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PRTG Network Monitor 7 -
User Manual
© 2008 Paessler AG
2 PRTG Network Monitor 7 - User Manual
Table of Contents
Part I Introduction
5
Part II System Requirements
9
Part III Installation
11
Part IV Basic Concepts of PRTG Network Monitor
18
Part V Web Interface Navigation
26
4 Monitoring Status Information Available Through the Web
Part VI Sensor Setup
34
Part VII Sensor Types
42
© 2008 Paessler AG
Contents 3
Part VIII Notifications
55
Part IX Maps
60
Part X Reports
65
Part XI Todos
70
Part XII User Management
72
Part XIII System Settings and Administration
75
Part XIV Technical Topics
90
2 Importing Data from PRTG Traffic Grapher 6 or IPCheck Server
Index 100
© 2008 Paessler AG
3
Part
I
Introduction
Introduction 5
1 Introduction
Today, most businesses rely, to a greater or lesser extent, on a computer and network infrastructure for Internet, internal management, telephone and email.
A more or less complex set of servers and network equipment is required to ensure that business data flows seamlessly between employees, offices, and customers. The economical success of an organization is tightly connected with the flow of data.
Why Network Monitoring is Important
So, the computer network's reliability, speed and efficiency are crucial for businesses to be successful. But, like all other technical objects, network devices may fail from time to time - potentially causing trouble and loss of sales - no matter what mitigation efforts have been made up-front.
For network administrators this means that they have to take three steps to ensure network uptime, reliability, and speed:
1. They have to set up a well planned network with reliable components
2. They have to create recovery plans for the event of device failure
3. They have to monitor their network to know about failures as they build up or actually happen
PRTG Network Monitor, the software described in this document, is a complete solution for monitoring small, medium and large networks.
Monitoring Networks with PRTG Network Monitor
PRTG Network Monitor is a powerful network monitoring software for Windows suitable for small, medium and large networks and capable of LAN, WAN, WLAN, and VPN monitoring.
It monitors network availability and bandwidth usage as well as various other network parameters like memory and CPU usages, providing system administrators with live readings and periodical usage trends to optimize the efficiency, layout, and setup of leased lines, routers, firewalls, servers, and other network components.
The software is easy to set up and use and monitors a network using SNMP, WMI, packet sniffing, Cisco
NetFlow, as well as many other industry standard protocols. It runs on a Windows machine in your network for
24 hours every day and constantly records the network usage parameters and the availability of network systems.
The recorded data is stored in an internal database for later reference.
1.1
Key Features
PRTG Network Monitor can be used to
· monitor and alert for uptimes/downtimes or slow servers
· monitor and account bandwidth and network device usage
· monitor system usage (CPU loads, free memory, free disk space, etc.)
· classify network traffic by source/destination and content
· discover unusual, suspicious or malicious activity of devices or users
· control SLA agreements
· discover and assess network devices
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6 PRTG Network Monitor 7 - User Manual
The PRTG installer contains all modules and software necessary to run the monitoring system without the need for third party modules:
· Paessler's own fast and efficient database system to store the raw monitoring results
· built-in web server with HTTP and HTTPS support for the user interface
· mail server for automatic email delivery
· SQLite SQL Server for storage of monitoring events
· report generator to create PDF reports
· graphics engine for nice charts
· network analysis module to auto-discover devices and sensors
PRTG Network Monitor supports up to several ten thousands of sensors and can optionally work with multiple remote probes (=”agents”) to monitor multiple sites or network segments from one central core installation. The software is based on Paessler’s proven monitoring technology which has been constantly improved since 1997 and is already used by more than 150.000 users around the world every day.
Attractive licensing packages from freeware (up to 10 sensors) to enterprise level with thousands of sensors make sure that every user finds the proper solution.
1.2
Available Licenses
There are three editions available:
Freeware Edition
The Freeware Edition is a good solution to get started with PRTG or for private use:
· May be used for free for personal and commercial use
· Can monitor up to 10 sensors
·
Supports all available sensor types (except NetFlow)
· Shortest available monitoring interval is 1 minute
This edition runs as default after installation when no license key is entered.
Trial Edition
The Trial Edition is intended for evaluation purposes for customers who are interested in purchasing commercial licenses:
· Can monitor up to 500 sensors
· Supports all available sensor types (including NetFlow)
· Shortest available monitoring interval is 1 second
· Temporary license key must be requested from Paessler's website
· Trial period limited to 30 days (automatically reverts to Freeware Edition afterwards)
Free trial license keys are available on our website at http://www.paessler.com/prtg/trial
Commercial Editions
There are several different licenses of PRTG Network Monitor available to suit the demands of smaller, as well as larger customers and organizations.
© 2008 Paessler AG
Introduction 7
· Maximum number of sensors depends on the license (100 or more)
· Supports all available sensor types (including NetFlow)
· Shortest available monitoring interval is 1 second
To learn more about pricing and feature matrix or to order licenses please visit: http://www.paessler.com/order
1.3
About This Document
This document introduces the reader to the system concepts of PRTG Network Monitor and explains how to set up the software to achieve the best results. You will learn how to plan your monitoring setup, how to set up your sensors, reports, maps and user accounts.
This document does not explain each and every edit field or button of the user interface as this detailed information is included in PRTG’s web interface itself in form of short contextual help texts and hints. Also, this document is not a technical in-depth documentation of file formats, APIs, and other background information.
This information is available online on the Paessler knowledge base at www.paessler.com
.
© 2008 Paessler AG
Part
II
System Requirements
2
System Requirements 9
System Requirements
Required Operating Systems
The PRTG „Core Service” and „Probe Service” can be run on 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Microsoft Windows
2000, XP, 2003, 2008 and Vista.
The web interface requires Internet Explorer 7.x or Firefox 2/3 (on any platform) with enabled Javascript,
Firefox 3 is recommended. Optionally, you can also use the „Mozilla Prism” mini-browser which is included with the PRTG installer.
Required Hardware
Please note: The following values are provided as reference values for average situations only. Hardware requirements mainly depend on the sensor types used. If you plan installations with more than 500-1,000 sensors or more than 10 packet sniffing/NetFlow sensors please consult the PRTG Site Planner tool ("Help" menu).
· CPU: An average year-2008-PC can easily monitor 1,000 sensors (depending on the sensor type).
· RAM: You will need about 150 KB of RAM per sensor.
· Hard Disk: You will need about 200 KB of disk space per sensor per day (for sensors with 60 second interval).
· An Internet connection is required for license activation (via HTTP or email).
To give you an idea of a high end setup here is a sample for a very large installation: We have successfully tested
PRTG Network Monitor running with 30,000 SNMP sensors on a Dual-CPU Quad-Core system (Dell 2900 III) with 16 GB RAM on Windows 2003 64-bit. This scenario required about 3 GB of RAM for the PRTG processes, the CPUs were running at 20% load and it created about 1.5 TB of data on the disk for one year. An installation of this size is able to monitor 625 SNMP-enabled switches with 48 ports, for example.
Requirements for Monitored Devices
· SNMP monitoring: The monitored device(s) must be equipped with SNMP Version 1, 2c or 3 (i.e. a
SNMP-compatible software must be installed on the device). SNMP must be enabled on the device and the machine running PRTG must be allowed access to the SNMP interface.
·
WMI monitoring: In order to use WMI (Windows Management Instrumentation) monitoring you will need a
Windows network.
· NetFlow monitoring: The device must be configured to send NetFlow data packets (NetFlow Version 5) to the machine running PRTG.
·
Packet Sniffing: Only data packets passing the local machine’s network card can be analyzed. Switches with so-called "monitoring ports" are necessary for network-wide monitoring in switched networks.
© 2008 Paessler AG
Part
III
Installation
Installation 11
3 Installation
To use PRTG Network Monitor you need to download and install the software as described in the following sections:
·
·
Upgrading to Version 7 from Previous Versions
·
·
3.1
Downloading the Software
Please download the latest version of PRTG Network Monitor from the Paessler website. There are two different installers for PRTG, a public download for the Freeware and Trial editions, and another download for the
Commercial editions (which is only available for paying customers).
Downloading the Freeware Edition and Trial Edition
Please download the latest publicly available files from the Paessler website at www.paessler.com/prtg/download
.
Downloading the Commercial Editions
Upgrades are free to customers with an active maintenance contract. Please log into the Paessler website at www.paessler.com/login to get the latest download.
If you do not have an active maintenance contract please contact [email protected]
.
3.2
Upgrading to Version 7 from Previous Versions
If you have been running one of the two predecessor products of PRTG 7 (namely PRTG Traffic Grapher
Version 6 or IPCheck Server Monitor Version 5) you can import most of your data (monitoring setup and historic data) into PRTG 7. The import of data from earlier versions is not possible.
Please refer to the „
Import Data from PRTG 6/IPCheck 5
” section of this manual for details.
3.3
Installation
Installing the software is similar to other Windows-based applications. To install the application please insert your PRTG CD-ROM into your computer or open the installation setup routine from the ZIP file that you have downloaded.
The usual software installation wizard will guide your through the installation process:
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Please click „Next” to walk through the wizard.
After accepting the license agreement you can choose the folder you wish to install the software in. Afterwards you will see the following installation options:
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Installation 13
Simply accepting the suggested settings should be perfectly fine for a typical installation .
Please note:
·
·
If you plan to import data from a predecessor program (PRTG 6 or IPCheck 5) you must enable the checkbox for the „Import Tool” (see
Importing Data from PRTG 6 or IPCheck 5 ).
As soon as you click „Next” the necessary files will be copied to your disk and a dialog asking for your license type will appear.
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14 PRTG Network Monitor 7 - User Manual
Please select the proper option and enter the necessary data.
Afterwards you will see a dialog with some base settings:
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Installation 15
Usually the only edit field that you need to look at is the „Email Address” field. Please enter your email address here.
You may also want to review and edit the following settings:
· Optionally you can provide a „Login Name” and „Password” of your choice (the default is username
„prtgadmin” and password „prtgadmin”). Selecting a private password is especially important if you plan to make your PRTG website available on the Internet.
· Please review the „Web Server IPs” and „Web Server Ports” settings. In most cases the default values should be fine.
· Optionally you can enter a custom „Site Name” for your PRTG website (e.g. „My Company Monitoring”).
Please click „Next” one more time and the finish the installation.
When the installation is complete the computer may ask you to restart the machine to properly complete the installation. Although you can choose to reboot later it is strongly recommended to reboot the machine right away to fully complete the installation!
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That's it. You can now work with PRTG!
3.4
Uninstallation
To uninstall PRTG Network Monitor:
· Select the Add/Remove Programs option from the computer’s Control Panel.
· Select PRTG Network Monitor from the list of programs.
· Click the Remove button to uninstall the program.
Or select the „Uninstall PRTG Network Monitor” icon from the PRTG Network Monitor group in the
Start|Programs menu.
Note: During uninstallation your monitoring data will not be removed automatically!
After the completion of the uninstallation process of the software please check the PRTG Network Monitor installation folder and delete all remaining files that you do not want to keep. Also, please check the
„\Documents and Settings\All Users\Application Data\Paesser\PRTG Network Monitor\V7” (Windows XP) folder for remaining data files which are also not automatically removed!
© 2008 Paessler AG
Part
IV
Basic Concepts of PRTG Network Monitor
18 PRTG Network Monitor 7 - User Manual
4 Basic Concepts of PRTG Network Monitor
There is a number of basic concepts that lay the foundation for the functionality and ease-of-use of PRTG
Network Monitor. Please read this sections carefully to make it easier for you to understand the usage of the software.
·
Architecture: PRTG Core Server and PRTG Probe
·
Object Hierarchy: Probes, Groups, Devices, Sensors, Channels
·
·
Notifications, Schedules, and Dependencies
·
·
Priorities and Favorite Sensors
·
4.1
Architecture: PRTG Core Server and PRTG Probe
PRTG Network Monitor consists of two main parts:
· PRTG Core Server: The central part of a PRTG installation is the „Core Server” that includes the data storage, web server, report engine and notification system.
· PRTG Probe: A „probe” performs the actual monitoring. It receives its configuration from the Core Server, runs the monitoring processes and delivers monitoring results back to the Core Server. A Core Server can manage an unlimited number of probes in order to achieve multiple location monitoring.
Core and probe are Windows services which are run by the Windows system without the requirement for a logged in user.
You can consider the PRTG Web Interface to be the third part. It runs on the user's web browser, seeing as it is entirely web-based. The users access the configuration and monitoring results using a standard web browser.
Additionally there are the two administrator tools "PRTG Server Administrator" and "PRTG Probe
Administrator" to configure basic settings such as the admin login and webserver IPs.
Core Server
The Core Server is the heart of your PRTG system and contains the following processes:
· Configuration management for object monitoring
· Management and configuration of the connected probes
· Storage of raw monitoring results
· Notification management including a mail server for email delivery
· Report generator and scheduler
· User account management
· Data purging (pruning old data that e.g. is older than 365 days)
The Core Server also includes a built-in, fast and secure web server (no IIS or Apache is required) that supports
HTTP as well as secure HTTPS (via SSL). The Ajax-based interface is used for the configuration of devices and sensors, as well as the review of monitoring results. The web interface is highly interactive and uses Ajax to deliver a powerful and easy-to-use user experience. While the user is logged in the data on the screen is permanently refreshed (via Ajax calls) so it always shows the current monitoring results (refresh interval and method can be set by the user). The global monitoring stats are always shown at the top of the page, including number of sensors with an error, warning, down, paused or unusual status plus a graph showing a recent history
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Basic Concepts of PRTG Network Monitor 19
graph of alarms, bandwidth usage, CPU usage and speed indices for all sensors.
Probes
The actual monitoring is performed by the PRTG Probe process which runs on one or more computers. During installation the so-called "Local Probe" is automatically created by the system. Additional remote probes must be
setup - all monitoring is performed by the local probe.
After receiving their configuration from the Core system all probes are able to work independently of the Core server for some time, e.g. in case the connection between probe and Core is lost due to connectivity problems.
The probe automatically reconnects to the Core as soon as it available again and transmits all monitoring results gathered during the connection loss, so no information is lost.
PRTG automatically monitors the “system health” of the core server and each probe in order to discover overloading situations or badly configured systems that may distort monitoring results. To do this the system automatically creates a number of sensors for each probe that monitor the probe's system status:
It is recommended to keep these sensors, but you can optionally remove all these sensors except for the "Probe
Health" sensor which is the most important probe sensor. It measures various internal system parameters of the probe system hardware and the probe's internal processes and computes a resulting value. Values below 100% should be investigated!
4.2
Object Hierarchy: Probes, Groups, Devices, Sensors, Channels
In PRTG Network Monitor the actual monitoring is performed by "sensors". Each of these sensors monitors one single aspect of a network device, e.g.
· one network service like SMTP, FTP, HTTP, etc.
· the traffic of one port of a network switch
· the CPU or memory load of a device
· one network card’s traffic
· one NetFlow device, etc.
Sensors are arranged in a tree-like hierarchy to create an easy to navigate list and to give the user the possibility to arrange sensors in groups that monitor similar devices, locations or services.
Users can create nested “groups”, each group has a number of “devices”, each device has a number of “sensors” and - finally - each sensor has one or more “channels” (e.g. IN and OUT channel, or one channel for each CPU for a multiprocessor system).
You will also see a level for "Probes" in the hierarchy. All groups/devices/sensors that are configured below a probe will be monitored via that probe (see
Multiple Probes and Remote Probes ).
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Here is a sample configuration:
4.3
Inheritance of Settings
The hierarchical list of sensors is not only used to group sensors to organize them, there is also an important aspect involved that we call "Inheritance".
To keep administration quick and easy – especially for large monitoring setups - certain settings are “inherited” from the overlying level. For example you can change the monitoring interval for all sensors by merely editing the interval setting of the topmost "root" group.
You can override this inheritance on any level of the hierarchy by setting a different value for a specific group/device/sensor. Then - again - all objects below the object that has overridden settings will inherit these settings, not the ones from the levels above.
Settings that are inherited among all objects include the following:
· Monitoring interval
· Notifications
· Windows authentication settings (e.g. for WMI sensors)
·
SNMP authentication settings and compatibility settings
· Channel and unit configuration
· User access rights
· Paused status: if an object is paused by the user, by a schedule or by a dependency, all associated sensors are paused as well
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Basic Concepts of PRTG Network Monitor 21
There is one exception for devices and sensors: The IP address (or DNS name) of a device and the SNMP and
WMI settings are always inherited by sensors and can not be changed on sensor level.
The actual overriding of the parent's settings takes place by selecting the radio button "specify settings for this
(object)" on the object's settings page, e.g. this screenshot shows Windows authentication settings:
4.4
Notifications, Schedules, and Dependencies
PRTG offers the following three concepts that can help to set up a monitoring configuration.
Notifications
Whenever PRTG discovers a downtime, overloaded system, threshold breach or similar situations, it will send a
"notification". Notifications use various methods by which you can be notified (e.g. email, SMS, pager message, among others). After creating notifications in the system settings you can select them on the group, device and sensor settings pages. See
for more details.
Schedules
Group, device or sensor monitoring can be paused by user intervention or by a “schedule” (e.g. don’t monitor
Sundays between 4 and 8 a.m.). Using schedules you can limit the monitoring time. PRTG comes with a number of pre-defined schedules that you can edit - or you can add your own schedules.
Dependencies
Using “dependencies” you can pause sensor monitoring based on the status of another sensor in order to avoid false alarms and incorrect downtime recording. A dependency stops the monitoring of one sensor or a set of sensors as soon as another specified sensor is down (e.g. to stop monitoring remote network services when the corresponding firewall is down due to connection problems) or paused.
There are three options for dependecies:
· "Use Parent": By default all objects depend on their parent object. This means that if you specify a dependency for a group and the dependency sensor goes down or is paused, all sensors in the group will be paused.
· "Select Object": To set up a dependency go to the settings page of an object that is intended to depend on another object. Then, select the object it shall depend on from the list:
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22 PRTG Network Monitor 7 - User Manual
As soon as the object you have chosen from the list enters a "red" state (goes down) or is paused the monitoring for the dependent object (and all its child objects) will be paused and no notifications will be sent.
· "Master Object": This setting will make the sensor the so called Master Object for its parent device. All sensors of the parent device will be paused whenever this Master Sensor is down. It is recommended to set a basic sensor (e.g. PING) to be the master sensor (for example the auto discovery sets the PING sensors for each device as the Master Objects).
4.5
Reports, Maps, and Todos
Reports
"Reports" are used to analyze monitoring data, either once or at specified intervals. You can define any number of reports, specify the sensors for a report, select a template and run them e.g. once, daily, monthly.
Read
Maps
Using "Maps" you can create personalized overviews and dashboards of your monitored network. A map can include a background image (e.g. a network drawing) and you can place status icons, lists of sensors, as well as graphs with your current monitoring status on the map.
You can define any number of maps and use them e.g. to create a NOC Dashboard, an overview of the network status for your Intranet, a webpage with the graphs of your most important sensors and more. By using the Public
Map feature you can provide others with URLs to a map so they can view the map's data without the need of a user account.
Read
Todos
Whenever PRTG comes across an event or monitoring object that needs the admin’s attention it will add an entry to the Todo list and send an email to the admin user.
Todos are created when
· a new device or sensor has been created by the auto discovery process and should be acknowledged by the user
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Basic Concepts of PRTG Network Monitor 23
· a new probe connects to the core and must be acknowledged
· a new version of the software is available
· a new report is ready for review
· and a few other situations (e.g. system runs out of disk space, licensing issues, etc.)
Read
.
4.6
Priorities and Favorite Sensors
Priority
You can specify a priority for each object in the sensor tree, shown with 1 star ("*") for the lowest priority to 5 stars ("*****") for the highest priority. PRTG sensors are by default sorted first by priority and then alphabetically by name in lists like "Alarms" or "Sensors".
The default priority is three stars ("***") so you can prioritize objects in your configuration quickly. Simply left click an object and select the desired setting from the context menu:
The basic idea of the priority concept is that it makes sure that the most important sensors are always shown first in sensors and alarms lists, guaranteeing you never miss an important outage.
Favorite Sensors
Another method to highlight important sensors is to mark them as "favorite" sensors, also accessible through a sensor's context menu. A list of the favorite sensors can be found on the Dashboard page ("Home|Dashboard") and in the Sensors menu ("Sensors|Favorite").
4.7
Default Values
Default Values
For most settings PRTG includes a set of default values that will enable you to get started with the software immediately.
For example, the following settings will be inherited by all sensors from the "Root group":
·
Default monitoring interval of 1 minute
· Notifications for UP and DOWN messages (email to the system admin)
· SNMP version 1 with "public" community string (default values for most devices)
· Various SNMP compatibility options
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· Various channel unit configurations
· No schedule, no dependency, no Windows authentication account
Additionally, the following other default entries are set up automatically:
· One user group (PRTG Users) that should be used for non-admin users
· One notification (email to the system admin)
· Various web interface settings (refresh, auto folding, etc.)
· A set of schedules
· Various data purging settings
You may need to change a number of these default entries as you get more used to the user interface, but these settings should initially suffice for most situations.
© 2008 Paessler AG
Part
V
Web Interface Navigation
5
26 PRTG Network Monitor 7 - User Manual
Web Interface Navigation
To give you a short overview, here is a screenshot of PRTG's web interface:
The main layout consists of a status bar at the top, the header area with the main menu and quick-search box below it and, finally, the main page content (all these elements are described in the next section).
When you navigate through PRTG's web interface you will always use one of the following five navigational paths:
· The "Main Menu" provides access to many important aspects of the software
· The "Quick Search" is often the fastest way to navigate to an object
· Using the page's "Tabs" you can switch between various sub-pages for an object
· Many objects offer a "Context Menu" that will pop up when you right-click them
· And, finally, you are able to drill down into the object hierarchy of probes, groups, devices and sensors in the object tree shown above by merely clicking an object
These five navigation paths put PRTG's complete functionality at your fingertips. Quite likely you are already familiar with these techniques from many other websites and web-based user interfaces - with the exception of the context menus which are not commonly found on web-based user interfaces. However, after a short while you will understand what a powerful feature these context menus are when it comes to effectively navigating the interface.
© 2008 Paessler AG
·
·
·
·
Monitoring Status Information Available Through the Web Interface
Web Interface Navigation 27
5.1
Web Page Overview
Let's have a detailed look at PRTG's webpages building blocks:
Global Status Bar
This bar is always shown above all pages. It shows the aggregated stati of all sensors you have configured for monitoring. Depending on the sensors' stati you will see colored squares with numbers (in the screenshot 66 sensors are "OK" (green) and 7 sensors have an "UNUSUAL" status (orange).
The four graphs show the number of alarms as well as three "Index Graphs" for bandwidth usage, speed (request time) and CPU usage for all sensors over the last eight hours. These index graphs are calculated based on the readings of all sensors using statistical computations and by comparing the values to the highest and lowest readings.
E.g. a CPU index value of 90% means that the average CPU load for all CPU sensors of your current configuration lies at 90% of the highest ever measured CPU usage value.
Note: By right-clicking on the PRTG icon on the left you can access the system menu.
Website Header Area, Search Box and Main Menu
Navigating through the web interface is performed mainly using the main menu. Please take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with all menu items and sub-items.
To search for any monitoring object simply enter the name, part of the name, an IP address, a DNS name or a tag in the search box on the right and hit the enter key. A web page with all items that fit the search term will be returned - even displaying online help articles.
Below the menu you will see a red bar with important messages whenever PRTG discovers changes in the network or requires your attention for other reasons. Simply click the text inside the red bar to navigate to the detailed information page.
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Page Header and Tabs
The individual page content starts below the website header area. Depending on the page's content you will see a menu and a few action links on the right. "Breadcrumbs" that will always show the path back to the homepage can be found below the heading.
Many pages have a "tab"-like interface. Using these tabs you can navigate to various sub-pages for an object:
"Overview" tab
"Live Data", "48 Hours", "30 Days", "365 Days" tabs These three or four tabs show the group's, device's or sensor's historical graphs and data tables (note: live data is only available for sensors)
"Alarms" and "Log" tab
All monitoring objects offer this tab providing a quick overview of all parameters and stati
Shows a list of current alarms and historic events for an object (and its child objects)
"Settings" and "Notifications" tab
"Comments" tab
"History" tab
Allows you to edit an object's settings and notifications
Provides a notepad for your own comments
Shows a lifetime log for each object (who created it, who edited it, etc.)
Please note that you will also see other tabs for other objects.
Overview Page for Groups, Devices and Sensors
Have a look at the following three screenshots showing the "Overview" tab of a group, a device and a sensor:
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Web Interface Navigation 29
You can see that all three share a common layout:
·
On the upper left you have the object's name, basic settings and sensor status
· Below that there is a list of child objects (devices for a group, sensors for a device and channels for a sensor)
·
On the right there are three or four graphs showing recent sensor history.
The 4th graph showing "live data" is only available for sensors. The other three graphs show the last 48 hours, last 30 days and last 365 days.
To zoom into a graph simply click on it (or choose the appropriate tab).
5.2
Context Menus
Although context menus may seem unusual for a web-based application they are the key to PRTG's user interface's ease of use. Almost all objects that appear as links in the user interface will show a context menu when your right-click them.
Here are two sample context menus (for device and sensor):
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These context menus serve as a list of shortcuts between individual user interface pages, actually speeding up navigation.
Note: If you want to access the browser's own context menu, hold the CTRL key down when right-clicking.
5.3
Lists
Throughout the web interface you will see lists of items which share common features and functions. Here are two sample lists (sensors and log entries):
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Web Interface Navigation 31
The following functions are available for lists:
·
Paging: Use the small triangular icons at the top or bottom to walk through a list page by page
· Sorting: You can re-sort a list by clicking the column header of the column you want to use as sorting index
·
Date Range: When viewing log lists you can click on "Date Range" to change the desired date range
· Item Count: Some lists offer the possibility to change the number of entries in the list by clicking on "Item
Count"
·
Multi Edit: Some lists offer a column of checkboxes. As soon as you select one or more checkboxes an additional menu will show up offering functions that will be applied to all items in the lists whose checkboxes have been selected. Here is a sample screenshot of this menu:
5.4
Monitoring Status Information Available Through the Web
Interface
As soon as the monitoring system is running, PRTG provides you with a wealth of information as regards the current status.
A sensor's status is shown by of the following status messages and colors:
· OK (Green): Sensor is running well, measured values are OK
· WARNING (Yellow): Sensor is slow or the measured value is below/above a user-defined warning threshold
· ERROR (Red): Sensor can not be monitored (e.g. device is down) or the measured value is below/above a user-defined error threshold
· PAUSED (Blue): Sensor has been paused by the user or due to a dependency or schedule
· UNUSUAL (Orange): Sensor is running well but recent values are unusually high or low (PRTG calculates
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this by applying statistical computations on the recent measurements and the historic data of a sensor)
· UNKNOWN (black): Sensor has not been checked recently, e.g. shortly after starting the program or when the associated probe is unavailable
The web interface provides in-depth information for each sensor:
· 4 graphs (live data, last 2 hours, last 48 hours, last 30 days, last 365 days)
· 4 data tables (one for each graph)
· Current status and error message (if available)
· Last measured value for each channel
· Aggregated uptime and downtime
· Last good request, last failed request
· Coverage (% of time monitoring information is available)
· Sensor’s editing history (which user has changed what settings)
· Sensor activity log
· User comments
Current sensor and device status can be reviewed in numerous ways:
· "Sensor Tree": a hierarchical view with a tree-like display of all groups, devices and sensors
· "Lists": various lists of sensors
· "Alarms": a list of all sensors showing an error state, a warning state or unusual values
· "Dashboard": a quick overview of the most important lists (alarms, recent log entries, favorite sensors stati, recent todos)
· "Maps": You can create your own overviews and dashboards for your monitored network
You can review the status of sorted sensors and filtered lists based on various parameters (e.g. sensor type, tag, device, status, measured value, etc.)
· Various Top 10 lists
· Best/worst availability
· Fastest/slowest PING
· Highest/lowest bandwidth usage
· Fastest/slowest website
· Highest/lowest CPU usage
·
Highest/lowest available disk space
Graphs for groups and devices show the alarms, a “bandwidth index”, “speed index” and a “CPU load index” for the associated sensors. These values are calculated using a sophisticated algorithm that merges the data of various sensor types into one graph showing a rough overview of how the sensors of the group/device behaved recently. These graphs are quite helpful to discern unusual network behavior.
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Sensor Setup
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6 Sensor Setup
Before starting to create sensors you should review the "Root Group's" settings that will be inherited by all other objects (see
Setting Base Settings for Your Network ).
As soon as this step is completed you can
to monitor your network. This can be done
either manually or automatically using the Auto Discovery
. The following sections explains these steps.
Note: If you want to create a multi-probe setup you need to add and configure the necessary probes first (see
Multiple Probes and Remote Probes
).
6.1
Reviewing Settings of the Root Group
Objects in the sensor tree inherit many settings from their parent objects as explained in the
Obviously, the "Root Group", being the parent object to all other objects, is especially important in this regard.
So, before you create your own sensors it is a good idea to review the Root Group's settings to check if they suit your network. Choose the "Devices" item from the main menu and click the "settings" tab. There are several relevant settings:
Please review the settings and refer to the help texts on the right for detailed explanations of each individual setting. Remember that you can override these settings for all child objects later, at any given time.
You should especially look at the "Windows Connection", "SNMP Connection", and "interval" settings:
· Windows connection: The Active Directory user account provided here will be used for all WMI-based monitoring and during the Auto Discovery process. It is recommended to enter an user account with administrator privileges.
· SNMP Connection: Please select the SNMP version and enter the necessary authentication strings used in your
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Sensor Setup 35
network. The defaults are "SNMPV1", community string "public" and port 161.
· Interval: Please select the default interval that shall be used for monitoring by all sensors.
6.2
Creating Groups, Devices and Sensors Manually
Creating Groups
To create new groups go to the devices list ("Devices" under the main menu) and either choose a probe or group that is intended to contain the new group. Right click the object and choose "Add Group" from the context menu.
Enter a name for the new group, optionally review the Windows and SNMP connection settings and click
"Continue".
Creating Devices
To create a new device right-click a device and select "Add Device" from the context menu.
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There are two settings that you must enter for a device: The name and the IP address (or DNS name). Optionally, review the Windows and SNMP connection settings and click "Continue".
Creating Sensors
In order to create new sensors right-click the device to which the new sensor is to be added and choose "Add
Sensor" from the context menu. Creating new sensors involves two steps: First, you must select a sensor type, then - after some preparations by PRTG - you need to specify the sensor settings.
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In step one you must select a sensor type from the available types list. There are more than 30 different types
(see
headings and then select a sensor type. Then click "Continue to Step 2".
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In step two the settings available depend on the sensor type. Please review the settings and make any necessary changes, then click "save". The new sensor will start monitoring right away.
6.3
Creating Devices and Sensors Using the Auto Discovery
PRTG's Auto Discovery is a great way to automatically create a sophisticated and concise set of sensors for your complete network. It is mainly suitable for LAN discovery seeing as it involves a lot of SNMP and WMI.
How it works
PRTG's Auto Discovery process has three stages:
1. Step: Scanning a network segment for devices using PINGs (for groups only)
2. Step: Assessing the device type for all devices discovered in step 1 (using SNMP, WMI and other protocols)
3. Step: Creating sensor sets that match the discovered device types of step 2 (based on built-in device templates with recommended sensors for many device types)
The Auto Discovery can be used on a group-level for a range of IP addresses or for individual devices you might
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have created manually. It can be run just once, on demand via the context menu or scheduled every hour, day or week. Running the Auto Discovery every day or week will automatically create new sensors when new devices are connected to the network (regardless of being authorized or not). As soon as new devices or sensors are discovered, new "todos" are created and mailed to the system admin.
There are some restrictions in place, in order to successfully use the Auto Discovery:
· PRTG can not discover devices that can not be pinged since step 1 uses PINGs (e.g. if a firewall blocks echo requests)
·
You must supply authentication settings for SNMP and Windows/WMI in order to fully exploit the power of this feature
· SNMP and/or WMI must be enabled on the devices and access must be allowed by e.g. network and local firewalls
·
If a device has more than one IP address it may show up more than once in the discovery results even though
PRTG tries to identify these situations
Creating an Auto Discovery Group
Create a new group by right-clicking a probe or group and selecting "Add Group" from the context menu.
Enter a name for the group and choose the desired option for the "Sensor Management" setting:
You have four options:
· Manual (No Autodiscovery)
· Automatic Device Identification (Standard, recommended): This the recommended option and should work fine for most installations
· Automatic Device Identification (Detailed, may create many sensors): This option is only suitable for small network segments and whenever you want to monitor the maximum number of sensors available.
· Automatic Sensor Creation with specific Device Template(s): Choose this option if you do not want automatic device identification and would rather select the device templates manually. You will see a list of device templates from which you can select one or more templates.
Afterwards, enter the IP Base (the first 3 bytes of the IP Range) and the first and last 4th byte of the IP address range.
As soon as you click on "continue" PRTG will start the discovery process, visible in the sensor tree ("Devices" menu item of the main menu):
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If you keep looking at this page you will see more and more devices and sensors showing up in the list. The Auto
Discovery process can take anywhere from 0,1 to 0,8 minutes per IP address, depending on the configuration and the network.
All sensors created by this process will start monitoring immediately and will notify about failures as soon as they happen.
Creating an Auto Discovery Device
Creating sensors for just one device using the Auto Discovery function is quite similar to creating an auto discovery group. Create a new device by right-clicking a group and choosing "Add Device" from the context menu.
Enter a name and IP address (or DNS name) for the device and choose one of the options for "Sensor
Management" (described above).
As soon as you click "Continue" the device assessment will begin and create the sensors that suit the device.
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Sensor Types
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Sensor Types
PRTG offers more than 30 different sensor types for various network services. All sensor types have a number of type-specific settings plus there is a number of common settings for all sensors. Please refer to the help texts in the web interface for a detailed description of all other settings.
7.1
SNMP Sensors Types
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is the most basic method of gathering bandwidth and network usage data.
How SNMP Monitoring works
It can be used to monitor bandwidth usage of routers and switches on a port-by-port basis, as well as device readings like memory, CPU load, etc.
When this technology is used PRTG queries the devices (e.g. routers, switches, and servers) for the traffic counters of each port with quite small data packets. These packets are triggering reply packets from the device.
This option creates the least CPU load and network load of the three methods.
Reasons To Choose SNMP Monitoring
SNMP is the most commonly used method mainly because it is easy to set up and requires only minimal bandwidth and CPU cycles. So if your network devices support SNMP and/or if you want monitor large networks with several hundred or thousands of sensors we recommend to get started with SNMP.
Besides network usage monitoring another well-known feature of SNMP is the possibility to also monitor other network parameters like CPU loads, disk usage, temperatures, as well as many other readings (depending on the device).
Network issues: In order to use SNMP for monitoring purposes, it is imperative that UDP packets are allowed to travel from the machine running PRTG to the device you want to monitor and back, which is usually the case in
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LANs and Intranets. For Internet connections, DMZ, and WAN connections this is usually not the case and some changes to the traversed firewalls may be necessary. Keep in mind that SNMP V1 and V2c are not secure protocols and should not be used across the Internet or insecure data connections. Only SNMP version 3 supports encryption.
SNMP Sensors Types
The following sensors use the Simple Network Management Protocol (supports SNMP V1, V2c and V3):
·
SNMP Traffic: Supports monitoring bandwidth (bits/s) and volume (bytes), as well as the number of packets and errors via SNMP for a port or a network card on PCs, servers, switches, firewalls, printers
· SNMP Custom: Monitors one specific OID supplied by the user
·
SNMP Helper: SNMP Helper enables you to monitor thousands of performance counters on Windows systems
(SNMP Helper agent must be installed on the device, see
· SNMP Library: SNMP libraries make it easy to create system-specific sensors based on MIBs (some are included and new ones can be created from standard SNMP MIB files using the free MIB importer tool, see below).
SNMP Version 1, 2c and 3
PRTG supports three versions of the SNMP protocol:
SNMP Version 1: The oldest and most basic version of SNMP
· Pros: Supported by most SNMP-compatible devices; simple to set up
·
Cons: Limited security as it only uses a simple password (“community string”) and data is sent in clear text
(unencrypted); should only be used inside LANs behind firewalls, not in WANs; only supports 32bit counters which is not enough for high load bandwidth monitoring (gigabits/second)
SNMP Version 2c: Adds 64 bit counters
·
Pros: Supports 64 bit counters to monitor bandwidth usage in networks with gigabits/second loads
· Cons: Limited security (same as with SNMP V1)
SNMP Version 3: Adds authentication and encryption
· Pros: Offers user accounts and authentication for multiple users and optional data packet encryption, increasing available security; plus all advantages of Version 2c
· Cons: difficult to configure
It is important to know that if you select an SNMP version which is not supported by the server or device you want to monitor that you will receive an error message. Unfortunately, most of the time these error messages do not explicitly mention the possibility of using the incorrect SNMP version (these messages provide minimum information, such as “cannot connect” or similar). The same situation exists if community strings, usernames and passwords are incorrect.
What is the “SNMP Community String”?
The “SNMP Community string” is similar to a user ID or password that allows access to a router's or other device's statistics. PRTG Network Monitor forwards the community string along with all SNMP requests. If the correct community string is provided, the device responds with the requested information. If the community string is incorrect, the device simply discards the request and does not respond. Note: SNMP community strings are only used by devices that support SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c protocols. SNMPv3 uses username/password
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authentication, along with an encryption key.
By convention, most SNMPv1-v2c equipment ships with a read-only community string set to "public". It is standard practice for network managers to change all the community strings to customized values within the device setup.
Tools
Paessler MIB Importer: Imports MIB (Management Information Base) files and converts them into OID libraries for use with PRTG Network Monitor.
http://www.paessler.com/tools/
Paessler SNMP Tester: SNMP Tester can run simple SNMP requests against a device in a network to debug
SNMP requests down to the protocol level in order to find communication and/or data problems in SNMP monitoring configurations.
http://www.paessler.com/tools/
See also
Bandwidth Monitoring Sensor Type Comparison
7.2
WMI Sensors Types
WMI stands for “Windows Management Instrumentation” and is the base technology from Microsoft for monitoring and managing Windows based systems. WMI allows to access data for many Windows’ configuration parameters, as well as current system status values. Access can be local or remote via a network connection. WMI is based on COM and DCOM and is integrated in Windows 2000, XP, 2003, and Vista
(Add-ons are available for Windows 9x and NT4).
In order to be able to monitor remote machines, PRTG's WMI sensor needs an Active Directory account or a system account on the monitored PC to have access to the WMI interface. You can enter these credentials for a single sensor or for the parent device or group: the sensor will then inherit these settings. Note: When monitoring local WMI sensors of the machine running a probe (i.e. WMI sensors on the Probe Device) this information is not required.
WMI Sensor Types
PRTG supports the following WMI based sensor types:
·
WMI CPU Load: Measures CPU load of a system (total and per CPU)
· WMI Memory: Displays free system memory (MB and %)
· WMI Disk Space: Free disk space on fixed drives (MB and %, per drive)
· WMI Network Card: Measures traffic going through network cards
· WMI Page File: Checks the usage of the Windows page file
· WMI Service: Checks if a service is running and optionally restarts a service if it is not running
· WMI Event Log Sensor: Monitors a system’s application, system and security event log for specific events
· WMI Process: Monitors one process via WMI
· WMI File: Monitors file size and existence, as well as changes to a file via WMI
· WMI Query: Performs a custom WMI query
· WMI Vital System Data: Users can select from more than 20 different vital Windows System parameters
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(CPU: Percent Processor Time, CPU: Processor Queue Length, CPU: Processor Percent Privileged Time,
CPU: Processor Percent User Time, Thread Context Switches, Memory: Free Physical Memory, Memory:
Total Visible Memory, Memory: Pages/sec, Memory: Page Faults/sec, Memory: Page Reads/sec, Memory:
Page Writes/sec, Memory: Pool Non-paged bytes, Pagefile Usage, Disk: Percent Disk Time, Disk: Current
Disk Queue Length, Disk: Reads/sec, Disk: Writes/sec, Network: Bytes Total/sec, Network: Bytes
Received/sec, Network: Bytes Sent/sec, Server: Bytes Total/sec, Server: Bytes Received/sec, Server: Bytes
Sent/sec, etc.)
·
WMI Exchange Server 2003: Monitors vital readings of an Exchange Server 2003
Links to WMI related articles
Paessler WMI Tester - A practical freeware tool to test WMI connections. Tests the accessibility of WMI
(Windows Management Instrumentation) counters in a quick and easy manner.
http://www.paessler.com/tools/wmi_tester
Microsoft: Windows Management Instrumentation Technical Articles: Managing Windows with WMI http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms811533.aspx
Microsoft: WMI Reference http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa394572.aspx
See also
Bandwidth Monitoring Sensor Type Comparison
7.3
HTTP Sensor Types
The HTTP protocol (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is most commonly used for the World Wide Web. Web browsers request web pages, graphics, etc. from web servers using this protocol.
Common Parameters include:
· URL—the URL address of the web page to monitor (including the leading http://)
· Mode—the HTTP request mode to use (GET, POST, HEAD)
· POSTDATA—the data part when using the POST method
For simple web pages simply enter the URL (with http:// at the beginning) and keep the default mode selection of
GET. If you want to monitor a URL for a POST form you must select the POST method and enter the
POSTDATA. The HEAD method only requests the HTTP header from the server without the actual web page.
Although this saves bandwidth since less data is transferred, it is not recommended because the measured request time is not the one experienced by your users and you might not be notified for slow results or timeouts.
Note: If your network requires a proxy for HTTP requests or the URL requires authentication you must use the
HTTP Advanced Sensor.
Bandwidth Issues and Log File Analysis Issues
Important: Keep in mind that the HTTP sensor can create substantial bandwidth load since it is one of the sensors that transfers many bytes per requests (sometimes 1000 times more that a simple ping). So, choosing a
URL that only provides a small HTML page in return is recommended if you have to pay for the bandwidth
(either for your connection or for your web server). This is certainly not a major problem in most LANs and
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Intranets but bandwidth usage should always be monitored. Requesting a 25kb web page with an interval of one minute creates a traffic of 36 MB per day or more than one Gigabyte per month!
Also keep in mind that the monitoring requests will show up in your web server log analysis (one month of monitoring with one minute interval will create 43,200 requests). You should filter out the requests from PRTG when analyzing log files. Filtering can be done based on the IP address of the server running PRTG or by filtering requests from PRTG's browser agent:
Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; PRTG Network Monitor Vxxxx; Windows)
HTTP Sensor Types
PRTG offers the following HTTP-based sensors to monitor web servers:
· HTTP: Monitors a web server via the HTTP protocol
· HTTP Advanced: Monitors a web server via the HTTP protocol with various advanced settings (e.g. to check the content of a web page or to use authentication or a proxy server)
· HTTP Transaction: Monitors a web server using a set of URLs to monitor whether logins or shopping carts are working fine. You must supply a series of URLs (GET and/or POST requests) including the parameters to monitor a transaction. Use the Paessler URL Recorder to build such a URL list (see below).
· HTTP Content: Monitors a return value provided by a HTTP request. This sensor requests a HTTP URL and parses the result for a value enclosed in brackets "[value]". The most common use is to monitor a particular value inside a web server for validity. For example if you have a script or CGI running on the web server that merely publishes the free disk space of the server's hard disk or the current processor usage you can actually monitor this value. Of course many other usage concepts are possible.
All sensors support HTTP and HTTPS.
What it means when the HTTP sensor is up
The UP status of an HTTP sensor means that the web server delivers an HTTP result that is correct according to the HTTP protocol and that the URL is available. This means that the web server software is up and running but you do not know whether the results are correct, e.g. the webpage can contain error messages. So you don't know whether the CGI scripts, etc. are working correctly or whether, e.g., the database of the web server is ok. It is recommended to also check the content of a web page by using the HTTP Advanced Sensor instead of the simple
HTTP sensor for added reliability.
What it means when the HTTP sensor is down
There are numerous reasons for an HTTP sensor to fail. Besides normal connectivity problems the most common problems are internal server errors (error code 50x) and problems caused by an incorrect URL (error code 404, page not found).
Tools
Paessler URL Recorder: Find out the URLs and the POSTDATA strings that a user sends to a web server while surfing a sequence of URLs - useful when setting up HTTP Transaction sensors http://www.paessler.com/tools/
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7.4
Packet Sniffing Sensor Types
Packet Sniffing should come into consideration if your network device(s) do not support SNMP or if you need to differentiate the bandwidth usage by network protocol and/or IP addresses.
How Packet Sniffing works
If you need to know what applications or IP addresses are causing the traffic in your network you can use a packet sniffer looking at every single data packet traveling through your network for accounting purposes.
PRTG can analyze the packets passing the network card of a PC or it can be connected to the so-called monitoring port of a switch. In order to calculate bandwidth usage PRTG inspects all network data packets either passing the PC's network card (shown on the left side) or the data packets sent by a monitoring port of a switch
(right side) with its built-in packet sniffer.
Comparing the four bandwidth monitoring technologies provided by PRTG (SNMP, WMI, NetFlow and Packet
Sniffing) this one creates the most CPU and network load and should thus only be used in small to medium networks, on dedicated computers for larger networks or for individual computers.
Reasons To Choose Packet Sniffing
It is important to understand that the packet sniffer can only access and inspect data packets that actually flow through the network interface(s) of the machine running the PRTG software. This is fine if you only want to monitor the traffic of this machine (e.g. your web server). But in switched networks only the traffic for a specific machine is sent to each machine’s network card, so PRTG can usually not discern all the traffic of the other machines in the network.
If you also want to monitor the traffic of other devices in your network you must use a switch that offers a
“monitoring port” or “port mirroring” configuration (Cisco calls it “SPAN”). In this case the switch sends a copy of all data packets traveling through the switch to the monitoring port. As soon as you connect, the PRTG host machine connected to the port monitored by the packet sniffer is able to analyze the complete traffic that passes through the switch. Another option is to use the PC running PRTG as a gateway for all other computers.
Header Based vs. Content Based Packet Sniffing
PRTG provides two base technologies for packet sniffing:
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· Header based: PRTG looks at the IPs and ports of source and destination to assess the protocol. This is very fast but, at times, not very accurate. For example it is not possible to identify HTTP traffic on ports other than
80, 8080, and 443 as HTTP.
·
Content based: PRTG captures the TCP packets, reassembles the data streams and then analyzes the content of the data using an internal set of rules to identify the type of traffic. This is quite accurate (e.g. HTTP traffic on any port number is accounted for as HTTP) but requires much more CPU and memory resources, especially when a lot of traffic passes the network card.
Header based sniffing is much faster but the accounting is less reliable (e.g. HTTP packets on non-standard ports are not accounted as HTTP traffic). Content based sniffing is quite accurate, but creates more CPU load.
Packet sniffing can differentiate between the following protocols:
· WWW Traffic: HTTP, HTTPS
·
File Transfer: FTP
· Mail Traffic: IMAP, POP3, SMTP
·
Chat, Instant Messaging: IRC, AIM
· Remote Control: RDP, SSH, Telnet, VNC
· Network Services: DHCP, DNS, Ident, ICMP, SNMP
· NetBIOS: NETBIOS
· Various: Socks, OtherUDP, OtherTCP
Packet Sniffing Sensor Types
PRTG offers three sensor types that are based on Packet Sniffing:
· Packet Sniffer (Header): Looks at the headers of the data packets to account traffic by IP, by port, by protocol, etc.
· Packet Sniffer (Content): Reassembles data packets to streams and looks into the payload data of the streams to assess the type of traffic (e.g. SMTP, HTTP, IMAP, file sharing, NETBIOS, etc.)
· Packet Sniffer (Custom): Accounts for data packets using user-specific rules (header based)
In the sensor settings you can choose how detailed you want traffic to be accounted for according to the protocols used. You can also define include and exclude filters that allow monitoring of specific packets, IPs,
Ports, etc.
Tools
Paessler Card Packet Counter: Shows short term statistics about the network data packets passing a local network card.
http://www.paessler.com/tools/
See also
Bandwidth Monitoring Sensor Type Comparison
7.5
NetFlow Sensor Types
NetFlow monitoring is the domain of networks using Cisco switches.
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How NetFlow Monitoring works
One option to measure bandwidth usage "by IP address" or "by application" is to use Cisco's NetFlow protocol which is specially suited for high traffic networks. Many Cisco routers and switches support this protocol.
Cisco devices with NetFlow support track the bandwidth usage of the network internally and merely forward pre-aggregated data to the PRTG system for accounting purposes. This way PRTG's computing load is much lower. This option is recommended for high traffic networks.
Reasons To Choose NetFlow Monitoring
NetFlow monitoring is the domain of networks that use Cisco switches. These switches can be configured to send data streams providing the network’s usage data to the machine running PRTG which can, in turn, analyze the data.
Because the switch already performs a pre-aggregation of traffic data, the flow of data to PRTG is much smaller than the monitored traffic. This makes NetFlow the ideal option for high traffic networks that need to differentiate the bandwidth usage by network protocol and/or IP addresses.
PRTG Features for NetFlow Monitoring
NetFlow is a bandwidth monitoring technology created by Cisco. PRTG supports flow monitoring using
NetFlow Version 5 with the following two sensors:
· NetFlow: Monitors Cisco switches using NETFLOW V5
· NetFlow (Custom): User configurable version of the NetFlow sensor
Before you can create NetFlow sensors you must configure NetFlow on your switch/router. Configure the switch to send the NetFlow packets to the computer running the PRTG probe. Furthermore configure the NetFlow port and flow timeout. These two values must be defined within PRTG when creating new NetFlow sensors. Don't forget to open the NetFlow port in the PRTG system's firewall.
Limitations
On a powerful year 2008/2007 PC (Dual Core, 2.5 Ghz) you can process about 100,000 flows per second for one
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NetFlow stream. When using complex filters the value can be much lower. For example for a router sending about 2,000 flows/second (which corresponds to mixed traffic at gigabit/sec level) you can expect to configure up to 50 NetFlow sensors operating properly. PRTG internally monitors its own NetFlow processing and you will see a decreased probe health reading as soon as NetFlow packets are not processed due to an overload.
If you experience an overload please consider setting up multiple probes and distribute the NetFlow streams to these probes. We do not recommend adding more than 400 NetFlow sensors per PRTG probe.
Tools
Paessler NetFlow Tester: NetFlow Tester simply dumps the data of all NetFlow packets that a computer receives from a Cisco router - useful when debugging bandwidth monitoring configurations based on NetFlow protocol.
http://www.paessler.com/tools/
See also
Bandwidth Monitoring Sensor Type Comparison
Paessler Knowledge Base: Configuration Tips for Cisco Routers and PRTG http://www.paessler.com/support/kb/questions/20/
7.6
SQL Server Sensor Types
Using the SQL Server sensors you can natively monitor the most commonly implemented SQL servers: MySQL,
Microsoft SQL, and Oracle SQL. Basically, the sensors monitor whether the database server process accepts and processes requests. Additionally, you can run a custom SQL command and check the return values.
PRTG supports native monitoring for the following SQL Servers:
· Microsoft SQL Server: Checks Microsoft SQL server connections
·
MySQL Server: Checks MySQL server connections
· Oracle SQL Server: Checks Oracle SQL server connections
Common Settings for all SQL Sensors
· Database Name – in this field, the name of the database or the path of the database can be entered in order to access the database information.
·
User and Password – provide the username and password to login to the database.
· SQL Expression – provide an expression with which to fetch data. When a cursor is returned, only the first row will be fetched.
·
Result Set – check this checkbox if your SQL expression returns a result set. Then the value of the first column of the first row of the result set is used as the return value of the monitoring request (e.g. will be compared to the limits). Otherwise the “number of affected rows” is regarded to be the return value of a monitoring request.
Notes for MS-SQL Sensors
· Supports SQL Server 2005, SQL Server 2000, SQL Server 7 and MSDE (requires OLE DB installed on the machine running the PRTG probe that accesses the server).
· Instance Name – This holds the name of the instance if you want to connect to a ‘named instance’, otherwise this field should remain empty. Note: Sometimes you see connection strings like SQLSERVER
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\SQLINSTANCE in database clients. The first part is the server name configured under the general server settings. The second part is the instance name mentioned above. NEVER enter the string in the instance field of the sensor setup page in this form, merely provide the second part (without the backslash)
· Port – If your SQL server runs the instance at a different static port than 1433 you can define the port number in this field. If your SQL server uses the default value of 1433 or is configured for dynamic port settings leave this field empty.
Notes for Oracle SQL Sensors
· Supports Oracle 10g, 9i, 8i and Oracle 7 (requires default TCP Port Setting 1521).
· Interface– Oracle offers 2 possibilities when connecting to the server, either via direct TCP/IP communication
(SQL-NET) or via the Oracle Client Interface (OCI). Select the one you want to use for this sensor.
· Port – Under SQL-NET you have to supply the TCP/IP port for the connection in this field. Usually the default value of 1521 is correct. With an OCI connection the setting of the port property is ignored.
Notes for MySQL Sensors
· Supports MySQL server 5.0, 4.1, 4.0 and 3.23.
7.7
Other Sensor Types
The following sensor types allow to monitor various TCP and UDP based services:
· PING: Performs one or more PINGs to monitor the availability of a device and optionally measure packet loss in percent
· PORT: Checks the availability of TCP based network services
· FTP: Monitors the availability of a FTP Server
· DNS: Checks a DNS (Domain Name Service) server
· SMTP: Monitors SMTP based email servers (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
· POP3: Monitors POP3 based email servers (Post Office Protocol V3)
· IMAP: Monitors IMAP based email servers (Internet Message Access Protocol)
· RDP (Remote Desktop): Checks whether the RDP service of a device is available
All these sensors use the protocol standards.
7.8
Custom Sensor Types
PRTG supports four custom sensor types:
· WMI Custom Sensor: Performs a custom WMI query written in WQL (WMI Query Language).
· EXE: Runs a custom program or script/batch file
·
·
NetFlow (Custom): User configurable version of the NetFlow sensor, see NetFlow Sensor Types
Using the custom sensors a lot of monitoring tasks that go far beyond the standard sensor set can be performed.
You can create your own sensors using WQL (WMI Query Language) and by compiling an EXE file using any
Windows software development tool.
In both cases you must create a file and place it in a specific folder on the system running the PRTG probe:
·
Place executables (.EXE), batchfiles (.CMD or .BAT), VBS scripts (.VBS), or PowerShell scripts (.PS1) into the "PRTG Network Monitor\custom sensors\EXE" subfolder
· Place .WQL files with WQL scripts into the "PRTG Network Monitor\custom sensors\WMI WQL scripts" subfolder
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As soon as a file is placed into the folders mentioned above you can create or edit a Custom EXE sensor or WMI
Custom sensor and select the new file from the list of files.
The probe will then execute the file on the probe system. This means that for the local probe the file will be run on the local system. But for remote probes the file will actually run on the remote system. If your custom sensor code relies on other files (e.g. DLLs, .NET framework, Windows PowerShell, etc.) you must copy/install these files onto the probe machine manually.
See
sensors can be found in the Knowledge Base on the Paessler website under www.paessler.com/support .
Notes
· For PowerShell scripts make sure that they may be executed by either signing the files or changing the security policy for Powershell.exe accordingly
· The API interface for custom EXE sensors is compatible to the custom EXE sensors provided by IPCheck
Server Monitor 5
7.9
Comparison of Bandwidth Monitoring Sensor Types
The following table shows the differences between PRTG's four methods available for bandwidth monitoring:
Setup
WMI
Medium
Traffic can be filtered
Differentiate bandwidth usage by protocol or
IPs
PRTG can show
Toplists (Top
Talker, Top
Connections,
Top Protocols, etc.) (V7.1)
Filter bandwidth usage by IP
No
No
No
No
Filter bandwidth usage by MAC address
No
Filter bandwidth usage by physical network port
Yes
SNMP
Easy
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Packet Sniffing
Easy to Complex
(depending on filter rules used)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Netflow
Can be complex
(e.g. the switch must be configured)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
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WMI
Monitor network parameters other than bandwidth usage
Yes
Low CPU load on the machine running
PRTG
Excess bandwidth usage of monitoring
Small
SNMP
Yes
Low
Small
Sensor Types 53
Packet Sniffing
No
Netflow
No
Higher, depends on the amount of traffic
None (except when monitoring switch ports are used)
Higher, depends on the amount of traffic
Depends on the traffic
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Part
VIII
Notifications
8
Notifications 55
Notifications
“Notifications” are used to send alerts to the user whenever PRTG discovers a defined state, e.g. slow or failing sensors or when thresholds are reached. You can define an unlimited number of notifications allowing to use one or more of several communication channels like email, pager, SMS messaging, Instant Messenger notification, execute program (EXE file/batch file) or HTTP request, Network Broadcast (NET SEND), Play a soundfile, and
Windows event log entries.
Notifications can be triggered by
· Sensor status changes (a sensor goes down, up, responses are slow or the sensors shows an unusual status)
· When the measured value reaches a specific threshold (e.g. higher than 1000 ms request time for more than 30 minutes)
· Reaching a specific speed threshold (e.g. more than 1 Mbit/s for more than 5 minutes) (traffic sensors only)
· Reaching a specific data volume threshold (e.g. more than 1 Gbyte transferred in 24 hours) (traffic sensors only)
Notifications can be sent by
· Email: PRTG 7 provides a build-in mail server (uses MX records to deliver emails) or can use an available
SMTP relay
· SMS or pager message (through third party services)
· Network Broadcast (Note: NetSend is no longer supported on computers running Windows Vista or Windows
Server 2008)
· Instant Messenger (ICQ, MSN, Yahoo, AIM)
· HTTP request
· running an external program or batch file
· play a sound via external speakers
· writing an entry into the local system log
Notifications contain valuable sensor information, such as
· last error message
· last good/failed request
· total downtime
· total uptime
· recent sensor history
· and: email texts, SMS messages, etc. (can be fully edited by the user using placeholders).
Check Notification Setup Before Sending Notifications!
Some notification types require additional setup by the administrator user. Please see
.
Creating Notifications
To create and edit notifications choose "Setup|Notifications" from the main menu. Click a name to edit a notification or click on "add notification" to create a new one:
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You can enable one or more communication types by checking the respective checkboxes. Then, fill out the specific settings for each type.
Connecting Sensors and Notifications By Creating Triggers
A notification is sent by a trigger. PRTG supports 4 different trigger types:
· State Triggers: Trigger a notification when a sensor enters an UP, DOWN or UNUSUAL state.
· Speed Triggers: Trigger a notifications when a traffic sensor reaches a certain bandwidth limit for a specified time.
· Volume Triggers: Trigger a notification when a traffic sensor has reached a certain volume limit in a specified time.
· Threshold Triggers: Trigger out notifications when certain values are measured by a sensor.
It is recommended to define triggers for notifications on a group or device level. Sensors will then inherit these settings (see
). The advantage is that you can change notifications for multiple sensors by merely editing the notification settings on the group level.
Editing of the notification settings takes place under the "notifications" tabs of groups, devices and sensors:
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Notifications 57
You can add as many triggers of each type as desired (e.g. one trigger for "DOWN" events and another one for
"UNUSUAL" events). Click on Add Trigger, fill out the edit fields and click on Save.
When editing triggers you will see the following settings:
· Latency: Latency is used to defer a notification for a specified time, e.g. to give a server or service the chance to recover from failure or to avoid being spammed with notifications just because a data line was offline for 3 seconds. For example if you set the latency for a trigger to 60 seconds, the notification will also be sent if the failure situation remains active for 61 seconds.
· On Notification: This notification will be sent when the trigger becomes active (e.g. a sensor goes down for a state trigger with condition "down")
· Off Notification: This notification will be sent when the trigger becomes inactive (e.g. a sensor goes up for a state trigger with condition "down")
Escalation Notifications
If an error situation remains unsolved for some time it is a good idea to send additional notifications (e.g. with a more aggressive recipient list) called Escalation Notifications. You can set the latency time after which escalations are sent and you can optionally repeat escalation mails every X minutes.
· Escalation Latency: This is the latency time after which escalation notifications will be sent
·
Escalation Notification: The notification that will be sent
· Repeat every (min): If this value is unequal to zero the notification will be re-sent at the specified interval
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More
·
Account Settings - Notifications
·
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Part
IX
Maps
9
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Maps
PRTG's "maps" feature is a unique concept that enables the user to create web pages with up-to-the-minute monitoring status information in a customizable layout. There are countless possibilities for the implementation of maps. For example this feature can be used to:
· Create network maps with an overlay of status icons for each device on the map
· Create "dashboard" views that can be shown on network operations center screens
·
Create a quick network overview for publishing on the Intranet, allowing at-a-glance information for management or other employees
· Create a custom view of the most important sensors in your monitoring setup
·
Create Top 10 lists of the sensors of a specific group or device
Technically a map is a normal web page and consists of the following:
· an optional background image (a PNG/GIF/JPG file, e.g. your company logo, a graphical view of your network)
· a set of map items which can be any of the following: A sensor status icon, a graph or a list of sensors
You can specify the size of the map. Using the AJAX-based map editor you can place the items anywhere on the map and you can also control the size of the items. Each map has a unique URL which can be used to link to the map. Users that want to access the map either need an account under your PRTG installation or can access a so-called "public URL" of the map if you enable the "Public Map" feature. Public maps contain a unique access key ("Map ID") in the URL that secure the map from unwanted visitors.
Sample maps
Here are a few sample maps:
© 2008 Paessler AG
Step 1: Create a New Map
To get started select "Maps|Add New Map" from the main menu:
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Fill out the fields and optionally select a map background image. Enable "Allow Public Access" if you want users without a PRTG user account to be able to view the map. Click "Continue to Step 2" and you will be taken to the new map.
Step 2: Edit a Map
Click on "Edit Layout" to enable the Map Editor:
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Maps 63
From the "Monitoring Object" drop down list you can select a group, device or sensor. Then choose an item from the "Map Item" drop down list, as well as a size for the new map item. As soon as you click "Add Item to
Map" you will see an additional item appear on the map. You can move said items by dragging the handle (black bar) on top of each item. To delete an item click the yellow "x" link.
Step 3: View a Map and Share a Map
Click on "View Map" to look at the final layout.
To use the map outside of PRTG you have to two options:
· Option 1: Link to a web page with the map
· Option 2: Show a map inside other webpages using an IFRAME
Please click on "Get HTML" in order to discern the necessary URLs and HTML codes as well as additional instructions.
© 2008 Paessler AG
Part
X
Reports
Reports 65
10 Reports
Reports are used to analyze historic monitoring results over a specified time, e.g. one day, one month or one year.
PRTG includes a powerful reporting engine for ad-hoc, as well as scheduled report generation in PDF format, i.e. reports can be run on-demand or with a schedule (e.g. once a day). A report can be created for one or more sensors. The content and layout of the report is controlled by the report template of your choice and it is the same for all sensors in a report.
Here is a sample report page for one sensor: You can see two graphs (one for the current month and one for the sensors history over the last 365 days) plus a data table with the numerical results:
To configure a report you must edit the following main settings:
· Name: Please choose a descriptive name
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· Template: You can choose from the list of available templates. There are templates that offer optional data tables besides the graphs. You also specify the graph/calculation intervals by selecting a template. Note: You can edit the template *.htm in the "website\reporttemplates" subfolder of your PRTG Installation.
·
Report Type: Please choose between daily, weekly, monthly or yearly reports. Choose "Current" period for reports that are intended to include the present moment (i.e. a monthly report run on the 20th of the month covers the period from the 1st to 20th of the current month) or "previous" period (i.e. a monthly reports always cover the full previous month).
· Sensors: Select the sensors for the report (note: If you have more than 500 sensors you can not add sensors while creating the report, you must add them later)
· Schedule: You can create reports for manual "on-demand use" or for automatic generation every hour, day, day of week, day of month or a specific date.
· Processing: PRTG can email the report to an email address, save the PDF file to disk or both.
If you choose automatic processing you will receive a Todo email every time the report is run.
Creating reports involves 3 steps:
Step 1: Setting up a Report
Select choose "Reports|Add Report" from the main menu to get started:
© 2008 Paessler AG
Click on "Save" when your are done with the settings.
Step 2: Editing the List of Channels
On the next page you can review and fine tune the list of sensors and channels:
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You can enable individual channels of a sensor using the checkboxes. Use the "Delete" links to remove a sensor from the report. To add more sensors to a report choose one from the list of all sensors in the lower half and click the "Add" link. To find a specific sensor either use the paging function of the table or enter a search term in the search box and click "Search".
Step 3: Run the Report Interactively (or wait for the Schedule)
Click on the "Run Now" tab to run the report now:
Select the desired settings an click on "Run Report".
· HTML Reports will be shown immediately
· PDF reports will be created in the background and you will receive an email with a Todo when the report is finished.
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Part
XI
Todos
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11 Todos
Todos ("To Dos") are PRTG's way to hand over tasks to you, the administrator, whenever something happened that PRTG can not handle them alone and needs the attention of the administrator.
You will see a new Todo whenever any of the following situations arise:
· The auto discovery has discovered a new device and has created new sensors and you should acknowledge them
·
A probe which was not connected before has connected and this new probe must be acknowledged by the administrator
· PRTG's built-in check for new versions has found that a a new version of the software is available from
Paessler
·
A PDF report has been created and is now ready for review
· A critical situation has shown up on the server system (e.g. system runs out of disk space, licensing issues, etc.)
Whenever a new Todo is created by PRTG the administrator user will receive an email asking to take care of the issue (you can disable this automatic email in the system settings). Todos remain in the list until they are acknowledged (by clicking on "acknowledge").
Click on "Todos" in the main menu to see a list of all Todos:
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Part
XII
User Management
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12 User Management
The default administrator user can use the PRTG installation as the only user or can create an unlimited number of users. Users are organized using an unlimited number of user groups. All the security settings as well as the rights management are conducted via the user groups. This means that group membership controls what a user may do and see when logged in.
Creating New Users
For each new user the administrator user must specify a login name and an email address. New users can be created by selecting "Setup|Users" from the main menu and clicking on "Add new user".
Tip: If you want to control the rights of each user individually you must create a user group for each user. This can be automated by choosing "Create new user group for this user" from the "Primary Group" drop-down when creating a new user account. This will create a new user and a new user group with the same name. In turn, you can use this user group to control the user's rights individually.
User Account Settings
Each user account has a number of settings that can be changed by the user (choose "Setup|My Account" from the main menu) or by the administrator. These settings are:
· Password: Here you can change your login password
· Time zone: All times will be shown in this time zone as soon as the user is logged on
· Auto refresh type and interval: PRTG automatically refreshes the content in your browser. Here you can choose between two different refresh methods, you can disable the refreshing and you can specify the refresh time (30s recommended).
· Graph rendering and graph delay: Choose whether you would like graphs based on static images (which load faster) or Flash based graphs (which offer more interactivity, e.g. with hover information for each value).
·
Autofolding Settings: In order to provide you with a speedy user experience PRTG tries to keep the page size for the pages with the sensor tree small by automatically "folding" groups and devices with many items. The two settings "Max. Groups/Devices per Group" and "Max. Sensors per Device" control how many groups/devices or how many sensors are shown at max before the automatic reduction is performed.
Recommended values are 10-30 for both settings. If you do not want to see any individual sensors in the tree view enter a zero for "Max. Sensors per Device".
· Active/inactive: The administrator can set a user to inactive, meaning the user can not log on
Creating New User Groups
Creating new users is performed by selecting "Setup|User Groups" from the main menu and clicking on "Add new user group".
Controlling User Rights
Throughout the web interface of PRTG you can control access to the monitoring objects (e.g. groups, devices, sensors, maps, reports, etc.) using the following settings:
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User Management 73
For sensor tree objects the default setting is to "inherit settings from parent object" which means that a user has the same access rights to all child objects if one has access to the object itself.
This can be overridden with the "Specify Settings" option. You can specify the access rights to the current object for each user group by choosing an option from the drop down list:
The options are:
· None: User can not see or edit the object. The object does not show up in lists and in the sensor tree - unless a child object is visible to the user, then the object is visible in the sensor tree, yet not accessible.
· Read: User can see the object and review its monitoring status
· Write: User can see the object, review its monitoring status and edit the object's settings - except for group access settings.
· Full: Same as "Write", but the User can additionally control the group access settings
A user can only add and delete objects if the user has "Write" or "full" access to the parent object.
You will see an additional checkbox for groups and devices, "Revert children's access rights to inherited". If you check this box all the access right of all child objects will be reset to "inherited" which actually deletes all individual right settings for the underlying objects. This is the quick way to reset all access rights and should be used with caution.
© 2008 Paessler AG
Part
XIII
System Settings and Administration
System Settings and Administration 75
13 System Settings and Administration
The settings for your account, the system settings and most of the system administration settings are available from the "Setup" menu in the web interface. Some settings (e.g. web server IP and port, license key, etc.) are located in the Server Admin Tool and Probe Admin Tool.
Please read on in the following sections:
·
·
·
Account Settings - Notifications
·
·
·
·
·
13.1
Account Settings - My Account
Under "My Account" you can change various settings specific to your user account:
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This page allows to define the following information in detail.
· User Account Settings: These fields allow you to define the login name, the user name, the email address for the user, the time zone, plus it allows you to set a new password.
· Auto Refresh Settings: Using these fields you can select whether you want the content of your browser to be refreshed automatically or not, if you want to merely refresh page elements or the entire page, and what refresh interval (in seconds) you want to use.
· Web Interface Settings: These fields allow you to select the charts display mode: select static images for faster graph processing or Flash for increased interactivity. You can further select to turn the contextual help on and off.
· Autofolding Settings for the Sensortree: PRTG tries to keep the page size for the pages with the sensor tree small by automatically "folding" groups and devices with many items. In these fields you can define how many groups/devices or how many sensors maximum are to be shown before the specific branch is reduced (folded).
· Account Control: These fields allow you to define to what group(s) the user in case belongs to, amongst other defining the user's access rights. Non-admin users can also be set to active or inactive by selecting the respective radio button (available for the admin only).
13.2
Account Settings - Schedules
Under "Schedules" you can define timetable that can be used to pause monitoring for groups, servers or sensors based on time and day of week, as well as pause the delivery of notifications.
Various common schedules are available by default, further schedules can be added using the "Add new schedule" button.
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System Settings and Administration 77
By either selecting an existing schedule or when adding a new schedule, the following window appears:
Here you can provide a schedule name for identification purposes, as well as check the respective checkboxes to determine the time range of the schedule. Clicking on the daily icons at the top or at the daily "off" icons at the bottom allow to select / deselect entire daily ranges. Clicking on the hourly icons on the left or on the hourly
"off" icons on the right allow to select / deselect entire hourly ranges.
At the very bottom of the window you can also assign user group access rights as pertains the selected schedule.
The following rights can be assigned:
· None: This user group has no access to the schedule whatsoever. As such, this user group can not see or edit the specific schedule.
· Read: This user group has read access to the schedule. The group can see but not edit the specific schedule.
· Write: This user group has read and write access to the schedule. The group can see and edit the specific schedule.
· Full: This user group has read and write access to the schedule, plus it can assign schedule access rights to other user groups.
13.3
Account Settings - Notifications
Under "Notifications" you can discern an overview of all configured notifications (see Notifications
).
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Clicking on any particular notification will direct you to the specific notification's configuration page. You can further add a new notification by clicking on the "Add new notification" button. Use the "Delete" link to remove any particular notification or use the "Test" link to test any particular notification.
The edit page looks like this:
You can also assign user group access rights as pertains the selected notification. The following rights can be assigned:
· None: This user group has no access to the notification whatsoever. As such, this user group can not see or edit the specific notification.
· Read: This user group has read access to the notification. The group can see but not edit the specific notification.
· Write: This user group has read and write access to the notification. The group can see and edit the specific notification.
· Full: This user group has read and write access to the notification, plus it can assign notification access rights to other user groups.
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System Settings and Administration 79
First you can enter a name for the notification and you can set the user group rights (e.g. if you want to enable or disable the use of a specific notification by some users).
Using the checkboxes you can activate various methods of notification. For each method you must enter the receiver address. Optionally you can also change the notification texts (the available placeholders are explained on the right).
Note: For notifications with instant messengers it is important to understand that in order to use instant messaging for notifications you always need two accounts: One account that sends the messages and another one that receives the messages.
Important: For most notification methods you must enter the sender information in the
screen.
13.4
System Setup - Web Server
Under the "Web Server" tab it is possible to define specifics relevant to the web server:
This page allows to define the following information in detail.
· Site Information: Here you can define a site name (used in the web interface and in the subject of emails), as well as the URL for the site (used for building links in emails). If you want to use a symbolic (DNS-) name to access PRTG's web server you must enter the name here.
· Sensor Intervals: Here you can define intervals which will in turn become selectable when adding objects to the installation. In order to add a new interval value merely add a numerical value followed by a time span enumerator (s/m/h/d for defining seconds/minutes/hours/days respectively).
· E-Mail Options: Here you can edit the footer that will be added to outgoing emails (placeholders allowed) and define whether "Todo" emails are to be forwarded to the administrator, a specific email address or to no one at all. If "specific email" is selected a new field appears allowing to define the email address in case.
· Data Purging Limits: Here you can select for how many days historic data remains accessible. Enter the number of days to retain historic data for each of the available entries.
·
Unusual Detection: Here you can define the sensitivity of the "unusual" state detection mechanism.
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· Settings from the PRTG Server Administrator program: These entries are "for your information" only. These
13.5
System Setup - Probes
Under the "Probes" tab it is possible to define specifics relevant to probes:
· Probe Connection Settings: Here you can define access keys, as well as allow / deny specifics IPs access to the
probe(s). See Multiple Probes and Remote Probes .
· Settings from the PRTG Server Administrator program: These entries are "for your information" only. These entries can be edited from the PRTG Server Administrator applet under Start | PRTG program group (see
13.6
System Setup - Notifications
Under the "Notification" tab it is possible to define specifics relevant to notifications (see
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System Settings and Administration 81
Note: For the instant messenger settings it is important to understand that in order to use instant messaging for notifications you always need two accounts: One account that sends the messages and another one that receives the messages.
This page allows to define the following information in detail.
· SMTP Delivery: Here you can define the SMTP delivery mechanism (either use PRTG's automatic relay or define your own SMTP server), as well as all relevant information for email forwarding. If you select to define your own SMTP server, you will need to provide your server's information, including the server itself (use either IP address or DNS name), the SMTP port, as well as the relay authentication type (standard or SASL).
If you require authentication username and password need to be provided. Furthermore, it is possible to define as of how many notifications PRTG should start merging these individual notifications, as well as provide a maximum number of notifications to be merged at any given time (this will reduce the number of mails that you will receive).
· SMS Delivery: From the drop-down select your SMS gateway provider. Furthermore, provide your gateway's access username and password.
· ICQ Delivery: Provide your ICQ number and password for the account intended to relay (not receive!) ICQ notifications.
·
Windows Live Messenger (MSN Messenger) Delivery: Provide your MSN ID and password for the account intended to relay (not receive!) MSN notifications.
· Yahoo! Messenger Delivery: Provide your Yahoo! Messenger ID and password for the account intended to relay (not receive!) Yahoo! Messenger notifications.
·
AOL Instant Messenger Settings: Provide your AIM ID and password for the account intended to relay (not receive!) AIM notifications.
13.7
Core Server Admin Tool
The Core Server Admin Tool can be started from the "START | PRTG Network Monitor" program group and allows to configure implemented probes. The Core Server Admin Tool is divided into 8 tabs:
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Web Server
Under the Web Server tab you can define the web server IP addresses. You can select to use localhost only
(which means that no external access will be possible . this is the most secure setting) or specify individual IPs from a list provided. You can further define the web server port to use. The options are:
· Standard Web Server Port 80: This is the standard port used and recommended for most installations.
· HTTPS/SSL on port 443: Website can only be used via secure SSL ("https://(your IP)").
· Specify Ports (comma separated): Here you can define any particular ports. When providing more than one port make sure to separate the port numbers by a comma (",").
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Core Server
System Settings and Administration 83
Under the Core Server tab you can define the IPs for probe connections. The connection between core and probe is initiated by the probe, see
Multiple Probes and Remote Probes . You can select to use all IPs, localhost only or
individual IPs from the list provided. You can further define the port for probe connections, as well as define a path for all core server data files (you can optionally turn on compression and revert to the default path by clicking on the respective element).
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Memory Usage
Under the Memory Usage tab you can define timeframes for live graphs, as well as the other 3 standard graphs displayed under PRTG. You can reduce memory usage by decreasing the graph time frame and increasing the intervals.
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Administrator
System Settings and Administration 85
Under the Administrator tab you can define the login name, the password, and the email address of the administrator user.
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License
Under the License tab you can enter your program license information (name and key, which will return a license edition value), as well as Netflow/xFlow add-on licenses. Once the licensing information has been entered click on the "Check Key(s)" button to check and activate the same. If you wish to revert to the freeware edition merely click on "Deinstall Key".
Service Control
Under the Service Control tab you can install / uninstall, as well as start / stop the core service.
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System Settings and Administration 87
Log
Under the Log tab you can view the current day's web server log, the core server system logs or directly open the core's log file directory.
13.8
Probe Admin Tool
The Probe Admin Tool can be started from the "START | PRTG Network Monitor" program group and allows to configure implemented probes. The Probe Admin Tool is divided into 4 tabs:
Probe Control
Under the Probe Control tab you can define
· the name of the probe (the name will be shown in the web interface)
· the local IP address (this is the IP address all outgoing sensor checks will use. The default setting "0.0.0.0" will enable automatic IP selection and this settings is recommended. This setting should only be used under special circumstances in multi homed system)
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· the probe's GID, the unique identifier for each probe (use with extreme caution!)
· the server's IP or DNS name, as well as the server's port and the probe's access key (these settings must match the settings in the Core Admin Tool, see
Multiple Probes and Remote Probes)
· the reconnect time (in seconds) which is the time between two connection attempts when the core can't be reached
Service Control
Under the Service Control tab you can install / uninstall, as well as start / stop the probe service.
Files / Directories
Under the Files / Directories tab you can select a path specifying where probe data is to be stored. You can further open the probe log files and the probe's log file directory.
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Part
XIV
Technical Topics
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14 Technical Topics
14.1
Multiple Probes and Remote Probes
As mentioned before, PRTG has two modules that perform the monitoring: The core server, which handles data storage, web server and a lot more, plus one or more "probes" which perform the actual monitoring.
How Probes Work
Probe configuration is forwarded from the core as soon as the probe in case connects to the Core server and are updated as soon as the configuration is changed. They monitor autonomously and send the monitoring results back to the core for each check they have performed.
The connection between probe and core is initiated by the probe, secured using SSL (Secure Sockets Layer): this means that the data sent back and forth between core and probe is not visible to someone capturing data packets.
The core server provides an open TCP/IP port and waits for connection attempts from probes. If a new probe connects for the first time the administrator will receive a Todo and will see the new probe in the sensor tree. As a security precaution the probe must be manually approved by the administrator (Click on "accept") before any sensors can be created and monitored. The admin can also deny a probe which will then be disconnected; no further connection attempts will be accepted (the probe IP is set in the "Deny IPs" list in the probe system settings). This ensures that unauthorized probes can not connect to a core server.
Since the probe initiates the connection you must ensure that such a connection can be created from the outside world onto your core server, e.g. you may need to open any necessary ports in your firewall and you may need to specify a NAT rule for your network. The process is the same when you want to allow access to the web server of the core server via port 80.
Note: The local probe is configured and approved automatically and connects to the core via localhost
(127.0.0.1) and SSL.
Situations That Require Monitoring Using Remote Probes
Upon installation PRTG creates the first probe automatically called the "local probe". The local probe runs on the same server as the core server and monitors all sensors from this system. Working with only one local probe should suffice for LAN monitoring and if you only have one location that you need monitoring for.
However there are several situations that make it necessary to work with multiple probes or remote probes:
·
If you have more than one location and you need to make sure that services are available from all locations
· If your network is separated in several LANs by firewalls and the local probe can not monitor specific services across the firewalls
·
If you need to monitor systems in VPNs across public or in-secure data lines
· If you want to sniff packets on another computer
·
If you want to monitor NetFlow data on another computer
· If you experience performance issues with CPU intensive sensors like packet sniffing or NetFlow sensors and need to distribute the load onto more than one PC
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Step 1: Preparing a Core Server for Remote Probes
Before remote probes can connect to a core server you must edit the relevant settings in the core server administrator tool which you can find in PRTG's Start menu group:
Be default a core server only accepts connections via localhost (127.0.0.1) which means that only the local probe can connect. In order to allow external probes to connect you must select one of the IPs of the server. You can also specify the TCP/IP port number.
When you are done click "OK" to save your settings. The core server process will be restarted so that the changes take effect.
Step 2: Setting up Remote Probes
Run the normal PRTG installer on the machine that you want to run the probe on and choose "Remote probe installation only". When you are finished with the installation please start the probe administrator tool from the
Start menu.
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The settings are:
· Name of the probe: A name of your choice that will be visible in the sensor tree in the web interface
· Local IP address: Choose the IP address that all outgoing monitoring requests should use. The setting
"0.0.0.0" is recommended (e.g. it automatically chooses the right IP on multi-homed systems).
· Server: Please enter the server's IP address specified in the core server administrator tool (see above). Note: If the core server resides in a NAT-ed network behind a firewall you must supply the external mapped IP address.
· Access Key: Here you must supply a password-like phrase that must match the setting on the server. This setting must be synchronized to the settings of the core server (See "Setup|System Setup" in the main menu of the web interface):
You can enter one or more access keys in the web interface (one for each probe is recommended) and the exact same string must be entered into the probe's setup, otherwise the core server will not accept a connection.
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By default PRTG accepts connections from any IP, without denying any connections from any IP. Using the two settings you can make your configuration even more secure, especially by only allowing IPs that you authorize.
Simply enter these IPs in the "Allow IPs" setting. If you ever need to hard block a probe from a specific IP please enter the IP in the "Deny IPs" settings.
Step 3: Approving a New Probe
When a new probe has connected to the core server you must approve it in the web user interface:
Click on "Approve New Probe" to fully enable the probe. PRTG automatically creates a set of sensors for the probe to ensure that bottle necks on the probe can not happen undiscovered, it is recommended to keep these sensors.
Now you can create groups, devices and sensors for monitoring via the new probe.
Debugging Probe Connection Problems
If you have trouble with the setup of remote probes please look at the probe's log files which usually reside in the following folder on the probe system:
Windows XP and Server 2003:
C:\documents and settings\All Users\application data\Paessler\PRTG Network Monitor\V7\Logs (System)
Windows Vista and Server 2008:
C:\ProgramData\Paessler\PRTG Network Monitor\V7\Logs (System)
The probe process writes the two log files "PRTG Probe Log (1).log" and "PRTG Probe Log (2).log" alternatively. Please open the one with the most recent date.
For a correct connection the probe log should look similar to this:
23.05.2008 16:15:15 PRTG Probe Server V7.0.1.821
23.05.2008 16:15:15 Starting Probe on "WINXPVMWARE"
23.05.2008 16:15:15 Data Path: C:\documents and settings\All Users\a ....
23.05.2008 16:15:15 Local IP: 0.0.0.0
23.05.2008 16:15:15 Core Server IP and Port: 10.0.2.167:23560
23.05.2008 16:15:15 Probe ID: -1
23.05.2008 16:17:01 Connected to 10.0.2.167:23560
23.05.2008 16:17:06 Login OK: Welcome to PRTG
For example if the connection fails due to an incorrect Access Key password you will see:
23.05.2008 16:31:02 Try to connect...
23.05.2008 16:31:02 Connected to 10.0.2.167:23560
23.05.2008 16:31:07 Login NOT OK: Access key not correct!
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14.2
Importing Data from PRTG Traffic Grapher 6 or IPCheck Server
Monitor 5
You can import your sensor configuration and historic monitoring data from PRTG's predecessor products
PRTG Traffic Grapher V6 or IPCheck Server Monitor 5 into your PRTG 7 installation using the Import tool.
Every time you run the import procedure a new group will be created and all imported groups, devices and sensors will be placed in this new group (i.e. if you import from multiple IPCheck and/or PRTG installations each imported configuration will show up in its own group). Depending on the amount of historic monitoring data the import can take between a few minutes and several hours (e.g. for hundreds of sensors with one year of monitoring data).
Please note that the import tool is an optional part of the installation. If you can not find the Import tool in
PRTG's start menu group please rerun the PRTG installer and enable the "Import Tool" option.
Limitations When Importing from PRTG 6
The import process will try to import all groups and sensors, as well as the historic sensor data, with the following exceptions:
· Whenever possible the Import tool will create "devices" from the groups in the PRTG 6 setup
·
Packet sniffing and NetFlow sensors are not imported and must be recreated (because of many technical changes)
· Aggregation sensors are not supported by PRTG 7 and thus are not imported
·
User accounts, custom graphs, notifications, dependencies and schedules are not imported
Limitations When Importing from IPCheck 5
The Import process will try to import all groups, devices and sensors, as well as the historic sensor data, with the following exceptions:
· System sensors (service, file, disk space, event log) are imported and converted into WMI sensors
·
SNMP traffic sensors are converted into simple SNMP sensors
· Script, TCP-script and custom sensors are not imported
· User accounts, notifications, dependencies and schedules are not imported
Importing from PRTG 6
· First: Make a backup of your old PRTG system, preferably a full machine backup.
· Now install the latest version of PRTG 6 from the Paessler Website at www.paessler.com
on your old system and run it at least once. This will make sure that the file formats are are updated to the format the Import tool expects.
·
Stop PRTG 6
· Start the Import tool from the PRTG 7 Start group. First it will ask you to stop your PRTG 7 services since the import process can not be run while PRTG 7 is in operation.
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· Then, enter the folder where the .PRTG file is stored
· Finally, choose a start date.
· As soon as you click "Start PRTG Import" the import process will run and you will see a progress information in the window. After the import process has finished please close the Import tool and PRTG 7 will automatically restart.
· Afterwards, and in case you want your old monitoring to be online again, restart your PRTG 6 services
(recommended until the imported sensors are all working fine)
Importing from IPCheck 5
Note: Importing data from IPCheck 5 only works when the data files are stored on local drives, import from a network drives is not possible.
· First: Make a backup of your old IPCheck system, preferably a full machine backup.
· Install the latest version of IPCheck Server Monitor 5 from the Paessler website under www.paessler.com
on your old system and run it at least once. This will make sure that the file formats are updated as the Import tool expects.
· If you are installing PRTG 7 on the same machine as IPCheck 5 is running you can skip the following first step
· If you want to import IPCheck 5 data from another computer you must manually copy the data: The IPCheck database and the monitoring data files must reside on a local drive. Please stop the IPCheck services and copy the file "ipcheck.fdb" into a folder on your local drive. Then copy the "monitoring data" folder into the same folder as the FDB file.
· Start the Import Tool from the PRTG Start Group. First it will ask you to stop your PRTG 7 services since the import process can not be run while PRTG 7 is running.
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· Thereon, enter the credentials required to access the firebird database file of IPCheck.
· Then enter the folder where you have copied the "ipcheck.fdb" file.
· Finally choose a start date.
· As soon as you click "Start IPCheck Import" the import process will run and you will see progress information in the window. After the import process has finished please close the Import tool and PRTG 7 will automatically restart.
· Afterwards, and in case you want your old monitoring to be online again, restart your IPCheck 5 services on the old system (recommended until the imported sensors are all working fine).
14.3
Data Storage
PRTG stores data in 4 different formats:
· Configuration data (groups, devices, sensors, maps, reports, notifications, etc.) is stored in an XML file which is automatically backed up into a daily ZIP file every few hours
· Historic monitoring data is stored in a specialized file format that has been heavily optimized for this kind of data. This file format factors in aspects like speedy access (when creating reports) and minimizing fragmentation (which would usually occur for files that steadily grow by small chunks) and is far better for this type of application than SQL servers.
· Todos and log entries are stored in SQLite databases
· Reports are stored in PDF format
Automatic data purging mechanisms are included for all file types (user can set the number of days until files are purged, see "Setup|System Settings" in the main menu).
User can select the location of the data folder on the system’s disks. PRTG automatically enables NTFS file compression for its data folders if available (this saves a lot of disk space, avoids fragmentation and actually speeds up read access to the files). This behavior can be disabled in the Core Administrator tool.
Note: Support for data storage in third party SQL servers will be available later.
14.4
Security Features
There are various security related features built into PRTG:
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· Web server supports SSL encryption (HTTPS)
· All communication between probe and core is secured by SSL encryption, especially important for remote probes that are located outside the LAN
· Remote probes must present a correct probe access key in order to be allowed access to the core server; furthermore IP addresses can be define to allow / prohibit access.
·
Web server checks the user account and the user’s rights before delivering any web page.
· Web browser sessions are stored in a session cookie and time out after 20 minutes (if user or auto-refresh is inactive).
·
Web server does not deliver files from folders that are not configured by PRTG (avoids directory traversal attacks).
· PRTG internal data management is not based on a SQL server, so SQL injection attacks are impossible.
·
User accounts require a password.
· Passwords that are stored internally are always stored encrypted.
· Script files for sensors and notifications can not be edited inside the web interface, user must have access to the file system of the probe system to edit them (this avoids that somebody who is able to access the web interface actually injects and runs malicious scripts on the PRTG system).
14.5
SNMP Helper
Paessler SNMP Helper enables PRTG to collect in-depth performance information from Windows servers and workstations. Up to several thousand PC parameters and performance counters can be monitored with just a few mouse clicks.
SNMP Helper License Options
There are three different available variations:
· Freeware Edition: Supports monitoring of memory, disks, network, and processors and comes free with the
PRTG installer
·
Pro Edition: Adds more than 2000 performance counters for servers and workstations running Windows 2000,
XP or 2003
· Pro Extensions: Are available for in-depth monitoring of MS Exchange Server, MS ISA Server, MS SQL
Server and MS Biztalk Server
Fully Integrated Into PRTG
Simply install SNMP Helper on Windows 2000, XP or 2003 systems and you can monitor numerous performance counters using PRTG - simply by adding new sensors: PRTG provides built-in support for the additional counters. Within a few minutes you will be able to monitor values like "disk writes/s", "DHCP Server
Requests/s", "Exchange Server: Messages/s", "SQL Server: Requests/s", and many more.
We have compiled a list of recommended performance counters that you can monitor using SNMP Helper. You can find the same in our knowledge base under www.paessler.com/support .
SNMP Helper Freeware Edition
The Freeware Edition supports about 80 performance counters and is part of the PRTG download. You must install SNMP Helper on the machine(s) you want to monitor. After installing PRTG you will find the SNMP
Helper Freeware setup files in the "/installers" sub-folder. Run this setup on all the systems you want to monitor.
Afterwards you can monitor the additional system parameters by simply adding new sensors.
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SNMP Helper Pro Edition and its Extensions
The Pro Edition of SNMP Helper offers the ability to monitor more than 2000 counters for Windows 2000, XP, and 2003. With the optional SNMP Helper Extensions you can additionally monitor the following Microsoft
Server applications:
· MS Exchange Server: more than 1726 performance counters
·
MS SQL Server: more than 511 performance counters
· MS Biztalk Server: 32 performance counters
· MS ISA Server: 149 performance counters
Detailed lists of supported counters are available under www.paessler.com/snmphelper .
To use SNMP Helper Pro you must either purchase a license or you must request a Free 30 Day Trial License.
Either way you will receive a license key and the installation files via email. Please install the software on the server that you want to monitor and enter the license key that comes with it. Afterwards you can monitor the additional system parameters by simply adding new sensors to PRTG.
Installing Paessler SNMP Helper
Paessler SNMP Helper is a small library that makes it much easier to access system parameters of Windows machines using SNMP. If the SNMP Helper is installed PRTG Traffic Grapher will be able to read various system parameters from this machine. SNMP Helper can be used on Windows XP, 2000 and 2003. You only need to install SNMP Helper on a computer if you want to monitor it! You must install SNMP Helper on each
Windows computer you want to monitor using the additional sensors.
First, make sure to install the Windows SNMP component using the Add/Remove Software control from your
Windows Control Panel (see “Howto: Installing SNMP Service on Windows NT/2000/XP”).
In order to install Paessler SNMP Helper, launch the" Paessler SNMP Helper Freeware Setup.exe" file located in the "/installers" subfolder of your PRTG installation directory after you have installed PRTG Traffic. This will launch the Paessler SNMP Helper Setup Wizard.
Once you have read the information provided in the welcome screen click Next to continue installation. From the
Select Destination Location window use the Browse button to select a directory in which to install the Paessler
SNMP Helper. You can also enter the destination location directly in the provided box. Once you have chosen your destination location, click on Next to continue.
Once Paessler SNMP Helper is installed, the program will prompt you that it needs to restart the machine in order to complete the installation process. If you are ready to restart your machine, select this option from the provided menu. Otherwise, select to restart your computer later.
Note: Keep in mind – in order for the Paessler SNMP Helper to work properly, your system has to be restarted.
If you opt to restart the machine later you will need to do so before the Paessler SNMP Helper can be fully put into operation.
14.6
Interface Definition for Custom EXE Sensors
Every time the sensor is run, the selected EXE file is executed. The string entered in the parameter field of the sensor's settings is placed in the command line. The EXE file must send the results to the Standard OUT. The
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data must be in the following format: value:message
Value has to be a 32bit integer and will be used as the resulting value for this sensor (e.g. bytes, milliseconds, etc.), message can be any string and will be stored in the database.
The EXE's exit code has to be one of the following values:
· 0: ok
· 2: system error (e.g. a network/socket error)
· 3: protocol error (e.g. web server returns a 404)
· 4: content error (e.g. a web page does not contain a required word)
If the EXE does not return control to the PRTG process it is killed as soon as the timeout value set for this sensor is reached.
You can test the EXE file you want to use for the sensor very easily on the command line (cmd.exe). Simply start the EXE file and pipe the results into a file, e.g.: sensorexe parameter > result.txt
The results are then written into the file result.txt and you can check the results with notepad or any other text editor.
Links
Sample projects for Custom Sensors can be found in the Knowledge Base on the Paessler Website under www.
paessler.com/support .
14.7
Acknowledgements
Build using Indy Internet Direct (http://www.indyproject.org/). This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young ([email protected]). Uses the net-SNMP library, see "netsnmp-license.txt". Uses the
DelphiZip library distributed under the GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
(http://www.delphizip.net/). Uses the Info.Zip library, license info in the provided "info-zip-license.txt". Uses
FastMM (http://sourceforge.net/projects/fastmm/) and TPLockBox (http://sourceforge.net/projects/tplockbox) under the Mozilla Public License 1.1 (MPL 1.1, available from http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/MPL-1.1.html).
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Index
- A -
access key 80, 81, 87
Access Rights 72
Account 75
Account Settings 75, 76, 77
Account Setup 75 administrator 81
AIM 55, 77, 80 allow IP 80
Architecture 18
Auto Discovery 38
Auto Folding 75
Auto Refresh 75
Automatic Sensor Creation 38
- B -
Bandwidth Monitoring 52
BAT 51, 98
Browser Type 9
- C -
Change Password 75
Channels 19, 20
CMD 51, 98
COM 44
Content Based Packet Sniffing 47
Context Menu 26, 29
Core 81
Core Server 18
Core Server Admin Tool 81
Custom Layouts 60
Custom Sensor 98
- D -
data folders 81, 87
Data Purging 79
DCOM 44
Default Values 23
Deinstall PRTG 16 deny IP 80
Dependencies 21 device 19, 20, 35, 38
DNS 51
Download 11
- E -
EMail 55, 77, 79, 80
EXE 51, 55, 77, 80, 98
Execute 77, 80
- F -
Favorite Sensors 23
Features 5
File Format 96
FireFox 9
Flash graphs 75 folders 81, 87
Freeware 6
FTP 51
- G -
GET 45
Global Status Bar 27 graph intervals 81
Group 19, 20, 35, 38
- H -
Hardware Requirements 9
Header Based Packet Sniffing 47
HTTP 45, 77, 80
HTTP request 55
HTTPS 45
- I -
ICQ 55, 77, 80 images 75
IMAP 51
Import 94
Inheritance 20, 34
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Installation 11
Instant Messenger 55
Internet Explorer 9
Interval 79
Introduction 6
IP 80, 81, 87
IPCheck Server Monitor V5 11, 94
- L -
Licenses 6
Lists 30 live graphs 81 local IP 87 local probe 18, 90 log 81, 87
Login Name 75
- M -
Main Menu 26, 27
Manual Sensor Creation 35
Maps 22, 60
Memory Usage 81
MIB 42
MIB Import 42
MS SQL 50
MSN 55, 77, 80
My Account 75
MySQL 50
- N -
NET SEND 77, 80
NetFlow 48, 52 network broadcast 55, 77, 80
Notification 21, 55, 77, 80
- O -
Operating System Requirements 9
Oracle SQL 50
- P -
Packet Sniffer 47
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Index
101
Packet Sniffing 47, 52
Page Header 27 pager message 55 password 75, 81
PDF 65
PING 51 placeholders 79
POP3 51 port 51, 80, 81, 87
POST 45
Powershell 51
Priority 23 probe 18, 19, 80, 81, 87, 90 probe access key 80, 81, 87 probe connection 80, 81, 87
Probe Server Admin Tool 87
Probes 20
Proxy 45
PRTG Traffic Grapher V6 11, 94
PS1 51, 98
Public URL 60
- Q -
Quick Search 26, 27
- R -
RDP 51
Remote Desktop Protocol 51 remote probe 18, 90
Remove PRTG 16
Reports 22, 65
Requirements 9
Root Group 34
- S -
Scheduled Reports 65 schedules 21, 76
Search Box 26, 27
Security 72, 96
Sensor 38, 42, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52
Sensor Intervals 79
Sensor Setup 34
Sensors 19, 20, 35 service control 81, 87
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Setup 11, 75
Sharing Monitoring Data 60 site name 79
SMS 55, 77, 80
SMTP 51, 77, 80
SMTP Relay 77, 80
Sniffing 47
SNMP 42, 52, 97
SNMP Helper 42, 97
SNMP Library 42
Software Requirements 9
Sound 55, 77, 80
SQL 96 static images 75
Status Bar 27
Storage 96
System log 55
System Requirements 9
System Setup 75, 79, 80
- T -
Tabs 26, 27
Timezone 75
Todo delivery 79
Todos 22, 70
Traffic Sensor 42, 47
Transaction 45
Trial 6
Triggers 55
- U -
Uninstallation 16
Unusual Detection 79
Upgrading 11, 94
URL 79
User 72
User Accounts 72
- V -
vpn 90
- W -
Web Interface 26, 27, 29, 30 web server 79, 81
Website Header Area 27
Windows Management Instrumentation 44
WMI 44, 51, 52
WQL 51
- Y -
Yahoo 55, 77, 80
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