearby wireless router or access point. Select a channel that is not being
used by any other wireless networks within several hundred feet of your wireless firewall/print
server. For more information on the wireless channel frequencies please refer to “Wireless
Channels” on page E-7.
5.
Depending on the types of wireless adapters you have in your computers, choose from the
Mode drop-down list.
6.
For initial configuration and test, leave the Wireless Card Access List set to “All Wireless
Stations” and the Encryption Strength set to “Disable.”
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7.
Click Apply to save your changes.
Note: If you are configuring the FWG114P v2 from a wireless computer and you
change the wireless firewall/print server’s SSID, channel, or security settings, you will
lose your wireless connection when you click on Apply. You must then change the
wireless settings of your computer to match the FWG114P v2’s new settings.
8.
Configure and test your PCs for wireless connectivity.
Program the wireless adapter of your PCs to have the same SSID that you configured in the
FWG114P v2. Check that they have a wireless link and are able to obtain an IP address by
DHCP from the wireless firewall/print server.
Once your PCs have basic wireless connectivity to the wireless firewall/print server, then you can
configure the advanced options and wireless security functions.
How to Restrict Wireless Access by MAC Address
To restrict access based on MAC addresses, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with the default user name of admin
and default password of password.
2.
Click Wireless in the main menu of the FWG114P v2. From the Wireless Settings menu, click
Setup Access List.
Figure 4-4: Wireless Station Access menu
3.
Click the Turn Access Control On checkbox to enable MAC filtering.
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4.
Click Add to open the Wireless Card Access Setup menu. You can select a device from the list
of available wireless cards the FWG114P v2 has discovered in your area, or you can manually
enter the MAC address and Device Name (usually the NetBIOS name).
5.
Click Add to add this device to your MAC access control list.
Note: When configuring the FWG114P v2 from a wireless computer whose MAC
address is not in the access control list, if you select Turn Access Control On, you will
lose your wireless connection when you click Apply. You must then access the wireless
firewall/print server from a wired computer or from a wireless computer which is on the
access control list to make any further changes.
6.
Be sure to click Apply to save your trusted wireless PCs list settings. Now, only devices on
this list will be allowed to wirelessly connect to the FWG114P v2.
To remove a MAC address from the table, click to select it, then click the Delete button.
How to Configure WEP
Note: When changing the wireless settings from a wireless computer, you will lose your
wireless connection when you click Apply. You must then either configure your wireless
adapter to match the new wireless settings or access the wireless firewall/print server
from a wired computer to make any further changes.
To configure WEP data encryption, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with the default user name of admin
and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you set up.
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2.
Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the FWG114P v2.
Figure 4-5: Wireless Settings menu (WEP)
3.
Select WEP on the pulldown menu. The WEP options menu will open.
4.
Choose the Authentication Type and Encryption Strength options. You can manually or
automatically program the four data encryption keys. These values must be identical on all
PCs and Access Points in your network.
–
Authentication Type: Normally this can be left at the default value of "Automatic." If set
to "Open System" or "Shared Key", wireless stations must use the same method.
–
Encryption: Select the desired WEP Encryption:
•
•
64-bit (sometimes called 40-bit) encryption
128-bit encryption
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–
WEP Keys: If using WEP, you can manually or automatically program the four data
encryption keys. These values must be identical on all PCs and Access Points in your
network.
•
•
Automatic Key Generation (Passphrase): Enter a word or group of printable
characters (this phrase is case sensitive) in the Passphrase box and click the "Generate
Keys" button to automatically configure the WEP Key(s).
–
If encryption is set to 64 bit, then each of the four key boxes will automatically be
populated with key values.
–
If encryption is set to 128 bit, then only the selected WEP key box will
automatically be populated with a key value.
Manual Entry Mode: Enter ten hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9, a-f, or
A-F). These hex values are not case sensitive. Select which of the four keys will be
used and enter the matching WEP key information for your network in the selected
key box.
–
For 64 bit WEP: Enter ten hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9, A-F).
–
For 128 bit WEP: Enter twenty-six hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9,
A-F).
Please refer to “Overview of WEP Parameters” on page E-5 for a full explanation of each of
these options, as defined by the IEEE 802.11b wireless communication standard.
5.
Click Apply to save your settings.
How to Configure WPA with Radius
Note: Not all wireless adapters support WPA. Furthermore, client software is required on the
client. Windows XP and Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 do include the client software that
supports WPA. Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver must also support WPA.
Consult the product document for your wireless adapter and WPA client software for instructions
on configuring WPA settings.
To configure WPA with Radius, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with the default user name of admin
and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you have
set up.
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2.
Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the FWG114P v2.
Figure 4-6: Wireless Settings menu (WPA with Radius)
3.
Select WPA with Radius on the pulldown menu. The WPA with Radius menu will open.
Encryption: There is no choice for encryption; this is displayed for your information. For
WPA with Radius, TKIP is used.
4.
Enter the Radius settings.
•
•
Primary Server Name/IP Address: This field is required. Enter the name or IP address
of the primary Radius Server on your LAN.
Secondary Radius Server Name/IP Address: This field is optional. If you have a
Secondary Radius Server on your LAN, enter its name or IP address here.
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•
•
•
Radius Port: Enter the port number used for connecting to the Radius Server.
Shared Key: Enter the desired value for the Shared Key. This must match the value used
on the Radius server.
Radius Accounting: Enable Radius Accounting
Enable this if you want to use the Radius Accounting system. If enabled, the following
fields must be correct:
•
•
Radius Accounting Port: Enter the port number used for Accounting data on the Radius
Server.
Update Report: Enable this if you wish to have this AP send Accounting update
messages to the Radius accounting server periodically.
If enabled, enter the desired Update Report interval in the field provided.
5.
Click Apply to save your settings.
How to Configure WPA2 with Radius
Note: Not all wireless adapters support WPA2. Furthermore, client software is required on the
client. Windows XP and Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 do include the client software that
supports WPA2. Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver must also support WPA2.
Consult the product document for your wireless adapter and WPA2 client software for instructions
on configuring WPA2 settings.
To configure WPA2 with Radius, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with the default user name of admin
and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you have
set up.
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2.
Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the FWG114P v2.
Figure 4-7: Wireless Settings menu (WPA2 with Radius)
3.
Select WPA2 with Radius on the pulldown menu. The WPA2 with Radius menu will open.
Encryption: There is no choice for encryption; this is displayed for your information. For
WPA2 with Radius, AES is used.
4.
Enter the Radius settings.
•
Primary Server Name/IP Address: This field is required. Enter the name or IP address
of the primary Radius Server on your LAN.
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•
•
•
•
Secondary Radius Server Name/IP Address: This field is optional. If you have a
Secondary Radius Server on your LAN, enter its name or IP address here.
Radius Port: Enter the port number used for connecting to the Radius Server.
Shared Key: Enter the desired value for the Shared Key. This must match the value used
on the Radius server.
Radius Accounting: Enable Radius Accounting
Enable this if you want to use the Radius Accounting system. If enabled, the following
fields must be correct:
•
•
Radius Accounting Port: Enter the port number used for Accounting data on the Radius
Server.
Update Report: Enable this if you wish to have this AP send Accounting update
messages to the Radius accounting server periodically.
If enabled, enter the desired Update Report interval in the field provided.
5.
Click Apply to save your settings.
How to Configure WPA and WPA2 with Radius
Note: Not all wireless adapters support WPA and WPA2. Furthermore, client software is required
on the client. Windows XP and Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 do include the client software
that supports WPA and WPA2. Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver must also
support WPA and WPA2. Consult the product document for your wireless adapter and WPA and
WPA2 client software for instructions on configuring WPA and WPA2 settings.
To configure WPA and WPA2 with Radius, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with the default user name of admin
and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you have
set up.
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2.
Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the FWG114P v2.
Figure 4-8: Wireless Settings menu (WPA and WPA2 with Radius)
3.
Select WPA and WPA2 with Radius on the pulldown menu. The WPA and WPA2 with
Radius menu will open.
Encryption: There is no choice for encryption; this is displayed for your information. For
WPA and WPA2 with Radius, WPA clients must use TKIP, and WPA2 clients must use AES.
4.
Enter the Radius settings.
•
Primary Server Name/IP Address: This field is required. Enter the name or IP address
of the primary Radius Server on your LAN.
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•
•
•
•
Secondary Radius Server Name/IP Address: This field is optional. If you have a
Secondary Radius Server on your LAN, enter its name or IP address here.
Radius Port: Enter the port number used for connecting to the Radius Server.
Shared Key: Enter the desired value for the Shared Key. This must match the value used
on the Radius server.
Radius Accounting: Enable Radius Accounting
Enable this if you want to use the Radius Accounting system. If enabled, the following
fields must be correct:
•
•
Radius Accounting Port: Enter the port number used for Accounting data on the Radius
Server.
Update Report: Enable this if you wish to have this AP send Accounting update
messages to the Radius accounting server periodically.
If enabled, enter the desired Update Report interval in the field provided.
5.
Click Apply to save your settings.
How to Configure WPA-PSK
Note: Not all wireless adapters support WPA. Furthermore, client software is required on the
client. Windows XP and Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 do include the client software that
supports WPA. Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver must also support WPA.
Consult the product document for your wireless adapter and WPA client software for instructions
on configuring WPA settings.
To configure WPA-PSK, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with the default user name of admin
and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you have
set up.
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2.
Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the FWG114P v2.
Figure 4-9: Wireless Settings menu (WPA-PSK)
3.
Select WPA-PSK on the pulldown menu. The WPA-PSK menu will open.
4.
Select the desired Encryption method. For WPA-PSK, you can choose TKIP or AES.
5.
Enter the pre-shared key in the Passphrase field. Enter a word or group of printable characters
in the Passphrase box. The Passphrase must be 8 to 63 characters in length. The 256 Bit key
used for encryption is generated from this passphrase.
6.
Enter the Key Lifetime. This setting determines how often the encryption key is changed.
Shorter periods provide greater security, but adversely affect performance. If desired, you can
change the default value.
7.
Click Apply to save your settings.
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How to Configure WPA2-PSK
Note: Not all wireless adapters support WPA2. Furthermore, client software is required on the
client. Windows XP and Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 do include the client software that
supports WPA2. Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver must also support WPA2.
Consult the product document for your wireless adapter and WP2 client software for instructions
on configuring WPA2 settings.
To configure WPA2-PSK, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with the default user name of admin
and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you have
set up.
2.
Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the FWG114P v2.
Figure 4-10: Wireless Settings menu (WPA2-PSK)
3.
Select WPA2-PSK on the pulldown menu. The WPA2-PSK menu will open.
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4.
Select the desired Encryption method. For WPA2-PSK, the only option is AES.
5.
Enter the pre-shared key in the Passphrase field. Enter a word or group of printable characters
in the Passphrase box. The Passphrase must be 8 to 63 characters in length. The 256 Bit key
used for encryption is generated from this passphrase.
6.
Enter the Key Lifetime. This setting determines how often the encryption key is changed.
Shorter periods provide greater security, but adversely affect performance. If desired, you can
change the default value.
7.
Click Apply to save your settings.
How to Configure WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK
Note: Not all wireless adapters support WPA and WPA2. Furthermore, client software is required
on the client. Windows XP and Windows 2000 with Service Pack 3 do include the client software
that supports WPA and WPA2. Nevertheless, the wireless adapter hardware and driver must also
support WPA and WPA2. Consult the product document for your wireless adapter and WPA and
WPA2 client software for instructions on configuring WPA and WPA2 settings.
To configure WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK, follow these steps:
1.
Log in at the default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with the default user name of admin
and default password of password, or using whatever LAN address and password you have
set up.
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2.
Click Wireless Settings in the main menu of the FWG114P v2.
Figure 4-11: Wireless Settings menu (WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK)
3.
Select WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK on the pulldown menu. The WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK
menu will open.
4.
Select the desired Encryption method. For WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK, the only option is
TKIP + AES. WPA clients must use TKIP, and WPA2 clients must use AES.
5.
Enter the pre-shared key in the Passphrase field. Enter a word or group of printable characters
in the Passphrase box. The Passphrase must be 8 to 63 characters in length. The 256 Bit key
used for encryption is generated from this passphrase.
6.
Enter the Key Lifetime. This setting determines how often the encryption key is changed.
Shorter periods provide greater security, but adversely affect performance. If desired, you can
change the default value.
7.
Click Apply to save your settings.
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Chapter 5
Serial Port Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure the serial port options of your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2. The FWG114P v2 serial port lets you share the
broadband connection of another FWG114P v2, share resources between two LANs, and take
advantage of the routing functions on the broadband (WAN), LAN, and serial network interfaces.
Note: If you configure the serial port of the FWG114P v2 as the primary Internet connection, you
will not be able to configure the other serial port options. For instructions on configuring the serial
port as the primary Internet connection, please see “How to Configure the Serial Port as the
Primary Internet Connection“ on page 3-15.
The FWG114P v2 provides these serial port configuration options:
•
Modem
Use this option to configure the serial modem settings for any of the features below.
•
Auto-Rollover
Use this option to provide a backup connection for your broadband service. If the broadband
service you configured in the Basic Settings menu fails, the FWG114P v2 will automatically
connect to the Internet through the serial port. However, you will then be accessing the
Internet at a slower speed than you would through your broadband service.
•
Dial-in
Dial-in lets a single remote computer connect to the FWG114P v2 through the serial port to
gain access to LAN resources or a remote access server.
•
LAN-to-LAN
LAN-to-LAN enables direct communications between two FWG114P v2 wireless firewall/
print servers to:
— Share resources on the two LANs.
— Let users on one FWG114P v2 share the Internet connection of the other FWG114P v2.
— Let users on one FWG114P v2 connect to the Internet through the second FWG114P v2 in
case the broadband connection of the first FWG114P v2 fails.
The procedures for these configuration options are presented below.
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Configuring a Serial Port Modem
You can configure a serial port modem for any of the features described above.
Be sure you have prepared the basic requirements listed below, then follow the ‘how to’ procedure.
Basic Requirements for Serial Port Modem Configuration
Configuring a serial port modem requires these elements:
1.
A serial analog or ISDN modem.
2.
A serial modem cable with a DB9 connector.
3.
An active phone or ISDN line.
How to Configure a Serial Port Modem
Follow the steps below to configure a serial port modem.
1.
From the main menu, click Modem in the Serial Port section.
Figure 5-1: Serial Port Modem configuration menu
2.
Select the Serial Line Speed.
This is the maximum speed the modem will attempt to use. For ISDN permanent connections,
the speeds are typically 64000 or 128000 bps. For dial-up modems, 56000 bps would be a
typical setting.
3.
Select the Modem Type:
— For ISDN, select “Permanent connection (leased line).”
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— For dial-up, “Standard Modem” should work in most cases. Otherwise, select your modem
from the list.
— If your modem is not on the list, select “User Defined” and enter the Modem Properties.
If you are using the “User Defined” selection and configuring your own modem stings, fill
in the Modem Properties settings.
Note: You can validate modem string settings by first connecting the modem directly to a
computer, establishing a connection to your ISP, and then copying the modem string
settings from the computer configuration and pasting them into the FWG114P v2 Modem
Properties Initial String field. For more information on this procedure, please refer to the
support area of the NETGEAR Web site.
4.
Click Apply to save your settings.
Configuring Auto-Rollover
You can configure the serial port of the FWG114P v2 to provide an auto-rollover backup
connection for your broadband service.
Be sure you have prepared the basic requirements listed below, then follow the ‘how to’ procedure.
Basic Requirements for Auto-Rollover
Auto-Rollover requires these elements:
1.
A broadband connection to the FWG114P v2.
2.
An ISDN or analog phone line with an active ISDN or dial-up ISP account.
3.
A serial modem properly configured and attached to the DB9 connector on the serial port.
4.
The Auto-Rollover settings configured and applied to the FWG114P v2.
How to Configure Auto-Rollover
Follow the steps below to configure a serial port auto-rollover connection.
1.
Configure a serial port modem according to the instructions above.
2.
From the main menu, click Auto-rollover in the Serial Port section.
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Figure 5-2: Auto-Rollover configuration menu
3.
Configure the Auto-Rollover settings.
4.
Click Apply for the changes to take effect.
Configuring Dial-in on the Serial Port
Dial-in lets a single remote computer connect to the FWG114P v2 through the serial port to gain
access to LAN resources or a remote access server.
Be sure you have prepared the basic requirements listed below, then follow the ‘how to’ procedure.
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Basic Requirements for Dial-in
Dial-in requires these elements:
1.
A broadband connection to the FWG114P v2.
2.
An analog phone line.
3.
A serial modem properly configured and attached to the DB9 connector on the serial port.
4.
The Dial-in settings configured and applied to the FWG114P v2.
How to Configure Dial-in
Follow the steps below to configure a serial port dial-in connection.
1.
Configure a serial port modem according to the instructions above.
2.
From the Serial Port section of the main menu, click Dial-in.
Figure 5-3: Serial Port Dial-in settings screen
3.
Configure the Dial-in settings.
4.
Click Apply for the changes to take effect.
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Configuring LAN-to-LAN Settings
LAN-to-LAN enables direct communications between two FWG114P v2 wireless firewall/print
servers.
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Basic Requirements for LAN-to-LAN Connections
Serial port LAN-to-LAN configurations require these elements:
1.
An ISDN or analog phone line with an active ISDN or dial-up ISP account.
2.
A serial modem properly configured and attached to the DB9 connector on the serial port.
3.
A broadband connection to one FWG114P v2 for LAN-to-LAN auto-rollover Internet access.
4.
The LAN-to-LAN settings configured and applied to the two FWG114P v2 wireless firewall/
print servers.
How to Configure LAN-to-LAN Connections
Follow these steps to configure a serial port LAN-to-LAN connection.
1.
Configure a serial port modem.
2.
From the main menu, click LAN-to-LAN in the Serial Port section.
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Figure 5-5: LAN-to-LAN configuration menu
3.
Configure the LAN-to-LAN settings.
Note: The LAN subnet address of each FWG114P v2 must be different.
4.
Click Apply for the changes to take effect.
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Chapter 6
Firewall Protection and
Content Filtering
This chapter describes how to use the content filtering features of the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 to protect your network. These features can be found by
clicking on the Content Filtering heading in the Main Menu of the browser interface.
Firewall Protection and Content Filtering Overview
The ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 provides you with Web
content filtering options, plus browsing activity reporting and instant alerts via e-mail. Parents and
network administrators can establish restricted access policies based on time-of-day, Web
addresses, and Web address keywords. You can also block Internet access by applications and
services, such as chat or games.
A firewall is a special category of router that protects one network (the “trusted” network, such as
your LAN) from another (the “untrusted” network, such as the Internet), while allowing
communication between the two. A firewall incorporates the functions of a NAT (Network
Address Translation) router, while adding features for dealing with a hacker intrusion or attack,
and for controlling the types of traffic that can flow between the two networks. Unlike simple
Internet sharing NAT routers, a firewall uses a process called stateful packet inspection to protect
your network from attacks and intrusions. NAT performs a very limited stateful inspection in that
it considers whether the incoming packet is in response to an outgoing request, but true Stateful
Packet Inspection goes far beyond NAT.
To configure these features of your router, click on the subheadings under the Content Filtering
heading in the Main Menu of the browser interface. The subheadings are described below:
Using the Block Sites Menu to Screen Content
The FWG114P v2 allows you to restrict access based on the following categories:
•
Use of a proxy server
•
Type of file (Java, ActiveX, Cookie)
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•
Web addresses
•
Web address keywords
These options are discussed below.
The Keyword Blocking menu is shown here.
Figure 6-1: Block Sites menu
To enable filtering, click the checkbox next to the type of filtering you want to enable. The filtering
choices are:
•
•
•
•
Proxy: blocks use of a proxy server
Java: blocks use of Java applets
ActiveX: blocks use of ActiveX components (OCX files) used by IE on Windows
Cookies: blocks all cookies
To enable keyword blocking, check “Turn keyword blocking on”, then click Apply.
To add a keyword or domain, type it in the Keyword box, click Add Keyword, then click Apply.
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To delete a keyword or domain, select it from the list, click Delete Keyword, then click Apply.
Keyword application examples:
•
If the keyword "XXX" is specified, the URL <http://www.badstuff.com/xxx.html> is blocked,
as is the newsgroup alt.pictures.XXX.
•
If the keyword “.com” is specified, only Web sites with other domain suffixes (such as .edu or
.gov) can be viewed.
•
If you want to block all Internet browsing access, enter the keyword “.”.
Up to 255 entries are supported in the Keyword list.
To specify a Trusted User, enter that computer’s IP address in the Trusted User box and click
Apply. You may specify one Trusted User, which is a computer that will be exempt from blocking
and logging. Since the Trusted User will be identified by an IP address, you should configure that
computer with a fixed or reserved IP address.
Services and Rules Regulate Inbound and Outbound Traffic
The ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 firewall lets you
regulate what ports are available to the various TCP/IP protocols. Follow these two steps to
configure inbound or outbound traffic:
1.
Define a Service
2.
Set up an Inbound or Outbound Rule that uses the Service
These steps are discussed below.
Defining a Service
Services are functions performed by server computers at the request of client computers. For
example, Web servers serve Web pages, time servers serve time and date information, and game
hosts serve data about other players’ moves. When a computer on the Internet sends a request for
service to a server computer, the requested service is identified by a service or port number. This
number appears as the destination port number in the transmitted IP packets. For example, a packet
that is sent with destination port number 80 is an HTTP (Web server) request.
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The service numbers for many common protocols are defined by the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) and published in RFC1700, “Assigned Numbers.” Service numbers for other
applications are typically chosen from the range 1024 to 65535 by the authors of the application.
Although the FWG114P v2 already holds a list of many service port numbers, you are not limited
to these choices. Use the Services menu to add additional services and applications to the list for
use in defining firewall rules. The Services menu shows a list of services that you have defined.
To define a new service, first you must determine which port number or range of numbers is used
by the application. This information can usually be determined by contacting the publisher of the
application or from user groups of newsgroups. When you have the port number information, go
the Services menu and click on the Add Custom Service button. The Add Services menu will
appear.
To add a service,
1.
Enter a descriptive name for the service so that you will remember what it is.
2.
Select whether the service uses TCP or UDP as its transport protocol.
If you can’t determine which is used, select both.
3.
Enter the lowest port number used by the service.
4.
Enter the highest port number used by the service.
If the service only uses a single port number, enter the same number in both fields.
5.
Click Apply.
The new service will now appear in the Services menu, and in the Service name selection box in
the Rules menu.
Using Inbound/Outbound Rules to Block or Allow Services
Firewall rules are used to block or allow specific traffic passing through from one side of the
wireless firewall/print server to the other. Inbound rules (WAN to LAN) restrict access by
outsiders to private resources, selectively allowing only specific outside users to access specific
resources. Outbound rules (LAN to WAN) determine what outside resources local users can have
access to.
A firewall has two default rules, one for inbound traffic and one for outbound. The default rules of
the FWG114P v2 are:
•
Inbound: Block all access from outside except responses to requests from the LAN side.
•
Outbound: Allow all access from the LAN side to the outside.
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These default rules are shown in the Rules table of the Rules menu in Figure 6-2:
Figure 6-2: Rules menu
You can define additional rules that will specify exceptions to the default rules. By adding custom
rules, you can block or allow access based on the service or application, source or destination IP
addresses, and time of day. You can also choose to log traffic that matches or does not match the
rule you have defined.
To create a new rule, click the Add button.
To edit an existing rule, select its button on the left side of the table and click Edit.
To delete an existing rule, select its button on the left side of the table and click Delete.
To move an existing rule to a different position in the table, select its button on the left side of the
table and click Move. At the script prompt, enter the number of the desired new position and click
OK.
An example of the menu for defining or editing a rule is shown in Figure 6-3. The parameters are:
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•
•
•
•
•
Service. From this list, select the application or service to be allowed or blocked. The list
already displays many common services, but you are not limited to these choices. Use the
Services menu to add any additional services or applications that do not already appear.
Action. Choose how you would like this type of traffic to be handled. You can block or allow
always, or you can choose to block or allow according to the schedule you have defined in the
Schedule menu.
Source Address. Specify traffic originating on the LAN (outbound) or the WAN (inbound),
and choose whether you would like the traffic to be restricted by source IP address. You can
select Any, a Single address, or a Range. If you select a range of addresses, enter the range in
the start and finish boxes. If you select a single address, enter it in the start box.
Destination Address.The Destination Address will be assumed to be from the opposite (LAN
or WAN) of the Source Address. As with the Source Address, you can select Any, a Single
address, or a Range unless NAT is enabled and the destination is the LAN. In that case, you
must enter a Single LAN address in the start box.
Log. You can select whether the traffic will be logged. The choices are:
– Never - no log entries will be made for this service.
– Match - traffic of this type which matches the parameters and action will be logged.
Examples of Using Services and Rules to Regulate Traffic
Use the examples to see how you combine Services and Rules to regulate how the TCP/IP
protocols are used on your firewall to enable either blocking or allowing specific Internet traffic on
your wireless firewall/print server.
Inbound Rules (Port Forwarding)
Because the FWG114P v2 uses Network Address Translation (NAT), your network presents only
one IP address to the Internet, and outside users cannot directly address any of your local
computers. However, by defining an inbound rule, also known as port forwarding, you can make a
local server (for example, a Web server or game server) visible and available to the Internet. The
rule tells the router to direct inbound traffic for a particular service to one local server based on the
destination port number. This is also known as port forwarding.
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Note: Some home broadband accounts do not allow you to run any server processes
(such as a Web or FTP server). Your ISP may check for servers and suspend your
account if it discovers active servers at your location. If you are unsure, refer to the
Acceptable Use Policy of your ISP.
Follow these guidelines when setting up port forwarding inbound rules:
•
•
•
If your external IP address is assigned dynamically by your ISP, the IP address may change
periodically as the DHCP lease expires. Consider using the Dyamic DNS feature in the
Advanced menus so that external users can always find your network.
If the IP address of the local server computer is assigned by DHCP, it may change when the
computer is rebooted. To avoid this, use the Reserved IP address feature in the LAN IP menu
to keep the computer’s IP address constant.
Local computers must access the local server using the local LAN address of the computer.
Attempts by local computers to access the server using the external WAN IP address will fail.
Remember that allowing inbound services opens holes in your FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/
Print Server. Only enable those ports that are necessary for your network. Following are two
application examples of inbound rules:
Example: Port Forwarding to a Local Public Web Server
If you host a public Web server on your local network, you can define a rule to allow inbound Web
(HTTP) requests from any outside IP address to the IP address of your Web server any time of day.
Figure 6-3: Rule example: A Local Public Web Server
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This rule is shown in Figure 6-3.
Example: Port Forwarding for Videoconferencing
If you want to allow incoming videoconferencing to be initiated from a restricted range of outside
IP addresses, such as from a branch office, you can create an inbound rule. In the example shown
in Figure 6-4, CU-SeeMe is a predefined service and its connections are allowed only from a
specified range of external IP addresses. In this case, we have also specified logging of any
incoming CU-SeeMe requests that do not match the allowed parameters.
Figure 6-4: Rule example: Videoconference from Restricted Addresses
Example: Port Forwarding for VPN Tunnels when NAT is Off
If you want to allow incoming VPN IPSec tunnels to be initiated from outside IP addresses
anywhere on the Internet when NAT is off, first create a service and then an inbound rule.
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Figure 6-5: Service example: port forwarding for VPN when NAT is Off
In the example shown in Figure 6-5, UDP port 500 connections are defined as the IPSec service.
Figure 6-6: Inbound rule example: VPN IPSec when NAT is off
In the example shown in Figure 6-6, VPN IPSec connections are allowed for any internal LAN IP
address.
Outbound Rules (Service Blocking or Port Filtering)
The FWG114P v2 allows you to block the use of certain Internet services by computers on your
network. This is called service blocking or port filtering. You can define an outbound rule to block
Internet access from a local computer based on:
•
IP address of the local computer (source address)
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•
•
•
IP address of the Internet site being contacted (destination address)
Time of day
Type of service being requested (service port number)
Outbound Rule Example: Blocking Instant Messaging
If you want to block Instant Messenger usage by employees during working hours, you can create
an outbound rule to block that application from any internal IP address to any external address
according to the schedule that you have created in the Schedule menu. You can also have the router
log any attempt to use Instant Messenger during that blocked period.
Figure 6-7: Rule example: Blocking Instant Messenger
Other Rules Considerations
The order of precedence of rules is determined by the position of the rule on a list of many rules.
Also, there are optional Rules settings you can configure. These topics are presented here.
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Order of Precedence for Rules
As you define new rules, they are added to the tables in the Rules menu. For any traffic attempting
to pass through the firewall, the packet information is subjected to the rules in the order of the
entries in the Rules Table, beginning at the top and proceeding to the default rules at the bottom. In
some cases, the order of precedence of two or more rules may be important in determining the
disposition of a packet. The Move button allows you to relocate a defined rule to a new position in
the table.
Rules Menu Options
Use the Options checkboxes to enable the following:
•
•
•
•
•
Enable VPN Passthrough (IPSec, PPTP, L2TP)
If LAN users need to use VPN (Virtual Private Networking) software on their computer, and
connect to remote sites or servers, enable this checkbox. This will allow the VPN protocols
(IPSec, PPTP, L2TP) to be used. If this checkbox is not checked, these protocols are blocked.
Drop fragmented IP packets
If checked, all fragmented IP packets will be dropped (discarded). Normally, this should NOT
be checked.
Block TCP flood
If checked, when a TCP flood attack is detected, the port used will be closed, and no traffic
will be able to use that port.
Block UDP flood
If checked, when a UDP flood attack is detected, all traffic from that IP address will be
blocked.
Block non-standard packets
If checked, only known packet types will be accepted; other packets will be blocked. The
known packet types are TCP, UDP, ICMP, ESP, and GRE. Note that these are packet types, not
protocols.
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Using a Schedule to Block or Allow Content or Traffic
If you enabled content filtering in the Block Sites menu, or if you defined an outbound rule to use
a schedule, you can set up a schedule for when blocking occurs or when access is restricted. The
router allows you to specify when blocking will be enforced by configuring the Schedule tab
shown below.
Figure 6-8: Schedule menu
To block keywords or Internet domains based on a schedule, select Every Day or select one or
more days. If you want to limit access completely for the selected days, select All Day. Otherwise,
If you want to limit access during certain times for the selected days, type a Start Time and an End
Time.
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Note: Enter the values in 24-hour time format. For example, 10:30 am would be 10 hours and 30
minutes and 10:30 pm would be 22 hours and 30 minutes.
Be sure to click Apply when you have finished configuring this menu.
Setting the Time Zone
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server uses the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to obtain
the current time and date from one of several Network Time Servers on the Internet. In order to
localize the time for your log entries, you must specify your Time Zone:
•
Time Zone. Select your local time zone. This setting will be used for the blocking schedule
and for time-stamping log entries.
•
Daylight Savings Time. Select this check box for daylight savings time.
Note: If your region uses Daylight Savings Time, you must manually select Adjust for
Daylight Savings Time on the first day of Daylight Savings Time, and unselect it at the end.
Enabling Daylight Savings Time will add one hour to the standard time.
Be sure to click Apply when you have finished configuring this menu.
Getting E-Mail Notifications of Event Logs and Alerts
In order to receive logs and alerts by e-mail, you must provide your e-mail information in the
E-Mail subheading:
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Figure 6-9: E-mail menu
•
Turn e-mail notification on. Select this check box if you want to receive e-mail logs and
alerts from the router.
•
Send alerts and logs by e-mail. If you enable e-mail notification, these boxes cannot be
blank. Enter the name or IP address of your ISP’s outgoing (SMTP) mail server (such as
mail.myISP.com). You may be able to find this information in the configuration menu of your
e-mail program. Enter the e-mail address to which logs and alerts will be sent. This e-mail
address will also be used as the From address. If you leave this box blank, log and alert
messages will not be sent via e-mail. Check “My Mail Server requires authentication” if you
need to log in to your SMTP server in order to send e-mail. If this is checked, you must enter
the login name and password for your mail server.
Tip: You used this information when you set up your e-mail program. If you cannot remember
it, check the settings in your e-mail program.
•
Send E-mail alerts immediately. You can specify that logs are immediately sent to the
specified e-mail address when any of the following events occur:
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•
–
If a Denial of Service attack is detected.
–
If a Port Scan is detected.
–
If a user on your LAN attempts to access a website that you blocked using Keyword
blocking.
Send logs according to this schedule. You can specify that logs are sent to you according to a
schedule. Select whether you would like to receive the logs Hourly, Daily, Weekly, When Full,
or None for no logs. Depending on your selection, you may also need to specify:
–
Day for sending log
Relevant when the log is sent weekly or daily.
–
Time for sending log
Relevant when the log is sent daily or weekly.
If the Weekly, Daily or Hourly option is selected and the log fills up before the specified
period, the log is automatically e-mailed to the specified e-mail address. After the log is sent,
the log is cleared from the router’s memory. If the router cannot e-mail the log file, the log
buffer may fill up. In this case, the router overwrites the log and discards its contents.
Be sure to click Apply when you have finished configuring this menu.
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Viewing Logs of Web Access or Attempted Web Access
The router will log security-related events, such as denied incoming and outgoing service requests,
hacker probes, and administrator logins. If you enable content filtering in the Block Sites menu,
the Log page will also show you when someone on your network tries to access a blocked site. If
you enabled e-mail notification, you will receive these logs in an e-mail message. If you do not
have e-mail notification enabled, you can view the logs here.
Figure 6-10: Logs menu
See Appendix D, “Firewall Log Formats” for a full explanation of log entry formats.
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Log action buttons are described in Table 6-1.
Table 6-1.
Log action buttons
Field
Description
Refresh
Refreshes the log screen.
Clear Log
Clears the log entries.
Send Log
E-mails the log immediately.
What to Include in the Event Log
Use these checkboxes to determine which events are included in the log. Checking all options will
increase the size of the log, so it is good practice to disable any events which are not really
required.
•
All Websites and news groups visited - If checked, all visited websites and newsgroups are
logged.
•
All Incoming TCP/UDP/ICMP traffic - If checked, all incoming TCP/UDP/ICMP connections
and traffic is logged.
•
All Outgoing TCP/UDP/ICMP traffic - If checked, all outgoing TCP/UDP/ICMP connections
and traffic is logged.
•
Other IP traffic - If checked, all other traffic (IP packets which are not TCP, UDP, or ICMP) is
logged.
•
Router operation (start up, get time, etc.) - If checked, Router operations, such as starting up
and getting the time from the Internet Time Server, are logged.
•
Connection to the Web-based interface of this Router - If checked, Administrator connections
to the Web-based interface will be logged.
•
Other connections and traffic to this Router - If checked, this will log traffic sent to this Router
(rather than through this Router to the Internet).
•
Allow duplicate log entries - If checked, then events or packets which fall within more than
one (1) category above will have a log entry for each category in which they belong. This will
generate a large number of log entries. If unchecked, then events or packets will only be
logged once. Usually, this should be left unchecked.
Logging programs are available for Windows, Macintosh, and Linux computers.
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Enable one of these three options, as required:
•
Disable - select this if you do not have a Syslog server.
•
Broadcast on LAN - the Syslog data is broadcast, rather than sent to a specific Syslog server.
Use this if your Syslog Server does not have a fixed IP address.
•
Send to this Syslog server IP address - If your Syslog server has a fixed IP address, select this
option, and enter the IP address of your Syslog server.
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Chapter 7
Print Server
This chapter describes how to install and configure the print server in your ProSafe Wireless
802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2.
Printing Options
The FWG114P v2 supports these methods for printing:
•
For Windows XP and 2000 Only: TCP/IP Line Printer Remote (LPR) Printing
— No software needs to be installed
— Windows XP or 2000 users can print directly to the firewall. Print jobs are spooled
(queued) on each computer. The computer sends the print job directly to the LAN IP
address of the FWG114P v2.
•
For Windows 95/98/Me, NT4.0, 2000, and XP: Netgear Printer Port Driver
— Install the Netgear Printer Port Driver on Each computer.
— After installing the Print Port Driver from the Resource CD for the ProSafe Wireless
802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P (SW-10023-03) Windows users can print
directly to the firewall. Print jobs are spooled (queued) on each computer.
•
For Macintosh computers: LPR printing
— No software needs to be installed
— LPR printing can be set up on any Macintosh that has Desktop Printing installed or
available. Desktop Printing is supported on MacOS versions beginning from 8.1.
LaserWriter8 version 8.5.1 or higher is also required.
•
For Windows NT 4.0 Server or 2000 Server: LPD/LPR Printing
— No software needs to be installed
— If using Windows NT 4.0 Server or Windows 2000 Server, LPD/LPR printing can be used.
No software needs to be installed on either the Windows Server or each client computer.
Print jobs will be spooled (queued) on the Windows Server, and can be managed using the
standard Windows Server tools.
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For Windows XP and 2000, Use TCP/IP LPR Printing
Follow these instructions to set up TCP/IP printing on your Windows XP and 2000 PCs.
Install the FWG114P v2, connect your
printer to the USB port on the FWG114P v2,
and run the Windows Add Printer Wizard.
a.
Follow the instructions in the printed
Installation Guide or this manual to
install your FWG114P v2. Connect your
printer to the USB port on the back of the
FWG114P v2.
b.
From the Windows Start menu of a
computer connected to the FWG114P
v2, click Printers and Faxes.
c.
Click Add a printer. Click Next to
proceed.
d.
Be sure to choose the Local printer
attached to this computer option.
Add Printer Wizard
Local or Network Printer screen
Click Next to proceed.
e.
On the Select a Printer Port screen, be
sure to choose the Create a new port:
option.
From the Type of port: drop-down list,
be sure to select Standard TCP/IP
Port.
Select a Printer Port screen
Click Next to proceed.
This will start the Add Standard TCP/IP
Printer Port Wizard.
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Complete the Add Standard TCP/IP Printer
Port Wizard.
a.
Click Next to proceed with the Add
Standard TCP/IP Printer Port Wizard.
The Add Port screen will display.
b.
From the Add Port screen, enter
192.168.0.1, the FWG114P v2 default
LAN IP address, in the IP Address field.
Note: If you changed the default LAN IP
Address of the FWG114P v2, be sure to
use the address you assigned here. The
Port Name is automatically filled in.
Add Standard TCP/IP Printer Port Wizard
Add Port Screen
Click Next to proceed.
c.
In the Device Type section of the
Additional Port Information Required
screen, select Custom.
d.
In the Custom selection, click Settings.
e.
The Port Settings tab page opens. In the
Protocol section, select the LPR radio
button, and enter FWG114P as the
Queue Name in the LPR Settings
section. Click OK to close this tab page.
Additional Port Information Required
Click Next to proceed.
The Add Printer Wizard will now
prompt you to install the software for the
printer you attached to the FWG114P v2.
Additional Port Information Required
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Identify the printer connected to FWG114P
v2 USB printer port.
a.
From the Install Printer Software screen
selection lists, find the manufacturer and
model of the printer you connected to the
USB port on the FWG114P v2.
Click Next to proceed.
If the printer software is already installed
on this computer, the Add Printer
Wizard will inform you and let you keep
the existing driver.
b.
The Name Your Printer screen prompts
for a descriptive name and if you want it
to be the default. Enter your choices.
Click Next to proceed.
c.
On the Printer Sharing screen, accept the
“Do not share this printer” option and
click Next to proceed.
Add Printer Wizard Install Printer Software page
If you do not see your make and model
printer in the lists, and you are connected
to the Internet, you can click the
Windows Update button to download
additional printer software from the
Microsoft Web site, or you can click the
Have Disk button to install the printer
software from a disk you have.
Print a test page to verify successful printing on your network.
a.
Upon completion of the Add Printer Wizard, you will be prompted to print a test page.
b.
Check the printer attached to the FWG114P v2 to see that the test page printed
successfully.
If you are unable to print a test page, see “Troubleshooting the Print Server“ on page -12.
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Note: If two long files are sent to the printer at once, Windows will pop up a print failure
error message. This message can be ignored. The file will print once the printer finishes
printing the first file.
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For Windows 95/98/Me, Use the Netgear Printer Port Driver
Follow these instructions to set up the Netgear Printer Port Drive on Windows 9x PCs.
Install the Netgear Printer Port Driver and
configuration utility software.
a.
Follow the instructions in the printed
Installation Guide or this manual to
install your FWG114P v2.
b.
Connect your printer to the USB port on
the back of the FWG114P v2.
c.
Insert the Resource CD for the
FWG114P v2 into the CD-ROM drive of
a computer connected to the FWG114P
v2.
Warning: If you are installing the Netgear
printer port driver on a Windows computer
where an Epson printer had been installed,
you must disable the Epson Spool
Manager. Failure to disable Epson Spool
Manager software will prevent the Netgear
printer port driver from operating.
To disable the Epson Spool Manager, run the
Epson Spool Manager, select Queue Setup
from the menu, click Use Print Manager
for this port, and click OK to exit.
The CD main page shown at the right
will load.
d.
Click the Print Server button.
Follow the instructions for running the
setup utility.
e.
FWG114P v2 Resource CD
Click Next to proceed through the
Netgear Printer Port Installation Wizard
steps.
Note: Windows 2000 or XP may require
you to be logged on with administrator
rights.
Netgear Printer Port Installation Wizard
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Set up the Netgear printer port driver.
a.
Click Finish when the Installation
Wizard is done.
The Printer Port Setup utility displays,
and queries the network to locate the
print server in the FWG114P v2.
After a short delay, the Printer Port
Setup utility will display the port it finds
in the FWG114P v2 print server.
b.
Netgear Printer Port Installation Wizard
Note: Under Windows 95, you may
receive an error message stating that
SETUPAPI.DLL was not found. In this
case, you should upgrade your Internet
Explorer to version 5 or later.
Click Add to add this printer port to your
computer.
The Printer Port Setup utility will report
that Port FWG114P_P1 has been added
to the computer.
c.
Click Exit to exit the Printer Port Setup
utility.
The Windows Add Printer Wizard
automatically runs.
Netgear Printer Port Setup Utility
Print Server
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Identify the printer connected to the
FWG114P v2 USB printer port.
a.
From the Add Printer Wizard screen
selection lists, find the manufacturer and
model of the printer you connected to the
USB port on the FWG114P v2.
Click Next to proceed.
If the printer software is already installed
on this PC, the Add Printer Wizard will
inform you and let you keep the existing
driver.
b.
Be sure to select the FWG114P_P1 port
in the Add Printer Wizard.
Windows Add Printer Wizard
If you do not see your make and model printer in
the lists, and you are connected to the Internet,
you can click the Windows Update button to
download additional printer software from the
Microsoft Web site, or you can click the Have Disk
button to install the printer software from a disk
you have.
Click Next.
c.
The Name Your Printer screen prompts
for a descriptive name and if you want it
to be the default. Enter your choices.
If prompted about Sharing, do not enable
Sharing.
Click Next to proceed and finish the Add
Printer Wizard steps.
Windows Add Printer Wizard
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Print a test page to verify successful printing on your network.
a.
b.
Upon completion of the Add Printer Wizard, print a test page.
–
From the Windows Start menu, select Setup > Printers.
–
Highlight the printer you just added.
–
Right-click and the select Properties.
The printer properties dialog box opens to the General tab page.
–
On the General tab page, click Print Test Page.
Check the printer attached to the FWG114P v2 to see that the test page printed
successfully.
If you are unable to print a test page, see “Troubleshooting the Print Server“ on page -12.
Printing from the Macintosh
Macintosh computers can connect to a TCP/IP network printer using the Line Printer Remote
(LPR) protocol. LPR printing can be set up on any Macintosh that has Desktop Printing installed
or available. Desktop Printing is supported on MacOS versions beginning from 8.1. LaserWriter8
version 8.5.1 or higher is also required.
To configure the Macintosh to use the print server, follow these steps:
1.
From the Apple Extras folder, under Apple LaserWriter Software, launch the Desktop Printing
Utility. A new window titled New Desktop Printer appears.
2.
Select LaserWriter 8 in the “With” drop-down menu.
3.
Select Printer (LPR) and click OK. A new window called Untitled 1 will open.
4.
If the PostScript Printer Description does not match your printer, click Change... and select
your actual printer.
If your printer model does not appear, click the Generic button.
5.
Click OK to return to the Untitled 1 window.
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6.
In the LPR Printer Selection box, click Change...
7.
In the Printer Address field, type the name or IP address of the FWG114P v2 Wireless
Firewall/Print Server.
The IP address will usually be 192.168.0.1.
You can leave the Queue Name blank.
Click Verify to make sure your computer can see the printer.
You should see the IP address displayed above the button. If no IP Address appears, check that
you have correctly typed the queue name or IP Address.
Click OK to return to the Untitled 1 window.
8.
At the bottom of the Untitled 1 dialog box, click Create....
When prompted, rename the printer with a descriptive name and click Save.
A printer icon should now appear on your desktop.
9.
Quit the Desktop Printer Utility.
Windows Printer Port Management
•
Print jobs can be managed from Windows. Open the Printers folder (Start -> Settings ->
Printers) and double-click any printer to see the current print jobs.
•
To delete a port created by this setup program, use the Windows Delete Port facility:
•
a.
Right-click any printer in the Printers folder, and select Properties.
b.
Highlight the port you want to delete.
c.
Use the Delete Port button to delete the port. This button is on either the Details or Ports
tab, depending on your version of Windows.
If you change the printer attached to the FWG114P v2, run the Add Port program again and
select the new printer.
The options for the Print Port Driver are accessed via the Windows Port Settings button.
Use Start -> Settings -> Printers to open the Printers folder, then right-click the Printer and select
Properties. The Port Settings button is on either the Details or Port tab, depending on your version
of Windows. An example screen is shown below:
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Figure 7-1: Print Port Configuration menu
Items shown on this screen are as follows:
•
Port
If desired, click Browse Device to select a different device. The Select Device Port button
supports multi-port models, but the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server is a
single-port print server. The Port Name is shown in the Printer's Properties.
•
Banner
Check this option to print a banner page before each print job. The User Name you enter will
be printed on the banner page. If using a PostScript Printer, check the PostScript box.
•
Retry Interval
Determines how often Windows will poll the print server to establish a connection when the
printer is busy.
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Troubleshooting the Print Server
Note: When the TCP/IP LPR configuration is used, if two long files are sent to the
printer at once, Windows will pop up a print failure error message. This message can be
ignored. The file will print once the printer finishes printing the first file. This does not
happen when the Netgear Printer Port driver is used.
Question: When I tried to install the Printer Driver for Peer-to-Peer printing, I received an error
message and the installation was aborted.
Answer: This may be caused by an existing installation of the printer port software. Before
attempting another installation, remove the existing installation and restart your PC.
To remove an existing printer port installation:
a.
Open Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> Add/Remove Programs.
b.
Look for an entry with a name like “NETGEAR ProSafe Firewall Router”, “NETGEAR
Print Server”, "Print Server Driver" or "Print Server Port".
c.
Select this item, click Add/Remove, and confirm the deletion.
Question: I am using Windows 95. The Printer Driver installed and ran, but when I selected a port
and clicked Add, the printer was not installed.
Answer: Try installing the printer using the standard Windows tools, as follows:
a.
From Start -> Settings, open the Printers folder, and start the Add Printer Wizard.
b.
When prompted, select Network Printer and click Next.
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c.
For Network Path or Queue, enter a dummy value, such as \\123, as shown below.
Select NO for “Do you print from MS-DOS-based programs?”.
d.
Click Next.
Figure 7-2: Windows Add Printer Wizard
e.
The printer wizard will display a message stating that "The Network Printer is off-line".
This is OK. Continue the Add Printer Wizard until finished.
f.
When finished, go to Start -> Settings -> Printers. The new printer icon will be grayed out
indicating the printer is not ready.
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g.
Right-click the new printer and select Properties. Then select the Details tab, as shown
below.
Figure 7-3: Windows Printer Properties
h.
Click the Add Port button. On the resulting screen, select Other, then select the
NETGEAR Print Server Port as the port to add.
i.
Click OK to see the Print Port Configuration screen.
j.
Click the Browse Device button, select the firewall, and click OK.
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k.
Click OK to return to the Printers folders, and right-click on the new printer. Make sure
that the Work Offline option is NOT checked.
l.
From the printer Properties page, General tab, print a test page to confirm that the settings
work.
m. The new printer icon should no longer be grayed out, and the printer is ready for use.
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Chapter 8
Virtual Private Networking
This chapter describes how to use the virtual private networking (VPN) features of the FWG114P
v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server. VPN tunnels provide secure, encrypted communications
between your local network and a remote network or computer. The FWG114P v2 supports 2 VPN
tunnels.
Overview of FWG114P v2 Policy-Based VPN Configuration
The FWG114P v2 uses state-of-the-art firewall and security technology to facilitate controlled and
actively monitored VPN connectivity. Since the FWG114P v2 strictly conforms to IETF standards,
it is interoperable with devices from major network equipment vendors.
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Using Policies to Manage VPN Traffic
You create policy definitions to manage VPN traffic on the FWG114P v2. There are two kinds of
policies:
•
IKE Policies: Define the authentication scheme and automatically generate the encryption
keys. As an alternative option, to further automate the process, you can create an IKE policy
which uses a trusted certificate authority to provide the authentication while the IKE policy
still handles the encryption.
•
VPN Policies: Apply the IKE policy to specific traffic which requires a VPN tunnel. Or, you
can create a VPN policy which does not use an IKE policy but in which you manually enter all
the authentication and key parameters.
Since the VPN policies use the IKE policies, you define the IKE policy first. The FWG114P v2
also allows you to manually input the authentication scheme and encryption key values. In the case
of manual key management there will not be any IKE policies.
In order to establish secure communication over the Internet with the remote site you need to
configure matching VPN policies on both the local and remote FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/
Print Servers. The outbound VPN policy on one end must match to the inbound VPN policy on
other end, and vice versa.
When the network traffic enters into the FWG114P v2 from the LAN network interface, if there is
no VPN policy found for a type of network traffic, then that traffic passes through without any
change. However, if the traffic is selected by a VPN policy, then the IPSec authentication and
encryption rules will be applied to it as defined in the VPN policy.
By default, a new VPN policy is added with the least priority, that is, at the end of the VPN policy
table.
Using Automatic Key Management
The most common configuration scenarios will use IKE policies to automatically manage the
authentication and encryption keys. Based on the IKE policy, some parameters for the VPN tunnel
are generated automatically. The IKE protocols perform negotiations between the two VPN
endpoints to automatically generate required parameters.
Some organizations will use an IKE policy with a Certificate Authority (CA) to perform
authentication. Typically, CA authentication is used in large organizations which maintain their
own internal CA server. This requires that each VPN gateway has a certificate from the CA. Using
CAs reduces the amount of data entry required on each VPN endpoint.
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IKE Policies’ Automatic Key and Authentication Management
Click the IKE Policies link from the VPN section of the main menu, and then click the Add button
of the IKE Policies screen to display the IKE Policy Configuration menu shown in Figure 8-2.
Figure 8-2: IKE - Policy Configuration Menu
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The IKE Policy Configuration fields are defined in the following table.
Table 8-1.
IKE Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
General
These settings identify this policy and determine its major characteristics.
Policy Name
The descriptive name of the IKE policy. Each policy should have a unique
policy name. This name is not supplied to the remote VPN endpoint. It is
only used to help you identify IKE policies.
Direction/Type
This setting is used when determining if the IKE policy matches the current
traffic. The drop-down menu includes the following:
• Initiator – Outgoing connections are allowed, but incoming are blocked.
• Responder – Incoming connections are allowed, but outgoing are
blocked.
• Both Directions – Both outgoing and incoming connections are allowed.
• Remote Access – This is to allow only incoming client connections,
where the IP address of the remote client is unknown.
If Remote Access is selected, the “Exchange Mode” MUST be
“Aggressive,” and the ‘Identities’ below (both Local and Remote) MUST
be “Name.” On the matching VPN Policy, the IP address of the remote
VPN endpoint should be set to 0.0.0.0.
Exchange Mode
Local
Main Mode or Aggressive Mode. This setting must match the setting used
on the remote VPN endpoint.
• Main Mode is slower but more secure. Also, the “Identity” below must be
established by IP address.
• Aggressive Mode is faster but less secure. The “Identity” below can be by
name (host name, domain name, e-mail address, and so on) instead of
by IP address.
These parameters apply to the Local FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print
Server.
Local Identity Type
Use this field to identify the local FWG114P v2. You can choose one of the
following four options from the drop-down list:
• By its Internet (WAN) port IP address.
• By its Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) -- your domain name.
• By a Fully Qualified User Name -- your name, E-mail address, or
other ID.
• By DER ASN.1 DN -- the binary DER encoding of your ASN.1 X.500
Distinguished Name.
Local Identity Data
This field lets you identify the local FWG114P v2 by name.
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Table 8-1.
IKE Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
Remote
These parameters apply to the target remote FWG114P v2, VPN gateway,
or VPN client.
Remote Identity Type
Use this field to identify the remote FWG114P v2. You can choose one of
the following four options from the drop-down list:
• By its Internet (WAN) port IP address.
• By its Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) — your domain name.
• By a Fully Qualified User Name — your name, e-mail address, or
other ID.
• By DER ASN.1 DN — the binary DER encoding of your ASN.1 X.500
Distinguished Name.
Remote Identity Data
This field lets you identify the target remote FWG114P v2 by name.
IKE SA Parameters
These parameters determine the properties of the IKE Security
Association.
Encryption Algorithm
Choose the encryption algorithm for this IKE policy:
• DES is the default.
• 3DES is more secure.
Authentication Algorithm
If you enable Authentication Header (AH), this menu lets you to select from
these authentication algorithms:
• MD5 is the default.
• SHA-1 is more secure.
Authentication Method
You may select Pre-Shared Key or RSA Signature.
Pre-Shared Key
Specify the key according to the requirements of the Authentication
Algorithm you selected.
• For MD5, the key length should be 16 bytes.
• For SHA-1, the key length should be 20 bytes.
RSA Signature
RSA Signature requires a certificate.
Diffie-Hellman (D-H) Group
The DH Group setting determines the bit size used in the key exchange.
This must match the value used on the remote VPN gateway or client.
SA Life Time
The amount of time in seconds before the Security Association expires;
over an hour (3600) is common.
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VPN Policy Configuration for Auto Key Negotiation
An already defined IKE policy is required for VPN - Auto Policy configuration. From the VPN
Policies section of the main menu, you can navigate to the VPN - Auto Policy configuration menu.
Figure 8-3: VPN - Auto Policy Menu
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The VPN Auto Policy fields are defined in the following table.
Table 8-1.
VPN Auto Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
General
These settings identify this policy and determine its major characteristics.
Policy Name
The descriptive name of the VPN policy. Each policy should have a unique
policy name. This name is not supplied to the remote VPN endpoint. It is
only used to help you identify VPN policies.
IKE Policy
The existing IKE policies are presented in a drop-down list.
Note: Create the IKE policy BEFORE creating a VPN - Auto policy.
Remote VPN Endpoint
The address used to locate the remote VPN firewall or client to which you
wish to connect. The remote VPN endpoint must have this FWG114P v2’s
Local IP values entered as its “Remote VPN Endpoint.”
• By its Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) — your domain name.
• By its IP Address.
Address Type The address type used to locate the remote VPN firewall or client to which
you wish to connect.
• By its Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) — your domain name.
• By its IP Address.
Address Data The address used to locate the remote VPN firewall or client to which you
wish to connect. The remote VPN endpoint must have this FWG114P v2’s
Local Identity Data entered as its “Remote VPN Endpoint.”
• By its Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) — your domain name.
• By its IP Address.
SA Life Time
The duration of the Security Association before it expires.
• Seconds - the amount of time before the SA expires. Over an hour is
common (3600).
• Kbytes - the amount of traffic before the SA expires.
One of these can be set without setting the other.
IPSec PFS
If enabled, security is enhanced by ensuring that the key is changed at
regular intervals. Also, even if one key is broken, subsequent keys are no
easier to break. Each key has no relationship to the previous key.
PFS Key Group
If PFS is enabled, this setting determines the DH group bit size used in the
key exchange. This must match the value used on the remote gateway.
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Table 8-1.
VPN Auto Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
Traffic Selector
These settings determine if and when a VPN tunnel will be established. If
network traffic meets all criteria, then a VPN tunnel will be created.
Local IP
The drop-down menu allows you to configure the source IP address of the
outbound network traffic for which this VPN policy will provide security.
Usually, this address will be from your network address space. The
choices are:
• Default: ANY for all valid IP addresses in the Internet address space
Note: Selecting ANY means all traffic goes through the IPSec tunnel
and prevents access to the Internet.
• Single IP Address
• Range of IP Addresses
• Subnet Address
Remote IP
The drop-down menu allows you to configure the destination IP address of
the outbound network traffic for which this VPN policy will provide security.
Usually, this address will be from the remote site's corporate network
address space. The choices are:
• ANY for all valid IP addresses in the Internet address space
Note: Selecting ANY means all traffic goes through the IPSec tunnel
and prevents access to the Internet.
• Single IP Address
• Range of IP Addresses
• Subnet Address
Authenticating Header (AH)
Configuration
Enable Authentication
Authentication
Algorithm
AH specifies the authentication protocol for the VPN header. These
settings must match the remote VPN endpoint.
Use this checkbox to enable or disable AH for this VPN policy.
If you enable AH, then select the authentication algorithm:
• MD5 is the default.
• SHA1 is more secure.
Encapsulated Security
ESP provides security for the payload (data) sent through the VPN tunnel.
Payload (ESP) Configuration Generally, you will want to enable both Encryption and Authentication.
Two ESP modes are available:
• Plain ESP encryption
• ESP encryption with authentication
These settings must match the remote VPN endpoint.
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Table 8-1.
VPN Auto Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
Enable Encryption
Encryption
Algorithm
Enable Authentication
Authentication
Algorithm
NETBIOS Enable
Use this checkbox to enable or disable ESP Encryption.
If you enable ESP encryption, then select the encryption algorithm:
• DES is the default.
• 3DES is more secure.
Use this checkbox to enable or disable ESP transform for this VPN policy.
You can also select the ESP mode with this menu.
Two ESP modes are available:
• Plain ESP
• ESP with authentication
If you enable AH, then use this menu to select which authentication
algorithm will be employed.
The choices are:
• MD5 is the default.
• SHA1 is more secure.
Check this if you wish NETBIOS traffic to be forwarded over the VPN
tunnel. The NETBIOS protocol is used by Microsoft Networking for such
features as Network Neighborhood.
VPN Policy Configuration for Manual Key Exchange
With Manual Key Management, you will not use an IKE policy. You must manually type in all the
required key information. Click the VPN Policies link from the VPN section of the main menu to
display the menu shown below.
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Figure 8-4: VPN - Manual Policy Menu
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The VPN Manual Policy fields are defined in the following table.
Table 8-1.
VPN Manual Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
General
These settings identify this policy and determine its major characteristics.
Policy Name
The name of the VPN policy. Each policy should have a unique policy
name. This name is not supplied to the remote VPN Endpoint. It is used to
help you identify VPN policies.
Remote VPN Endpoint
The WAN Internet IP address of the remote VPN firewall or client to which
you wish to connect. The remote VPN endpoint must have this FWG114P
v2’s WAN Internet IP address entered as its “Remote VPN Endpoint.”
Traffic Selector
These settings determine if and when a VPN tunnel will be established. If
network traffic meets all criteria, then a VPN tunnel will be created.
Local IP
The drop down menu allows you to configure the source IP address of the
outbound network traffic for which this VPN policy will provide security.
Usually, this address will be from your network address space. The
choices are:
• ANY for all valid IP addresses in the Internet address space
Note: Selecting ANY means all traffic goes through the IPSec tunnel
and prevents access to the Internet.
• Single IP Address
• Range of IP Addresses
• Subnet Address
Remote IP
The drop down menu allows you to configure the destination IP address of
the outbound network traffic for which this VPN policy will provide security.
Usually, this address will be from the remote site's corporate network
address space. The choices are:
• ANY for all valid IP addresses in the Internet address space
Note: Selecting ANY means all traffic goes through the IPSec tunnel
and prevents access to the Internet.
• Single IP Address
• Range of IP Addresses
• Subnet Address
Authenticating Header (AH)
Configuration
AH specifies the authentication protocol for the VPN header. These
settings must match the remote VPN endpoint.
Note: The "Incoming" settings here must match the "Outgoing" settings on
the remote VPN endpoint, and the "Outgoing" settings here must match
the "Incoming" settings on the remote VPN endpoint.
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Table 8-1.
VPN Manual Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
SPI - Incoming
Enter a Hex value (3 - 8 chars). Any value is acceptable, provided the
remote VPN endpoint has the same value in its "Outgoing SPI" field.
SPI - Outgoing
Enter a Hex value (3 - 8 chars). Any value is acceptable, provided the
remote VPN endpoint has the same value in its "Incoming SPI" field.
Enable Authentication
Use this checkbox to enable or disable AH. Authentication is often not
used. In this case, leave the checkbox unchecked.
Authentication
Algorithm
If you enable AH, then select the authentication algorithm:
• MD5 is the default.
• SHA1 is more secure.
Enter the keys in the fields provided. For MD5, the keys should be 16
characters. For SHA-1, the keys should be 20 characters.
Key - In
Enter the keys.
• For MD5, the keys should be 16 characters.
• For SHA-1, the keys should be 20 characters.
Any value is acceptable, provided the remote VPN endpoint has the same
value in its Authentication Algorithm "Key - Out" field.
Key - Out
Enter the keys in the fields provided.
• For MD5, the keys should be 16 characters.
• For SHA-1, the keys should be 20 characters.
Any value is acceptable, provided the remote VPN endpoint has the same
value in its Authentication Algorithm "Key - In" field.
Encapsulated Security
ESP provides security for the payload (data) sent through the VPN tunnel.
Payload (ESP) Configuration Generally, you will want to enable both encryption and authentication
when you use ESP. Two ESP modes are available:
• Plain ESP encryption
• ESP encryption with authentication
These settings must match the remote VPN endpoint.
SPI - Incoming
Enter a Hex value (3 - 8 chars). Any value is acceptable, provided the
remote VPN endpoint has the same value in its "Outgoing SPI" field.
SPI - Outgoing
Enter a Hex value (3 - 8 chars). Any value is acceptable, provided the
remote VPN endpoint has the same value in its "Incoming SPI" field.
Enable Encryption
Use this checkbox to enable or disable ESP Encryption.
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Table 8-1.
VPN Manual Policy Configuration Fields
Field
Description
Encryption
Algorithm
If you enable ESP Encryption, then select the Encryption Algorithm:
• DES is the default.
• 3DES is more secure.
Key - In
Enter the key in the fields provided.
• For DES, the key should be 8 characters.
• For 3DES, the key should be 24 characters.
Any value is acceptable, provided the remote VPN endpoint has the same
value in its Encryption Algorithm "Key - Out" field.
Key - Out
Enter the key in the fields provided.
• For DES, the key should be 8 characters.
• For 3DES, the key should be 24 characters.
Any value is acceptable, provided the remote VPN endpoint has the same
value in its Encryption Algorithm "Key - In" field.
Enable Authentication
Authentication
Algorithm
Use this checkbox to enable or disable ESP authentication for this VPN
policy.
If you enable authentication, then use this menu to select the algorithm:
• MD5 is the default.
• SHA1 is more secure.
Key - In
Enter the key.
• For MD5, the key should be 16 characters.
• For SHA-1, the key should be 20 characters.
Any value is acceptable, provided the remote VPN endpoint has the same
value in its Authentication Algorithm "Key - Out" field.
Key - Out
Enter the key in the fields provided.
• For MD5, the key should be 16 characters.
• For SHA-1, the key should be 20 characters.
Any value is acceptable, provided the remote VPN endpoint has the same
value in its Authentication Algorithm "Key - In" field.
NETBIOS Enable
Check this if you wish NETBIOS traffic to be forwarded over the VPN
tunnel. The NETBIOS protocol is used by Microsoft Networking for such
features as Network Neighborhood.
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Using Digital Certificates for IKE Auto-Policy Authentication
Digital certificates are strings generated using encryption and authentication schemes which
cannot be duplicated by anyone without access to the different values used in the production of the
string. They are issued by Certification Authorities (CAs) to authenticate a person or a workstation
uniquely. The CAs are authorized to issue these certificates by Policy Certification Authorities
(PCAs), who are in turn certified by the Internet Policy Registration Authority (IPRA). The
FWG114P v2 is able to use certificates to authenticate users at the end points during the IKE key
exchange process.
The certificates can be obtained from a certificate server an organization might maintain internally
or from the established public CAs. The certificates are produced by providing the particulars of
the user being identified to the CA. The information provided may include the user's name, e-mail
ID, domain name, and so on.
Each CA has its own certificate. The certificates of a CA are added to the FWG114P v2 and can
then be used to form IKE policies for the user. Once a CA certificate is added to the FWG114P v2
and a certificate is created for a user, the corresponding IKE policy is added to the FWG114P v2.
Whenever the user tries to send traffic through the FWG114P v2, the certificates are used in place
of pre-shared keys during initial key exchange as the authentication and key generation
mechanism. Once the keys are established and the tunnel is set up the connection proceeds
according to the VPN policy.
Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
Each Certification Authority (CA) maintains a list of the revoked certificates. The list of these
revoked certificates is known as the Certificate Revocation List (CRL).
Whenever an IKE policy receives the certificate from a peer, it checks for this certificate in the
CRL on the FWG114P v2 obtained from the corresponding CA. If the certificate is not present in
the CRL it means that the certificate is not revoked. IKE can then use this certificate for
authentication. If the certificate is present in the CRL it means that the certificate is revoked, and
the IKE will not authenticate the client.
You must manually update the FWG114P v2 CRL regularly in order for the CA-based
authentication process to remain valid.
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Walk-Through of Configuration Scenarios on the FWG114P
v2
There are a variety of configurations you might implement with the FWG114P v2. The scenarios
listed below illustrate typical configurations you might use in your organization.
In order to help make it easier to set up an IPsec system, the following two scenarios are provided.
These scenarios were developed by the VPN Consortium (http://www.vpnc.org). The goal is to
make it easier to get the systems from different vendors to interoperate. NETGEAR is providing
you with both of these scenarios in the following two formats:
•
VPN Consortium Scenarios without Any Product Implementation Details as presented in
“VPNC Scenario 1: Gateway to Gateway with Preshared Secrets” on page 8-19 and “VPNC
Scenario 2: Gateway-to-Gateway with Certificates” on page 8-25.
•
VPN Consortium Scenarios Based on the FWG114P v2 User Interface as presented in
“Scenario 1: FWG114P v2 to FWG114P v2 with Preshared Secrets” on page 8-20 and
“Scenario 2: FWG114P v2 to FWG114P v2 with Certificates” on page 8-26.
The purpose of providing these two versions of the same scenarios is to help you determine where
the two vendors use different vocabulary. Seeing the examples presented in these different ways
will reveal how systems from different vendors do the same thing.
How to Use the VPN Wizard to Configure a VPN Tunnel
Note: If you have turned NAT off, before configuring VPN IPSec tunnels you must first
open UDP port 500 for inbound traffic as explained in “Example: Port Forwarding for
VPN Tunnels when NAT is Off” on page 6-8.
Follow this procedure to configure a VPN tunnel using the VPN Wizard.
Note: The LAN IP address ranges of each VPN endpoint must be different. The connection will
fail if both are using the NETGEAR default address range of 192.168.0.x.
1.
Log in to the FVS318 on LAN A at its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with its
default user name of admin and password of password. Click the VPN Wizard link in the
main menu to display this screen. Click Next to proceed.
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Figure 8-5: VPN Wizard Start Screen
2.
Fill in the Connection Name, pre-shared key, and select the type of target end point, and click
Next to proceed.
Figure 8-6: Connection Name and Remote IP Type
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3. Fill in the IP Address or FQDN for the target VPN endpoint WAN connection and click Next.
Figure 8-7: Remote IP
4. Identify the IP addresses at the target endpoint which can use this tunnel, and click Next.
Figure 8-8: Secure Connection Remote Accessibility
The Summary screen below displays.
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Figure 8-9: VPN Wizard Summary
To view the VPNC recommended authentication and encryption Phase 1 and Phase 2 settings
the VPN Wizard used, click the “here” link.
5.
Click Done to complete the configuration procedure. The VPN Settings menu displays
showing that the new tunnel is enabled
To view or modify the tunnel settings, select the radio button next to the tunnel entry and click
Edit.
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VPNC Scenario 1: Gateway to Gateway with Preshared Secrets
The following is a typical gateway-to-gateway VPN that uses a preshared secret for authentication.
10.5.6.0/24
172.23.9.0/24
Gateway A
10.5.6.1
Gateway B
Internet
14.15.16.17
22.23.24.25
172.23.9.1
Figure 8-10: VPN Consortium Scenario 1
Gateway A connects the internal LAN 10.5.6.0/24 to the Internet. Gateway A's LAN interface has
the address 10.5.6.1, and its WAN (Internet) interface has the address 14.15.16.17.
Gateway B connects the internal LAN 172.23.9.0/24 to the Internet. Gateway B's WAN (Internet)
interface has the address 22.23.24.25. Gateway B's LAN interface address, 172.23.9.1, can be used
for testing IPsec but is not needed for configuring Gateway A.
The IKE Phase 1 parameters used in Scenario 1 are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Main mode
TripleDES
SHA-1
MODP group 2 (1024 bits)
pre-shared secret of "hr5xb84l6aa9r6"
SA lifetime of 28800 seconds (eight hours) with no kbytes rekeying
The IKE Phase 2 parameters used in Scenario 1 are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
TripleDES
SHA-1
ESP tunnel mode
MODP group 2 (1024 bits)
Perfect forward secrecy for rekeying
SA lifetime of 3600 seconds (one hour) with no kbytes rekeying
Selectors for all IP protocols, all ports, between 10.5.6.0/24 and 172.23.9.0/24, using IPv4
subnets
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Scenario 1: FWG114P v2 to FWG114P v2 with Preshared Secrets
Note: This scenario assumes all ports are open on the FWG114P v2. You can verify this by
reviewing the security settings as seen in the “Rules menu” on page 6-5.
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Figure 8-11: LAN to LAN VPN access from an FWG114P v2 to an FWG114P v2
Use this scenario illustration and configuration screens as a model to build your configuration.
1. Log in to the FWG114P v2 labeled Gateway A as in the illustration.
Log in at the default address of http://192.168.0.1 with the default user name of admin and
default password of password, or using whatever password and LAN address you have
chosen.
2. Configure the WAN (Internet) and LAN IP addresses of the FWG114P v2.
a.
From the main menu Setup section, click on the Basic Setup link.
WAN IP
addresses
ISP provides
these addresses
Figure 8-12: FWG114P v2 Internet IP Address menu
b.
Configure the WAN Internet Address according to the settings above and click Apply to
save your settings. For more information on configuring the WAN IP settings in the Basic
Setup topics, please see “Manually Configuring Your Internet Connection” on page 3-18.
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c.
From the main menu Advanced section, click on the LAN IP Setup link.
Figure 8-13: LAN IP configuration menu
d.
Configure the LAN IP address according to the settings above and click Apply to save
your settings. For more information on LAN TCP/IP setup topics, please see “Using the
LAN IP Setup Options” on page 10-5.
Note: After you click Apply to change the LAN IP address settings, your workstation will
be disconnected from the FWG114P v2. You will have to log on with http://10.5.6.1,
which is now the address you use to connect to the built-in web-based configuration
manager of the FWG114P v2.
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3. Set up the IKE Policy illustrated below on the FWG114P v2.
a.
From the main menu VPN section, click on the IKE Policies link, and then click the Add
button to display the screen below.
Figure 8-14: Scenario 1 IKE Policy
b.
Configure the IKE Policy according to the settings in the illustration above and click
Apply to save your settings. For more information on IKE Policy topics, please see “IKE
Policies’ Automatic Key and Authentication Management” on page 8-3.
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4. Set up the FWG114P v2 VPN -Auto Policy illustrated below.
a.
From the main menu VPN section, click on the VPN Policies link, and then click on the
Add Auto Policy button.
WAN IP
address
LAN IP
addresses
Figure 8-15: Scenario 1 VPN - Auto Policy
b.
Configure the IKE Policy according to the settings in the illustration above and click
Apply to save your settings. For more information on IKE Policy topics, please see “IKE
Policies’ Automatic Key and Authentication Management” on page 8-3.
Note: Selecting ANY for the Traffic Selectors means all traffic goes through the IPSec
tunnel and prevents access to the Internet.
5. After applying these changes, all traffic from the range of LAN IP addresses specified on
FWG114P v2 A and FWG114P v2 B will flow over a secure VPN tunnel.
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How to Check VPN Connections
You can test connectivity and view VPN status information on the FWG114P v2.
1.
2.
To test connectivity between the Gateway A FWG114P v2 LAN and the Gateway B LAN,
follow these steps:
a.
Using our example, from a PC attached to the FWG114P v2 on LAN A, on a Windows PC
click the Start button on the taskbar and then click Run.
b.
Enter ping -t 172.23.9.1, and then click OK.
c.
This will cause a continuous ping to be sent to the LAN interface of Gateway B. After
between several seconds and two minutes, the ping response should change from “timed
out” to “reply.”
d.
At this point the connection is established.
To test connectivity between the FWG114P v2 Gateway A and Gateway B WAN ports, follow
these steps:
a.
Using our example, log in to the FWG114P v2 on LAN A, go to the main menu
Maintenance section and click the Diagnostics link.
b.
To test connectivity to the WAN port of Gateway B, enter 22.23.24.25, and then click
Ping.
c.
This will cause a ping to be sent to the WAN interface of Gateway B. After between
several seconds and two minutes, the ping response should change from “timed out” to
“reply.” You may have to run this test several times before you get the “reply” message
back from the target FWG114P v2.
d.
At this point the connection is established.
Note: If you want to ping the FWG114P v2 as a test of network connectivity, be sure the
FWG114P v2 is configured to respond to a ping on the Internet WAN port by checking the
checkbox seen in “Rules menu” on page 6-5. However, to preserve a high degree of security,
you should turn off this feature when you are finished with testing.
3.
To view the FWG114P v2 event log and status of Security Associations, follow these steps:
a.
Go to the FWG114P v2 main menu VPN section and click the VPN Status link.
b.
The log screen will display a history of the VPN connections, and the IPSec SA and IKE
SA tables will report the status and data transmission statistics of the VPN tunnels for each
policy.
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VPNC Scenario 2: Gateway-to-Gateway with Certificates
The following is a typical gateway-to-gateway VPN that uses PKIX certificates for authentication.
10.5.6.0/24
172.23.9.0/24
Gateway A
10.5.6.1
Gateway B
Internet
14.15.16.17
22.23.24.25
172.23.9.1
Figure 8-16: VPN Consortium Scenario 2
Gateway A connects the internal LAN 10.5.6.0/24 to the Internet. Gateway A's LAN interface has
the address 10.5.6.1, and its WAN (Internet) interface has the address 14.15.16.17.
Gateway B connects the internal LAN 172.23.9.0/24 to the Internet. Gateway B's WAN (Internet)
interface has the address 22.23.24.25. Gateway B's LAN interface address, 172.23.9.1, can be used
for testing IPsec but is not needed for configuring Gateway A.
The IKE Phase 1 parameters used in Scenario 2 are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Main mode
TripleDES
SHA-1
MODP group 2 (1024 bits)
Authentication with signatures authenticated by PKIX certificates; both Gateway A and
Gateway B have end-entity certificates that chain to a root authority called "Trusted Root CA."
SA lifetime of 28800 seconds (eight hours) with no kbytes rekeying
The IKE Phase 2 parameters used in Scenario 2 are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
TripleDES
SHA-1
ESP tunnel mode
MODP group 2 (1024 bits)
Perfect forward secrecy for rekeying
SA lifetime of 3600 seconds (one hour) with no kbytes rekeying
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•
Selectors for all IP protocols, all ports, between 10.5.6.0/24 and 172.23.9.0/24, using IPv4
subnets
Scenario 2: FWG114P v2 to FWG114P v2 with Certificates
The following is a typical gateway-to-gateway VPN that uses Public Key Infrastructure x.509
(PKIX) certificates for authentication. The network setup is identical to the one given in scenario
1. The IKE Phase 1 and Phase 2 parameters are identical to the ones given in scenario 1, with the
exception that the identification is done with signatures authenticated by PKIX certificates.
Note: Before completing this configuration scenario, make sure the correct Time Zone is set on the
FWG114P v2. For instructions on this topic, please see, “Setting the Time Zone” on page 6-13.
1. Obtain a root certificate.
a.
Obtain the root certificate (which includes the public key) from a Certificate Authority
(CA)
Note: The procedure for obtaining certificates differs from a CA like Verisign and a CA,
such as a Windows 2000 certificate server, which an organization operates for providing
certificates for its members. For example, an administrator of a Windows 2000 certificate
server might provide it to you via e-mail.
b.
Save the certificate as a text file called trust.txt.
2. Install the trusted CA certificate for the Trusted Root CA.
a.
Log in to the FWG114P v2.
b.
From the main menu VPN section, click on the CA’s link.
c.
Click Add to add a CA.
d.
Click Browse to locate the trust.txt file.
e.
Click Upload.
3. Create a certificate request for the FWG114P v2.
a.
From the main menu VPN section, click the Certificates link.
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b.
Click the Generate Request button to display the screen illustrated in Figure 8-17 below.
.
FWG114P
Figure 8-17: Generate Self Certificate Request menu
c.
Fill in the fields on the Add Self Certificate screen.
•
Required
–
–
–
–
–
•
Name. Enter a name to identify this certificate.
Subject. This is the name which other organizations will see as the holder (owner)
of this certificate. This should be your registered business name or official
company name. Generally, all certificates should have the same value in the
Subject field.
Hash Algorithm. Select the desired option: MD5 or SHA1.
Signature Algorithm. Select the desired option: DSS or RSA.
Signature Key Length. Select the desired option: 512, 1024, or 2048.
Optional
–
–
IP Address. If you use “IP type” in the IKE policy, you should input the IP
Address here. Otherwise, you should leave this blank.
Domain Name. If you have a domain name, you can enter it here. Otherwise, you
should leave this blank.
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–
d.
E-mail Address. You can enter your e-mail address here.
Click the Next button to continue. The FWG114P v2 generates a Self Certificate Request
as shown below.
Highlight, copy and
paste this data into
a text file.
Figure 8-18: Self Certificate Request data
4. Transmit the Self Certificate Request data to the Trusted Root CA.
a.
Highlight the text in the Data to supply to CA area, copy it, and paste it into a text file.
b.
Give the certificate request data to the CA. In the case of a Windows 2000 internal CA,
you might simply e-mail it to the CA administrator. The procedures of a CA like Verisign
and a CA, such as a Windows 2000 certificate server administrator will differ. Follow the
procedures of your CA.
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c.
When you have finished gathering the Self Certificate Request data, click the Done button.
You will return to the Certificates screen where your pending “FWG114P v2” Self
Certificate Request will be listed, as illustrated in Figure 8-19 below.
FWG114P
Figure 8-19: Self Certificate Requests table
5. Receive the certificate back from the Trusted Root CA and save it as a text file.
Note: In the case of a Windows 2000 internal CA, the CA administrator might simply e-mail it
to back to you. Follow the procedures of your CA. Save the certificate you get back from the
CA as a text file called final.txt.
6. Upload the new certificate.
a.
From the main menu VPN section, click on the Certificates link.
b.
Click the radio button of the Self Certificate Request you want to upload.
c.
Click the Upload Certificate button.
d.
Browse to the location of the file you saved in step 5 above which contains the certificate
from the CA.
e.
Click the Upload button.
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f.
You will now see the “FWG114P v2” entry in the Active Self Certificates table and the
pending “FWG114P v2” Self Certificate Request is gone, as illustrated below.
FWG1
Figure 8-20: Self Certificates table
7. Associate the new certificate and the Trusted Root CA certificate on the FWG114P v2.
a.
Create a new IKE policy called Scenario_2 with all the same properties of Scenario_1
(see “Scenario 1 IKE Policy” on page 8-22) except now use the RSA Signature instead of
the shared key.
Figure 8-21: IKE policy using RSA Signature
b.
Create a new VPN Auto Policy called scenario2a with all the same properties as
scenario1a except that it uses the IKE policy called Scenario_2.
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Now, the traffic from devices within the range of the LAN subnet addresses on FWG114P v2
A and Gateway B will be authenticated using the certificates rather than via a shared key.
8. Set up Certificate Revocation List (CRL) checking.
a.
Get a copy of the CRL from the CA and save it as a text file.
Note: The procedure for obtaining a CRL differs from a CA like Verisign and a CA, such
as a Windows 2000 certificate server, which an organization operates for providing
certificates for its members. Follow the procedures of your CA.
b.
From the main menu VPN section, click on the CRL link.
c.
Click Add to add a CRL.
d.
Click Browse to locate the CRL file.
e.
Click Upload.
Now expired or revoked certificates will not be allowed to use the VPN tunnels managed by
IKE policies which use this CA.
Note: You must update the CRLs regularly in order to maintain the validity of the
certificate-based VPN policies.
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Netgear VPN Client to FWG114P v2
Follow these procedures to configure a VPN tunnel from a NETGEAR ProSafe VPN Client to an
FWG114P v2. This case study follows the Virtual Private Network Consortium (VPNC)
interoperability profile guidelines. The menu options for the FVS328, FVL328, FWAG114, and
FWG114P v2 are the same.
Configuration Profile
The configuration in this document follows the addressing and configuration mechanics defined
by the VPN Consortium. Gather all the necessary information before you begin the configuration
process. Verify whether the firmware is up to date, all of the addresses that will be necessary, and
all of the parameters that need to be set on both sides. Check that there are no firewall restrictions.
Table 8-1.
Summary
VPN Consortium Scenario:
Scenario 1
Type of VPN
PC/Client-to-Gateway
Security Scheme:
IKE with Preshared Secret/Key (not Certificate-based)
Date Tested:
December 2003
Model/Firmware Tested:
Gateway
FWG114P firmware v 2.2
Client
NETGEAR ProSafe VPN Client v10.1
IP Addressing:
Gateway
Static IP address
Client
Dynamic
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Figure 8-22: Addressing and Subnet Used for Examples
Step-By-Step Configuration of FWG114P v2 Gateway
1.
Log in to the FWG114P v2 gateway as in the illustration.
Out of the box, the FWG114P v2 is set for its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with
its default user name of admin and default password of password.
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2.
Click IKE Policies under the VPN menu and click Add on the IKE Policies Menu.
Figure 8-23: NETGEAR FWG114P v2 IKE Policy Configuration
–
–
–
–
–
Enter a descriptive name for the policy in the Policy Name field. This name is not supplied
to the remote VPN endpoint. It is used to help you manage the IKE policies. In our
example, we used VPNclient as the Policy Name.
From the Direction/Type drop-down box, select Remote Access.
From the Exchange Mode drop-down box, select Aggressive Mode. This will also be
selected in the VPN Client My Identity ID Type fields, as seen in “Security Policy” on
page 8-41.
From the Local Identity drop-down box, select Fully Qualified Domain Name (the actual
WAN IP address of the FWG114P v2 will also be used in the Connection ID Type fields of
the VPN Client as seen in “Security Policy Editor New Connection” on page 8-39).
For this example we typed FWG114P v2 in the Local Identity Data field.
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–
From the Remote Identity drop-down box, select Fully Qualified Domain Name.
–
Type VPNclient in the Remote Identity Data. This will also be entered in the VPN Client
My Identity ID Type fields, as seen in “My Identity” on page 8-40.
–
From the Encryption Algorithm drop-down box, select 3DES. This will also be selected in
the VPN Client Security Policy Authentication Phase 1 Proposal 1 Encrypt Alg field, as
seen in “Connection Security Policy Authentication (Phase 1)” on page 8-42.
From the Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select SHA-1.This will also be
selected in the VPN Client Security Policy Authentication Phase 1 Proposal 1 Hash Alg
field, as seen in “Connection Security Policy Authentication (Phase 1)” on page 8-42.
From the Authentication Method radio button, select Pre-shared Key. This will also be
selected in the VPN Client Security Policy Authentication Phase 1 Proposal 1
Authentication Method field, as seen in “Connection Security Policy Authentication
(Phase 1)” on page 8-42.
In the Pre-Shared Key field, type hr5xb84l6aa9r6. You must make sure the key is the
same for both the client and the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server. This will
also be selected in the VPN client Security Policy Authentication Phase 1 Proposal 1
Encrypt Alg field, as seen in “Connection Identity Pre-Shared Key” on page 8-41.
From the Diffie-Hellman (DH) Group drop-down box, select Group 2 (1024 Bit). This
will also be selected in the VPN Client Security Policy Authentication Phase 1 Proposal 1
Key Group field, as seen in “Connection Security Policy Authentication (Phase 1)” on
page 8-42.
In the SA Life Time field, type 86400.
–
–
–
–
–
Click Apply. This will bring you back to the IKE Policies Menu.The FWG114P v2 IKE Policy
is now displayed in the IKE Policies page.
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3.
Click the VPN Policies link under the VPN category on the left side of the main menu. This
will take you to the VPN Policies Menu page. Click Add Auto Policy. This will open a new
screen titled VPN – Auto Policy.
Figure 8-24: VPN – Auto Policy settings
–
–
Enter a unique name to identify this policy. This name is not supplied to the remote VPN
endpoint. In our example, we use VPNclient as the Policy Name.
From the IKE policy drop-down box, select VPNclient which is the IKE Policy that was
set up in the earlier step.
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
From the Remote VPN Endpoint Address Type drop-down box, select IP Address.
Type 0.0.0.0 as the Address Data of the client because we are assuming the remote PC will
have a dynamically assigned IP address. This will also be entered in the VPN Client
Internal Network IP Address field, as seen in “My Identity” on page 8-40.
Type 86400 in the SA Life Time (Seconds) field.
Type 0 in the SA Life Time (Kbytes) field.
Check the IPSec PFS check box to enable Perfect Forward Secrecy. This will also be
entered in the VPN Client Security Policy Enable Perfect Forward Secrecy check box, as
seen in “Security Policy” on page 8-41.
From the PFS Key Group drop-down box, select Group 2 (1024 Bit). This will also be
entered in the VPN Client Security Policy PFS Key Group drop-down selection box, as
seen in “Security Policy” on page 8-41.
From the Traffic Selector Local IP drop-down box, select Subnet addresses. This will
also be entered in the VPN Client Connection Remote Party Identity and Addressing ID
Type field, as seen in “Security Policy Editor New Connection” on page 8-39.
Note: Selecting ANY for the Traffic Selectors means all traffic goes through the IPSec
tunnel and prevents access to the Internet.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of the FWG114P v2 in the Local IP Start IP Address
field. For this example, we used 192.168.0.0 which is the default LAN IP address of the
FWG114P v2. This will also be entered in the VPN Client Connection Remote Party
Identity and Addressing Subnet field, as seen in “Security Policy Editor New Connection”
on page 8-39.
Type the LAN Subnet Mask of the FWG114P v2 (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the
Local IP Subnet Mask field. This will also be entered in the VPN Client Connection
Remote Party Identity and Addressing Mask field, as seen in “Security Policy Editor New
Connection” on page 8-39.
From the Traffic Selector Remote IP drop-down box, select Single addresses.
Type 0.0.0.0 as the start IP Address of the in the Remote IP Start IP Address field because
we are assuming the remote PC will have a dynamically assigned IP address. This will
also be entered in the VPN Client My Identity Internal Network IP Address field, as seen
in “My Identity” on page 8-40.
Select the Enable Encryption check box. This will also be selected in the VPN Client
Security Policy Key Exchange (Phase 2) Encapsulation Protocol (ESP) check box, as seen
in “Connection Security Policy Key Exchange (Phase 2)” on page 8-43.
From the ESP Configuration Encryption Algorithm drop-down box, select 3DES. This
will also be entered in the VPN Client Security Policy Key Exchange (Phase 2) Encrypt
Alg field, as seen in “Connection Security Policy Key Exchange (Phase 2)” on page 8-43.
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–
–
–
Select Enable Authentication in the ESP Configuration Enable Authentication check
box.
Note: Do not confuse this with the Authentication Protocol (AH) option. Using the AH
option will prevent clients behind a home NAT router from connecting.
From the ESP Configuration Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select SHA-1.
This will also be entered in the VPN Client Security Policy Key Exchange (Phase 2) Hash
Alg field, as seen in “Connection Security Policy Key Exchange (Phase 2)” on page 8-43.
Select the NETBIOS Enable check box to enable networking features like Windows
Network Neighborhood.
Click Apply to save your changes. You will be taken back to the VPN Policies Menu page.
4.
When the screen returns to the VPN Policies, make sure the Enable check box is selected.
Click Apply to save your changes.
Step-By-Step Configuration of the Netgear VPN Client
Note: The Netgear ProSafe VPN Client has the ability to “Import” a predefined
configuration profile. The FWG114P V2.SPD file on the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 Resource CD for the ProSafe Wireless
802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P (SW-10023-03) includes all the
settings identified in this procedure.
Whenever importing policy settings, you should first export any existing settings you
may have configured to prevent the new imported settings from replacing an existing
working configuration.
To import this policy, use the Security Policy Editor File menu to select Import Policy,
and select the FWG114P v2.SPD file at D:\Software\Policies where D is the drive letter
of your CD-ROM drive.
This procedure describes linking a remote PC and a LAN. The LAN will connect to the Internet
using an FWG114P v2 with a static IP address. The PC can be directly connected to the Internet
through dialup, cable or DSL modem, or other means, and we will assume it has a dynamically
assigned IP address.
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1.
Install the Netgear VPN Client Software on the PC.
Note: Before installing the Netgear VPN Client software, be sure to turn off any virus
protection or firewall software you may be running on your PC.
2.
•
You may need to insert your Windows CD to complete the installation.
•
Reboot your PC after installing the client software.
Configure the Connection Network Settings.
Figure 8-25: Security Policy Editor New Connection
a.
Run the Security Policy Editor program and create a VPN Connection.
Figure 8-26: Security Policy Editor Options menu
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Note: If the configuration settings on this screen are not available for editing, go to the
Options menu, select Secure, and Specified Options to enable editing these settings.
From the Edit menu of the Security Policy Editor, click Add, then Connection. A “New
Connection” listing appears. Rename the “New Connection” to FWG114P v2.
b.
Ensure that the following settings are configured:
–
–
–
3.
In the Connection Security box, Secure is selected.
In the Protocol menu, All is selected.
The Connect using Secure Gateway Tunnel check box is selected.
c.
In this example, select IP Subnet as the ID Type, 192.168.0.0 in the Subnet field (the
Subnet address is the LAN IP Address of the FWG114P v2 with 0 as the last number), and
255.255.255.0 in the Mask field, which is the LAN Subnet Mask of the FWG114P v2.
d.
In the ID Type menus, select Domain Name and Gateway IP Address. Enter FWG114P
v2 in the Domain Name field. In this example, 66.120.188.153 would be used for the
Gateway IP Address, which is the static IP address for the FWG114P v2 WAN port.
Configure the Connection Identity Settings.
a.
In the Network Security Policy list, click the My Identity subheading.
Figure 8-27: My Identity
In this example, select Domain Name as the ID Type, and enter VPNclient. Also, accept
the default Internal Network IP Address of 0.0.0.0.
Figure 8-28: My Identity Pre-Shared Key
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b.
Click Pre-Shared Key.
In this example, enter this
pre-shared key in this field:
hr5xb84l6aa9r6
Figure 8-29: Connection Identity Pre-Shared Key
4.
c.
Enter hr5xb84l6aa9r6, which is the same Pre-Shared Key entered in the FWG114P v2.
d.
Click OK.
Configure the Connection Identity Settings.
a.
In the Network Security Policy list, click the Security Policy subheading.
Figure 8-30: Security Policy
b.
For this example, ensure that the following settings are configured:
–
–
–
–
In the Select Phase 1 Negotiation Mode menu, select Aggressive Mode.
Select the Enable Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) check box.
In the PFS Key Group drop-down list, Diffie-Hellman Group 2.
Select the Enable Replay Detection check box.
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5.
Configure the Connection Security Policy
In this step, you will provide the authentication (IKE Phase 1) settings, and the key exchange
(Phase 2) settings. The setting choices in this procedure follow the VPNC guidelines.
Figure 8-31: Connection Security Policy Authentication (Phase 1)
a.
Configure the Authentication (Phase 1) Settings.
•
Expand the Security Policy heading, then expand the Authentication (Phase 1)
heading, and click on Proposal 1.
•
For this example, ensure that the following settings are configured:
–
In the Encrypt Alg menu, select Triple DES.
–
In the Hash Alg, select SHA-1.
–
In the SA Life, select Unspecified.
–
In the Key Group menu, select Diffie-Hellman Group 2.
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Figure 8-32: Connection Security Policy Key Exchange (Phase 2)
b.
Configure the Key Exchange (Phase 2).
•
Expand the Key Exchange (Phase 2) heading, and click on Proposal 1.
•
For this example, ensure that the following settings are configured:
–
In the SA Life menu, select Unspecified.
–
In the Compression menu, select None.
–
Check the Encapsulation Protocol (ESP) check box.
–
In the Encrypt Alg menu, select Triple DES.
–
In the Hash Alg, select SHA-1.
–
In the Encapsulation menu, select Tunnel.
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6.
Configure the Global Policy Settings.
a.
From the Options menu at the top of the Security Policy Editor window, select Global
Policy Settings.
Figure 8-33: Security Policy Editor Global Policy Options
7.
b.
Increase the Retransmit Interval period to 45 seconds.
c.
Select the Allow to Specify Internal Network Address check box and click OK.
Save the VPN Client Settings.
From the File menu at the top of the Security Policy Editor window, select Save.
After you have configured and saved the VPN client information, your PC will automatically
open the VPN connection when you attempt to access any IP addresses in the range of the
remote VPN router’s LAN.
Note: Whenever you make changes to a Security Policy, save them first, then deactivate
the security policy, reload the security policy, and finally activate the security policy.
This ensures that your new settings will take effect.
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Testing the VPN Connection
You can test the VPN connection in several ways:
•
From the client PC to the FWG114P v2
•
From the FWG114P v2 to the client PC
These procedures are explained below.
Note: Virus protection or firewall software can interfere with VPN communications. Be
sure such software is not running on the remote PC with the Netgear ProSafe VPN
Client and that the firewall features of the FWG114P v2 are not set in such a way as to
prevent VPN communications.
From the Client PC to the FWG114P v2
To check the VPN Connection, you can initiate a request from the remote PC to the FWG114P v2
by using the “Connect” option of the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server popup menu.
1.
Open the popup menu by right-clicking on the system tray icon.
2.
Select Connect to open the My Connections list.
3.
Choose FWG114P v2.
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server will report the results of the attempt to
connect.
Once the connection is established, you can access resources of the network connected to the
FWG114P v2.
Another method is to ping from the remote PC to the LAN IP address of the FWG114P v2. To
perform a ping test using our example, start from the remote PC:
1.
Establish an Internet connection from the PC.
2.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
3.
Type ping -t 192.168.0.1 and click OK.
This will cause a continuous ping to be sent to the first FWG114P v2. After a period of up to
two minutes, the ping response should change from “timed out” to “reply.”
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To test the connection to a computer connected to the FWG114P v2, simply ping the IP
address of that computer.
Once connected, you can open a browser on the remote PC and enter the LAN IP Address of the
FWG114P v2, which is http://192.168.0.1 in this example. After a short wait, you should see the
login screen of the FWG114P v2.
From the FWG114P v2 to the Client PC
You can use the FWG114P v2 Diagnostic utilities to test the VPN connection from the FWG114P
v2 to the client PC. Run ping tests from the Diagnostics link of the FWG114P v2 main menu.
Monitoring the PC VPN Connection
Information on the progress and status of the VPN client connection can be viewed by opening the
Netgear ProSafe VPN Client Connection Monitor or Log Viewer. To launch these functions, click
on the Windows Start button, then select Programs, then Netgear ProSafe VPN Client, then either
the Connection Monitor or Log Viewer.
The Log Viewer screen for a successful connection is similar to the one shown below:
Figure 8-34: Log Viewer screen
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A sample Connection Monitor screen for a different connection is shown below:
Figure 8-35: Connection Monitor screen
In this example the following connection options apply:
•
•
•
The FWG114P v2 has a public IP WAN address of 66.120.188.153
The FWG114P v2 has a LAN IP address of 192.168.0.1
The VPN client PC is behind a home NAT router and has a dynamically assigned address
of 192.168.0.3
While the connection is being established, the Connection Name field in this menu will say “SA”
before the name of the connection. When the connection is successful, the “SA” will change to the
yellow key symbol shown in the illustration above.
Viewing the FWG114P v2 VPN Status and Log Information
Information on the status of the VPN client connection can be viewed by opening the FWG114P
v2 VPN Status screen. To view this screen, click the VPN Status link on the FWG114P v2 main
menu.
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The FWG114P v2 VPN Status screen for a successful connection is shown below:
Figure 8-36: FWG114P v2 VPN Status screen
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Chapter 9
Maintenance
This chapter describes how to use the maintenance features of your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2. These features are accessed via the Main Menu
Maintenance heading.
Viewing Wireless Firewall/Print Server Status Information
The Router Status menu provides status and usage information. From the main menu of the
browser interface, click on Maintenance, then select Router Status to view this screen.
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Figure 9-1: Router Status screen
The Router Status screen shows the following parameters:
Table 9-1.
Status Fields
Field
Description
System Name
The System Name assigned to the router.
Firmware Version
The router firmware version.
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Table 9-1.
Status Fields
Field
Description
Printer Status
The printer status.
WAN Port
These parameters apply to the Internet (WAN) port of the router.
MAC Address
This field displays the MAC address being used by the Internet (WAN)
port of the router.
IP Address
This field displays the IP address being used by the Internet (WAN) port
of the router. If no address is shown, the router cannot connect to the
Internet.
DHCP
This field if the WAN port DHCP settings are dynamic or static.
IP Subnet Mask
This field displays the IP Subnet Mask being used by the Internet (WAN)
port of the router.
Domain Name Server
Identifies the IP address of the DNS server(s).
LAN Port
MAC Address
The Media Access Control address being used by the LAN port of the
router.
IP Address
The IP address being used by the Local (LAN) port of the router. The
default is 192.168.0.1.
DHCP
Identifies if the router’s built-in DHCP server is active for the LAN
attached devices.
IP Subnet Mask
The IP Subnet Mask being used by the Local (LAN) port of the router.
The default is 255.255.255.0.
Wireless Port
Name (SSID)
This field displays the wireless network name (SSID) being used by the
wireless port of the router. The default is Wireless.
Region
This field displays the MAC address being used by the wireless port of
the router.
Channel/Frequency
Identifies the channel the wireless port is using. See “Wireless
Channels” on page E-7 for the frequencies used on each channel.
Mode
Identifies if the channel the wireless port is set for 802.11b, 802.11g, or
both.
Wireless AP
Identifies if the wireless access point is on or off.
Broadcast Name
Identifies if the Name (SSID) is being broadcast.
Serial Port
Status
The status of the serial port. Click the Details button to view the Serial
Port Log, Port Status, Physical Link, PPP Link, PPP IP Address, Phone
Line Speed, and Serial Line Speed.
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Table 9-1.
Status Fields
Field
Description
Modem
The status of the modem port.
Dial-In
The status of the Dial-In port.
Internet Access
The status of the serial Internet connection.
Lan-to-LAN
The status of the serial LAN-to-LAN connection.
Click “WAN Status” to display the WAN connection status.
Figure 9-2: Connection Status screen
This screen shows the following statistics:.
Table 9-1.
Connection Status Fields
Field
Description
Connection Time
The length of time the router has been connected to your Internet service provider’s
network.
Connection Method The method used to obtain an IP address from your Internet service provider.
IP Address
The WAN (Internet) IP Address assigned to the router.
Network Mask
The WAN (Internet) Subnet Mask assigned to the router.
Default Gateway
The WAN (Internet) default gateway the router communicates with.
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Log action buttons are described in Table 9-2.
Table 9-2.
Connection Status action buttons
Field
Description
Renew
Click the Renew button to renew the DHCP lease.
Click “Show Statistics” to display router usage statistics.
Figure 9-3: Router Statistics screen
This screen shows the following statistics:
Table 9-1.
Router Statistics Fields
Field
Description
interface
The statistics for the WAN (Internet), LAN (local), Wireless, and Serial interfaces. For
each interface, the screen displays:
Status
The link status of the interface.
TxPkts
The number of packets transmitted on this interface since reset or manual clear.
RxPkts
The number of packets received on this interface since reset or manual clear.
Collisions
The number of collisions on this interface since reset or manual clear.
Tx B/s
The current transmission (outbound) bandwidth used on the interfaces.
Rx B/s
The current reception (inbound) bandwidth used on the interfaces.
Up Time
The amount of time since the router was last restarted.
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Table 9-1.
Router Statistics Fields (continued)
Field
Description
Serial Up Time
Poll Interval
The time elapsed since this port acquired the link.
Specifies the intervals at which the statistics are updated in this window. Click on Stop
to freeze the display.
WAN Status action buttons are described in Table 9-2.
Table 9-2.
Connection Status action buttons
Field
Description
Set Interval
Enter a time and click the button to set the polling frequency.
Stop
Click the Stop button to freeze the polling information.
Viewing a List of Attached Devices
The Attached Devices menu contains a table of all IP devices that the router has discovered on the
local network. From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading,
select Attached Devices to view the table shown below:
Figure 9-4: Attached Devices menu
For each device, the table shows the IP address, Device Name (if available), and Ethernet MAC
address. Note that if the router is rebooted, the table data is lost until the router rediscovers the
devices. To force the router to look for attached devices, click the Refresh button.
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Upgrading the Router Software
The routing software of the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server is stored in FLASH
memory, and can be upgraded as new software is released by NETGEAR. Upgrade files can be
downloaded from Netgear's Web site. If the upgrade file is compressed (.ZIP file), you must first
extract the binary file before sending it to the router. The upgrade file can be sent to the router
using your browser.
Note: The Web browser used to upload new firmware into the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/
Print Server must support HTTP uploads. NETGEAR recommends using Microsoft Internet
Explorer or Netscape Navigator 3.0, or above.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Router
Upgrade heading.
To upload new firmware:
1.
Download and unzip the new software file from NETGEAR.
2.
In the Router Upgrade menu, click the Browse button and browse to the location of the binary
(.IMG) upgrade file.
3.
Click Upload.
Note: When uploading software to the FWG114P v2, it is important not to interrupt the Web
browser by closing the window, clicking a link, or loading a new page. If the browser is
interrupted, it may corrupt the software. When the upload is complete, your router will
automatically restart. The upgrade process will typically take about one minute.
In some cases, you may need to reconfigure the router after upgrading.
Configuration File Management
The configuration settings of the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server are stored within the
router in a configuration file. This file can be saved (backed up) to a user’s computer, retrieved
(restored) from the user’s computer, or cleared to the factory default settings.
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From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Settings
Backup heading to bring up the menu shown below.
Figure 9-5: Settings Backup menu
Three options are available, and are described in the following sections.
Restoring and Backing Up the Configuration
The Restore and Backup options in the Settings Backup menu allow you to save and retrieve a file
containing your router’s configuration settings.
To save your settings, click Backup. Your browser will extract the configuration file from the
router and will prompt you for a location on your computer to store the file. You can give the file a
meaningful name at this time, such as SBC.cfg.
To restore your settings from a saved configuration file, enter the full path to the file on your
computer or click the Browse button to locate the file. When you have located it, click the Restore
button to send the file to the router. The router will then reboot automatically.
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Erasing the Configuration
It is sometimes desirable to restore the router to a known blank condition. This can be done by
using the Erase function, which will restore all factory settings. After an erase, the router's
password will be password, the LAN IP address will be 192.168.0.1, and the router's DHCP client
will be enabled.
To erase the configuration, click the Erase button.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the login password or IP
address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. See “Restoring the
Default Configuration and Password” on page 11-7.
Changing the Administrator Password
The default password for the router’s Web Configuration Manager is password. Netgear
recommends that you change this password to a more secure password.
From the main menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select Set Password
to bring up this menu.
Figure 9-6: Set Password menu
To change the password, first enter the old password, and then enter the new password twice. Click
Apply. To change the login idle timeout, change the number of minutes and click Apply.
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Chapter 10
Advanced Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure the advanced features of your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g
Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2. These features can be found under the Advanced
heading in the Main Menu of the browser interface.
Using the WAN Setup Options
The first feature category under the Advanced heading is WAN Setup. This menu allows
configuration of a DMZ server, MTU size, port speed, and so on. From the Main Menu of the
browser interface, under Advanced, click on WAN IP Setup to view the WAN IP Setup menu,
shown below.
Figure 10-1: WAN Setup Menu
The WAN Setup options let you configure a DMZ server, change the MTU size, and set the WAN
port speed. These options are discussed below.
•
Connect Automatically, as Required
Advanced Configuration
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Normally, this option is Enabled, so that an Internet connection will be made automatically
whenever Internet-bound traffic is detected. In locations where Internet access is billed by the
minute, if this causes high connection costs, you can disable this setting.
If disabled, you must connect manually, using the sub-screen accessed from the Router Status
menu “Show WAN Status” screen.
•
Setting Up a Default DMZ Server
Note: DMZ servers pose a security risk. A computer designated as the default DMZ
server loses much of the protection of the firewall, and is exposed to attacks from the
Internet. If compromised, the DMZ server can be used to attack your network.
The use of the term ‘DMZ’ has become common, although it is a misnomer. In traditional
firewalls, a DMZ is actually a separate physical network port. A true DMZ port is for
connecting servers that require greater access from the outside, and will therefore be provided
with a different level of security by the firewall. A better term for our application is Exposed
Host.
The default DMZ server feature is helpful when using some online games and
videoconferencing applications that are incompatible with NAT. The router is programmed to
recognize some of these applications and to work properly with them, but there are other
applications that may not function well. In some cases, one local computer can run the
application properly if that computer’s IP address is entered as the default DMZ server.
Incoming traffic from the Internet is normally discarded by the router unless the traffic is a
response to one of your local computers or a service that you have configured in the Ports
menu. Instead of discarding this traffic, you can have it forwarded to one computer on your
network. This computer is called the Default DMZ Server.
The WAN Setup menu lets you configure a Default DMZ Server.
To assign a computer or server to be a Default DMZ server, follow these steps:
Click WAN Setup link on the Advanced section of the main menu.
Type the IP address for that server. To remove the default DMZ server, replace the IP
address numbers with all zeros.
3. Click Apply.
1.
2.
•
Respond to Ping on Internet WAN Port
If you want the router to respond to a 'ping' from the Internet, click the ‘Respond to Ping on
Internet WAN Port’ check box. This should only be used as a diagnostic tool, since it allows
your router to be discovered. Do not check this box unless you have a specific reason to do so.
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•
Setting the MTU Size
The default MTU size is usually fine. The normal MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit) value for
most Ethernet networks is 1500 Bytes. For some ISPs, particularly those using PPPoE, you
may need to reduce the MTU. This should not be done unless you are sure it is necessary for
your ISP.
Any packets sent through the router that are larger than the configured MTU size will be
repackaged into smaller packets to meet the MTU requirement. To change the MTU size,
under MTU Size, enter a new size between 64 and 1500. Then, click Apply to save the new
configuration.
•
Setting the WAN Port Speed
In most cases, your router can automatically determine (AutoSense) the connection speed of
the Internet (WAN) port. If you cannot establish an Internet connection and the Internet LED
blinks continuously, you may need to manually select the port speed.
If you know that the Ethernet port on your broadband modem supports 100BaseT, select
100M; otherwise, select 10M.
How to Configure Dynamic DNS
If your network has a permanently assigned IP address, you can register a domain name and have
that name linked with your IP address by public Domain Name Servers (DNS). However, if your
Internet account uses a dynamically assigned IP address, you will not know in advance what your
IP address will be, and the address can change frequently. In this case, you can use a commercial
dynamic DNS service, which will allow you to register your domain to their IP address, and will
forward traffic directed to your domain to your frequently-changing IP address.
The router contains a client that can connect to a dynamic DNS service provider. To use this
feature, you must select a service provider and obtain an account with them. After you have
configured your account information in the router, whenever your ISP-assigned IP address
changes, your router will automatically contact your dynamic DNS service provider, log in to your
account, and register your new IP address.
1.
Log in to the router at its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with its default user name
of admin, default password of password, or using whatever password and LAN address you
have chosen for the router.
2.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Dynamic DNS.
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3.
Access the website of one of the dynamic DNS service providers whose names appear in the
‘Select Service Provider’ box, and register for an account.
For example, for dyndns.org, go to www.dyndns.org.
4.
Select the “Use a dynamic DNS service” check box.
5.
Select the name of your dynamic DNS Service Provider.
6.
Type the host name that your dynamic DNS service provider gave you.
The dynamic DNS service provider may call this the domain name. If your URL is
myName.dyndns.org, then your host name is “myName.”
7.
Type the user name for your dynamic DNS account.
8.
Type the password (or key) for your dynamic DNS account.
9.
If your dynamic DNS provider allows the use of wildcards in resolving your URL, you may
select the Use wildcards check box to activate this feature.
For example, the wildcard feature will cause *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same
IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org
10. Click Apply to save your configuration.
Note: If your ISP assigns a private WAN IP address, such as 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x,
the dynamic DNS service will not work because private addresses will not be routed on
the Internet.
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Using the LAN IP Setup Options
The second feature category under the Advanced heading is LAN IP Setup. This menu allows
configuration of LAN IP services, such as DHCP and RIP. From the Main Menu of the browser
interface, under Advanced, click on LAN IP Setup to view the LAN IP Setup menu, shown below.
Figure 10-2: LAN IP Setup Menu
Configuring LAN TCP/IP Setup Parameters
The router is shipped preconfigured to use private IP addresses on the LAN side, and to act as a
DHCP server. The router’s default LAN IP configuration is:
•
•
LAN IP addresses—192.168.0.1
Subnet mask—255.255.255.0
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These addresses are part of the IETF-designated private address range for use in private networks,
and should be suitable in most applications. If your network has a requirement to use a different IP
addressing scheme, you can make those changes in this menu.
The LAN IP parameters are:
•
IP Address
This is the LAN IP address of the router.
•
IP Subnet Mask
This is the LAN Subnet Mask of the router. Combined with the IP address, the IP Subnet Mask
allows a device to know which other addresses are local to it, and which must be reached
through a gateway or router.
•
RIP Direction
RIP (Router Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers. The RIP Direction selection controls how the router sends and receives RIP packets.
Both is the default.
— When set to Both or Out Only, the router will broadcast its routing table periodically.
— When set to Both or In Only, it will incorporate the RIP information that it receives.
— When set to None, it will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets
received.
•
RIP Version
This controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the router sends.
(It recognizes both formats when receiving.) By default, this is set for RIP-1.
— RIP-1 is universally supported. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you
have an unusual network setup.
— RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting.
Note: If you change the LAN IP address of the router while connected through the
browser, you will be disconnected. You must then open a new connection to the new IP
address and log in again.
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Using the Router as a DHCP server
By default, the router will function as a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server,
allowing it to assign IP, DNS server, and default gateway addresses to all computers connected to
the router's LAN. The assigned default gateway address is the LAN address of the router. IP
addresses will be assigned to the attached PCs from a pool of addresses specified in this menu.
Each pool address is tested before it is assigned to avoid duplicate addresses on the LAN.
For most applications, the default DHCP and TCP/IP settings of the router are satisfactory.
If another device on your network will be the DHCP server, or if you will manually configure the
network settings of all of your computers, clear the ‘Use router as DHCP server’ check box.
Otherwise, leave it checked.
Specify the pool of IP addresses to be assigned by setting the Starting IP Address and Ending IP
Address. These addresses should be part of the same IP address subnet as the router’s LAN IP
address. Using the default addressing scheme, you should define a range between 192.168.0.2 and
192.168.0.253, although you may wish to save part of the range for devices with fixed addresses.
The router will deliver the following parameters to any LAN device that requests DHCP:
•
An IP Address from the range you have defined.
•
Subnet Mask.
•
Gateway IP Address (the router’s LAN IP address).
•
Primary DNS Server (if you entered a Primary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu;
otherwise, the router’s LAN IP address).
•
Secondary DNS Server (if you entered a Secondary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu).
Using Address Reservation
When you specify a reserved IP address for a computer on the LAN, that computer will always
receive the same IP address each time it access the router’s DHCP server. Reserved IP addresses
should be assigned to servers that require permanent IP settings.
To reserve an IP address:
1.
Click the Add button.
2.
In the IP Address box, type the IP address to assign to the computer or server.
(choose an IP address from the router’s LAN subnet, such as 192.168.0.X)
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3.
Type the MAC Address of the computer or server.
(Tip: If the computer is already present on your network, you can copy its MAC address from
the Attached Devices menu and paste it here.)
4.
Click Apply to enter the reserved address into the table.
Note: The reserved address will not be assigned until the next time the computer contacts the
router's DHCP server. Reboot the computer or access its IP configuration and force a DHCP
release and renew.
To edit or delete a reserved address entry:
1.
Click the button next to the reserved address you want to edit or delete.
2.
Click Edit or Delete.
Configuring Static Routes
Static Routes provide additional routing information to your router. Under normal circumstances,
the router has adequate routing information after it has been configured for Internet access, and
you do not need to configure additional static routes. You must configure static routes only for
unusual cases, such as multiple routers or multiple IP subnets located on your network.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Static Routes to view the
Static Route menu.
To add or edit a Static Route:
1.
Click the Add button to open the Static Routes menu.
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Figure 10-3.
Static Route Entry and Edit Menu
2.
Type a route name for this static route in the Route Name box.
(This is for identification purpose only.)
3.
Select Active to make this route effective.
4.
Select Private if you want to limit access to the LAN only. The static route will not be reported
in RIP.
5.
Type the Destination IP Address of the final destination.
6.
Type the IP Subnet Mask for this destination.
If the destination is a single host, type 255.255.255.254.
7.
Type the Gateway IP Address, which must be a router on the same LAN segment as the router.
8.
Type a number between 1 and 15 as the Metric value.
This represents the number of routers between your network and the destination. Usually, a
setting of 2 or 3 works, but if this is a direct connection, set it to 1.
9.
Click Apply to have the static route entered into the table.
As an example of when a static route is needed, consider the following case:
•
Your primary Internet access is through a cable modem to an ISP.
•
You have an ISDN router on your home network for connecting to the company where
you are employed. This router’s address on your LAN is 192.168.0.100.
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•
Your company’s network is 134.177.0.0.
When you first configured your router, two implicit static routes were created. A default route was
created with your ISP as the gateway, and a second static route was created to your local network
for all 192.168.0.x addresses. With this configuration, if you attempt to access a device on the
134.177.0.0 network, your router will forward your request to the ISP. The ISP forwards your
request to the company where you are employed, and the request will likely be denied by the
company’s firewall.
In this case you must define a static route, telling your router that 134.177.0.0 should be accessed
through the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100. The static route would look like Figure 10-3.
In this example:
•
The Destination IP Address and IP Subnet Mask fields specify that this static route applies to
all 134.177.x.x addresses.
•
The Gateway IP Address fields specifies that all traffic for these addresses should be
forwarded to the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100.
•
A Metric value of 1 will work since the ISDN router is on the LAN.
•
Private is selected only as a precautionary security measure in case RIP is activated.
Enabling Remote Management Access
Using the Remote Management page, you can allow a user or users on the Internet to configure,
upgrade and check the status of your FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server.
Note: Be sure to change the router's default configuration password to a very secure
password. The ideal password should contain no dictionary words from any language,
and should be a mixture of letters (both upper and lower case), numbers, and symbols.
Your password can be up to 30 characters.
To configure your router for Remote Management:
1.
Select the Turn Remote Management On check box.
2.
Specify what external addresses will be allowed to access the router’s remote management.
Note: For enhanced security, restrict access to as few external IP addresses as practical.
a.
To allow access from any IP address on the Internet, select Everyone.
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3.
b.
To allow access from a range of IP addresses on the Internet, select IP address range.
Enter a beginning and ending IP address to define the allowed range.
c.
To allow access from a single IP address on the Internet, select Only this computer.
Enter the IP address that will be allowed access.
Specify the Port Number that will be used for accessing the management interface.
Web browser access normally uses the standard HTTP service port 80. For greater security,
you can change the remote management Web interface to a custom port by entering that
number in the box provided. Choose a number between 1024 and 65535, but do not use the
number of any common service port. The default is 8080, which is a common alternate for
HTTP.
4.
Click Apply to have your changes take effect.
Note: When accessing your router from the Internet, you will type your router's WAN IP address
into your browser's Address (in IE) or Location (in Netscape) box, followed by a colon (:) and the
custom port number. For example, if your external address is 134.177.0.123 and you use port
number 8080, you must enter in your browser: http://134.177.0.123:8080
Using Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) helps devices, such as Internet appliances and computers, access
the network and connect to other devices as needed. UPnP devices can automatically discover the
services from other registered UPnP devices on the network.
Figure 10-4.
UPnP Menu
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Turn UPnP On: UPnP can be enabled or disabled for automatic device configuration. The default
setting for UPnP is enabled. If disabled, the router will not allow any device to automatically
control the resources, such as port forwarding (mapping), of the router.
Advertisement Period: The Advertisement Period is how often the router will broadcast its UPnP
information. This value can range from 1 to 1440 minutes. The default period is 30 minutes.
Shorter durations will ensure that control points have current device status at the expense of
additional network traffic. Longer durations may compromise the freshness of the device status but
can significantly reduce network traffic.
Advertisement Time To Live: The time to live for the advertisement is measured in hops (steps)
for each UPnP packet sent. The time to live hop count is the number of steps a broadcast packet is
allowed to propagate for each UPnP advertisement before it disappears. The number of hops can
range from 1 to 255. The default value for the advertisement time to live is 4 hops, which should
be fine for most home networks. If you notice that some devices are not being updated or reached
correctly, then it may be necessary to increase this value a little.
UPnP Portmap Table: The UPnP Portmap Table displays the IP address of each UPnP device that
is currently accessing the router and which ports (Internal and External) that device has opened.
The UPnP Portmap Table also displays what type of port is opened and if that port is still active for
each IP address.
Advanced Wireless Settings
Note: Incorrectly changing these settings can prevent the wireless functions from working.
Figure 10-5: Advanced Wireless Settings menu
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These settings normally do not need to be changed.
•
WMM support
WMM (Wireless Multimedia) is a subset of the 802.11e standard. WMM allows wireless
traffic to have a range of priorities, depending on the kind of data. Time-dependent
information, like video or audio, will have a higher priority than normal traffic. For WMM to
function correctly, wireless clients must also support WMM. The default is Disable.
•
RTS Threshold
Request to Send Threshold. The packet size that is used to determine if it should use the
CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) mechanism or the
CSMA/CA define the mechanism for packet transmission. With the CSMA/CD transmission
mechanism, the transmitting station sends out the actual packet as soon as it has waited for the
silence period. With the CSMA/CA transmission mechanism, the transmitting station sends
out an RTS packet to the receiving station, and waits for the receiving station to send back a
CTS (Clear to Send) packet before sending the actual packet data.
•
Fragmentation Length
This is the maximum packet size used for fragmentation. Packets larger than the size
programmed in this field will be fragmented. The Fragment Threshold value must be larger
than the RTS Threshold value.
•
Beacon Interval
Specifies the data beacon rate between 20 and 1000.
•
DTIM
The Delivery Traffic Indication Message. Specifies the data beacon rate between 1 and 255.
•
Preamble Type
A long transmit preamble may provide a more reliable connection or slightly longer range. A
short transmit preamble gives better performance.
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Chapter 11
Troubleshooting
This chapter gives information about troubleshooting your ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/
Print Server Model FWG114P v2. After each problem description, instructions are provided to
help you diagnose and solve the problem.
Basic Functioning
After you turn on power to the router, the following sequence of events should occur:
1.
When power is first applied, verify that the PWR LED is on.
2.
After approximately 10 seconds, verify that:
a.
The TEST LED is not lit.
b.
The LAN port LEDs are lit for any local ports that are connected.
If a port’s LED is lit, a link has been established to the connected device. If a LAN port is
connected to a 100 Mbps device, verify that the port’s LED is green. If the port is 10
Mbps, the LED will be OFF.
c.
The Internet port LED is lit.
If any of these conditions does not occur, refer to the appropriate following section.
Power LED Not On
If the Power and other LEDs are off when your router is turned on:
•
Make sure that the power cord is properly connected to your router and that the power supply
adapter is properly connected to a functioning power outlet.
•
Check that you are using the 12 V DC power adapter supplied by NETGEAR for this product.
If the error persists, you have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
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LEDs Never Turn Off
When the router is turned on, the LEDs turns on for about 10 seconds and then turns off. If all the
LEDs stay on, there is a fault within the router.
If all LEDs are still on one minute after power up:
•
Cycle the power to see if the router recovers.
•
Clear the router’s configuration to the factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 11-7.
If the error persists, you might have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
LAN or Internet Port LEDs Not On
If either the LAN LEDs or the Internet LED do not light when the Ethernet connection is made,
check the following:
•
Make sure that the Ethernet cable connections are secure at the router and at the hub or
workstation.
•
Make sure that power is turned on to the connected hub or workstation.
•
Be sure you are using the correct cable:
When connecting the router’s Internet port to a broadband modem, use the cable that was
supplied with the broadband modem. This cable could be a standard straight-through Ethernet
cable or an Ethernet crossover cable.
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Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface
If you are unable to access the router’s Web Configuration interface from a computer on your local
network, check the following:
•
Check the Ethernet connection between the computer and the router as described in the
previous section.
•
Make sure your computer’s IP address is on the same subnet as the router. If you are using the
recommended addressing scheme, your computer’s address should be in the range of
192.168.0.2 to 192.168.0.254.
Note: If your computer’s IP address is shown as 169.254.x.x: Recent versions of Windows
and MacOS will generate and assign an IP address if the computer cannot reach a DHCP
server. These auto-generated addresses are in the range of 169.254.x.x. If your IP address is in
this range, check the connection from the computer to the router and reboot your computer.
•
If your router’s IP address has been changed and you do not know the current IP address, clear
the router’s configuration to the factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 11-7.
•
Make sure your browser has Java, JavaScript, or ActiveX enabled. If you are using Internet
Explorer, click Refresh to be sure the Java applet is loaded.
•
Try quitting the browser and launching it again.
•
Make sure you are using the correct login information. The factory default login name is
admin and the password is password. Make sure that CAPS LOCK is off when entering this
information.
If the router does not save changes you have made in the Web Configuration Interface, check the
following:
•
When entering configuration settings, be sure to click the APPLY button before moving to
another menu or tab, or your changes will be lost.
•
Click the Refresh or Reload button in the Web browser. The changes may have occurred, but
the Web browser may be caching the old configuration.
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Troubleshooting the ISP Connection
If your router is unable to access the Internet, you should first determine whether the router is able
to obtain a WAN IP address from the ISP. Unless you have been assigned a static IP address, your
router must request an IP address from the ISP. You can determine whether the request was
successful using the Web Configuration Manager.
To check the WAN IP address:
1.
Launch your browser and select an external site, such as www.netgear.com.
2.
Access the Main Menu of the router’s configuration at http://192.168.0.1.
3.
Under the Maintenance heading, select Router Status.
4.
Check that an IP address is shown for the WAN Port.
If 0.0.0.0 is shown, your router has not obtained an IP address from your ISP.
If your router is unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, you may need to force your
broadband modem to recognize your new router by performing the following procedure:
1.
Turn off power to the broadband modem.
2.
Turn off power to your router.
3.
Wait five minutes and reapply power to the broadband modem.
4.
When the modem’s LEDs indicate that it has reacquired sync with the ISP, reapply power to
your router.
If your router is still unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, the problem may be one of the
following:
•
Your ISP may require a login program.
Ask your ISP whether they require PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) or some other type of login.
•
If your ISP requires a login, you may have incorrectly set the login name and password.
•
Your ISP may check for your computer's host name.
Assign the computer Host Name of your ISP account as the Account Name in the Basic
Settings menu.
•
Your ISP only allows one Ethernet MAC address to connect to Internet, and may check for
your computer’s MAC address. In this case:
Inform your ISP that you have bought a new network device and ask them to use the router’s
MAC address.
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OR
Configure your router to spoof your computer’s MAC address. This can be done in the Basic
Settings menu. Refer to “Manually Configuring Your Internet Connection” on page 3-18.
If your router can obtain an IP address, but your computer is unable to load any Web pages from
the Internet:
•
Your computer may not recognize any DNS server addresses.
A DNS server is a host on the Internet that translates Internet names (such as www addresses)
to numeric IP addresses. Typically your ISP will provide the addresses of one or two DNS
servers for your use. Alternatively, you may configure your computer manually with DNS
addresses, as explained in your operating system documentation.
•
Your computer may not have the router configured as its TCP/IP gateway.
If your computer obtains its information from the router by DHCP, reboot the computer and
verify the gateway address.
Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility
Most TCP/IP terminal devices and routers contain a ping utility that sends an echo request packet
to the designated device. The device then responds with an echo reply. Troubleshooting a TCP/IP
network is made very easy by using the ping utility in your computer or workstation.
Testing the LAN Path to Your Router
You can ping the router from your computer to verify that the LAN path to your router is set up
correctly.
To ping the router from a computer running Windows 95 or later:
1.
From the Windows toolbar, click on the Start button and select Run.
2.
In the field provided, type Ping followed by the IP address of the router, as in this example:
ping 192.168.0.1
3.
Click on OK.
You should see a message like this one:
Pinging <IP address> with 32 bytes of data
If the path is working, you see this message:
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Reply from < IP address >: bytes=32 time=NN ms TTL=xxx
If the path is not working, you see this message:
Request timed out
If the path is not functioning correctly, you could have one of the following problems:
•
Wrong physical connections
— Make sure the LAN port LED is on. If the LED is off, follow the instructions in “LAN
or Internet Port LEDs Not On” on page 11-2.
— Check that the corresponding Link LEDs are on for your network interface card and
for the hub ports (if any) that are connected to your workstation and router.
•
Wrong network configuration
— Verify that the Ethernet card driver software and TCP/IP software are both installed
and configured on your computer or workstation.
— Verify that the IP address for your router and your workstation are correct and that the
addresses are on the same subnet.
Testing the Path from Your Computer to a Remote Device
After verifying that the LAN path works correctly, test the path from your computer to a remote
device. From the Windows run menu, type:
PING -n 10 <IP address>
where <IP address> is the IP address of a remote device, such as your ISP’s DNS server.
If the path is functioning correctly, replies as in the previous section are displayed. If you do not
receive replies:
— Check that your computer has the IP address of your router listed as the default gateway. If
the IP configuration of your computer is assigned by DHCP, this information will not be
visible in your computer’s Network Control Panel. Verify that the IP address of the router
is listed as the default gateway.
— Check to see that the network address of your computer (the portion of the IP address
specified by the netmask) is different from the network address of the remote device.
— Check that your broadband modem is connected and functioning.
— If your ISP assigned a host name to your computer, enter that host name as the Account
Name in the Basic Settings menu.
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— Your ISP could be rejecting the Ethernet MAC addresses of all but one of your PCs. Many
broadband ISPs restrict access by only allowing traffic from the MAC address of your
broadband modem, but some ISPs additionally restrict access to the MAC address of a
single computer connected to that modem. If this is the case, you must configure your
router to “clone” or “spoof” the MAC address from the authorized computer. Refer to
“Manually Configuring Your Internet Connection” on page 3-18.
Restoring the Default Configuration and Password
This section explains how to restore the factory default configuration settings, changing the
router’s administration password to password and the IP address to 192.168.0.1. You can erase the
current configuration and restore factory defaults in two ways:
•
Use the Erase function of the router (see “Erasing the Configuration” on page 9-9).
•
Use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. Use this method for cases when
the administration password or IP address is not known.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the administration password
or IP address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router.
1.
Press and hold the Default Reset button until the Test LED turns on (about 10 seconds).
2.
Release the Default Reset button and wait for the router to reboot.
Problems with Date and Time
The E-Mail menu in the Content Filtering section displays the current date and time of day. The
FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server uses the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to obtain the
current time from one of several Network Time Servers on the Internet. Each entry in the log is
stamped with the date and time of day. Problems with the date and time function can include:
•
Date shown is January 1, 2000. Cause: The router has not yet successfully reached a Network
Time Server. Check that your Internet access settings are configured correctly. If you have just
completed configuring the router, wait at least five minutes and check the date and time again.
•
Time is off by one hour. Cause: The router does not automatically sense Daylight Savings
Time. In the E-Mail menu, check or uncheck the box marked “Adjust for Daylight Savings
Time”.
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Appendix A
Technical Specifications
This appendix provides technical specifications for the ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print
Server Model FWG114P v2.
Network Protocol and Standards Compatibility
Data and Routing
Protocols:
TCP/IP, RIP-1, RIP-2, DHCP
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
VPN
Protocols:
IPSec, SHA-1, MD5, DES, 3DES, ESP, DH1, DH2
Tunnels:
2 IPSec Tunnels
Power Adapter
North America:
120V, 60 Hz, input
United Kingdom,
Australia:
240V, 50 Hz, input
Europe:
230V, 50 Hz, input
Japan:
100V, 50/60 Hz, input
All regions (output):
12 V DC @ 1.2 A output, 18W maximum
Physical Specifications
Dimensions:
H: 32 x L: 188 x W: 124 mm (1.25 x 7.4 x 4.9 in.)
Weight:
0.64 kg (1.4 lb)
Environmental
Specifications
Operating temperature:
0° to 40° C
(32º to 104º F)
Operating humidity:
90% maximum relative humidity, noncondensing
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Electromagnetic
Emissions
For North America and
Australia
FCC Part 15 Class B
For Japan
VCCI Class B
For Europe
EN 300 328, EN 301 489-17, EN 301 489-1, EN 60950
Interface Specifications
LAN:
10BASE-T or 100BASE-Tx, RJ-45
WAN:
10BASE-T or 100BASE-Tx
Printer:
USB v1.1
Serial:
RS-232 male DB-9 connector
Wireless
Data Encoding:
802.11b: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
802.11g: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Maximum Computers Per Limited by the amount of wireless network traffic generated by each
Wireless Network:
node. Typically 30-70 nodes.
802.11b and g
Radio Data Rate
1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps (Auto-rate capable)
802.11b and g
Transmit Power and
Receive Sensitivity
Maximum Transmit Power / Receive Sensitivity
54 Mbps, 11g
14.5 dBm typical
- 72 dBm typical
48 Mbps, 11g
14.5 dBm typical
- 75 dBm typical
36 Mbps, 11g
15.5 dBm typical
- 80dBm typical
24 Mbps, 11g
15.5 dBm typical
- 82 dBm typical
18Mbps, 11g
16.5 dBm typical
- 84 dBm typical
12 Mbps, 11g
16.5 dBm typical
- 85 dBm typical
6 Mbps, 11g
16.5 dBm typical
- 86 dBm typical
11 Mbps, 11b
17.5 dBm typical
- 83 dBm typical
5.5 Mbps, 11b
17.5 dBm typical
- 86 dBm typical
2 Mbps, 11b
17.5 dBm typical
- 89 dBm typical
1Mbps, 11b
17.5 dBm typical
- 92 dBm typical
Note: For Europe, the maximum transmit power does not exceed +15 dBm
Antenna:
External detachable 5 dBi omnidirectional
802.11 Security
40-bits (also called 64-bits), 128-bits WEP data encryption, and WPA
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Appendix B
Networks, Routing, and Firewall Basics
This appendix provides an overview of IP networks, routing, and firewalls.
Related Publications
As you read this document, you may be directed to various RFC documents for further
information. An RFC is a Request For Comment (RFC) published by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), an open organization that defines the architecture and operation of the Internet.
The RFC documents outline and define the standard protocols and procedures for the Internet. The
documents are listed on the World Wide Web at www.ietf.org and are mirrored and indexed at
many other sites worldwide.
Basic Router Concepts
Large amounts of bandwidth can be provided easily and relatively inexpensively in a local area
network (LAN). However, providing high bandwidth between a local network and the Internet can
be very expensive. Because of this expense, Internet access is usually provided by a slower-speed
wide-area network (WAN) link, such as a cable or DSL modem. In order to make the best use of
the slower WAN link, a mechanism must be in place for selecting and transmitting only the data
traffic meant for the Internet. The function of selecting and forwarding this data is performed by a
router.
What is a Router?
A router is a device that forwards traffic between networks based on network layer information in
the data and on routing tables maintained by the router. In these routing tables, a router builds up a
logical picture of the overall network by gathering and exchanging information with other routers
in the network. Using this information, the router chooses the best path for forwarding network
traffic.
Routers vary in performance and scale, number of routing protocols supported, and types of
physical WAN connection they support.
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Routing Information Protocol
One of the protocols used by a router to build and maintain a picture of the network is the Routing
Information Protocol (RIP). Using RIP, routers periodically update one another and check for
changes to add to the routing table.
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server supports both the older RIP-1 and the newer
RIP-2 protocols. Among other improvements, RIP-2 supports subnet and multicast protocols. RIP
is not required for most home applications.
IP Addresses and the Internet
Because TCP/IP networks are interconnected across the world, every machine on the Internet must
have a unique address to make sure that transmitted data reaches the correct destination. Blocks of
addresses are assigned to organizations by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Individual users and small organizations may obtain their addresses either from the IANA or from
an Internet service provider (ISP). You can contact IANA at www.iana.org.
The Internet Protocol (IP) uses a 32-bit address structure. The address is usually written in dot
notation (also called dotted-decimal notation), in which each group of eight bits is written in
decimal form, separated by decimal points.
For example, the following binary address:
11000011
00100010
00001100
00000111
is normally written as:
195.34.12.7
The latter version is easier to remember and easier to enter into your computer.
In addition, the 32 bits of the address are subdivided into two parts. The first part of the address
identifies the network, and the second part identifies the host node or station on the network. The
dividing point may vary depending on the address range and the application.
There are five standard classes of IP addresses. These address classes have different ways of
determining the network and host sections of the address, allowing for different numbers of hosts
on a network. Each address type begins with a unique bit pattern, which is used by the TCP/IP
software to identify the address class. After the address class has been determined, the software
can correctly identify the host section of the address. The following figure shows the three main
address classes, including network and host sections of the address for each address type.
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Class A
Network
Node
Class B
Network
Node
Class C
Network
Node
Figure 11-1: Three Main Address Classes
The five address classes are:
•
Class A
Class A addresses can have up to 16,777,214 hosts on a single network. They use an eight-bit
network number and a 24-bit node number. Class A addresses are in this range:
1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x.
•
Class B
Class B addresses can have up to 65,354 hosts on a network. A Class B address uses a 16-bit
network number and a 16-bit node number. Class B addresses are in this range:
128.1.x.x to 191.254.x.x.
•
Class C
Class C addresses can have 254 hosts on a network. Class C addresses use 24 bits for the
network address and eight bits for the node. They are in this range:
192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x.
•
Class D
Class D addresses are used for multicasts (messages sent to many hosts). Class D addresses are
in this range:
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
•
Class E
Class E addresses are for experimental use.
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This addressing structure allows IP addresses to uniquely identify each physical network and each
node on each physical network.
For each unique value of the network portion of the address, the base address of the range (host
address of all zeros) is known as the network address and is not usually assigned to a host. Also,
the top address of the range (host address of all ones) is not assigned, but is used as the broadcast
address for simultaneously sending a packet to all hosts with the same network address.
Netmask
In each of the address classes previously described, the size of the two parts (network address and
host address) is implied by the class. This partitioning scheme can also be expressed by a netmask
associated with the IP address. A netmask is a 32-bit quantity that, when logically combined (using
an AND operator) with an IP address, yields the network address. For instance, the netmasks for
Class A, B, and C addresses are 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, and 255.255.255.0, respectively.
For example, the address 192.168.170.237 is a Class C IP address whose network portion is the
upper 24 bits. When combined (using an AND operator) with the Class C netmask, as shown here,
only the network portion of the address remains:
11000000
10101000
10101010
11101101 (192.168.170.237)
11111111
11111111
00000000 (255.255.255.0)
10101000
10101010
00000000 (192.168.170.0)
combined with:
11111111
Equals:
11000000
As a shorter alternative to dotted-decimal notation, the netmask may also be expressed in terms of
the number of ones from the left. This number is appended to the IP address, following a backward
slash (/), as “/n.” In the example, the address could be written as 192.168.170.237/24, indicating
that the netmask is 24 ones followed by 8 zeros.
Subnet Addressing
By looking at the addressing structures, you can see that even with a Class C address, there are a
large number of hosts per network. Such a structure is an inefficient use of addresses if each end of
a routed link requires a different network number. It is unlikely that the smaller office LANs would
have that many devices. You can resolve this problem by using a technique known as subnet
addressing.
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Subnet addressing allows us to split one IP network address into smaller multiple physical
networks known as subnetworks. Some of the node numbers are used as a subnet number instead.
A Class B address gives us 16 bits of node numbers translating to 64,000 nodes. Most
organizations do not use 64,000 nodes, so there are free bits that can be reassigned. Subnet
addressing makes use of those bits that are free, as shown below.
Class B
Network
Subnet
Node
7262
Figure 11-2: Example of Subnetting a Class B Address
A Class B address can be effectively translated into multiple Class C addresses. For example, the
IP address of 172.16.0.0 is assigned, but node addresses are limited to 255 maximum, allowing
eight extra bits to use as a subnet address. The IP address of 172.16.97.235 would be interpreted as
IP network address 172.16, subnet number 97, and node number 235. In addition to extending
the number of addresses available, subnet addressing provides other benefits. Subnet addressing
allows a network manager to construct an address scheme for the network by using different
subnets for other geographical locations in the network or for other departments in the
organization.
Although the preceding example uses the entire third octet for a subnet address, note that you are
not restricted to octet boundaries in subnetting. To create more network numbers, you need only
shift some bits from the host address to the network address. For instance, to partition a Class C
network number (192.68.135.0) into two, you shift one bit from the host address to the network
address. The new netmask (or subnet mask) is 255.255.255.128. The first subnet has network
number 192.68.135.0 with hosts 192.68.135.1 to 129.68.135.126, and the second subnet has
network number 192.68.135.128 with hosts 192.68.135.129 to 192.68.135.254.
Note: The number 192.68.135.127 is not assigned because it is the broadcast address
of the first subnet. The number 192.68.135.128 is not assigned because it is the network
address of the second subnet.
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The following table lists the additional subnet mask bits in dotted-decimal notation. To use the
table, write down the original class netmask and replace the 0 value octets with the dotted-decimal
value of the additional subnet bits. For example, to partition your Class C network with subnet
mask 255.255.255.0 into 16 subnets (4 bits), the new subnet mask becomes 255.255.255.240.
Table 11-1.
Netmask Notation Translation Table for One Octet
Number of Bits
Dotted-Decimal Value
1
128
2
192
3
224
4
240
5
248
6
252
7
254
8
255
The following table displays several common netmask values in both the dotted-decimal and the
masklength formats.
Table 11-2.
Netmask Formats
Dotted-Decimal
Masklength
255.0.0.0
/8
255.255.0.0
/16
255.255.255.0
/24
255.255.255.128
/25
255.255.255.192
/26
255.255.255.224
/27
255.255.255.240
/28
255.255.255.248
/29
255.255.255.252
/30
255.255.255.254
/31
255.255.255.255
/32
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NETGEAR strongly recommends that you configure all hosts on a LAN segment to use the same
netmask for the following reasons:
•
So that hosts recognize local IP broadcast packets.
When a device broadcasts to its segment neighbors, it uses a destination address of the local
network address with all ones for the host address. In order for this scheme to work, all devices
on the segment must agree on which bits comprise the host address.
•
So that a local router or bridge recognizes which addresses are local and which are remote.
Private IP Addresses
If your local network is isolated from the Internet (for example, when using NAT), you can assign
any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the IANA has reserved the following
three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
NETGEAR recommends that you choose your private network number from this range. The
DHCP server of the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server is preconfigured to automatically
assign private addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines explained here. For more information about address assignment, refer to RFC 1597,
Address Allocation for Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP
Address Space. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) publishes RFCs on its Web site at
www.ietf.org.
Single IP Address Operation Using NAT
In the past, if multiple computers on a LAN needed to access the Internet simultaneously, you had
to obtain a range of IP addresses from the ISP. This type of Internet account is more costly than a
single-address account typically used by a single user with a modem, rather than a router. The
FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server employs an address-sharing method called Network
Address Translation (NAT). This method allows several networked computers to share an Internet
account using only a single IP address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your
ISP.
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The router accomplishes this address sharing by translating the internal LAN IP addresses to a
single address that is globally unique on the Internet. The internal LAN IP addresses can be either
private addresses or registered addresses. For more information about IP address translation, refer
to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
The following figure illustrates a single IP address operation.
Private IP addresses
assigned by user
IP addresses
assigned by ISP
192.168.0.2
192.168.0.3
192.168.0.1
172.21.15.105
Internet
192.168.0.4
192.168.0.5
Figure 11-3: Single IP Address Operation Using NAT
This scheme offers the additional benefit of firewall-like protection because the internal LAN
addresses are not available to the Internet through the translated connection. All incoming
inquiries are filtered out by the router. This filtering can prevent intruders from probing your
system. However, using port forwarding, you can allow one PC (for example, a Web server) on
your local network to be accessible to outside users.
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MAC Addresses and Address Resolution Protocol
An IP address alone cannot be used to deliver data from one LAN device to another. To send data
between LAN devices, you must convert the IP address of the destination device to its media
access control (MAC) address. Each device on an Ethernet network has a unique MAC address,
which is a 48-bit number assigned to each device by the manufacturer. The technique that
associates the IP address with a MAC address is known as address resolution. Internet Protocol
uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to resolve MAC addresses.
If a device sends data to another station on the network and the destination MAC address is not yet
recorded, ARP is used. An ARP request is broadcast onto the network. All stations on the network
receive and read the request. The destination IP address for the chosen station is included as part of
the message so that only the station with this IP address responds to the ARP request. All other
stations discard the request.
Related Documents
The station with the correct IP address responds with its own MAC address directly to the sending
device. The receiving station provides the transmitting station with the required destination MAC
address. The IP address data and MAC address data for each station are held in an ARP table. The
next time data is sent, the address can be obtained from the address information in the table.
For more information about address assignment, refer to the IETF documents RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
For more information about IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address
Translator (NAT).
Domain Name Server
Many of the resources on the Internet can be addressed by simple descriptive names, such as
www.NETGEAR.com. This addressing is very helpful at the application level, but the descriptive
name must be translated to an IP address in order for a user to actually contact the resource. Just as
a telephone directory maps names to phone numbers, or as an ARP table maps IP addresses to
MAC addresses, a domain name system (DNS) server maps descriptive names of network
resources to IP addresses.
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When a PC accesses a resource by its descriptive name, it first contacts a DNS server to obtain the
IP address of the resource. The PC sends the desired message using the IP address. Many large
organizations, such as ISPs, maintain their own DNS servers and allow their customers to use the
servers to look up addresses.
IP Configuration by DHCP
When an IP-based local area network is installed, each PC must be configured with an IP address.
If the computers need to access the Internet, they should also be configured with a gateway address
and one or more DNS server addresses. As an alternative to manual configuration, there is a
method by which each PC on the network can automatically obtain this configuration information.
A device on the network may act as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. The
DHCP server stores a list or pool of IP addresses, along with other information (such as gateway
and DNS addresses) that it may assign to the other devices on the network. The FWG114P v2
Wireless Firewall/Print Server has the capacity to act as a DHCP server.
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server also functions as a DHCP client when
connecting to the ISP. The firewall can automatically obtain an IP address, subnet mask, DNS
server addresses, and a gateway address if the ISP provides this information by DHCP.
Internet Security and Firewalls
When your LAN connects to the Internet through a router, an opportunity is created for outsiders
to access or disrupt your network. A NAT router provides some protection because by the very
nature of the Network Address Translation (NAT) process, the network behind the NAT router is
shielded from access by outsiders on the Internet. However, there are methods by which a
determined hacker can possibly obtain information about your network or at the least can disrupt
your Internet access. A greater degree of protection is provided by a firewall router.
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What is a Firewall?
A firewall is a device that protects one network from another, while allowing communication
between the two. A firewall incorporates the functions of the NAT router, while adding features for
dealing with a hacker intrusion or attack. Several known types of intrusion or attack can be
recognized when they occur. When an incident is detected, the firewall can log details of the
attempt, and can optionally send e-mail to an administrator notifying them of the incident. Using
information from the log, the administrator can take action with the ISP of the hacker. In some
types of intrusions, the firewall can fend off the hacker by discarding all further packets from the
hacker’s IP address for a period of time.
Stateful Packet Inspection
Unlike simple Internet sharing routers, a firewall uses a process called stateful packet inspection to
ensure secure firewall filtering to protect your network from attacks and intrusions. Since
user-level applications, such as FTP and Web browsers can create complex patterns of network
traffic, it is necessary for the firewall to analyze groups of network connection "states." Using
stateful packet inspection, an incoming packet is intercepted at the network layer and then
analyzed for state-related information associated with all network connections. A central cache
within the firewall keeps track of the state information associated with all network connections.
All traffic passing through the firewall is analyzed against the state of these connections in order to
determine whether or not it will be allowed to pass through or be rejected.
Denial of Service Attack
A hacker may be able to prevent your network from operating or communicating by launching a
Denial of Service (DoS) attack. The method used for, such an attack can be as simple as merely
flooding your site with more requests than it can handle. A more sophisticated attack may attempt
to exploit some weakness in the operating system used by your router or gateway. Some operating
systems can be disrupted by simply sending a packet with incorrect length information.
Ethernet Cabling
Although Ethernet networks originally used thick or thin coaxial cable, most installations currently
use unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling. The UTP cable contains eight conductors, arranged in
four twisted pairs, and terminated with an RJ45 type connector. A normal straight-through UTP
Ethernet cable follows the EIA568B standard wiring as described below in Table B-1
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.
Table B-1.
UTP Ethernet cable wiring, straight-through
Pin
Wire color
Signal
1
Orange/White
Transmit (Tx) +
2
Orange
Transmit (Tx) -
3
Green/White
Receive (Rx) +
4
Blue
5
Blue/White
6
Green
7
Brown/White
8
Brown
Receive (Rx) -
Category 5 Cable Quality
Category 5 distributed cable that meets ANSI/EIA/TIA-568-A building wiring standards can be a
maximum of 328 feet (ft.) or 100 meters (m) in length, divided as follows:
20 ft. (6 m) between the hub and the patch panel (if used)
295 ft. (90 m) from the wiring closet to the wall outlet
10 ft. (3 m) from the wall outlet to the desktop device
The patch panel and other connecting hardware must meet the requirements for 100 Mbps
operation (Category 5). Only 0.5 inch (1.5 cm) of untwist in the wire pair is allowed at any
termination point.
A twisted pair Ethernet network operating at 10 Mbits/second (10BASE-T) will often tolerate low
quality cables, but at 100 Mbits/second (10BASE-Tx) the cable must be rated as Category 5, or
Cat 5, by the Electronic Industry Association (EIA). This rating will be printed on the cable jacket.
A Category 5 cable will meet specified requirements regarding loss and crosstalk. In addition,
there are restrictions on maximum cable length for both 10 and 100 Mbits/second networks.
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Inside Twisted Pair Cables
For two devices to communicate, the transmitter of each device must be connected to the receiver
of the other device. The crossover function is usually implemented internally as part of the
circuitry in the device. Computers and workstation adapter cards are usually media-dependent
interface ports, called MDI or uplink ports. Most repeaters and switch ports are configured as
media-dependent interfaces with built-in crossover ports, called MDI-X or normal ports. Auto
Uplink technology automatically senses which connection, MDI or MDI-X, is needed and makes
the right connection.
Figure B-1 illustrates straight-through twisted pair cable.
Figure B-1: Straight-Through Twisted-Pair Cable
Figure B-2 illustrates crossover twisted pair cable.
Figure B-2: Crossover Twisted-Pair Cable
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Figure B-3: Category 5 UTP Cable with Male RJ-45 Plug at Each End
Note: Flat “silver satin” telephone cable may have the same RJ-45 plug. However, using telephone
cable results in excessive collisions, causing the attached port to be partitioned or disconnected
from the network.
Uplink Switches, Crossover Cables, and MDI/MDIX Switching
In the wiring table above, the concept of transmit and receive are from the perspective of the PC,
which is wired as Media Dependant Interface (MDI). In this wiring, the PC transmits on pins 1 and
2. At the hub, the perspective is reversed, and the hub receives on pins 1 and 2. This wiring is
referred to as Media Dependant Interface - Crossover (MDI-X).
When connecting a PC to a PC, or a hub port to another hub port, the transmit pair must be
exchanged with the receive pair. This exchange is done by one of two mechanisms. Most hubs
provide an Uplink switch which will exchange the pairs on one port, allowing that port to be
connected to another hub using a normal Ethernet cable. The second method is to use a crossover
cable, which is a special cable in which the transmit and receive pairs are exchanged at one of the
two cable connectors. Crossover cables are often unmarked as such, and must be identified by
comparing the two connectors. Since the cable connectors are clear plastic, it is easy to place them
side by side and view the order of the wire colors on each. On a straight-through cable, the color
order will be the same on both connectors. On a crossover cable, the orange and blue pairs will be
exchanged from one connector to the other.
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The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology (also
called MDI/MDIX). Each LOCAL Ethernet port will automatically sense whether the Ethernet
cable plugged into the port should have a normal connection (e.g. connecting to a PC) or an uplink
connection (e.g. connecting to a router, switch, or hub). That port will then configure itself to the
correct configuration. This feature also eliminates the need to worry about crossover cables, as
Auto UplinkTM will accommodate either type of cable to make the right connection.
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Appendix C
Preparing Your Network
This appendix describes how to prepare your network to connect to the Internet through the
ProSafe Wireless 802.11g Firewall/Print Server Model FWG114P v2 and how to verify the
readiness of broadband Internet service from an Internet service provider (ISP).
Note: If an ISP technician configured your computer during the installation of a
broadband modem, or if you configured it using instructions provided by your ISP, you
may need to copy the current configuration information for use in the configuration of
your firewall. Write down this information before reconfiguring your computers. Refer
to “Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers” on page C-10 or
“Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh Computers” on page C-11 for
further information.
Preparing Your Computers for TCP/IP Networking
Computers access the Internet using a protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol). Each computer on your network must have TCP/IP installed and selected as its
networking protocol. If a Network Interface Card (NIC) is already installed in your PC, then TCP/
IP is probably already installed as well.
Most operating systems include the software components you need for networking with TCP/IP:
•
Windows® 95 or later includes the software components for establishing a TCP/IP network.
•
Windows 3.1 does not include a TCP/IP component. You need to purchase a third-party TCP/
IP application package, such as NetManage Chameleon.
•
Macintosh Operating System 7 or later includes the software components for establishing a
TCP/IP network.
•
All versions of UNIX® or Linux® include TCP/IP components. Follow the instructions
provided with your operating system or networking software to install TCP/IP on your
computer.
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In your IP network, each PC and the firewall must be assigned unique IP addresses. Each PC must
also have certain other IP configuration information, such as a subnet mask (netmask), a domain
name server (DNS) address, and a default gateway address. In most cases, you should install TCP/
IP so that the PC obtains its specific network configuration information automatically from a
DHCP server during bootup. For a detailed explanation of the meaning and purpose of these
configuration items, refer to “Appendix B, “Networks, Routing, and Firewall Basics.”
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server is shipped preconfigured as a DHCP server. The
firewall assigns the following TCP/IP configuration information automatically when the
computers are rebooted:
•
•
•
PC or workstation IP addresses—192.168.0.2 through 192.168.0.254
Subnet mask—255.255.255.0
Gateway address (the firewall)—192.168.0.1
These addresses are part of the IETF-designated private address range for use in private networks.
Configuring Windows 95, 98, and Me for TCP/IP Networking
As part of the PC preparation process, you need to manually install and configure TCP/IP on each
networked PC. Before starting, locate your Windows CD; you may need to insert it during the
TCP/IP installation process.
Install or Verify Windows Networking Components
To install or verify the necessary components for IP networking:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Network icon.
The Network window opens, which displays a list of installed components:
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You must have an Ethernet adapter, the TCP/IP protocol, and Client for Microsoft Networks.
Note: It is not necessary to remove any other network components shown in the
Network window in order to install the adapter, TCP/IP, or Client for Microsoft
Networks.
If you need to install a new adapter, follow these steps:
a.
Click the Add button.
b.
Select Adapter, and then click Add.
c.
Select the manufacturer and model of your Ethernet adapter, and then click OK.
If you need TCP/IP:
a.
Click the Add button.
b.
Select Protocol, and then click Add.
c.
Select Microsoft.
d.
Select TCP/IP, and then click OK.
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If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
3.
a.
Click the Add button.
b.
Select Client, and then click Add.
c.
Select Microsoft.
d.
Select Client for Microsoft Networks, and then click OK.
Restart your PC for the changes to take effect.
Enabling DHCP to Automatically Configure TCP/IP Settings
After the TCP/IP protocol components are installed, each PC must be assigned specific
information about itself and resources that are available on its network. The simplest way to
configure this information is to allow the PC to obtain the information from the internal DHCP
server of the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server. To use DHCP with the recommended
default addresses, follow these steps:
1.
Connect all computers to the firewall, then restart the firewall and allow it to boot.
2.
On each attached PC, open the Network control panel (refer to the previous section) and select
the Configuration tab.
3.
From the components list, select TCP/IP->(your Ethernet adapter) and click Properties.
4.
In the IP Address tab, select “Obtain an IP address automatically”.
5.
Select the Gateway tab.
6.
If any gateways are shown, remove them.
7.
Click OK.
8.
Restart the PC.
Repeat steps 2 through 8 for each PC on your network.
Selecting Windows’ Internet Access Method
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Internet Options icon.
3.
Select “I want to set up my Internet connection manually” or “I want to connect through a
Local Area Network” and click Next.
4.
Select “I want to connect through a Local Area Network” and click Next.
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5.
Uncheck all boxes in the LAN Internet Configuration screen and click Next.
6.
Proceed to the end of the Wizard.
Verifying TCP/IP Properties
After your PC is configured and has rebooted, you can check the TCP/IP configuration using the
utility winipcfg.exe:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
2.
Type winipcfg, and then click OK.
The IP Configuration window opens, which lists (among other things), your IP address, subnet
mask, and default gateway.
3.
From the drop-down box, select your Ethernet adapter.
The window is updated to show your settings, which should match the values below if you are
using the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends:
•
The IP address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•
The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•
The default gateway is 192.168.0.1
Configuring Windows NT, 2000 or XP for IP Networking
As part of the PC preparation process, you need to manually install and configure TCP/IP on each
networked PC. Before starting, locate your Windows CD; you may need to insert it during the
TCP/IP installation process.
Installing or Verifying Windows Networking Components
To install or verify the necessary components for IP networking:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Network and Dialup Connections icon.
3.
If an Ethernet adapter is present in your PC, you should see an entry for Local Area
Connection. Double-click that entry.
4.
Select Properties.
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5.
Verify that ‘Client for Microsoft Networks’ and ‘Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)’ are present. If
not, select Install and add them.
6.
Select ‘Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)’, click Properties, and verify that “Obtain an IP address
automatically is selected.
7.
Click OK and close all Network and Dialup Connections windows.
8.
Make sure your PC is connected to the firewall, then reboot your PC.
Verifying TCP/IP Properties
To check your PC’s TCP/IP configuration:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
The Run window opens.
2.
Type cmd and then click OK.
A command window opens
3.
Type ipconfig /all
Your IP Configuration information will be listed, and should match the values below if you are
using the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends:
4.
•
The IP address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•
The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•
The default gateway is 192.168.0.1
Type exit
Configuring the Macintosh for TCP/IP Networking
Beginning with Macintosh Operating System 7, TCP/IP is already installed on the Macintosh. On
each networked Macintosh, you will need to configure TCP/IP to use DHCP.
MacOS 8.6 or 9.x
1.
From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
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The TCP/IP Control Panel opens:
2.
From the “Connect via” box, select your Macintosh’s Ethernet interface.
3.
From the “Configure” box, select Using DHCP Server.
You can leave the DHCP Client ID box empty.
4.
Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
5.
Repeat this for each Macintosh on your network.
MacOS X
1.
From the Apple menu, choose System Preferences, then Network.
2.
If not already selected, select Built-in Ethernet in the Configure list.
3.
If not already selected, Select Using DHCP in the TCP/IP tab.
4.
Click Save.
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Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Macintosh Computers
After your Macintosh is configured and has rebooted, you can check the TCP/IP configuration by
returning to the TCP/IP Control Panel. From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
The panel is updated to show your settings, which should match the values below if you are using
the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends:
•
The IP Address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•
The Subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•
The Router address is 192.168.0.1
If you do not see these values, you may need to restart your Macintosh or you may need to switch
the “Configure” setting to a different option, then back again to “Using DHCP Server”.
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Verifying the Readiness of Your Internet Account
For broadband access to the Internet, you need to contract with an Internet service provider (ISP)
for a single-user Internet access account using a cable modem or DSL modem. This modem must
be a separate physical box (not a card) and must provide an Ethernet port intended for connection
to a Network Interface Card (NIC) in a computer. Your firewall does not support a USB-connected
broadband modem.
For a single-user Internet account, your ISP supplies TCP/IP configuration information for one
computer. With a typical account, much of the configuration information is dynamically assigned
when your PC is first booted up while connected to the ISP, and you will not need to know that
dynamic information.
In order to share the Internet connection among several computers, your firewall takes the place of
the single PC, and you need to configure it with the TCP/IP information that the single PC would
normally use. When the firewall’s Internet port is connected to the broadband modem, the firewall
appears to be a single PC to the ISP. The firewall then allows the computers on the local network to
masquerade as the single PC to access the Internet through the broadband modem. The method
used by the firewall to accomplish this is called Network Address Translation (NAT) or IP
masquerading.
Are Login Protocols Used?
Some ISPs require a special login protocol, in which you must enter a login name and password in
order to access the Internet. If you normally log in to your Internet account by running a program,
such as WinPOET or EnterNet, then your account uses PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE).
When you configure your router, you will need to enter your login name and password in the
router’s configuration menus. After your network and firewall are configured, the firewall will
perform the login task when needed, and you will no longer need to run the login program from
your PC. It is not necessary to uninstall the login program.
What Is Your Configuration Information?
More and more, ISPs are dynamically assigning configuration information. However, if your ISP
does not dynamically assign configuration information but instead uses fixed configurations, your
ISP should have given you the following basic information for your account:
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•
An IP address and subnet mask
•
A gateway IP address, which is the address of the ISP’s router
•
One or more domain name server (DNS) IP addresses
•
Host name and domain suffix
For example, your account’s full server names may look like this:
mail.xxx.yyy.com
In this example, the domain suffix is xxx.yyy.com.
If any of these items are dynamically supplied by the ISP, your firewall automatically acquires
them.
If an ISP technician configured your PC during the installation of the broadband modem, or if you
configured it using instructions provided by your ISP, you need to copy the configuration
information from your PC’s Network TCP/IP Properties window or Macintosh TCP/IP Control
Panel before reconfiguring your PC for use with the firewall. These procedures are described next.
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers
As mentioned above, you may need to collect configuration information from your PC so that you
can use this information when you configure the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server.
Following this procedure is only necessary when your ISP does not dynamically supply the
account information.
To get the information you need to configure the firewall for Internet access:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Network icon.
The Network window opens, which displays a list of installed components.
3.
Select TCP/IP, and then click Properties.
The TCP/IP Properties dialog box opens.
4.
Select the IP Address tab.
If an IP address and subnet mask are shown, write down the information. If an address is
present, your account uses a fixed (static) IP address. If no address is present, your account
uses a dynamically-assigned IP address. Click “Obtain an IP address automatically”.
5.
Select the Gateway tab.
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If an IP address appears under Installed Gateways, write down the address. This is the ISP’s
gateway address. Select the address and then click Remove to remove the gateway address.
6.
Select the DNS Configuration tab.
If any DNS server addresses are shown, write down the addresses. If any information appears
in the Host or Domain information box, write it down. Click Disable DNS.
7.
Click OK to save your changes and close the TCP/IP Properties dialog box.
You are returned to the Network window.
8.
Click OK.
9.
Reboot your PC at the prompt. You may also be prompted to insert your Windows CD.
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh
Computers
As mentioned above, you may need to collect configuration information from your Macintosh so
that you can use this information when you configure the FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print
Server. Following this procedure is only necessary when your ISP does not dynamically supply the
account information.
To get the information you need to configure the firewall for Internet access:
1.
From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
The TCP/IP Control Panel opens, which displays a list of configuration settings. If the
“Configure” setting is “Using DHCP Server”, your account uses a dynamically-assigned IP
address. In this case, close the Control Panel and skip the rest of this section.
2.
If an IP address and subnet mask are shown, write down the information.
3.
If an IP address appears under Router address, write down the address. This is the ISP’s
gateway address.
4.
If any Name Server addresses are shown, write down the addresses. These are your ISP’s DNS
addresses.
5.
If any information appears in the Search domains information box, write it down.
6.
Change the “Configure” setting to “Using DHCP Server”.
7.
Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
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Restarting the Network
Once you have set up your computers to work with the firewall, you must reset the network for the
devices to be able to communicate correctly. Restart any computer that is connected to the firewall.
After configuring all of your computers for TCP/IP networking and restarting them, and
connecting them to the local network of your FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server, you are
ready to access and configure the firewall.
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Appendix D
Firewall Log Formats
Action List
Drop:
Reset:
Forward:
Receive:
Packet dropped by Firewall current inbound or outbound rules.
TCP session reset by Firewall.
Packet forwarded by Firewall to the next hop based on matching the criteria in
the rules table.
Packet was permitted by the firewall rules and modified prior to being
forwarded and/or replied to.
Field List
<DATE><TIME>:
<EVENT>:
<PKT_TYPE>:
<SRC_IP><DST_IP>:
<SRC_PORT><DST_PORT>:
<SRC_INF><DST_INF>:
<ACTION>:
<DESCRIPTION>:
<DIRECTION>:
<SERVICE>:
Log's date and time
Event is that access the device or access other host via the device
Packet type pass Firewall
IP address in the packet
Port in the packet
Include `LAN` and `WAN` (optional)
As `Action List` referenced
A complement to the log (optional)
Inbound and Outbound
Firewall costumed service
Outbound Log
Outgoing packets that match the Firewall rules are logged.
Firewall Log Formats
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The format is:
<DATE> <TIME> <PKT_TYPE> <SRC_IP> <SRC_INF> <DST_IP > <DST_INF>
<ACTION><DESCRIPTION>
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:19:42] - UDP Packet - Source:172.31.12.233,138 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.255,138 ,LAN [Drop] - [Inbound Default rule match]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:35:04] - TCP Packet - Source:172.31.12.156,34239 ,WAN Destination:192.168.0.10,21[FTP Control] ,LAN [Forward] - [Inbound Rule(1)
match]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:35:11] - UDP Packet - Source:172.31.12.200,138 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.255,138 ,LAN [Forward] - [Inbound Rule(1) not match]
Notes:
SRC_INF = WAN
DST_INF = LAN
DESCRIPTION = "Inbound rule match", "Inbound Default rule match"
PKT_TYPE = "UDP packet", "TCP connection", "ICMP packet"
Inbound Log
Incoming packets that match the Firewall rules are logged.
The format is:
<DATE> <TIME> <PKT_TYPE> <SRC_IP> <SRC_INF> <DST_IP > <DST_INF>
<ACTION><DESCRIPTION>
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:59:56] - ICMP Packet [Echo Request] - Source:192.168.0.10,LAN
- Destination:192.168.0.1,WAN [Forward] - [Outbound Default rule match]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 23:00:58] - ICMP Packet [Echo Request] - Source:192.168.0.10,LAN
- Destination:172.31.12.200,WAN [Forward] - [Outbound Default rule match]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 23:02:30] - TCP Packet - Source:192.168.0.10,3472 ,LAN Destination:216.239.39.99,80[HTTP] ,WAN [Forward] - [Outbound Default rule
match]
Notes:
SRC_INF = LAN
DST_INF = WAN
DESCRIPTION = "Outbound rule match", "Outbound Default rule match"
PKT_TYPE = "UDP packet", "TCP connection", "ICMP packet"
Other IP Traffic
Some special packets matching the Firewall rules, like VPN connection, etc. are logged.
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The format is:
<DATE><TIME><PKT_TYPE>< SRC_IP><SRC_PORT ><SRC_INF>< DST_IP><DST_PORT
><DST_PORT><ACTION><DESCRIPTION>
<DATE><TIME> <PKT_TYPE> <SRC_IP> <SRC_INF> <DST_IP> <DST_INF> <ACTION>
<DESCRIPTION>
[Wed, 2003-07-30 17:43:28] - IPSEC Packet - Source: 64.3.3.201, 37180 WAN Destination: 10.10.10.4,80[HTTP] LAN - [Drop] [VPN Packet]
[Wed, 2003-07-30 18:44:50] - IP Packet [Type Field: 321] - Source 18.7.21.69
192.168.0.3 - [Drop]
Notes:
DESCRIPTION = "VPN Packet"
PKT_TYPE = "GRE", "AH", "ESP", "IP packet [Type Field: Num]", "IPSEC"
ACTION = "Forward", "Drop"
Router Operation
Operations that the router initiates are logged.
The format is:
<DATE><TIME><EVENT>
[Wed, 2003-07-30 16:30:59] - Log emailed
[Wed, 2003-07-30 13:38:31] - NETGEAR activated
[Wed, 2003-07-30 13:42:01] - NTP Reply Invalid
The format is:
<DATE><TIME><EVENT><DST_IP>
<DATE><TIME><EVENT><SRC_IP>
[Wed, 2003-07-30 16:32:33] - Send out NTP Request to 207.46.130.100
[Wed, 2003-07-30 16:35:27] - Receive NTP Reply from 207.46.130.100
Firewall Log Formats
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Other Connections and Traffic to this Router
The format is:
<DATE><TIME>< PKT_TYPE ><SRC_IP><DST_IP><ACTION>
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:31:27] - ICMP Packet[Echo Request] - Source: 192.168.0.10 Destination: 192.168.0.1 - [Receive]
[Wed, 2003-07-30 16:34:56] - ICMP Packet[Type: 238] - Source: 64.3.3.201 Destination: 192.168.0.3 - [Drop]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:59:56] - ICMP Packet[Echo Request] - Source:192.168.0.10 Destination:192.168.0.1 - [Receive]
The format is:
<DATE><TIME><EVENT>< SRC_IP><SRC_PORT ><SRC_INF><
DST_IP><DST_PORT><DST_INF><ACTION>
[Wed, 2003-07-30 16:24:23] Destination: 10.10.10.4,1234
[Wed, 2003-07-30 17:48:09] Destination: 10.10.10.4,1765
[Fri, 2003-12-05 22:07:11] 172.31.12.157 - [Drop]
UDP Packet - Source: 207.46.130.100 WAN LAN - [Drop]
TCP Packet[SYN] - Source: 64.3.3.201,65534 WAN LAN - [Receive]
IP Packet [Type Field:8], from 20.97.173.18 to
Notes:
ACTION = "Drop", "Receive"
EVENT = "ICMP Packet", "UDP Packet", "TCP Packet", "IP Packet"
DoS Attack/Scan
Common attacks and scans are logged.
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The format is:
<DATE><TIME><PKT_TYPE>< SRC_IP><SRC_PORT ><SRC_INF>< DST_IP><DST_PORT
><DST_PORT><ACTION><DESCRIPTION>
<DATE> <TIME> <PKT_TYPE> <SRC_IP> <SRC_INF> <DST_IP> <DST_INF> <ACTION>
<DESCRIPTION>
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:22:07] - TCP Packet - Source:172.31.12.156,54611 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,134 ,LAN [Drop] - [FIN Scan]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:22:38] - TCP Packet - Source:172.31.12.156,59937 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,670 ,LAN [Drop] - [Nmap Xmas Scan]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:23:06] - TCP Packet - Source:172.31.12.156,39860 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,18000 ,LAN [Drop] - [Null Scan]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:27:55] - TCP Packet - Source:172.31.12.156,38009 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,15220 ,LAN [Drop] - [Full Sapu Scan]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:28:56] - TCP Packet - Source:172.31.12.156,35128 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,38728 ,LAN [Drop] - [Full Xmas Scan]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:30:30] - IP Packet - Source:227.113.223.77,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,LAN [Drop] - [Fragment Attack]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:30:30] - IP Packet - Source:20.97.173.18,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,LAN [Drop] - [Targa3 Attack]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:30:30] - TCP Packet - Source:3.130.176.84,37860 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,63881 ,LAN [Drop] - [Vecna Scan]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:30:31] - ICMP Packet [Type 238] - Source:100.110.182.63,WAN
- Destination:172.31.12.157,LAN [Drop] - [ICMP Flood]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:33:52] - UDP Packet - Source:127.0.0.1,0 ,WAN Destination:172.31.12.157,0 ,LAN [Drop] - [Fragment Attack]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 19:20:00] - TCP Session - Source:54.148.179.175,58595 ,LAN Destination:192.168.0.1,20[FTP Data] ,WAN [Reset] - [SYN Flood]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 19:21:22] - UDP Packet - Source:172.31.12.156,7 ,LAN Destination:172.31.12.157,7 ,WAN [Drop] - [UDP Flood]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 20:59:08] - ICMP Echo Request packet - Source:192.168.0.5,LAN Destination:172.31.12.99,WAN [Drop] - [ICMP Flood]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 18:07:29] - TCP Packet - Source:192.168.0.10,1725 ,LAN Destination:61.177.58.50,1352 ,WAN [Drop] - [TCP incomplete sessions overflow]
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:11:24] - TCP Packet - Source:192.168.0.10,2342 ,LAN Destination:61.177.58.50,1352 ,WAN [Drop] - [First TCP Packet not SYN]
Notes:
DESCRIPTION = "SYN Flood", "UDP Flood", "ICMP Flood", "IP Spoofing", "TearDrop",
"Brute Force", "Ping of Death", "Fragment Attack", "Targa3 Attack", "Big Bomb"
"SYN with Data", "Full Xmas Scan", "Full Head Scan", "Full Sapu Scan", "FIN
Scan", "SYN FIN Scan", "Null Scan", "Nmap Xmas Scan", "Vecna Scan", "Tcp SYN RES
Set", "Other Scan"
"TCP incomplete sessions overflow", "TCP preconnect traffic", "TCP invalid
traffic", "First TCP Packet not SYN", "First TCP Packet with no SYN"
<DATE><TIME><PKT_TYPE>< SRC_IP >< DST_IP><ACTION>
[Wed, 2003-07-30 17:45:17] - TCP Packet [Malformed, Length=896] - Source:
64.3.3.201 - Destination: 10.10.10.4 - [Drop]
[Wed, 2003-07-30 17:45:17] - TCP Packet [Malformed, Length=1000] - Source:
64.3.3.201- Destination: 10.10.10.4 - [Forward]
Notes:
PKT_TYPE = "TCP", "UDP", "ICMP", "Proto: Number"
Firewall Log Formats
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Access Block Site
If keyword blocking is enabled and a keyword is specified, attempts to access a site whose URL
contains a specified keyword are logged.
The format is
<DATE> <TIME> <EVENT> <SRC_IP> <SRC_INF> <DST_IP> <DST_INF> <ACTION>
[Fri, 2003-12-05 23:01:47] - Attempt to access blocked sites Source:192.168.0.10,LAN - Destination:www.google.com/,WAN - [Drop]
Notes:
EVENT = Attempt to access blocked sites
SRC_INF = LAN
DST_INF = WAN
All Web Sites and News Groups Visited
All Web sites and News groups that you visit are logged.
The format is
<DATE> <TIME> <EVENT> <SRC_IP> <SRC_INF> <DST_IP> <DST_INF> <ACTION>
[Fri, 2003-12-05 23:03:49] - Access site - Source:192.168.0.10,LAN Destination:euro.allyes.com,WAN - [Forward]
Notes:
EVENT = Attempt to access blocked sites
SRC_INF = LAN or WAN
DST_INF = WAN or LAN
System Admin Sessions
Administrator session logins and failed attempts are logged, as well as manual or idle-time
logouts.
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The format is:
<DATE><TIME><EVENT ><SRC_IP>
<DATE><TIME><EVENT ><SRC_IP><SRC_PORT><DST_IP><DST_PORT><ACTION>
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:07:43] - Administrator login successful - IP:192.168.0.10
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:09:16] - Administrator logout - IP:192.168.0.10
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:09:31] - Administrator login fail, Username error IP:192.168.0.10
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:09:25] - Administrator login fail, Password error IP:192.168.0.10
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:16:15] - Login screen timed out - IP:192.168.0.10
[Fri, 2003-12-05 21:07:43] - Administrator Interface Connecting[TCP] - Source
192.168.0.10,2440 - Destination 192.168.0.1,80 - [Receive]
Notes:
ACTION: Receive or Drop
Policy Administration LOG
<DATE> <TIME> <EVENT> <DIRECTION> <SERVICE>< DESCRIPTION >
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[FTP]
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[BGP]
[Fri,
[NFS]
[Fri,
[NFS]
2003-12-05 21:48:41] is Added
2003-12-05 21:49:41] is Added
2003-12-05 21:50:14] is Modified
2003-12-05 21:50:57] is Modified
2003-12-05 21:51:14] is Deleted
2003-12-05 21:52:12] is Moved to Index [0]
2003-12-05 21:54:41] is Moved to Index [1]
2003-12-05 22:01:47] is changed to Disable
2003-12-05 22:02:14] is changed to Enable
2003-12-05 22:02:35] is changed to Disable
2003-12-05 22:02:52] is changed to Enable
Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Inbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
Administrator Action - Outbound Policy to Service
Notes:
DIRECTION: Inbound or Outbound
SERVICE: Supported service name
Firewall Log Formats
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Appendix E
Wireless Networking Basics
This chapter provides an overview of Wireless networking.
Wireless Networking Overview
The FWG114P v2 Wireless Firewall/Print Server conforms to the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11b and 802.11g standards for wireless LANs (WLANs). On an
802.11b or g wireless link, data is encoded using direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS)
technology and is transmitted in the unlicensed radio spectrum at 2.5GHz. The maximum data rate
for the 802.11b wireless link is 11 Mbps, but it will automatically back down from 11 Mbps to 5.5,
2, and 1 Mbps when the radio signal is weak or when interference is detected. The 802.11g auto
rate sensing rates are 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps.
The 802.11 standard is also called Wireless Ethernet or Wi-Fi by the Wireless Ethernet
Compatibility Alliance (WECA, see http://www.wi-fi.net), an industry standard group promoting
interoperability among 802.11 devices. The 802.11 standard offers two methods for configuring a
wireless network - ad hoc and infrastructure.
Infrastructure Mode
With a wireless Access Point, you can operate the wireless LAN in the infrastructure mode. This
mode provides wireless connectivity to multiple wireless network devices within a fixed range or
area of coverage, interacting with wireless nodes via an antenna.
In the infrastructure mode, the wireless access point converts airwave data into wired Ethernet
data, acting as a bridge between the wired LAN and wireless clients. Connecting multiple Access
Points via a wired Ethernet backbone can further extend the wireless network coverage. As a
mobile computing device moves out of the range of one access point, it moves into the range of
another. As a result, wireless clients can freely roam from one Access Point domain to another and
still maintain seamless network connection.
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Ad Hoc Mode (Peer-to-Peer Workgroup)
In an ad hoc network, computers are brought together as needed; thus, there is no structure or fixed
points to the network - each node can generally communicate with any other node. There is no
Access Point involved in this configuration. This mode enables you to quickly set up a small
wireless workgroup and allows workgroup members to exchange data or share printers as
supported by Microsoft networking in the various Windows operating systems. Some vendors also
refer to ad hoc networking as peer-to-peer group networking.
In this configuration, network packets are directly sent and received by the intended transmitting
and receiving stations. As long as the stations are within range of one another, this is the easiest
and least expensive way to set up a wireless network.
Network Name: Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID)
The Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID) is one of two types of Service Set Identification
(SSID). In an ad hoc wireless network with no access points, the Basic Service Set Identification
(BSSID) is used. In an infrastructure wireless network that includes an access point, the ESSID is
used, but may still be referred to as SSID.
An SSID is a thirty-two character (maximum) alphanumeric key identifying the name of the
wireless local area network. Some vendors refer to the SSID as network name. For the wireless
devices in a network to communicate with each other, all devices must be configured with the
same SSID.
The ESSID is usually broadcast in the air from an access point. The wireless station sometimes can
be configured with the ESSID ANY. This means the wireless station will try to associate with
whichever access point has the stronger radio frequency (RF) signal, providing that both the access
point and wireless station use Open System authentication.
Authentication and WEP Data Encryption
The absence of a physical connection between nodes makes the wireless links vulnerable to
eavesdropping and information theft. To provide a certain level of security, the IEEE 802.11
standard has defined these two types of authentication methods:
•
Open System. With Open System authentication, a wireless computer can join any network
and receive any messages that are not encrypted.
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•
Shared Key. With Shared Key authentication, only those PCs that possess the correct
authentication key can join the network. By default, IEEE 802.11 wireless devices operate in
an Open System network.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) data encryption is used when the wireless devices are configured
to operate in Shared Key authentication mode.
802.11 Authentication
The 802.11 standard defines several services that govern how two 802.11 devices communicate.
The following events must occur before an 802.11 Station can communicate with an Ethernet
network through an access point, such as the one built in to the FWG114P v2:
1.
Turn on the wireless station.
2.
The station listens for messages from any access points that are in range.
3.
The station finds a message from an access point that has a matching SSID.
4.
The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
5.
The access point authenticates the station.
6.
The station sends an association request to the access point.
7.
The access point associates with the station.
8.
The station can now communicate with the Ethernet network through the access point.
An access point must authenticate a station before the station can associate with the access point or
communicate with the network. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines two types of authentication:
Open System and Shared Key.
•
Open System Authentication allows any device to join the network, assuming that the device
SSID matches the access point SSID. Alternatively, the device can use the “ANY” SSID
option to associate with any available Access Point within range, regardless of its SSID.
•
Shared Key Authentication requires that the station and the access point have the same WEP
Key to authenticate. These two authentication procedures are described below.
Open System Authentication
The following steps occur when two devices use Open System Authentication:
1.
The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
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2.
The access point authenticates the station.
3.
The station associates with the access point and joins the network.
This process is illustrated below.
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Figure E-1: Open system authentication
Shared Key Authentication
The following steps occur when two devices use Shared Key Authentication:
1.
The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
2.
The access point sends challenge text to the station.
3.
The station uses its configured 64-bit or 128-bit default key to encrypt the challenge text, and
sends the encrypted text to the access point.
4.
The access point decrypts the encrypted text using its configured WEP Key that corresponds
to the station’s default key. The access point compares the decrypted text with the original
challenge text. If the decrypted text matches the original challenge text, then the access point
and the station share the same WEP Key and the access point authenticates the station.
5.
The station connects to the network.
If the decrypted text does not match the original challenge text (the access point and station do not
share the same WEP Key), then the access point will refuse to authenticate the station and the
station will be unable to communicate with either the 802.11 network or Ethernet network.
This process is illustrated below.
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Figure E-2: Shared key authentication
Overview of WEP Parameters
Before enabling WEP on an 802.11 network, you must first consider what type of encryption you
require and the key size you want to use. Typically, there are three WEP Encryption options
available for 802.11 products:
1. Do Not Use WEP: The 802.11 network does not encrypt data. For authentication purposes, the
network uses Open System Authentication.
2. Use WEP for Encryption: A transmitting 802.11 device encrypts the data portion of every
packet it sends using a configured WEP Key. The receiving device decrypts the data using the
same WEP Key. For authentication purposes, the network uses Open System Authentication.
3. Use WEP for Authentication and Encryption: A transmitting 802.11 device encrypts the data
portion of every packet it sends using a configured WEP Key. The receiving device decrypts the
data using the same WEP Key. For authentication purposes, the wireless network uses Shared Key
Authentication.
Note: Some 802.11 access points also support Use WEP for Authentication Only (Shared Key
Authentication without data encryption).
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Key Size
The IEEE 802.11 standard supports two types of WEP encryption: 40-bit and 128-bit.
The 64-bit WEP data encryption method allows for a five-character (40-bit) input. Additionally,
24 factory-set bits are added to the forty-bit input to generate a 64-bit encryption key. The 24
factory-set bits are not user-configurable). This encryption key will be used to encrypt/decrypt all
data transmitted via the wireless interface. Some vendors refer to the 64-bit WEP data encryption
as 40-bit WEP data encryption since the user-configurable portion of the encryption key is 40 bits
wide.
The 128-bit WEP data encryption method consists of 104 user-configurable bits. Similar to the
forty-bit WEP data encryption method, the remaining 24 bits are factory set and not user
configurable. Some vendors allow passphrases to be entered instead of the cryptic hexadecimal
characters to ease encryption key entry.
128-bit encryption is stronger than 40-bit encryption, but 128-bit encryption may not be available
outside of the United States due to U.S. export regulations.
When configured for 40-bit encryption, 802.11 products typically support up to four WEP Keys.
Each 40-bit WEP Key is expressed as 5 sets of two hexadecimal digits (0-9 and A-F). For
example, “12 34 56 78 90” is a 40-bit WEP Key.
When configured for 128-bit encryption, 802.11 products typically support four WEP Keys but
some manufacturers support only one 128-bit key. The 128-bit WEP Key is expressed as 13 sets of
two hexadecimal digits (0-9 and A-F). For example, “12 34 56 78 90 AB CD EF 12 34 56 78 90”
is a 128-bit WEP Key.
Table E-1:
Encryption Key Sizes
Encryption Key Size
# of Hexadecimal Digits
Example of Hexadecimal Key Content
64-bit (24+40)
10
4C72F08AE1
128-bit (24+104)
26
4C72F08AE19D57A3FF6B260037
Note: Typically, 802.11 access points can store up to four 128-bit WEP Keys but some 802.11
client adapters can only store one. Therefore, make sure that your 802.11 access and client
adapters’ configurations match.
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WEP Configuration Options
The WEP settings must match on all 802.11 devices that are within the same wireless network as
identified by the SSID. In general, if your mobile clients will roam between access points, then all
of the 802.11 access points and all of the 802.11 client adapters on the network must have the same
WEP settings.
Note: Whatever keys you enter for an AP, you must also enter the same keys for the client adapter
in the same order. In other words, WEP key 1 on the AP must match WEP key 1 on the client
adapter, WEP key 2 on the AP must match WEP key 2 on the client adapter, and so on.
Note: The AP and the client adapters can have different default WEP Keys as long as the keys are
in the same order. In other words, the AP can use WEP key 2 as its default key to transmit while a
client adapter can use WEP key 3 as its default key to transmit. The two devices will communicate
as long as the AP’s WEP key 2 is the same as the client’s WEP key 2 and the AP’s WEP key 3 is
the same as the client’s WEP key 3.
Wireless Channels
The wireless frequencies used by 802.11b/g networks are discussed below.
IEEE 802.11b/g wireless nodes communicate with each other using radio frequency signals in the
ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Neighboring
channels are 5 MHz apart. However, due to spread spectrum effect of the signals, a node sending
signals using a particular channel will utilize frequency spectrum 12.5 MHz above and below the
center channel frequency. As a result, two separate wireless networks using neighboring channels
(for example, channel 1 and channel 2) in the same general vicinity will interfere with each other.
Applying two channels that allow the maximum channel separation will decrease the amount of
channel cross-talk, and provide a noticeable performance increase over networks with minimal
channel separation.
The radio frequency channels used in 802.11b/g networks are listed in Table E-2:
Table E-2:
Channel
802.11b/g Radio Frequency Channels
Center Frequency
Frequency Spread
1
2412 MHz
2399.5 MHz - 2424.5 MHz
2
2417 MHz
2404.5 MHz - 2429.5 MHz
3
2422 MHz
2409.5 MHz - 2434.5 MHz
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Table E-2:
Channel
802.11b/g Radio Frequency Channels
Center Frequency
Frequency Spread
4
2427 MHz
2414.5 MHz - 2439.5 MHz
5
2432 MHz
2419.5 MHz - 2444.5 MHz
6
2437 MHz
2424.5 MHz - 2449.5 MHz
7
2442 MHz
2429.5 MHz - 2454.5 MHz
8
2447 MHz
2434.5 MHz - 2459.5 MHz
9
2452 MHz
2439.5 MHz - 2464.5 MHz
10
2457 MHz
2444.5 MHz - 2469.5 MHz
11
2462 MHz
2449.5 MHz - 2474.5 MHz
12
2467 MHz
2454.5 MHz - 2479.5 MHz
13
2472 MHz
2459.5 MHz - 2484.5 MHz
Note: The available channels supported by the wireless products in various countries are different.
For example, Channels 1 to 11 are supported in the U.S. and Canada, and Channels 1 to 13 are
supported in Europe and Australia.
The preferred channel separation between the channels in neighboring wireless networks is 25
MHz (5 channels). This means that you can apply up to three different channels within your
wireless network. There are only 11 usable wireless channels in the United States. It is
recommended that you start using channel 1 and grow to use channel 6, and 11 when necessary, as
these three channels do not overlap.
WPA Wireless Security
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a specification of standards-based, interoperable security
enhancements that increase the level of data protection and access control for existing and future
wireless LAN systems.
The IEEE introduced the WEP as an optional security measure to secure 802.11b (Wi-Fi) WLANs,
but inherent weaknesses in the standard soon became obvious. In response to this situation, the
Wi-Fi Alliance announced a new security architecture in October 2002 that remedies the
shortcomings of WEP. This standard, formerly known as Safe Secure Network (SSN), is designed
to work with existing 802.11 products and offers forward compatibility with 802.11i, the new
wireless security architecture being defined in the IEEE.
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WPA offers the following benefits:
•
•
•
•
Enhanced data privacy
Robust key management
Data origin authentication
Data integrity protection
The Wi-Fi Alliance is now performing interoperability certification testing on Wi-Fi Protected
Access products. Starting August of 2003, all new Wi-Fi certified products will have to support
WPA. NETGEAR will implement WPA on client and access point products and make this
available in the second half of 2003. Existing Wi-Fi certified products will have one year to add
WPA support or they will lose their Wi-Fi certification.
The 802.11i standard is currently in draft form, with ratification due at the end of 2003. While the
new IEEE 802.11i standard is being ratified, wireless vendors have agreed on WPA as an
interoperable interim standard.
How Does WPA Compare to WEP?
WEP is a data encryption method and is not intended as a user authentication mechanism. WPA
user authentication is implemented using 802.1x and the Extensible Authentication Protocol
(EAP). Support for 802.1x authentication is required in WPA. In the 802.11 standard, 802.1x
authentication was optional. For details on EAP specifically, refer to IETF's RFC 2284.
With 802.11 WEP, all access points and client wireless adapters on a particular wireless LAN must
use the same encryption key. A major problem with the 802.11 standard is that the keys are
cumbersome to change. If you do not update the WEP keys often, an unauthorized person with a
sniffing tool can monitor your network for less than a day and decode the encrypted messages.
Products based on the 802.11 standard alone offer system administrators no effective method to
update the keys.
For 802.11, WEP encryption is optional. For WPA, encryption using Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol (TKIP) is required. TKIP replaces WEP with a new encryption algorithm that is stronger
than the WEP algorithm, but that uses the calculation facilities present on existing wireless devices
to perform encryption operations. TKIP provides important data encryption enhancements
including a per-packet key mixing function, a message integrity check (MIC) named Michael, an
extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. Through
these enhancements, TKIP addresses all of known WEP vulnerabilities.
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How Does WPA Compare to IEEE 802.11i?
WPA will be forward compatible with the IEEE 802.11i security specification currently under
development. WPA is a subset of the current 802.11i draft and uses certain pieces of the 802.11i
draft that are ready to bring to market today, such as 802.1x and TKIP. The main pieces of the
802.11i draft that are not included in WPA are secure IBSS (Ad-Hoc mode), secure fast handoff
(for specialized 802.11 VoIP phones), as well as enhanced encryption protocols, such as
AES-CCMP. These features are either not yet ready for market or will require hardware upgrades
to implement.
What are the Key Features of WPA Security?
The following security features are included in the WPA standard:
•
•
•
WPA Authentication
WPA Encryption Key Management
–
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
–
Michael message integrity code (MIC)
–
AES Support (to be phased in)
Support for a Mixture of WPA and WEP Wireless Clients, but mixing WEP and WPA is
discouraged
These features are discussed below.
WPA addresses most of the known WEP vulnerabilities and is primarily intended for wireless
infrastructure networks as found in the enterprise. This infrastructure includes stations, access
points, and authentication servers (typically RADIUS servers). The RADIUS server holds (or has
access to) user credentials (for example, user names and passwords) and authenticates wireless
users before they gain access to the network.
The strength of WPA comes from an integrated sequence of operations that encompass 802.1X/
EAP authentication and sophisticated key management and encryption techniques. Its major
operations include:
•
Network security capability determination. This occurs at the 802.11 level and is
communicated through WPA information elements in Beacon, Probe Response, and (Re)
Association Requests. Information in these elements includes the authentication method
(802.1X or Pre-shared key) and the preferred cipher suite (WEP, TKIP, or AES).
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The primary information conveyed in the Beacon frames is the authentication method and the
cipher suite. Possible authentication methods include 802.1X and Pre-shared key. Pre-shared
key is an authentication method that uses a statically configured pass phrase on both the
stations and the access point. This obviates the need for an authentication server, which in
many home and small office environments will not be available nor desirable. Possible cipher
suites include: WEP, TKIP, and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). We talk more about
TKIP and AES when addressing data privacy below.
•
Authentication. EAP over 802.1X is used for authentication. Mutual authentication is gained
by choosing an EAP type supporting this feature and is required by WPA. 802.1X port access
control prevents full access to the network until authentication completes. 802.1X
EAPOL-Key packets are used by WPA to distribute per-session keys to those stations
successfully authenticated.
The supplicant in the station uses the authentication and cipher suite information contained in
the information elements to decide which authentication method and cipher suite to use. For
example, if the access point is using the pre-shared key method then the supplicant need not
authenticate using full-blown 802.1X. Rather, the supplicant must simply prove to the access
point that it is in possession of the pre-shared key. If the supplicant detects that the service set
does not contain a WPA information element then it knows it must use pre-WPA 802.1X
authentication and key management in order to access the network.
•
Key management. WPA features a robust key generation/management system that integrates
the authentication and data privacy functions. Keys are generated after successful
authentication and through a subsequent 4-way handshake between the station and Access
Point (AP).
•
Data Privacy (Encryption). Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) is used to wrap WEP in
sophisticated cryptographic and security techniques to overcome most of its weaknesses.
•
Data integrity. TKIP includes a message integrity code (MIC) at the end of each plaintext
message to ensure messages are not being spoofed.
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WPA Authentication: Enterprise-level User
Authentication via 802.1x/EAP and RADIUS
Wired Network with Optional
802.1x Port Based Network
Access Control
Wireless LAN
WPA
enabled
wireless
client with
“supplicant”
WPA enabled
Access Point
using
pre-shared key
or
802.1x
TCP/IP
Ports Closed
Until
TCP/IP
Ports Opened
After
Authenticated
RADIUS Server
Login
Authentication
Certificate
Authority
(for
example
Win Server,
VeriSign)
Figure E-3: WPA Overview
IEEE 802.1x offers an effective framework for authenticating and controlling user traffic to a
protected network, as well as providing a vehicle for dynamically varying data encryption keys via
EAP from a RADIUS server, for example. This framework enables using a central authentication
server, which employs mutual authentication so that a rogue wireless user does not join the
network.
It is important to note that 802.1x does not provide the actual authentication mechanisms. When
using 802.1x, the EAP type, such as Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS), or EAP Tunneled
Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS), defines how the authentication takes place.
Note: For environments with a Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
infrastructure, WPA supports Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). For environments
without a RADIUS infrastructure, WPA supports the use of a pre-shared key.
Together, these technologies provide a framework for strong user authentication.
Windows XP implements 802.1x natively, and several NETGEAR switch and wireless access
point products support 802.1x.
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Client with a WPAenabled wireless
adapter and supplicant
(Win XP, Funk,
Meetinghouse)
For example, a
RADIUS server
For example, a
WPA-enabled AP
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
Figure E-4: 802.1x Authentication Sequence
The AP sends Beacon Frames with WPA information element to the stations in the service set.
Information elements include the required authentication method (802.1x or Pre-shared key) and
the preferred cipher suite (WEP, TKIP, or AES). Probe Responses (AP to station) and Association
Requests (station to AP) also contain WPA information elements.
1.
Initial 802.1x communications begin with an unauthenticated supplicant (client device)
attempting to connect with an authenticator (802.11 access point). The client sends an
EAP-start message. This begins a series of message exchanges to authenticate the client.
2.
The access point replies with an EAP-request identity message.
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3.
The client sends an EAP-response packet containing the identity to the authentication server.
The access point responds by enabling a port for passing only EAP packets from the client to
an authentication server located on the wired side of the access point. The access point blocks
all other traffic, such as HTTP, DHCP, and POP3 packets, until the access point can verify the
client's identity using an authentication server (for example, RADIUS).
4.
The authentication server uses a specific authentication algorithm to verify the client's identity.
This could be through the use of digital certificates or some other EAP authentication type.
5.
The authentication server will either send an accept or reject message to the access point.
6.
The access point sends an EAP-success packet (or reject packet) to the client.
7.
If the authentication server accepts the client, then the access point will transition the client's
port to an authorized state and forward additional traffic.
The important part to know at this point is that the software supporting the specific EAP type
resides on the authentication server and within the operating system or application “supplicant”
software on the client devices. The access point acts as a “pass through” for 802.1x messages,
which means that you can specify any EAP type without needing to upgrade an 802.1x-compliant
access point. As a result, you can update the EAP authentication type to such devices as token
cards (Smart Cards), Kerberos, one-time passwords, certificates, and public key authentication, or
as newer types become available and your requirements for security change.
WPA Data Encryption Key Management
With 802.1x, the rekeying of unicast encryption keys is optional. Additionally, 802.11 and 802.1x
provide no mechanism to change the global encryption key used for multicast and broadcast
traffic. With WPA, rekeying of both unicast and global encryption keys is required.
For the unicast encryption key, the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) changes the key for
every frame, and the change is synchronized between the wireless client and the wireless access
point (AP). For the global encryption key, WPA includes a facility (the Information Element) for
the wireless AP to advertise the changed key to the connected wireless clients.
If configured to implement dynamic key exchange, the 802.1x authentication server can return
session keys to the access point along with the accept message. The access point uses the session
keys to build, sign and encrypt an EAP key message that is sent to the client immediately after
sending the success message. The client can then use contents of the key message to define
applicable encryption keys. In typical 802.1x implementations, the client can automatically change
encryption keys as often as necessary to minimize the possibility of eavesdroppers having enough
time to crack the key in current use.
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Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
WPA uses TKIP to provide important data encryption enhancements including a per-packet key
mixing function, a message integrity check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization
vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism. TKIP also provides for the
following:
•
•
•
The verification of the security configuration after the encryption keys are determined.
The synchronized changing of the unicast encryption key for each frame.
The determination of a unique starting unicast encryption key for each preshared key
authentication.
Michael
With 802.11 and WEP, data integrity is provided by a 32-bit integrity check value (ICV) that is
appended to the 802.11 payload and encrypted with WEP. Although the ICV is encrypted, you can
use cryptanalysis to change bits in the encrypted payload and update the encrypted ICV without
being detected by the receiver.
With WPA, a method known as Michael specifies a new algorithm that calculates an 8-byte
message integrity check (MIC) using the calculation facilities available on existing wireless
devices. The MIC is placed between the data portion of the IEEE 802.11 frame and the 4-byte
ICV. The MIC field is encrypted together with the frame data and the ICV.
Michael also provides replay protection. A new frame counter in the IEEE 802.11 frame is used to
prevent replay attacks.
Optional AES Support to be Phased In
One of the encryption methods supported by WPA, besides TKIP, is the advanced encryption
standard (AES), although AES support will not be required initially for Wi-Fi certification. This is
viewed as the optimal choice for security conscience organizations, but the problem with AES is
that it requires a fundamental redesign of the NIC’s hardware in both the station and the access
point. TKIP is a pragmatic compromise that allows organizations to deploy better security while
AES capable equipment is being designed, manufactured, and incrementally deployed.
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Is WPA Perfect?
WPA is not without its vulnerabilities. Specifically, it is susceptible to denial of service (DoS)
attacks. If the access point receives two data packets that fail the message integrity code (MIC)
within 60 seconds of each other, then the network is under an active attack, and as a result, the
access point employs counter measures, which include disassociating each station using the access
point. This prevents an attacker from gleaning information about the encryption key and alerts
administrators, but it also causes users to lose network connectivity for 60 seconds. More than
anything else, this may just prove that no single security tactic is completely invulnerable. WPA is
a definite step forward in WLAN security over WEP and has to be thought of as a single part of an
end-to-end network security strategy.
Product Support for WPA
Starting in August, 2003, NETGEAR, Inc. wireless Wi-Fi certified products will support the WPA
standard. NETGEAR, Inc. wireless products that had their Wi-Fi certification approved before
August, 2003 will have one year to add WPA so as to maintain their Wi-Fi certification.
WPA requires software changes to the following:
•
•
•
Wireless access points
Wireless network adapters
Wireless client programs
Supporting a Mixture of WPA and WEP Wireless Clients is Discouraged
To support the gradual transition of WEP-based wireless networks to WPA, a wireless AP can
support both WEP and WPA clients at the same time. During the association, the wireless AP
determines which clients use WEP and which clients use WPA. The disadvantage to supporting a
mixture of WEP and WPA clients is that the global encryption key is not dynamic. This is because
WEP-based clients cannot support it. All other benefits to the WPA clients, such as integrity, are
maintained.
However, a mixed mode supporting WPA and non-WPA clients would offer network security that
is no better than that obtained with a non-WPA network, and thus this mode of operation is
discouraged.
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Changes to Wireless Access Points
Wireless access points must have their firmware updated to support the following:
•
•
•
•
•
The new WPA information element
To advertise their support of WPA, wireless APs send the beacon frame with a new 802.11
WPA information element that contains the wireless AP's security configuration (encryption
algorithms and wireless security configuration information).
The WPA two-phase authentication
Open system, then 802.1x (EAP with RADIUS or preshared key).
TKIP
Michael
AES (optional)
To upgrade your wireless access points to support WPA, obtain a WPA firmware update from your
wireless AP vendor and upload it to your wireless AP.
Changes to Wireless Network Adapters
Wireless networking software in the adapter, and possibly in the OS or client application, must be
updated to support the following:
•
•
•
•
•
The new WPA information element
Wireless clients must be able to process the WPA information element and respond with a
specific security configuration.
The WPA two-phase authentication
Open system, then 802.1x supplicant (EAP or preshared key).
TKIP
Michael
AES (optional)
To upgrade your wireless network adapters to support WPA, obtain a WPA update from your
wireless network adapter vendor and update the wireless network adapter driver.
For Windows wireless clients, you must obtain an updated network adapter driver that supports
WPA. For wireless network adapter drivers that are compatible with Windows XP (Service Pack 1)
and Windows Server 2003, the updated network adapter driver must be able to pass the adapter's
WPA capabilities and security configuration to the Wireless Zero Configuration service.
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Microsoft has worked with many wireless vendors to embed the WPA firmware update in the
wireless adapter driver. So, to update your Microsoft Windows wireless client, all you have to do
is obtain the new WPA-compatible driver and install the driver. The firmware is automatically
updated when the wireless network adapter driver is loaded in Windows.
Changes to Wireless Client Programs
Wireless client programs must be updated to permit the configuration of WPA authentication (and
preshared key) and the new WPA encryption algorithms (TKIP and the optional AES component).
To obtain the Microsoft WPA client program, visit the Microsoft Web site.
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Appendix F
Virtual Private Networking
There have been many improvements in the Internet, including Quality of Service, network
performance, and inexpensive technologies, such as DSL. But one of the most important advances
has been in Virtual Private Networking (VPN) Internet Protocol security (IPSec). IPSec is one of
the most complete, secure, and commercially available, standards-based protocols developed for
transporting data.
What is a VPN?
A VPN is a shared network, where private data is segmented from other traffic, so that only the
intended recipient has access. The term VPN was originally used to describe a secure connection
over the Internet. Today, however, VPN is also used to describe private networks, such as Frame
Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS).
A key aspect of data security is that the data flowing across the network is protected by encryption
technologies. Private networks lack data security, which allows data attackers to tap directly into
the network and read the data. IPSec-based VPNs use encryption to provide data security, which
increases the network’s resistance to data tampering or theft.
IPSec-based VPNs can be created over any type of IP network, including the Internet, Frame
Relay, ATM, and MPLS, but only the Internet is ubiquitous and inexpensive.
VPNs are traditionally used for:
•
Intranets: Intranets connect an organization’s locations. These locations range from the
headquarters offices, to branch offices, to a remote employee’s home. Often this connectivity
is used for e-mail and for sharing applications and files. While Frame Relay, ATM, and MPLS
accomplish these tasks, the shortcomings of each limits connectivity. The cost of connecting
home users is also very expensive compared to Internet-access technologies, such as DSL or
cable. Because of this, organizations are moving their networks to the Internet, which is
inexpensive, and using IPSec to create these networks.
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Remote Access: Remote access enables telecommuters and mobile workers to access e-mail
and business applications. A dial-up connection to an organization’s modem pool is one
method of access for remote workers, but is expensive because the organization must pay the
associated long distance telephone and service costs. Remote access VPNs greatly reduce
expenses by enabling mobile workers to dial a local Internet connection and then set up a
secure IPSec-based VPN communications to their organization.
•
Extranets: Extranets are secure connections between two or more organizations. Common
uses for extranets include supply-chain management, development partnerships, and
subscription services. These undertakings can be difficult using legacy network technologies
due to connection costs, time delays, and access availability. IPSec-based VPNs are ideal for
extranet connections. IPSec-capable devices can be quickly and inexpensively installed on
existing Internet connections.
What is IPSec and How Does It Work?
IPSec is an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard suite of protocols that provides data
authentication, integrity, and confidentiality as data is transferred between communication points
across IP networks. IPSec provides data security at the IP packet level. A packet is a data bundle
that is organized for transmission across a network, and includes a header and payload (the data in
the packet). IPSec emerged as a viable network security standard because enterprises wanted to
ensure that data could be securely transmitted over the Internet. IPSec protects against possible
security exposures by protecting data while in transit.
IPSec Security Features
IPSec is the most secure method commercially available for connecting network sites. IPSec was
designed to provide the following security features when transferring packets across networks:
•
Authentication: Verifies that the packet received is actually from the claimed sender.
•
Integrity: Ensures that the contents of the packet did not change in transit.
•
Confidentiality: Conceals the message content through encryption.
IPSec Components
IPSec contains the following elements:
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Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): Provides confidentiality, authentication, and
integrity.
•
Authentication Header (AH): Provides authentication and integrity.
•
Internet Key Exchange (IKE): Provides key management and Security Association (SA)
management.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
ESP provides authentication, integrity, and confidentiality, which protect against data tampering
and, most importantly, provides message content protection.
IPSec provides an open framework for implementing industry standard algorithms, such as SHA
and MD5. The algorithms IPSec uses produce a unique and unforgeable identifier for each packet,
which is a data equivalent of a fingerprint. This fingerprint allows the device to determine if a
packet has been tampered with. Furthermore, packets that are not authenticated are discarded and
not delivered to the intended receiver.
ESP also provides all encryption services in IPSec. Encryption translates a readable message into
an unreadable format to hide the message content. The opposite process, called decryption,
translates the message content from an unreadable format to a readable message. Encryption/
decryption allows only the sender and the authorized receiver to read the data. In addition, ESP has
an option to perform authentication, called ESP authentication. Using ESP authentication, ESP
provides authentication and integrity for the payload and not for the IP header.
Figure F-1: Original packet and packet with IPSec Encapsulated Security Payload
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The ESP header is inserted into the packet between the IP header and any subsequent packet
contents. However, because ESP encrypts the data, the payload is changed. ESP does not encrypt
the ESP header, nor does it encrypt the ESP authentication.
Authentication Header (AH)
AH provides authentication and integrity, which protect against data tampering, using the same
algorithms as ESP. AH also provides optional anti-replay protection, which protects against
unauthorized retransmission of packets. The authentication header is inserted into the packet
between the IP header and any subsequent packet contents. The payload is not touched.
Although AH protects the packet’s origin, destination, and contents from being tampered with, the
identity of the sender and receiver is known. In addition, AH does not protect the data’s
confidentiality. If data is intercepted and only AH is used, the message contents can be read. ESP
protects data confidentiality. For added protection in certain cases, AH and ESP can be used
together. In the following table, IP HDR represents the IP header and includes both source and
destination IP addresses.
Figure F-2: Original packet and packet with IPSec Authentication Header
IKE Security Association
IPSec introduces the concept of the Security Association (SA). An SA is a logical connection
between two devices transferring data. An SA provides data protection for unidirectional traffic by
using the defined IPSec protocols. An IPSec tunnel typically consists of two unidirectional SAs,
which together provide a protected, full-duplex data channel.
The SAs allow an enterprise to control exactly what resources may communicate securely,
according to security policy. To do this an enterprise can set up multiple SAs to enable multiple
secure VPNs, as well as define SAs within the VPN to support different departments and business
partners.
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Mode
SAs operate using modes. A mode is the method in which the IPSec protocol is applied to the
packet. IPSec can be used in tunnel mode or transport mode. Typically, the tunnel mode is used for
gateway-to-gateway IPSec tunnel protection, while transport mode is used for host-to-host IPSec
tunnel protection. A gateway is a device that monitors and manages incoming and outgoing
network traffic and routes the traffic accordingly. A host is a device that sends and receives
network traffic.
•
Transport Mode: The transport mode IPSec implementation encapsulates only the packet’s
payload. The IP header is not changed. After the packet is processed with IPSec, the new IP
packet contains the old IP header (with the source and destination IP addresses unchanged)
and the processed packet payload. Transport mode does not shield the information in the IP
header; therefore, an attacker can learn where the packet is coming from and where it is going
to. The previous packet diagrams show a packet in transport mode.
•
Tunnel Mode: The tunnel mode IPSec implementation encapsulates the entire IP packet. The
entire packet becomes the payload of the packet that is processed with IPSec. A new IP header
is created that contains the two IPSec gateway addresses. The gateways perform the
encapsulation/decapsulation on behalf of the hosts. Tunnel mode ESP prevents an attacker
from analyzing the data and deciphering it, as well as knowing who the packet is from and
where it is going.
Note: AH and ESP can be used in both transport mode or tunnel mode.
Figure F-3: Original packet and packet with IPSec ESP in Tunnel mode
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Key Management
IPSec uses the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol to facilitate and automate the SA setup and
the exchange of keys between parties transferring data. Using keys ensures that only the sender
and receiver of a message can access it.
IPSec requires that keys be re-created, or refreshed, frequently, so that the parties can
communicate securely with each other. IKE manages the process of refreshing keys; however, a
user can control the key strength and the refresh frequency. Refreshing keys on a regular basis
ensures data confidentiality between sender and receiver.
Understand the Process Before You Begin
This document provides case studies on how to configure secure IPSec VPN tunnels. This
document assumes the reader has a working knowledge of NETGEAR management systems.
NETGEAR is a member of the VPN Consortium, a group formed to facilitate IPSec VPN vendor
interoperability. The VPN Consortium has developed specific scenarios to aid system
administrators in the often confusing process of connecting two different vendor implementations
of the IPSec standard. The case studies in this appendix follow the addressing and configuration
mechanics defined by the VPN Consortium. Additional information regarding inter-vendor
interoperability may be found at http://www.vpnc.org/interop.html.
It is a good idea to gather all the necessary information required to establish a VPN before you
begin the configuration process. You should understand whether the firmware is up to date, all of
the addresses that will be necessary, and all of the parameters that need to be set on both sides. Try
to understand any incompatibilities before you begin, so that you minimize any potential
complications which may arise from normal firewall or WAN processes.
If you are not a full-time system administrator, it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the
mechanics of a VPN. The brief description in this appendix will help. Other good sources include:
•
The NETGEAR VPN Tutorial – http://www.netgear.com/planetvpn/pvpn_2.html
•
The VPN Consortium – http://www.vpnc.org/
•
The VPN bibliography in “Additional Reading“ on page F-11.
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VPN Process Overview
Even though IPSec is standards-based, each vendor has its own set of terms and procedures for
implementing the standard. Because of these differences, it may be a good idea to review some of
the terms and the generic processes for connecting two gateways before diving into the specifics.
Network Interfaces and Addresses
The VPN gateway is aptly named because it functions as a “gatekeeper” for each of the computers
connected on the Local Area Network behind it.
In most cases, each Gateway will have a “public” facing address (WAN side) and a “private”
facing address (LAN side). These addresses are referred to as the “network interface” in
documentation regarding the construction of VPN communication. Please note that the addresses
used in the example do not use full TCP/IP notation.
Interface Addressing
This TechNote uses example addresses provided the VPN Consortium. It is important to
understand that you will be using addresses specific to the devices that you are attempting to
connect via IPSec VPN.
10.5.6.0/24
172.23.9.0/24
VPNC Example
Network Interface Addressing
Gateway B
Gateway A
LAN IP
10.5.6.1
14.15.16.17
22.23.24.25
WAN IP
WAN IP
LAN IP
172.23.9.1
Figure F-4: VPNC Example Network Interface Addressing
It is also important to make sure the addresses do not overlap or conflict. That is, each set of
addresses should be separate and distinct.
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Table 5-3.
WAN (Internet/Public) and LAN (Internal/Private) Addressing
Gateway
LAN or WAN
VPNC Example Address
Gateway A
LAN (Private)
10.5.6.1
Gateway A
WAN (Public)
14.15.16.17
Gateway B
LAN (Private)
22.23.24.25
Gateway B
WAN (Public)
172.23.9.1
It will also be important to know the subnet mask of both gateway LAN Connections.
Table 5-4.
Subnet Addressing
Gateway
LAN or WAN
Interface Name
Example Subnet Mask
Gateway A
LAN (Private)
Subnet Mask A
255.255.255.0
Gateway B
LAN (Private)
Subnet Mask B
255.255.255.0
Firewalls
It is important to understand that many gateways are also firewalls. VPN tunnels cannot function
properly if firewall settings disallow all incoming traffic. Please refer to the firewall instructions
for both gateways to understand how to open specific protocols, ports, and addresses that you
intend to allow.
Setting Up a VPN Tunnel Between Gateways
An SA, frequently called a tunnel, is the set of information that allows two entities (networks, PCs,
routers, firewalls, gateways) to “trust each other” and communicate securely as they pass
information over the Internet.
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A
B
Figure F-5: VPN Tunnel SA
The SA contains all the information necessary for gateway A to negotiate a secure and encrypted
communication stream with gateway B. This communication is often referred to as a “tunnel.” The
gateways contain this information so that it does not have to be loaded onto every computer
connected to the gateways.
Each gateway must negotiate its Security Association with another gateway using the parameters
and processes established by IPSec. As illustrated below, the most common method of
accomplishing this process is via the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol which automates some
of the negotiation procedures. Alternatively, you can configure your gateways using manual key
exchange, which involves manually configuring each paramter on both gateways.
IPSec Security Association IKE
VPN Tunnel Negotiation Steps
1) Communication
request sent to VPN Gateway
VPN Gateway
2) IKE Phase I authentication
VPN Gateway
3) IKE Phase II negotiation
4) Secure data transfer
5) IPSec tunnel termination
Figure F-6: IPSec SA negotiation
1. The IPSec software on Host A initiates the IPSec process in an attempt to communicate
with Host B. The two computers then begin the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) process.
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2. IKE Phase I.
a.
The two parties negotiate the encryption and authentication algorithms to use in the IKE
SAs.
b.
The two parties authenticate each other using a predetermined mechanism, such as
preshared keys or digital certificates.
c.
A shared master key is generated by the Diffie-Hellman Public key algorithm within the
IKE framework for the two parties. The master key is also used in the second phase to
derive IPSec keys for the SAs.
3. IKE Phase II.
a.
The two parties negotiate the encryption and authentication algorithms to use in the IPSec
SAs.
b.
The master key is used to derive the IPSec keys for the SAs. Once the SA keys are created
and exchanged, the IPSec SAs are ready to protect user data between the two VPN
gateways.
4. Data transfer. Data is transferred between IPSec peers based on the IPSec parameters and
keys stored in the SA database.
5. IPSec tunnel termination. IPSec SAs terminate through deletion or by timing out.
VPNC IKE Security Parameters
It is important to remember that both gateways must have the identical parameters set for the
process to work correctly. The settings in these examples follow the examples given for Scenario 1
of the VPN Consortium.
VPNC IKE Phase I Parameters
The IKE Phase 1 parameters used:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Main mode
TripleDES
SHA-1
MODP group 1
Ppre-shared secret of "hr5xb84l6aa9r6"
SA lifetime of 28800 seconds (eight hours)
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VPNC IKE Phase II Parameters
The IKE Phase 2 parameters used in Scenario 1 are:
•
•
•
•
•
•
TripleDES
SHA-1
ESP tunnel mode
MODP group 1
Perfect forward secrecy for rekeying
SA lifetime of 28800 seconds (one hour)
Testing and Troubleshooting
Once you have completed the VPN configuration steps you can use PCs, located behind each of
the gateways, to ping various addresses on the LAN side of the other gateway.
You can troubleshoot connections using the VPN status and log details on the NETGEAR gateway
to determine if IKE negotiation is working. Common problems encountered in setting up VPNs
include:
•
Parameters may be configured differently on Gateway A vs. Gateway B.
•
Two LANs set up with similar or overlapping addressing schemes.
•
So many required configuration parameters mean errors such as mistyped information or
mismatched parameter selections on either side are more likely to happen.
Additional Reading
•
Building and Managing Virtual Private Networks, Dave Kosiur, Wiley & Sons; ISBN:
0471295264
•
Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker, William R. Cheswick and Steven
M. Bellovin, Addison-Wesley; ISBN: 0201633574
•
VPNs A Beginners Guide, John Mains, McGraw Hill; ISBN: 0072191813
•
[FF98] Floyd, S., and Fall, K., Promoting the Use of End-to-End Congestion Control in the
Internet. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, August 1999.
Relevant RFCs listed numerically:
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•
[RFC 791] Internet Protocol DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification, Information
Sciences Institute, USC, September 1981.
•
[RFC 1058] Routing Information Protocol, C Hedrick, Rutgers University, June 1988.
•
[RFC 1483] Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5, Juha Heinanen,
Telecom Finland, July 1993.
•
[RFC 2401] S. Kent, R. Atkinson, Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol, RFC 2401,
November 1998.
•
[RFC 2407] D. Piper, The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP,
November 1998.
•
[RFC 2474] K. Nichols, S. Blake, F. Baker, D. Black, Definition of the Differentiated Services
Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers, December 1998.
•
[RFC 2475] S. Blake, D. Black, M. Carlson, E. Davies, Z. Wang, and W. Weiss, An
Architecture for Differentiated Services, December 1998.
•
[RFC 2481] K. Ramakrishnan, S. Floyd, A Proposal to Add Explicit Congestion Notification
(ECN) to IP, January 1999.
•
[RFC 2408] D. Maughan, M. Schertler, M. Schneider, J. Turner, Internet Security Association
and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP).
•
[RFC 2409] D. Harkins, D.Carrel, Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol.
•
[RFC 2401] S. Kent, R. Atkinson, Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol.
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Appendix G
NETGEAR VPN Configuration
FVS318 or FVM318 to FWG114P v2
This appendix provides a case study on how to configure a secure IPSec VPN tunnel between a
NETGEAR FVS318 or FVM318 to a FWG114P v2. The configuration options and screens for the
FVS318 and FVM318 are the same.
Configuration Template
The configuration in this document follows the addressing and configuration mechanics defined
by the VPN Consortium. Gather all the necessary information before you begin the configuration
process. Verify whether the firmware is up to date, all of the addresses that will be necessary, and
all of the parameters that need to be set on both sides. Check that there are no firewall restrictions.
Table G-1.
Summary
VPN Consortium Scenario:
Scenario 1
Type of VPN
LAN-to-LAN or Gateway-to-Gateway (not PC/Client-to-Gateway)
Security Scheme:
IKE with Preshared Secret/Key (not Certificate-based)
Date Tested:
December 2003
Model/Firmware Tested:
NETGEAR-Gateway A
FVS318 firmware version A1.4 or 2.0; FVM318 firmware version 1.1
NETGEAR-Gateway B
FWG114P with firmware version 2 Release 2
IP Addressing:
NETGEAR-Gateway A
Static IP address
NETGEAR-Gateway B
Static IP address
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10.5.6.0/24
Gateway B
Gateway A
LAN IP
10.5.6.1
172.23.9.0/24
VPNC Example
Network Interface Addressing
14.15.16.17
22.23.24.25
WAN IP
WAN IP
LAN IP
172.23.9.1
Figure G-1: Addressing and Subnet Used for Examples
Step-By-Step Configuration of FVS318 or FVM318 Gateway A
1.
Log in to the FVS318 or FVM318 labeled Gateway A as in the illustration.
Out of the box, the FVS318 or FVM318 is set for its default LAN address of
http://192.168.0.1 with its default user name of admin and default password of password. For
this example we will assume you have set the local LAN address as 10.5.6.1 for Gateway A
and have set your own password.
Figure G-2: NETGEAR FVS318 VPN Settings Pre-Configuration
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2.
Click the VPN Settings link on the left side of the Settings management GUI. Click the radio
button of the first available VPN leg (all 8 links are available in the example). Click the Edit
button below. This will take you to the VPN Settings – Main Mode Menu.
Figure G-3: Figure 3 – NETGEAR FVS318 VPN Settings (part 1) – Main Mode
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
In the Connection Name box, enter in a unique name for the VPN tunnel to be configured
between the NETGEAR devices. For this example we have used toFVS328.
Enter a Local IPSec Identifier name for the NETGEAR FVS318 Gateway A. This name
must be entered in the other endpoint as Remote IPSec Identifier. In this example we used
14.15.16.17 as the local identifier.
Enter a Remote IPSec Identifier name for the remote NETGEAR FWG114P v2 Gateway
B. This name must be entered in the other endpoint as Local IPSec Identifier. In this
example we used 22.23.24.25 as the remote identifier.
Choose a subnet from local address from the “Tunnel can be accessed from” pull-down
menu.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway A (10.5.6.1 in our example) in the Local IP
Local LAN start IP Address field.
Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway A (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Local LAN finish IP Address field.
Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway A (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Local
LAN IP Subnetmask field.
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–
–
–
–
–
Choose a subnet from local address from the “Tunnel can access” pull-down menu.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway B (172.23.9.1 in our example) in the Local
IP Remote LAN Start IP Address field.
Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway B (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Remote LAN Finish IP Address field.
Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway B (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Remote
LAN IP Subnetmask field.
Type the WAN IP address (22.23.24.25 in our example) of Gateway B in the Remote
WAN IP or FQDN field.
Figure G-4: Figure 4 – NETGEAR FVS318 VPN Settings (part 2) – Main Mode
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
From the Secure Association drop-down box, select Main Mode.
Next to Perfect Forward Secrecy, select the Enabled radio button.
From the Encryption Protocol drop-down box, select 3DES.
In the PreShared Key box, type a unique text string to be used as the shared key between
Gateway A and Gateway B. In this example we used hr5xb84l6aa9r6. You must make
sure the key is the same for both gateways.
In the Key Life box, enter in 3600 seconds.
In the IKE Life Time, enter 28800 seconds.
Check the NETBIOS Enable box if you wish to pass NetBIOS traffic over the VPN
tunnel, allowing functions, such as Microsoft Network Neighborhood browsing.
3.
Click the Apply button in the lower center of the screen to save all changes and return to the
VPN Settings screen.
4.
When the screen returns to the VPN Settings, make sure the Enable check box is selected.
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Step-By-Step Configuration of FWG114P Gateway B
1.
Log in to the NETGEAR FVS328 labeled Gateway B as in the illustration.
Out of the box, the FVS328 is set for its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with its
default user name of admin and default password of password. For this example we will
assume you have set the local LAN address as 172.23.9.1 for Gateway B and have set your
own user name and password.
2.
Click the IKE Policies link under the VPN category link on the left side of the Settings
management GUI. This will open the IKE Policies Menu. Click Add. This will open a new
screen titled IKE Policy Configuration.
Figure G-5: NETGEAR FVS328 IKE Policy Configuration – Part 1
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Enter an appropriate name for the policy in the Policy Name field. This name is not
supplied to the remote VPN Endpoint. It is used to help you manage the IKE policies. In
our example we have used FVS318 as the Policy Name. In the Policy Name field type
FVS318.
From the Direction/Type drop-down box, select Both Directions.
From the Exchange Mode drop-down box, select Main Mode.
From the Local Identity drop-down box, select WAN IP Address (WAN IP address will
automatically be populated into the Local Identity Data field after policy is applied).
From the Remote Identity drop-down box, select Remote WAN IP (WAN IP address will
automatically be populated into the Local Identity Data field after policy is applied).
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Figure G-6: NETGEAR FVS328 IKE Policy Configuration – Part 2
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3.
From the Encryption Algorithm drop-down box, select 3DES.
From the Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select MD5.
From the Authentication Method radio button, select Pre-shared Key.
In the Pre-Shared Key field, type hr5xb84l6aa9r6. You must make sure the key is the
same for both gateways.
From the Diffie-Hellman (DH) Group drop-down box, select Group 1 (768 Bit).
In the SA Life Time field, type 28800.
Click the Apply Button. This will bring you back to the IKE Policies Menu.
Figure G-7: NETGEAR FVS328 IKE Policies (Post Configuration)
The FVS318 IKE Policy is now displayed in the IKE Policies page.
4.
G-6
Click the VPN Policies link under the VPN category link on the left side of the Settings
management GUI. This will take you to the VPN Policies Menu page. Click Add Auto Policy.
This will open a new screen titled VPN – Auto Policy.
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Figure G-8: NETGEAR FVS328 VPN – Auto Policy (part 1)
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Enter a unique name to identify this policy. This name is not supplied to the remote VPN
endpoint. In our example we have used to318 as the Policy Name. In the Policy Name
field type to318.
From the IKE policy drop-down box, select the IKE Policy that was set up in the earlier
step – this being the FVS318 IKE Policy.
From the Remote VPN Endpoint Address Type drop-down box, select IP Address.
Type the WAN IP Address of Gateway A (14.15.16.17 in our example) in the Remote
VPN Endpoint Address Data field.
Type 300 in the SA Life Time (Seconds) field.
Type 0 in the SA Life Time (Kbytes) field.
Check the IPSec PFS check box.
From the PFS Key Group drop-down box, select Group 2 (1024 Bit).
From the Traffic Selector Local IP drop-down box, select Subnet address.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway B (172.23.9.1 in our example) in the Local
IP Start IP Address field.
Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway B (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Finish IP Address field.
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Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway B (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Subnet Mask field.
Figure G-9: NETGEAR FWG114P v2 VPN – Auto Policy (part 2)
5.
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From the Traffic Selector Remote IP drop-down box, select Subnet address.
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Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway A (10.5.6.1 in our example) in the Remote
IP Start IP Address field.
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Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway A (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Remote
IP Finish IP Address field.
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Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway A (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Remote
IP Subnet Mask field.
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From the AH Configuration Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select MD5.
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Select Enable Encryption in the ESP Configuration Enable Encryption check box.
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From the ESP Configuration Encryption Algorithm drop-down box, select 3DES.
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Select Enable Authentication in the ESP Configuration Enable Authentication check box.
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From the ESP Configuration Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select MD5.
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Select NETBIOS Enable in the NETBIOS Enable check box.
Click the Apply Button. You will be taken back to the VPN Policies Menu page.
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Figure G-10: NETGEAR FWG114P v2 VPN Policies Menu (Post Configuration)
6.
When the screen returns to the VPN Policies, make sure the Enable check box is selected.
Click the Apply button.
Test the VPN Connection
1.
From a PC behind the NETGEAR FVS318 or FVM318 gateway A attempt to ping the remote
FWG114P v2 gateway B LAN Interface address (example address 172.23.9.1).
2.
From a PC behind the FWG114P v2 gateway B attempt to ping the remote NETGEAR
FVS318 or FVM318 gateway A LAN Interface address (example address 10.5.6.1).
3. Click the Broadband Status link on the left side of the FWG114P v2 Settings management
GUI. Click the Show VPN Status button below. This will take you to the IPSec Connection
Status Screen. If the connection is functioning properly, the State fields will show “Estab.”
4. Click the Router Status link on the left side of the FVS318 Settings management GUI. Click
the Show VPN Logs button below. NETGEAR log files should be similar to the example
below.
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Appendix H
NETGEAR VPN Configuration
FVS318 or FVM318 with FQDN to FVS328
This appendix provides a case study on how to configure a VPN tunnel between a NETGEAR
FVS318 or FVM318 to a FWG114P v2 using a Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) to resolve
the public address of one or both routers. The configurations screens and settings for the FVS318
and FVM318 are the same.
Configuration Template
The configuration in this document follows the addressing and configuration mechanics defined
by the VPN Consortium. Gather all the necessary information before you begin the configuration
process. Verify whether the firmware is up to date, all of the addresses that will be necessary, and
all of the parameters that need to be set on both sides. Check that there are no firewall restrictions.
Table H-1.
Summary
VPN Consortium Scenario:
Scenario 1
Type of VPN
LAN-to-LAN or Gateway-to-Gateway (not PC/Client-to-Gateway)
Security Scheme:
IKE with Preshared Secret/Key (not Certificate-based)
Date Tested:
December 2003
Model/Firmware Tested:
NETGEAR-Gateway A
FVS318 firmware version A1.4 or 2.0; FVM318 firmware version 1.1
NETGEAR-Gateway B
FVS328 with firmware version 1.0 Release 00
IP Addressing:
NETGEAR-Gateway A
Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
NETGEAR-Gateway B
Static IP address
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10.5.6.0/24
172.23.9.0/24
VPNC Example
Network Interface Addressing
Gateway B
Gateway A
WAN IP
LAN IP
10.5.6.1
FQDN
netgear.dydns.org
WAN IP
22.23.24.25
LAN IP
172.23.9.1
Figure H-1: Addressing and Subnet Used for Examples
Using DDNS and Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN)
Many ISPs (Internet Service Providers) provide connectivity to their customers using dynamic
instead of static IP addressing. This means that a user’s IP address does not remain constant over
time, which presents a challenge for gateways attempting to establish VPN connectivity.
A Dynamic DNS (DDNS) service allows a user whose public IP address is dynamically assigned
to be located by a host or domain name. It provides a central public database where information
(such as e-mail addresses, host names and IP addresses) can be stored and retrieved. Now, a
gateway can be configured to use a 3rd party service in lieu of a permanent and unchanging IP
address to establish bi-directional VPN connectivity.
To use DDNS, you must register with a DDNS service provider. Example DDNS Service
Providers include:
Table H-1.
DynDNS
TZO.com
ngDDNS
Example DDNS Service Providers
www.dyndns.org
netgear.tzo.com
ngddns.iego.net
In this example, Gateway A is configured using an example FQDN provided by a DDNS Service
provider. In this case we established the hostname netgear.dyndns.org for Gateway A using the
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DynDNS service. Gateway B will use the DDNS Service Provider when establishing a VPN
tunnel.
In order to establish VPN connectivity Gateway A must be configured to use Dynamic DNS, and
Gateway B must be configured to use a DNS hostname to find Gateway A provided by a DDNS
Service Provider. Again, the following step-by-step procedures assume that you have already
registered with a DDNS Service Provider and have the configuration information necessary to set
up the gateways.
Step-By-Step Configuration of FVS318 or FVM318 Gateway A
1.
Log in to the FVS318 or FVM318 labeled Gateway A as in the illustration.
Out of the box, the FVS318 or FVM318 is set for its default LAN address of
http://192.168.0.1, with its default user name of admin and default password of password.
For this example we will assume you have set the local LAN address as 10.5.6.1 for Gateway
A and have set your own password.
2.
Click Dynamic DNS on the left side of the Settings management GUI.
3.
Access the Web site of one of the dynamic DNS service providers whose names appear in the
‘Use a dynamic DNS service’ list, and register for an account.
For example, for dyndns.org, click the link or go to www.dyndns.org.
Figure H-2: Dynamic DNS Setup menu
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4.
Select the Use a dynamic DNS service radio button for the service you are using. In this
example we are using www.DynDNS.org as the service provider.
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5.
Type the Host Name that your dynamic DNS service provider gave you.
The dynamic DNS service provider may call this the domain name. In this example we are
using dyndns.org as the domain suffix.
Type the User Name for your dynamic DNS account. In this example we used netgear as
the Host Name. This means that the complete FQDN we are using is netgear.dyndns.org
and the Host Name is “netgear.”
Type the Password (or key) for your dynamic DNS account.
Click Apply to save your configuration.
Note: The router supports only basic DDNS and the login and password may not be
secure. If your ISP assigns a private WAN IP address, such as 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x,
the dynamic DNS service will not work because private addresses will not be routed on
the Internet.
6.
Click VPN Settings on the left side of the Settings management GUI.
Figure H-3: NETGEAR FVS318 VPN Settings Pre-Configuration
7.
H-4
Click the radio button of first available VPN leg (all 8 links are available in the example).
Click Edit. This will take you to the VPN Settings – Main Mode Menu.
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Figure H-4: NETGEAR FVS318 VPN Settings (part 1) – Main Mode
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In the Connection Name box, enter in a unique name for the VPN tunnel to be configured
between the NETGEAR devices. For this example we have used toFVS328.
Enter a Local IPSec Identifier name for the NETGEAR FVS318 Gateway A. This name
must be entered in the other endpoint as Remote IPSec Identifier. In this example we used
netgear.dyndns.org (the FQDN) as the local identifier.
Enter a Remote IPSec Identifier name for the remote NETGEAR FVS328 Gateway B.
This name must be entered in the other endpoint as Local IPSec Identifier. In this example
we used 22.23.24.25 as the remote identifier.
Choose a subnet from local address from the “Tunnel can be accessed” from pull-down
menu.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway A (10.5.6.1 in our example) in the Local IP
Local LAN start IP Address field.
Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway A (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Local LAN finish IP Address field.
Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway A (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Local
LAN IP Subnetmask field.
Choose a subnet from local address from the “Tunnel can access” pull-down menu.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway B (172.23.9.1 in our example) in the Local
IP Remote LAN Start IP Address field.
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Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway B (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Remote LAN Finish IP Address field.
Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway B (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Remote
LAN IP Subnetmask field.
Type the WAN IP address (22.23.24.25 in our example) of Gateway B in the Remote
WAN IP or FQDN field.
Figure H-5: Figure 4 – NETGEAR FVS318 VPN Settings (part 2) – Main Mode
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From the Secure Association drop-down box, select Main Mode.
Next to Perfect Forward Secrecy, select the Enabled radio button.
From the Encryption Protocol drop-down box, select 3DES.
In the PreShared Key box, type a unique text string to be used as the shared key between
Gateway A and Gateway B. In this example we used hr5xb84l6aa9r6. You must make
sure the key is the same for both gateways.
In the Key Life box, enter in 3600 seconds.
In the IKE Life Time, enter 28800 seconds.
Check the NETBIOS Enable box if you wish to pass NetBIOS traffic over the VPN
tunnel, allowing functions, such as Microsoft Network Neighborhood browsing.
8.
Click the Apply button in the lower center of the screen to save all changes and return to the
VPN Settings screen.
9.
When the screen returns to the VPN Settings, make sure the Enable check box is selected.
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Step-By-Step Configuration of FVS328 Gateway B
1.
Log in to the NETGEAR FVS328, labeled Gateway B in the illustration.
Out of the box, the FVS328 is set for its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1, with its
default user name of admin and default password of password. For this example we will
assume you have set the local LAN address as 172.23.9.1 for Gateway B.
2.
Click IKE Policies link under the VPN category and click Add on the IKE Policies Menu.
Figure H-6: NETGEAR FVS328 IKE Policy Configuration – Part 1
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Enter an appropriate name for the policy in the Policy Name field. This name is not
supplied to the remote VPN Endpoint. It is used to help you manage the IKE policies. In
our example we have used FVS318 as the Policy Name. In the Policy Name field type
FVS318.
From the Direction/Type drop-down box, select Both Directions.
From the Exchange Mode drop-down box, select Main Mode.
From the Local Identity drop-down box, select WAN IP Address (WAN IP address will
automatically be populated into the Local Identity Data field after policy is applied).
–
From the Remote Identity drop-down box, select Fully Qualified Domain Name.
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Type the FQDN (netgear.dnydns.org in our example) in the Remote Identity Data field.
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Figure H-7: NETGEAR FVS328 IKE Policy Configuration – Part 2
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3.
From the Encryption Algorithm drop-down box, select 3DES.
From the Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select MD5.
From the Authentication Method radio button, select Pre-shared Key.
In the Pre-Shared Key field, type hr5xb84l6aa9r6. You must make sure the key is the
same for both gateways.
From the Diffie-Hellman (DH) Group drop-down box, select Group 1 (768 Bit).
In the SA Life Time field, type 28800.
Click Apply. This will bring you back to the IKE Policies Menu.
Figure H-8: NETGEAR FWG114P v2 IKE Policies (Post Configuration)
The FVS318 IKE Policy is now displayed in the IKE Policies page.
4.
H-8
Click the VPN Policies link under the VPN category on the left side of the Settings
management GUI. This will take you to the VPN Policies Menu page. Click Add Auto Policy.
This will open a new screen titled VPN – Auto Policy.
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Figure H-9: NETGEAR FVS328 VPN – Auto Policy (part 1)
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Enter a unique name to identify this policy. This name is not supplied to the remote VPN
endpoint. In our example we have used to318 as the Policy Name. In the Policy Name
field type to318.
From the IKE policy drop-down box, select the IKE Policy that was set up in the earlier
step – the FVS318 IKE Policy.
From the Remote VPN Endpoint Address Type drop-down box, select IP Address.
Type the WAN IP Address of Gateway A (14.15.16.17 in our example) in the Remote
VPN Endpoint Address Data field.
Type 300 in the SA Life Time (Seconds) field.
Type 0 in the SA Life Time (Kbytes) field.
Check the IPSec PFS check box.
From the PFS Key Group drop-down box, select Group 2 (1024 Bit).
From the Traffic Selector Local IP drop-down box, select Subnet address.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway B (172.23.9.1 in our example) in the Local
IP Start IP Address field.
Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway B (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Finish IP Address field.
Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway B (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Local IP
Subnet Mask field.
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Figure H-10: NETGEAR FVS328 VPN – Auto Policy (part 2)
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5.
From the Traffic Selector Remote IP drop-down box, select Subnet address.
Type the starting LAN IP Address of Gateway A (10.5.6.1 in our example) in the Remote
IP Start IP Address field.
Type the finishing LAN IP Address of Gateway A (0.0.0.0 in our example) in the Remote
IP Finish IP Address field.
Type the LAN Subnet Mask of Gateway A (255.255.255.0 in our example) in the Remote
IP Subnet Mask field.
From the AH Configuration Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select MD5.
Select the Enable Encryption check box.
From the ESP Configuration Encryption Algorithm drop-down box, select 3DES.
Select the Enable Authentication check box.
From the ESP Configuration Authentication Algorithm drop-down box, select MD5.
Select the NETBIOS Enable check box.
Click the Apply Button. You will be taken back to the VPN Policies Menu page.
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Figure H-11: NETGEAR FVS328 VPN Policies Menu (Post Configuration)
6.
When the screen returns to the VPN Policies, make sure the Enable check box is selected.
Click the Apply button.
Test the VPN Connection
1.
From a PC behind the NETGEAR FVS318 or FVM318 Gateway A, attempt to ping the
remote FWG114P v2 Gateway B LAN Interface address (example address 172.23.9.1).
2. From the FVS318 or FVM318, click the Router Status link on the left side of the Settings
management menu. Click the Show VPN Status button. This will take you to the IPSec
Connection Status Screen. If the connection is functioning properly, the State fields will show
“Estab.”
3. From the FVS328, click the VPN Status link under the VPN section of the main menu. The
VPN Logs and status are displayed.
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Glossary
Use the list below to find definitions for technical terms used in this manual.
802.11 Standard
802.11, or IEEE 802.11, is a type of radio technology used for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It is a
standard that has been developed by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers),
http://standards.ieee.org. The IEEE is an international organization that develops standards for hundreds of
electronic and electrical technologies. The organization uses a series of numbers, like the Dewey Decimal
system in libraries, to differentiate between the various technology families.
The 802 subgroup (of the IEEE) develops standards for local and wide area networks with the 802.11 section
reviewing and creating standards for wireless local area networks.
Wi-Fi , 802.11, is composed of several standards operating in different radio frequencies: 802.11b is a
standard for wireless LANs operating in the 2.4 GHz spectrum with a bandwidth of 11 Mbps; 802.11a is a
different standard for wireless LANs, and pertains to systems operating in the 5 GHz frequency range with a
bandwidth of 54 Mbps. Another standard, 802.11g, is for WLANS operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency but
with a bandwidth of 54 Mbps.
802.11a Standard
An IEEE specification for wireless networking that operates in the 5 GHz frequency range (5.15 GHz to
5.85 GHz) with a maximum 54 Mbps data transfer rate. The 5 GHz frequency band is not as crowded as the
2.4 GHz frequency, because the 802.11a specification offers more radio channels than the 802.11b. These
additional channels can help avoid radio and microwave interference.
802.11b Standard
International standard for wireless networking that operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency range (2.4 GHz to
2.4835 GHz) and provides a throughput of up to 11 Mbps. This is a very commonly used frequency.
Microwave ovens, cordless phones, medical and scientific equipment, as well as Bluetooth devices, all work
within the 2.4 GHz frequency band.
802.11d Standard
802.11d is an IEEE standard supplementary to the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in 802.11 to promote
worldwide use of 802.11 WLANs. It will allow access points to communicate information on the
permissible radio channels with acceptable power levels for client devices. The devices will automatically
adjust based on geographic requirements.
The purpose of 11d is to add features and restrictions to allow WLANs to operate within the rules of these
countries. Equipment manufacturers do not want to produce a wide variety of country-specific products and
users that travel do not want a bag full of country-specific WLAN PC cards. The outcome will be
country-specific firmware solutions.
Glossary
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802.11e Standard
802.11e is a proposed IEEE standard to define quality of service (QoS) mechanisms for wireless gear that
gives support to bandwidth-sensitive applications such as voice and video.
802.11g Standard
Similar to 802.11b, this physical layer standard provides a throughput of up to 54 Mbps. It also operates in
the 2.4 GHz frequency band but uses a different radio technology in order to boost overall bandwidth.
802.11i
This is the name of the IEEE Task Group dedicated to standardizing WLAN security. The 802.11i Security
has a frame work based on RSN (Robust Security Mechanism). RSN consists of two parts: 1) The Data
Privacy Mechanism and 2) Security Association Management.
The Data Privacy Mechanism supports two proposed schemes: TKIP and AES. TKIP (Temporal Key
Integrity) is a short-term solution that defines software patches to WEP to provide a minimally adequate
level of data privacy. AES or AES-OCB (Advanced Encryption Standard and Offset Codebook) is a robust
data privacy scheme and is a longer-term solution.
Security Association Management is addressed by a) RSN Negotiation Procedures, b) IEEE 802.1x
Authentication and c) IEEE 802.1x Key management.
The standards are being defined to naturally co-exist with pre-RSN networks that are currently deployed.
802.11n Standard
A recently formed (Oct 2003) IEEE official task group referred to as: 802.11n or "TGn" for the 100 Mbps
wireless physical layer standard protocol. Current published ratification date is December 2005. As of
February 2004, no draft specification has been written - It is expected to use both the 2.4 and 5GHz
frequencies.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
A symmetric 128-bit block data encryption technique developed by Belgian cryptographers Joan Daemen
and Vincent Rijmen. The U.S government adopted the algorithm as its encryption technique in October
2000, replacing the DES encryption it used. AES works at multiple network layers simultaneously. The
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the U.S. Department of Commerce selected the
algorithm, called Rijndael (pronounced Rhine Dahl or Rain Doll), out of a group of five algorithms under
consideration, including one called MARS from a large research team at IBM. AES is expected to replace
WEP as a WLAN encryption method in 2003.
Access Point (AP)
A wireless LAN transceiver or "base station" that can connect a wired LAN to one or many wireless devices.
Access points can also bridge to each other.
There are various types of access points, also referred to as base stations, used in both wireless and wired
networks. These include bridges, hubs, switches, routers and gateways. The differences between them are
not always precise, because certain capabilities associated with one can also be added to another. For
example, a router can do bridging, and a hub may also be a switch. But they are all involved in making sure
data is transferred from one location to another.
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A bridge connects devices that all use the same kind of protocol. A router can connect networks that use
differing protocols. It also reads the addresses included in the packets and routes them to the appropriate
computer station, working with any other routers in the network to choose the best path to send the packets
on. A wireless hub or access point adds a few capabilities such as roaming and provides a network
connection to a variety of clients, but it does not allocate bandwidth. A switch is a hub that has extra
intelligence: It can read the address of a packet and send it to the appropriate computer station. A wireless
gateway is an access point that provides additional capabilities such as NAT routing, DHCP, firewalls,
security, etc.
Ad-Hoc mode
A client setting that provides independent peer-to-peer connectivity in a wireless LAN. An alternative set-up
is one where PCs communicate with each other through an AP. See access point and Infrastructure mode.
Bandwidth
The amount of transmission capacity that is available on a network at any point in time. Available bandwidth
depends on several variables such as the rate of data transmission speed between networked devices,
network overhead, number of users, and the type of device used to connect PCs to a network. It is similar to
a pipeline in that capacity is determined by size: the wider the pipe, the more water can flow through it; the
more bandwidth a network provides, the more data can flow through it. Standard 802.11b provides a
bandwidth of 11 Mbps; 802.11a and 802.11g provide a bandwidth of 54 Mbps.
Bits per second (bps)
A measure of data transmission speed over communication lines based on the number of bits that can be sent
or received per second. Bits per second—bps—is often confused with bytes per second—Bps. While "bits"
is a measure of transmission speed, "bytes" is a measure of storage capability. 8 bits make a byte, so if a
wireless network is operating at a bandwidth of 11 megabits per second (11 Mbps or 11 Mbits/sec), it is
sending data at 1.375 megabytes per second (1.375 Mbps).
Bluetooth Wireless Technology
A technology specification for linking portable computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile
phones for short-range transmission of voice and data across a global radio frequency band without the need
for cables or wires. Bluetooth is a frequency-hopping technology in the 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum, with a
range of 30 feet and up to 11Mbps raw data throughput.
Bridge
A product that connects a local area network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same
protocol (for example, wireless, Ethernet or token ring). Wireless bridges are commonly used to link
buildings in campuses.
Client or Client devices
Any computer connected to a network that requests services (files, print capability) from another member of
the network. Clients are end users. Wi-Fi client devices include PC Cards that slide into laptop computers,
mini-PCI modules embedded in laptop computers and mobile computing devices, as well as USB and PCI/
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ISA bus Wi-Fi radios. Client devices usually communicate with hub devices like access points and
gateways.
Collision avoidance
A network node characteristic for proactively detecting that it can transmit a signal without risking a
collision, thereby ensuring a more reliable connection.
Crossover cable
A special cable used for networking two computers without the use of a hub. Crossover cables may also be
required for connecting a cable or DSL modem to a wireless gateway or access point. Instead of the signals
transferring in parallel paths from one set of plugs to another, the signals "crossover." If an eight-wire cable
was being used, for instance, the signal would start on pin one at one end of the cable and end up on pin
eight at the other end. They "cross-over" from one side to the other.
CSMA-CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Action)
CSMA/CA is the principle medium access method employed by IEEE 802.11 WLANs. It is a "listen before
talk": method of minimizing (but not eliminating) collisions caused by simultaneous transmission by
multiple radios. IEEE 802.11 states collision avoidance method rather than collision detection must be used,
because the standard employs half duplex radios—radios capable of transmission or reception—but not both
simultaneously.
Unlike conventional wired Ethernet nodes, a WLAN station cannot detect a collision while transmitting. If a
collision occurs, the transmitting station will not receive an ACKnowledge packet from the intended receive
station. For this reason, ACK packets have a higher priority than all other network traffic. After completion
of a data transmission, the receive station will begin transmission of the ACK packet before any other node
can begin transmitting a new data packet. All other stations must wait a longer pseudo randomized period of
time before transmitting. If an ACK packet is not received, the transmitting station will wait for a subsequent
opportunity to retry transmission
CSMA-CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Action/Collision Detection)
A method of managing traffic and reducing noise on an Ethernet network. A network device transmits data
after detecting that a channel is available. However, if two devices transmit data simultaneously, the sending
devices detect a collision and retransmit after a random time delay.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
A utility that enables a server to dynamically assign IP addresses from a predefined list and limit their time
of use so that they can be reassigned. Without DHCP, an IT Manager would have to manually enter in all the
IP addresses of all the computers on the network. When DHCP is used, whenever a computer logs onto the
network, it automatically gets an IP address assigned to it.
Diversity: antenna
A type of antenna system that uses two antennas to maximize reception and transmission quality and reduce
interference
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DNS (Domain Name System)
A program that translates URLs to IP addresses by accessing a database maintained on a collection of
Internet servers. The program works behind the scenes to facilitate surfing the Web with alpha versus
numeric addresses. A DNS server converts a name like mywebsite.com to a series of numbers like
107.22.55.26. Every website has its own specific IP address on the Internet.
Encryption Key
An alphanumeric (letters and/or numbers) series that enables data to be encrypted and then decrypted so it
can be safely shared among members of a network. WEP uses an encryption key that automatically encrypts
outgoing wireless data. On the receiving side, the same encryption key enables the computer to
automatically decrypt the information so it can be read.
Enhanced Data Encryption through TKIP
To improve data encryption, Wi-Fi Protected Access utilizes its Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP).
TKIP provides important data encryption enhancements including a per-packet key mixing function, a
message integrity check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules,
and a re-keying mechanism. Through these enhancements, TKIP addresses all WEP known vulnerabilities.
Enterprise-level User Authentication via 802.1x and EAP
WEP has almost no user authentication mechanism. To strengthen user authentication, Wi-Fi Protected
Access implements 802.1x and the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). Together, these
implementations provide a framework for strong user authentication. This framework utilizes a central
authentication server, such as RADIUS, to authenticate each user on the network before they join it, and also
employs "mutual authentication" so that the wireless user doesn’t accidentally join a rogue network that
might steal its network credentials.
ESSID (more commonly referred to as SSID – Short Set Identifier)
The identifying name of an 802.11 wireless network. When you specify your correct ESSID in your client
setup you ensure that you connect to your wireless network rather than another network in range. (See
SSID.) The ESSID can be called by different terms, such as Network Name, Preferred Network, SSID or
Wireless LAN Service Area.
Ethernet
International standard networking technology for wired implementations. Basic 10BaseT networks offer a
bandwidth of about 10 Mbps. Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) and Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) are becoming
popular.
Firewall
A system that secures a network and prevents access by unauthorized users. Firewalls can be software,
hardware or a combination of both. Firewalls can prevent unrestricted access into a network, as well as
restrict data from flowing out of a network.
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Gateway
In the wireless world, a gateway is an access point with additional software capabilities such as providing
NAT and DHCP. Gateways may also provide VPN support, roaming, firewalls, various levels of security,
etc.
Hot Spot (also referred to as Public Access Location)
A place where you can access Wi-Fi service. This can be for free or for a fee. HotSpots can be inside a coffee
shop, airport lounge, train station, convention center, hotel or any other public meeting area. Corporations
and campuses are also implementing HotSpots to provide wireless Internet access to their visitors and
guests. In some parts of the world, HotSpots are known as CoolSpots.
Hub
A multiport device used to connect PCs to a network via Ethernet cabling or via Wi-Fi. Wired hubs can have
numerous ports and can transmit data at speeds ranging from 10 Mbps to multigigabyte speeds per second.
A hub transmits packets it receives to all the connected ports. A small wired hub may only connect 4
computers; a large hub can connect 48 or more. Wireless hubs can connect hundreds.
HZ (‘hertz”)
The international unit for measuring frequency, equivalent to the older unit of cycles per second. One
megahertz (MHz) is one million hertz. One gigahertz (GHz) is one billion hertz. The standard US electrical
power frequency is 60 Hz, the AM broadcast radio frequency band is 535—1605 kHz, the FM broadcast
radio frequency band is 88—108 MHz, and wireless 802.11b LANs operate at 2.4 GHz.
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
A membership organization (www.ieee.org) that includes engineers, scientists and students in electronics
and allied fields. It has more than 300,000 members and is involved with setting standards for computers and
communications.
IEEE 802.11
A set of specifications for LANs from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Most
wired networks conform to 802.3, the specification for CSMA/CD based Ethernet networks or 802.5, the
specification for token ring networks. 802.11 defines the standard for wireless LANs encompassing three
incompatible (non-interoperable) technologies: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and Infrared. WECA’s (Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance – now
Wi-Fi Alliance) focus is on 802.11b, an 11 Mbps high-rate DSSS standard for wireless networks.
Infrastructure mode
A client setting providing connectivity to an access point (AP). As compared to Ad-Hoc mode, whereby PCs
communicate directly with each other, clients set in Infrastructure Mode all pass data through a central AP.
The AP not only mediates wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood, but also provides
communication with the wired network. See Ad-Hoc and AP.
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IP (Internet Protocol) address
A 32-bit number that identifies each sender or receiver of information that is sent across the Internet. An IP
address has two parts: an identifier of a particular network on the Internet and an identifier of the particular
device (which can be a server or a workstation) within that network.
ISO Network Model
A network model developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) that consists of seven
different levels, or layers. By standardizing these layers, and the interfaces in between, different portions of
a given protocol can be modified or changed as technologies advance or systems requirements are altered.
The seven layers are:
• Physical
• Data Link
• Network
• Transport
• Session
• Presentation
• Application
The IEEE 802.11 Standard encompasses the physical layer (PHY) and the lower portion of the data link
layer. The lower portion of the data link layer is often referred to as the Medium Access Controller (MAC)
sublayer.
MAC (Media Access Control)
Every wireless 802.11 device has its own specific MAC address hard-coded into it. This unique identifier
can be used to provide security for wireless networks. When a network uses a MAC table, only the 802.11
radios that have had their MAC addresses added to that network's MAC table will be able to get onto the
network.
Mesh Networks
Also called mesh topology, mesh is a network topology in which devices are connected with many
redundant interconnections between network nodes. In a full mesh topology every node has a connection to
every other node in the network. Mesh networks may be wired or wireless.
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In a wireless mesh example, each of the spheres below represent a mesh router. Corporate servers and
printers may be shared by attaching to each mesh router. For wireless access to the mesh, an access point
must be attached to any one of the mesh routers.
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
MIMO refers to radio links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side to improve the
performance of the wireless link.
NAT (Network Address Translation)
A network capability that enables a houseful of computers to dynamically share a single incoming IP
address from a dial-up, cable or xDSL connection. NAT takes the single incoming IP address and creates
new IP address for each client computer on the network.
Network name
Identifies the wireless network for all the shared components. During the installation process for most
wireless networks, you need to enter the network name or SSID. Different network names are used when
setting up your individual computer, wired network or workgroup.
NIC (Network Interface Card)
A type of PC adapter card that either works without wires (Wi-Fi) or attaches to a network cable to provide
two-way communication between the computer and network devices such as a hub or switch. Most office
wired NICs operate at 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 10/100 Mbps dual speed.
High-speed Gigabit and 10 Gigabit NIC cards are also available. See PC Card.
PC card (also called PCMCIA)
A removable, credit-card-sized memory or I/O (input/output) device that fits into a Type 2 PCMCIA
standard slot, PC Cards are used primarily in PCs, portable computers, PDAs and laptops. PC Card
peripherals include Wi-Fi cards, memory cards, modems, NICs, hard drives, etc.
PCI adapter
A high-performance I/O computer bus used internally on most computers. Other bus types include ISA and
AGP. PCIs and other computer buses enable the addition of internal cards that provide services and features
not supported by the motherboard or other connectors.
Peer-to-peer network (also called Ad-Hoc in WLANs)
A wireless or wired computer network that has no server or central hub or router. All the networked PCs are
equally able to act as a network server or client, and each client computer can talk to all the other wireless
computers without having to go through an access point or hub. However, since there is no central base
station to monitor traffic or provide Internet access, the various signals can collide with each other, reducing
overall performance.
PHY
The lowest layer within the OSI Network Model. It deals primarily with transmission of the raw bit stream
over the PHYsical transport medium. In the case of wireless LANs, the transport medium is free space. The
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PHY defines parameters such as data rates, modulation method, signaling parameters, transmitter/receiver
synchronization, etc. Within an actual radio implementation, the PHY corresponds to the radio front end and
baseband signal processing sections.
Plug and Play
A computer system feature that provides for automatic configuration of add-ons and peripheral devices such
as wireless PC Cards, printers, scanners and multimedia devices.
Proxy server
Used in larger companies and organizations to improve network operations and security, a proxy server is
able to prevent direct communication between two or more networks. The proxy server forwards allowable
data requests to remote servers and/or responds to data requests directly from stored remote server data
Range
The distance away from your access point that your wireless network can reach. Most Wi-Fi systems will
provide a range of a hundred feet or more. Depending on the environment and the type of antenna used,
Wi-Fi signals can have a range of up to mile
Residential gateway
A wireless device that connects multiple PCs, peripherals and the Internet on a home network. Most Wi-Fi
residential gateways provide DHCP and NAT as well.
RJ-45
Standard connectors used in Ethernet networks. Even though they look very similar to standard RJ-11
telephone connectors, RJ-45 connectors can have up to eight wires, whereas telephone connectors have only
four.
Roaming
Moving seamlessly from one AP coverage area to another with your laptop or desktop with no loss in
connectivity.
Rogue Access Point
"Rogue AP" is a term used to describe an unauthorized access point that is connected on the main home or
corporate network or operating in a stand-alone mode (in a parking lot or in a neighbor's building). Rogue
APs, by definition, are not under the management of network administrators and do not conform to network
security policies and may present a severe security risk. Ideally, it is best to have some type of WLAN
system that does not allow rogue access points to easily be added to an existing WLAN.
Router
A device that forwards data packets from one local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN) to
another. Based on routing tables and routing protocols, routers can read the network address in each
transmitted frame and make a decision on how to send it via the most efficient route based on traffic load,
line costs, speed, bad connections, etc.
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Satellite broadband
A wireless high-speed Internet connection provided by satellites. Some satellite broadband connections are
two-way—up and down. Others are one-way, with the satellite providing a high-speed downlink and then
using a dial-up telephone connection or other land-based system for the uplink to the Internet.
Server
A computer that provides its resources to other computers and devices on a network. These include print
servers, Internet servers and data servers. A server can also be combined with a hub or router.
Site survey
The process whereby a wireless network installer inspects a location prior to putting in a wireless network.
Site surveys are used to identify the radio- and client-use properties of a facility so that access points can be
optimally placed.
SSID (also called ESSID)
A 32-character unique identifier attached to the header of packets sent over a WLAN that acts as a password
when a mobile device tries to connect to the BSS. (Also called ESSID.) The SSID differentiates one WLAN
from another, so all access points and all devices attempting to connect to a specific WLAN must use the
same SSID.
A device will not be permitted to join the BSS unless it can provide the unique SSID. Because an SSID can
be sniffed in plain text from a packet, it does not supply any security to the network. An SSID is also
referred to as a Network Name because essentially it is a name that identifies a wireless network.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
Commonly used encryption scheme used by many online retail and banking sites to protect the financial
integrity of transactions. When an SSL session begins, the server sends its public key to the browser. The
browser then sends a randomly generated secret key back to the server in order to have a secret key
exchange for that session.
Subnetwork or Subnet
Found in larger networks, these smaller networks are used to simplify addressing between numerous
computers. Subnets connect to the central network through a router, hub or gateway. Each individual
wireless LAN will probably use the same subnet for all the local computers it talks to.
Switch
A type of hub that efficiently controls the way multiple devices use the same network so that each can
operate at optimal performance. A switch acts as a networks traffic cop: rather than transmitting all the
packets it receives to all ports as a hub does, a switch transmits packets to only the receiving port.
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
A protocol used along with the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of individual units (called
packets) between computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual delivery of the
data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the packets that a message is divided into for efficient routing
through the Internet.
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For example, when a web page is downloaded from a web server, the TCP program layer in that server
divides the file into packets, numbers the packets, and then forwards them individually to the IP program
layer. Although each packet has the same destination IP address, it may get routed differently through the
network. At the other end, TCP reassembles the individual packets and waits until they have all arrived to
forward them as a single file.
TCP/IP
The underlying technology behind the Internet and communications between computers in a network. The
first part, TCP, is the transport part, which matches the size of the messages on either end and guarantees that
the correct message has been received. The IP part is the user's computer address on a network. Every
computer in a TCP/IP network has its own IP address that is either dynamically assigned at startup or
permanently assigned. All TCP/IP messages contain the address of the destination network as well as the
address of the destination station. This enables TCP/IP messages to be transmitted to multiple networks
(subnets) within an organization or worldwide.
TKIP
A security feature that is a WEP enhancement: Temporal Key Integrity Protocol and Message Integrity
Check (MIC) is a modification of WEP to defend against known attacks (WEP+ four patches for key
mixing, message integrity, rekeying, initialization vector protection)
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
A high-speed bidirectional serial connection between a PC and a peripheral that transmits data at the rate of
12 megabits per second. The new USB 2.0 specification provides a data rate of up to 480 Mbps, compared to
standard USB at only 12 Mbps. 1394, FireWire and iLink all provide a bandwidth of up to 400 Mbps.
VoIP (Voice over IP)
Voice transmission using Internet Protocol to create digital packets distributed over the Internet. VoIP can be
less expensive than voice transmission using standard analog packets over POTS (Plain Old Telephone
Service).
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
A type of technology designed to increase the security of information transferred over the Internet. VPN can
work with either wired or wireless networks, as well as with dial-up connections over POTS. VPN creates a
private encrypted tunnel from the end user's computer, through the local wireless network, through the
Internet, all the way to the corporate servers and database.
War Chalking
The act of making chalk marks on outdoor surfaces (walls, sidewalks, buildings, sign posts, trees) to indicate
the existence of an open wireless network connection, usually offering an Internet connection so that others
can benefit from the free wireless access. The open connections typically come from the access points of
wireless networks located within buildings to serve enterprises. The chalk symbols indicate the type of
access point that is available at that specific spot.
There are three basic designs that are currently used: a pair of back-to-back semicircles, which denotes an
open node; a closed circle, which denotes a closed node; a closed circle with a “W” inside, which denotes a
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node equipped with WEP. Warchalkers also draw identifiers above the symbols to indicate the password that
can be used to access the node, which can easily be obtained with sniffer software.
As a recent development, the debate over the legality of warchalking is still going on.
The practice stems from the U.S. Depression-era culture of wandering hobos who would make marks
outside of homes to indicate to other wanderers whether the home was receptive to drifters or was
inhospitable.
War Driving
War driving is the act of locating and possibly exploiting connections to wireless local area networks while
driving around a city or elsewhere. To do war driving, you need a vehicle, a computer (which can be a
laptop), a wireless Ethernet card set to work in promiscuous mode, and some kind of an antenna which can
be mounted on top of or positioned inside the car. Because a wireless LAN may have a range that extends
beyond an office building, an outside user may be able to intrude into the network, obtain a free Internet
connection, and possibly gain access to company records and other resources.
Some people have made a sport out of war driving, in part to demonstrate the ease with which wireless
LANs can be compromised. With an omnidirectional antenna and a geophysical positioning system (GPS),
the war driver can systematically map the locations of 802.11b wireless access points.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
Basic wireless security provided by Wi-Fi. In some instances, WEP may be all a home or small-business
user needs to protect wireless data. WEP is available in 40-bit (also called 64-bit), or in 108-bit (also called
128-bit) encryption modes. As 108-bit encryption provides a longer algorithm that takes longer to decode, it
can provide better security than basic 40-bit (64-bit) encryption.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity)
Another name for IEEE 802.11b. Products certified as Wi-Fi are interoperable with each other even if they
are from different manufacturers. A user with a Wi-Fi product can use any brand of access point with any
other brand of client hardware that is built to the Wi-Fi standard.
Wi-Fi Alliance (formerly WECA – Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance)
The Wi-Fi Alliance is a nonprofit international association formed in 1999 to certify interoperability of
wireless Local Area Network products based on IEEE 802.11 specification. Currently the Wi-Fi Alliance
has 193 member companies from around the world, and 509 products have received Wi-Fi certification since
certification began in March of 2000. The goal of the Wi-Fi Alliance's members is to enhance the user
experience through product interoperability (www.weca.net).
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA is a security technology for wireless networks that improves on the authentication and encryption
features of WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). In fact, WPA was developed by the networking industry in
response to the shortcomings of WEP.
One of the key technologies behind WPA is the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). TKIP addresses
the encryption weaknesses of WEP. Another key component of WPA is built-in authentication that WEP
does not offer. With this feature, WPA provides roughly comparable security to VPN tunneling with WEP,
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with the benefit of easier administration and use. This is similar to 802.1x support and requires a RADIUS
server in order to implement. The Wi-Fi Alliance will call this, 'WPA-Enterprise.'
One variation of WPA is called WPA Pre Shared Key or WPA-PSK for short - this provides an
authentication alternative to an expensive RADIUS server. WPA-PSK is a simplified but still powerful form
of WPA most suitable for home Wi-Fi networking. To use WPA-PSK, a person sets a static key or
"passphrase" as with WEP. But, using TKIP, WPA-PSK automatically changes the keys at a preset time
interval, making it much more difficult for hackers to find and exploit them. The Wi-Fi Alliance will call
this, 'WPA-Personal.'
Wi-Fi Protected Access and IEEE 802.11i Comparison
Wi-Fi Protected Access will be forward-compatible with the IEEE 802.11i security specification currently
under development by the IEEE. Wi-Fi Protected Access is a subset of the current 802.11i draft, taking
certain pieces of the 802.11i draft that are ready to bring to market today, such as its implementation of
802.1x and TKIP. These features can also be enabled on most existing Wi-Fi CERTIFIED products as a
software upgrade. The main pieces of the 802.11i draft that are not included in Wi-Fi Protected Access are
secure IBSS, secure fast handoff, secure de-authentication and disassociation, as well as enhanced
encryption protocols such as AES-CCMP. These features are either not yet ready for market or will require
hardware upgrades to implement.
Wi-Fi Protected Access for the Enterprise
Wi-Fi Protected Access effectively addresses the WLAN security requirements for the enterprise and
provides a strong encryption and authentication solution prior to the ratification of the IEEE 802.11i
standard. In an enterprise with IT resources, Wi-Fi Protected Access should be used in conjunction with an
authentication server such as RADIUS to provide centralized access control and management. With this
implementation in place, the need for add-on solutions such as VPNs may be eliminated, at least for the
express purpose of securing the wireless link in a network.
Wi-Fi Protected Access for Home/SOHO
In a home or Small Office/ Home Office (SOHO) environment, where there are no central authentication
servers or EAP framework, Wi-Fi Protected Access runs in a special home mode. This mode, also called
Pre-Shared Key (PSK), allows the use of manually-entered keys or passwords and is designed to be easy to
set up for the home user. All the home user needs to do is enter a password (also called a master key) in their
access point or home wireless gateway and each PC that is on the Wi-Fi wireless network. Wi-Fi Protected
Access takes over automatically from that point. First, the password allows only devices with a matching
password to join the network, which keeps out eavesdroppers and other unauthorized users. Second, the
password automatically kicks off the TKIP encryption process, described above.
Wi-Fi Protected Access for Public Access
The intrinsic encryption and authentication schemes defined in Wi-Fi Protected Access may also prove
useful for Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) offering Wi-Fi public access in "hot spots" where
secure transmission and authentication is particularly important to users unknown to each other. The
authentication capability defined in the specification enables a secure access control mechanism for the
service providers and for mobile users not utilizing VPN connections.
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Wi-Fi Protected Access in "Mixed Mode" Deployment
In a large network with many clients, a likely scenario is that access points will be upgraded before all the
Wi-Fi clients. Some access points may operate in a "mixed mode", which supports both clients running
Wi-Fi Protected Access and clients running original WEP security. While useful for transition, the net effect
of supporting both types of client devices is that security will operate at the less secure level (WEP),
common to all the devices. Therefore, organizations will benefit by accelerating the move to Wi-Fi Protected
Access for all Wi-Fi clients and access points.
WiMAX
An IEEE 802.16 Task Group that provides a specification for fixed broadband wireless access systems
employing a point-to-multipoint (PMP) architecture. Task Group 1 of IEEE 802.16 developed a
point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access standard for systems in the frequency range 10-66 GHz. The
standard covers both the Media Access Control (MAC) and the physical (PHY) layers. Ratification is
expected in second half of 2004.
Wireless Multimedia (WMM)
WMM (Wireless Multimedia) is a subset of the 802.11e standard. WMM allows wireless traffic to have a
range of priorities, depending on the kind of data. Time-dependent information, like video, audio, or voice
will have a higher priority than normal traffic. For WMM to function correctly, wireless clients must also
support WMM.
Wireless Networking
Wireless Networking refers to the infrastructure enabling the transmission of wireless signals. A network
ties things together and enables resource sharing.
WLAN (Wireless LAN)
Also referred to as LAN. A type of local-area network that uses wireless or high-frequency radio waves
rather than wires to communicate between nodes.
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