BANKING AWARENESS 2014 SBI IBPS PO CLERK – Facts about Banks in India Welcome to edugeeks.in. Getting a job is very toughest parts in the life today, that too getting a government job is becoming more competitive. Banking sector is the one of the largest sectors in India and lots of candidates are interested to get into this system for leading a sophisticated life by enjoying good allowances and perks. Every candidate who are going to enter into banking sector most know all this Facts about banking which is very important for your IBPS SBI RRB PO and Clerk examinations and also for interviews. Here we come up with set of facts, inventions and discoveries of banks and its products you are recommended to go through this for your better performance in banking related examinations and interviews. Be tuned to our site you will learn lot of new things here in coming days. All the best. Study about Fund Transfer Systems here First bank established in India: Bank of Hindustan in 1770 Second bank: General Bank of India, 1786 Oldest bank in India originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806 which was still in existence – State Bank of India State Bank of India merged with three banks namely Bank of Bengal, Bank of Bombay and Bank of Madras in 1921 to form the Imperial bank of India which was converted as State Bank of India First Indian bank got ISO: Canara Bank First India bank started solely with Indian capital investment is PNB (Punjab National Bank) Founder of Punjab National Bank is Lala Lajpat Rai Reserve bank of India (RBI) was instituted in 1935 First governor of RBI: Mr.Osborne Smith First Indian Governor of RBI: Mr. C D Deshmukh First bank to introduce savings account in India: Presidency Bank in 1833 First bank to introduce cheque system in India: Bengal Bank in 1833 Study about Banks in India here First bank to introduce internet banking: ICICI bank First bank to introduce mutual fund: State Bank of India First bank to introduce credit card in India: Central Bank of India Which cards are known as plastic money – Credit Cards. Open market operations are carried out by – RBI Capital market regulator is – SEBI Largest Commercial bank in India – State Bank of India The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is known as – World Bank India’s First Financial Archive has been set up at – Kolkata CRR, SLR, Repo Rate, Reverse Repo rate are decide by RBI Savings banks interest rates, fixed deposit interest rates, Loan Rates etc. are decided by individual banks The bank which has launched Mobile Bank Accounts in association with Vodafone’s m –paisa – HDFC Bank Minimum money transfer limit through RTGS: 2 Lakhs Maximum money transfer limit through RTGS: No Limit Minimum & Maximum money transfer limit through NEFT: No Limit NABARD was established in – July, 1982 Largest Public sector bank in India – SBI Largest Private sector bank in India – ICICI Bank Largest Foreign bank in India – Standard Chartered Bank First Indian bank to open branch outside India i.e. London in 1946: Bank of India First RRB named Prathama Grameen Bank was started by: Syndicate Bank Study about Financial and Banking sector reforms in India here First Bank to introduce ATM in India: HSBC in1987, Mumbai Bank of Baroda has the maximum number of overseas branches SBI holds the second position with maximum number of overseas branches Premium credit cards exclusively for women launched recently by – HDFC bank Private Sector Bank that recently launched a product of Personal loan called “SWIFT” – HDFC The bank which approved loan of $500mn to help India improve Rail services – Asian Development Bank FDI limit for new banks – 49% FDI limit for private banks: 74% Computer Basics for Bank online Aptitude Tests Welcome to edugeeks.in. Nowadays computer knowledge is quite essential to everybody. Any educated person without Computer Knowledge will be treated as Computer-illiterate. One must know the basic fundamentals to understand the functioning of a computer. If you are interested to know more about computer basics for attending online aptitude tests for bank exams, then you are right place now. A good stuff is provided here regarding computer basics which are essential for computer knowledge for online aptitude tests. Most of the questions on Computer basics for bank exams are designed from software, hardware, operating system and different parts of computer. All the topics generally covered in competitive exams, particularly in online aptitude tests of Banks, are provided here exclusively for you to enhance your capability and scoring capacity. COMPUTER Computer is an electronic device or programmable machine that manipulates information or data (input) and produces the result (output). It has the ability of storing, retrieving and processing the data. It is composed of hardware and software in it. Functioning Input Devices – Access the data Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Process the data Output Devices- Produces the result Storage Devices (RAM) – Stores the result Hope!! You understood this concept how computer access the data (input) and provides the output using some major components. Explanation is given for each and every component at below HARDWARE Term hardware refers to physical components or elements of the computer like keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Disk and Chips SOFTWARE Term Software refers to set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software will be loaded from Disk to RAM (Random Access Memory) Some of the examples are Games, web browsers and word processors such as Microsoft word Can a computer run without software??? — Yes, it is possible .But if u wants to create some documents and power points you need some software’s. — For example if you want to create a document you need word processor — Software will give some additional capabilities to your computer Confused???????? To prepare the Food, Vegetables are required and to preserve the Vegetables, a Refrigerator is essential. Similarly to run a program Software is required and to establish the Software, Hardware is essential. Hope you understood this. Let’s move to hardware components HARDWARE COMPONENTS Internal hardware components — CPU — Mother Board — RAM — Sound Card — Video Card — Hard Drive — DVD External Hardware components — Keyboard — Mouse — Printer — Scanner — Monitor — Speakers Input Devices (accesses the data) Devices which helps us to interact with computer is nothing but input devices Ex: Keyboard and Mouse Output Devices (provides the output) Devices which sends back the information to you is nothing but Output Devices Ex: Monitor and Printer Central Processing Unit (processes the data) Central Processing Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit is also called as the “Brain of the Computer” or Main Processor which controls all the systems inner functions. It is very easy to replace because it is inserted into the socket and is not soldered onto the motherboard A computer may contain more than one CPU which is nothing but MULTIPROCESSING Two main parts of CPU are Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Control Unit (CU). Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU is also called as basic building blocks of Central Processing Unit, which performs all arithmetic and logical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division Control Unit (CU): Control Unit controls the entire processing. It helps in the communication between Memory and ALU Memory (stores the result) A place where we can store the data or set of instructions to access them while performing the operations There are two types of memories (storage devices) RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory Memory) RAM (Random Access Memory) is one of the storage devices which performs both read and write operations. But RAM is Volatile in nature it loses the data when there is no power supply. It is fast while programming when compared to ROM There are two types of RAM DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) SRAM ( Static Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) Main advantage of ROM is that we can easily alter the data or reprogrammable. Advantage of ROM is Non –Volatile in nature which does not loses any data when there is no power supply. Motherboard may consist of more than one ROM chips. Types of ROM ROM- Read only Memory PROM- Programmable Read only Memory EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read only Memory EEPROM- Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory Flash EEPROM memory RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM) READ ONLY MEMORY(ROM) Volatile Non-Volatile Both Read and Write Only Read Data is Temporary Data is Permanent(Reusable) Faster While Programming Slower High Cost Low Cost Larger in Size Smaller in Size OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS) Operating System is a type of software that allows computer hardware to communicate with software. A computer without OS is a mere machine Ex: DOS (Disk Operating System), Linux, Solaris Types of operating systems Graphical User Interface (GUI) GUI is an interface, which allows us to interact with electronic devices like mobiles, gaming devicesand Mp3 players using some graphical icons Ex:Windows 98, Windows CE, System 7.X Multi-user operating system Application software which allows multiple users to access the computer with time sharing system Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000 Multiprocessor operating system An operating system which supports the utilization of two or more processors on single computer Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000 Multi-Tasking An operating system which supports multiple processes at the time Ex: Unix, Windows 2000 Multithreading This operating system will allows the software to perform some parts of program to run concurrently Ex: Linux, UNIX, Windows 2000 Hope!!you like this material for more materials keep visiting our site.Thank you all for your great support friends Computer Knowledge for Bank Online Aptitude Tests Welcome to edugeeks.in online aptitude tests. Good number of online aptitude tests is designed here for you. Computer knowledge is one of the important topics in Bank online aptitude tests. This Computer knowledge is highly scoring section in IBPS POs and RRB examinations. Here we are providing you good number of abbreviations regarding Computer knowledge for Bank exams. You will be asked questions from architectures, computer network and its components in Computer knowledge for Bank exams. I hope these Computer knowledge abbreviations will be useful for your online aptitude tests. For more Updates regarding online aptitude tests for Bank exams keep visiting our edugeeks.in online aptitude tests. A AAL- ATM Adaption Layer ACL- Access Control List ADO- ActiveX Data Objects ADSL-Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADT- Abstract Data Type ALGOL- Algorithmic Language ALU- Arithmetic and Logical Unit ANSI- American National Standard Institute ARP- Address Resolution Protocol ARPA- Address and Routing Parameter Area ARPA- Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPANET- Advanced Research Projects Agency Network AS- Access Server ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASM- Algorithmic State Machine ASP- Active Server Pages ASP- Application Server Provider AT- Access Time AT- Active Terminology ATM- Asynchronous Transfer Mode AVC- Advanced Video Coding AVI- Audio Video Interleaved AWT- Abstract Window Toolkit B BAL- Basic Assembly Language BASIC- Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BCD- Binary Coded Decimal BCNF- Boyce-codd Normal Form BER- Bit Error Rate BIN- Binary BINAC- Binary Automatic Computer BIOS- Basic Input Output System BLOB- Binary Large Object BNC- Bayonet Neill-Concelman BPS- Bits per Second C CAD- Computer Aided Design CAM- Computer Aided Manufacturing CAT- Computer Aided Translation CASE- Computer-Aided Software Engineering CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access CD-ROM- CD Read Only Memory CIFS- Common Internet File System CISC- Complex Instruction Set Computer CLR- Common Language Runtime CMOS- Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor COBOL- Common Business Oriented Language COM- Component Object Model CORBA- Common Object Request Broker Architecture CPS- Characters per Second CPU- Central Processing Unit CRC- Cyclic Redundancy Check D DAC- Digital to Analog Converter DAO- Data Access Objects DAP- Directory access protocol DBA- Data Base Administrator DCCP- Datagram Congestion Control Protocol DCL- Data Control Language DCOM- Distributed Component Object Model DDE- Dynamic Data Exchange DES- Data Encryption Standard DFD- Data Flow Diagram DFS- Distributed File System DHCP- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHTML- Dynamic Hyper Text Markup Language DMA- Direct Memory Access DML- Data Manipulation Language DNS- Domain Name System DOM- Document Object Model DoS- Denial of Service DRAM- Dynamic Random Access Memory DSDL- Document Schema Definition Languages DSL- Digital Subscriber Line DSL- Domain Specific Language DVD- Digital Video Disc DVD-ROM – DVD Read Only Memory DVI- Digital Video Interface DVR- Digital Video Recorder E EAI- Extensible Authentication Protocol EBML- Extensible Binary Meta Language EEPROM- Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EFI- Extensible Firmware Interface ELM- Electronic Mail EOF- End of File EOL- End of Line EUC- Extended UNIX Code EXT- Extended File System F FAP- FORTRAN Assembly Program FAT- File Allocation Table FAQ- Frequently Asked Questions FDD- Floppy Disk Drive FDDI- Fiber Distributed Data Interface FDMA- Frequency Division Multiple Access FEC- Forward Error Correction FHS- File system Hierarchy Standard FIFO- First in First out FORTRAN- Formula Translation FPS- Floating Point System FSM- Finite State Machine FTTP- Fiber to the Premises FTP- File Transfer Protocol FXP- File Exchange Protocol G GB- Giga Byte GIF- Graphic Interchange Format GIGO- Garbage in Garbage Out GIMP- GNU Image Manipulation Program GML- Geography Markup Language GUI- Graphical User Interface GWT- Google Web Toolkit Go ahead with confidence prepare well and win the race H HBA- Host Bus Adaptor HDD- Hard Disk Drive HD DVD- High Definition DVD HDL- Hardware Description Language HID- Human Interface Device HP- Hewlett-Packard HPFS- High Performance File System HTM- Hierarchical Temporal Memory HTML- Hyper Text Markup language HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Hz- Hertz I IC- Integrated Circuit ICE- In circuit Emulator ICMP- Internet Control Message Protocol ICP- Internet Cache Protocol IDE- Integrated Development Environment IDL- Interface Definition Language IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering IGRP- Integrated Gateway Routing Protocol IL- Intermediate Language IM- Instant Messenger IMAP- Internet Message Access Protocol IP- Internet Protocol IPC- Inter Process Communication IPL- Initial Program Load IPP- Internet Printing Protocol IPX- Internet Packet Exchange ISA- Instruction Set Architecture ISDN- Integrated Services Digital Network ISO- International Organization for Standardization ISP- Internet Service Provider J J2EE- Java 2 Enterprise Edition J2SE- Java 2 standard Edition JDBC- Java Database Connectivity JDK- Java Development Kit JFC- Java Foundation Classes JMS- Java Message Service JNDI- Java Naming and Directory Interface JNI- Java Native Interface JPEG- Joint Photographic Experts Group JRE- Java Runtime Environment JS- Java Script JSP- Java Server Pages JVM- Java Virtual Machine K KB- Kilo Byte KHz- Kilo Hertz KBPS- Kilo Bytes Per Second L LAN- Local Area Network LCD- Liquid Crystal Display LCR- Least Cost Routing LED- Light Emitting Diode LIFO- Last in First Out LOC- Lines of Code M MAC- Media Access Control MAN- Metropolitan Area Network MANET- Mobile Ad-Hoc Network MDA- Mail Delivery Agent MIB- Management Information Base MICR- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MIDI- Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIMD- Multiple Instruction Multiple Data MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output MIPS- Million Instructions Per Second MOSFET- Metal-Oxide Semi-conductor Field Effect Transistor MPEG- Motion Pictures Expert Group MTA- Mail Transfer Agent MX- Mail Exchange N NACK- Negative Acknowledgement NAT- Network Address Translation NFS- Network File System NOS- Network Operating System NUMA- Non-Uniform Memory Access NVR- Network Video Recorder NVRAM- Non-Volatile Random Access Memory O OASIS- Organization for the advancement of Structured Information Standards ODBC- Open Data Base Connectivity OLAP- Online Analytical Processing OLE- Object Linking and Embedding OLTP- Online Transaction Processing OOP- Object Oriented Programming OPML- Outline Processor Markup Language ORB- Object Request Broker OSI- Open Systems Interconnection P PAN- Personal Area Network PAP- Password Authentication Protocol PDA- Personal Digital Assistant PDF- Portable Document Format PERL- Practical Extraction and Reporting Language PHP- PHP-Hypertext Preprocessor PPI- Pixels per Inch PVR- Personal Video Recorder Q QA- Quality Assurance QOS- Quality of Service R RAM- Random Access Memory RDBMS- Relational Data Base Connectivity RDM- Relational Data Model RDS- Remote Data Service RIP- Routing Information Protocol RMI- Remote Method Invocationn ROM- Read Only Memory RPC- Remote Procedure Call Click here For Computer Abbreviations List-2 S SaaS- Software as a Service SAN- Storage Area Network SAX- Simple Area for XML SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCID- Source Code in Data Base SDH- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDK- Software Development Kit SMS- Short Message Service SMT- Simultaneous Multithreading SNTP- Simple Network Time Protocol SOA- Service-Oriented Architecture SOAP- Simple Object Access Protocol SPARC- Scalable Process Architecture SQL- Structured Query Language T TCP- Transmission Control Protocol TCP/IP- Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access U UDP- User Datagram Protocol UHF- Ultra High Frequency UI- User Interface UML- Unified Modeling Language UPS-Uninterruptible Power Supply URL- Uniform Resource Locator USB- Universal Serial Bus V VBA- Virtual Basic For Application VBS- Visual Basic Script VFS- Virtual File System VHF- Very High Frequency VLAN- Virtual Local Area Network VLF- Very Low Frequency VM- Virtual Machine VoIP- Video over Internet Protocol VPU- Virtual Processing Unit VSAM- Virtual Storage Access Method W WAFS- Web Area File Services WAN- Wide Area Network WAP- Wireless Access Point WiMAX- World Wide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN- Wireless Local Area Network WMV- Windows Media Video WPA- Wi-Fi Protected Access WWW- World Wide Web X XAML- Extensible Application Mark-up Language XHTML-Extensible Hyper Text Mark-up Language XSL- Extensible Style sheet Language Z ZIF- Zero Insertion Force ZOI- Zero One Infinity Click here for Computer knowledge Online Aptitude Tests FAQ Computer Abbreviations ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode ARP: Address Resolution Protocol BIT: Binary Digit BIOS: Basic Input Output System CPU: Central Processing Unit CAD: Computer Aided Design CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing CDAC: Centre for Development of Advanced Parallel Computing CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language DOS: Disk Operating Systems DNS: Domain Name System E-MAIL: Electronic Mail FAX: Far Away Xerox FDD: Floppy Disk Drive FORTRAN: Formula Translation FTP: File Transfer Protocol GIF: Graphics Interchange Format HDD: Hard Disk Drive HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol HTTPS: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure IC: Integrated Circuit ISP: Internet Service Provider JPEG: Joint photographic Experts Group MAC: Media Access Control MIPS: Millions of Instructions Per Second MPEG: Motion Picture Experts group MAN: Metropolitan Area Network MODEM: Modulation Demodulation MS-DOS: Micro Soft Disk Operating system NIC: Network Interface Card OMR: Optical Mark Reader RAM: Random Access Memory ROM: Read Only Memory SMS: System Management Server SAP: Service Access Point SONET: Synchronous Optical Network UDP: User Datagram Protocol URL: Uniform Resource Locator VLSI: Very Large scale Integrated WWW: World Wide Web Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity WAN: Wide Area Network WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access ZIP: Zone Improvement Plan Inventors of Computer Accessories Inventor of Computer– Charles Babbage First Modern Computer in the World- ENIAC First Commercial Computer – Univac First Programmable Digital Computer – SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer) ENIAC was developed by – John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Inventor of Punch Cards in Computer – Hollerith First Computer Programming Languages- FORTRAN, LISP and COBOL Computer Graphics was developed by – William Fetter ARPANET was developed by – DARPA First Compiler was developed by – Dr. Grace Murray Hopper Father of Computer Animations- John Whitney First movie to use Digital Image Processing- West World in 1973 Computer Mouse was invented by- Douglas Engel Bart Computer Keyboard was invented by- Christopher Latham Sholes Laptop Computer was invented by – Adam Osborne First Graphical Computer Game was invented by- A.S. Douglas Computer BIOS was invented by – Gary Kildall Inventor of Computer Bug- Dr. Grace Murray Hopper Inventors of Computer Chip (IC) – Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce Father of Computer Hard Disk- Reynold Johnson Inventor of First Data Base – Dr. Edgar Frank Codd Inventor of Ethernet Computer Networking- David Boggs, Chuck Thacker and Butler Lampson in Xerox PARC Inventor of Computer Scanner – Ray Kurzweil Inventor of Computer Speakers- Abinawan Puracchidas Inventor of MS-DOS Operating Systems- Microsoft Inventors of first computer Microprocessors – Faggin , Hoff & Mazor Inventor of Spacewar computer Game – Steve Russell & MIT UNIVAC was developed by – John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Inventor of Z1 computer- Konrad Zuse Inventor of ABC computer – John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry Founders and Their Inventions Founder of Apple Computers – Steve Jobs Founder of Artificial Intelligence – John McCarthy Founder of Bluetooth – Ericsson Father of Computer – Charles Babbage Father of ‘C’ Language – Dennis Ritchie Father of ‘C++’ language – Bjarne Stroustrup Founder of Email – Shiva Ayyadurai Founder of Google – Larry Page and Sergey Brin Founder of Internet – Vint Cerf Father of ‘Java’- James Gosling Father of JQuery – John Resig Founder of Keyboard – Christoper Latham Sholes Founder of Linux – Linus Torvalds Founder of Microsoft – Bill Gates and Paul Allen Founder of Mobile Phones – Martin Cooper Founder of Mouse – Douglas Engelbart Founders of Oracle – Ed Oates, Larry Ellison, Bob Miner Founder of Php – Rasmus Lerdorf Founder of USB – Ajay V.Bhatt Founder of WWW – Tim Berners-Lee Founder of Yahoo – Jurry Yang and David Filo Hope!! you like this material. Looking for more materials?? then Cli GENERATIONS Sl. No. Description 1 GENERATIONS FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH F Period 1946-1959 1959-1965 1965-1971 1971-1980 1 2 Memory Magnetic Drum Magnetic Core Micro Chip Semi Conductor S C 3 Components used Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits (ICs) VLSI Micro U Processor P 4 Languages Machine COBOL, FORTRAN, C, C++, Dbase A 5 Examples ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, IBM-701, IBM – 650 FORTRAN PASCAL, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL IBM 1620, IBM 1401, CDC 3600 IBM 370, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC AC 9000 i Apple D Macintosh, IBM L PC N FIRST GENERATION: (Vaccum Tubes) In First Generation of computers Vaccum tubes were used to store data in the form of propagating sound waves. Memory: Magnetic Core is used as memory Storage Place: Punch Cards Language Used: Machine Level ADVANTAGES: Calculates the data in milliseconds DISADVANTAGES High power consumption Large Size with less storage capacity Generates heat very soon because of more number of vaccum tubes Slow processing Non-Portable Some of the computers from first generation are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, IBM – 701, IBM – 650 Characteristics of Computer: Computer is one of the major component’s that human being is depending now, do you know why human beings are depending upon this computer? Let see some characteristics of computers Speed: The difference between our memory and computers is speed, it is very fast in performing calculations we can say within seconds. Speed of the computer = (10-6 MS) or (10-9 NS) Study Basics of Computer here Accuracy: Computer will give the accurate results with any errors or bugs, if there is any error given by computer it means the error is due to the human or inaccurate data, as output depends on input given by user. Storage capacity: Data sent by the user will be stored in the CPU which is primary storage area CPU reads all the instructions sent by the user and executes them as required. In earlier days computers used delay lines, William tubes, or rotating magnetic drums, but these are unreliable in nature. This led to modern RAM (Random access memory) which holds the information when power is off and also it is small in size, light but quite expensive at the same time There are some more storage devices you are recommended study about them here Study Storage Devices Material here Reliability: Reliability is the main key factor of computer. Reliability is the advanced feature of the computer, it helps to avoid, detect and repair hardware faults. This reliable system does not continue to gives the results which is incorrect it detects and if possible it will the correct the corruption happened over there. Availability or Diligence: Computer is free form tiredness. It can work for minute, hours even for a day without creating any error. Some more characteristics are Serviceability Maintainability SECOND GENERATION (Transistors) In second generation of computers, vaccum tubes are replaced with transistors Memory: Magnetic Cores Storage Place: Magnetic Tape Languages Used: FORTRON, COBOL ADVANTAGES: Small in size (By replacing vaccum tubes with transistors) Calculates data in micro seconds Portability Reliability compared to first Required Less Energy Less Power Consumption DISADVANTAGES: High Cost Punch cards are used Some of second generation computers are IBM 1620, IBM 1401, CDC 3600 THIRD GENERATION (Integrated Circuits) In this generation, Integrated Circuits are placed containing transistors, capacitors, resistors. Microprogramming, Parallel Processing, Multiprogramming, time sharing was introduced in this generation Memory: Microchip Languages used: FORTRAN, PASCAL, ALGOL, BASIC, COBOL ADVANTAGES: Smaller in Size Better Speed Low Cost Input devices like Mouse and Keyboards are used DISADVANTAGES: Air Conditioner is required Some of third generation computers are IBM 370, UNIVAC 1108, and UNIVAC AC 9000 FOURTH GENERATION (VLSI Microprocessor) In this generation VLSI Very Large Scale Integration were designed which reduces the size of the computer. It consists of millions of integrated circuits in it. Graphical User Interface (GUI), LAN, WAN was introduced in this generation Languages Used: C, C++, Dbase ADVANTAGES: Low Cost VLSI Technology Internet Technology Pipelining Process DISADVANTAGES: Latest Technology is required for manufacturing Microprocessors Some of the fourth generation computers are Apple Macintosh and IBM PC FIFTH GENERATION (ULSI Microprocessor) In this generation Artificial Intelligence technology is used. This computers work like a human behavior. Scientists are working still on this stage. Computers of this generation will think like a human brain. ADVANTAGES: World Wide Web is introduced with some of applications like Email Notebook Computers were introduced New Operating Systems like Windows 95/98/XP and Linux are introduced Some of the fifth generation computers are Desktops, Laptop, Notebook STORAGE DEVICES We can simply say that the storage devices are the places where the computer stores the data. If we want to save the files, they can also be saved in hard disks. If you want to store the information in another computer, what is the storage device used?? Let’s start our topic storage devices. Storage Devices are basically divided into three categories-Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Devices. One of the Primary storage devices is Random Access memory (RAM) and it cannot store data permanently (Volatile in Nature). Hard disks are secondary storage devices, which are used to store the data permanently (NonVolatile in nature). Tertiary storage devices are removable mass storage devices that are used to transfer the data on different computers (Portable in Nature). Best example is Universal serial Bus (USB). Let see the detailed explanation of storage devices Primary storage Devices: Primary Storage Device is small in capacity, located inside the computer and lost its storage when the Computer is turned off. RAM is the main type of memory in Primary Storage Device. Random Access memory (RAM): RAM is often called as “Primary storage device”. It is volatile because data is wiped out when power is turned off. Access rate in Ram is very high as it is located very nearer to CPU. RAM is very expensive device. Main advantage is it performs both read and writes operations. Data moved from secondary storage to primary storage is nothing but Internal Memory or Main Memory. Example: Suppose if you open a program or a file, data stored in the secondary memory will be moved to primary memory. While you turned off your computer, data will be wiped off. You can say best example as Browsing. While you are browsing, data will be stored temporarily in primary storage devices and you may lose the entire data while Computer is turned off. Read only Memory (ROM): ROM performs only read operations. Data stored in ROM is permanent and it cannot be edited. This devise is used for storing the data for life time without any modifications. BIOS and Cache is also other Primary Storage Device. Cache Memory: One of the primary storage devices with high speed data access. Binary Input Output System (BIOS): BIOS is one of the important devices stored on the ROM. BIOS is responsible for checking the devices at Power on Time called POST ( Power On Self-Test). Any malfunctioning in computer will receive the error messages. Secondary Storage Devices: Secondary Storage Device is higher in capacity than Primary Device, located in the computer and stores the data permanently such as software. Hard Disk Drive is one of the main types of memory in Secondary Storage Devices. Secondary storage is also called as External Memory or Auxiliary Storage. Hard Disk: Hard disk is a Secondary storage device which is abbreviated as HD or HDD. This is the main storage device that stores the data permanently, until it is deleted. Disk controller is responsible for performing all actions in hard disk. These hard disks are made up of Aluminum coated on both sides with magnetic material. Compared to primary storage devices, these devices are much costlier to use. Nowadays these devices are used to store personal data. Tertiary Storage Devices are removable mass storage devices mainly useful for storing the data in other computers, with portability in nature. We can USB as great example which accesses and saves the data very easily. Storage capacity varies for based on the device used. External Hard Drive, Floppy Disk, CD/DVD Disk and SD Card are also considered as Tertiary Storage Devices. These types of devices are also called as offline storage devices. YPES OF COMPUTERS An Electronic Device that accepts (INPUT), processes, produces (OUTPUT) and Stores (STORAGE) the data is called COMPUTER and this can be used to type documents, browse the Internet and to send e-mails in addition to attend specific operations required from time to time. It can store, retrieve and process the data. It can also be treated as Common Operational Machine Purposefully Used for Teaching,Entertainment and Research. Computers are basically classified into 2 categories based on their Principle of Operation and Nature of Configuration. The computers categorized on Operational Principle can be further divided into 3 categories such as Analog, Digital and Hybrid Computers. Similarly, the computers classified on Configuration nature can also be categorized into 4 Categories such as Micro, Mini, Mainframe and Super Computers. ANALOG COMPUTERS Analog Computer works on continuous range of varied values of Physical quantities like Temperature, Speed, Voltage, Pressure etc. and generates approximate results. DIGITAL COMPUTERS The Digital computer is designed with digital circuits in which there are two levels (logic 0 and logic 1) for an input and output signal. This computer is very much useful to solve complex problems in Engineering and Technology and hence it has increasing use in the field of design, research and data processing. If this digital computer is used for any type of application, then it is called as General Purpose Computer and Special Purpose Computer when it is used for specific application/program. HYBRID COMPUTERS A computer used for automatic operations of complicated physical processes to transform the data into suitable form is called Hybrid Computer. The conversion of analog data as digital and vice-versa is the advantage of this computer. MICRO COMPUTERS The most commonly used computer by everybody at any place is called Micro Computer, in which Microprocessor is the major source of operation. Desktop Computers, Laptops, notebook computers, Palmtop computers, In-car Computers (Carputers), Handheld Game Consoles, Programme Calculators, Table Computers, Smart Phones, Smart Books, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) etc. are the examples for this computer. DESKTOP COMPUTER LAPTOP COMPUTER IPAD COMPUTER MINI COMPUTER The multi-user midrange Computer that works in between smallest multi-user systems and largest single-user system is called as Mini Computer. MINI COMPUTER MAINFRAME COMPUTER The computer capable for processing large amount of data very quickly to service multiple users from the smaller and single user machine is called as Mainframe Computer. These computers are used in Large Organizations/Establishments such as Government, Banks, Corporations etc. They respond to upto 100s of millions of users at a time and measured in MIPS (Million Instructions per Second). C O M P U T E R S PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ANALOG COMPUTERS — Computers used to measure variable quantities like Voltage, Temperature, Pressure, Speed etc. DIGITAL GENERAL PURPOSE Computer used to process COMPUTERS COMPUTER general programs/applications. SPECIAL PURPOSE Computer used to process COMPUTER data for a specific purpose/application HYBRID COMPUTERS — NATURE OF MICRO DESKTOP CONFIGURATION COMPUTERS COMPUTER Computer used to convert analog-to-digital and digital-toanalog data for a specialized task. A Single-user Personal Computer for individual use of small application requirements. LAPTOP COMPUTER A Single-user Portable Note Book Computer allowed to use anywhere because of its small size. HANDHELD COMPUTER A Single-user Small pen based Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) with touch screen facility. MINI COMPUTERS — Multi-user Computers with less Speed and Storage Capacity. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS — An expensive very high speed Computers used in Railways, Banks, Airlines etc. SUPER COMPUTERS — An Advanced and most expensive Computers used for intensive numerical computations such as Weather Forecasting, Stock Market Analysis etc. MAINFRAME COMPUTER SUPER COMPUTER An extremely fast computer capable to perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second is called Super Computer. These computers are used for applications of intensive numerical computations such as Weather forecasting, Stock Market Analysis, Scientific Calculations, Animated Graphics, Research Analysis etc. SUPER COMPUTER The entire description is abridged here under for ready reference:
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