ZyXEL NBG-419N v2 Wireless N NetUSB Router Uživatelská příručka
Below you will find brief information for Wireless N NetUSB Router NBG-419N v2. This router extends your wired network wirelessly, offering easy mobile access and compatibility with 802.11b/g/n devices. It includes features like firewall, content filtering, and bandwidth management for secure and efficient internet use.
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NBG-419N v2
Wireless N NetUSB Router
Default Login Details
LAN IP
Address
Password http://192.168.1.1
1234
Version 1.00
Edition 2, 04/2012 www.zyxel.com
www.zyxel.com
IMPORTANT!
READ CAREFULLY
BEFORE USE.
KEEP THIS GUIDE
FOR FUTURE
REFERENCE.
Copyright © 2012
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
IMPORTANT!
READ CAREFULLY BEFORE USE.
KEEP THIS GUIDE FOR FUTURE REFERENCE.
Graphics in this book may differ slightly from the product due to differences in operating systems, operating system versions, or if you installed updated firmware/software for your device. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate.
Related Documentation
• Quick Start Guide
The Quick Start Guid shows how to connect the NBG-419N v2 and access the Web Configurator .
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NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Contents Overview
Contents Overview
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Contents Overview
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Table of Contents
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User’s Guide
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C H A P T E R 1
Getting to Know Your Router
1.1 Overview
This chapter introduces the main features and applications of the Router.
The Router extends the range of your existing wired network without additional wiring, providing easy network access to mobile users. You can set up a wireless network with other IEEE 802.11b/g/ n compatible devices.
A range of services such as a firewall and content filtering are also available for secure Internet computing. You can use media bandwidth management to efficiently manage traffic on your network. Bandwidth management features allow you to prioritize time-sensitive or highly important applications such as Voice over the Internet (VoIP).
There is one USB 2.0 port on your Router. You can connect a USB (version 2.0 or lower) memory stick, USB hard drive, or USB device for file sharing. The Router automatically detects the USB device.
Note: For the USB function, it is strongly recommended to use version 2.0 or lower USB storage devices (such as memory sticks, USB hard drives) and/or USB devices
(such as USB printers). Other USB products are not guaranteed to function properly with the Router.
Note: Be sure to install the ZyXEL NetUSB zyxel.com website.
TM
Share Center Utility (for NetUSB functionality) from the included disc, or download the latest version from the
1.2 Applications
Your can create the following networks using the Router:
• Wired. You can connect network devices via the Ethernet ports of the Router so that they can communicate with each other and access the Internet.
• Wireless. Wireless clients can connect to the Router to access network resources.
• WAN. Connect to a broadband modem/router for Internet access.
1.3 Ways to Manage the Router
Use any of the following methods to manage the Router.
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Router
• Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the Router using a
(supported) web browser.
• Wireless switch. You can use the built-in switch of the Router to turn the wireless function on and off without opening the Web Configurator.
• WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) button. You can use the WPS button or the WPS section of the Web
Configurator to set up a wireless network with your Router.
1.4 Good Habits for Managing the Router
Do the following things regularly to make the Router more secure and to manage the Router more effectively.
• Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that consists of different types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
• Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
• Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you forget your password, you will have to reset the Router to its factory default settings. If you backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the Router. You could simply restore your last configuration.
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NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
1.5 LEDs
Figure 1
Front Panel
Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Router
Power LAN 1-4 WAN
WLAN
WPS
USB
The following table describes the LEDs and the WPS button.
Table 1
Front Panel LEDs and WPS Button
LED
POWER
COLOR
Green
STATUS
On
Off
DESCRIPTION
The Router is receiving power and functioning properly.
The Router is not receiving power.
LAN 1-4
WAN
WLAN
WPS
Green
Green
Green
Green
On
Blinking
Off
On
Blinking
Off
On
Blinking
Off
On
Blinking
Off
The Router has a successful 10/100MB Ethernet connection.
The Router is sending/receiving data through the LAN.
The LAN is not connected.
The Router has a successful 10/100MB WAN connection.
The Router is sending/receiving data through the WAN.
The WAN connection is not ready, or has failed.
The Router is ready, but is not sending/receiving data through the wireless LAN.
The Router is sending/receiving data through the wireless LAN.
The wireless LAN is not ready or has failed.
WPS is enabled.
The Router is negotiating a WPS connection with a wireless client.
The wireless LAN is not ready or has failed.
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Router
Table 1
Front Panel LEDs and WPS Button (continued)
LED
USB
COLOR
Green
STATUS
On
Blinking
Off
DESCRIPTION
The Router has a USB device installed.
The Router is transmitting and/or receiving data from routers through an installed USB device.
There is no USB device connected to the Router.
1.6 The WPS Button
Your Router supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both devices must support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that allows one device to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set up a secure network by themselves.
For more information on using WPS, see Section 11.3 on page 87
.
1.7 Wall Mounting
You may need screw anchors if mounting on a concrete or brick wall.
Table 2 Wall Mounting Information
Distance between holes
M4 Screws
Screw anchors (optional)
11 cm
Two
Two
1
Select a position free of obstructions on a wall strong enough to hold the weight of the device.
2
Mark two holes on the wall at the appropriate distance apart for the screws.
Be careful to avoid damaging pipes or cables located inside the wall when drilling holes for the screws.
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Chapter 1 Getting to Know Your Router
3
If using screw anchors, drill two holes for the screw anchors into the wall. Push the anchors into the full depth of the holes, then insert the screws into the anchors. Do not insert the screws all the way in - leave a small gap of about 0.5 cm.
If not using screw anchors, use a screwdriver to insert the screws into the wall. Do not insert the screws all the way in - leave a gap of about 0.5 cm.
4
Make sure the screws are fastened well enough to hold the weight of the Router with the connection cables.
5
Align the holes on the back of the Router with the screws on the wall. Hang the Router on the screws.
Figure 2 Wall Mounting Example
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C H A P T E R 2
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
2.1 Overview
The ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility allows you to work with the USB devices that are connected directly to the Router as if they are connected directly to your computer. This allows you to easily share USB-based devices such as printers, scanners, portable hard disks, MP3 players, faxes, and digital cameras (to name a few) with all the other people in your home or office as long as they are connected to the Router and have the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility installed.
Note: Be sure to install the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility (for NetUSB functionality) from the included disc, or download the latest version from the zyxel.com website.
2.1.1 Quick Setup
This section shows you how to get started using the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility.
1
Install the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility on each computer connected to the Router.
2
Connect a USB device to the USB port on the Router.
Note: If you are connecting multiple devices to the Router, first connect a USB hub to the
Router then connect your other USB devices to it.
3
Run the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility to display a list of all connected USB devices, then use it to connect your computer to them.
2.1.2 Installing ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
Before you can access USB devices connected to the Router, you must first install the ZyXEL
NetUSB Share Center Utility on any computer on your LAN to which you want to allow access to these devices.
Note: In order to properly use the utility with your Router, ensure that the Router firmware is version v1.00(BWQ.0) or higher. See
for information on updating your device’s firmware.
To install the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility:
1
Insert the disc that came with your Router into your computer’s disc drive.
2
Run the Setup program by double-clicking it and then follow the on-screen instructions for installing it on your computer.
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NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Note: The following operating systems are supported: Windows XP/Vista/7 (32 and 64-bit versions), and Mac OS X 10.6.
3
To open the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility, double-click its system tray icon.
2.2 The ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
This section describes the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility main window.
Figure 3
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Main Window
The following table describes the icons in this window.
Table 3
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Main Window Icons
ICON DESCRIPTION
Configure Server
Click to open the Router’s built-in Web Configurator, which you can use to set up the Router
for details).
Auto-Connect Printer
You can set the selected printer to ‘auto-connect’ after you have connected it to your computer during inital connection. If the printer is auto-connected to your computer, they will always be connected over the network. You do not need to configure it manually each time.
Note: If the computer is connecting to the shared USB printer for the first time, you need to click Connect and setup the printer before you can use the Auto-Connect Printer function. See
for more details.
Note: You first must install the appropriate drivers for the printer that you intend to use.
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Chapter 2 ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
Table 3
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Main Window Icons (continued)
ICON DESCRIPTION
Connect
Select a USB device and then click this button to connect to it. Your computer can connect to as many USB devices as are connected to the Router.
Disconnect
Select a device to which your computer is connected and then click this button to disconnect from it.
Request to Connect
Some USB devices may not allow automatic connections over the network. If so, select the device in question and click this button to issue a request to connect to it.
Network Scanner
Click this to open the scanner options on your computer for working with a scanner connected to the network.
2.2.1 The Menus
This section describes the utility’s menus.
Figure 4
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Menus
The following table describes the menus in this screen.
Table 4
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Main Screen Menus
MENU
System
Tools
Help
ITEM
Exit
Configuration
Auto-Connect Printer List
About
DESCRIPTION
This closes the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility.
This opens the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility configuration window.
This opens the list window that displays all of the printing devices connected to the Router.
This opens the about window, which provides information of the utility software and driver versions.
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Chapter 2 ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
Table 4
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Main Screen Menus (continued)
MENU
Auto-Connect
Printer
ITEM
Set Auto-Connect Printer
DESCRIPTION
You can set the selected printer to ‘auto-connect’ after you have connected it to your computer during inital connection. If the printer is auto-connected to your computer, they will always be connected over the network. You do not need to configure it manually each time.
Click this to show your installed printer list and select the one you want to set as auto-connected.
Note: If the computer is connecting to the shared USB printer for the first time, you need to click
Connect and setup the printer before you can use the Auto-Connect Printer function. See
Chapter 11 on page 87 for more details.
Delete Auto-Connect Printer
Note: You first must install the appropriate drivers for the printer that you intend to use.
This removes the auto-connect option from the selected printer.
2.2.2 The ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Configuration Window
This section describes the utility’s configuration window, which allows you to set certain options for the utility. These options do not apply to the USB devices connected to the Router.
You can open it by clicking the Tools > Configuration menu command.
Figure 5
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Configuration Window
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Chapter 2 ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
The following table describes the labels in this window.
Table 5
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Configuration Window
LABEL
Basic
Language
OK
Cancel
Apply
DESCRIPTION
Select this to run the utility automatically when you log into or start up Windows.
Select a language for the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility. You must restart the utility for the change to take effect.
Click this to save your changes and close the window.
Click this cancel to close the window without saving.
Click this to save your changes without closing the window.
2.2.3 The Auto-Connect Printer List Window
This section describes the utility’s auto-connect printer list window. You can open it by clicking the
Tools > Auto-Connect Printer List menu command.
Note: If the computer is connecting to the shared USB printer for the first time, you need to click Connect and setup the printer before you can use the Auto-Connect
Printer function. See
for more details.
Figure 6
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Auto-Connect Printer List Window
24
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 6
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility Auto-Connect Printer List Window
LABEL
Server IP &
Printer Name
Windows
Printer Name
Delete
Close
DESCRIPTION
Displays a list of print server IPs and printer names connected to this Router.
Displays a corresponding list of Windows printer names connected to this devices listed in the other list.
Select an printer from the list and click this to remove it.
Click this to close the window.
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Chapter 2 ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
2.2.4 Exit the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
If you want to exit the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility when your computer is not connected to any USB device, follow the steps below:
1
Click System > Exit on the Utility screen. The Utility will automatically close.
Or you can close the Utlity screen first, then exit:
1
Click the X on the upper-right corner of the Utility:
2
This will close the Utility screen to an icon at the system tray of your computer. Right-click on the
Utility’s icon and click Exit.
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Chapter 2 ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
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NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
C H A P T E R 3
Connection Wizard
3.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the wizard setup screens in the Web Configurator.
The Web Configurator’s wizard setup helps you configure your device to access the Internet. Refer to your ISP for your Internet account information. Leave a field blank if you don’t have that information.
3.2 Accessing the Wizard
Launch your web browser and type "http://192.168.1.1" as the website address. Type "1234"
(default) as the password and click Login.
Note: The Wizard appears when the Router is accessed for the first time or when you reset the Router to its default factory settings.
The Wizard screen opens. Choose your Language and click Connect to Internet.
Figure 7
Welcome
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Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
3.3 Connect to Internet
The Router offers five Internet connection types. They are Static IP, DHCP, PPPoE, PPTP or
L2TP. The wizard attempts to detect which WAN connection type you are using.
Figure 8
Detecting your Internet Connection Type
If the wizard does not detect a connection type, you must select one from the drop-down list box.
Check with your ISP to make sure you use the correct type.
Note: If you get an error message, check your hardware connections. Make sure your
Internet connection is up and running.
The following screen depends on your Internet connection type. Enter the details provided by your
Internet Service Provider (ISP) in the fields (if any).
Figure 9
Internet Connection Type
28
Your Router detects the following Internet Connection type.
Table 7
Internet Connection Type
CONNECTION
TYPE
Static IP
DHCP
PPPoE
PPTP
L2TP
DESCRIPTION
Select the Static IP if an administrator assigns the IP address of your computer.
Select the DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) option when the WAN port is used as a regular Ethernet.
Select the PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) option for a dial-up connection.
Select the PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) option for a dial-up connection, and your ISP gave you an IP address and/or subnet mask.
Select the L2TP (Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol) if you are connecting to another device over another network (like the Internet or VPN).
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
3.3.1 Connection Type: DHCP
Choose DHCP as the Internet Connection Type when the WAN port is used as a regular
Ethernet. Click Next.
Figure 10
Internet Connection Type: DHCP
Note: If you get an error screen after clicking Next, you might have selected the wrong
Internet Connection type. Click Back, make sure your Internet connection is working and select the right Connection Type. Contact your ISP if you are not sure of your Internet Connection type.
3.3.2 Connection Type: Static IP
Choose Static IP as the Internet Connection Type if your ISP assigned an IP address for your
Internet connection. Click Next.
Figure 11
Internet Connection Type: Static IP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 8
Internet Connection Type: Static IP
LABEL
Internet
Connection
Type
IP Address
DESCRIPTION
Select the Static IP option.
Enter the IP address provided by your ISP.
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Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
Table 8
Internet Connection Type: Static IP (continued)
LABEL
Subnet Mask
Default
Gateway
Primary DNS
DESCRIPTION
Enter the IP subnet mask in this field.
Enter the gateway IP address in this field.
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it. The Router uses a system DNS server (in the order you specify here) to resolve domain names for DDNS and the time server.
Enter the primary DNS server's IP address in the fields provided.
Secondary DNS Enter the secondary DNS server's IP address in the fields provided.
Exit
Back
Next
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Click this to continue.
3.3.3 Connection Type: PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) functions as a dial-up connection. PPPoE is an IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force) standard specifying how a host personal computer interacts with a broadband modem (for example DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) to achieve access to high-speed data networks.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing access control systems (for instance, RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let end users access one of multiple network services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and offer new IP services for specific users.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both the subscriber and the ISP/carrier, as it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the subscriber's site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the Router (rather than individual computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the Router does that part of the task.
Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LAN's computers will have Internet access.
Figure 12
Internet Connection Type: PPPoE
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Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 9
Internet Connection Type: PPPoE
LABEL
Internet
Connection
Type
Dynamic IP
Static IP
IP Address
User Name
Password
Exit
Back
Next
DESCRIPTION
Select the PPPoE option for a dial-up connection.
Select this radio button if your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address.
Select this radio button, provided by your ISP to give the Router a fixed, unique IP address.
Type the name of your service provider.
Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Type the password associated with the user name above.
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Click this to continue.
3.3.4 Connection Type: PPTP
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables transfers of data from a remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private Network (VPN) using TCP/IP-based networks.
PPTP supports on-demand, multi-protocol, and virtual private networking over public networks, such as the Internet.
Refer to the appendix for more information on PPTP.
The Router supports one PPTP server connection at any given time.
Figure 13
Internet Connection Type: PPTP
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Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
The following table describes the fields in this screen
Table 10
Internet Connection Type: PPTP
LABEL
Internet
Connection
Type
Dynamic IP
Static IP
PPTP Address
PPTP Subnet
Mask
PPTP Gateway
IP Address
PPTP Server IP
Address
User Name
Password
Exit
Back
Next
DESCRIPTION
Select PPTP from the drop-down list box. To configure a PPTP client, you must configure the
User Name and Password fields for a PPP connection and the PPTP parameters for a PPTP connection.
Select this radio button if your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address.
Select this radio button, provided by your ISP to give the Router a fixed, unique IP address.
Type the (static) IP address assigned to you by your ISP.
Type the subnet mask assigned to you by your ISP (if given).
Type the gateway IP address of the PPTP server.
Type the server IP address of the PPTP server.
Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Type the password associated with the User Name above.
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Click this to continue.
3.3.5 Connection Type: L2TP
The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) works at layer 2 (the data link layer) to tunnel network traffic between two peer devices over another network (like the Internet).
Figure 14
Internet Connection Type: L2TP
32
The following table describes the fields in this screen
Table 11
Internet Connection Type: L2TP
LABEL
Internet
Connection
Type
Dynamic IP
DESCRIPTION
Select L2TP from the drop-down list box.
Select this radio button if your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address.
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
Table 11
Internet Connection Type: L2TP (continued)
LABEL
Static IP
L2TP Address
L2TP Subnet
Mask
L2TP Gateway
IP Address
L2TP Server IP
Address
User Name
Password
Exit
Back
Next
DESCRIPTION
Select this radio button, provided by your ISP to give the Router a fixed, unique IP address.
Type the (static) IP address assigned to you by your ISP.
Type the subnet mask assigned to you by your ISP (if given).
Type the gateway IP address of the L2TP server.
Type the server IP address of the L2TP server.
Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Type the password associated with the User Name above.
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Click this to continue.
The Router connects to the Internet.
Figure 15
Connecting to the Internet
Note: If the Wizard successfully connects to the Internet, it proceeds to the next step. If you get an error message, go back to the previous screen and make sure you have entered the correct information provided by your ISP.
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Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
3.4 Router Password
Change the login password in the following screen. Enter the new password and retype it to confirm. Click Next to proceed with the Wireless Security screen.
Figure 16
Router Password
3.5 Wireless Security
Configure Wireless Settings. Configure the wireless network settings on your Router in the following screen. The fields that show up depend on the kind of security you select.
3.5.1 Wireless Security: No Security
Choose No Security in the Wireless Security screen to let wireless devices within range access your wireless network.
Figure 17
Wireless Security: No Security
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Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 12
Wireless Security: No Security
LABEL
Wireless
Network Name
(SSID)
DESCRIPTION
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Security mode
Exit
Back
Next
If you change this field on the Router, make sure all wireless stations use the same SSID in order to access the network.
Select a Security level from the drop-down list box.
Choose None to have no wireless LAN security configured. If you do not enable any wireless security on your Router, your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Click this to continue.
3.5.2 Wireless Security: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security in the Wireless Security screen to set up a password for your wireless network.
Figure 18
Wireless Security: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 13
Wireless Security: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
LABEL
Wireless
Network Name
(SSID)
DESCRIPTION
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless LAN.
Security mode
If you change this field on the Router, make sure all wireless stations use the same SSID in order to access the network.
Select a Security level from the drop-down list box.
Wireless password
Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK security to configure a Pre-Shared Key. Choose this option only if your wireless clients support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK respectively.
Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters. You can set up the most secure wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless LAN screens.
Verify Password Retype the password to confirm.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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Chapter 3 Connection Wizard
Table 13
Wireless Security: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK (continued)
LABEL
Back
Next
DESCRIPTION
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Click this to continue.
Congratulations! Open a web browser, such as Internet Explorer, to visit your favorite website.
Note: If you cannot access the Internet when your computer is connected to one of the
Router’s LAN ports, check your connections. Then turn the Router off, wait for a few seconds then turn it back on. If that does not work, log in to the web configurator again and check you have typed all information correctly. See the User’s Guide for more suggestions.
Figure 19
Congratulations
You can also click ZyGO to open the Easy Mode Web Configurator of your Router.
You have successfully set up your Router to operate on your network and access the Internet. You are now ready to connect wirelessly to your Router and access the Internet.
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C H A P T E R 4
Introducing the Web Configurator
4.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to access the Router Web Configurator and provides an overview of its screens.
The Web Configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy setup and management of the Router via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later or Netscape
Navigator 7.0 and later versions or Safari 2.0 or later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the Web Configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in
Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
• JavaScript (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Refer to the Troubleshooting chapter ( Chapter 26 on page 189 ) to see how to make sure these
functions are allowed in Internet Explorer.
4.2 Accessing the Web Configurator
1
Make sure your Router hardware is properly connected and prepare your computer or computer network to connect to the Router (refer to the Quick Start Guide).
2
Launch your web browser.
3
Type "http://192.168.1.1" as the website address.
Your computer must be in the same subnet in order to access this website address.
4.2.1 Login Screen
Note: If this is the first time you are accessing the Web Configurator, you may be
redirected to the Wizard. Refer to
for the Connection Wizard
screens.
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Chapter 4 Introducing the Web Configurator
The Web Configurator initially displays the following login screen.
Figure 20
Login screen
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 14
Login screen
LABEL
Password
Language
DESCRIPTION
Type "1234" (default) as the password.
Select the language you want to use to configure the Web Configurator. Click Login.
This shows the current weather, either in celsius or fahrenheit, of the city you specify in
This shows the time (hh:mm:ss) and date (yyyy:mm:dd) of the timezone you select in
. The time is in 24-hour format, for example 15:00 is 3:00 PM.
4.2.2 Password Screen
You should see a screen asking you to change your password (highly recommended) as shown next.
Figure 21
Change Password Screen
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 15
Change Password Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
New Password Type a new password.
Retype to Confirm Retype the password for confirmation.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Ignore Click Ignore if you do not want to change the password this time.
Note: The management session automatically times out when the time period set in the
Administrator Inactivity Timer field expires (default five minutes; go to
to change this). Simply log back into the Router if this happens.
4.2.3 Home Screen
If you have previously logged into the Web Configurator but did not click Logout, you may be redirected to the Home screen.
You can also open this screen by clicking Home ( mode screens.
or ) in the Easy Mode or Expert
The Home screen displays as follows.
Figure 22
Home Screen
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16
Home Screen
LABEL
Go
Language
DESCRIPTION
Click this to open the Easy mode Web Configurator.
Select a language to go to the Easy mode Web Configurator in that language and click
Login.
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Chapter 4 Introducing the Web Configurator
Table 16
Home Screen (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
(This is just an example). This shows the current weather, either in celsius or fahrenheit, of
the city you specify in Section 4.2.3.1 on page 40 .
(This is just an example). This shows the time (hh:mm:ss) and date (yyyy:mm:dd) of the
timezone you select in Section 4.2.3.2 on page 40 or
.
4.2.3.1 Weather Edit
You can change the temperature unit and select the location for which you want to know the weather.
Click the icon to change the Weather display.
Figure 23
Change Weather
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 17
Change Weather
LABEL o C or o F
Change
Location
Finish
DESCRIPTION
Choose which temperature unit you want the Router to display.
Select the location for which you want to know the weather. If the city you want is not listed, choose one that is closest to it.
Click this to apply the settings and refresh the date and time display.
4.2.3.2 Time/Date Edit
One timezone can cover more than one country. You can choose a particular country in which the
Router is located and have the Router display and use the current time and date for its logs.
Click the icon to change the Weather display.
Figure 24
Change Password Screen
40
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 18
Change Password Screen
LABEL
Change time zone
Finish
DESCRIPTION
Select the specific country whose current time and date you want the Router to display.
Click this to apply the settings and refresh the weather display.
Note: You can also edit the timezone in
.
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Chapter 4 Introducing the Web Configurator
4.3 Resetting the Router
If you forget your password or IP address, or you cannot access the Web Configurator, you will need to use the RESET button at the back of the Router to reload the factory-default configuration file.
This means that you will lose all configurations that you had previously saved, the password will be reset to “1234” and the IP address will be reset to “192.168.1.1”.
4.3.1 Procedure to Use the Reset Button
1
Make sure the power LED is on.
2
Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the Router.
3
Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the Router back to its factory-default configurations.
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C H A P T E R 5
Monitor
5.1 Overview
This chapter discusses read-only information related to the device state of the Router.
Note: To access the Monitor screens, you can also click the links in the Summary table of the Status screen to view the bandwidth consumed, packets sent/received as well as the status of clients connected to the Router.
5.2 What You Can Do
• Use the Log (
) screen to see the logs for the activity on the Router.
• Use the BW MGMT Monitor screen ( Section 5.4 on page 45
) to view the amount of network bandwidth that applications running in the network are using.
• Use the DHCP Table screen ( Section 5.5 on page 45
) to view information related to your DHCP status.
• use the Packet Statistics screen (
Section 5.6 on page 46 ) to view port status, packet specific
statistics, the "system up time" and so on.
• Use the WLAN Station Status screen ( Section 5.7 on page 47 ) to view the wireless stations
that are currently associated to the Router.
5.3 The Log Screen
The Web Configurator allows you to look at all of the Router’s logs in one location.
5.3.1 View Log
Use the View Log screen to see the logged messages for the Router. The log wraps around and deletes the old entries after it fills. Select what logs you want to see from the Display drop list. The
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Chapter 5 Monitor log choices depend on your settings in the Log Settings screen. Click Refresh to renew the log screen. Click Clear to delete all the logs.
Figure 25
View Log
You can configure which logs to display in the View Log screen. Go to the Log Settings screen and select the logs you wish to display. Click Apply to save your settings. Click Refresh to start the screen afresh.
Figure 26
Log Settings
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5.4 BW MGMT Monitor
The Bandwidth Management (BW MGMT) Monitor allows you to view the amount of network bandwidth that applications running in the network are using.
The bandwidth is measured in kilobits per second (kbps).
The monitor shows what kinds of applications are running in the network, the maximum kbps that each application can use, as well as the percentage of bandwidth it is using.
Figure 27
Summary: BW MGMT Monitor
5.5 DHCP Table
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the Router’s LAN as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the Router provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If DHCP service is disabled, you must have another DHCP server on that network, or else the computer must be manually configured.
Click the DHCP Table (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. Read-only information here relates to your DHCP status. The DHCP table shows current DHCP client information (including IP
Address, Host Name and MAC Address) of all network clients using the Router’s DHCP server.
Figure 28
Summary: DHCP Table
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 19
Summary: DHCP Table
LABEL
#
MAC Address
IP Address
Expires in
Refresh
DESCRIPTION
This is the index number of the host computer.
This field shows the MAC address of the computer with the name in the Host Name field.
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address which uniquely identifies a device. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
This field displays the time when the IP address and MAC address association ends.
Click Refresh to renew the screen.
5.6 Packet Statistics
Click the Packet Statistics (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. Read-only information here includes port status, packet specific statistics and the "system up time". The Poll Interval(s) field is configurable and is used for refreshing the screen.
Figure 29
Summary: Packet Statistics
46
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 20
Summary: Packet Statistics
LABEL
Port
Status
DESCRIPTION
This is the Router’s port type.
For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or Down when the line is disconnected.
TxPkts
RxPkts
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if you’re using Ethernet encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE or PPTP encapsulation. This field displays Down when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is enabled and
Down when the WLAN is disabled.
This is the number of transmitted packets on this port.
This is the number of received packets on this port.
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Table 20
Summary: Packet Statistics (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Collisions
Tx B/s
Rx B/s
Up Time
System Up
Time
This is the number of collisions on this port.
This displays the transmission speed in bytes per second on this port.
This displays the reception speed in bytes per second on this port.
This is the total time the Router has been for each session.
This is the total time the Router has been on.
Poll Interval(s) Enter the time interval in seconds for refreshing statistics in this field.
Set Interval Click this button to apply the new poll interval you entered in the Poll Interval(s) field.
Stop Click Stop to stop refreshing statistics.
5.7 WLAN Station Status
Click the WLAN Station Status (Details...) hyperlink in the Status screen. View the wireless stations that are currently associated to the Router in the Association List. Association means that a wireless client (for example, your network or computer with a wireless network card) has connected successfully to the AP (or wireless router) using the same SSID, channel and security settings.
Figure 30
Summary: Wireless Association List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 21
Summary: Wireless Association List
LABEL
#
MAC Address
Association
Time
Refresh
DESCRIPTION
This is the index number of an associated wireless station.
This field displays the MAC address of an associated wireless station.
This field displays the time a wireless station first associated with the Router’s WLAN network.
Click Refresh to reload the list.
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C H A P T E R 6
Router Modes
6.1 Overview
This chapter introduces the different modes available on your Router. First, the term “mode” refers to two things in this User’s Guide.
• Web Configurator mode. This refers to the Web Configurator interface you want to use for editing Router features.
• Device mode. This is the operating mode of your Router, or simply how the Router is being used in the network.
6.1.1 Web Configurator Modes
This refers to the configuration interface of the Web Configurator, which has two modes:
• Easy. The Web Configurator shows this mode by default. Refer to Chapter 7 on page 51
for more information on the screens in this mode. This interface may be sufficient for users who just want to use the device.
• Expert. Advanced users can change to this mode to customize all the functions of the Router.
Click Expert Mode after logging into the Web Configurator. The User’s Guide
through Chapter 25 on page 179
discusses the screens in this mode.
6.1.2 Device Modes
This refers to the operating mode of the Router, which can act as a:
• Router. This is the default device mode of the Router. Use this mode to connect the local network to another network, like the Internet. Go to
Section 8.3 on page 63 to view the Status
screen in this mode.
• Access Point. Use this mode if you want to extend your network by allowing network devices to
connect to the Router wirelessly. Go to Section 9.4 on page 72 view the Status screen in this
mode.
• WISP mode. Use this mode if there is an existing wireless router or access point in the network
to which you want to connect your local network. Go to Section 10.4 on page 78 to view the
Status screen in this mode.
For more information on these modes and to change the mode of your Router, refer to Section
The menu for changing device modes is available in Expert mode only.
Note: Choose your Device Mode carefully to avoid having to change it later.
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Chapter 6 Router Modes
When changing to another mode, the IP address of the Router changes. The running applications and services of the network devices connected to the Router can be interrupted.
In WISP mode, you should know the SSID and wireless security details of the access point to which you want to connect.
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C H A P T E R 7
Easy Mode
7.1 Overview
The Web Configurator is set to Easy Mode by default. You can configure several key features of the
Router in this mode. This mode is useful to users who are not fully familiar with some features that are usually intended for network administrators.
When you log in to the Web Configurator, the following screen opens.
Figure 31
Easy Mode: Network Map
Navigation Panel
Network Map
Go to
Status
Screen
Control Panel
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Chapter 7 Easy Mode
Click Status to open the following screen screen.
Figure 32
Easy Mode: Status Screen
Navigation Panel
Go to
Network
Map
Screen
Status Screen
Control Panel
7.2 What You Can Do
You can do the following in this mode:
• Use this Navigation Panel ( Section 7.4 on page 53
) to opt out of the Easy mode.
• Use the Network Map screen ( Section 7.5 on page 53 ) to check if your Router can ping the
gateway and whether it is connected to the Internet.
• Use the Control Panel ( Section 7.6 on page 54
) to configure and enable Router features, including wireless security, wireless scheduling and bandwidth management and so on.
• Use the Status Screen screen ( Section 7.7 on page 61
) to view read-only information about the
Router, including the WAN IP, MAC Address of the Router and the firmware version.
7.3 What You Need to Know
Between the different device modes, the Control Panel (
Section 7.6 on page 54 ) changes depending
on which features are applicable to the mode:
• Router Mode: All Control Panel features are available.
• Access Point Mode: Only Power Saving and Wireless Security are available.
• WISP Mode: The available features for this mode are Game Console, Content Filter,
Bandwidth MGMT, and Firewall.
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7.4 Navigation Panel
Use this navigation panel to opt out of the Easy mode.
Figure 33
Control Panel
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 22
Control Panel
ITEM
Home
Expert Mode
Logout
DESCRIPTION
Click this to go to the Login page.
Click this to change to Expert mode and customize features of the Router.
Click this to end the Web Configurator session.
7.5 Network Map
Note: The Network MAP is viewable by Windows XP (need to install patch), Windows
Vista and Windows 7 users only. For Windows XP (Service Pack 2) users, you can see the network devices connected to the Router by downloading the LLTD (Link
Layer Topology Discovery) patch from the Microsoft Website.
Note: Don’t worry if the Network Map does not display in your web browser. This feature may not be supported by your system. You can still configure the Control Panel
(
) in the Easy Mode and the Router features that you want to
use in the Expert Mode.
When you log into the Network Configurator, the Network Map is shown as follows.
Figure 34
Network Map
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Chapter 7 Easy Mode
The line connecting the Router to the gateway becomes green when the Router is able to ping the gateway. It becomes red when the ping initiating from the Router does not get a response from the gateway. The same rule applies to the line connecting the gateway to the Internet.
You can also view the devices (represented by icons indicating the kind of network device) connected to the Router, including those connecting wirelessly. Right-click on the Router icon to refresh the network map and go to the Wizard. Right click on the other icons to view information about the device.
7.6 Control Panel
The features configurable in Easy Mode are shown in the Control Panel.
Figure 35
Control Panel
Switch ON to enable the feature. Otherwise, switch OFF. If the feature is turned on, the green light flashes. If it is turned off, the red light flashes.
Additionally, click the feature to open a screen where you can edit its settings.
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 23
Control Panel
ITEM
Game Engine
DESCRIPTION
Switch ON to maximize bandwidth for gaming traffic in your network. Otherwise, switch
OFF.
Power Saving
Refer to Section 7.6.1 on page 55 to see this screen.
Click this to schedule the wireless feature of the Router.
Disabling the wireless function helps lower the energy consumption of the Router.
Content Filter
Bandwidth
MGMT
Switch ON to apply wireless scheduling. Otherwise, switch OFF.
Refer to Section 7.6.2 on page 55 to see this screen.
Click this to restrict access to certain websites, based on keywords contained in URLs, to which you do not want users in your network to open.
Switch ON to apply website filtering. Otherwise, switch OFF.
Refer to Section 7.6.3 on page 57 to see this screen.
Click this to edit bandwidth management for predefined applications.
Switch ON to have the Router management bandwidth for uplink and downlink traffic according to an application or service. Otherwise, switch OFF.
Refer to Section 7.6.4 on page 57 to see this screen.
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Table 23
Control Panel (continued)
ITEM
Firewall
DESCRIPTION
Switch ON to ensure that your network is protected from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks.
Otherwise, switch OFF.
Wireless
Security
Refer to Section 7.6.5 on page 58 to see this screen.
Click this to configure the wireless security, such as SSID, security mode and WPS key on your Router.
Refer to Section 7.6.6 on page 58 to see this screen.
7.6.1 Game Engine
When this feature is enabled, the Router maximizes the bandwidth for gaming traffic that it forwards out through an interface.
Figure 36
Game Engine
Note: When this is switched on, the Game Console tab in the is automatically positioned on top.
Bandwidth MGMT screen
Turn this off if your network is not using gaming.
Click OK to close this screen.
7.6.2 Power Saving
Use this screen to set the day of the week and time of the day when your wireless LAN is turned on and off. Wireless LAN scheduling is disabled by default.
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Chapter 7 Easy Mode
Disabling the wireless capability lowers the energy consumption of the of the Router.
Figure 37
Power Saving
56
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 24
Power Saving
LABEL
WLAN Status
Day
DESCRIPTION
Select On or Off to specify whether the Wireless LAN is turned on or off (depending on what you selected in the WLAN Status field). This field works in conjunction with the
Day and Except for the following times fields.
Select Everyday or the specific days to turn the Wireless LAN on or off.
For the following times (24-Hour
Format)
Apply
Reset
If you select Everyday you can not select any specific days. This field works in conjunction with the Except for the following times field.
Select a begin time using the first set of hour and minute (min) drop down boxes and select an end time using the second set of hour and minute (min) drop down boxes. If you have chosen On earlier for the WLAN Status the Wireless LAN will turn on between the two times you enter in these fields. If you have chosen Off earlier for the WLAN
Status the Wireless LAN will turn off between the two times you enter in these fields.
In this time format, midnight is 00:00 and progresses up to 24:00. For example, 6:00 PM is 18:00.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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7.6.3 Content Filter
Use this screen to restrict access to certain websites, based on keywords contained in URLs, to which you do not want users in your network to open.
Figure 38
Content Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 25
Content Filter
LABEL
Add
DESCRIPTION
Click Add after you have typed a keyword.
Repeat this procedure to add other keywords. Up to 64 keywords are allowed.
Delete
Apply
Cancel
Note: The Router does not recognize wildcard characters as keywords.
When you try to access a web page containing a keyword, you will get a message telling you that the content filter is blocking this request.
Highlight a keyword in the text box and click Delete to remove it. The keyword disappears from the text box after you click Apply.
Click Apply to save your changes.
Click Cancel to close this screen without saving any changes.
7.6.4 Bandwidth MGMT
Use this screen to set bandwidth allocation to pre-defined services and applications for bandwidth allocation.
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The Router uses bandwidth management for incoming and outgoing traffic. Rank the services and applications by dragging them accordingly from High to Low and click Apply. Click Cancel to close the screen.
Figure 39
Bandwidth MGNT
Use your mouse to drag the items according to how you want to prioritze them.
Left-click and slide up or down.
7.6.5 Firewall
Enable this feature to protect the network from Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. The Router blocks repetitive pings from the WAN that can otherwise cause systems to slow down or hang.
Figure 40
Firewall
Click OK to close this screen.
7.6.6 Wireless Security
Use this screen to configure security for your the Wireless LAN. You can enter the SSID and select the wireless security mode in the following screen.
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Note: You can enable the Wireless function of your Router by first turning on the switch in the back panel.
Figure 41
Wireless Security
The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.
Table 26
Wireless Security
LABEL
Wireless
Network Name
(SSID)
Security mode
DESCRIPTION
(Service Set IDentity) The SSID identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the access point (AP) must have the same SSID.
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 keyboard characters) for the wireless LAN.
Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK to add security on this wireless network. The wireless clients which want to associate to this network must have same wireless security settings as this device. After you select to use a security, additional options appears in this screen.
Wireless password
Select No Security to allow any client to connect to this network without authentication.
This field appears when you choose wither WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK as the security mode.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive keyboard characters.
Verify password Type the password again to confirm.
Apply
Cancel
WPS
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to close this screen.
Click this to configure the WPS screen.
You can transfer the wireless settings configured here (Wireless Security screen) to another wireless device that supports WPS.
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7.6.7 WPS
Use this screen to add a wireless station to the network using WPS. Click WPS in the Wireless
Security to open the following screen.
Figure 42
Wireless Security: WPS
60
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 27
Wireless Security: WPS
LABEL
Wireless
Security
WPS
DESCRIPTION
Click this to go back to the Wireless Security screen.
Create a secure wireless network simply by pressing a button.
The Router scans for a WPS-enabled device within the range and performs wireless security information synchronization.
Register
Exit
Note: After you click the WPS button on this screen, you have to press a similar button in the wireless station utility within 2 minutes. To add the second wireless station, you have to press these buttons on both device and the wireless station again after the first 2 minutes.
Create a secure wireless network simply by entering a wireless client's PIN (Personal
Identification Number) in the Router’s interface and pushing this button.
Type the same PIN number generated in the wireless station’s utility. Then click Register to associate to each other and perform the wireless security information synchronization.
Click Exit to close this screen.
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Chapter 7 Easy Mode
7.7 Status Screen in Easy Mode
In the Network Map screen, click Status to view read-only information about the Router.
Figure 43
Status Screen in Easy Mode
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 28
Status Screen in Easy Mode
ITEM
Name
Time
WAN IP
MAC Address
Firmware
Version
Wireless
Network Name
Security
DESCRIPTION
This is the name of the Router in the network. You can change this in the Maintenance >
General screen in
.
This is the current system date and time.
The date is in YYYY:MM:DD (Year-Month-Day) format. The time is in HH:MM:SS
(Hour:Minutes:Seconds) format.
This is the IP address of the WAN port.
This is the MAC address of the Router.
This shows the firmware version of the Router.
The firmware version format shows the trunk version, model code and release number.
This shows the SSID of the wireless network. You can configure this in the Wireless Security
screen ( Section 7.6.6 on page 58 ;
).
This shows the wireless security used by the Router.
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C H A P T E R 8
Router Mode
8.1 Overview
The Router is set to router mode by default. Routers are used to connect the local network to another network (for example, the Internet). In the figure below, the Router connects the local network (LAN1 ~ LAN4) to the Internet.
Figure 44
Router Network
Modem
Router
Note: The Status screen is shown after changing to the Expert mode of the Web
Configurator. It varies depending on the device mode of your Router.
8.2 What You Can Do
Use the Status screen (
Section 8.3 on page 63 ) to view read-only information about your Router.
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8.3 Status Screen
Click to open the status screen.
Figure 45
Status Screen: Router Mode
Chapter 8 Router Mode
The following table describes the icons shown in the Status screen.
Table 29
Status Screen Icon Key: Router Mode
ICON DESCRIPTION
Click this icon to view copyright and a link for related product information.
Click this icon to go to Easy Mode. See Chapter 7 on page 51 .
Click this to go to the Home page. See
.
Select a number of seconds or None from the drop-down list box to refresh all screen statistics automatically at the end of every time interval or to not refresh the screen statistics.
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Table 29
Status Screen Icon Key: Router Mode (continued)
ICON DESCRIPTION
Click this button to refresh the status screen statistics.
Click this icon to see the Status page. The information in this screen depends on the device mode you select.
Click this icon to see the Monitor navigation menu.
Click this icon to see the Configuration navigation menu.
Click this icon to see the Maintenance navigation menu.
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 30
Status Screen: Router Mode
LABEL
Logout
Device Information
Host Name
DESCRIPTION
Click this at any time to exit the Web Configurator.
Firmware Version
Sys OP Mode
This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > General screen. It is for identification purposes.
This is the firmware version and the date created.
This is the device mode (
Section 6.1.2 on page 49 ) to which the Router is set - Router
Mode.
WAN Information
- MAC Address
- IP Address
- IP Subnet Mask
- Default Gateway
- DHCP
LAN Information
- MAC Address
- IP Address
- IP Subnet Mask
- DHCP
WLAN Information
- WLAN OP Mode
This shows the WAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the WAN port’s IP address.
This shows the WAN port’s subnet mask.
This shows the WAN port’s gateway IP address.
This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - Client or Server.
This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - Server or None.
- MAC Address
- Status
- Name (SSID)
- Channel
- Operating Channel
- Security Mode
- 802.11 Mode
This is the device mode ( Section 6.1.2 on page 49 ) to which the Router’s wireless LAN is set
- Access Point Mode.
This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - ON or OFF.
This shows a descriptive name used to identify the Router in the wireless LAN.
This shows the channel number which you select manually.
This shows the channel number which the Router is currently using over the wireless LAN.
This shows the level of wireless security the Router is using.
This shows the wireless standard.
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Table 30
Status Screen: Router Mode (continued)
LABEL
- WPS
DESCRIPTION
This displays Configured when the WPS has been set up.
This displays Unconfigured if the WPS has not been set up.
Click the status to display Network > Wireless LAN > WPS screen.
System Status
Item
Data
System Up Time
Current Date/Time
System Resource
- CPU Usage
This column shows the type of data the Router is recording.
This column shows the actual data recorded by the Router.
This is the total time the Router has been on.
This field displays your Router’s present date and time.
This displays what percentage of the Router’s processing ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the Router is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using bandwidth management.)
This shows what percentage of the heap memory the Router is using. - Memory Usage
System Setting
- Firewall
- Bandwidth
Management
- UPnP
- Configuration Mode
Interface Status
Interface
Status
This shows whether the firewall is enabled or not.
This shows whether the bandwidth management is enabled or not.
This shows whether UPnP is enabled or not.
This shows the web configurator mode you are viewing - Expert.
Rate
This displays the Router port types. The port types are: WAN, LAN and WLAN.
For the LAN and WAN ports, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line is up or connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when the WLAN is disabled.
For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A when the line is disconnected.
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if you’re using Ethernet encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE or PPTP encapsulation. This field displays N/A when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is enabled and N/
A when the WLAN is disabled.
Summary
BW MGMT Monitor
DHCP Table
Packet Statistics
WLAN Station Status
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > BW MGMT Monitor screen ( Section 5.4 on page
45 ). Use this screen to view the amount of network bandwidth that applications running in
the network are using.
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > DHCP Table screen ( Section 5.5 on page 45 ). Use
this screen to view current DHCP client information.
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > Packet Statistics screen (
).
Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > WLAN Station Status screen ( Section 5.7 on page
47 ). Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to the Router.
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Chapter 8 Router Mode
8.3.1 Navigation Panel
Use the sub-menus on the navigation panel to configure Router features.
Figure 46
Navigation Panel: Router Mode
66
The following table describes the sub-menus.
Table 31
Navigation Panel: Router Mode
LINK
Status
TAB FUNCTION
This screen shows the Router’s general device, system and interface status information. Use this screen to access the wizard, and summary statistics tables.
MONITOR
Log
BW MGMT
DHCP Table
Packet Statistics
WLAN Station
Status
CONFIGURATION
Network
Use this screen to view the list of activities recorded by your Router.
Use this screen to view the amount of network bandwidth that applications running in the network are using.
Use this screen to view current DHCP client information.
Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to the Router.
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Table 31
Navigation Panel: Router Mode (continued)
LINK TAB FUNCTION
Wireless LAN General
WAN
MAC Filter
Use this screen to configure wireless LAN.
Use the MAC filter screen to configure the Router to block access to devices or block the devices from accessing the Router.
This screen allows you to configure advanced wireless settings.
Advanced
QoS
Internet
Connection
Use this screen to configure Wi-Fi Multimedia Quality of Service (WMM
QoS). WMM QoS allows you to prioritize wireless traffic according to the delivery requirements of individual services.
Use this screen to configure WPS.
WPS
WPS Station Use this screen to add a wireless station using WPS.
Scheduling Use this screen to schedule the times the Wireless LAN is enabled.
WDS Use this screen to set up Wireless Distribution System (WDS) on your
Router.
This screen allows you to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address assignment, DNS servers and the WAN MAC address.
Advanced
IGMP
Snooping
Use this screen to configure other advanced properties.
Use this screen to enable IGMP snooping if you have LAN users that subscribe to multicast services.
LAN IP
IP Alias
DHCP Server General
Advanced
NAT General
Application
DDNS
Advanced
General
Static Route IP Static
Route
RIP
Use this screen to configure LAN IP address and subnet mask.
Use this screen to have the Router apply IP alias to create LAN subnets.
Use this screen to enable the Router’s DHCP server.
Use this screen to assign IP addresses to specific individual computers based on their MAC addresses and to have DNS servers assigned by the
DHCP server.
Use this screen to enable NAT.
Use this screen to configure servers behind the Router.
Use this screen to change your Router’s port triggering settings.
Use this screen to set up dynamic DNS.
Use this screen to configure IP static routes.
Use this screen to enable RIPv1 or RIPv2, which are LAN broadcast protocols.
Security
Firewall
Content Filter
General
Services
Use this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall.
This screen shows a summary of the firewall rules, and allows you to edit/ add a firewall rule.
Use this screen to block certain web features and sites containing certain keywords in the URL.
Management
Bandwidth
Management
Remote
Management
UPnP
General
Advanced
Monitor
WWW
General
Use this screen to enable bandwidth management.
Use this screen to set the upstream bandwidth and edit a bandwidth management rule.
Use this screen to view the amount of network bandwidth that applications running in the network are using.
Use this screen to be able to access the Router from the LAN, WAN or both.
Use this screen to enable UPnP on the Router.
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Chapter 8 Router Mode
Table 31
Navigation Panel: Router Mode (continued)
LINK
MAINTENANCE
General
TAB FUNCTION
Password
Time
Remote
Management
Firmware
Upgrade
Backup/
Restore
Reset/
Restart
Sys OP Mode
Use this screen to view and change administrative settings such as system and domain names.
Use this screen to change the password of your Router. Password
Setup
Time Setting Use this screen to change your Router’s time and date.
WWW Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the Router.
Use this screen to upload firmware to your Router.
Restart
Use this screen to backup and restore the configuration or reset the factory defaults to your Router.
This screen allows you to reboot the Router without turning the power off.
This screen allows you to select whether your device acts as a Router or a
Access Point.
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C H A P T E R 9
Access Point Mode
9.1 Overview
Use your Router as an access point (AP) if you already have a router or gateway on your network.
In this mode your Router bridges a wired network (LAN) and wireless LAN (WLAN) in the same subnet. See the figure below for an example.
Figure 47
Wireless Internet Access in Access Point Mode
Router
Many screens that are available in Router mode are not available in Access Point mode, such as bandwidth management and firewall.
Note: See
for an example of setting up a wireless network in
Access Point mode.
9.2 What You Can Do
• Use the Status screen ( Section 9.4 on page 72 ) to view read-only information about your
Router.
• Use the LAN screen ( Section 9.5 on page 74 ) to set the IP address for your Router acting as an
access point.
9.3 What You Need to Know
for a tutorial on setting up a network with the Router as an access point.
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Chapter 9 Access Point Mode
9.3.1 Setting your Router to AP Mode
1
Log into the Web Configurator if you haven’t already. See the Quick start Guide for instructions on how to do this.
2
To use your Router as an access point, go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General and select
Access Point mode.
Figure 48
Changing to Access Point mode
Note: You have to log in to the Web Configurator again when you change modes. As soon as you do, your Router is already in Access Point mode.
3
When you select Access Point Mode, the following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 49
Pop up for Access Point mode
Click OK. The Web Configurator refreshes once the change to Access Point mode is successful.
9.3.2 Accessing the Web Configurator in Access Point Mode
Log in to the Web Configurator in Access Point mode, do the following:
1
Connect your computer to the LAN port of the Router.
2
The default IP address of the Router is “192.168.1.2”. In this case, your computer must have an IP address in the range between “192.168.1.3” and “192.168.1.254”.
3
Click Start > Run on your computer in Windows. Type “cmd” in the dialog box. Enter “ipconfig” to show your computer’s IP address. If your computer’s IP address is not in the correct range then see
for information on changing your computer’s IP address.
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4
After you’ve set your computer’s IP address, open a web browser such as Internet Explorer and type “192.168.1.2” as the web address in your web browser.
Note: After clicking Login, the Easy mode appears. Refer to
for the Easy mode screens. Change to Expert mode to see the screens described in the sections following this.
9.3.3 Configuring your WLAN, Bandwidth Management and Maintenance
Settings
The configuration of wireless, bandwidth management and maintenance settings in Access Point mode is the same as for Router Mode.
for information on the configuring your wireless network.
for information on configuring your Bandwidth Management screen.
• See Chapter 25 on page 179 to Chapter 25 on page 179
for information on configuring your
Maintenance settings.
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Chapter 9 Access Point Mode
9.4 AP Mode Status Screen
Click to open the Status screen.
Figure 50
Status Screen: Access Point Mode
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 32
Status Screen: Access Point Mode
LABEL
Logout
Device Information
Host Name
DESCRIPTION
Click this at any time to exit the Web Configurator.
Firmware Version
Sys OP Mode
This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > General screen. It is for identification purposes.
This is the firmware version and the date created.
This is the device mode (
Section 6.1.2 on page 49 ) to which the Router is set - Access
Point Mode.
LAN Information
- MAC Address
- IP Address
- IP Subnet Mask
- DHCP
WLAN Information
This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - Server, Client or None.
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Table 32
Status Screen: Access Point Mode (continued)
LABEL
- WLAN OP Mode
- MAC Address
- Status
- Name (SSID)
- Channel
- Operating Channel
- Security Mode
- 802.11 Mode
- WPS
DESCRIPTION
This is the device mode ( Section 6.1.2 on page 49
) to which the Router’s wireless LAN is set
- Access Point Mode.
This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - ON or OFF.
This shows a descriptive name used to identify the Router in the wireless LAN.
This shows the channel number which you select manually.
This shows the channel number which the Router is currently using over the wireless LAN.
This shows the level of wireless security the Router is using.
This shows the wireless standard.
This displays Configured when the WPS has been set up.
This displays Unconfigured if the WPS has not been set up.
Click the status to display Network > Wireless LAN > WPS screen.
System Status
Item
Data
System Up Time
Current Date/Time
System Resource
- CPU Usage
This column shows the type of data the Router is recording.
This column shows the actual data recorded by the Router.
This is the total time the Router has been on.
This field displays your Router’s present date and time.
This displays what percentage of the Router’s processing ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the Router is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using bandwidth management.
This shows what percentage of the heap memory the Router is using. - Memory Usage
System Setting
- Configuration Mode
Interface Status
Interface
Status
This shows the web configurator mode you are viewing - Expert.
Rate
This displays the Router port types. The port types are: LAN and WLAN.
For the LAN and WAN ports, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line is up or connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when the WLAN is disabled.
For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A when the line is disconnected.
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if you’re using Ethernet encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE or PPTP encapsulation. This field displays N/A when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is enabled and N/
A when the WLAN is disabled.
Summary
Packet Statistics
WLAN Station Status
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > Packet Statistics screen (
).
Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > WLAN Station Status screen (
47 ). Use this screen to view the wireless stations that are currently associated to the Router.
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Chapter 9 Access Point Mode
9.4.0.1 Navigation Panel
Use the menu in the navigation panel to configure Router features in Access Point mode.
The following screen and table show the features you can configure in Access Point mode.
Figure 51
Menu: Access Point Mode
Refer to
for descriptions of the labels shown in the Navigation panel.
9.5 LAN Screen
Use this section to configure your LAN settings while in Access Point mode.
Click Network > LAN to see the screen below.
Note: If you change the IP address of the Router in the screen below, you will need to log into the Router again using the new IP address.
Figure 52
Network > LAN > IP
74
The table below describes the labels in the screen.
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Table 33
Network > LAN > IP
LABEL
Get from DHCP
Server
DESCRIPTION
Click this to deploy the Router as an access point in the network.
When you enable this, the Router gets its IP address from the network’s DHCP server (for example, your ISP). Users connected to the Router can now access the network (i.e., the
Internet if the IP address is given by the ISP).
The Web Configurator may no longer be accessible unless you know the IP address assigned by the DHCP server to the Router. You need to reset the Router to be able to access the Web
Configurator again (see Section 25.7 on page 184
for details on how to reset the Router).
Use Defined
LAN IP Address
IP Address
Also when you select this, you cannot enter an IP address for your Router in the field below.
Click this if you want to specify the IP address of your Router. Or if your ISP or network administrator gave you a static IP address to access the network or the Internet.
Type the IP address in dotted decimal notation. The default setting is 192.168.1.2. If you change the IP address you will have to log in again with the new IP address.
IP Subnet Mask The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Router will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the Router.
Gateway IP
Address
Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP or network administrator gave you one) in this field.
DNS Assignment
First DNS
Server
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the Router's
WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP address that the ISP assigns.
Second DNS
Server Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose User-Defined, but leave the IP address set to
0.0.0.0, User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to
User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply.
Apply
Reset
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
Click Apply to save your changes to the Router.
Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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C H A P T E R 1 0
WISP Mode
10.1 Overview
Your Router can act as a wireless client. In wireless client mode, it can connect to an existing network via an access point. Use this mode if you already have an access point or router in your network.
In the example below, one Router (A) is configured as a wireless client and another is used as an access point (B). The wireless client has two clients that need to connect to the Internet. The
Router wirelessly connects to the available access point (B).
Figure 53
Wireless Client Mode
WISP
Access
Point built-in firewall
After the Router and the access point connect, the Router acquires its WAN IP address from the access point. The clients of the Router can now surf the Internet.
10.2 What You Can Do
• Use the Status screen ( Section 10.4 on page 78
) to view read-only information about your
Router.
• Use the LAN screen (
Chapter 14 on page 131 ) to set the IP address for your Router acting as an
access point.
• Use the Wireless LAN screen (
) to associate your Router (acting as a wireless client) with an existing access point.
10.3 What You Need to Know
With the exception of the LAN screen, the Monitor, Configuration and Maintainance screens in
WISP mode are similar to the ones in Router Mode. See
25 on page 187 of this User’s Guide.
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Chapter 10 WISP Mode
10.3.1 Setting your Router to WISP Mode
1
Log into the Web Configurator if you haven’t already. See the Quick start Guide for instructions on how to do this.
2
To set your Router to AP Mode, go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode > General and select WISP
Mode.
Figure 54
Changing to WISP mode
Note: You have to log in to the Web Configurator again when you change modes.As soon as you do, your Router is already in WISP mode.
3
When you select WISP Mode, the following pop-up message window appears.
Figure 55
Pop up window for WISP mode
Click OK. The Web Configurator refreshes once the change to WISP mode is successful.
10.3.2 Accessing the Web Configurator in WISP Mode
To login to Web Configurator in WISP mode, do the following:
1
Connect your computer to the LAN port of the Router.
2
The default IP address of the Router is “192.168.1.1”. If you did not change this, you can use the same IP address in WISP mode. Open a web browser such as Internet Explorer and type
“192.168.1.1” as the web address in your web browser.
If you changed the IP address of your Router while in Router Mode, use this IP address in WISP mode. The WISP mode IP address is always the same as the Router mode IP adderss.
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Chapter 10 WISP Mode
Note: After clicking Login, the Easy mode appears. Refer to
for the
Easy mode screens. Click Expert mode to see the screens described in the sections following this.
10.4 WISP Mode Status Screen
Click to open the status screen.
Figure 56
Status: WISP Mode
The following table describes the labels shown in the Status screen.
Table 34
Status Screen: WISP Mode
LABEL
Logout
Device Information
Host Name
DESCRIPTION
Click this at any time to exit the Web Configurator.
Firmware Version
Sys OP Mode
WAN Information
This is the System Name you enter in the Maintenance > General screen. It is for identification purposes.
This is the firmware version and the date created.
This is the device mode (
) to which the Router is set - WISP Mode.
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Table 34
Status Screen: WISP Mode (continued)
LABEL
- MAC Address
- IP Address
- IP Subnet Mask
- Default Gateway
- DHCP
LAN Information
- MAC Address
- IP Address
- IP Subnet Mask
- DHCP
WLAN Information
- WLAN OP Mode
DESCRIPTION
This shows the WAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the WAN port’s IP address.
This shows the WAN port’s subnet mask.
This shows the WAN port’s gateway IP address.
This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - Client or Server.
This shows the LAN Ethernet adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the LAN port’s IP address.
This shows the LAN port’s subnet mask.
This shows the LAN port’s DHCP role - Server or None.
- MAC Address
- Status
- Name (SSID)
- Connect Status
This is the device mode ( Section 6.1.2 on page 49
) to which the Router’s wireless LAN is set
- Access Point Mode.
This shows the wireless adapter MAC Address of your device.
This shows the current status of the Wireless LAN - ON or OFF.
This shows a descriptive name used to identify the Router in the wireless LAN.
This shows whether or not the Router has successfully associated with an access point -
Connected or Disassociated.
This shows the level of wireless security the Router is using.
This shows the wireless standard.
- Security Mode
- 802.11 Mode
System Status
Item
Data
System Up Time
Current Date/Time
System Resource
- CPU Usage
This column shows the type of data the Router is recording.
This column shows the actual data recorded by the Router.
This is the total time the Router has been on.
This field displays your Router’s present date and time.
This displays what percentage of the Router’s processing ability is currently used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the Router is running at full load, and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to have more throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using bandwidth management.
This shows what percentage of the heap memory the Router is using. - Memory Usage
System Setting
- Firewall
- Bandwidth
Management
- UPnP
- Configuration Mode
Interface Status
Interface
Status
This shows whether the firewall is enabled or not.
This shows whether the bandwidth management is enabled or not.
This shows whether UPnP is enabled or not.
This shows the web configurator mode you are viewing - Expert.
This displays the Router port types. The port types are: LAN and WLAN.
For the LAN and WAN ports, this field displays Down (line is down) or Up (line is up or connected).
For the WLAN, it displays Up when the WLAN is enabled or Down when the WLAN is disabled.
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Table 34
Status Screen: WISP Mode (continued)
LABEL
Rate
DESCRIPTION
For the LAN ports, this displays the port speed and duplex setting or N/A when the line is disconnected.
For the WAN port, it displays the port speed and duplex setting if you’re using Ethernet encapsulation and Idle (line (ppp) idle), Dial (starting to trigger a call) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE or PPTP encapsulation. This field displays N/A when the line is disconnected.
For the WLAN, it displays the maximum transmission rate when the WLAN is enabled and N/
A when the WLAN is disabled.
Summary
BW MGMT Monitor
DHCP Table
Packet Statistics
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > BW MGMT Monitor screen ( Section 5.4 on page
45 ). Use this screen to view the amount of network bandwidth that applications running in
the network are using.
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > DHCP Table screen ( Section 5.5 on page 45 ). Use
this screen to view current DHCP client information.
Click Details... to go to the Monitor > Packet Statistics screen (
).
Use this screen to view port status and packet specific statistics.
10.5 Wireless LAN General Screen
Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings of your Router. Go to Configuration >
Wireless LAN > General to open the following screen.
Figure 57
WISP Mode: LAN > General Screen
80
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 35
WISP Mode: LAN > General Screen
LABEL
Wireless Setup
Network Name
(SSID)
Security
Security Mode
Apply
Reset
DESCRIPTION
Enter the name of the access point to which you are connecting.
Select the security mode of the access point to which you want to connect.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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Chapter 10 WISP Mode
10.5.0.1 No Security
Use this screen if the access point to which you want to connect does not use encryption.
Figure 58
No Security (WISP)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 36
No Security (WISP)
LABEL
Wireless Setup
Network Name
(SSID)
Security
Security Mode
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Enter the name of the access point to which you are connecting.
Select No Security in this field.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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Chapter 10 WISP Mode
10.5.1 Static WEP
Use this screen if the access point to which you want to connect to uses WEP security mode.
Figure 59
WEP (WISP)
82
The following table describes the labels in this screen..
Table 37
WEP (WISP)
LABEL
Wireless Setup
Network Name
(SSID)
Security
Security Mode
PassPhrase
DESCRIPTION
Enter the name of the access point to which you are connecting.
Select Static WEP to enable data encryption.
Enter a Passphrase (up to 26 printable characters) and click Generate.
WEP Encryption
Authentication
Method
ASCII
A passphrase functions like a password. In WEP security mode, it is further converted by the Router into a complicated string that is referred to as the “key”. This key is requested from all devices wishing to connect to a wireless network.
Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP.
This dictates the length of the security key that the network is going to use.
Select Auto or Shared Key from the drop-down list box.
This field specifies whether the wireless clients have to provide the WEP key to login to the wireless client. Keep this setting at Auto unless you want to force a key verification before communication between the wireless client and the Router occurs.
Select Shared Key to force the clients to provide the WEP key prior to communication.
Select this option in order to enter ASCII characters as WEP key.
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Table 37
WEP (WISP) (continued)
LABEL
Hex
DESCRIPTION
Select this option in order to enter hexadecimal characters as a WEP key.
Key 1 to Key 4
Apply
Cancel
The preceding "0x", that identifies a hexadecimal key, is entered automatically.
The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the Router and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
You must configure at least one key, only one key can be activated at any one time. The default key is key 1.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
10.5.2 WPA(2)-PSK
Use this screen if the access point to which you want to connect uses WPA(2)-PSK security mode.
Figure 60
WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK (WISP)
The following table describes the labels in this screen. .
Table 38
WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK (WISP)
LABEL
Wireless Setup
Network Name
(SSID)
Security
Encryption Type
DESCRIPTION
Enter the name of the access point to which you are connecting.
Pre-Shared Key
Apply
Cancel
Select the type of wireless encryption employed by the access point to which you want to connect.
WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK uses a simple common password for authentication.
Type the pre-shared key employed by the access point to which you want to connect.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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10.5.3 Advance Screen
Use this screen to enable the power saving mode of your Router. Go to Configuration > Wireless
LAN to open the following screen.
Figure 61
Configuration > Wireless LAN > Advance Screen (WISP)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 39
Configuration > Wireless LAN > Advance Screen (WISP)
LABEL
Power Saving
Mode
DESCRIPTION
Select CAM (Constantly Awake Mode) if you do not want your Router to go to “sleep” when no wireless activity is detected in the Wireless LAN.
RTS Threshold
Fragment
Threshold
Apply
Cancel
Select Power Saving Mode if you want the Router to go to sleep when no wireless connection is needed for a period of time. This means the Router consumes less electrical power.
This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent in a wireless network before the
AP fragments the packet into smaller data frames.
This value controls how often wireless clients must get permission to send information to the AP. The lower the value, the more often the wireless clients must get permission. If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value, then wireless clients never have to get permission to send information to the AP.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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10.5.4 Site Survey Screen
Use this screen to scan for and connect to a wireless network automatically. Go to Configuration >
Site Survey to open the following screen.
Figure 62
Configuration > Wireless LAN > Site Survey (WISP)
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 40
Configuration > Wireless LAN > Site Survey (WISP)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Station Site Survey
#
SSID
Select a wireless device and click Add Profile to open a configuration screen where you can add the selected wireless device to a profile and then enable it.
This displays the SSID of the wireless device.
BSSID
Signal Strength
Channel station encryp station auth
Network Type
Rescan
Setting
indicates the wireless device is added to an activated profile and the Router is connecting to it.
This displays the MAC address of the wireless device.
This displays the strength of the wireless signal. The signal strength mainly depends on the antenna output power and the distance between your Router and this device.
This displays the channel number used by this wireless device.
This displays the data encryption method used by this wireless device.
This displays the authentication method used by this wireless device.
This displays the network type (In (Infrastructure) or Ad (Ad Hoc) of this wireless device.
Click this button to search for available wireless devices within transmission range and update this table.
Select a wireless device and click this button to add it to a profile.
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C H A P T E R 11
Tutorials
11.1 Overview
This chapter provides tutorials for your Router as follows:
•
Connecting to the Internet from an Access Point
•
Configuring Wireless Security Using WPS
•
Enabling and Configuring Wireless Security (No WPS)
•
Connecting to USB Storage with the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility
•
Automatically Connecting to a USB Printer
11.2 Connecting to the Internet from an Access Point
This section gives you an example of how to set up an access point (AP) and wireless client (a notebook (B), in this example) for wireless communication. B can access the Internet through the access point wirelessly.
Figure 63
Wireless Access Point Connection to the Internet
11.3 Configuring Wireless Security Using WPS
This section gives you an example of how to set up wireless network using WPS. This example uses the Router as the AP and NWD210N as the wireless client which connects to a notebook.
Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB adapter or PCI card).
There are two WPS methods for creating a secure connection. This tutorial shows you how to do both.
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• Push Button Configuration (PBC) - create a secure wireless network simply by pressing a
button. See Section 11.3.1 on page 88
.This is the easier method.
• PIN Configuration - create a secure wireless network simply by entering a wireless client's PIN
(Personal Identification Number) in the Router’s interface. See Section 11.3.2 on page 89
. This is the more secure method, since one device can authenticate the other.
11.3.1 Push Button Configuration (PBC)
1
Make sure that your Router is turned on and that it is within range of your computer.
2
Make sure that you have installed the wireless client (this example uses the NWD210N) driver and utility in your notebook.
3
In the wireless client utility, find the WPS settings. Enable WPS and press the WPS button (Start or
WPS button)
4
Log into Router’s Web Configurator and press the Push Button button in the Network > Wireless
Client > WPS Station screen.
Note: Your Router has a WPS button located on its panel, as well as a WPS button in its configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same function; you can use one or the other.
Note: It doesn’t matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second button within two minutes of pressing the first one.
The Router sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. Then the wireless client is able to communicate with the Router securely.
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The following figure shows you an example to set up wireless network and security by pressing a button on both Router and wireless client (the NWD210N in this example).
Figure 64
Example WPS Process: PBC Method
Wireless Client NBG-419N v2
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
11.3.2 PIN Configuration
When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both Router’s configuration interface and the client’s utilities.
1
Launch your wireless client’s configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and select the PIN method to get a PIN number.
2
Enter the PIN number to the PIN field in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen on the Router.
3
Click Start buttons (or button next to the PIN field) on both the wireless client utility screen and the
Router’s WPS Station screen within two minutes.
The Router authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. Then the wireless client is able to communicate with the Router securely.
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The following figure shows you the example to set up wireless network and security on Router and wireless client (ex. NWD210N in this example) by using PIN method.
Figure 65
Example WPS Process: PIN Method
Wireless Client
NBG-419N v2
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Authentication by PIN
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
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11.4 Enabling and Configuring Wireless Security (No WPS)
This example shows you how to configure wireless security settings with the following parameters on your Router.
SSID
Channel
Security
SSID_Example3
6
WPA-PSK
(Pre-Shared Key: ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey)
Follow the steps below to configure the wireless settings on your Router.
The instructions require that your hardware is connected (see the Quick Start Guide) and you are
logged into the Web Configurator through your LAN connection (see Section 4.2 on page 37
).
1
Open the Wireless LAN > General screen in the AP’s Web Configurator.
2
Make sure the Enable Wireless LAN check box is selected.
3
Enter SSID_Example3 as the SSID and select a channel.
4
Set security mode to WPA-PSK and enter ThisismyWPA-PSKpre-sharedkey in the Pre-Shared
Key field. Click Apply.
Figure 66
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > General
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5
Open the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under Device
Information and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status.
Figure 67
Tutorial: Checking Wireless Settings
11.4.1 Configure Your Notebook
Note: We use the ZyXEL M-302 wireless adapter utility screens as an example for the wireless client. The screens may vary for different models.
1
The Router supports IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n wireless clients. Make sure that your notebook or computer’s wireless adapter supports one of these standards.
2
Wireless adapters come with software sometimes called a “utility” that you install on your computer. See your wireless adapter’s User’s Guide for information on how to do that.
3
After you’ve installed the utility, open it. If you cannot see your utility’s icon on your screen, go to
Start > Programs and click on your utility in the list of programs that appears. The utility displays a list of APs within range, as shown in the example screen below.
4
Select SSID_Example3 and click Connect.
Figure 68
Connecting a Wireless Client to a Wireless Network t
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5
Select WPA-PSK and type the security key in the following screen. Click Next.
Figure 69
Security Settings
Chapter 11 Tutorials
6
The Confirm Save window appears. Check your settings and click Save to continue.
Figure 70
Confirm Save
7
Check the status of your wireless connection in the screen below. If your wireless connection is weak or you have no connection, see the Troubleshooting section of this User’s Guide.
Figure 71
Link Status
If your connection is successful, open your Internet browser and enter http://www.zyxel.com or the
URL of any other web site in the address bar. If you are able to access the web site, your wireless connection is successfully configured.
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11.5 Connecting to USB Storage with the ZyXEL NetUSB
Share Center Utility
This tutorial shows you how to connect to a USB device over your Router network by using the
ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility.
1
Install the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility on the computer to which you want to connect the
USB device. See
Chapter 2 on page 20 for details on the installation.
2
Connect a USB device to one of the USB ports of the Router.
3
Open the ZyXEL NetUSB Sharing Center Utility on your computer. The name of the USB device automatically shows in the Utility screen.
4
Click on the USB device’s name. Then click Connect.
5
The device mounts on your system.
11.5.1 Multiple Connections to the USB Device
The Utility supports one connection to the Router’s USB device at a time. If more than one computer want to connect to the USB device, follow the steps below:
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1
After the first computer (A) finishes using the USB device, click Disconnect on the Utilty to unmount it.
2
Click Connect on the Utility of the second computer (B) to mount the USB device on B.
3
If A does not disconnect from the USB device, B cannot use it. B can click the Request to Connect button to request A to disconnect. B will see the following message on its Utility:
4
A will receive the following message on its Utility screen.
5
A should click Accept to disconnect to the USB device.
6
After A is disconnected from USB device, B will see the following message on its Utility. Now B can access the USB device.
Note: If your computer is connected to a USB device, you must disconnect it and use Exit to close the Utility. If you use the X on the Utility screen, it only closes the Utility window. The Utility is still connected. Do not exit the Utility until the USB device is disconnected via the Utility or until you receive a request to disconnect. See
for details on how to exit the Utility.
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11.6 Automatically Connecting to a USB Printer
Your computer can connect to a shared USB printer by using the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center
Utility. This tutorial shows you how to set your computer to automatically connect to a shared USB printer over your Router network each time you log into your computer.
1
Install the ZyXEL NetUSB Share Center Utility to your computer. See
details on the installation.
2
Connect a USB printer to one of the USB ports of the Router.
3
Open the ZyXEL NetUSB Sharing Center Utility on your computer. The name of the USB printer automatically shows in the Utility screen.
4
Click on the printer name. Then click Connect. Your computer will search for the printer driver. You may be prompted to install the driver. Follow the driver’s installation steps to finish installing.
5
Click the Auto-Connect Printer menu and select Set Auto-Connect Printer from the menu.
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6
Select the USB printer you want to connect to and click Apply.
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7
Now your computer can automatically connect to this shared USB printer over your Router network each time you log into your computer. The printer will be automatically added to your printer list.
8
The Utility supports one connection to the Router’s USB device at a time. If more than one computer is using the printer and are all auto-connected to the USB device, the second computer automatically starts printing after the first computer finishes its printing task.
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P
ART
II
Technical Reference
99
100
C H A P T E R 1 2
Wireless LAN
12.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure the wireless network settings in your Router. See the appendices for more detailed information about wireless networks.
The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.
Figure 72
Example of a Wireless Network
Router
A
B
The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B are called wireless clients. The wireless clients use the access point (AP) to interact with other devices
(such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your Router is the AP.
12.2 What You Can Do
• Use the General screen ( Section 12.4 on page 104
) to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless security mode.
• Use the MAC Filter screen (
) to allow or deny wireless stations based on their MAC addresses from connecting to the Router.
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• Use the Advanced screen ( Section 12.6 on page 109
) to allow wireless advanced features, such as intra-BSS networking and set the RTS/CTS Threshold.
• Use the QoS screen (
Section 12.7 on page 111 ) to set priority levels to services, such as e-mail,
VoIP, chat, and so on.
• Use the WPS screen ( Section 12.8 on page 112 ) to quickly set up a wireless network with strong
security, without having to configure security settings manually.
• Use the WPS Station screen ( Section 12.9 on page 113
) to add a wireless station using WPS.
• Use the Scheduling screen (
) to set the times your wireless LAN is turned on and off.
• Use the WDS screen ( Section 12.11 on page 115
) to configure Wireless Distribution System on your Router.
12.3 What You Should Know
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
• Every wireless client in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentity.
• If two wireless networks overlap, they should use different channels.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or frequency, to send and receive information.
• Every wireless client in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP.
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
12.3.1 Wireless Security Overview
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless network.
12.3.1.1 SSID
Normally, the AP acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You can hide the
SSID instead, in which case the AP does not broadcast the SSID. In addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network.
12.3.1.2 MAC Address Filter
Every wireless client has a unique identification number, called a MAC address.
1 A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters 2 ; for example, 00A0C5000002 or
1.
Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks. These kinds of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2.
Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
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00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each wireless client, see the appropriate User’s
Guide or other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the AP which wireless clients are allowed or not allowed to use the wireless network. If a wireless client is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to have the correct settings (SSID, channel, and security). If a wireless client is not allowed to use the wireless network, it does not matter if it has the correct settings.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized devices to get the MAC address of an authorized wireless client. Then, they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network.
12.3.1.3 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot understand the message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of user authentication.
Table 41
Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
Weakest
Strongest
NO AUTHENTICATION
No Security
WEP
WPA-PSK
WPA2-PSK
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every wireless client in the wireless network supports. Suppose the wireless network has two wireless clients. Device A only supports
WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA-PSK. Therefore, you should set up WEP in the wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK or stronger encryption.
IEEE 802.1x and WEP encryption are better than none at all, but it is still possible for unauthorized devices to figure out the original information pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2-PSK in your Router, you can also select an option (WPA Compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some wireless clients support WPA and some support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK (depending on the type of wireless network login) and select the
WPA Compatible option in the Router.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer the key, the stronger the encryption. Every wireless client in the wireless network must have the same key.
12.3.1.4 WPS
WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance. WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to configure security settings manually. Depending on the devices in your network, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its configuration utility) or enter a PIN (Personal Identification
Number) in the devices. Then, they connect and set up a secure network by themselves. See how to set up a secure wireless network using WPS in the
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12.3.1.5 WDS
Wireless Distribution System or WDS security is used between bridged APs. It is independent of the security between the wired networks and their respective APs. If you do not enable WDS security, traffic between APs is not encrypted. When WDS security is enabled, both APs must use the same pre-shared key.
12.4 General Wireless LAN Screen
Use this screen to enable the Wireless LAN, enter the SSID and select the wireless security mode.
Note: If you are configuring the Router from a computer connected to the wireless LAN and you change the Router’s SSID, channel or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the Router’s new settings.
Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the General screen.
Figure 73
Network > Wireless LAN > General
104
The following table describes the general wireless LAN labels in this screen.
Table 42
Network > Wireless LAN > General
LABEL
Wireless Setup
Wireless LAN
DESCRIPTION
Network
Name(SSID)
Hide SSID
This is turned on by default.
You can turn the wireless LAN on or off using the switch at the rear panel of the Router. The current wireless state is reflected in this field.
(Service Set IDentity) The SSID identifies the Service Set with which a wireless station is associated. Wireless stations associating to the Router must have the same SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 keyboard characters) for the wireless LAN.
Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
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Table 42
Network > Wireless LAN > General (continued)
LABEL
Channel
Selection
DESCRIPTION
Set the operating frequency/channel depending on your particular region.
Select a channel from the drop-down list box. The options vary depending on the frequency band and the country you are in.
Refer to the Connection Wizard chapter for more information on channels. This option is only available if Auto Channel Selection is disabled.
This displays the channel the Router is currently using.
Operating
Channel
Security
Security Mode Select WEP, WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK to add security on this wireless network. The wireless clients which want to associate to this network must have same wireless security settings as the Router. After you select to use a security, additional options appears in this screen. See
and
Or you can select No Security to allow any client to associate this network without authentication.
Apply
Reset
Note: If you enable the WPS function, only No Security, WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK are available in this field.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
See the rest of this chapter for information on the other labels in this screen.
12.4.1 No Security
Select No Security to allow wireless stations to communicate with the access points without any data encryption.
Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your Router, your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 74
Network > Wireless LAN > General: No Security
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 43
Network > Wireless LAN > General: No Security
LABEL
Security Mode
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Choose No Security from the drop-down list box.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Refer to
for descriptions of the other labels in this screen.
12.4.2 WEP Encryption
WEP encryption scrambles the data transmitted between the wireless stations and the access points to keep network communications private. It encrypts unicast and multicast communications in a network. Both the wireless stations and the access points must use the same WEP key.
Your Router allows you to configure up to four 64-bit or 128-bit WEP keys but only one key can be enabled at any one time.
In order to configure and enable WEP encryption, click Network > Wireless LAN to display the
General screen. Select Static WEP from the Security Mode list.
Figure 75
Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP
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The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 44
Network > Wireless LAN > General: Static WEP
LABEL
Security Mode
PassPhrase
DESCRIPTION
Select Static WEP to enable data encryption.
Enter a Passphrase (up to 26 printable characters) and click Generate.
A passphrase functions like a password. In WEP security mode, it is further converted by the
Router into a complicated string that is referred to as the “key”. This key is requested from all devices wishing to connect to a wireless network.
WEP Encryption Select 64-bit WEP or 128-bit WEP.
Authentication
Method
This dictates the length of the security key that the network is going to use.
Select Auto or Shared Key from the drop-down list box.
This field specifies whether the wireless clients have to provide the WEP key to login to the wireless client. Keep this setting at Auto unless you want to force a key verification before communication between the wireless client and the Router occurs.
ASCII
Hex
Select Shared Key to force the clients to provide the WEP key prior to communication.
Select this option in order to enter ASCII characters as WEP key.
Select this option in order to enter hexadecimal characters as a WEP key.
The preceding "0x", that identifies a hexadecimal key, is entered automatically.
Key 1 to Key 4 The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the Router and the wireless stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you chose 64-bit WEP, then enter any 5 ASCII characters or 10 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
Apply
Cancel
If you chose 128-bit WEP, then enter 13 ASCII characters or 26 hexadecimal characters
("0-9", "A-F").
You must configure at least one key, only one key can be activated at any one time.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Refer to
for descriptions of the other labels in this screen.
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12.4.3 WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
Click Network > Wireless LAN to display the General screen. Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the Security Mode list.
Figure 76
Network > Wireless LAN > General: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 45
Network > Wireless LAN > General: WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode
WPA-PSK
Compatible
Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK to enable data encryption.
This field appears when you choose WPA-PSK2 as the Security Mode.
Check this field to allow wireless devices using WPA-PSK security mode to connect to your
Router.
Pre-Shared Key WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK uses a simple common password for authentication.
Group Key
Update Timer
Apply
Cancel
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive keyboard characters.
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP sends a new group key out to all clients.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
Refer to
for descriptions of the other labels in this screen.
12.5 MAC Filter
The MAC filter screen allows you to configure the Router to give exclusive access to devices (Allow) or exclude devices from accessing the Router (Deny). Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC
(Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six
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To change your Router’s MAC filter settings, click Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 77
Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
The following table describes the labels in this menu.
Table 46
Network > Wireless LAN > MAC Filter
LABEL
Access Policy
Policy
DESCRIPTION
Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table.
Select Allow to permit access to the Router, MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the Router.
Delete
MAC Address
Apply
Cancel
Select Reject to block access to the Router, MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to access the Router
Add a station
Mac Address
Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless station that are allowed or denied access to the
Router in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc. Click Add.
MAC Filter Summary
Click the delete icon to remove the MAC address from the list.
This is the MAC address of the wireless station that are allowed or denied access to the
Router.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
12.6 Wireless LAN Advanced Screen
Use this screen to allow wireless advanced features, such as intra-BSS networking and set the
RTS/CTS Threshold
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Click Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 78
Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced
110
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 47
Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced
LABEL
RTS/CTS
Threshold
Fragmentation
Threshold
Enable Intra-
BSS Traffic
DESCRIPTION
Data with its frame size larger than this value will perform the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS
(Clear To Send) handshake.
The threshold (number of bytes) for the fragmentation boundary for directed messages. It is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter an even number.
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Output Power
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other.
When Intra-BSS is disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Set the output power of the Router in this field. If there is a high density of APs in an area, decrease the output power of the Router to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the following 100%, 90%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 10% or Minimum. See the product specifications for more information on your Router’s output power.
Network Mode Select 11b/g mixed mode to allow IEEE802.11b and IEEE802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Router.
Select 802.11b only to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Router.
Select 802.11g only to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Router.
Select 802.11n only to allow only IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Router.
Select 11b/g/n mixed mode to allow IEEE802.11b, IEEE802.11g and IEEE802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the Router.
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Table 47
Network > Wireless LAN > Advanced (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
HT (High Throughput) Physical Mode - Use the fields below to configure the 802.11 wireless environment of your Router.
Operating
Mode
Choose this according to the wireless mode(s) used in your network.
Mixed Mode - Select this if the wireless clients in your network use different wireless modes
(for example, IEEE 802.11b/g and IEEE 802.1n modes)
Green Mode - Select this if the wireless clients in your network uses only one type of wireless mode (for example, IEEEE 802.11 n only)
Select the channel bandwidth you want to use for your wireless network.
Channel
Bandwidth
It is recommended that you select 20/40 (20/40 MHz).
Select 20 MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your neighborhood.
Guard Interval Select Auto to increase data throughput. However, this may make data transfer more prone to errors.
Extension
Channel
Select Long to prioritize data integrity. This may be because your wireless network is busy and congested or the Router is located in an environment prone to radio interference.
This is set to Auto by default.
Apply
Cancel
If you select 20/40 as your Channel Bandwidth, the extension channel enables the Router to get higher data throughput. This also lowers radio interference and traffic.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
12.7 Quality of Service (QoS) Screen
The QoS screen allows you to automatically give a service (such as VoIP and video) a priority level.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > QoS. The following screen appears.
Figure 79
Network > Wireless LAN > QoS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 48
Network > Wireless LAN > QoS
LABEL
Enable WMM
QoS
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
Check this to have the Router automatically give a service a priority level according to the
ToS value in the IP header of packets it sends. WMM QoS (Wifi MultiMedia Quality of
Service) gives high priority to voice and video, which makes them run more smoothly.
Click Apply to save your changes to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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12.8 WPS Screen
Use this screen to enable/disable WPS, view or generate a new PIN number and check current WPS status. To open this screen, click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS tab.
Figure 80
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
112
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 49
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABEL
WPS Setup
Enable WPS
PIN Number
DESCRIPTION
Select this to enable the WPS feature.
This displays a PIN number last time system generated. Click Generate to generate a new PIN number.
Status
Status
Release
Configuration
802.11 Mode
SSID
Security
Apply
Cancel
This displays Configured when the Router has connected to a wireless network using
WPS or when Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the screen.
This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there are no wireless or wireless security changes on the Router or you click Release_Configuration to remove the configured wireless and wireless security settings.
This button is only available when the WPS status displays Configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS connections on the Router.
This is the 802.11 mode used. Only compliant WLAN devices can associate with the
Router.
This is the name of the wireless network.
This is the type of wireless security employed by the network.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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12.9 WPS Station Screen
Use this screen when you want to add a wireless station using WPS. To open this screen, click
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station tab.
Note: Note: After you click Push Button on this screen, you have to press a similar button in the wireless station utility within 2 minutes. To add the second wireless station, you have to press these buttons on both device and the wireless station again after the first 2 minutes.
Figure 81
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 50
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
LABEL
Push Button
DESCRIPTION
Use this button when you use the PBC (Push Button Configuration) method to configure wireless stations’s wireless settings. See
Or input station’s PIN number
Click this to start WPS-aware wireless station scanning and the wireless security information synchronization.
Use this button when you use the PIN Configuration method to configure wireless station’s
wireless settings. See Section 11.3.2 on page 89
.
Type the same PIN number generated in the wireless station’s utility. Then click Start to associate to each other and perform the wireless security information synchronization.
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12.10 Scheduling Screen
Use this screen to set the times your wireless LAN is turned on and off. Wireless LAN scheduling is disabled by default. The wireless LAN can be scheduled to turn on or off on certain days and at certain times. To open this screen, click Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling tab.
Figure 82
Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
114
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 51
Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Wireless LAN Scheduling
Enable Wireless
LAN Scheduling
Select this to enable Wireless LAN scheduling.
Scheduling
WLAN Status Select On or Off to specify whether the Wireless LAN is turned on or off. This field works in conjunction with the Day and Except for the following times fields.
Day
For the following times
(24-Hour
Format)
Apply
Cancel
Select Everyday or the specific days to turn the Wireless LAN on or off. If you select
Everyday you can not select any specific days. This field works in conjunction with the
Except for the following times field.
Select a begin time using the first set of hour and minute (min) drop down boxes and select an end time using the second set of hour and minute (min) drop down boxes. If you have chosen On earlier for the WLAN Status the Wireless LAN will turn on between the two times you enter in these fields. If you have chosen Off earlier for the WLAN Status the
Wireless LAN will turn off between the two times you enter in these fields.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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12.11 WDS Screen
A Wireless Distribution System is a wireless connection between two or more APs. Use this screen to set the operating mode of your Router to AP + Bridge or Bridge Only and establish wireless links with other APs. You need to know the MAC address of the peer device, which also must be in bridge mode.
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the Router and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > WDS tab. The following screen opens with the Basic Setting set to Disabled, and Security Mode set to No Security.
Figure 83
Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 52
Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
LABEL
WDS Setup
Basic Settings
DESCRIPTION
Select the operating mode for your Router.
• AP + Bridge The Router functions as a bridge and access point simultaneously.
• Bridge - The Router acts as a wireless network bridge and establishes wireless links with other APs. You need to know the MAC address of the peer device, which also must be in bridge mode. The Router can establish up to five wireless links with other APs.
This is the MAC address of your Router.
Local MAC
Address
Phy Mode
Remote MAC
Address
Select the Phy mode you want the Router to use. This dictates the maximum size of packets during data transmission.
This is the MAC address of the peer device that your Router wants to make a bridge connection with.
You can connect to up to 4 peer devices.
Security
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Table 52
Network > Wireless LAN > WDS (continued)
LABEL
EncrypType
DESCRIPTION
Select whether to use WEP, TKIP or AES encryption for your WDS connection in this field.
EncrypKey
Apply
Cancel
Otherwise, select No Security.
The Encryp key is used to encrypt data. Peers must use the same key for data transmission.
Click Apply to save your changes to Router.
Click Cancel to reload the previous configuration for this screen.
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C H A P T E R 1 3
WAN
13.1 Overview
This chapter discusses the Router’s WAN screens. Use these screens to configure your Router for
Internet access.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the
Internet. It connects your private networks such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.
Figure 84
LAN and WAN
Router
13.2 What You Can Do
• Use the Internet Connection screen ( Section 13.4 on page 119
) to enter your ISP information and set how the computer acquires its IP, DNS and WAN MAC addresses.
• Use the Advanced screen ( Section 13.5 on page 128 ) to enable multicasting, configure Windows
networking and bridge.
• Use IGMP Blocking screen ( Section 13.6 on page 129
) to enable IGMP blocking in the LAN ports.
13.3 What You Need To Know
The information in this section can help you configure the screens for your WAN connection, as well as enable/disable some advanced features of your Router.
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13.3.1 Configuring Your Internet Connection
Encapsulation Method
Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your
ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) or PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol), they should also provide a username and password (and service name) for user authentication.
WAN IP Address
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the Router, which makes it accessible from an outside network. It is used by the Router to communicate with other devices in other networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the Router tries to access the Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and
DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP encapsulation method).
DNS Server Address Assignment
Use Domain Name System (DNS) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa, for instance, the IP address of www.zyxel.com is 204.217.0.2. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a computer before you can access it.
The Router can get the DNS server addresses in the following ways.
1
The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, manually enter them in the DNS server fields.
2
If your ISP dynamically assigns the DNS server IP addresses (along with the Router’s WAN IP address), set the DNS server fields to get the DNS server address from the ISP.
WAN MAC Address
The MAC address screen allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either using the factory default or cloning the MAC address from a computer on your LAN. Choose Factory Default to select the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Otherwise, click Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning. Once it is successfully configured, the address will be copied to configuration file. It is recommended that you clone the MAC address prior to hooking up the WAN Port.
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13.3.2 Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient) or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1.
Figure 85
Multicast Example
Router
In the multicast example above, systems A and D comprise one multicast group. In multicasting, the server only needs to send one data stream and this is delivered to systems A and D.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. The Router supports both IGMP version 1
(IGMP-v1) and IGMP version 2 (IGMP-v2).
At start up, the Router queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership. After that, the Router periodically updates this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/disabled on the Router LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the Web Configurator (LAN; WAN). Select None to disable IP multicasting on these interfaces.
13.4 Internet Connection
Use this screen to change your Router’s Internet access settings. Click WAN from the Configuration menu. The screen differs according to the encapsulation you choose.
13.4.1 Ethernet Encapsulation
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This screen displays when you select Ethernet encapsulation.
Figure 86
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: Ethernet Encapsulation
120
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 53
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: Ethernet Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Encapsulation You must choose the Ethernet option when the WAN port is used as a regular Ethernet.
WAN IP Address Assignment
Get automatically from ISP
(Default)
Use Fixed IP
Address
Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This is the default selection.
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
IP Address
IP Subnet
Mask
Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
Enter the IP Subnet Mask in this field.
Gateway IP
Address
Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP gave you one) in this field.
WAN DNS Assignment
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Table 53
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: Ethernet Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL
First DNS
Server
DESCRIPTION
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the Router's
WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP address that the ISP assigns.
Second DNS
Server Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose User-Defined, but leave the IP address set to
0.0.0.0, User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-Defined changes to
None after you click Apply.
WAN MAC
Address
The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either using the Router’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer on your LAN or manually entering a MAC address.
Factory default Select Factory default to use the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Clone the computer’s
MAC address -
IP Address
Set WAN MAC
Address
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
Select Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning.
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply
Reset
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
13.4.2 PPPoE Encapsulation
The Router supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is an IETF standard (RFC
2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem (DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The PPP over Ethernet option is for a dial-up connection using PPPoE.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing access control systems (for example Radius).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and offer new IP services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the Router (rather than individual computers), the computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the Router does that part of the task.
Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs’ computers will have access.
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This screen displays when you select PPPoE encapsulation.
Figure 87
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE Encapsulation
122
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 54
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Encapsulation Select PPP over Ethernet if you connect to your Internet via dial-up.
User Name
Password
Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Type the password associated with the user name above.
Retype to
Confirm
MTU Size
Type your password again to make sure that you have entered is correctly.
Enter the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) or the largest packet size per frame that your
Router can receive and process.
Select Nailed-Up Connection if you do not want the connection to time out.
Nailed-Up
Connection
Idle Timeout
(sec)
This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the router automatically disconnects from the PPPoE server.
WAN IP Address Assignment
Get automatically from ISP
Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This is the default selection.
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Table 54
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPPoE Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Use Fixed IP
Address
Second DNS
Server
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
My WAN IP
Address
Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
WAN DNS Assignment
First DNS Server Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the
Router's WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP address that the ISP assigns.
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's
IP address in the field to the right. If you chose User-Defined, but leave the IP address set to 0.0.0.0, User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply.
WAN MAC
Address
Factory default
Clone the computer’s MAC address - IP
Address
Set WAN MAC
Address
Apply
Reset
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by using the Router’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer on your LAN or manually entering a MAC address.
Select Factory default to use the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Select Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning.
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
13.4.3 PPTP Encapsulation
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is a network protocol that enables secure transfer of data from a remote client to a private server, creating a Virtual Private Network (VPN) using TCP/IPbased networks.
PPTP supports on-demand, multi-protocol and virtual private networking over public networks, such as the Internet.
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This screen displays when you select PPTP encapsulation.
Figure 88
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation
124
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 55
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection
Type
To configure a PPTP client, you must configure the User Name and Password fields for a
PPP connection and the PPTP parameters for a PPTP connection.
User Name
Password
Retype to
Confirm
Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Type the password associated with the User Name above.
Type your password again to make sure that you have entered is correctly.
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Table 55
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: PPTP Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Nailed-up
Connection
Select Nailed-Up Connection if you do not want the connection to time out.
Idle Timeout This value specifies the time in minutes that elapses before the Router automatically disconnects from the PPTP server.
PPTP Configuration
Type the IP address of the PPTP server.
Server IP
Address
Get automatically from ISP
Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This is the default selection.
Use Fixed IP
Address
IP Address
IP Subnet
Mask
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
Your Router will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the
Router.
Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP gave you one) in this field.
Gateway IP
Address
WAN IP Address Assignment
Get automatically from ISP
Select this to get your WAN IP address from your ISP.
Use Fixed IP
Address
My WAN IP
Address
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
WAN DNS Assignment
First DNS
Server
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the Router's
WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP address that the ISP assigns.
Second DNS
Server Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose User-Defined, but leave the IP address set to
0.0.0.0, User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-Defined changes to
None after you click Apply.
WAN MAC
Address
The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either using the Router’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer on your LAN or manually entering a MAC address.
Factory default Select Factory default to use the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Clone the computer’s
MAC address -
IP Address
Set WAN MAC
Address
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
Select Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning.
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Apply
Reset
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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13.4.4 L2TP Encapsulation
The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) works at layer 2 (the data link layer) to tunnel network traffic between two peer devices over another network (like the Internet).
This screen displays when you select L2TP encapsulation.
Figure 89
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: L2TP Encapsulation
126
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 56
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: L2TP Encapsulation
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ISP Parameters for Internet Access
Connection
Type
To configure a L2TP client, you must configure the User Name and Password fields for a layer-2 connection and the L2TP parameters for an L2TP connection.
User Name
Password
Retype to
Confirm
Type the user name given to you by your ISP.
Type the password associated with the User Name above.
Type your password again to make sure that you have entered is correctly.
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Table 56
Network > WAN > Internet Connection: L2TP Encapsulation (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
L2TP Configuration
Server IP
Address
Get automatically from ISP
Type the IP address of the L2TP server.
Select this option If your ISP did not assign you a fixed IP address. This is the default selection.
Use Fixed IP
Address
IP Address
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address.
Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
IP Subnet
Mask
Your Router will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the
Router.
Enter a Gateway IP Address (if your ISP gave you one) in this field.
Gateway IP
Address
WAN IP Address Assignment
Get automatically from ISP
Select this to get your WAN IP address from your ISP.
Select this option If the ISP assigned a fixed IP address. Use Fixed IP
Address
My WAN IP
Address
Enter your WAN IP address in this field if you selected Use Fixed IP Address.
WAN DNS Assignment
First DNS
Server
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the Router's
WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP address that the ISP assigns.
Second DNS
Server Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose User-Defined, but leave the IP address set to
0.0.0.0, User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to
User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply.
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
WAN MAC
Address
The MAC address section allows users to configure the WAN port's MAC address by either using the Router’s MAC address, copying the MAC address from a computer on your LAN or manually entering a MAC address.
Factory default Select Factory default to use the factory assigned default MAC Address.
Select Clone the computer's MAC address - IP Address and enter the IP address of the computer on the LAN whose MAC you are cloning.
Clone the computer’s
MAC address -
IP Address
Set WAN MAC
Address
Apply
Reset
Select this option and enter the MAC address you want to use.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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13.5 Advanced WAN Screen
Use this screen to enable Multicast and enable Auto-bridge.
Note: The categories shown in this screen are independent of each other.
To change your Router’s advanced WAN settings, click Network > WAN > Advanced. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 90
Network > WAN > Advanced
128
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 57
Network > WAN > Advanced
LABEL
Multicast Setup
Multicast
DESCRIPTION
Select IGMPv1/v2 to enable multicasting. This applies to traffic routed from the WAN to the LAN.
Select None to disable this feature. This may cause incoming traffic to be dropped or sent to all connected network devices.
Auto-Subnet Setup
None
Enable Autobridge mode
Select this option to have the Router do nothing when it gets a WAN IP address in the range of 192.168.x.y (where x and y are from zero to nine) or in the same subnet as the LAN IP address.
Select this option to have the Router switch to bridge mode automatically when the Router gets a WAN IP address in the range of 192.168.x.y (where x and y are from zero to nine) no matter what the LAN IP address is.
Enable Auto-IP-
Change mode
Select this option to have the Router change its LAN IP address to 10.0.0.1 or 192.168.1.1 accordingly when the Router gets a dynamic WAN IP address in the same subnet as the LAN
IP address 192.168.1.1 or 10.0.0.1.
Apply
Reset
The NAT, DHCP server and firewall functions on the Router are still available in thismode.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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13.6 IGMP Blocking Screen
Use this screen to enable IGMP blocking (snooping) if you have LAN users that subscribe to multicast services.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership in a multicast group - it is not used to carry user data.
Click Network > WAN > IGMP Blocking. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 91
Network > WAN > IGMP Blocking
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 58
Network > WAN > IGMP Blocking
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IGMP Block Setup
Enable IGMP
Block
Apply
Select this option to have the Router use IGMP blocking (snooping).
Check the LAN port/s to which IGMP snooping applies.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Reset Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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C H A P T E R 1 4
LAN
14.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure LAN settings.
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many computers are attached. A LAN is a computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building. The LAN screens can help you configure a LAN DHCP server, manage IP addresses, and partition your physical network into logical networks.
Figure 92
LAN Example
The LAN screens can help you manage IP addresses.
14.2 What You Can Do
• Use the IP screen (
Section 14.4 on page 133 ) to change the IP address for your Router.
• Use the IP Alias screen ( Section 14.5 on page 133
) to have the Router apply IP alias to create
LAN subnets.
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14.3 What You Need To Know
The actual physical connection determines whether the Router ports are LAN or WAN ports. There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN network as shown next.
Figure 93
LAN and WAN IP Addresses
The LAN parameters of the Router are preset in the factory with the following values:
• IP address of 192.168.1.1 with subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 (24 bits)
• DHCP server enabled with 32 client IP addresses starting from 192.168.1.33.
These parameters should work for the majority of installations. If your ISP gives you explicit DNS server address(es), read the embedded Web Configurator help regarding what fields need to be configured.
14.3.1 IP Pool Setup
The Router is pre-configured with a pool of 32 IP addresses starting from 192.168.1.33 to
192.168.1.64. This configuration leaves 31 IP addresses (excluding the Router itself) in the lower range (192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.32) for other server computers, for instance, servers for mail,
FTP, TFTP, web, etc., that you may have.
14.3.2 LAN TCP/IP
The Router has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to systems that support DHCP client capability.
14.3.3 IP Alias
IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks over the same
Ethernet interface. The Router supports three logical LAN interfaces via its single physical Ethernet interface with the Router itself as the gateway for each LAN network.
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14.4 LAN IP Screen
Use this screen to change the IP address for your Router. Click Network > LAN > IP.
Figure 94
Network > LAN > IP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 59
Network > LAN > IP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Address Type the IP address of your Router in dotted decimal notation.
IP Subnet Mask The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Router will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the Router.
Apply
Reset
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
14.5 IP Alias Screen
Use this screen to have the Router apply IP alias to create LAN subnets. Click LAN > IP Alias.
Figure 95
Network > LAN > IP Alias
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 60
Network > LAN > IP Alias
LABEL
IP Alias
IP Address
DESCRIPTION
Check this to enable IP alias.
Type the IP alias address of your Router in dotted decimal notation.
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Table 60
Network > LAN > IP Alias (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Subnet Mask The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Router will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask computed by the Router.
Apply
Reset
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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DHCP Server
15.1 Overview
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the Router’s LAN as a DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the Router provides the TCP/IP configuration for the clients. If DHCP service is disabled, you must have another DHCP server on your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.
15.2 What You Can Do
• Use the General ( Section 15.3 on page 135
) screen to enable the DHCP server.
• Use the Advanced (
Section 15.4 on page 136 ) screen to assign IP addresses on the LAN to
specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses.
15.3 General Screen
Use this screen to enable the DHCP server. Click Network > DHCP Server. The following screen displays.
Figure 96
Network > DHCP Server > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 61
Network > DHCP Server > General
LABEL
Enable DHCP
Server
IP Pool Starting
Address
DESCRIPTION
Enable or Disable DHCP for LAN.
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool for LAN.
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Table 61
Network > DHCP Server > General (continued)
LABEL
Pool Size
Apply
Reset
DESCRIPTION
This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool for LAN.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
15.4 Advanced Screen
This screen allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on their MAC addresses. You can also use this screen to configure the DNS server information that the
Router sends to the DHCP clients.
To change your Router’s static DHCP settings, click Network > DHCP Server > Advanced. The following screen displays.
Figure 97
Network > DHCP Server > Advanced
136
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 62
Network > DHCP Server > Advanced
LABEL DESCRIPTION
LAN Static DHCP Table
#
MAC Address
This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row).
Type the MAC address (with colons) of a computer on your LAN.
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Table 62
Network > DHCP Server > Advanced (continued)
LABEL
IP Address
DNS Server
DNS Servers
Assigned by
DHCP Server
First DNS
Server
Second DNS
Server
Apply
Reset
DESCRIPTION
Type the LAN IP address of a computer on your LAN.
The Router passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP address (in the order you specify here) to the DHCP clients. The Router only passes this information to the LAN DHCP clients when you select the Enable DHCP Server check box. When you clear the Enable
DHCP Server check box, DHCP service is disabled and you must have another DHCP sever on your LAN, or else the computers must have their DNS server addresses manually configured.
Select From ISP if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information (and the Router's
WAN IP address). The field to the right displays the (read-only) DNS server IP address that the ISP assigns.
Select User-Defined if you have the IP address of a DNS server. Enter the DNS server's IP address in the field to the right. If you chose User-Defined, but leave the IP address set to
0.0.0.0, User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply. If you set a second choice to
User-Defined, and enter the same IP address, the second User-Defined changes to None after you click Apply.
Select DNS Relay to have the Router act as a DNS proxy. The Router's LAN IP address displays in the field to the right (read-only). The Router tells the DHCP clients on the LAN that the Router itself is the DNS server. When a computer on the LAN sends a DNS query to the Router, the Router forwards the query to the Router's system DNS server (configured in the WAN > Internet Connection screen) and relays the response back to the computer.
You can only select DNS Relay for one of the three servers; if you select DNS Relay for a second or third DNS server, that choice changes to None after you click Apply.
Select None if you do not want to configure DNS servers. If you do not configure a DNS server, you must know the IP address of a computer in order to access it.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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Network Address Translation (NAT)
16.1 Overview
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet. For example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network is changed to a different IP address known within another network.
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets,
NAT maps private (local) IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It replaces the original IP source address in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The Router keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.
Figure 98
NAT Example
For more information on IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address
Translator (NAT).
16.2 What You Can Do
• Use the General screen ( Section 16.3 on page 140
) to enable NAT and set a default server.
• Use the Application screen (
Section 16.4 on page 140 ) o forward incoming service requests to
the server(s) on your local network.
• Use the Advanced screen ( Section 16.5 on page 142
) to change your Router’s trigger port settings.
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16.3 General NAT Screen
Use this screen to enable NAT and set a default server. Click Network > NAT > General to open the following screen.
Figure 99
Network > NAT > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 63
Network > NAT > General
LABEL
NAT Setup
Enable Network
Address
Translation
DESCRIPTION
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows the translation of an Internet protocol address used within one network (for example a private IP address used in a local network) to a different IP address known within another network (for example a public IP address used on the Internet).
Select the check box to enable NAT.
Default Server Setup
Server IP
Address
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A default server receives packets from ports that are not specified in the Application screen.
Apply
Reset
If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the Router discards all packets received for ports that are not specified in the Application screen or remote management.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
16.4 NAT Application Screen
Use the Application screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network. You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to specify a range of port numbers.
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A service request that does not have a server explicitly designated for it is forwarded to the default server. If the default is not defined, the service request is simply discarded.
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Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Port forwarding allows you to define the local servers to which the incoming services will be forwarded. To change your Router’s port forwarding settings, click Network > NAT > Application.
The screen appears as shown.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address in the NAT > General screen, the Router discards all packets received for ports that are not specified in this screen or remote management.
Refer to
for port numbers commonly used for particular services.
Figure 100
Network > NAT > Application
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 64
Network > NAT > Application
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Add Application Rule
Active Select the check box to enable this rule and the requested service can be forwarded to the host with a specified internal IP address.
Service Name
Port
Clear the checkbox to disallow forwarding of these ports to an inside server without having to delete the entry.
Type a name (of up to 31 printable characters) to identify this rule in the first field next to
Service Name. Otherwise, select a predefined service in the second field next to Service
Name. The predefined service name and port number(s) will display in the Service Name and Port fields.
Type a port number(s) to define the service to be forwarded to the specified server.
Server IP
Address
To specify a range of ports, enter a hyphen (-) between the first port and the last port, such as 10-20.
To specify two or more non-consecutive port numbers, separate them by a comma without spaces, such as 123,567.
Type the IP address of the server on your LAN that receives packets from the port(s) specified in the Port field.
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Table 64
Network > NAT > Application (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Application Rules Summary
#
Active
This is the number of an individual port forwarding server entry.
This icon is turned on when the rule is enabled.
Name
Port
Server IP
Address
Modify
This field displays a name to identify this rule.
This field displays the port number(s).
This field displays the inside IP address of the server.
Click the Edit icon to display and modify an existing rule setting in the fields under Add
Application Rule.
Apply
Reset
Click the Remove icon to delete a rule.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
16.5 NAT Advanced Screen
Some services use a dedicated range of ports on the client side and a dedicated range of ports on the server side. With regular port forwarding you set a forwarding port in NAT to forward a service
(coming in from the server on the WAN) to the IP address of a computer on the client side (LAN).
The problem is that port forwarding only forwards a service to a single LAN IP address. In order to use the same service on a different LAN computer, you have to manually replace the LAN computer's IP address in the forwarding port with another LAN computer's IP address.
Trigger port forwarding solves this problem by allowing computers on the LAN to dynamically take turns using the service. The Router records the IP address of a LAN computer that sends traffic to the WAN to request a service with a specific port number and protocol (a "trigger" port). When the
Router's WAN port receives a response with a specific port number and protocol ("incoming" port), the Router forwards the traffic to the LAN IP address of the computer that sent the request. After that computer’s connection for that service closes, another computer on the LAN can use the service in the same manner. This way you do not need to configure a new IP address each time you want a different LAN computer to use the application.
To change your Router’s trigger port settings, click Network > NAT > Advanced. The screen appears as shown.
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Note: Only one LAN computer can use a trigger port (range) at a time.
Figure 101
Network > NAT > Advanced
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 65
Network > NAT > Advanced
LABEL
#
Name
Incoming
Start Port
End Port
Trigger
Start Port
End Port
Apply
Reset
DESCRIPTION
This is the rule index number (read-only).
Type a unique name (up to 15 characters) for identification purposes. All characters are permitted - including spaces.
Incoming is a port (or a range of ports) that a server on the WAN uses when it sends out a particular service. The Router forwards the traffic with this port (or range of ports) to the client computer on the LAN that requested the service.
Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers.
Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers.
The trigger port is a port (or a range of ports) that causes (or triggers) the Router to record the IP address of the LAN computer that sent the traffic to a server on the WAN.
Type a port number or the starting port number in a range of port numbers.
Type a port number or the ending port number in a range of port numbers.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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16.5.1 Trigger Port Forwarding Example
The following is an example of trigger port forwarding.
Figure 102
Trigger Port Forwarding Process: Example
Router
Router
1
Jane requests a file from the Real Audio server (port 7070).
2
Port 7070 is a “trigger” port and causes the Router to record Jane’s computer IP address. The
Router associates Jane's computer IP address with the "incoming" port range of 6970-7170.
3
The Real Audio server responds using a port number ranging between 6970-7170.
4
The Router forwards the traffic to Jane’s computer IP address.
5
Only Jane can connect to the Real Audio server until the connection is closed or times out. The
Router times out in three minutes with UDP (User Datagram Protocol), or two hours with TCP/IP
(Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
16.5.2 Two Points To Remember About Trigger Ports
1
Trigger events only happen on data that is going coming from inside the Router and going to the outside.
If an application needs a continuous data stream, that port (range) will be tied up so that another computer on the LAN can’t trigger it.
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C H A P T E R 1 7
Dynamic DNS
17.1 Overview
Dynamic DNS (DDNS) services let you use a domain name with a dynamic IP address.
17.2 What You Can Do
Use the Dynamic DNS screen ( Section 17.4 on page 145 ) to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS
settings on the Router.
17.3 What You Need To Know
Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic
DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an
IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to call you even if they don't know your IP address.
17.4 Dynamic DNS Screen
To change your Router’s DDNS, click Network > DDNS. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 103
Network > DDNS
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 66
Network > DDNS
LABEL
Enable
Dynamic DNS
Service
Provider
Host Name
DESCRIPTION
Select this check box to use dynamic DNS.
Select the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.
User Name
Password
Apply
Reset
Enter a host names in the field provided. You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (",").
Enter your user name.
Enter the password assigned to you.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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Static Route
18.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to configure static routes for your Router.
Each remote node specifies only the network to which the gateway is directly connected, and the
Router has no knowledge of the networks beyond. For instance, the Router knows about network
N2 in the following figure through remote node Router 1. However, the Router is unable to route a packet to network N3 because it doesn't know that there is a route through the same remote node
Router 1 (via gateway Router 2). The static routes are for you to tell the Router about the networks beyond the remote nodes.
Figure 104
Example of Static Routing Topology
18.2 What You Can Do
Use the IP Static Route screen (
Section 18.3 on page 148 ) to view, add and delete routes.
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18.3 IP Static Route Screen
Click Network > Static Route to open the IP Static Route screen.
Figure 105
Network > Static Route
148
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 67
Network > Static Route
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Static Routing Settings
Route Name Enter a the name that describes or identifies this route.
Enter the IP network address of the final destination.
Destination IP
Address
IP Subnet
Netmask
This is the subnet to which the route’s final destination belongs.
Gateway IP
Address
Metric
Enter the the IP address of the gateway.
Assign a number to identify the route.
Add Rule Click this to add the IP static route.
Application Rules Summary
No.
Active
Name
Destination
Gateway
This is the number of an individual static route.
The rules are always on and this is indicated by the icon.
This is the name that describes or identifies this route.
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always based on network number.
This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to their destinations.
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Table 67
Network > Static Route
LABEL
Metric
Delete
DESCRIPTION
This is the number assigned to the route.
Click the Delete icon to remove a static route from the Router. A window displays asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
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C H A P T E R 1 9
RIP
19.1 Overview
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an interior or intra-domain routing protocol that uses distance-vector routing algorithms. RIP is used on the Internet and is common in the NetWare environment as a method for exchanging routing information between routers.
19.2 What You Can Do
Use the RIP screen ( Section 19.3 on page 151 ) to enable RIPv1 or RIPv2, which are LAN broadcast
protocols.
19.3 RIP Screen
Use this screen to enable RIPv1 or RIPv2, which are LAN broadcast protocols. Click Network >
RIP. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 106
Network > RIP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 68
Network > RIP
LABEL
RIP
DESCRIPTION
Select the RIPv1 or RIPv2 you want the Router to use.
Apply
Reset
Otherwise select None.
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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C H A P T E R 2 0
Firewall
20.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to enable and configure the firewall that protects your Router and your
LAN from unwanted or malicious traffic.
Enable the firewall to protect your LAN computers from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access between the LAN and WAN. By default the firewall:
• allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all of the networks.
• blocks traffic that originates on the other networks from going to the LAN.
The following figure illustrates the default firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant
Messaging) session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2).
However other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).
Figure 107
Default Firewall Action
20.2 What You Can Do
• Use the General ( Section 20.4 on page 154
) screen to enable or disable the Router’s firewall.
• Use the Services screen ( Section 20.5 on page 155 ) screen enable service blocking, enter/
delete/modify the services you want to block and the date/time you want to block them.
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20.3 What You Need To Know
The Router’s firewall feature physically separates the LAN and the WAN and acts as a secure gateway for all data passing between the networks.
It is designed to protect against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks when activated (click the General tab under Firewall and then click the Enable Firewall check box). The Router's purpose is to allow a private Local Area Network (LAN) to be securely connected to the Internet. The Router can be used to prevent theft, destruction and modification of data, as well as log events, which may be important to the security of your network.
The Router is installed between the LAN and a broadband modem connecting to the Internet. This allows it to act as a secure gateway for all data passing between the Internet and the LAN.
The Router has one Ethernet WAN port and four Ethernet LAN ports, which are used to physically separate the network into two areas.The WAN (Wide Area Network) port attaches to the broadband
(cable or DSL) modem to the Internet.
The LAN (Local Area Network) port attaches to a network of computers, which needs security from the outside world. These computers will have access to Internet services such as e-mail, FTP and the World Wide Web. However, "inbound access" is not allowed (by default) unless the remote host is authorized to use a specific service.
20.4 General Firewall Screen
Use this screen to enable or disable the Router’s firewall, and set up firewall logs. Click Security >
Firewall to open the General screen.
Figure 108
Security > Firewall > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 69
Security > Firewall > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable Firewall Select this check box to activate the firewall. The Router performs access control and protects against Denial of Service (DoS) attacks when the firewall is activated.
Apply Click Apply to save the settings.
Reset Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.
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20.5 Services Screen
If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your Router, an ICMP response packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the Router exists. Use this screen to prevent the ICMP response packet from being sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your
Router when unsupported ports are probed.
You can also use this screen to enable service blocking, enter/delete/modify the services you want to block and the date/time you want to block them.
Click Security > Firewall > Services. The screen appears as shown next.
Figure 109
Security > Firewall > Services
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 70
Security > Firewall > Services
LABEL
ICMP
Respond to
Ping on
Apply
DESCRIPTION
Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-reporting protocol between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application user.
The Router will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is selected. Select
LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests. Select WAN to reply to incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select LAN & WAN to reply to all incoming LAN and WAN Ping requests.
Click Apply to save the settings.
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Table 70
Security > Firewall > Services (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable Firewall Rule
Enable Firewall
Rule
Apply
Select this check box to activate the firewall rules that you define (see Add Firewall Rule below)
Click Apply to save the settings.
Add Firewall Rule
Service Name Enter a name that identifies or describes the firewall rule.
MAC Address Enter the MAC address of the computer for which the firewall rule applies.
Dest IP Address Enter the IP address of the computer to which traffic for the application or service is entering.
Source IP
Address
The Router applies the firewall rule to traffic initiating from this computer.
Enter the IP address of the computer that initializes traffic for the application or service.
Protocol
Dest Port
Range
Source Port
Range
Add Rule
The Router applies the firewall rule to traffic initiating from this computer.
Select the protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP or None) used to transport the packets for which you want to apply the firewall rule.
Enter the port number/range of the destination that define the traffic type, for example TCP port 80 defines web traffic.
Enter the port number/range of the source that define the traffic type, for example TCP port
80 defines web traffic.
Click Add to save the firewall rule.
Firewall Rule
#
Service Name
This is your firewall rule number. The ordering of your rules is important as rules are applied in turn.
This is a name that identifies or describes the firewall rule.
MAC Address This is the MAC address of the computer for which the firewall rule applies.
Dest IP Address This is the IP address of the computer to which traffic for the application or service is entering.
Source IP
Address
Protocol
This is the IP address of the computer from which traffic for the application or service is initialized.
This is the protocol (TCP, UDP, ICMP or None) used to transport the packets for which you want to apply the firewall rule.
Dest Port
Range
Source Port
Range
Action
Delete
Reset
This is the port number/range of the destination that define the traffic type, for example
TCP port 80 defines web traffic.
This is the port number/range of the source that define the traffic type, for example TCP port 80 defines web traffic.
Drop - Traffic matching the conditions of the firewall rule are stopped.
Click this to remove the firewall rule.
Click Reset to start configuring this screen again.
See Appendix E on page 261 for commonly used services and port numbers.
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C H A P T E R 2 1
Content Filter
21.1 Overview
This chapter provides a brief overview of content filtering using the embedded web GUI.
Internet content filtering allows you to create and enforce Internet access policies tailored to your needs. Content filtering is the ability to block certain web features or specific URL keywords.
21.2 What You Can Do
Use the Content Filter ( Section 21.4 on page 158
) screen to restrict web features, add keywords for blocking and designate a trusted computer.
21.3 What You Need To Know
Content filtering allows you to block certain web features, such as cookies, and/or block access to specific web sites. For example, you can configure one policy that blocks John Doe’s access to arts and entertainment web pages.
21.3.1 Content Filtering Profiles
A content filtering profile conveniently stores your custom settings for the following features.
Restrict Web Features
The Router can disable web proxies and block web features such as ActiveX controls, Java applets and cookies.
Keyword Blocking URL Checking
The Router checks the URL’s domain name (or IP address) and file path separately when performing keyword blocking.
The URL’s domain name or IP address is the characters that come before the first slash in the URL.
For example, with the URL www.zyxel.com.tw/news/pressroom.php
, the domain name is www.zyxel.com.tw
.
The file path is the characters that come after the first slash in the URL. For example, with the URL www.zyxel.com.tw/news/pressroom.php
, the file path is news/pressroom.php
.
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Since the Router checks the URL’s domain name (or IP address) and file path separately, it will not find items that go across the two. For example, with the URL www.zyxel.com.tw/news/ pressroom.php
, the Router would find “tw” in the domain name ( www.zyxel.com.tw) . It would also find “news” in the file path ( news/pressroom.php
) but it would not find “tw/news”.
21.4 Content Filter Screen
Use this screen to restrict web features, add keywords for blocking and designate a trusted computer.
Click Security > Content Filter to open the Content Filter screen.
Figure 110
Security > Content Filter > Content Filter
158
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 71
Security > Content Filter > Content Filter
LABEL
Trusted IP
Setup
DESCRIPTION
To enable this feature, type an IP address of any one of the computers in your network that you want to have as a trusted computer. This allows the trusted computer to have full access to all features that are configured to be blocked by content filtering.
Restrict Web
Features
ActiveX
Java
Leave this field blank to have no trusted computers.
Select the box(es) to restrict a feature. When you download a page containing a restricted feature, that part of the web page will appear blank or grayed out.
A tool for building dynamic and active Web pages and distributed object applications. When you visit an ActiveX Web site, ActiveX controls are downloaded to your browser, where they remain in case you visit the site again.
A programming language and development environment for building downloadable Web components or Internet and intranet business applications of all kinds.
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Table 71
Security > Content Filter > Content Filter (continued)
LABEL
Cookies
Web Proxy
Enable URL
Keyword
Blocking
Keyword
Keyword List
Add
DESCRIPTION
Used by Web servers to track usage and provide service based on ID.
A server that acts as an intermediary between a user and the Internet to provide security, administrative control, and caching service. When a proxy server is located on the WAN it is possible for LAN users to circumvent content filtering by pointing to this proxy server.
The Router can block Web sites with URLs that contain certain keywords in the domain name or IP address. For example, if the keyword "bad" was enabled, all sites containing this keyword in the domain name or IP address will be blocked, e.g., URL http:// www.website.com/bad.html would be blocked. Select this check box to enable this feature.
Type a keyword in this field. You may use any character (up to 64 characters). Wildcards are not allowed. You can also enter a numerical IP address.
This list displays the keywords already added.
Click Add after you have typed a keyword.
Repeat this procedure to add other keywords. Up to 64 keywords are allowed.
Delete
Clear All
Apply
Reset
When you try to access a web page containing a keyword, you will get a message telling you that the content filter is blocking this request.
Highlight a keyword in the lower box and click Delete to remove it. The keyword disappears from the text box after you click Apply.
Click this button to remove all of the listed keywords.
Click Apply to save your changes.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh
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C H A P T E R 2 2
Bandwidth Management
22.1 Overview
This chapter contains information about configuring bandwidth management and editing rules.
ZyXEL’s Bandwidth Management allows you to specify bandwidth management rules based on an application.
In the figure below, uplink traffic goes from the LAN device (A) to the WAN device (B). Bandwidth management is applied before sending the packets out to the WAN. Downlink traffic comes back from the WAN device (B) to the LAN device (A). Bandwidth management is applied before sending the traffic out to LAN.
Figure 111
Bandwidth Management Example
-> VOIP
-> FTP
-> HTTP
-> Chat, Email
A
B
You can allocate specific amounts of bandwidth capacity (bandwidth budgets) to individual applications (like VoIP, Web, FTP, and E-mail for example).
22.2 What You Can Do
• Use the General screen ( Section 22.4 on page 162
) to enable bandwidth management and assign bandwidth values.
• Use the Advanced screen ( Section 22.5 on page 162
) to configure bandwidth managements rule for the pre-defined services and applications.
• Use the Monitor screen (
Section 22.6 on page 166 ) to view the amount of network bandwidth
that applications running in the network are using.
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22.3 What You Need To Know
The sum of the bandwidth allotments that apply to the WAN interface (LAN to WAN, WLAN to WAN) must be less than or equal to the Upstream Bandwidth that you configure in the Bandwidth
Management Advanced screen ( Section 22.5 on page 162
).
The sum of the bandwidth allotments that apply to the LAN interface (WAN to LAN, WAN to WLAN) must be less than or equal to the Downstream Bandwidth that you configure in the Bandwidth
Management Advanced screen
22.4 General Screen
Use this screen to have the Router apply bandwidth management.
Click Management > Bandwidth Management to open the bandwidth management General screen.
Figure 112
Management > Bandwidth Management > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 72
Management > Bandwidth Management > General
LABEL
Enable
Bandwidth
Management
DESCRIPTION
This field allows you to have Router apply bandwidth management.
Enable bandwidth management to give traffic that matches a bandwidth rule priority over traffic that does not match a bandwidth rule.
Apply
Reset
Enabling bandwidth management also allows you to control the maximum or minimum amounts of bandwidth that can be used by traffic that matches a bandwidth rule.
Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
22.5 Advanced Screen
Use this screen to configure bandwidth management rules for the pre-defined services or applications.
You can also use this screen to configure bandwidth management rule for other services or applications that are not on the pre-defined list of Router. Additionally, you can define the source and destination IP addresses and port for a service or application.
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Note: The two tables shown in this screen can be configured and applied at the same time.
Click Management > Bandwidth Management > Advanced to open the bandwidth management Advanced screen.
Figure 113
Management > Bandwidth Management > Advanced
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 73
Management > Bandwidth Management > Advanced
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Management Bandwidth
Upstream
Bandwidth
Select the total amount of bandwidth (from 64 Kilobits to 32 Megabits) that you want to dedicate to uplink traffic.
Downstream
Bandwidth
This is traffic from LAN/WLAN to WAN.
Select the total amount of bandwidth (from 64 Kilobits to 32 Megabits) that you want to dedicate to uplink traffic.
This is traffic from WAN to LAN/WLAN.
Application List Use this table to allocate specific amounts of bandwidth based on a pre-defined service.
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Table 73
Management > Bandwidth Management > Advanced (continued)
LABEL
#
Priority
Category
Service
DESCRIPTION
This is the number of an individual bandwidth management rule.
Select a priority from the drop down list box. Choose High, Mid or Low.
• High - Select this for voice traffic or video that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in delay).
• Mid - Select this for "excellent effort" or better than best effort and would include important business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
• Low - Select this for non-critical "background" traffic such as bulk transfers that are allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.
This is the category where a service belongs.
This is the name of the service.
Select the check box to have the Router apply this bandwidth management rule.
Click the Edit icon to open the Rule Configuration screen where you can modify the rule.
Advanced
Setting
User-defined
Service
#
Enable
Direction
Service Name
Category
Modify
Apply
Reset
Use this table to allocate specific amounts of bandwidth to specific applications or services you specify.
This is the number of an individual bandwidth management rule.
Select this check box to have the Router apply this bandwidth management rule.
Select LAN to apply bandwidth management to traffic from WAN to LAN.
Select WAN to apply bandwidth management to traffic from LAN/WLAN to WAN.
Select WLAN to apply bandwidth management to traffic from WAN to WLAN.
Enter a descriptive name for the bandwidth management rule.
This is the category where a service belongs.
Click the Edit icon to open the Rule Configuration screen. Modify an existing rule or
create a new rule in the Rule Configuration screen. See Section 22.5.2 on page 165 for
more information.
Click the Remove icon to delete a rule.
Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
22.5.1 Rule Configuration: Application Rule Configuration
If you want to edit a bandwidth management rule for a pre-defined service or application, click the
Edit icon in the Application List table of the Advanced screen. The following screen displays.
Figure 114
Bandwidth Management Rule Configuration: Application List
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 74
Bandwidth Management Rule Configuration: Application List
LABEL DESCRIPTION
#
Enable
Direction
This is the number of an individual bandwidth management rule.
Select an interface’s check box to enable bandwidth management on that interface.
These read-only labels represent the physical interfaces. Bandwidth management applies to all traffic flowing out of the router through the interface, regardless of the traffic’s source.
Traffic redirect or IP alias may cause LAN-to-LAN traffic to pass through the Router and be managed by bandwidth management.
Bandwidth
Destination Port This is the port number of the destination that define the traffic type, for example TCP port
80 defines web traffic.
See
Appendix E on page 261 for some common services and port numbers.
Source Port
Select Maximum Bandwidth or Minimum Bandwidth and specify the maximum or minimum bandwidth allowed for the rule in kilobits per second.
This is the port number of the source that define the traffic type, for example TCP port 80 defines web traffic.
See
Appendix E on page 261 for some common services and port numbers.
Protocol This is the protocol (TCP, UDP or user-defined) used for the service.
Apply
Cancel
Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
22.5.2 Rule Configuration: User Defined Service Rule Configuration
If you want to edit a bandwidth management rule for other applications or services, click the Edit icon in the User-defined Service table of the Advanced screen. The following screen displays.
Figure 115
Bandwidth Management Rule Configuration: User-defined Service
The following table describes the labels in this screen
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Table 75
Bandwidth Management Rule Configuration: User-defined Service
LABEL DESCRIPTION
BW Budget Select Maximum Bandwidth or Minimum Bandwidth and specify the maximum or minimum bandwidth allowed for the rule in kilobits per second.
Enter the IP address of the destination computer.
Destination
Address
Destination
Subnet
Netmask
The Router applies bandwidth management to the service or application that is entering this computer.
Enter the subnet netmask of the destination of the traffic for which the bandwidth management rule applies.
Destination
Port
This is the port number of the destination that define the traffic type, for example TCP port
80 defines web traffic.
Source Address Enter the IP address of the computer that initializes traffic for the application or service.
Source Subnet
Netmask
Source Port
Protocol
Apply
Cancel
The Router applies bandwidth management to traffic initiating from this computer.
Enter the subnet netmask of the computer initiating the traffic for which the bandwidth management rule applies.
This is the port number of the source that define the traffic type, for example TCP port 80 defines web traffic.
Select the protocol (TCP, UDP, User defined) for which the bandwidth management rule applies.
If you select User-defined, enter the protocol for which the bandwidth management rule applies. For example, ICMP for ping traffic.
Click Apply to save your customized settings.
Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
See Appendix E on page 261 for commonly used services and port numbers.
22.6 Monitor Screen
Use this screen to view the amount of network bandwidth that applications running in the network are using.
The bandwidth is measured in kilobits per second (kbps).
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The monitor shows what kinds of applications are running in the network, the maximum kbps that each application can use, as well as the percentage of bandwidth it is using.
Figure 116
Management > Bandwidth Management > Monitor
22.6.1 Predefined Bandwidth Management Services
The following is a description of some services that you can select and to which you can apply media bandwidth management in the Management > Bandwidth Management > Advanced screen.
Table 76
Media Bandwidth Management Setup: Services
SERVICE
FTP
WWW
VoIP (SIP)
DESCRIPTION
File Transfer Program enables fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is an Internet system to distribute graphical, hyper-linked information, based on Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - a client/server protocol for the
World Wide Web. The Web is not synonymous with the Internet; rather, it is just one service on the Internet. Other services on the Internet include Internet Relay Chat and
Newsgroups. The Web is accessed through use of a browser.
Electronic mail consists of messages sent through a computer network to specific groups or individuals. Here are some default ports for e-mail:
Sending voice signals over the Internet is called Voice over IP or VoIP. Session Initiated
Protocol (SIP) is an internationally recognized standard for implementing VoIP. SIP is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol that handles the setting up, altering and tearing down of voice and multimedia sessions over the Internet.
BitTorrent
Gaming
SIP is transported primarily over UDP but can also be transported over TCP.
BitTorrent is a free P2P (peer-to-peer) sharing tool allowing you to distribute large software and media files. BitTorrent requires you to search for a file with a searching engine yourself.
It distributes files by corporation and trading, that is, the client downloads the file in small pieces and share the pieces with other peers to get other half of the file.
Online gaming services lets you play multiplayer games on the Internet via broadband technology. As of this writing, your Router supports Xbox, Playstation, Battlenet and MSN
Game Zone.
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C H A P T E R 2 3
Remote Management
23.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the Remote Management screens.
Remote Management allows you to manage your Router from a remote location through the following interfaces:
• LAN and WAN
• LAN only
• WAN only
Note: The Router is managed using the Web Configurator.
23.2 What You Can Do
Use the WWW screen (
Section 23.4 on page 169 ) to define the interface/s from which the Router
can be managed remotely and specify a secure client that can manage the Router.
23.3 What You Need to Know
Remote management over LAN or WAN will not work when:
1
The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field ( Section 23.4 on page 169
) does not match the client IP address. If it does not match, the Router will disconnect the session immediately.
2
There is already another remote management session. You may only have one remote management session running at one time.
3
There is a firewall rule that blocks it.
23.3.1 Remote Management and NAT
When NAT is enabled:
• Use the Router’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.
• Use the Router’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
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23.3.2 System Timeout
There is a default system management idle timeout of five minutes (three hundred seconds). The
Router automatically logs you out if the management session remains idle for longer than this timeout period. The management session does not time out when a statistics screen is polling. You can change the timeout period in the System screen
23.4 WWW Screen
To change your Router’s remote management settings, click Management > Remote
Management > WWW.
Figure 117
Management > Remote Management > WWW
The following table describes the labels in this screen
Table 77
Management > Remote Management > WWW
LABEL
Server Port
Server Access
Secured Client
IP Address
Apply
Reset
DESCRIPTION
You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.
Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the Router using this service.
Select All to allow all computes to access the Router.
Otherwise, check Selected and specify the IP address of the computer that can access the
Router.
Click Apply to save your customized settings and exit this screen.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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C H A P T E R 2 4
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
24.1 Overview
This chapter introduces the UPnP feature in the web configurator.
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network.
In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
24.2 What You Can Do
Use the UPnP screen (
Section 24.4 on page 172 ) to enable UPnP on your Router.
24.3 What You Need to Know
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a
UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device.
24.3.1 NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions.
NAT traversal allows the following:
• Dynamic port mapping
• Learning public IP addresses
• Assigning lease times to mappings
Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP.
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
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24.3.2 Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also be obtained and modified by users in some network environments.
When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For security reasons, the Router allows multicast messages on the LAN only.
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration.
Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
24.4 UPnP Screen
Use this screen to enable UPnP on your Router.
Click Management > UPnP to display the screen shown next.
Figure 118
Management > UPnP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 78
Management > UPnP
LABEL
Enable the
Universal Plug and Play
(UPnP) Feature
Apply
Reset
DESCRIPTION
Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without entering the Router's IP address
(although you must still enter the password to access the web configurator).
Click Apply to save the setting to the Router.
Click Reset to return to the previously saved settings.
24.5 Technical Refereance
The sections show examples of using UPnP.
24.5.1 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the Router.
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Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the Router. Turn on your computer and the
Router.
24.5.1.1 Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device
1
Click start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under
Internet Gateway.
2
Right-click the icon and select Properties.
Figure 119
Network Connections
3
In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there were automatically created.
Figure 120
Internet Connection Properties
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4
You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings.
Figure 121
Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Figure 122
Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings: Add
Note: When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings will be deleted automatically.
5
Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in the system tray.
Figure 123
System Tray Icon
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6
Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.
Figure 124
Internet Connection Status
24.5.2 Web Configurator Easy Access
With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the Router without finding out the IP address of the Router first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the Router.
Follow the steps below to access the web configurator.
1
Click Start and then Control Panel.
2
Double-click Network Connections.
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3
Select My Network Places under Other Places.
Figure 125
Network Connections
176
4
An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network.
5
Right-click on the icon for your Router and select Invoke. The web configurator login screen displays.
Figure 126
Network Connections: My Network Places
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Right-click on the icon for your Router and select Properties. A properties window displays with basic information about the Router.
Figure 127
Network Connections: My Network Places: Properties: Example
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C H A P T E R 2 5
Maintenance
25.1 Overview
This chapter provides information on the Maintenance screens.
25.2 What You Can Do
• Use the General screen to configure system and domain name. You can also set the timeout
period of the management session ( Section 25.3 on page 179
).
• Use the Password screen to change your Router’s system password (
).
• Use the Time screen to change your Router’s time and date ( Section 25.5 on page 181
).
• Use the Firmware Upgrade screen to upload firmware to your Router ( Section 25.6 on page
• Use the Backup/Restore screen to view information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration (
).
• Use the Sys OP Mode screen to select how you want to use your Router ( Section 25.10 on page
25.3 General Screen
Use this screen to set the configure system and domain name as well as management session timeout period. Click Maintenance > General. The following screen displays.
Figure 128
Maintenance > General
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 79
Maintenance > General
LABEL
System Setup
System Name
Domain Name
Administrator
Inactivity Timer
Apply
Cancel
DESCRIPTION
System Name is a unique name to identify the Router in an Ethernet network.
Enter the domain name you want to give to the Router.
Type how many minutes a management session can be left idle before the session times out. The default is 5 minutes. After it times out you have to log in with your password again. Very long idle timeouts may have security risks. A value of "0" means a management session never times out, no matter how long it has been left idle (not recommended).
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
25.4 Password Screen
It is strongly recommended that you change your Router's password.
If you forget your Router's password (or IP address), you will need to reset the device. See
for details.
Click Maintenance > Password. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 129
Maintenance > Password
180
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 80
Maintenance > Password
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Password Setup Change your Router’s password (recommended) using the fields as shown.
Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field.
New Password Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password, the screen displays an asterisk (*) for each character you type.
Type the new password again in this field.
Retype to
Confirm
Apply
Reset
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Reset to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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25.5 Time Setting Screen
Use this screen to configure the Router’s time based on your local time zone. To change your
Router’s time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 130
Maintenance > Time
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 81
Maintenance > Time
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time of your Router.
Current Date
Each time you reload this page, the Router synchronizes the time with the time server.
This field displays the date of your Router.
(hh:mm:ss)
Each time you reload this page, the Router synchronizes the date with the time server.
Current Time and Date
Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect it.
New Time This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time configured manually.
New Date
(yyyy/mm/dd)
When you select Manual, enter the new time in this field and then click Apply.
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured manually.
When you select Manual, enter the new date in this field and then click Apply.
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Table 81
Maintenance > Time (continued)
LABEL
Get from Time
Server
Auto
User Defined Time
Server Address
DESCRIPTION
Select this radio button to have the Router get the time and date from the time server you specified below.
Select Auto to have the Router automatically search for an available time server and synchronize the date and time with the time server after you click Apply.
Select User Defined Time Server Address and enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone
Daylight Savings
Start Date
End Date
Apply
Cancel
Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Daylight
Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the first Sunday of
April. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would select First, Sunday, April and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment
(1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday, March.
The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or
UTC (GMT+1).
Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Daylight
Savings. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the last Sunday of October. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the
United States you would select Last, Sunday, October and type 2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment
(1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last, Sunday,
October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or
UTC (GMT+1).
Click Apply to save your changes back to the Router.
Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
25.6 Firmware Upgrade Screen
Find firmware at www.zyxel.com
in a file that (usually) uses the system model name with a “*.bin” extension, e.g., “Router.bin”. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
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Click Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade. Follow the instructions in this screen to upload firmware to your Router.
Figure 131
Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 82
Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade
LABEL
File Path
Browse...
Upload
Check for
Latest
Firmware Now
DESCRIPTION
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.
Click Browse... to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Click Upload to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Click this to check for the latest updated firmware.
Note: Do not turn off the Router while firmware upload is in progress!
After you see the Firmware Upload In Process screen, wait two minutes before logging into the
Router again.
The Router automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 132
Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.
If the upload was not successful, an error message appears. Click Return to go back to the
Firmware Upgrade screen.
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25.7 Configuration Backup/Restore Screen
Backup configuration allows you to back up (save) the Router’s current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your Router is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Restore configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your Router.
Click Maintenance > Backup/Restore. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears as shown next.
Figure 133
Maintenance > Backup/Restore
184
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 83
Maintenance > Backup/Restore
LABEL
Backup
File Path
Browse...
DESCRIPTION
Click Backup to save the Router’s current configuration to your computer.
Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse... to find it.
Click Browse... to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
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Table 83
Maintenance > Backup/Restore (continued)
LABEL
Upload
DESCRIPTION
Click Upload to begin the upload process.
Reset
Note: Do not turn off the Router while configuration file upload is in progress.
After you see a “configuration upload successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before logging into the Router again. The Router automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect.
If you see an error screen, click Back to return to the Backup/Restore screen.
Pressing the Reset button in this section clears all user-entered configuration information and returns the Router to its factory defaults.
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your
Router. Refer to the chapter about introducing the Web Configurator for more information on the RESET button.
Note: If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default Router IP address (192.168.1.2). See
for details on how to set up
your computer’s IP address.
25.8 Reset/Restart Screen
System restart allows you to reboot the Router without turning the power off.
Click Maintenance > Reset/Restart to open the following screen.
Figure 134
Maintenance > Reset/Restart
Click Restart to have the Router reboot. This does not affect the Router's configuration.
25.9 System Operation Mode Overview
The Sys OP Mode (System Operation Mode) function lets you configure your Router as an access point, wireless client or both at the same time. You can choose between Router, Access Point
Mode, and WISP Mode depending on your network topology and the features you require from your device.
The following describes the device modes available in your Router.
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Router
A router connects your local network with another network, such as the Internet. The router has two IP addresses, the LAN IP address and the WAN IP address.
Figure 135
LAN and WAN IP Addresses in Router Mode
Access Point
An access point enabled all ethernet ports to be bridged together and be in the same subnet. To connect to the Internet, another device, such as a router, is required.
Figure 136
Access Point Mode
186
WISP
A WISP client connects to an existing access point wirelessly. It acts just like a wireless client in notebooks/computers.
Figure 137
IP Address in Access Point Mode
Wireless Client Access Point
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25.10 Sys OP Mode Screen
Use this screen to select how you want to use your Router.
Figure 138
Maintenance > Sys OP Mode
Chapter 25 Maintenance
The following table describes the labels in the General screen.
Table 84
Maintenance > Sys OP Mode
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Operation Mode
Router Select Router Mode if your device routes traffic between a local network and another network such as the Internet. This mode offers services such as a firewall or bandwidth management.
Access Point
WISP Mode
Apply
Cancel
You can configure the IP address settings on your WAN port. Contact your ISP or system administrator for more information on appropriate settings.
Select Access Point Mode if your device bridges traffic between clients on the same network.
• In Access Point Mode, all Ethernet ports have the same IP address.
• All ports on the rear panel of the device are LAN ports, including the port labeled WAN.
There is no WAN port.
• The DHCP server on your device is disabled.
• The IP address of the device on the local network is set to 192.168.1.2.
Select WISP Mode if your device needs a wireless client to connect to an existing access point.
• You cannot configure Wireless LAN settings (including WPS) and scheduling in the WISP
Mode.
• The IP address of the device on the local network is the same as the IP address given to the Router while in router mode (default is 192.168.1.1).
Click Apply to save your settings.
Click Cancel to return your settings to the default (Router).
Note: If you select the incorrect System Operation Mode you may not be able to connect to the Internet.
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C H A P T E R 2 6
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories.
•
Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
•
•
•
Resetting the Router to Its Factory Defaults
•
Wireless Router/AP Troubleshooting
•
ZyXEL Share Center Utility Problems
26.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The Router does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1
Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the Router.
2
Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the Router and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
3
Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the Router.
4
If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
1
Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on page 17 .
2
Check the hardware connections. See the Quick Start Guide.
3
Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4
Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor to the Router.
5
If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
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26.2 Router Access and Login
I don’t know the IP address of my Router.
1
The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
2
If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the Router by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default
Gateway might be the IP address of the Router (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser.Set your device to Router Mode, login (see the Quick Start Guide for instructions) and go to the Device Information table in the Status screen. Your Router’s IP address is available in the Device Information table.
• If the DHCP setting under LAN information is None, your device has a fixed IP address.
• If the DHCP setting under LAN information is Client, then your device receives an IP address from a DHCP server on the network.
3
If your Router is a DHCP client, you can find your IP address from the DHCP server. This information is only available from the DHCP server which allocates IP addresses on your network. Find this information directly from the DHCP server or contact your system administrator for more information.
4
Reset your Router to change all settings back to their default. This means your current settings are lost. See
Section 26.4 on page 193 in the Troubleshooting for information on resetting your
Router.
I forgot the password.
1
The default password is 1234.
2
I cannot see or access the Login screen in the Web Configurator.
1
Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1
.
• If you changed the IP address ( Section 14.4 on page 133
), use the new IP address.
• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for
I don’t know the IP address of my Router.
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2
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
3
Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScript and Java enabled. See
.
4
Make sure your computer is in the same subnet as the Router. (If you know that there are routers between your computer and the Router, skip this step.)
• If there is a DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer is using a dynamic IP address. See
.
• If there is no DHCP server on your network, make sure your computer’s IP address is in the
same subnet as the Router. See Appendix C on page 219
.
5
Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the Router with the default IP address.
6
If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.
Advanced Suggestion
• If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is connected to a LAN/ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the Router.
1
Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default password is 1234. This field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
2
This can happen when you fail to log out properly from your last session. Try logging in again after
5 minutes.
3
Disconnect and re-connect the power adaptor or cord to the Router.
4
26.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
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2
Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are casesensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
3
If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the AP.
• Go to Network > Wireless LAN > General > WDS and check if the Router is set to bridge mode. Select Disable and try to connect to the Internet again.
4
Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.
5
Go to Maintenance > Sys OP Mode. Check your System Operation Mode setting.
• Select Router if your device routes traffic between a local network and another network such as the Internet.
• Select Access Point if your device bridges traffic between clients on the same network.
6
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the Router), but my
Internet connection is not available anymore.
1
Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 17 .
2
Reboot the Router.
3
If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1
There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 1.5 on page 17 .
If the Router is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs that use the
Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2
Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving the Router closer to the AP if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3
Reboot the Router.
4
If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
• Check the settings for bandwidth management. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it.
If it is enabled, you might consider changing the allocations.
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• Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications.
26.4 Resetting the Router to Its Factory Defaults
If you reset the Router, you lose all of the changes you have made. The Router re-loads its default settings, and the password resets to 1234. You have to make all of your changes again.
You will lose all of your changes when you push the RESET button.
To reset the Router,
1
Make sure the power LED is on.
2
Press the RESET button for longer than 1 second to restart/reboot the Router.
3
Press the RESET button for longer than five seconds to set the Router back to its factory-default configurations.
If the Router restarts automatically, wait for the Router to finish restarting, and log in to the Web
Configurator. The password is “1234”.
If the Router does not restart automatically, disconnect and reconnect the Router’s power. Then, follow the directions above again.
26.5 Wireless Router/AP Troubleshooting
I cannot access the Router or ping any computer from the WLAN (wireless AP or router).
1
Make sure the wireless LAN is enabled on the Router
2
Make sure the wireless adapter on the wireless station is working properly.
3
Make sure the wireless adapter installed on your computer is IEEE 802.11 compatible and supports the same wireless standard as the Router.
4
Make sure your computer (with a wireless adapter installed) is within the transmission range of the
Router.
5
Check that both the Router and your wireless station are using the same wireless and wireless security settings.
6
Make sure traffic between the WLAN and the LAN is not blocked by the firewall on the Router.
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7
Make sure you allow the Router to be remotely accessed through the WLAN interface. Check your remote management settings.
• See the chapter on Wireless LAN in the User’s Guide for more information.
I set up URL keyword blocking, but I can still access a website that should be blocked.
Make sure that you select the Enable URL Keyword Blocking check box in the Content Filtering screen. Make sure that the keywords that you type are listed in the Keyword List.
If a keyword that is listed in the Keyword List is not blocked when it is found in a URL, customize the keyword blocking using commands. See the Customizing Keyword Blocking URL Checking section in the Content Filter chapter.
I can access the Web Configurator after I switched to AP mode.
When you change from router mode to AP mode, your computer must have an IP address in the range between “192.168.1.3” and “192.168.1.254”.
Refer to
for instructions on how to change your computer’s IP address.
26.6 ZyXEL Share Center Utility Problems
I cannot access or see a USB device that is connected to the Router.
1
Disconnect the problematic USB device, then reconnect it to the Router.
2
Ensure that the USB device in question has power.
3
Check your cable connections.
4
Restart the Router by disconnecting the power and then reconnecting it.
5
If the USB device requires a special driver, install the driver from the installation disc that came with the device. After driver installation, reconnect the USB device to the Router and try to connect to it again with your computer.
6
If the problem persists, contact your vendor.
I cannot install the ZyXEL Share Center Utility.
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1
Make sure that the set up program is one required for your operating system.
2
Install the latest patches and updates for your operating system.
3
Check the zyxel.com download site for a newer version of the utility.
Two computers cannot connect the USB storage at the same time using the ZyXEL Share
Center Utility.
Only one computer can connect to the USB storage through the ZyXEL Share Center Utlity at a time. If two computers (A and B) want to connect to the USB storage by using the Utility, do the following:
1
After A finishes connection to the USB storage, disconnect it by clicking Disconnect in A’s Utlity.
2
Connect B to the USB storage (through the Utility) by clicking Connect in B’s Utility.
3
If A does not disconnect the USB storage, B should click Request to Connect in the Utility to request A to disconnect. B cannot access the USB storage until A disconnects.
• See Chapter 11 on page 87 for more details on connecting to USB storage by the Utility.
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A P P E N D I X A
Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java
Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
• JavaScript (enabled by default).
• Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: The screens used below belong to Internet Explorer version 6, 7 and 8. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 139
Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
1
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
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Appendix A Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
2
Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 140
Internet Options: Privacy
3
Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
1
In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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2
Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 141
Internet Options: Privacy
3
Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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4
Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 142
Pop-up Blocker Settings
5
Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6
Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScript
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScript are allowed.
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Appendix A Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
1
In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 143
Internet Options: Security
2
Click the Custom Level... button.
3
Scroll down to Scripting.
4
Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5
Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
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6
Click OK to close the window.
Figure 144
Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2
Click the Custom Level... button.
3
Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4
Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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5
Click OK to close the window.
Figure 145
Security Settings - Java
Appendix A Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
JAVA (Sun)
1
From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2
Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
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3
Click OK to close the window.
Figure 146
Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly. The steps below apply to Mozilla Firefox 3.0 as well.
You can enable Java, Javascript and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.
Figure 147
Mozilla Firefox: TOOLS > Options
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Click Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 148
Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Opera
Opera 10 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary slightly.
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Allowing Pop-Ups
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the General tab, go to Choose how you prefer
to handle pop-ups and select Open all pop-ups.
Figure 149
Opera: Allowing Pop-Ups
Enabling Java
From Opera, click Tools, then Preferences. In the Advanced tab, select Content from the leftside menu. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 150
Opera: Enabling Java
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Appendix A Pop-up Windows, JavaScript and Java Permissions
To customize JavaScript behavior in the Opera browser, click JavaScript Options.
Figure 151
Opera: JavaScript Options
Select the items you want Opera’s JavaScript to apply.
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A P P E N D I X B
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,
192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.
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Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting
The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 152
Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host
ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
Table 85
IP Address Network Number and Host ID Example
1ST OCTET:
2ND
OCTET:
3RD
OCTET:
(192)
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Network Number
Host ID
11000000
11111111
11000000
(168)
10101000
11111111
10101000
(1)
00000001
11111111
00000001
4TH OCTET
(2)
00000010
00000000
00000010
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value).
For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.
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Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Table 86
Subnet Masks
BINARY
DECIMAL
8-bit mask
16-bit mask
24-bit mask
29-bit mask
1ST
OCTET
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
2ND
OCTET
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111111
3RD
OCTET
00000000
00000000
11111111
11111111
4TH OCTET
00000000
00000000
00000000
11111000
255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.248
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:
Table 87
Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK
8 bits 255.0.0.0
16 bits 255.255.0.0
24 bits 255.255.255.0
29 bits 255.255.255.248
HOST ID SIZE
24 bits
16 bits
8 bits
3 bits
2 24 – 2
2 16 – 2
2 8 – 2
2 3 – 2
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF
HOSTS
16777214
65534
254
6
Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.
The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Table 88
Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION
/24
/25
/26
LAST OCTET
(BINARY)
0000 0000
1000 0000
1100 0000
LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
0
128
192
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Table 88
Alternative Subnet Mask Notation (continued)
SUBNET MASK
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION
/27
/28
/29
/30
LAST OCTET
(BINARY)
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
224
240
248
252
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 2
8
– 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 153
Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
212
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate subnetworks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25.
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Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting
The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two subnetworks, A and B.
Figure 154
Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 2
7
– 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2
6
- 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).
Table 89
Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address (Decimal)
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
11000000.10101000.00000001.
11111111.11111111.11111111.
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
0
00000000
11000000
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Table 89
Subnet 1 (continued)
IP/SUBNET MASK
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Table 90
Subnet 2
NETWORK NUMBER
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Table 91
Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
Table 92
Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK
IP Address
IP Address (Binary)
Subnet Mask (Binary)
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
11000000.10101000.00000001.
11111111.11111111.11111111.
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
11000000.10101000.00000001.
11111111.11111111.11111111.
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
NETWORK NUMBER
192.168.1.
11000000.10101000.00000001.
11111111.11111111.11111111.
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
64
01000000
11000000
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
128
10000000
11000000
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
192
11000000
11000000
Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).
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The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
7
8
5
6
3
4
1
2
Table 93
Eight Subnets
SUBNET
SUBNET
ADDRESS
128
160
192
224
0
32
64
96
FIRST ADDRESS
129
161
193
225
1
33
65
97
LAST
ADDRESS
158
190
222
254
30
62
94
126
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
159
191
223
255
31
63
95
127
Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
Table 94
24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
5
6
7
3
4
1
2
SUBNET MASK
255.255.255.128 (/25)
255.255.255.192 (/26)
255.255.255.224 (/27)
255.255.255.240 (/28)
255.255.255.248 (/29)
255.255.255.252 (/30)
255.255.255.254 (/31)
NO. SUBNETS
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
6
2
1
126
62
30
14
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
Table 95
16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
6
7
4
5
1
2
3
8
9
10
11
12
SUBNET MASK
255.255.128.0 (/17)
255.255.192.0 (/18)
255.255.224.0 (/19)
255.255.240.0 (/20)
255.255.248.0 (/21)
255.255.252.0 (/22)
255.255.254.0 (/23)
255.255.255.0 (/24)
255.255.255.128 (/25)
255.255.255.192 (/26)
255.255.255.224 (/27)
255.255.255.240 (/28)
NO. SUBNETS
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
254
126
62
30
14
32766
16382
8190
4094
2046
1022
510
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Table 95
16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning (continued)
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
13
14
15
SUBNET MASK
255.255.255.248 (/29)
255.255.255.252 (/30)
255.255.255.254 (/31)
NO. SUBNETS
8192
16384
32768
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
6
2
1
Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the Router.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your Router that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Router will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the Router unless you are instructed to do otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
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Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting
IP Address Conflicts
Each device on a network must have a unique IP address. Devices with duplicate IP addresses on the same network will not be able to access the Internet or other resources. The devices may also be unreachable through the network.
Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example computer A has a static (or fixed) IP address that is the same as the IP address that a DHCP server assigns to computer B which is a DHCP client. Neither can access the Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different static IP address to computer A or setting computer A to obtain an IP address automatically.
Figure 155
Conflicting Computer IP Addresses Example
Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
Since a router connects different networks, it must have interfaces using different network numbers. For example, if a router is set between a LAN and the Internet (WAN), the router’s LAN and WAN addresses must be on different subnets. In the following example, the LAN and WAN are on the same subnet. The LAN computers cannot access the Internet because the router cannot route between networks.
Figure 156
Conflicting Router IP Addresses Example
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Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
More than one device can not use the same IP address. In the following example, the computer and the router’s LAN port both use 192.168.1.1 as the IP address. The computer cannot access the
Internet. This problem can be solved by assigning a different IP address to the computer or the router’s LAN port.
Figure 157
Conflicting Computer and Router IP Addresses Example
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A P P E N D I X C
Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
Note: Your specific Router may not support all of the operating systems described in this appendix. See the product specifications for more information about which operating systems are supported.
This appendix shows you how to configure the IP settings on your computer in order for it to be able to communicate with the other devices on your network. Windows Vista/XP/2000, Mac OS 9/
OS X, and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to use TCP/IP on your computer.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using a dynamic IP, make sure that your network’s computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet.
In this appendix, you can set up an IP address for:
•
on
•
on
•
•
•
•
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME) on page 237
•
Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE) on page 241
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Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
Windows XP/NT/2000
The following example uses the default Windows XP display theme but can also apply to Windows
2000 and Windows NT.
1
Click Start > Control Panel.
2
In the Control Panel, click the Network Connections icon.
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3
Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
4
On the General tab, select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click Properties.
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5
The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens.
6
Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.
7
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
8
Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1
Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2
In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
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Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Professional.
1
Click Start > Control Panel.
2
In the Control Panel, click the Network and Internet icon.
3
Click the Network and Sharing Center icon.
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4
Click Manage network connections.
5
Right-click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.
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6
Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
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7
The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
8
Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided.Click Advanced.
9
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
10
Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
Verifying Settings
1
Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2
In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
You can also go to Start > Control Panel > Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab to view your IP address and connection information.
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Windows 7
This section shows screens from Windows 7 Enterprise.
1
Click Start > Control Panel.
2
In the Control Panel, click View network status and tasks under the Network and Internet category.
3
Click Change adapter settings.
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4
Double click Local Area Connection and then select Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.
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5
Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and then select Properties.
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6
The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens.
230
7
Select Obtain an IP address automatically if your network administrator or ISP assigns your IP address dynamically.
Select Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default
gateway fields if you have a static IP address that was assigned to you by your network administrator or ISP. You may also have to enter a Preferred DNS server and an Alternate DNS
server, if that information was provided. Click Advanced if you want to configure advanced settings for IP, DNS and WINS.
8
Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9
Click OK to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
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Verifying Settings
1
Click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2
In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER].
3
The IP settings are displayed as follows.
Mac OS X: 10.3 and 10.4
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.4 but can also apply to 10.3.
1
Click Apple > System Preferences.
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2
In the System Preferences window, click the Network icon.
3
When the Network preferences pane opens, select Built-in Ethernet from the network connection type list, and then click Configure.
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4
For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure IPv4 list in the TCP/IP tab.
5
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure IPv4 list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, type your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, type your subnet mask.
• In the Router field, type the IP address of your device.
6
Click Apply Now and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network Interface from the Info tab.
Figure 158
Mac OS X 10.4: Network Utility
Mac OS X: 10.5 and 10.6
The screens in this section are from Mac OS X 10.5 but can also apply to 10.6.
1
Click Apple > System Preferences.
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2
In System Preferences, click the Network icon.
Appendix C Setting Up Your Computer’s IP Address
3
When the Network preferences pane opens, select Ethernet from the list of available connection types.
4
From the Configure list, select Using DHCP for dynamically assigned settings.
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5
For statically assigned settings, do the following:
• From the Configure list, select Manually.
• In the IP Address field, enter your IP address.
• In the Subnet Mask field, enter your subnet mask.
• In the Router field, enter the IP address of your Router.
236
6
Click Apply and close the window.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking Applications > Utilities > Network Utilities, and then selecting the appropriate Network interface from the Info tab.
Figure 159
Mac OS X 10.5: Network Utility
Linux: Ubuntu 8 (GNOME)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the GNU Object Model
Environment (GNOME) using the Ubuntu 8 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default Ubuntu 8 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in GNOME:
1
Click System > Administration > Network.
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2
When the Network Settings window opens, click Unlock to open the Authenticate window. (By default, the Unlock button is greyed out until clicked.) You cannot make changes to your configuration unless you first enter your admin password.
3
In the Authenticate window, enter your admin account name and password then click the
Authenticate button.
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4
In the Network Settings window, select the connection that you want to configure, then click
Properties.
5
The Properties dialog box opens.
• In the Configuration list, select Automatic Configuration (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
• In the Configuration list, select Static IP address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the
IP address, Subnet mask, and Gateway address fields.
6
Click OK to save the changes and close the Properties dialog box and return to the Network
Settings screen.
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7
If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Settings window and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
8
Click the Close button to apply the changes.
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Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties by clicking System > Administration > Network Tools, and then selecting the appropriate Network device from the Devices tab. The Interface Statistics column shows data if your connection is working properly.
Figure 160
Ubuntu 8: Network Tools
Linux: openSUSE 10.3 (KDE)
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in the K Desktop
Environment (KDE) using the openSUSE 10.3 Linux distribution. The procedure, screens and file locations may vary depending on your specific distribution, release version, and individual configuration. The following screens use the default openSUSE 10.3 installation.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address in the KDE:
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1
Click K Menu > Computer > Administrator Settings (YaST).
2
When the Run as Root - KDE su dialog opens, enter the admin password and click OK.
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3
When the YaST Control Center window opens, select Network Devices and then click the
Network Card icon.
4
When the Network Settings window opens, click the Overview tab, select the appropriate connection Name from the list, and then click the Configure button.
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5
When the Network Card Setup window opens, click the Address tab
Figure 161 openSUSE 10.3: Network Card Setup
244
6
Select Dynamic Address (DHCP) if you have a dynamic IP address.
Select Statically assigned IP Address if you have a static IP address. Fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Hostname fields.
7
Click Next to save the changes and close the Network Card Setup window.
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8
If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the Hostname/DNS tab in Network Settings and then enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
9
Click Finish to save your settings and close the window.
Verifying Settings
Click the KNetwork Manager icon on the Task bar to check your TCP/IP properties. From the
Options sub-menu, select Show Connection Information.
Figure 162 openSUSE 10.3: KNetwork Manager
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When the Connection Status - KNetwork Manager window opens, click the Statistics tab to see if your connection is working properly.
Figure 163 openSUSE: Connection Status - KNetwork Manager
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A P P E N D I X D
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 164
Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
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Appendix D Wireless LANs disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.
Figure 165
Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Figure 166
Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
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Appendix D Wireless LANs cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 167
RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set, the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The
AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the
RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
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If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the network support it, otherwise the Router uses long preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Table 96
IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION
1
2
5.5 / 11
6/9/12/18/24/36/48/
54
DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the Router are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the Router identity.
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The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your Router.
Table 97
Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL
SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
Most Secure
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the Router and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:
• User based identification that allows for roaming.
• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
• Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:
• Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
• Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.
• Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
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RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:
• Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
• Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
• Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
• Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
• Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
• Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and
LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE
802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a
RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. .
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text.
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.
Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the serverside authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,
EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.
Table 98
Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
Mutual Authentication
Certificate – Client
Certificate – Server
Dynamic Key Exchange
Credential Integrity
Deployment Difficulty
Client Identity Protection
EAP-MD5
No
No
No
No
None
Easy
No
EAP-TLS
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Strong
Hard
No
EAP-TTLS
Yes
Optional
Yes
Yes
Strong
Moderate
Yes
PEAP
Yes
Optional
Yes
Yes
Strong
Moderate
Yes
LEAP
Yes
No
No
Yes
Moderate
Moderate
No
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use
WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use
WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity
Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm
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255
Appendix D Wireless LANs called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of
WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an
AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero
Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
1
The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2
The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.
3
A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.
4
The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.
Figure 168
WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1
First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).
2
The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.
3
The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
4
The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.
Figure 169
WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.
Table 99
Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
Open
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD
None
ENTER
MANUAL KEY
No
IEEE 802.1X
Open
Shared
WPA
WPA-PSK
WPA2
WPA2-PSK
WEP
WEP
TKIP/AES
TKIP/AES
TKIP/AES
TKIP/AES
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Disable
Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Disable
Enable
Disable
Enable
Disable
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz or 5GHz is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless
LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width.
Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately
2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points.
• Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
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Appendix D Wireless LANs
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
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A P P E N D I X E
Common Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers. For a comprehensive list of port numbers, ICMP type/code numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority) web site.
• Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.
• Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.
• Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol. Please refer to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
• If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
• If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
• Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.
Table 100
Commonly Used Services
NAME
AH
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
AIM/New-ICQ
AUTH
BGP
BOOTP_CLIENT
BOOTP_SERVER
CU-SEEME
DNS
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
FINGER
FTP
H.323
PROTOCOL
User-Defined
TCP
TCP
TCP
UDP
UDP
TCP
UDP
TCP/UDP
User-Defined
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
PORT(S)
51
5190
113
179
68
67
7648
24032
53
50
79
20
21
1720
DESCRIPTION
The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.
AOL’s Internet Messenger service. It is also used as a listening port by ICQ.
Authentication protocol used by some servers.
Border Gateway Protocol.
DHCP Client.
DHCP Server.
A popular videoconferencing solution from
White Pines Software.
Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for example www.zyxel.com
) to IP numbers.
The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security
Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.
Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.
File Transfer Program, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.
NetMeeting uses this protocol.
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Appendix E Common Services
Table 100
Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME
HTTP
PROTOCOL
TCP
PORT(S)
80
HTTPS
ICMP
TCP
User-Defined
ICQ UDP
IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined
443
1
4000
2
IKE
IRC
MSN Messenger
NEW-ICQ
NEWS
NFS
NNTP
PING
POP3
PPTP
PPTP_TUNNEL
(GRE)
RCMD
REAL_AUDIO
REXEC
RLOGIN
RTELNET
RTSP
SFTP
UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP
TCP
TCP
UDP
TCP
User-Defined
TCP
TCP
User-Defined
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP/UDP
TCP
500
6667
1863
5190
144
2049
119
1
110
1723
47
512
7070
514
513
107
554
115
DESCRIPTION
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/ server protocol for the world wide web.
HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.
Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic or routing purposes.
This is a popular Internet chat program.
Internet Group Management Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.
The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.
This is another popular Internet chat program.
Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol.
An Internet chat program.
A protocol for news groups.
Network File System - NFS is a client/ server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.
Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.
Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.
Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.
Remote Command Service.
A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.
Remote Execution Daemon.
Remote Login.
Remote Telnet.
The Real Time Streaming (media control)
Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet.
Simple File Transfer Protocol.
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Appendix E Common Services
Table 100
Commonly Used Services (continued)
NAME
SMTP
PROTOCOL
TCP
PORT(S)
25
SNMP
SNMP-TRAPS
SQL-NET
SSH
STRM WORKS
SYSLOG
TACACS
TELNET
TFTP
VDOLIVE
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP
TCP/UDP
UDP
UDP
UDP
TCP
UDP
TCP
161
162
1521
49
23
22
1558
514
69
7000
DESCRIPTION
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.
Simple Network Management Program.
Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).
Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.
Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
Stream Works Protocol.
Syslog allows you to send system logs to a
UNIX server.
Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal
Access Controller Access Control System).
Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in
UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/
IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol is an Internet file transfer protocol similar to FTP, but uses the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) rather than TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol).
Another videoconferencing solution.
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Appendix E Common Services
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A P P E N D I X F
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2012 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
• This device may not cause harmful interference.
• This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
1
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2
Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
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Appendix F Legal Information
3
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
4
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
266
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
• This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.
• IEEE 802.11b or 802.11g operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channels 1 through 11.
• To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20 cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
注意 !
依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機,非經許可,公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信;經發現
有干擾現象時,應立即停用,並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信,指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。
減少電磁波影響,請妥適使用。
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and
Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
Industry Canada Statement
This device complies with RSS-210 of the Industry Canada Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
1 this device may not cause interference and
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Appendix F Legal Information
2 this device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device
This device has been designed to operate with an antenna having a maximum gain of 2dBi.
Antenna having a higher gain is strictly prohibited per regulations of Industry Canada. The required antenna impedance is 50 ohms.
To reduce potential radio interference to other users, the antenna type and its gain should be so chosen that the EIRP is not more than required for successful communication.
IC Radiation Exposure Statement:
This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator & your body.
Viewing Certifications
1
Go to http://www.zyxel.com
.
2
Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3
Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in material or workmanship for a specific period (the Warranty Period) from the date of purchase. The
Warranty Period varies by region. Check with your vendor and/or the authorized ZyXEL local distributor for details about the Warranty Period of this product. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact your vendor. You may also refer to the warranty policy for the region in which you bought the device at http://www.zyxel.com/web/ support_warranty_info.php.
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
267
Appendix F Legal Information
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com.
Open Source Licenses
This product contains in part some free software distributed under GPL license terms and/or GPL like licenses. Open source licenses are provided with the firmware package. You can download the latest firmware at www.zyxel.com. To obtain the source code covered under those Licenses, please contact [email protected] to get it.
Regulatory Information
European Union
The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.
Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE
Directive)
Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other
Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)
[Czech]
[Danish]
[German]
[Estonian]
English
[Spanish]
[Greek]
[French]
[Italian]
[Latvian]
[Lithuanian]
[Dutch]
ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.
Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.
Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen Bestimmungen der Richtlinie
1999/5/EU befindet.
Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.
Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.
Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la Directiva 1999/5/CE.
ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ∆ΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισμός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ
ΟΥΣΙΩ∆ΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ∆ΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ ΤΗΣ Ο∆ΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.
Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/5/EC.
Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.
Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.
Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas 1999/5/EB
Direktyvos nuostatas.
Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.
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Appendix F Legal Information
[Maltese]
[Hungarian]
[Polish]
[Portuguese]
[Slovenian]
[Slovak]
[Finnish]
[Swedish]
[Bulgarian]
[Icelandic]
[Norwegian]
[Romanian]
Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.
Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami oraz pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.
ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.
ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.
ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.
ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.
Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av direktiv 1999/5/EC.
С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със съществените изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива 1999/5/ЕC.
Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.
Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.
Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.
National Restrictions
This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/
5/EC) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below:
Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:
Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttive EU
1999/5/EC) senza nessuna limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:
Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen
Staaten die der EU Direktive 1995/5/CE folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten
Staaten:
In the majority of the EU and other European countries, the 2, 4- and 5-GHz bands have been made available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an overview of countries inwhich additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.
The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless
LANs.
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269
Appendix F Legal Information
The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table labeled “Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.
Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs
Frequency Band (MHz) Max Power Level Indoor ONLY
2400-2483.5 100
5150-5350 200 V
5470-5725
(EIRP) 1 (mW)
Indoor and Outdoor
V
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for more details.
Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.
Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT).
Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.
Denmark
In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.
I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.
France
For 2.4 GHz, the output power is restricted to 10 mW EIRP when the product is used outdoors in the band 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. There are no restrictions when used indoors or in other parts of the 2.4
GHz band. Check http://www.arcep.fr/ for more details.
Pour la bande 2.4 GHz, la puissance est limitée à 10 mW en p.i.r.e. pour les équipements utilisés en extérieur dans la bande 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. Il n'y a pas de restrictions pour des utilisations en intérieur ou dans d'autres parties de la bande 2.4 GHz. Consultez http://www.arcep.fr/ pour de plus amples détails.
Location
Indoor (No restrictions)
Outdoor
R&TTE 1999/5/EC
WLAN 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
Frequency Range(GHz)
2.4 – 2.4835
2.4 – 2.454
2.454 – 2.4835
Power (EIRP)
100mW (20dBm)
100mW (20dBm)
10mW (10dBm)
Italy
This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National
Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the
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NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Appendix F Legal Information boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check http:// www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.
Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano
Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http:// www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.
Latvia
The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic
Communications Office. Please check http://www.esd.lv for more details.
2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas. Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv
.
Notes:
1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive
1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.
2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output power available at the connector (specified in dBm).
List of national codes
COUNTRY
Austria
Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
HU
IE
IT
LV
FI
FR
DE
GR
LT
LU
CY
CR
DK
EE
ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE
AT
BE
COUNTRY
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Iceland
Liechtenstein
Norway
Switzerland
Bulgaria
Romania
Turkey
LI
NO
CH
BG
ES
SE
GB
IS
RO
TR
PL
PT
SK
SI
ISO 3166 2 LETTER CODE
MT
NL
Safety Warnings
• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
• Do NOT store things on the device.
• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
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271
Appendix F Legal Information
• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.
• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or
230V AC in Europe).
• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.
• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the power outlet.
• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.
• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.
• Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
• If you wall mount your device, make sure that no electrical lines, gas or water pipes will be damaged.
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste
Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
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NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
A
ActiveX
Address Assignment
Advanced Encryption Standard
AES
alternative subnet mask notation
antenna directional
gain
omni-directional
AP
AP (access point)
AP Mode menu
status screen
AP+Bridge
Auto-bridge
B
Bandwidth management overview
priority
services
Basic Service Set, See BSS
BitTorrent
Bridge/Repeater
bridged APs, security
BSS
C
CA
Certificate Authority
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Index
Index
certifications
notices
viewing
Channel
channel
interference
Configuration restore
content filtering
by keyword (in URL)
by web feature
Cookies
copyright
CPU usage
CTS (Clear to Send)
D
Daylight saving
DDNS
service providers
DHCP
DHCP server see also Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP server
DHCP table
disclaimer
DNS
DNS Server
DNS server
documentation related
Domain Name System
duplex setting
Dynamic DNS
273
Index
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
dynamic WEP key exchange
DynDNS
DynDNS see also DDNS
E
EAP Authentication
encryption
key
WPA compatible
ESS
ESSID
Extended Service Set, See ESS
F
FCC interference statement
File Transfer Program
Firewall
ICMP packets
Firmware upload
firmware version
fragmentation threshold
FTP. see also File Transfer Program
G
General wireless LAN screen
Guide
Quick Start
H hidden node
HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
274
I
IANA
IBSS
IEEE 802.11g
IGMP
119 see also Internet Group Multicast Protocol version
IGMP version
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS
initialization vector (IV)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
See IANA
Internet Group Multicast Protocol
IP Address
IP alias
IP Pool
J
Java
L
LAN
IP pool setup
LAN overview
LAN setup
LAN TCP/IP
Language
Link type
Local Area Network
M
MAC
MAC address
cloning
MAC address filter
MAC address filtering
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Index
MAC filter
managing the device good habits
16 using the web configurator. See web configurator.
MBSSID
Media access control
Memory usage
Message Integrity Check (MIC)
mode
Multicast
IGMP
local server
port speed
PPPoE
PPTP
preamble mode
product registration
PSK
Q
Quality of Service (QoS)
Quick Start Guide
N
NAT
how it works
overview
139 see also Network Address Translation
NAT Traversal
Navigation Panel
navigation panel
Network Address Translation
O
Operating Channel
operating mode
other documentation
R
RADIUS
message types
messages
shared secret key
registration product
related documentation
Remote management and NAT
limitations
system timeout
Reset button
Reset the device
Restore configuration
RIP
Roaming
RTS (Request To Send)
threshold
RTS/CTS Threshold
P
P2P
Pairwise Master Key (PMK)
peer-to-peer
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
Pool Size
Port forwarding
default server
S safety warnings
Scheduling
Service and port numbers
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
275
Index
Service Set
Service Set IDentification
Service Set IDentity. See SSID.
Session Initiated Protocol
SIP
SSID
Static DHCP
Static Route
Status
subnet
Subnet Mask
subnet mask
subnetting
Summary
DHCP table
Packet statistics
Wireless station status
System General Setup
System restart
T
TCP/IP configuration
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
Time setting
trigger port
Trigger port forwarding
example
process
U
Universal Plug and Play
Application
Security issues
UPnP
URL Keyword Blocking
User Name
276
V
VoIP
VPN
W
WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN advanced
WAN MAC address
warranty
note
Web Configurator how to access
Overview
web configurator
Web Proxy
WEP Encryption
WEP encryption
WEP key
Wi-Fi Protected Access
Wireless association list
wireless channel
wireless client WPA supplicants
wireless LAN
wireless LAN scheduling
Wireless network basic guidelines
channel
encryption
example
MAC address filter
overview
security
SSID
Wireless security
overview
type
wireless security
wireless switch
Wireless tutorial
WPS
Wizard setup
WLAN
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
Index interference
security parameters
World Wide Web
WPA
key caching
pre-authentication
user authentication
vs WPA-PSK
wireless client supplicant
with RADIUS application example
WPA compatible
WPA2
user authentication
vs WPA2-PSK
wireless client supplicant
with RADIUS application example
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key
WPA2-PSK
application example
WPA-PSK
application example
WPS
WWW
X
Xbox Live
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide
277
Index
278
NBG-419N v2 User’s Guide

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