Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI
Configuration Guide
Software Version 9.1
For the ASA 5505, ASA 5510, ASA 5520, ASA 5540, ASA 5550, ASA 5512-X,
ASA 5515-X, ASA 5525-X, ASA 5545-X, ASA 5555-X, ASA 5580, ASA 5585-X,
and the ASA Services Module
Released: December 3, 2012
Updated: March 31, 2014
Cisco Systems, Inc.
www.cisco.com
Cisco has more than 200 offices worldwide.
Addresses, phone numbers, and fax numbers
are listed on the Cisco website at
www.cisco.com/go/offices.
Text Part Number: N/A, Online only
THE SPECIFICATIONS AND INFORMATION REGARDING THE PRODUCTS IN THIS MANUAL ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ALL
STATEMENTS, INFORMATION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS IN THIS MANUAL ARE BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE BUT ARE PRESENTED WITHOUT
WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. USERS MUST TAKE FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR APPLICATION OF ANY PRODUCTS.
THE SOFTWARE LICENSE AND LIMITED WARRANTY FOR THE ACCOMPANYING PRODUCT ARE SET FORTH IN THE INFORMATION PACKET THAT
SHIPPED WITH THE PRODUCT AND ARE INCORPORATED HEREIN BY THIS REFERENCE. IF YOU ARE UNABLE TO LOCATE THE SOFTWARE LICENSE
OR LIMITED WARRANTY, CONTACT YOUR CISCO REPRESENTATIVE FOR A COPY.
The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression is an adaptation of a program developed by the University of California, Berkeley (UCB) as part of UCB’s public
domain version of the UNIX operating system. All rights reserved. Copyright © 1981, Regents of the University of California.
NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER WARRANTY HEREIN, ALL DOCUMENT FILES AND SOFTWARE OF THESE SUPPLIERS ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITH
ALL FAULTS. CISCO AND THE ABOVE-NAMED SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, WITHOUT
LIMITATION, THOSE OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT OR ARISING FROM A COURSE OF
DEALING, USAGE, OR TRADE PRACTICE.
IN NO EVENT SHALL CISCO OR ITS SUPPLIERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING,
WITHOUT LIMITATION, LOST PROFITS OR LOSS OR DAMAGE TO DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THIS MANUAL, EVEN IF CISCO
OR ITS SUPPLIERS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
Cisco and the Cisco logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Cisco and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and other countries. To view a list of Cisco trademarks, go to this
URL: www.cisco.com/go/trademarks. Third-party trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners. The use of the word partner does not imply a partnership
relationship between Cisco and any other company. (1110R)
Any Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and phone numbers used in this document are not intended to be actual addresses and phone numbers. Any examples, command display
output, network topology diagrams, and other figures included in the document are shown for illustrative purposes only. Any use of actual IP addresses or phone numbers in
illustrative content is unintentional and coincidental.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
Copyright © 2012-2014 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
CONTENTS
About This Guide
xxv
Document Objectives
Related Documentation
Conventions
xxv
xxv
xxv
Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request
PART
Configuring Service Policies Using the Modular Policy Framework
1
CHAPTER
xxvi
1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Information About Service Policies 1-1
Supported Features 1-2
Feature Directionality 1-2
Feature Matching Within a Service Policy 1-3
Order in Which Multiple Feature Actions are Applied
Incompatibility of Certain Feature Actions 1-5
Feature Matching for Multiple Service Policies 1-6
Licensing Requirements for Service Policies
Guidelines and Limitations
1-1
1-4
1-6
1-6
Default Settings 1-8
Default Configuration 1-8
Default Class Maps 1-9
Task Flows for Configuring Service Policies 1-9
Task Flow for Using the Modular Policy Framework 1-9
Task Flow for Configuring Hierarchical Policy Maps for QoS Traffic Shaping
1-11
Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps) 1-12
Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map for Through Traffic 1-12
Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map for Management Traffic 1-14
Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map)
1-15
Applying Actions to an Interface (Service Policy)
Monitoring Modular Policy Framework
1-17
1-18
Configuration Examples for Modular Policy Framework 1-18
Applying Inspection and QoS Policing to HTTP Traffic 1-19
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic Globally 1-19
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
iii
Contents
Applying Inspection and Connection Limits to HTTP Traffic to Specific Servers
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic with NAT 1-21
Feature History for Service Policies
CHAPTER
2
1-22
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Information About Inspection Policy Maps
Guidelines and Limitations
2-3
Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map
2-4
Identifying Traffic in an Inspection Class Map
2-5
Where to Go Next
2-7
Feature History for Inspection Policy Maps
2-7
Configuring Network Address Translation
2
CHAPTER
2-1
2-2
Default Inspection Policy Maps
PART
3
Information About NAT
Why Use NAT?
3-1
3-1
NAT Terminology
3-2
NAT Types 3-3
NAT Types Overview 3-3
Static NAT 3-3
Information About Static NAT 3-3
Information About Static NAT with Port Translation 3-4
Information About One-to-Many Static NAT 3-5
Information About Other Mapping Scenarios (Not Recommended)
Dynamic NAT 3-7
Information About Dynamic NAT 3-7
Dynamic NAT Disadvantages and Advantages 3-8
Dynamic PAT 3-8
Information About Dynamic PAT 3-8
Per-Session PAT vs. Multi-Session PAT 3-9
Dynamic PAT Disadvantages and Advantages 3-9
Identity NAT 3-10
NAT in Routed and Transparent Mode
NAT in Routed Mode 3-11
NAT in Transparent Mode 3-11
NAT and IPv6
3-13
How NAT is Implemented
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
iv
1-20
3-13
3-10
3-6
2-1
Contents
Main Differences Between Network Object NAT and Twice NAT
Information About Network Object NAT 3-14
Information About Twice NAT 3-14
NAT Rule Order
3-18
NAT Interfaces
3-19
Routing NAT Packets 3-19
Mapped Addresses and Routing 3-19
Transparent Mode Routing Requirements for Remote Networks
Determining the Egress Interface 3-22
3-13
3-21
NAT for VPN 3-22
NAT and Remote Access VPN 3-23
NAT and Site-to-Site VPN 3-24
NAT and VPN Management Access 3-26
Troubleshooting NAT and VPN 3-28
DNS and NAT
3-28
Where to Go Next
CHAPTER
4
3-33
Configuring Network Object NAT
4-1
Information About Network Object NAT
4-1
Licensing Requirements for Network Object NAT
Prerequisites for Network Object NAT
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-3
Configuring Network Object NAT 4-4
Adding Network Objects for Mapped Addresses 4-4
Configuring Dynamic NAT 4-5
Configuring Dynamic PAT (Hide) 4-7
Configuring Static NAT or Static NAT-with-Port-Translation
Configuring Identity NAT 4-14
Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules 4-16
Monitoring Network Object NAT
4-11
4-17
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT 4-18
Providing Access to an Inside Web Server (Static NAT) 4-19
NAT for Inside Hosts (Dynamic NAT) and NAT for an Outside Web Server (Static NAT) 4-19
Inside Load Balancer with Multiple Mapped Addresses (Static NAT, One-to-Many) 4-21
Single Address for FTP, HTTP, and SMTP (Static NAT-with-Port-Translation) 4-22
DNS Server on Mapped Interface, Web Server on Real Interface (Static NAT with DNS
Modification) 4-23
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
v
Contents
DNS Server and FTP Server on Mapped Interface, FTP Server is Translated (Static NAT with DNS
Modification) 4-25
IPv4 DNS Server and FTP Server on Mapped Interface, IPv6 Host on Real Interface (Static NAT64 with
DNS64 Modification) 4-26
Feature History for Network Object NAT
CHAPTER
5
Configuring Twice NAT
5-1
Information About Twice NAT
5-1
Licensing Requirements for Twice NAT
Prerequisites for Twice NAT
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
4-28
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-4
Configuring Twice NAT 5-4
Adding Network Objects for Real and Mapped Addresses 5-4
(Optional) Adding Service Objects for Real and Mapped Ports 5-6
Configuring Dynamic NAT 5-7
Configuring Dynamic PAT (Hide) 5-11
Configuring Static NAT or Static NAT-with-Port-Translation 5-18
Configuring Identity NAT 5-21
Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules 5-24
Monitoring Twice NAT
5-24
Configuration Examples for Twice NAT 5-25
Different Translation Depending on the Destination (Dynamic PAT) 5-25
Different Translation Depending on the Destination Address and Port (Dynamic PAT)
Feature History for Twice NAT
PART
Configuring Access Control
3
CHAPTER
5-29
6
Configuring Access Rules
6-1
Information About Access Rules 6-1
General Information About Rules 6-2
Implicit Permits 6-2
Information About Interface Access Rules and Global Access Rules 6-2
Using Access Rules and EtherType Rules on the Same Interface 6-2
Implicit Deny 6-3
Inbound and Outbound Rules 6-3
Transactional-Commit Model 6-4
Information About Extended Access Rules 6-5
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
vi
5-27
Contents
Access Rules for Returning Traffic 6-5
Allowing Broadcast and Multicast Traffic through the Transparent Firewall Using Access
Rules 6-5
Management Access Rules 6-6
Information About EtherType Rules 6-6
Supported EtherTypes and Other Traffic 6-6
Access Rules for Returning Traffic 6-7
Allowing MPLS 6-7
Licensing Requirements for Access Rules
Prerequisites
6-7
6-7
Guidelines and Limitations 6-7
Default Settings 6-8
Configuring Access Rules 6-8
Monitoring Access Rules
6-10
Configuration Examples for Permitting or Denying Network Access
Feature History for Access Rules
CHAPTER
7
6-11
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
AAA Performance
6-10
7-1
7-1
Licensing Requirements for AAA Rules
Guidelines and Limitations
7-1
7-2
Configuring Authentication for Network Access 7-2
Information About Authentication 7-2
One-Time Authentication 7-3
Applications Required to Receive an Authentication Challenge 7-3
ASA Authentication Prompts 7-3
AAA Prompts and Identity Firewall 7-4
AAA Rules as a Backup Authentication Method 7-5
Static PAT and HTTP 7-5
Configuring Network Access Authentication 7-7
Enabling Secure Authentication of Web Clients 7-10
Authenticating Directly with the ASA 7-11
Authenticating HTTP(S) Connections with a Virtual Server 7-11
Authenticating Telnet Connections with a Virtual Server 7-12
Configuring Authorization for Network Access 7-14
Configuring TACACS+ Authorization 7-14
Configuring RADIUS Authorization 7-17
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Send Downloadable Access Control Lists
7-17
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
vii
Contents
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Download Per-User Access Control List Names
Configuring Accounting for Network Access
7-21
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication and Authorization
Feature History for AAA Rules
PART
7-25
9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Information about Application Layer Protocol Inspection
How Inspection Engines Work 9-1
When to Use Application Protocol Inspection 9-2
Guidelines and Limitations
9-1
9-4
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
10
9-1
9-3
Default Settings and NAT Limitations
CHAPTER
7-23
Configuring Application Inspection
4
CHAPTER
7-21
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
9-7
10-1
DNS Inspection 10-1
Information About DNS Inspection 10-2
General Information About DNS 10-2
DNS Inspection Actions 10-2
Default Settings for DNS Inspection 10-2
(Optional) Configuring a DNS Inspection Policy Map and Class Map
Configuring DNS Inspection 10-8
Monitoring DNS Inspection 10-9
10-3
FTP Inspection 10-10
FTP Inspection Overview 10-10
Using the strict Option 10-11
Configuring an FTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
Verifying and Monitoring FTP Inspection 10-15
HTTP Inspection 10-15
HTTP Inspection Overview 10-15
Configuring an HTTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
ICMP Inspection
10-12
10-16
10-20
ICMP Error Inspection
10-20
Instant Messaging Inspection 10-20
IM Inspection Overview 10-20
Configuring an Instant Messaging Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
IP Options Inspection
10-23
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
viii
10-21
Contents
IP Options Inspection Overview 10-24
Configuring an IP Options Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
IPsec Pass Through Inspection 10-25
IPsec Pass Through Inspection Overview 10-26
Example for Defining an IPsec Pass Through Parameter Map
IPv6 Inspection 10-26
Information about IPv6 Inspection 10-27
Default Settings for IPv6 Inspection 10-27
(Optional) Configuring an IPv6 Inspection Policy Map
Configuring IPv6 Inspection 10-29
10-26
10-27
NetBIOS Inspection 10-30
NetBIOS Inspection Overview 10-30
Configuring a NetBIOS Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
PPTP Inspection
CHAPTER
11
10-30
10-32
SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection 10-32
SMTP and ESMTP Inspection Overview 10-32
Configuring an ESMTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
TFTP Inspection
10-25
10-33
10-35
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
CTIQBE Inspection 11-1
CTIQBE Inspection Overview 11-1
Limitations and Restrictions 11-2
Verifying and Monitoring CTIQBE Inspection
11-1
11-2
H.323 Inspection 11-3
H.323 Inspection Overview 11-4
How H.323 Works 11-4
H.239 Support in H.245 Messages 11-5
Limitations and Restrictions 11-5
Configuring an H.323 Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
Configuring H.323 and H.225 Timeout Values 11-9
Verifying and Monitoring H.323 Inspection 11-9
Monitoring H.225 Sessions 11-9
Monitoring H.245 Sessions 11-10
Monitoring H.323 RAS Sessions 11-10
MGCP Inspection 11-11
MGCP Inspection Overview 11-11
Configuring an MGCP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
Configuring MGCP Timeout Values 11-13
11-6
11-12
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
ix
Contents
Verifying and Monitoring MGCP Inspection
11-14
RTSP Inspection 11-14
RTSP Inspection Overview 11-15
Using RealPlayer 11-15
Restrictions and Limitations 11-15
Configuring an RTSP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
SIP Inspection 11-18
SIP Inspection Overview 11-18
SIP Instant Messaging 11-19
Configuring a SIP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
Configuring SIP Timeout Values 11-24
Verifying and Monitoring SIP Inspection 11-24
11-16
11-20
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection 11-24
SCCP Inspection Overview 11-25
Supporting Cisco IP Phones 11-25
Restrictions and Limitations 11-26
Configuring a Skinny (SCCP) Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
Verifying and Monitoring SCCP Inspection 11-28
CHAPTER
12
Configuring Inspection of Database and Directory Protocols
ILS Inspection
12-1
SQL*Net Inspection
12-2
Sun RPC Inspection 12-3
Sun RPC Inspection Overview 12-3
Managing Sun RPC Services 12-4
Verifying and Monitoring Sun RPC Inspection
CHAPTER
13
12-1
12-4
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
13-1
DCERPC Inspection 13-1
DCERPC Overview 13-1
Configuring a DCERPC Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
GTP Inspection 13-3
GTP Inspection Overview 13-3
Configuring a GTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
Verifying and Monitoring GTP Inspection 13-7
13-4
RADIUS Accounting Inspection 13-8
RADIUS Accounting Inspection Overview 13-9
Configuring a RADIUS Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
x
13-2
13-9
11-26
Contents
RSH Inspection
13-10
SNMP Inspection 13-10
SNMP Inspection Overview 13-10
Configuring an SNMP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
XDMCP Inspection
PART
13-11
Configuring Unified Communications
5
CHAPTER
14
Information About Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
14-1
Information About the Adaptive Security Appliance in Cisco Unified Communications
TLS Proxy Applications in Cisco Unified Communications
15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
14-4
15-1
Information about the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
15-1
Licensing Requirements for the Unified Communication Wizard
Guidelines and Limitations
14-1
14-3
Licensing for Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
CHAPTER
13-10
15-3
15-4
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard 15-4
Configuring the Private Network for the Phone Proxy 15-5
Configuring Servers for the Phone Proxy 15-6
Enabling Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF) for IP Phones 15-8
Configuring the Public IP Phone Network 15-9
Configuring the Media Termination Address for Unified Communication Proxies
15-10
Configuring the Mobility Advantage by using the Unified Communication Wizard 15-11
Configuring the Topology for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy 15-12
Configuring the Server-Side Certificates for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy 15-12
Configuring the Client-Side Certificates for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy 15-13
Configuring the Presence Federation Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard 15-14
Configuring the Topology for the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy 15-14
Configuring the Local-Side Certificates for the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy 15-15
Configuring the Remote-Side Certificates for the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy 15-15
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard 15-16
Configuring the Topology for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 15-17
Configuring the Private Network Settings for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 15-18
Adding a Cisco Unified Communications Manager Server for the UC-IME Proxy 15-20
Configuring the Public Network Settings for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 15-20
Configuring the Local-Side Certificates for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 15-21
Configuring the Remote-Side Certificates for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 15-22
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xi
Contents
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard 15-23
Exporting an Identity Certificate 15-23
Installing a Certificate 15-23
Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a Unified Communications Proxy 15-24
Saving the Identity Certificate Request 15-25
Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Mobility Advantage Server 15-26
Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Presence Federation and Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Servers 15-26
CHAPTER
16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
16-1
Information About the Cisco Phone Proxy 16-1
Phone Proxy Functionality 16-1
Supported Cisco UCM and IP Phones for the Phone Proxy
Licensing Requirements for the Phone Proxy
16-3
16-4
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy 16-6
Media Termination Instance Prerequisites 16-6
Certificates from the Cisco UCM 16-7
DNS Lookup Prerequisites 16-7
Cisco Unified Communications Manager Prerequisites 16-7
ACL Rules 16-7
NAT and PAT Prerequisites 16-8
Prerequisites for IP Phones on Multiple Interfaces 16-9
7960 and 7940 IP Phones Support 16-9
Cisco IP Communicator Prerequisites 16-10
Prerequisites for Rate Limiting TFTP Requests 16-11
Rate Limiting Configuration Example 16-11
About ICMP Traffic Destined for the Media Termination Address
End-User Phone Provisioning 16-12
Ways to Deploy IP Phones to End Users 16-12
Phone Proxy Guidelines and Limitations 16-12
General Guidelines and Limitations 16-13
Media Termination Address Guidelines and Limitations
16-11
16-14
Configuring the Phone Proxy 16-14
Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster 16-15
Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM 16-15
Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster 16-17
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates 16-17
Creating the CTL File 16-18
Using an Existing CTL File 16-20
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xii
Contents
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance for a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster 16-20
Creating the TLS Proxy for a Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster 16-21
Creating the Media Termination Instance 16-23
Creating the Phone Proxy Instance 16-24
Enabling the Phone Proxy with SIP and Skinny Inspection 16-26
Configuring Linksys Routers with UDP Port Forwarding for the Phone Proxy 16-27
Configuring Your Router 16-28
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy 16-28
Debugging Information from the Security Appliance 16-28
Debugging Information from IP Phones 16-32
IP Phone Registration Failure 16-33
TFTP Auth Error Displays on IP Phone Console 16-33
Configuration File Parsing Error 16-34
Configuration File Parsing Error: Unable to Get DNS Response 16-34
Non-configuration File Parsing Error 16-35
Cisco UCM Does Not Respond to TFTP Request for Configuration File 16-35
IP Phone Does Not Respond After the Security Appliance Sends TFTP Data 16-36
IP Phone Requesting Unsigned File Error 16-37
IP Phone Unable to Download CTL File 16-37
IP Phone Registration Failure from Signaling Connections 16-38
SSL Handshake Failure 16-40
Certificate Validation Errors 16-41
Media Termination Address Errors 16-41
Audio Problems with IP Phones 16-42
Saving SAST Keys 16-42
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy 16-44
Example 1: Nonsecure Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Publisher 16-44
Example 2: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Publisher 16-46
Example 3: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Different Servers 16-47
Example 4: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Primary Cisco UCM, Secondary and TFTP Server on
Different Servers 16-48
Example 5: LSC Provisioning in Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster; Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on
Publisher 16-50
Example 6: VLAN Transversal 16-52
Feature History for the Phone Proxy
CHAPTER
17
16-54
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
17-1
Information about the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection 17-1
Decryption and Inspection of Unified Communications Encrypted Signaling
Supported Cisco UCM and IP Phones for the TLS Proxy 17-2
17-1
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xiii
Contents
CTL Client Overview
17-3
Licensing for the TLS Proxy
17-5
Prerequisites for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
17-7
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection 17-7
Task flow for Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates 17-9
Creating an Internal CA 17-10
Creating a CTL Provider Instance 17-11
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance 17-12
Enabling the TLS Proxy Instance for Skinny or SIP Inspection 17-13
Monitoring the TLS Proxy
17-15
Feature History for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
CHAPTER
18
17-8
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
17-17
18-1
Information about the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Functionality 18-1
Mobility Advantage Proxy Deployment Scenarios 18-2
Mobility Advantage Proxy Using NAT/PAT 18-4
Trust Relationships for Cisco UMA Deployments 18-5
Licensing for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage 18-6
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Installing the Cisco UMA Server Certificate 18-7
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance 18-8
Enabling the TLS Proxy for MMP Inspection 18-9
Monitoring for Cisco Mobility Advantage
18-1
18-6
18-7
18-10
Configuration Examples for Cisco Mobility Advantage 18-11
Example 1: Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Security Appliance as Firewall with TLS Proxy and
MMP Inspection 18-11
Example 2: Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Security Appliance as TLS Proxy Only 18-12
Feature History for Cisco Mobility Advantage
CHAPTER
19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
18-14
19-1
Information About Cisco Unified Presence 19-1
Architecture for Cisco Unified Presence for SIP Federation Deployments 19-1
Trust Relationship in the Presence Federation 19-4
Security Certificate Exchange Between Cisco UP and the Security Appliance 19-5
XMPP Federation Deployments 19-5
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xiv
Contents
Configuration Requirements for XMPP Federation
Licensing for Cisco Unified Presence
19-6
19-7
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation 19-8
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Federation Proxy for SIP Federation
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates 19-9
Installing Certificates 19-10
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance 19-12
Enabling the TLS Proxy for SIP Inspection 19-13
Monitoring Cisco Unified Presence
19-9
19-14
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence 19-14
Example Configuration for SIP Federation Deployments 19-15
Example ACL Configuration for XMPP Federation 19-17
Example NAT Configuration for XMPP Federation 19-18
Feature History for Cisco Unified Presence
CHAPTER
20
19-20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
20-1
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 20-1
Features of Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 20-1
How the UC-IME Works with the PSTN and the Internet 20-2
Tickets and Passwords 20-3
Call Fallback to the PSTN 20-4
Architecture and Deployment Scenarios for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Architecture 20-5
Basic Deployment 20-6
Off Path Deployment 20-7
Licensing for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Guidelines and Limitations
20-5
20-7
20-8
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 20-10
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine 20-10
Configuring NAT for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 20-11
Configuring PAT for the Cisco UCM Server 20-13
Creating ACLs for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 20-15
Creating the Media Termination Instance 20-16
Creating the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy 20-17
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates 20-20
Creating the TLS Proxy 20-23
Enabling SIP Inspection for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
(Optional) Configuring TLS within the Local Enterprise 20-26
(Optional) Configuring Off Path Signaling 20-29
20-24
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xv
Contents
Configuring the Cisco UC-IMC Proxy by using the UC-IME Proxy Pane 20-30
Configuring the Cisco UC-IMC Proxy by using the Unified Communications Wizard
Troubleshooting Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
20-33
Feature History for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
PART
20-36
Configuring Connection Settings and QoS
6
CHAPTER
22
Configuring Connection Settings
22-1
Information About Connection Settings 22-1
TCP Intercept and Limiting Embryonic Connections 22-2
Disabling TCP Intercept for Management Packets for Clientless SSL Compatibility
Dead Connection Detection (DCD) 22-2
TCP Sequence Randomization 22-3
TCP Normalization 22-3
TCP State Bypass 22-3
Licensing Requirements for Connection Settings
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
22-4
22-5
22-5
Configuring Connection Settings 22-6
Task Flow For Configuring Connection Settings 22-6
Customizing the TCP Normalizer with a TCP Map 22-6
Configuring Connection Settings 22-11
Monitoring Connection Settings
22-15
Configuration Examples for Connection Settings 22-15
Configuration Examples for Connection Limits and Timeouts
Configuration Examples for TCP State Bypass 22-16
Configuration Examples for TCP Normalization 22-16
Feature History for Connection Settings
CHAPTER
23
Configuring QoS
22-17
23-1
Information About QoS 23-1
Supported QoS Features 23-2
What is a Token Bucket? 23-2
Information About Policing 23-3
Information About Priority Queuing 23-3
Information About Traffic Shaping 23-4
How QoS Features Interact 23-4
DSCP and DiffServ Preservation 23-5
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xvi
20-32
22-15
22-2
Contents
Licensing Requirements for QoS
Guidelines and Limitations
23-5
23-5
Configuring QoS 23-6
Determining the Queue and TX Ring Limits for a Standard Priority Queue 23-7
Configuring the Standard Priority Queue for an Interface 23-8
Configuring a Service Rule for Standard Priority Queuing and Policing 23-9
Configuring a Service Rule for Traffic Shaping and Hierarchical Priority Queuing
(Optional) Configuring the Hierarchical Priority Queuing Policy 23-13
Configuring the Service Rule 23-14
23-13
Monitoring QoS 23-16
Viewing QoS Police Statistics 23-16
Viewing QoS Standard Priority Statistics 23-17
Viewing QoS Shaping Statistics 23-17
Viewing QoS Standard Priority Queue Statistics 23-18
Feature History for QoS
CHAPTER
24
23-19
Troubleshooting Connections and Resources
24-1
Testing Your Configuration 24-1
Enabling ICMP Debugging Messages and Syslog Messages
Pinging ASA Interfaces 24-3
Passing Traffic Through the ASA 24-5
Disabling the Test Configuration 24-6
Determining Packet Routing with Traceroute 24-7
Tracing Packets with Packet Tracer 24-7
Monitoring Per-Process CPU Usage
PART
24-7
Configuring Advanced Network Protection
7
CHAPTER
24-2
25
Configuring the ASA for Cisco Cloud Web Security
25-1
Information About Cisco Cloud Web Security 25-2
Redirection of Web Traffic to Cloud Web Security 25-2
User Authentication and Cloud Web Security 25-2
Authentication Keys 25-3
Company Authentication Key 25-3
Group Authentication Key 25-3
ScanCenter Policy 25-4
Directory Groups 25-4
Custom Groups 25-4
How Groups and the Authentication Key Interoperate
25-5
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xvii
Contents
Cloud Web Security Actions 25-5
Bypassing Scanning with Whitelists 25-6
IPv4 and IPv6 Support 25-6
Failover from Primary to Backup Proxy Server
25-6
Licensing Requirements for Cisco Cloud Web Security
Prerequisites for Cloud Web Security
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
25-6
25-7
25-7
25-8
Configuring Cisco Cloud Web Security 25-8
Configuring Communication with the Cloud Web Security Proxy Server 25-8
(Multiple Context Mode) Allowing Cloud Web Security Per Security Context 25-9
Configuring a Service Policy to Send Traffic to Cloud Web Security 25-10
(Optional) Configuring Whitelisted Traffic
25-15
(Optional) Configuring the User Identity Monitor 25-16
Configuring the Cloud Web Security Policy 25-16
Monitoring Cloud Web Security
25-17
Configuration Examples for Cisco Cloud Web Security 25-18
Single Mode Example 25-18
Multiple Mode Example 25-19
Whitelist Example 25-19
Directory Integration Examples 25-20
Configuring the Active Directory Server Using LDAP 25-20
Configuring the Active Directory Agent Using RADIUS 25-21
Creating the ASA as a Client on the AD Agent Server 25-21
Creating a Link Between the AD Agent and DCs 25-21
Testing the AD Agent 25-21
Configuring the Identity Options on the ASA 25-21
Configuring the User Identity Options and Enabling Granular Reporting 25-21
Monitoring the Active Directory Groups 25-22
Downloading the Entire Active-User Database from the Active Directory Server
Downloading the Database from the AD Agent 25-22
Showing a List of Active Users 25-22
Cloud Web Security with Identity Firewall Example 25-22
Related Documents
25-26
Feature History for Cisco Cloud Web Security
CHAPTER
26
Configuring the Botnet Traffic Filter
26-1
Information About the Botnet Traffic Filter
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xviii
25-26
26-1
25-22
Contents
Botnet Traffic Filter Address Types 26-2
Botnet Traffic Filter Actions for Known Addresses 26-2
Botnet Traffic Filter Databases 26-2
Information About the Dynamic Database 26-2
Information About the Static Database 26-3
Information About the DNS Reverse Lookup Cache and DNS Host Cache
How the Botnet Traffic Filter Works 26-5
Licensing Requirements for the Botnet Traffic Filter
Prerequisites for the Botnet Traffic Filter
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
26-4
26-6
26-6
26-6
26-6
Configuring the Botnet Traffic Filter 26-7
Task Flow for Configuring the Botnet Traffic Filter 26-7
Configuring the Dynamic Database 26-8
Adding Entries to the Static Database 26-9
Enabling DNS Snooping 26-10
Enabling Traffic Classification and Actions for the Botnet Traffic Filter
Blocking Botnet Traffic Manually 26-15
Searching the Dynamic Database 26-16
26-12
Monitoring the Botnet Traffic Filter 26-17
Botnet Traffic Filter Syslog Messaging 26-17
Botnet Traffic Filter Commands 26-17
Configuration Examples for the Botnet Traffic Filter
Recommended Configuration Example 26-19
Other Configuration Examples 26-20
Where to Go Next
26-21
Feature History for the Botnet Traffic Filter
CHAPTER
27
26-19
Configuring Threat Detection
26-22
27-1
Information About Threat Detection
27-1
Licensing Requirements for Threat Detection
27-1
Configuring Basic Threat Detection Statistics 27-2
Information About Basic Threat Detection Statistics 27-2
Guidelines and Limitations 27-3
Default Settings 27-3
Configuring Basic Threat Detection Statistics 27-4
Monitoring Basic Threat Detection Statistics 27-5
Feature History for Basic Threat Detection Statistics 27-6
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xix
Contents
Configuring Advanced Threat Detection Statistics 27-6
Information About Advanced Threat Detection Statistics 27-6
Guidelines and Limitations 27-6
Default Settings 27-7
Configuring Advanced Threat Detection Statistics 27-7
Monitoring Advanced Threat Detection Statistics 27-9
Feature History for Advanced Threat Detection Statistics 27-14
Configuring Scanning Threat Detection 27-15
Information About Scanning Threat Detection 27-15
Guidelines and Limitations 27-16
Default Settings 27-16
Configuring Scanning Threat Detection 27-17
Monitoring Shunned Hosts, Attackers, and Targets 27-17
Feature History for Scanning Threat Detection 27-18
Configuration Examples for Threat Detection
CHAPTER
28
Using Protection Tools
Preventing IP Spoofing
28-1
28-1
Configuring the Fragment Size
28-2
Blocking Unwanted Connections
28-2
Configuring IP Audit for Basic IPS Support
Configuring IP Audit 28-3
IP Audit Signature List 28-4
CHAPTER
29
27-19
Configuring Filtering Services
28-3
29-1
Information About Web Traffic Filtering
29-1
Configuring ActiveX Filtering 29-2
Information About ActiveX Filtering
29-2
Licensing Requirements for ActiveX Filtering 29-2
Guidelines and Limitations for ActiveX Filtering 29-3
Configuring ActiveX Filtering 29-3
Configuration Examples for ActiveX Filtering 29-3
Feature History for ActiveX Filtering 29-4
Configuring Java Applet Filtering 29-4
Information About Java Applet Filtering 29-4
Licensing Requirements for Java Applet Filtering 29-4
Guidelines and Limitations for Java Applet Filtering 29-5
Configuring Java Applet Filtering 29-5
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xx
Contents
Configuration Examples for Java Applet Filtering
Feature History for Java Applet Filtering 29-6
29-5
Filtering URLs and FTP Requests with an External Server 29-6
Information About URL Filtering 29-6
Licensing Requirements for URL Filtering 29-7
Guidelines and Limitations for URL Filtering 29-7
Identifying the Filtering Server 29-8
Configuring Additional URL Filtering Settings 29-10
Buffering the Content Server Response 29-10
Caching Server Addresses 29-11
Filtering HTTP URLs 29-11
Filtering HTTPS URLs 29-13
Filtering FTP Requests 29-14
Monitoring Filtering Statistics 29-15
Feature History for URL Filtering 29-17
PART
Configuring Modules
8
CHAPTER
30
Configuring the ASA CX Module
30-1
Information About the ASA CX Module 30-1
How the ASA CX Module Works with the ASA 30-2
Monitor-Only Mode 30-3
Service Policy in Monitor-Only Mode 30-3
Traffic-Forwarding Interface in Monitor-Only Mode
Information About ASA CX Management 30-4
Initial Configuration 30-4
Policy Configuration and Management 30-5
Information About Authentication Proxy 30-5
Information About VPN and the ASA CX Module 30-5
Compatibility with ASA Features 30-5
Licensing Requirements for the ASA CX Module
Prerequisites
30-3
30-6
30-6
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
30-6
30-8
Configuring the ASA CX Module 30-8
Task Flow for the ASA CX Module 30-8
Connecting the ASA CX Management Interface 30-9
ASA 5585-X (Hardware Module) 30-9
ASA 5512-X through ASA 5555-X (Software Module)
30-11
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xxi
Contents
(ASA 5512-X through ASA 5555-X; May Be Required) Installing the Software Module
(ASA 5585-X) Changing the ASA CX Management IP Address 30-14
Configuring Basic ASA CX Settings at the ASA CX CLI 30-15
Configuring the Security Policy on the ASA CX Module Using PRSM 30-16
(Optional) Configuring the Authentication Proxy Port 30-17
Redirecting Traffic to the ASA CX Module 30-18
Creating the ASA CX Service Policy 30-18
Configuring Traffic-Forwarding Interfaces (Monitor-Only Mode) 30-20
30-12
Managing the ASA CX Module 30-21
Resetting the Password 30-22
Reloading or Resetting the Module 30-22
Shutting Down the Module 30-23
(ASA 5512-X through ASA 5555-X) Uninstalling a Software Module Image 30-24
(ASA 5512-X through ASA 5555-X) Sessioning to the Module From the ASA 30-24
Monitoring the ASA CX Module 30-25
Showing Module Status 30-25
Showing Module Statistics 30-26
Monitoring Module Connections 30-27
Capturing Module Traffic 30-30
Troubleshooting the ASA CX Module 30-30
Debugging the Module 30-30
Problems with the Authentication Proxy 30-31
Configuration Examples for the ASA CX Module
Feature History for the ASA CX Module
CHAPTER
31
Configuring the ASA IPS Module
30-32
30-33
31-1
Information About the ASA IPS Module 31-1
How the ASA IPS Module Works with the ASA 31-2
Operating Modes 31-3
Using Virtual Sensors (ASA 5510 and Higher) 31-3
Information About Management Access 31-4
Licensing Requirements for the ASA IPS module
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
31-5
31-5
31-6
Configuring the ASA IPS module 31-7
Task Flow for the ASA IPS Module 31-7
Connecting the ASA IPS Management Interface 31-8
ASA 5510, ASA 5520, ASA 5540, ASA 5580, ASA 5585-X (Hardware Module)
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xxii
31-8
Contents
ASA 5512-X through ASA 5555-X (Software Module) 31-9
ASA 5505 31-10
Sessioning to the Module from the ASA 31-11
(ASA 5512-X through ASA 5555-X) Booting the Software Module 31-11
Configuring Basic IPS Module Network Settings 31-12
(ASA 5510 and Higher) Configuring Basic Network Settings 31-13
(ASA 5505) Configuring Basic Network Settings 31-13
Configuring the Security Policy on the ASA IPS Module 31-15
Assigning Virtual Sensors to a Security Context (ASA 5510 and Higher) 31-16
Diverting Traffic to the ASA IPS module 31-18
Managing the ASA IPS module 31-21
Installing and Booting an Image on the Module
Shutting Down the Module 31-23
Uninstalling a Software Module Image 31-23
Resetting the Password 31-24
Reloading or Resetting the Module 31-25
Monitoring the ASA IPS module
31-25
Configuration Examples for the ASA IPS module
Feature History for the ASA IPS module
CHAPTER
32
Configuring the ASA CSC Module
31-21
31-26
31-27
32-1
Information About the CSC SSM 32-1
Determining What Traffic to Scan 32-3
Licensing Requirements for the CSC SSM
Prerequisites for the CSC SSM
Guidelines and Limitations
Default Settings
32-5
32-5
32-6
32-6
Configuring the CSC SSM 32-7
Before Configuring the CSC SSM 32-7
Connecting to the CSC SSM 32-8
Diverting Traffic to the CSC SSM 32-10
Monitoring the CSC SSM
32-13
Troubleshooting the CSC Module 32-14
Installing an Image on the Module 32-14
Resetting the Password 32-15
Reloading or Resetting the Module 32-16
Shutting Down the Module 32-17
Configuration Examples for the CSC SSM
32-17
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xxiii
Contents
Additional References
32-18
Feature History for the CSC SSM
INDEX
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xxiv
32-19
About This Guide
This preface introduces Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide and includes the following
sections:
•
Document Objectives, page xxv
•
Related Documentation, page xxv
•
Conventions, page xxv
•
Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request, page xxvi
Document Objectives
The purpose of this guide is to help you configure the firewall features for ASA using the command-line
interface. This guide does not cover every feature, but describes only the most common configuration
scenarios.
You can also configure and monitor the ASA by using ASDM, a web-based GUI application. ASDM
includes configuration wizards to guide you through some common configuration scenarios, and online
help for less common scenarios.
This guide applies to the Cisco ASA series. Throughout this guide, the term “ASA” applies generically
to supported models, unless specified otherwise.
Related Documentation
For more information, see Navigating the Cisco ASA Series Documentation at
http://www.cisco.com/go/asadocs.
Conventions
This document uses the following conventions:
Convention
Indication
bold font
Commands and keywords and user-entered text appear in bold font.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xxv
Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request
italic font
Document titles, new or emphasized terms, and arguments for which you supply
values are in italic font.
[ ]
Elements in square brackets are optional.
{x | y | z }
Required alternative keywords are grouped in braces and separated by
vertical bars.
[x|y|z]
Optional alternative keywords are grouped in brackets and separated by
vertical bars.
string
A nonquoted set of characters. Do not use quotation marks around the string or
the string will include the quotation marks.
courier
font
courier bold
Terminal sessions and information the system displays appear in courier font.
font
courier italic
Commands and keywords and user-entered text appear in bold courier font.
font Arguments for which you supply values are in courier italic font.
< >
Nonprinting characters such as passwords are in angle brackets.
[ ]
Default responses to system prompts are in square brackets.
!, #
An exclamation point (!) or a pound sign (#) at the beginning of a line of code
indicates a comment line.
Note
Means reader take note.
Tip
Means the following information will help you solve a problem.
Caution
Means reader be careful. In this situation, you might perform an action that could result in equipment
damage or loss of data.
Obtaining Documentation and Submitting a Service Request
For information on obtaining documentation, using the Cisco Bug Search Tool (BST), submitting a
service request, and gathering additional information, see What’s New in Cisco Product Documentation.
To receive new and revised Cisco technical content directly to your desktop, you can subscribe to
the What’s New in Cisco Product Documentation RSS feed. The RSS feeds are a free service.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
xxvi
PART
1
Configuring Service Policies Using the
Modular Policy Framework
CH AP TE R
1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular
Policy Framework
Service policies using Modular Policy Framework provide a consistent and flexible way to configure
ASA features. For example, you can use a service policy to create a timeout configuration that is specific
to a particular TCP application, as opposed to one that applies to all TCP applications. A service policy
consists of multiple actionsapplied to an interface or applied globally.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information About Service Policies, page 1-1
•
Licensing Requirements for Service Policies, page 1-6
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 1-6
•
Default Settings, page 1-8
•
Task Flows for Configuring Service Policies, page 1-9
•
Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps), page 1-12
•
Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map), page 1-15
•
Applying Actions to an Interface (Service Policy), page 1-17
•
Monitoring Modular Policy Framework, page 1-18
•
Configuration Examples for Modular Policy Framework, page 1-18
•
Feature History for Service Policies, page 1-22
Information About Service Policies
This section describes how service policies work and includes the following topics:
•
Supported Features, page 1-2
•
Feature Directionality, page 1-2
•
Feature Matching Within a Service Policy, page 1-3
•
Order in Which Multiple Feature Actions are Applied, page 1-4
•
Incompatibility of Certain Feature Actions, page 1-5
•
Feature Matching for Multiple Service Policies, page 1-6
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-1
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Information About Service Policies
Supported Features
Table 1-1 lists the features supported by Modular Policy Framework.
Table 1-1
Modular Policy Framework
For Through
Traffic?
Feature
Application inspection (multiple All except
types)
RADIUS
accounting
For Management
Traffic?
See:
RADIUS
accounting only
•
Chapter 9, “Getting Started with Application
Layer Protocol Inspection.”
•
Chapter 10, “Configuring Inspection of Basic
Internet Protocols.”
•
Chapter 11, “Configuring Inspection for Voice
and Video Protocols.”
•
Chapter 12, “Configuring Inspection of Database
and Directory Protocols.”
•
Chapter 13, “Configuring Inspection for
Management Application Protocols.”
•
Chapter 25, “Configuring the ASA for Cisco
Cloud Web Security.”
ASA CSC
Yes
No
Chapter 32, “Configuring the ASA CSC Module.”
ASA IPS
Yes
No
Chapter 31, “Configuring the ASA IPS Module.”
ASA CX
Yes
No
Chapter 30, “Configuring the ASA CX Module.”
NetFlow Secure Event Logging
filtering
Yes
Yes
See the general operations configuration guide.
QoS input and output policing
Yes
No
Chapter 23, “Configuring QoS.”
QoS standard priority queue
Yes
No
Chapter 23, “Configuring QoS.”
QoS traffic shaping, hierarchical Yes
priority queue
Yes
Chapter 23, “Configuring QoS.”
TCP and UDP connection limits Yes
and timeouts, and TCP sequence
number randomization
Yes
Chapter 22, “Configuring Connection Settings.”
TCP normalization
Yes
No
Chapter 22, “Configuring Connection Settings.”
TCP state bypass
Yes
No
Chapter 22, “Configuring Connection Settings.”
User statistics for Identity
Firewall
Yes
Yes
See the user-statistics command in the command
reference.
Feature Directionality
Actions are applied to traffic bidirectionally or unidirectionally depending on the feature. For features
that are applied bidirectionally, all traffic that enters or exits the interface to which you apply the policy
map is affected if the traffic matches the class map for both directions.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-2
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Information About Service Policies
Note
When you use a global policy, all features are unidirectional; features that are normally bidirectional
when applied to a single interface only apply to the ingress of each interface when applied globally.
Because the policy is applied to all interfaces, the policy will be applied in both directions so
bidirectionality in this case is redundant.
For features that are applied unidirectionally, for example QoS priority queue, only traffic that enters (or
exits, depending on the feature) the interface to which you apply the policy map is affected. See
Table 1-2 for the directionality of each feature.
Table 1-2
Feature Directionality
Feature
Single Interface Direction Global Direction
Application inspection (multiple types)
Bidirectional
Ingress
ASA CSC
Bidirectional
Ingress
ASA CX
Bidirectional
Ingress
ASA CX authentication proxy
Ingress
Ingress
ASA IPS
Bidirectional
Ingress
NetFlow Secure Event Logging filtering
N/A
Ingress
QoS input policing
Ingress
Ingress
QoS output policing
Egress
Egress
QoS standard priority queue
Egress
Egress
QoS traffic shaping, hierarchical priority
queue
Egress
Egress
TCP and UDP connection limits and timeouts, Bidirectional
and TCP sequence number randomization
Ingress
TCP normalization
Bidirectional
Ingress
TCP state bypass
Bidirectional
Ingress
User statistics for Identity Firewall
Bidirectional
Ingress
Feature Matching Within a Service Policy
See the following information for how a packet matches class maps in a policy map for a given interface:
1.
A packet can match only one class map in the policy map for each feature type.
2.
When the packet matches a class map for a feature type, the ASA does not attempt to match it to any
subsequent class maps for that feature type.
3.
If the packet matches a subsequent class map for a different feature type, however, then the ASA
also applies the actions for the subsequent class map, if supported. See the “Incompatibility of
Certain Feature Actions” section on page 1-5 for more information about unsupported
combinations.
Note
Application inspection includes multiple inspection types, and most are mutually exclusive.
For inspections that can be combined, each inspection is considered to be a separate feature.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-3
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Information About Service Policies
For example, if a packet matches a class map for connection limits, and also matches a class map for an
application inspection, then both actions are applied.
If a packet matches a class map for HTTP inspection, but also matches another class map that includes
HTTP inspection, then the second class map actions are not applied.
If a packet matches a class map for HTTP inspection, but also matches another class map that includes
FTP inspection, then the second class map actions are not applied because HTTP and FTP inspections
cannpt be combined.
If a packet matches a class map for HTTP inspection, but also matches another class map that includes
IPv6 inspection, then both actions are applied because the IPv6 inspection can be combined with any
other type of inspection.
Order in Which Multiple Feature Actions are Applied
The order in which different types of actions in a policy map are performed is independent of the order
in which the actions appear in the policy map.
Note
NetFlow Secure Event Logging filtering and User statistics for Identity Firewall are order-independent.
Actions are performed in the following order:
1.
QoS input policing
2.
TCP normalization, TCP and UDP connection limits and timeouts, TCP sequence number
randomization, and TCP state bypass.
Note
When a the ASA performs a proxy service (such as AAA or CSC) or it modifies the TCP payload
(such as FTP inspection), the TCP normalizer acts in dual mode, where it is applied before and
after the proxy or payload modifying service.
3.
ASA CSC
4.
Application inspections that can be combined with other inspections:
a. IPv6
b. IP options
c. WAAS
5.
Application inspections that cannot be combined with other inspections. See the “Incompatibility of
Certain Feature Actions” section on page 1-5 for more information.
6.
ASA IPS
7.
ASA CX
8.
QoS output policing
9.
QoS standard priority queue
10. QoS traffic shaping, hierarchical priority queue
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-4
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Information About Service Policies
Incompatibility of Certain Feature Actions
Some features are not compatible with each other for the same traffic. The following list may not include
all incompatibilities; for information about compatibility of each feature, see the chapter or section for
your feature:
Note
•
You cannot configure QoS priority queueing and QoS policing for the same set of traffic.
•
Most inspections should not be combined with another inspection, so the ASA only applies one
inspection if you configure multiple inspections for the same traffic. HTTP inspection can be
combined with the Cloud Web Security inspection. Other exceptions are listed in the “Order in
Which Multiple Feature Actions are Applied” section on page 1-4.
•
You cannot configure traffic to be sent to multiple modules, such as the ASA CX and ASA IPS.
•
HTTP inspection is not compatible with the ASA CX.
•
The ASA CX is not compatible with Cloud Web Security.
The match default-inspection-traffic command, which is used in the default global policy, is a special
CLI shortcut to match the default ports for all inspections. When used in a policy map, this class map
ensures that the correct inspection is applied to each packet, based on the destination port of the traffic.
For example, when UDP traffic for port 69 reaches the ASA, then the ASA applies the TFTP inspection;
when TCP traffic for port 21 arrives, then the ASA applies the FTP inspection. So in this case only, you
can configure multiple inspections for the same class map. Normally, the ASA does not use the port
number to determine which inspection to apply, thus giving you the flexibility to apply inspections to
non-standard ports, for example.
This traffic class does not include the default ports for Cloud Web Security inspection (80 and 443).
An example of a misconfiguration is if you configure multiple inspections in the same policy map and
do not use the default-inspection-traffic shortcut. In Example 1-1, traffic destined to port 21 is
mistakenly configured for both FTP and HTTP inspection. In Example 1-2, traffic destined to port 80 is
mistakenly configured for both FTP and HTTP inspection. In both cases of misconfiguration examples,
only the FTP inspection is applied, because FTP comes before HTTP in the order of inspections applied.
Example 1-1
Misconfiguration for FTP packets: HTTP Inspection Also Configured
class-map ftp
match port tcp eq 21
class-map http
match port tcp eq 21
policy-map test
class ftp
inspect ftp
class http
inspect http
Example 1-2
[it should be 80]
Misconfiguration for HTTP packets: FTP Inspection Also Configured
class-map ftp
match port tcp eq 80
class-map http
match port tcp eq 80
policy-map test
class http
inspect http
[it should be 21]
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-5
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Licensing Requirements for Service Policies
class ftp
inspect ftp
Feature Matching for Multiple Service Policies
For TCP and UDP traffic (and ICMP when you enable stateful ICMP inspection), service policies
operate on traffic flows, and not just individual packets. If traffic is part of an existing connection that
matches a feature in a policy on one interface, that traffic flow cannot also match the same feature in a
policy on another interface; only the first policy is used.
For example, if HTTP traffic matches a policy on the inside interface to inspect HTTP traffic, and you
have a separate policy on the outside interface for HTTP inspection, then that traffic is not also inspected
on the egress of the outside interface. Similarly, the return traffic for that connection will not be
inspected by the ingress policy of the outside interface, nor by the egress policy of the inside interface.
For traffic that is not treated as a flow, for example ICMP when you do not enable stateful ICMP
inspection, returning traffic can match a different policy map on the returning interface. For example, if
you configure IPS on the inside and outside interfaces, but the inside policy uses virtual sensor 1 while
the outside policy uses virtual sensor 2, then a non-stateful Ping will match virtual sensor 1 outbound,
but will match virtual sensor 2 inbound.
Licensing Requirements for Service Policies
Model
License Requirement
All models
Base License.
Guidelines and Limitations
This section includes the guidelines and limitations for this feature.
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
Supported in routed and transparent firewall mode.
IPv6 Guidelines
Supports IPv6 for the following features:
•
Application inspection for DNS, FTP, HTTP, ICMP, ScanSafe, SIP, SMTP, IPsec-pass-thru, and
IPv6.
•
ASA IPS
•
ASA CX
•
NetFlow Secure Event Logging filtering
•
TCP and UDP connection limits and timeouts, TCP sequence number randomization
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-6
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Guidelines and Limitations
•
TCP normalization
•
TCP state bypass
•
User statistics for Identity Firewall
Class Map Guidelines
The maximum number of class mapsof all types is 255 in single mode or per context in multiple mode.
Class maps include the following types:
•
Layer 3/4 class maps (for through traffic and management traffic).
•
Inspection class maps
•
Regular expression class maps
•
match commands used directly underneath an inspection policy map
This limit also includes default class maps of all types, limiting user-configured class mapsto
approximately 235. See the “Default Class Maps” section on page 1-9.
Policy Map Guidelines
See the following guidelines for using policy maps:
•
You can only assign one policy map per interface. (However you can create up to 64 policy maps in
the configuration.)
•
You can apply the same policy map to multiple interfaces.
•
You can identify up to 63 Layer 3/4 class maps in a Layer 3/4 policy map.
•
For each class map, you can assign multiple actions from one or more feature types, if supported.
See the “Incompatibility of Certain Feature Actions” section on page 1-5.
Service Policy Guidelines
•
Interface service policies take precedence over the global service policy for a given feature. For
example, if you have a global policy with FTP inspection, and an interface policy with TCP
normalization, then both FTP inspection and TCP normalization are applied to the interface.
However, if you have a global policy with FTP inspection, and an interface policy with FTP
inspection, then only the interface policy FTP inspection is applied to that interface.
•
You can only apply one global policy. For example, you cannot create a global policy that includes
feature set 1, and a separate global policy that includes feature set 2. All features must be included
in a single policy.
•
When you make service policy changes to the configuration, all new connections use the new service
policy. Existing connections continue to use the policy that was configured at the time of the
connection establishment. show command output will not include data about the old connections.
For example, if you remove a QoS service policy from an interface, then re-add a modified version,
then the show service-policy command only displays QoS counters associated with new
connections that match the new service policy; existing connections on the old policy no longer
show in the command output.
To ensure that all connections use the new policy, you need to disconnect the current connections so
they can reconnect using the new policy. See the clear conn or clear local-host commands.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-7
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Default Settings
Default Settings
The following topics describe the default settings for Modular Policy Framework:
•
Default Configuration, page 1-8
•
Default Class Maps, page 1-9
Default Configuration
By default, the configuration includes a policy that matches all default application inspection traffic and
applies certain inspections to the traffic on all interfaces (a global policy). Not all inspections are enabled
by default. You can only apply one global policy, so if you want to alter the global policy, you need to
either edit the default policy or disable it and apply a new one. (An interface policy overrides the global
policy for a particular feature.)
The default policy includes the following application inspections:
•
DNS
•
FTP
•
H323 (H225)
•
H323 (RAS)
•
RSH
•
RTSP
•
ESMTP
•
SQLnet
•
Skinny (SCCP)
•
SunRPC
•
XDMCP
•
SIP
•
NetBios
•
TFTP
•
IP Options
The default policy configuration includes the following commands:
class-map inspection_default
match default-inspection-traffic
policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map
parameters
message-length maximum client auto
message-length maximum 512
dns-guard
protocol-enforcement
nat-rewrite
policy-map global_policy
class inspection_default
inspect dns preset_dns_map
inspect ftp
inspect h323 h225 _default_h323_map
inspect h323 ras _default_h323_map
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-8
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Task Flows for Configuring Service Policies
inspect ip-options _default_ip_options_map
inspect netbios
inspect rsh
inspect rtsp
inspect skinny
inspect esmtp _default_esmtp_map
inspect sqlnet
inspect sunrpc
inspect tftp
inspect sip
inspect xdmcp
service-policy global_policy global
Note
See the “Incompatibility of Certain Feature Actions” section on page 1-5 for more information about the
special match default-inspection-traffic command used in the default class map.
Default Class Maps
The configuration includes a default Layer 3/4 class map that the ASA uses in the default global policy
called default-inspection-traffic; it matches the default inspection traffic. This class, which is used in the
default global policy, is a special shortcut to match the default ports for all inspections. When used in a
policy, this class ensures that the correct inspection is applied to each packet, based on the destination
port of the traffic. For example, when UDP traffic for port 69 reaches the ASA, then the ASA applies the
TFTP inspection; when TCP traffic for port 21 arrives, then the ASA applies the FTP inspection. So in
this case only, you can configure multiple inspections for the same class map. Normally, the ASA does
not use the port number to determine which inspection to apply, thus giving you the flexibility to apply
inspections to non-standard ports, for example.
class-map inspection_default
match default-inspection-traffic
Another class map that exists in the default configuration is called class-default, and it matches all
traffic. This class map appears at the end of all Layer 3/4 policy maps and essentially tells the ASA to
not perform any actions on all other traffic. You can use the class-default class if desired, rather than
making your own match any class map. In fact, some features are only available for class-default, such
as QoS traffic shaping.
class-map class-default
match any
Task Flows for Configuring Service Policies
This section includes the following topics:
•
Task Flow for Using the Modular Policy Framework, page 1-9
•
Task Flow for Configuring Hierarchical Policy Maps for QoS Traffic Shaping, page 1-11
Task Flow for Using the Modular Policy Framework
To configure Modular Policy Framework, perform the following steps:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-9
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Task Flows for Configuring Service Policies
Step 1
Identify the traffic—Identify the traffic on which you want to perform Modular Policy Framework
actions by creating Layer 3/4 class maps.
For example, you might want to perform actions on all traffic that passes through the ASA; or you might
only want to perform certain actions on traffic from 10.1.1.0/24 to any destination address.
Layer 3/4 Class Map
241506
Layer 3/4 Class Map
See the “Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps)” section on page 1-12.
Step 2
Perform additional actions on some inspection traffic—If one of the actions you want to perform is
application inspection, and you want to perform additional actions on some inspection traffic, then create
an inspection policy map. The inspection policy map identifies the traffic and specifies what to do with it.
For example, you might want to drop all HTTP requests with a body length greater than 1000 bytes.
Inspection Policy Map Actions
241507
Inspection Class Map/
Match Commands
You can create a self-contained inspection policy map that identifies the traffic directly with match
commands, or you can create an inspection class map for reuse or for more complicated matching. See
the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on page 2-4 and the “Identifying Traffic in
an Inspection Class Map” section on page 2-5.
Step 3
Create a regular expression—If you want to match text with a regular expression within inspected
packets, you can create a regular expression or a group of regular expressions (a regular expression class
map). Then, when you define the traffic to match for the inspection policy map, you can call on an
existing regular expression.
For example, you might want to drop all HTTP requests with a URL including the text “example.com.”
Inspection Policy Map Actions
241509
Inspection Class Map/
Match Commands
Regular Expression Statement/
Regular Expression Class Map
Step 4
Define the actions you want to perform and determine on which interfaces you want to apply the policy
map—Define the actions you want to perform on each Layer 3/4 class map by creating a Layer 3/4 policy
map. Then, determine on which interfaces you want to apply the policy map using a service policy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-10
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Task Flows for Configuring Service Policies
Layer 3/4 Policy Map
Connection Limits
Connection Limits
Service Policy
Inspection
Inspection
241508
IPS
See the “Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map)” section on page 1-15 and the “Applying Actions to
an Interface (Service Policy)” section on page 1-17.
Task Flow for Configuring Hierarchical Policy Maps for QoS Traffic Shaping
If you enable QoS traffic shaping for a class map, then you can optionally enable priority queueing for
a subset of shaped traffic. To do so, you need to create a policy map for the priority queueing, and then
within the traffic shaping policy map, you can call the priority class map. Only the traffic shaping class
map is applied to an interface.
See Chapter 23, “Information About QoS,” for more information about this feature.
Hierarchical policy maps are only supported for traffic shaping and priority queueing.
To implement a hierarchical policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Identify the prioritized traffic according to the “Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps)” section on
page 1-12.
You can create multiple class maps to be used in the hierarchical policy map.
Step 2
Create a policy map according to the “Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map)” section on page 1-15,
and identify the sole action for each class map as priority.
Step 3
Create a separate policy map according to the “Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map)” section on
page 1-15, and identify the shape action for the class-default class map.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-11
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps)
Traffic shaping can only be applied the to class-default class map.
Step 4
For the same class map, identify the priority policy map that you created in Step 2 using the
service-policy priority_policy_map command.
Step 5
Apply the shaping policy map to the interface accrding to “Applying Actions to an Interface (Service
Policy)” section on page 1-17.
Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps)
A Layer 3/4 class map identifies Layer 3 and 4 traffic to which you want to apply actions. You can create
multiple Layer 3/4 class maps for each Layer 3/4 policy map.
This section includes the following topics:
•
Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map for Through Traffic, page 1-12
•
Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map for Management Traffic, page 1-14
Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map for Through Traffic
A Layer 3/4 class map matches traffic based on protocols, ports, IP addresses and other Layer 3 or 4
attributes.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
class-map class_map_name
Creates a Layer 3/4 class map, where class_map_name is a string
up to 40 characters in length. The name “class-default” is
reserved. All types of class maps use the same name space, so you
cannot reuse a name already used by another type of class map.
The CLI enters class-map configuration mode.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map all_udp
Step 2
(Optional)
Adds a description to the class map.
description string
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# description All UDP
traffic
Step 3
Match traffic using one of the following:
Unless otherwise specified, you can include only one match
command in the class map.
match any
Matches all traffic.
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match any
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-12
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps)
Command
Purpose
match access-list access_list_name
Matches traffic specified by an extended ACL. If the ASA is
operating in transparent firewall mode, you can use an EtherType
ACL.
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list
udp
match port {tcp | udp} {eq port_num |
range port_num port_num}
Matches TCP or UDP destination ports, either a single port or a
contiguous range of ports.
Tip
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match tcp eq 80
For applications that use multiple, non-contiguous ports,
use the match access-list command and define an ACE to
match each port.
match default-inspection-traffic
Matches default traffic for inspection: the default TCP and UDP
ports used by all applications that the ASA can inspect.
Example:
This command, which is used in the default global policy, is a
special CLI shortcut that when used in a policy map, ensures that
the correct inspection is applied to each packet, based on the
destination port of the traffic. For example, when UDP traffic for
port 69 reaches the ASA, then the ASA applies the TFTP
inspection; when TCP traffic for port 21 arrives, then the ASA
applies the FTP inspection. So in this case only, you can configure
multiple inspections for the same class map (with the exception of
WAAS inspection, which can be configured with other
inspections. See the “Incompatibility of Certain Feature Actions”
section on page 1-5 for more information about combining
actions). Normally, the ASA does not use the port number to
determine the inspection applied, thus giving you the flexibility to
apply inspections to non-standard ports, for example.
hostname(config-cmap)# match
default-inspection-traffic
See the “Default Settings and NAT Limitations” section on
page 9-4 for a list of default ports. Not all applications whose
ports are included in the match default-inspection-traffic
command are enabled by default in the policy map.
You can specify a match access-list command along with the
match default-inspection-traffic command to narrow the
matched traffic. Because the match default-inspection-traffic
command specifies the ports and protocols to match, any ports and
protocols in the ACL are ignored.
Tip
match dscp value1 [value2] [...] [value8]
We suggest that you only inspect traffic on ports on which
you expect application traffic; if you inspect all traffic, for
example using match any, the ASA performance can be
impacted.
Matches DSCP value in an IP header, up to eight DSCP values.
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match dscp af43 cs1
ef
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-13
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps)
Command
Purpose
match precedence value1 [value2] [value3]
[value4]
Matches up to four precedence values, represented by the TOS
byte in the IP header, where value1 through value4 can be 0 to 7,
corresponding to the possible precedences.
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match precedence 1
4
match rtp starting_port range
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match rtp 4004 100
match tunnel-group name
(Optional)
match flow ip destination-address
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match tunnel-group
group1
hostname(config-cmap)# match flow ip
destination-address
Matches RTP traffic, where the starting_port specifies an
even-numbered UDP destination port between 2000 and 65534.
The range specifies the number of additional UDP ports to match
above the starting_port, between 0 and 16383.
Matches VPN tunnel group traffic to which you want to apply
QoS.
You can also specify one other match command to refine the
traffic match. You can specify any of the preceding commands,
except for the match any, match access-list, or match
default-inspection-traffic commands. Or you can also enter the
match flow ip destination-address command to match flows in
the tunnel group going to each IP address.
Examples
The following is an example for the class-map command:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list udp permit udp any any
ciscoasa(config)# access-list tcp permit tcp any any
ciscoasa(config)# access-list host_foo permit ip any 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
ciscoasa(config)# class-map all_udp
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all UDP traffic"
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list udp
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# class-map all_tcp
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all TCP traffic"
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list tcp
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# class-map all_http
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all HTTP traffic"
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq http
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# class-map to_server
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description "This class-map matches all traffic to server 10.1.1.1"
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list host_foo
Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map for Management Traffic
For management traffic to the ASA, you might want to perform actions specific to this kind of traffic.
You can specify a management class map that can match an ACL or TCP or UDP ports. The types of
actions available for a management class map in the policy map are specialized for management traffic.
See the “Supported Features” section on page 1-2.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-14
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map)
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
class-map type management class_map_name
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type
management all_mgmt
Creates a management class map, where class_map_name is a
string up to 40 characters in length. The name “class-default” is
reserved. All types of class maps use the same name space, so you
cannot reuse a name already used by another type of class map.
The CLI enters class-map configuration mode.
(Optional)
Adds a description to the class map.
Example:
Step 2
description string
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# description All
management traffic
Step 3
Match traffic using one of the following:
Unless otherwise specified, you can include only one match
command in the class map.
match access-list access_list_name
Matches traffic specified by an extended ACL. If the ASA is
operating in transparent firewall mode, you can use an EtherType
ACL.
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list
udp
match port {tcp | udp} {eq port_num |
range port_num port_num}
Matches TCP or UDP destination ports, either a single port or a
contiguous range of ports.
Tip
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match tcp eq 80
For applications that use multiple, non-contiguous ports,
use the match access-list command and define an ACE to
match each port.
Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map)
This section describes how to associate actions with Layer 3/4 class maps by creating a Layer 3/4 policy
map.
Restrictions
The maximum number of policy maps is 64, but you can only apply one policy map per interface.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-15
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Defining Actions (Layer 3/4 Policy Map)
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
Step 1
policy-map policy_map_name
Step 2
(Optional)
Adds the policy map. The policy_map_name argument is the
name of the policy map up to 40 characters in length. All types of
policy maps use the same name space, so you cannot reuse a name
Example:
already used by another type of policy map. The CLI enters
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global_policy
policy-map configuration mode.
class class_map_name
Example:
hostname(config-pmap)# description global
policy map
Specifies a previously configured Layer 3/4 class map, where the
class_map_name is the name of the class map. See the
“Identifying Traffic (Layer 3/4 Class Maps)” section on page 1-12
to add a class map.
Note
If there is no match default-inspection-traffic command
in a class map, then at most one inspect command is
allowed to be configured under the class.
For QoS, you can configure a hierarchical policy map for
the traffic shaping and priority queue features. See the
“Task Flow for Configuring Hierarchical Policy Maps for
QoS Traffic Shaping” section on page 1-11 for more
information.
Step 3
Specify one or more actions for this class map.
Step 4
Repeat Step 2 and Step 3 for each class map you
want to include in this policy map.
See the “Supported Features” section on page 1-2.
Examples
The following is an example of a policy-map command for connection policy. It limits the number of
connections allowed to the web server 10.1.1.1:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list http-server permit tcp any host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config)# class-map http-server
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list http-server
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global-policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description This policy map defines a policy concerning connection
to http server.
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http-server
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection conn-max 256
The following example shows how multi-match works in a policy map:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match default-inspection-traffic
ciscoasa(config)# class-map http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 80
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map outside_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http http_map
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection timeout idle 0:10:0
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-16
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Applying Actions to an Interface (Service Policy)
The following example shows how traffic matches the first available class map, and will not match any
subsequent class maps that specify actions in the same feature domain:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map telnet_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 23
ciscoasa(config)# class-map ftp_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 21
ciscoasa(config)# class-map tcp_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp range 1 65535
ciscoasa(config)# class-map udp_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port udp range 0 65535
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class telnet_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection timeout idle 0:0:0
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection conn-max 100
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class ftp_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection timeout idle 0:5:0
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection conn-max 50
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class tcp_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection timeout idle 2:0:0
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection conn-max 2000
When a Telnet connection is initiated, it matches class telnet_traffic. Similarly, if an FTP connection is
initiated, it matches class ftp_traffic. For any TCP connection other than Telnet and FTP, it will match
class tcp_traffic. Even though a Telnet or FTP connection can match class tcp_traffic, the ASA does
not make this match because they previously matched other classes.
Applying Actions to an Interface (Service Policy)
To activate the Layer 3/4 policy map, create a service policy that applies it to one or more interfaces or
that applies it globally to all interfaces.
Restrictions
You can only apply one global policy, so if you want to alter the global policy, you need to either edit
the default policy or disable it and apply a new one. By default, the configuration includes a global policy
that matches all default application inspection traffic and applies inspection to the traffic globally. The
default service policy includes the following command:
service-policy global_policy global
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-17
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Monitoring Modular Policy Framework
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
service-policy policy_map_name interface
interface_name [fail-close]
Creates a service policy by associating a policy map with an interface.
Specify the fail-close option to generate a syslog (767001) for IPv6 traffic
that is dropped by application inspections that do not support IPv6 traffic.
By default, syslogs are not generated. For a list of inspections that support
IPv6, see the “IPv6 Guidelines” section on page 1-6.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy
inbound_policy interface outside
service-policy policy_map_name global
[fail-close]
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy
inbound_policy global
Creates a service policy that applies to all interfaces that do not have a
specific policy. Specify the fail-close option to generate a syslog (767001)
for IPv6 traffic that is dropped by application inspections that do not
support IPv6 traffic. By default, syslogs are not generated. For a list of
inspections that support IPv6, see the “IPv6 Guidelines” section on
page 1-6.
Examples
For example, the following command enables the inbound_policy policy map on the outside interface:
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy inbound_policy interface outside
The following commands disable the default global policy, and enables a new one called
new_global_policy on all other ASA interfaces:
ciscoasa(config)# no service-policy global_policy global
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy new_global_policy global
Monitoring Modular Policy Framework
To monitor Modular Policy Framework, enter the following command:
Command
Purpose
show service-policy
Displays the service policy statistics.
Configuration Examples for Modular Policy Framework
This section includes several Modular Policy Framework examples and includes the following topics:
•
Applying Inspection and QoS Policing to HTTP Traffic, page 1-19
•
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic Globally, page 1-19
•
Applying Inspection and Connection Limits to HTTP Traffic to Specific Servers, page 1-20
•
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic with NAT, page 1-21
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-18
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Configuration Examples for Modular Policy Framework
Applying Inspection and QoS Policing to HTTP Traffic
In this example (see Figure 1-1), any HTTP connection (TCP traffic on port 80) that enters or exits the
ASA through the outside interface is classified for HTTP inspection. Any HTTP traffic that exits the
outside interface is classified for policing.
HTTP Inspection and QoS Policing
Security
appliance
port 80
A
insp.
police
port 80
insp.
Host A
inside
Host B
outside
143356
Figure 1-1
See the following commands for this example:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 80
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map http_traffic_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# police output 250000
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy http_traffic_policy interface outside
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic Globally
In this example (see Figure 1-2), any HTTP connection (TCP traffic on port 80) that enters the ASA
through any interface is classified for HTTP inspection. Because the policy is a global policy, inspection
occurs only as the traffic enters each interface.
Figure 1-2
Global HTTP Inspection
Security
appliance
port 80
A
Host A
inside
port 80 insp.
outside
Host B
143414
insp.
See the following commands for this example:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 80
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-19
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Configuration Examples for Modular Policy Framework
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map http_traffic_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy http_traffic_policy global
Applying Inspection and Connection Limits to HTTP Traffic to Specific Servers
In this example (see Figure 1-3), any HTTP connection destined for Server A (TCP traffic on port 80)
that enters the ASA through the outside interface is classified for HTTP inspection and maximum
connection limits. Connections initiated from Server A to Host A does not match the ACL in the class
map, so it is not affected.
Any HTTP connection destined for Server B that enters the ASA through the inside interface is classified
for HTTP inspection. Connections initiated from Server B to Host B does not match the ACL in the class
map, so it is not affected.
Figure 1-3
HTTP Inspection and Connection Limits to Specific Servers
Server A
Real Address: 192.168.1.2
Mapped Address: 209.165.201.1
Security
appliance
port 80
insp.
set conns
port 80
insp. inside
Host B
Real Address: 192.168.1.1
Mapped Address: 209.165.201.2:port
outside
Server B
209.165.200.227
143357
Host A
209.165.200.226
See the following commands for this example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network obj-192.168.1.2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 192.168.1.2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.201.1
ciscoasa(config)# object network obj-192.168.1.0
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic 209.165.201.2
ciscoasa(config)# access-list serverA extended permit tcp any host 209.165.201.1 eq 80
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ServerB extended permit tcp any host 209.165.200.227 eq 80
ciscoasa(config)# class-map http_serverA
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list serverA
ciscoasa(config)# class-map http_serverB
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list serverB
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map policy_serverA
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_serverA
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# set connection conn-max 100
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map policy_serverB
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_serverB
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-20
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Configuration Examples for Modular Policy Framework
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy policy_serverB interface inside
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy policy_serverA interface outside
Applying Inspection to HTTP Traffic with NAT
In this example, the Host on the inside network has two addresses: one is the real IP address 192.168.1.1,
and the other is a mapped IP address used on the outside network, 209.165.200.225. You must use the
real IP address in the ACL in the class map. If you applied it to the outside interface, you would also use
the real address.
Figure 1-4
HTTP Inspection with NAT
port 80
insp. inside
Host
Real IP: 192.168.1.1
Mapped IP: 209.165.200.225
outside
Server
209.165.201.1
143416
Security
appliance
See the following commands for this example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network obj-192.168.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 192.168.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (VM1,outside) static 209.165.200.225
ciscoasa(config)# access-list http_client extended permit tcp host 192.168.1.1 any eq 80
ciscoasa(config)# class-map http_client
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list http_client
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map http_client
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_client
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy http_client interface inside
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-21
Chapter 1
Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework
Feature History for Service Policies
Feature History for Service Policies
Table 1-3 lists the release history for this feature.
Table 1-3
Feature History for Service Policies
Feature Name
Releases
Feature Information
Modular Policy Framework
7.0(1)
Modular Policy Framework was introduced.
Management class map for use with RADIUS
accounting traffic
7.2(1)
The management class map was introduced for use with
RADIUS accounting traffic. The following commands were
introduced: class-map type management, and inspect
radius-accounting.
Inspection policy maps
7.2(1)
The inspection policy map was introduced. The following
command was introduced: class-map type inspect.
Regular expressions and policy maps
7.2(1)
Regular expressions and policy maps were introduced to be
used under inspection policy maps. The following
commands were introduced: class-map type regex, regex,
match regex.
Match any for inspection policy maps
8.0(2)
The match any keyword was introduced for use with
inspection policy maps: traffic can match one or more
criteria to match the class map. Formerly, only match all
was available.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
1-22
CH AP TE R
2
Configuring Special Actions for Application
Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Modular Policy Framework lets you configure special actions for many application inspections. When
you enable an inspection engine in the Layer 3/4 policy map, you can also optionally enable actions as
defined in an inspection policy map. When the inspection policy map matches traffic within the Layer
3/4 class map for which you have defined an inspection action, then that subset of traffic will be acted
upon as specified (for example, dropped or rate-limited).
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information About Inspection Policy Maps, page 2-1
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 2-2
•
Default Inspection Policy Maps, page 2-3
•
Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map, page 2-4
•
Identifying Traffic in an Inspection Class Map, page 2-5
•
Where to Go Next, page 2-7
•
Feature History for Inspection Policy Maps, page 2-7
Information About Inspection Policy Maps
See the “Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection” section on page 9-7 for a list of
applications that support inspection policy maps.
An inspection policy map consists of one or more of the following elements. The exact options available
for an inspection policy map depends on the application.
•
Traffic matching command—You can define a traffic matching command directly in the inspection
policy map to match application traffic to criteria specific to the application, such as a URL string,
for which you then enable actions.
– Some traffic matching commands can specify regular expressions to match text inside a packet.
Be sure to create and test the regular expressions before you configure the policy map, either
singly or grouped together in a regular expression class map.
•
Inspection class map—An inspection class map includes multiple traffic matching commands. You
then identify the class map in the policy map and enable actions for the class map as a whole. The
difference between creating a class map and defining the traffic match directly in the inspection
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-1
Chapter 2
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Guidelines and Limitations
policy map is that you can create more complex match criteria and you can reuse class maps.
However, you cannot set different actions for different matches. Note: Not all inspections support
inspection class maps.
•
Parameters—Parameters affect the behavior of the inspection engine.
Guidelines and Limitations
•
HTTP inspection policy maps—If you modify an in-use HTTP inspection policy map (policy-map
type inspect http), you must remove and reapply the inspect http map action for the changes to
take effect. For example, if you modify the “http-map” inspection policy map, you must remove and
readd the inspect http http-map command from the layer 3/4 policy:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map test
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# no inspect http http-map
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http http-map
•
All inspection policy maps—If you want to exchange an in-use inspection policy map for a different
map name, you must remove the inspect protocol map command, and readd it with the new map.
For example:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map test
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class sip
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# no inspect sip sip-map1
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip sip-map2
•
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the inspection policy map.
If a packet matches multiple different match or class commands, then the order in which the ASA
applies the actions is determined by internal ASA rules, and not by the order they are added to the
inspection policy map. The internal rules are determined by the application type and the logical
progression of parsing a packet, and are not user-configurable. For example for HTTP traffic,
parsing a Request Method field precedes parsing the Header Host Length field; an action for the
Request Method field occurs before the action for the Header Host Length field. For example, the
following match commands can be entered in any order, but the match request method get
command is matched first.
match request header host length gt 100
reset
match request method get
log
If an action drops a packet, then no further actions are performed in the inspection policy map. For
example, if the first action is to reset the connection, then it will never match any further match or
class commands. If the first action is to log the packet, then a second action, such as resetting the
connection, can occur.
If a packet matches multiple match or class commands that are the same, then they are matched in
the order they appear in the policy map. For example, for a packet with the header length of 1001,
it will match the first command below, and be logged, and then will match the second command and
be reset. If you reverse the order of the two match commands, then the packet will be dropped and
the connection reset before it can match the second match command; it will never be logged.
match request header length gt 100
log
match request header length gt 1000
reset
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-2
Chapter 2
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Default Inspection Policy Maps
A class map is determined to be the same type as another class map or match command based on
the lowest priority match command in the class map (the priority is based on the internal rules). If
a class map has the same type of lowest priority match command as another class map, then the class
maps are matched according to the order they are added to the policy map. If the lowest priority
match for each class map is different, then the class map with the higher priority match command
is matched first. For example, the following three class maps contain two types of match commands:
match request-cmd (higher priority) and match filename (lower priority). The ftp3 class map
includes both commands, but it is ranked according to the lowest priority command, match
filename. The ftp1 class map includes the highest priority command, so it is matched first,
regardless of the order in the policy map. The ftp3 class map is ranked as being of the same priority
as the ftp2 class map, which also contains the match filename command. They are matched
according to the order in the policy map: ftp3 and then ftp2.
class-map type inspect ftp match-all ftp1
match request-cmd get
class-map type inspect ftp match-all ftp2
match filename regex abc
class-map type inspect ftp match-all ftp3
match request-cmd get
match filename regex abc
policy-map type inspect ftp ftp
class ftp3
log
class ftp2
log
class ftp1
log
Default Inspection Policy Maps
DNS inspection is enabled by default, using the preset_dns_map inspection class map:
•
The maximum DNS message length is 512 bytes.
•
The maximum client DNS message length is automatically set to match the Resource Record.
•
DNS Guard is enabled, so the ASA tears down the DNS session associated with a DNS query as
soon as the DNS reply is forwarded by the ASA. The ASA also monitors the message exchange to
ensure that the ID of the DNS reply matches the ID of the DNS query.
•
Translation of the DNS record based on the NAT configuration is enabled.
•
Protocol enforcement is enabled, which enables DNS message format check, including domain
name length of no more than 255 characters, label length of 63 characters, compression, and looped
pointer check.
See the following default commands:
policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map
parameters
message-length maximum client auto
message-length maximum 512
dns-guard
protocol-enforcement
nat-rewrite
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-3
Chapter 2
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map
Note
There are other default inspection policy maps such as _default_esmtp_map. For example, inspect
esmtp implicitly uses the policy map “_default_esmtp_map.” All the default policy maps can be shown
by using the show running-config all policy-map command.
Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map
When you enable an inspection engine in the Layer 3/4 policy map, you can also optionally enable
actions as defined in an inspection policy map.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
(Optional)
See the “Identifying Traffic in an Inspection Class Map” section
on page 2-5.
Create an inspection class map.
Alternatively, you can identify the traffic directly within the
policy map.
Step 2
(Optional)
Create a regular expression.
Step 3
policy-map type inspect application
policy_map_name
Creates the inspection policy map. See the “Configuring
Application Layer Protocol Inspection” section on page 9-7 for a
list of applications that support inspection policy maps.
Example:
The policy_map_name argument is the name of the policy map up
to 40 characters in length. All types of policy maps use the same
name space, so you cannot reuse a name already used by another
type of policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect
http http_policy
Step 4
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
class class_map_name
Example:
Specifies the inspection class map that you created in the
“Identifying Traffic in an Inspection Class Map” section on
page 2-5.
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
Not all applications support inspection class maps.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using
one of the match commands described for each
application in the inspection chapter.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that matches the
criterion in the match not command does not have the action
applied.
Example:
For policy map types that support regular expressions, see the
general operations configuration guide.
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match req-resp
content-type mismatch
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-4
For policy map types that support regular expressions, see the
general operations configuration guide.
Chapter 2
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Identifying Traffic in an Inspection Class Map
Step 5
Command
Purpose
action
Specifies the action you want to perform on the matching traffic.
Actions vary depending on the inspection and match type.
Common actions include: drop, log, and drop-connection. For
the actions available for each match, see the appropriate
inspection chapter.
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop-connection
log
Step 6
parameters
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
Configures parameters that affect the inspection engine. The CLI
enters parameters configuration mode. For the parameters
available for each application, see the appropriate inspection
chapter.
Examples
The following is an example of an HTTP inspection policy map and the related class maps. This policy
map is activated by the Layer 3/4 policy map, which is enabled by the service policy.
ciscoasa(config)# regex url_example example\.com
ciscoasa(config)# regex url_example2 example2\.com
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type regex match-any URLs
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex url_example
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex url_example2
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
class-map type inspect http match-all http-traffic
match req-resp content-type mismatch
match request body length gt 1000
match not request uri regex class URLs
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# policy-map type inspect http http-map1
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http-traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop-connection log
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# match req-resp content-type mismatch
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# reset log
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# protocol-violation action log
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# policy-map test
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class test (a Layer 3/4 class
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect http http-map1
map not shown)
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# service-policy test interface outside
Identifying Traffic in an Inspection Class Map
This type of class map allows you to match criteria that is specific to an application. For example, for
DNS traffic, you can match the domain name in a DNS query.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches (in a match-all class map), or lets you match any of a list of
matches (in a match-any class map). The difference between creating a class map and defining the traffic
match directly in the inspection policy map is that the class map lets you group multiple match
commands, and you can reuse class maps. For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can
specify actions such as dropping, resetting, and/or logging the connection in the inspection policy map.
If you want to perform different actions on different types of traffic, you should identify the traffic
directly in the policy map.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-5
Chapter 2
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Identifying Traffic in an Inspection Class Map
Restrictions
Not all applications support inspection class maps. See the CLI help for class-map type inspect for a
list of supported applications.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
(Optional)
See the general operations configuration guide.
Create a regular expression.
Step 2
class-map type inspect application
[match-all | match-any] class_map_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect
http http_traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
Creates an inspection class map, where the application is the
application you want to inspect. For supported applications, see
the CLI help for a list of supported applications or see Chapter 9,
“Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection.”
The class_map_name argument is the name of the class map up to
40 characters in length.
The match-all keyword is the default, and specifies that traffic
must match all criteria to match the class map.
The match-any keyword specifies that the traffic matches the
class map if it matches at least one of the criteria.
The CLI enters class-map configuration mode, where you can
enter one or more match commands.
Step 3
(Optional)
Adds a description to the class map.
description string
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# description All UDP
traffic
Step 4
Define the traffic to include in the class by
To specify traffic that should not match the class map, use the
entering one or more match commands available match not command. For example, if the match not command
for your application.
specifies the string “example.com,” then any traffic that includes
“example.com” does not match the class map.
To see the match commands available for each application, see
the appropriate inspection chapter.
Examples
The following example creates an HTTP class map that must match all criteria:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
class-map type inspect http match-all http-traffic
match req-resp content-type mismatch
match request body length gt 1000
match not request uri regex class URLs
The following example creates an HTTP class map that can match any of the criteria:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
class-map type inspect http match-any monitor-http
match request method get
match request method put
match request method post
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-6
Chapter 2
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
Where to Go Next
Where to Go Next
To use an inspection policy, see Chapter 1, “Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy
Framework.”
Feature History for Inspection Policy Maps
Table 2-1 lists the release history for this feature.
Table 2-1
Feature History for Service Policies
Feature Name
Releases
Feature Information
Inspection policy maps
7.2(1)
The inspection policy map was introduced. The following
command was introduced: class-map type inspect.
Regular expressions and policy maps
7.2(1)
Regular expressions and policy maps were introduced to be
used under inspection policy maps. The following
commands were introduced: class-map type regex, regex,
match regex.
Match any for inspection policy maps
8.0(2)
The match any keyword was introduced for use with
inspection policy maps: traffic can match one or more
criteria to match the class map. Formerly, only match all
was available.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-7
Chapter 2
Feature History for Inspection Policy Maps
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
2-8
Configuring Special Actions for Application Inspections (Inspection Policy Map)
PART
2
Configuring Network Address Translation
CH AP TE R
3
Information About NAT
This chapter provides an overview of how Network Address Translation (NAT) works on the ASA. This
chapter includes the following sections:
Note
•
Why Use NAT?, page 3-1
•
NAT Terminology, page 3-2
•
NAT Types, page 3-3
•
NAT in Routed and Transparent Mode, page 3-10
•
NAT and IPv6, page 3-13
•
How NAT is Implemented, page 3-13
•
NAT Rule Order, page 3-18
•
Routing NAT Packets, page 3-19
•
NAT for VPN, page 3-22
•
DNS and NAT, page 3-28
•
Where to Go Next, page 3-33
To start configuring NAT, see Chapter 4, “Configuring Network Object NAT,” or Chapter 5,
“Configuring Twice NAT.”
Why Use NAT?
Each computer and device within an IP network is assigned a unique IP address that identifies the host.
Because of a shortage of public IPv4 addresses, most of these IP addresses are private, not routable
anywhere outside of the private company network. RFC 1918 defines the private IP addresses you can
use internally that should not be advertised:
•
10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
•
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
•
192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-1
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Terminology
One of the main functions of NAT is to enable private IP networks to connect to the Internet. NAT
replaces a private IP address with a public IP address, translating the private addresses in the internal
private network into legal, routable addresses that can be used on the public Internet. In this way, NAT
conserves public addresses because it can be configured to advertise at a minimum only one public
address for the entire network to the outside world.
Other functions of NAT include:
Note
•
Security—Keeping internal IP addresses hidden discourages direct attacks.
•
IP routing solutions—Overlapping IP addresses are not a problem when you use NAT.
•
Flexibility—You can change internal IP addressing schemes without affecting the public addresses
available externally; for example, for a server accessible to the Internet, you can maintain a fixed IP
address for Internet use, but internally, you can change the server address.
•
Translating between IPv4 and IPv6 (Routed mode only) —If you want to connect an IPv6 network
to an IPv4 network, NAT lets you translate between the two types of addresses.
NAT is not required. If you do not configure NAT for a given set of traffic, that traffic will not be
translated, but will have all of the security policies applied as normal.
NAT Terminology
This document uses the following terminology:
•
Real address/host/network/interface—The real address is the address that is defined on the host,
before it is translated. In a typical NAT scenario where you want to translate the inside network when
it accesses the outside, the inside network would be the “real” network. Note that you can translate
any network connected to the ASA, not just an inside network, Therefore if you configure NAT to
translate outside addresses, “real” can refer to the outside network when it accesses the inside
network.
•
Mapped address/host/network/interface—The mapped address is the address that the real address is
translated to. In a typical NAT scenario where you want to translate the inside network when it
accesses the outside, the outside network would be the “mapped” network.
Note
During address translation, IP addresses residing on the ASA’s interfaces are not translated.
•
Bidirectional initiation—Static NAT allows connections to be initiated bidirectionally, meaning
both to the host and from the host.
•
Source and destination NAT—For any given packet, both the source and destination IP addresses are
compared to the NAT rules, and one or both can be translated/untranslated. For static NAT, the rule
is bidirectional, so be aware that “source” and “destination” are used in commands and descriptions
throughout this guide even though a given connection might originate at the “destination” address.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-2
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Types
NAT Types
•
NAT Types Overview, page 3-3
•
Static NAT, page 3-3
•
Dynamic NAT, page 3-7
•
Dynamic PAT, page 3-8
•
Identity NAT, page 3-10
NAT Types Overview
You can implement NAT using the following methods:
•
Static NAT—A consistent mapping between a real and mapped IP address. Allows bidirectional
traffic initiation. See the “Static NAT” section on page 3-3.
•
Dynamic NAT—A group of real IP addresses are mapped to a (usually smaller) group of mapped IP
addresses, on a first come, first served basis. Only the real host can initiate traffic. See the “Dynamic
NAT” section on page 3-7.
•
Dynamic Port Address Translation (PAT)—A group of real IP addresses are mapped to a single IP
address using a unique source port of that IP address. See the “Dynamic PAT” section on page 3-8.
•
Identity NAT—A real address is statically translated to itself, essentially bypassing NAT. You might
want to configure NAT this way when you want to translate a large group of addresses, but then want
to exempt a smaller subset of addresses. See the “Identity NAT” section on page 3-10.
Static NAT
This section describes static NAT and includes the following topics:
•
Information About Static NAT, page 3-3
•
Information About Static NAT with Port Translation, page 3-4
•
Information About One-to-Many Static NAT, page 3-5
•
Information About Other Mapping Scenarios (Not Recommended), page 3-6
Information About Static NAT
Static NAT creates a fixed translation of a real address to a mapped address. Because the mapped address
is the same for each consecutive connection, static NAT allows bidirectional connection initiation, both
to and from the host (if an access rule exists that allows it). With dynamic NAT and PAT, on the other
hand, each host uses a different address or port for each subsequent translation, so bidirectional initiation
is not supported.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-3
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Types
Figure 3-1 shows a typical static NAT scenario. The translation is always active so both real and remote
hosts can initiate connections.
Figure 3-1
Static NAT
Security
Appliance
209.165.201.1
10.1.1.2
209.165.201.2
130035
10.1.1.1
Inside Outside
Note
You can disable bidirectionality if desired.
Information About Static NAT with Port Translation
Static NAT with port translation lets you specify a real and mapped protocol (TCP or UDP) and port.
This section includes the following topics:
•
Information About Static NAT with Port Address Translation, page 3-4
•
Static NAT with Identity Port Translation, page 3-5
•
Static NAT with Port Translation for Non-Standard Ports, page 3-5
•
Static Interface NAT with Port Translation, page 3-5
Information About Static NAT with Port Address Translation
When you specify the port with static NAT, you can choose to map the port and/or the IP address to the
same value or to a different value.
Figure 3-2 shows a typical static NAT with port translation scenario showing both a port that is mapped
to itself and a port that is mapped to a different value; the IP address is mapped to a different value in
both cases. The translation is always active so both translated and remote hosts can initiate connections.
Figure 3-2
Typical Static NAT with Port Translation Scenario
10.1.1.1:23
209.165.201.1:23
10.1.1.2:8080
209.165.201.2:80
Inside Outside
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-4
130044
Security
Appliance
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Types
Note
For applications that require application inspection for secondary channels (for example, FTP and VoIP),
the ASA automatically translates the secondary ports.
Static NAT with Identity Port Translation
The following static NAT with port translation example provides a single address for remote users to
access FTP, HTTP, and SMTP. These servers are actually different devices on the real network, but for
each server, you can specify static NAT with port translation rules that use the same mapped IP address,
but different ports.
Static NAT with Port Translation for Non-Standard Ports
You can also use static NAT with port translation to translate a well-known port to a non-standard port
or vice versa. For example, if inside web servers use port 8080, you can allow outside users to connect
to port 80, and then undo translation to the original port 8080. Similarly, to provide extra security, you
can tell web users to connect to non-standard port 6785, and then undo translation to port 80.
Static Interface NAT with Port Translation
You can configure static NAT to map a real address to an interface address/port combination. For
example, if you want to redirect Telnet access for the ASA outside interface to an inside host, then you
can map the inside host IP address/port 23 to the ASA interface address/port 23. (Note that although
Telnet to the ASA is not allowed to the lowest security interface, static NAT with interface port
translation redirects the Telnet session instead of denying it).
Information About One-to-Many Static NAT
Typically, you configure static NAT with a one-to-one mapping. However, in some cases, you might want
to configure a single real address to several mapped addresses (one-to-many). When you configure
one-to-many static NAT, when the real host initiates traffic, it always uses the first mapped address.
However, for traffic initiated to the host, you can initiate traffic to any of the mapped addresses, and they
will be untranslated to the single real address.
Figure 3-3 shows a typical one-to-many static NAT scenario. Because initiation by the real host always
uses the first mapped address, the translation of real host IP/1st mapped IP is technically the only
bidirectional translation.
Figure 3-3
One-to-Many Static NAT
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.4
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.5
248771
Security
Appliance
Inside Outside
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-5
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Types
For example, you have a load balancer at 10.1.2.27. Depending on the URL requested, it redirects traffic
to the correct web server.
Information About Other Mapping Scenarios (Not Recommended)
The ASA has the flexibility to allow any kind of static mapping scenario: one-to-one, one-to-many, but
also few-to-many, many-to-few, and many-to-one mappings. We recommend using only one-to-one or
one-to-many mappings. These other mapping options might result in unintended consequences.
Functionally, few-to-many is the same as one-to-many; but because the configuration is more
complicated and the actual mappings may not be obvious at a glance, we recommend creating a
one-to-many configuration for each real address that requires it. For example, for a few-to-many
scenario, the few real addresses are mapped to the many mapped addresses in order (A to 1, B to 2, C to
3). When all real addresses are mapped, the next mapped address is mapped to the first real address, and
so on until all mapped addresses are mapped (A to 4, B to 5, C to 6). This results in multiple mapped
addresses for each real address. Just like a one-to-many configuration, only the first mappings are
bidirectional; subsequent mappings allow traffic to be initiated to the real host, but all traffic from the
real host uses only the first mapped address for the source.
Figure 3-4 shows a typical few-to-many static NAT scenario.
Few-to-Many Static NAT
Security
Appliance
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
10.1.2.28
209.165.201.4
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.5
10.1.2.28
209.165.201.6
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.7
248769
Figure 3-4
Inside Outside
For a many-to-few or many-to-one configuration, where you have more real addresses than mapped
addresses, you run out of mapped addresses before you run out of real addresses. Only the mappings
between the lowest real IP addresses and the mapped pool result in bidirectional initiation. The
remaining higher real addresses can initiate traffic, but traffic cannot be initiated to them (returning
traffic for a connection is directed to the correct real address because of the unique 5-tuple (source IP,
destination IP, source port, destination port, protocol) for the connection).
Note
Many-to-few or many-to-one NAT is not PAT. If two real hosts use the same source port number and go
to the same outside server and the same TCP destination port, and both hosts are translated to the same
IP address, then both connections will be reset because of an address conflict (the 5-tuple is not unique).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-6
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Types
Figure 3-5 shows a typical many-to-few static NAT scenario.
Many-to-Few Static NAT
Security
Appliance
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.3
10.1.2.28
10.1.2.29
209.165.201.4
209.165.201.3
10.1.2.30
209.165.201.4
10.1.2.31
209.165.201.3
248770
Figure 3-5
Inside Outside
Instead of using a static rule this way, we suggest that you create a one-to-one rule for the traffic that
needs bidirectional initiation, and then create a dynamic rule for the rest of your addresses.
Dynamic NAT
This section describes dynamic NAT and includes the following topics:
•
Information About Dynamic NAT, page 3-7
•
Dynamic NAT Disadvantages and Advantages, page 3-8
Information About Dynamic NAT
Dynamic NAT translates a group of real addresses to a pool of mapped addresses that are routable on the
destination network. The mapped pool typically includes fewer addresses than the real group. When a
host you want to translate accesses the destination network, the ASA assigns the host an IP address from
the mapped pool. The translation is created only when the real host initiates the connection. The
translation is in place only for the duration of the connection, and a given user does not keep the same
IP address after the translation times out. Users on the destination network, therefore, cannot initiate a
reliable connection to a host that uses dynamic NAT, even if the connection is allowed by an access rule.
Figure 3-6 shows a typical dynamic NAT scenario. Only real hosts can create a NAT session, and
responding traffic is allowed back.
Figure 3-6
Dynamic NAT
10.1.1.1
209.165.201.1
10.1.1.2
209.165.201.2
Inside Outside
130032
Security
Appliance
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-7
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Types
Note
For the duration of the translation, a remote host can initiate a connection to the translated host if an
access rule allows it. Because the address is unpredictable, a connection to the host is unlikely.
Nevertheless, in this case you can rely on the security of the access rule.
Dynamic NAT Disadvantages and Advantages
Dynamic NAT has these disadvantages:
•
If the mapped pool has fewer addresses than the real group, you could run out of addresses if the
amount of traffic is more than expected.
Use PAT or a PAT fallback method if this event occurs often because PAT provides over 64,000
translations using ports of a single address.
•
You have to use a large number of routable addresses in the mapped pool, and routable addresses
may not be available in large quantities.
The advantage of dynamic NAT is that some protocols cannot use PAT. PAT does not work with the
following:
•
IP protocols that do not have a port to overload, such as GRE version 0.
•
Some multimedia applications that have a data stream on one port, the control path on another port,
and are not open standard.
See the “Default Settings and NAT Limitations” section on page 9-4 for more information about NAT
and PAT support.
Dynamic PAT
This section describes dynamic PAT and includes the following topics:
•
Information About Dynamic PAT, page 3-8
•
Per-Session PAT vs. Multi-Session PAT, page 3-9
•
Dynamic PAT Disadvantages and Advantages, page 3-9
Information About Dynamic PAT
Dynamic PAT translates multiple real addresses to a single mapped IP address by translating the real
address and source port to the mapped address and a unique port. If available, the real source port number
is used for the mapped port. However, if the real port is not available, by default the mapped ports are
chosen from the same range of ports as the real port number: 0 to 511, 512 to 1023, and 1024 to 65535.
Therefore, ports below 1024 have only a small PAT pool that can be used. If you have a lot of traffic that
uses the lower port ranges, you can specify a flat range of ports to be used instead of the three
unequal-sized tiers.
Each connection requires a separate translation session because the source port differs for each
connection. For example, 10.1.1.1:1025 requires a separate translation from 10.1.1.1:1026.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-8
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Types
Figure 3-7 shows a typical dynamic PAT scenario. Only real hosts can create a NAT session, and
responding traffic is allowed back. The mapped address is the same for each translation, but the port is
dynamically assigned.
Dynamic PAT
Security
Appliance
10.1.1.1:1025
209.165.201.1:2020
10.1.1.1:1026
209.165.201.1:2021
10.1.1.2:1025
209.165.201.1:2022
Inside Outside
130034
Figure 3-7
After the connection expires, the port translation also expires. For multi-session PAT, the PAT timeout is
used, 30 seconds by default. For per-session PAT, the xlate is immediately removed. Users on the
destination network cannot reliably initiate a connection to a host that uses PAT (even if the connection
is allowed by an access rule).
Note
For the duration of the translation, a remote host can initiate a connection to the translated host if an
access rule allows it. Because the port address (both real and mapped) is unpredictable, a connection to
the host is unlikely. Nevertheless, in this case you can rely on the security of the access rule.
Per-Session PAT vs. Multi-Session PAT
The per-session PAT feature improves the scalability of PAT and, for clustering, allows each member unit
to own PAT connections; multi-session PAT connections have to be forwarded to and owned by the
master unit. At the end of a per-session PAT session, the ASA sends a reset and immediately removes
the xlate. This reset causes the end node to immediately release the connection, avoiding the
TIME_WAIT state. Multi-session PAT, on the other hand, uses the PAT timeout, by default 30 seconds.
For “hit-and-run” traffic, such as HTTP or HTTPS, the per-session feature can dramatically increase the
connection rate supported by one address. Without the per-session feature, the maximum connection rate
for one address for an IP protocol is approximately 2000 per second. With the per-session feature, the
connection rate for one address for an IP protocol is 65535/average-lifetime.
By default, all TCP traffic and UDP DNS traffic use a per-session PAT xlate. For traffic that can benefit
from multi-session PAT, such as H.323, SIP, or Skinny, you can disable per-session PAT be creating a
per-session deny rule. See the “Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules” section on page 4-16.
Dynamic PAT Disadvantages and Advantages
Dynamic PAT lets you use a single mapped address, thus conserving routable addresses. You can even
use the ASA interface IP address as the PAT address.
Dynamic PAT does not work with some multimedia applications that have a data stream that is different
from the control path. See the “Default Settings and NAT Limitations” section on page 9-4 for more
information about NAT and PAT support.
Dynamic PAT may also create a large number of connections appearing to come from a single IP address,
and servers might interpret the traffic as a DoS attack. You can configure a PAT pool of addresses and
use a round-robin assignment of PAT addresses to mitigate this situation.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-9
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT in Routed and Transparent Mode
Identity NAT
You might have a NAT configuration in which you need to translate an IP address to itself. For example,
if you create a broad rule that applies NAT to every network, but want to exclude one network from NAT,
you can create a static NAT rule to translate an address to itself. Identity NAT is necessary for remote
access VPN, where you need to exempt the client traffic from NAT.
Figure 3-8 shows a typical identity NAT scenario.
Figure 3-8
Identity NAT
209.165.201.1
209.165.201.1
209.165.201.2
209.165.201.2
Inside Outside
130036
Security
Appliance
NAT in Routed and Transparent Mode
You can configure NAT in both routed and transparent firewall mode. This section describes typical
usage for each firewall mode and includes the following topics:
•
NAT in Routed Mode, page 3-11
•
NAT in Transparent Mode, page 3-11
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-10
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT in Routed and Transparent Mode
NAT in Routed Mode
Figure 3-9 shows a typical NAT example in routed mode, with a private network on the inside.
Figure 3-9
NAT Example: Routed Mode
Web Server
www.cisco.com
Outside
209.165.201.2
Originating
Packet
Security
Appliance
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.10
Responding
Packet
Undo Translation
209.165.201.10
10.1.2.27
10.1.2.1
10.1.2.27
130023
Inside
1.
When the inside host at 10.1.2.27 sends a packet to a web server, the real source address of the
packet, 10.1.2.27, is changed to a mapped address, 209.165.201.10.
2.
When the server responds, it sends the response to the mapped address, 209.165.201.10, and the
ASA receives the packet because the ASA performs proxy ARP to claim the packet.
3.
The ASA then changes the translation of the mapped address, 209.165.201.10, back to the real
address, 10.1.2.27, before sending it to the host.
NAT in Transparent Mode
Using NAT in transparent mode eliminates the need for the upstream or downstream routers to perform
NAT for their networks.
NAT in transparent mode has the following requirements and limitations:
•
Because the transparent firewall does not have any interface IP addresses, you cannot use interface
PAT.
•
ARP inspection is not supported. Moreover, if for some reason a host on one side of the ASA sends
an ARP request to a host on the other side of the ASA, and the initiating host real address is mapped
to a different address on the same subnet, then the real address remains visible in the ARP request.
•
Translating between IPv4 and IPv6 networks is not supported. Translating between two IPv6
networks, or between two IPv4 networks is supported.
Figure 3-10 shows a typical NAT scenario in transparent mode, with the same network on the inside and
outside interfaces. The transparent firewall in this scenario is performing the NAT service so that the
upstream router does not have to perform NAT.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-11
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT in Routed and Transparent Mode
Figure 3-10
NAT Example: Transparent Mode
www.example.com
Internet
Static route on router:
209.165.201.0/27 to 10.1.1.1
Source Addr Translation
10.1.1.75
209.165.201.15
Static route on ASA:
192.168.1.0/24 to 10.1.1.3
10.1.1.2
Management IP
10.1.1.1
ASA
10.1.1.75
10.1.1.3
Source Addr Translation
192.168.1.2
209.165.201.10
250261
192.168.1.1
Network 2
192.168.1.2
1.
When the inside host at 10.1.1.75 sends a packet to a web server, the real source address of the
packet, 10.1.1.75, is changed to a mapped address, 209.165.201.15.
2.
When the server responds, it sends the response to the mapped address, 209.165.201.15, and the
ASA receives the packet because the upstream router includes this mapped network in a static route
directed to the ASA management IP address. See the “Mapped Addresses and Routing” section on
page 3-20 for more information about required routes.
3.
The ASA then undoes the translation of the mapped address, 209.165.201.15, back to the real
address, 10.1.1.1.75. Because the real address is directly-connected, the ASA sends it directly to the
host.
4.
For host 192.168.1.2, the same process occurs, except for returning traffic, the ASA looks up the
route in its routing table and sends the packet to the downstream router at 10.1.1.3 based on the ASA
static route for 192.168.1.0/24. See the “Transparent Mode Routing Requirements for Remote
Networks” section on page 3-21 for more information about required routes.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-12
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT and IPv6
NAT and IPv6
You can use NAT to translate between IPv6 networks, and also to translate between IPv4 and IPv6
networks (routed mode only). We recommend the following best practices:
•
NAT66 (IPv6-to-IPv6)—We recommend using static NAT. Although you can use dynamic NAT or
PAT, IPv6 addresses are in such large supply, you do not have to use dynamic NAT. If you do not
want to allow returning traffic, you can make the static NAT rule unidirectional (twice NAT only).
•
NAT46 (IPv4-to-IPv6)—We recommend using static NAT. Because the IPv6 address space is so
much larger than the IPv4 address space, you can easily accommodate a static translation. If you do
not want to allow returning traffic, you can make the static NAT rule unidirectional (twice NAT
only). When translating to an IPv6 subnet (/96 or lower), the resulting mapped address is by default
an IPv4-embedded IPv6 address, where the 32-bits of the IPv4 address is embedded after the IPv6
prefix. For example, if the IPv6 prefix is a /96 prefix, then the IPv4 address is appended in the last
32-bits of the address. For example, if you map 192.168.1.0/24 to 201b::0/96, then 192.168.1.4 will
be mapped to 201b::0.192.168.1.4 (shown with mixed notation). If the prefix is smaller, such as /64,
then the IPv4 address is appended after the prefix, and a suffix of 0s is appended after the IPv4
address. You can also optionally translate the addresses net-tonet, where the first IPv4 address maps
to the first IPv6 address, the second to the second, and so on.
•
NAT64 (IPv6-to-IPv4)—You may not have enough IPv4 addresses to accommodate the number of
IPv6 addresses. We recommend using a dynamic PAT pool to provide a large number of IPv4
translations.
For specific implementation guidelines and limitations, see the configuration chapters.
How NAT is Implemented
The ASA can implement address translation in two ways: network object NAT and twice NAT. This
section includes the following topics:
•
Main Differences Between Network Object NAT and Twice NAT, page 3-13
•
Information About Network Object NAT, page 3-14
•
Information About Twice NAT, page 3-14
Main Differences Between Network Object NAT and Twice NAT
The main differences between these two NAT types are:
•
How you define the real address.
– Network object NAT—You define NAT as a parameter for a network object. A network object
names an IP host, range, or subnet so you can then use the object in configuration instead of the
actual IP addresses. The network object IP address serves as the real address. This method lets
you easily add NAT to network objects that might already be used in other parts of your
configuration.
– Twice NAT—You identify a network object or network object group for both the real and
mapped addresses. In this case, NAT is not a parameter of the network object; the network object
or group is a parameter of the NAT configuration. The ability to use a network object group for
the real address means that twice NAT is more scalable.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-13
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
How NAT is Implemented
•
How source and destination NAT is implemented.
– Network object NAT— Each rule can apply to either the source or destination of a packet. So
two rules might be used, one for the source IP address, and one for the destination IP address.
These two rules cannot be tied together to enforce a specific translation for a source/destination
combination.
– Twice NAT—A single rule translates both the source and destination. A matching packet only
matches the one rule, and further rules are not checked. Even if you do not configure the
optional destination address for twice NAT, a matching packet still only matches one twice NAT
rule. The source and destination are tied together, so you can enforce different translations
depending on the source/destination combination. For example, sourceA/destinationA can have
a different translation than sourceA/destinationB.
•
Order of NAT Rules.
– Network object NAT—Automatically ordered in the NAT table.
– Twice NAT—Manually ordered in the NAT table (before or after network object NAT rules).
See the “NAT Rule Order” section on page 3-18 for more information.
We recommend using network object NAT unless you need the extra features that twice NAT provides.
Network object NAT is easier to configure, and might be more reliable for applications such as Voice
over IP (VoIP). (For VoIP, because twice NAT is applicable only between two objects, you might see a
failure in the translation of indirect addresses that do not belong to either of the objects.)
Information About Network Object NAT
All NAT rules that are configured as a parameter of a network object are considered to be network object
NAT rules. Network object NAT is a quick and easy way to configure NAT for a network object, which
can be a single IP address, a range of addresses, or a subnet.
After you configure the network object, you can then identify the mapped address for that object, either
as an inline address or as another network object or network object group.
When a packet enters the ASA, both the source and destination IP addresses are checked against the
network object NAT rules. The source and destination address in the packet can be translated by separate
rules if separate matches are made. These rules are not tied to each other; different combinations of rules
can be used depending on the traffic.
Because the rules are never paired, you cannot specify that sourceA/destinationA should have a different
translation than sourceA/destinationB. Use twice NAT for that kind of functionality (twice NAT lets you
identify the source and destination address in a single rule).
To start configuring network object NAT, see Chapter 4, “Configuring Network Object NAT.”
Information About Twice NAT
Twice NAT lets you identify both the source and destination address in a single rule. Specifying both the
source and destination addresses lets you specify that sourceA/destinationA can have a different
translation than sourceA/destinationB.
The destination address is optional. If you specify the destination address, you can either map it to itself
(identity NAT), or you can map it to a different address. The destination mapping is always a static
mapping.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-14
Information About NAT
How NAT is Implemented
Twice NAT also lets you use service objects for static NAT with port translation; network object NAT
only accepts inline definition.
To start configuring twice NAT, see Chapter 5, “Configuring Twice NAT.”
Figure 3-11 shows a host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accessing two different servers. When the host
accesses the server at 209.165.201.11, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129. When the host
accesses the server at 209.165.200.225, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130.
Figure 3-11
Twice NAT with Different Destination Addresses
Server 1
209.165.201.11
Server 2
209.165.200.225
209.165.201.0/27
209.165.200.224/27
DMZ
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.129
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.130
Inside
10.1.2.0/24
Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11
10.1.2.27
Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.200.225
130039
Chapter 3
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-15
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
How NAT is Implemented
Figure 3-12 shows the use of source and destination ports. The host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accesses
a single host for both web services and Telnet services. When the host accesses the server for web
services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129. When the host accesses the same server for
Telnet services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130.
Figure 3-12
Twice NAT with Different Destination Ports
Web and Telnet server:
209.165.201.11
Internet
Translation
10.1.2.27:80
209.165.202.129
Translation
10.1.2.27:23
209.165.202.130
Inside
Web Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11:80
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-16
10.1.2.27
Telnet Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11:23
130040
10.1.2.0/24
Information About NAT
How NAT is Implemented
Figure 3-13 shows a remote host connecting to a mapped host. The mapped host has a twice static NAT
translation that translates the real address only for traffic to and from the 209.165.201.0/27 network. A
translation does not exist for the 209.165.200.224/27 network, so the translated host cannot connect to
that network, nor can a host on that network connect to the translated host.
Figure 3-13
Twice Static NAT with Destination Address Translation
209.165.201.11
209.165.200.225
209.165.201.0/27
209.165.200.224/27
DMZ
No Translation
Undo Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.128
Inside
10.1.2.0/27
10.1.2.27
130037
Chapter 3
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-17
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Rule Order
NAT Rule Order
Network object NAT rules and twice NAT rules are stored in a single table that is divided into three
sections. Section 1 rules are applied first, then section 2, and finally section 3, until a match is found.
For example, if a match is found in section 1, sections 2 and 3 are not evaluated. Table 3-1 shows the
order of rules within each section.
Table 3-1
NAT Rule Table
Table Section Rule Type
Order of Rules within the Section
Section 1
Applied on a first match basis, in the order they appear in the
configuration. Because the first match is applied, you must
ensure that specific rules come before more general rules, or
the specific rules might not be applied as desired. By default,
twice NAT rules are added to section 1.
Twice NAT
Note
Section 2
If you configure EasyVPN remote, the ASA
dynamically adds invisible NAT rules to the end of this
section. Be sure that you do not configure a twice NAT
rule in this section that might match your VPN traffic,
instead of matching the invisible rule. If VPN does not
work due to NAT failure, consider adding twice NAT
rules to section 3 instead.
Network object NAT If a match in section 1 is not found, section 2 rules are applied
in the following order, as automatically determined by the
ASA:
1.
Static rules.
2.
Dynamic rules.
Within each rule type, the following ordering guidelines are
used:
a. Quantity of real IP addresses—From smallest to
largest. For example, an object with one address will
be assessed before an object with 10 addresses.
b. For quantities that are the same, then the IP address
number is used, from lowest to highest. For example,
10.1.1.0 is assessed before 11.1.1.0.
c. If the same IP address is used, then the name of the
network object is used, in alphabetical order. For
example, abracadabra is assessed before catwoman.
Section 3
Twice NAT
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-18
If a match is still not found, section 3 rules are applied on a first
match basis, in the order they appear in the configuration. This
section should contain your most general rules. You must also
ensure that any specific rules in this section come before
general rules that would otherwise apply. You can specify
whether to add a twice NAT rule to section 3 when you add the
rule.
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT Interfaces
For section 2 rules, for example, you have the following IP addresses defined within network objects:
192.168.1.0/24 (static)
192.168.1.0/24 (dynamic)
10.1.1.0/24 (static)
192.168.1.1/32 (static)
172.16.1.0/24 (dynamic) (object def)
172.16.1.0/24 (dynamic) (object abc)
The resultant ordering would be:
192.168.1.1/32 (static)
10.1.1.0/24 (static)
192.168.1.0/24 (static)
172.16.1.0/24 (dynamic) (object abc)
172.16.1.0/24 (dynamic) (object def)
192.168.1.0/24 (dynamic)
NAT Interfaces
You can configure a NAT rule to apply to any interface (in other words, all interfaces), or you can identify
specific real and mapped interfaces. You can also specify any interface for the real address, and a specific
interface for the mapped address, or vice versa.
For example, you might want to specify any interface for the real address and specify the outside
interface for the mapped address if you use the same private addresses on multiple interfaces, and you
want to translate them all to the same global pool when accessing the outside.
Note
For transparent mode, you must choose specific source and destination interfaces.
Routing NAT Packets
The ASA needs to be the destination for any packets sent to the mapped address. The ASA also needs to
determine the egress interface for any packets it receives destined for mapped addresses. This section
describes how the ASA handles accepting and delivering packets with NAT, and includes the following
topics:
•
Mapped Addresses and Routing, page 3-20
•
Transparent Mode Routing Requirements for Remote Networks, page 3-21
•
Determining the Egress Interface, page 3-22
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-19
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
Routing NAT Packets
Mapped Addresses and Routing
When you translate the real address to a mapped address, the mapped address you choose determines
how to configure routing, if necessary, for the mapped address.
See additional guidelines about mapped IP addresses in Chapter 4, “Configuring Network Object NAT,”
and Chapter 5, “Configuring Twice NAT.”
See the following mapped address types:
•
Addresses on the same network as the mapped interface.
If you use addresses on the same network as the mapped interface, the ASA uses proxy ARP to
answer any ARP requests for the mapped addresses, thus intercepting traffic destined for a mapped
address. This solution simplifies routing because the ASA does not have to be the gateway for any
additional networks. This solution is ideal if the outside network contains an adequate number of
free addresses, a consideration if you are using a 1:1 translation like dynamic NAT or static NAT.
Dynamic PAT greatly extends the number of translations you can use with a small number of
addresses, so even if the available addresses on the outside network is small, this method can be
used. For PAT, you can even use the IP address of the mapped interface.
Note
•
If you configure the mapped interface to be any interface, and you specify a mapped address
on the same network as one of the mapped interfaces, then if an ARP request for that mapped
address comes in on a different interface, then you need to manually configure an ARP entry
for that network on the ingress interface, specifying its MAC address (see the arp
command). Typically, if you specify any interface for the mapped interface, then you use a
unique network for the mapped addresses, so this situation would not occur.
Addresses on a unique network.
If you need more addresses than are available on the mapped interface network, you can identify
addresses on a different subnet. The upstream router needs a static route for the mapped addresses
that points to the ASA. Alternatively for routed mode, you can configure a static route on the ASA
for the mapped addresses, and then redistribute the route using your routing protocol. For
transparent mode, if the real host is directly-connected, configure the static route on the upstream
router to point to the ASA: specify the bridge group IP address. For remote hosts in transparent
mode, in the static route on the upstream router, you can alternatively specify the downstream router
IP address.
•
The same address as the real address (identity NAT).
The default behavior for identity NAT has proxy ARP enabled, matching other static NAT rules. You
can disable proxy ARP if desired. Note: You can also disable proxy ARP for regular static NAT if
desired, in which case you need to be sure to have proper routes on the upstream router.
Normally for identity NAT, proxy ARP is not required, and in some cases can cause connectivity
issues. For example, if you configure a broad identity NAT rule for “any” IP address, then leaving
proxy ARP enabled can cause problems for hosts on the network directly-connected to the mapped
interface. In this case, when a host on the mapped network wants to communicate with another host
on the same network, then the address in the ARP request matches the NAT rule (which matches
“any” address). The ASA will then proxy ARP for the address, even though the packet is not actually
destined for the ASA. (Note that this problem occurs even if you have a twice NAT rule; although
the NAT rule must match both the source and destination addresses, the proxy ARP decision is made
only on the “source” address). If the ASA ARP response is received before the actual host ARP
response, then traffic will be mistakenly sent to the ASA (see Figure 3-14).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-20
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
Routing NAT Packets
Figure 3-14
Proxy ARP Problems with Identity NAT
209.165.200.230
3
ARP Response
Too late
209.165.200.231
209.165.200.225
Inside
Outside
ARP for 209.165.200.230.
1
Proxy ARP for 209.165.200.230.
2
Identity NAT for
“any” with Proxy ARP
4
Traffic incorrectly sent to ASA.
In rare cases, you need proxy ARP for identity NAT; for example for virtual Telnet. When using
AAA for network access, a host needs to authenticate with the ASA using a service like Telnet
before any other traffic can pass. You can configure a virtual Telnet server on the ASA to provide
the necessary login. When accessing the virtual Telnet address from the outside, you must configure
an identity NAT rule for the address specifically for the proxy ARP functionality. Due to internal
processes for virtual Telnet, proxy ARP lets the ASA keep traffic destined for the virtual Telnet
address rather than send the traffic out the source interface according to the NAT rule. (See
Figure 3-15).
Figure 3-15
Proxy ARP and Virtual Telnet
Virtual Telnet:
209.165.200.230
Inside
209.165.201.11
Outside
Server
Identity NAT for
209.165.200.230
between inside and outside
with Proxy ARP
Telnet to 209.165.200.230.
Authenticate.
Communicate with server.
1
2
3
Transparent Mode Routing Requirements for Remote Networks
When you use NAT in transparent mode, some types of traffic require static routes. See the general
operations configuration guide for more information.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-21
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT for VPN
Determining the Egress Interface
When the ASA receives traffic for a mapped address, the ASA unstranslates the destination address
according to the NAT rule, and then it sends the packet on to the real address. The ASA determines the
egress interface for the packet in the following ways:
•
Transparent mode—The ASA determines the egress interface for the real address by using the NAT
rule; you must specify the source and destination interfaces as part of the NAT rule.
•
Routed mode—The ASA determines the egress interface in one of the following ways:
– You configure the interface in the NAT rule—The ASA uses the NAT rule to determine the
egress interface. However, you have the option to always use a route lookup instead. In certain
scenarios, a route lookup override is required; for example, see the “NAT and VPN Management
Access” section on page 3-26.
– You do not configure the interface in the NAT rule—The ASA uses a route lookup to determine
the egress interface.
Figure 3-16 shows the egress interface selection method in routed mode. In almost all cases, a route
lookup is equivalent to the NAT rule interface, but in some configurations, the two methods might differ.
Figure 3-16
Routed Mode Egress Interface Selection
Eng
Packet
Real: 10.1.1.78
Mapped: 209.165.201.08
Dest. 209.165.201.08
Inside
Outside
209.165.201.08 to 10.1.1.78
Send packet out Inside interface.
Untranslation
Where to send 10.1.1.78?
Yes
NAT rule specifies interface?
No
NAT rule specifies route lookup?
Look up 10.1.1.78 in routing table.
Yes
NAT for VPN
•
NAT and Remote Access VPN, page 3-23
•
NAT and Site-to-Site VPN, page 3-24
•
NAT and VPN Management Access, page 3-26
•
Troubleshooting NAT and VPN, page 3-28
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-22
370049
No
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT for VPN
NAT and Remote Access VPN
Figure 3-17 shows both an inside server (10.1.1.6) and a VPN client (209.165.201.10) accessing the
Internet. Unless you configure split tunnelling for the VPN client (where only specified traffic goes
through the VPN tunnel), then Internet-bound VPN traffic must also go through the ASA. When the VPN
traffic enters the ASA, the ASA decrypts the packet; the resulting packet includes the VPN client local
address (10.3.3.10) as the source. For both inside and VPN client local networks, you need a public IP
address provided by NAT to access the Internet. The below example uses interface PAT rules. To allow
the VPN traffic to exit the same interface it entered, you also need to enable intra-interface
communication (AKA “hairpin” networking).
Interface PAT for Internet-Bound VPN Traffic (Intra-Interface)
1. HTTP request to www.example.com
2. ASA decrypts packet; src address is
now local address
209.165.201.10
Src: 209.165.201.10
10.3.3.10
ASA Outside IP: 203.0.113.1
Inside
VPN Client
209.165.201.10
Internet
Src: 203.0.113.1:6070 4. HTTP request to
www.example.com
10.1.1.6
10.3.3.10
Src: 10.1.1.6
203.0.113.1:6070
3. ASA performs interface PAT for outgoing traffic.
Intra-interface config req’d.
A. HTTP to
www.example.com
www.example.com
Src: 203.0.113.1:6075
10.1.1.6
203.0.113.1:6075
303462
Figure 3-17
C. HTTP request to www.example.com
B. ASA performs interface PAT for
outgoing traffic.
Figure 3-18 shows a VPN client that wants to access an inside mail server. Because the ASA expects
traffic between the inside network and any outside network to match the interface PAT rule you set up
for Internet access, traffic from the VPN client (10.3.3.10) to the SMTP server (10.1.1.6) will be dropped
due to a reverse path failure: traffic from 10.3.3.10 to 10.1.1.6 does not match a NAT rule, but returning
traffic from 10.1.1.6 to 10.3.3.10 should match the interface PAT rule for outgoing traffic. Because
forward and reverse flows do not match, the ASA drops the packet when it is received. To avoid this
failure, you need to exempt the inside-to-VPN client traffic from the interface PAT rule by using an
identity NAT rule between those networks. Identity NAT simply translates an address to the same
address.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-23
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT for VPN
Figure 3-18
Identity NAT for VPN Clients
2. ASA decrypts packet; src address is
now local address
209.165.201.10
10.3.3.10
3. Identity NAT between inside and VPN Client NWs
Src: 10.3.3.10
Dst: 10.1.1.6
1. SMTP request to 10.1.1.6
10.3.3.10
10.1.1.6
Src: 209.165.201.10
4. SMTP request to 10.1.1.6
Src: 10.3.3.10
VPN Client
209.165.201.10
Internet
Inside
10.1.1.6
5. SMTP response to
VPN Client
8. SMTP response to
VPN Client
Src: 10.1.1.6
Dst: 10.3.3.10
10.1.1.6
10.3.3.10
6. Identity NAT
10.3.3.10
209.165.201.10
7. ASA encrypts packet; dst address is now real address
303463
Dst: 10.3.3.10
Dst: 209.165.201.10
See the following sample NAT configuration for the above network:
! Enable hairpin for non-split-tunneled VPN client traffic:
same-security-traffic permit intra-interface
! Identify local VPN network, & perform object interface PAT when going to Internet:
object network vpn_local
subnet 10.3.3.0 255.255.255.0
nat (outside,outside) dynamic interface
! Identify inside network, & perform object interface PAT when going to Internet:
object network inside_nw
subnet 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface
! Use twice NAT to pass traffic between the inside network and the VPN client without
! address translation (identity NAT):
nat (inside,outside) source static inside_nw inside_nw destination static vpn_local
vpn_local
NAT and Site-to-Site VPN
Figure 3-19 shows a site-to-site tunnel connecting the Boulder and San Jose offices. For traffic that you
want to go to the Internet (for example from 10.1.1.6 in Boulder to www.example.com), you need a
public IP address provided by NAT to access the Internet. The below example uses interface PAT rules.
However, for traffic that you want to go over the VPN tunnel (for example from 10.1.1.6 in Boulder to
10.2.2.78 in San Jose), you do not want to perform NAT; you need to exempt that traffic by creating an
identity NAT rule. Identity NAT simply translates an address to the same address.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-24
Information About NAT
NAT for VPN
Figure 3-19
Interface PAT and Identity NAT for Site-to-Site VPN
2. Identity NAT between NWs connected by VPN
Src: 10.1.1.6
Dst: 10.2.2.78
1. IM to 10.2.2.78
10.1.1.6
10.2.2.78
3. IM received
Src: 10.1.1.6
Src: 10.1.1.6
FW Outside IP: 203.0.113.1
Internet
Inside
Boulder
10.1.1.6
Src: 10.1.1.6
A. HTTP to
www.example.com
Site-to-Site VPN Tunnel
Firewall1
Firewall2
203.0.113.1:6070
10.2.2.78
www.example.com
B. The firewall performs interface PAT for
outgoing traffic.
Src: 203.0.113.1:6070
C. HTTP request to www.example.com
303459
10.1.1.6
Inside
San Jose
Figure 3-20 shows a VPN client connected to ASA1 (Boulder), with a Telnet request for a server
(10.2.2.78) accessible over a site-to-site tunnel between ASA1 and ASA2 (San Jose). Because this is a
hairpin connection, you need to enable intra-interface communication, which is also required for
non-split-tunneled Internet-bound traffic from the VPN client. You also need to configure identity NAT
between the VPN client and the Boulder & San Jose networks, just as you would between any networks
connected by VPN to exempt this traffic from outbound NAT rules.
Figure 3-20
VPN Client Access to Site-to-Site VPN
2. Firewall decrypts packet; src address is
now local address
209.165.201.10
1. HTTP request to 10.2.2.78
Src: 209.165.201.10
10.3.3.10
VPN Client
209.165.201.10
Internet
Inside
Boulder
10.1.1.6
Firewall1
Src: 10.3.3.10
Dst: 10.2.2.78
Site-to-Site VPN Tunnel
Inside
San Jose
Firewall2
10.3.3.10
10.2.2.78
10.2.2.78
Src: 10.3.3.10
3. Identity NAT between VPN Client &
San Jose NWs; intra-interface config req’d
303460
Chapter 3
4. HTTP request received
See the following sample NAT configuration for ASA1 (Boulder):
! Enable hairpin for VPN client traffic:
same-security-traffic permit intra-interface
! Identify local VPN network, & perform object interface PAT when going to Internet:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-25
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
NAT for VPN
object network vpn_local
subnet 10.3.3.0 255.255.255.0
nat (outside,outside) dynamic interface
! Identify inside Boulder network, & perform object interface PAT when going to Internet:
object network boulder_inside
subnet 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface
! Identify inside San Jose network for use in twice NAT rule:
object network sanjose_inside
subnet 10.2.2.0 255.255.255.0
! Use twice NAT to pass traffic between the Boulder network and the VPN client without
! address translation (identity NAT):
nat (inside,outside) source static boulder_inside boulder_inside destination static
vpn_local vpn_local
! Use twice NAT to pass traffic between the Boulder network and San Jose without
! address translation (identity NAT):
nat (inside,outside) source static boulder_inside boulder_inside destination static
sanjose_inside sanjose_inside
! Use twice NAT to pass traffic between the VPN client and San Jose without
! address translation (identity NAT):
nat (outside,outside) source static vpn_local vpn_local destination static sanjose_inside
sanjose_inside
See the following sample NAT configuration for ASA2 (San Jose):
! Identify inside San Jose network, & perform object interface PAT when going to Internet:
object network sanjose_inside
subnet 10.2.2.0 255.255.255.0
nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface
! Identify inside Boulder network for use in twice NAT rule:
object network boulder_inside
subnet 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
! Identify local VPN network for use in twice NAT rule:
object network vpn_local
subnet 10.3.3.0 255.255.255.0
! Use twice NAT to pass traffic between the San Jose network and Boulder without
! address translation (identity NAT):
nat (inside,outside) source static sanjose_inside sanjose_inside destination static
boulder_inside boulder_inside
! Use twice NAT to pass traffic between the San Jose network and the VPN client without
! address translation (identity NAT):
nat (inside,outside) source static sanjose_inside sanjose_inside destination static
vpn_local vpn_local
NAT and VPN Management Access
When using VPN, you can allow management access to an interface other than the one from which you
entered the ASA (see the management-access command). For example, if you enter the ASA from the
outside interface, the management-access feature lets you connect to the inside interface using ASDM,
SSH, Telnet, or SNMP; or you can ping the inside interface.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-26
Information About NAT
NAT for VPN
Figure 3-21 shows a VPN client Telnetting to the ASA inside interface. When you use a
management-access interface, and you configure identity NAT according to the “NAT and Remote
Access VPN” or “NAT and Site-to-Site VPN” section, you must configure NAT with the route lookup
option. Without route lookup, the ASA sends traffic out the interface specified in the NAT command,
regardless of what the routing table says; in the below example, the egress interface is the inside
interface. You do not want the ASA to send the management traffic out to the inside network; it will never
return to the inside interface IP address. The route lookup option lets the ASA send the traffic directly
to the inside interface IP address instead of to the inside network. For traffic from the VPN client to a
host on the inside network, the route lookup option will still result in the correct egress interface (inside),
so normal traffic flow is not affected. See the “Determining the Egress Interface” section on page 3-22
for more information about the route lookup option.
Figure 3-21
VPN Management Access
2. ASA decrypts packet; src address is now local address
209.165.201.10
10.3.3.10
3. Identity NAT between inside &
VPN client NWs; route-lookup req’d
Src: 10.3.3.10
Dst: 10.1.1.1
1. Telnet request to ASA inside ifc;
management-access config req’d
10.3.3.10
10.1.1.1
Src: 209.165.201.10
4. Telnet request to 10.1.1.1
Src: 10.3.3.10
ASA Inside IP:10.1.1.1
Inside
VPN Client
209.165.201.10
Internet
Dst: 209.165.201.10
8. Telnet response to
VPN Client
Dst: 10.3.3.10
Src: 10.1.1.1
Dst: 10.3.3.10
10.1.1.1
10.3.3.10
5. Telnet response
6. Identity NAT
to VPN Client
Dst: 10.3.3.10
209.165.201.10
7. ASA encrypts packet; dst address is now real address
303461
Chapter 3
See the following sample NAT configuration for the above network:
! Enable hairpin for non-split-tunneled VPN client traffic:
same-security-traffic permit intra-interface
! Enable management access on inside ifc:
management-access inside
! Identify local VPN network, & perform object interface PAT when going to Internet:
object network vpn_local
subnet 10.3.3.0 255.255.255.0
nat (outside,outside) dynamic interface
! Identify inside network, & perform object interface PAT when going to Internet:
object network inside_nw
subnet 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-27
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
DNS and NAT
! Use twice NAT to pass traffic between the inside network and the VPN client without
! address translation (identity NAT), w/route-lookup:
nat (outside,inside) source static vpn_local vpn_local destination static inside_nw
inside_nw route-lookup
Troubleshooting NAT and VPN
See the following monitoring tools for troubleshooting NAT issues with VPN:
•
Packet tracer—When used correctly, a packet tracer shows which NAT rules a packet is hitting.
•
show nat detail—Shows hit counts and untranslated traffic for a given NAT rule.
•
show conn all—Lets you see active connections including to and from the box traffic.
To familiarize yourself with a non-working configuration vs. a working configuration, you can perform
the following steps:
1.
Configure VPN without identity NAT.
2.
Enter show nat detail and show conn all.
3.
Add the identity NAT configuration.
•
Repeat show nat detail and show conn all.
DNS and NAT
You might need to configure the ASA to modify DNS replies by replacing the address in the reply with
an address that matches the NAT configuration. You can configure DNS modification when you
configure each translation rule.
This feature rewrites the address in DNS queries and replies that match a NAT rule (for example, the A
record for IPv4, the AAAA record for IPv6, or the PTR record for reverse DNS queries). For DNS replies
traversing from a mapped interface to any other interface, the record is rewritten from the mapped value
to the real value. Inversely, for DNS replies traversing from any interface to a mapped interface, the
record is rewritten from the real value to the mapped value.
Note
DNS rewrite is not applicable for PAT because multiple PAT rules are applicable for each A-record, and
the PAT rule to use is ambiguous.
Note
If you configure a twice NAT rule, you cannot configure DNS modification if you specify the source
address as well as the destination address. These kinds of rules can potentially have a different
translation for a single address when going to A vs. B. Therefore, the ASA cannot accurately match the
IP address inside the DNS reply to the correct twice NAT rule; the DNS reply does not contain
information about which source/destination address combination was in the packet that prompted the
DNS request.
Note
This feature requires DNS application inspection to be enabled, which it is by default. See the “DNS
Inspection” section on page 10-1 for more information.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-28
Information About NAT
DNS and NAT
Figure 3-22 shows a DNS server that is accessible from the outside interface. A server, ftp.cisco.com, is
on the inside interface. You configure the ASA to statically translate the ftp.cisco.com real address
(10.1.3.14) to a mapped address (209.165.201.10) that is visible on the outside network. In this case, you
want to enable DNS reply modification on this static rule so that inside users who have access to
ftp.cisco.com using the real address receive the real address from the DNS server, and not the mapped
address. When an inside host sends a DNS request for the address of ftp.cisco.com, the DNS server
replies with the mapped address (209.165.201.10). The ASA refers to the static rule for the inside server
and translates the address inside the DNS reply to 10.1.3.14. If you do not enable DNS reply
modification, then the inside host attempts to send traffic to 209.165.201.10 instead of accessing
ftp.cisco.com directly.
Figure 3-22
DNS Reply Modification, DNS Server on Outside
DNS Server
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
2
Outside
DNS Reply
209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance
3
DNS Reply Modification
209.165.201.10
10.1.3.14
Inside
4
DNS Reply
10.1.3.14
User
ftp.cisco.com
10.1.3.14
Static Translation
on Outside to:
209.165.201.10
130021
Chapter 3
5
FTP Request
10.1.3.14
Figure 3-23 shows a user on the inside network requesting the IP address for ftp.cisco.com, which is on
the DMZ network, from an outside DNS server. The DNS server replies with the mapped address
(209.165.201.10) according to the static rule between outside and DMZ even though the user is not on
the DMZ network. The ASA translates the address inside the DNS reply to 10.1.3.14. If the user needs
to access ftp.cisco.com using the real address, then no further configuration is required. If there is also
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-29
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
DNS and NAT
a static rule between the inside and DMZ, then you also need to enable DNS reply modification on this
rule. The DNS reply will then be modified two times.In this case, the ASA again translates the address
inside the DNS reply to 192.168.1.10 according to the static rule between inside and DMZ.
Figure 3-23
DNS Reply Modification, DNS Server, Host, and Server on Separate Networks
DNS Server
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
2
DNS Reply
209.165.201.10
3
Outside
Static Translation 1
on Outside to:
209.165.201.10
Static Translation 2
on Inside to:
Security Device 192.168.1.10
DNS Reply Modification 1
209.165.201.10
10.1.3.14
ftp.cisco.com
10.1.3.14
DMZ
7
4
DNS Reply Modification 2
192.168.1.10
10.1.3.14
Inside
Translation
192.168.1.10
10.1.3.14
6
5
DNS Reply
192.168.1.10
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-30
FTP Request
192.168.1.10
User
Information About NAT
DNS and NAT
Figure 3-24 shows an FTP server and DNS server on the outside. The ASA has a static translation for
the outside server. In this case, when an inside user requests the address for ftp.cisco.com from the DNS
server, the DNS server responds with the real address, 209.165.20.10. Because you want inside users to
use the mapped address for ftp.cisco.com (10.1.2.56) you need to configure DNS reply modification for
the static translation.
Figure 3-24
DNS Reply Modification, DNS Server on Host Network
ftp.cisco.com
209.165.201.10
Static Translation on Inside to:
10.1.2.56
DNS Server
7
FTP Request
209.165.201.10
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
2
DNS Reply
209.165.201.10
3
Outside
6
Dest Addr. Translation
10.1.2.56
209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance
5
DNS Reply Modification
209.165.201.10
10.1.2.56
Inside
4
FTP Request
10.1.2.56
DNS Reply
10.1.2.56
User
10.1.2.27
130022
Chapter 3
Figure 3-24 shows an FTP server and DNS server on the outside IPv4 network. The ASA has a static
translation for the outside server. In this case, when an inside IPv6 user requests the address for
ftp.cisco.com from the DNS server, the DNS server responds with the real address, 209.165.200.225.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-31
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
DNS and NAT
Because you want inside users to use the mapped address for ftp.cisco.com (2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1)
you need to configure DNS reply modification for the static translation. This example also includes a
static NAT translation for the DNS server, and a PAT rule for the inside IPv6 hosts.
Figure 3-25
DNS64 Reply Modification Using Outside NAT
DNS Server
209.165.201.15
Static Translation on Inside to:
2001:DB8::D1A5:C90F
ftp.cisco.com
209.165.200.225
Static Translation on Inside to:
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
7
FTP Request
209.165.200.225
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
2
DNS Reply
209.165.200.225
IPv4 Internet
Security Device
6
Dest Addr. Translation
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
209.165.200.225
3
5
DNS Reply Modification
209.165.200.225
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
IPv6 Net
4
FTP Request
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
User:
2001:DB8::1
PAT Translation on Outside to:
209.165.200.230
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-32
333368
DNS Reply
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
Chapter 3
Information About NAT
Where to Go Next
Figure 3-26 shows an FTP server and DNS server on the outside. The ASA has a static translation for
the outside server. In this case, when an inside user performs a reverse DNS lookup for 10.1.2.56, the
ASA modifies the reverse DNS query with the real address, and the DNS server responds with the server
name, ftp.cisco.com.
Figure 3-26
PTR Modification, DNS Server on Host Network
ftp.cisco.com
209.165.201.10
Static Translation on Inside to:
10.1.2.56
DNS Server
4
PTR Record
ftp.cisco.com
3
Reverse DNS Query
209.165.201.10
2
Outside
Security
Device
Reverse DNS Query Modification
10.1.2.56
209.165.201.10
1
Inside
User
10.1.2.27
304002
Reverse DNS Query
10.1.2.56?
Where to Go Next
To configure network object NAT, see Chapter 4, “Configuring Network Object NAT.”
To configure twice NAT, see Chapter 5, “Configuring Twice NAT.”
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-33
Chapter 3
Where to Go Next
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
3-34
Information About NAT
CH AP TE R
4
Configuring Network Object NAT
All NAT rules that are configured as a parameter of a network object are considered to be network object
NAT rules. Network object NAT is a quick and easy way to configure NAT for a single IP address, a range
of addresses, or a subnet. After you configure the network object, you can then identify the mapped
address for that object.
This chapter describes how to configure network object NAT, and it includes the following sections:
Note
•
Information About Network Object NAT, page 4-1
•
Licensing Requirements for Network Object NAT, page 4-2
•
Prerequisites for Network Object NAT, page 4-2
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 4-2
•
Default Settings, page 4-3
•
Configuring Network Object NAT, page 4-4
•
Monitoring Network Object NAT, page 4-17
•
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT, page 4-18
•
Feature History for Network Object NAT, page 4-28
For detailed information about how NAT works, see Chapter 3, “Information About NAT.”
Information About Network Object NAT
When a packet enters the ASA, both the source and destination IP addresses are checked against the
network object NAT rules. The source and destination address in the packet can be translated by separate
rules if separate matches are made. These rules are not tied to each other; different combinations of rules
can be used depending on the traffic.
Because the rules are never paired, you cannot specify that a source address should be translated to A
when going to destination X, but be translated to B when going to destination Y. Use twice NAT for that
kind of functionality (twice NAT lets you identify the source and destination address in a single rule).
For detailed information about the differences between twice NAT and network object NAT, see the
“How NAT is Implemented” section on page 3-13.
Network object NAT rules are added to section 2 of the NAT rules table. For more information about
NAT ordering, see the “NAT Rule Order” section on page 3-18.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-1
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Licensing Requirements for Network Object NAT
Licensing Requirements for Network Object NAT
The following table shows the licensing requirements for this feature:
Model
License Requirement
All models
Base License.
Prerequisites for Network Object NAT
Depending on the configuration, you can configure the mapped address inline if desired or you can create
a separate network object or network object group for the mapped address (the object network or
object-group network command). Network object groups are particularly useful for creating a mapped
address pool with discontinous IP address ranges or multiple hosts or subnets. To create a network object
or group, see the general operations configuration guide.
For specific guidelines for objects and groups, see the configuration section for the NAT type you want
to configure. See also the “Guidelines and Limitations” section.
Guidelines and Limitations
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
•
Supported in routed and transparent firewall mode.
•
In transparent mode, you must specify the real and mapped interfaces; you cannot use any.
•
In transparent mode, you cannot configure interface PAT, because the transparent mode interfaces
do not have IP addresses. You also cannot use the management IP address as a mapped address.
•
In transparent mode, translating between IPv4 and IPv6 networks is not supported. Translating
between two IPv6 networks, or between two IPv4 networks is supported.
IPv6 Guidelines
•
Supports IPv6. See also the “NAT and IPv6” section on page 3-13.
•
For routed mode, you can also translate between IPv4 and IPv6.
•
For transparent mode, translating between IPv4 and IPv6 networks is not supported. Translating
between two IPv6 networks, or between two IPv4 networks is supported.
•
For transparent mode, a PAT pool is not supported for IPv6.
•
For static NAT, you can specify an IPv6 subnet up to /64. Larger subnets are not supported.
•
When using FTP with NAT46, when an IPv4 FTP client connects to an IPv6 FTP server, the client
must use either the extended passive mode (EPSV) or extended port mode (EPRT); PASV and PORT
commands are not supported with IPv6.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-2
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Default Settings
Additional Guidelines
•
You can only define a single NAT rule for a given object; if you want to configure multiple NAT
rules for an object, you need to create multiple objects with different names that specify the same
IP address, for example, object network obj-10.10.10.1-01, object network obj-10.10.10.1-02,
and so on.
•
If you change the NAT configuration, and you do not want to wait for existing translations to time
out before the new NAT configuration is used, you can clear the translation table using the clear
xlate command. However, clearing the translation table disconnects all current connections that use
translations.
If you remove a dynamic NAT or PAT rule, and then add a new rule with mapped addresses
that overlap the addresses in the removed rule, then the new rule will not be used until all
connections associated with the removed rule time out or are cleared using the clear xlate
command. This safeguard ensures that the same address is not assigned to multiple hosts.
Note
•
Objects and object groups used in NAT cannot be undefined; they must include IP addresses.
•
You cannot use an object group with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses; the object group must include
only one type of address.
•
You can use the same mapped object or group in multiple NAT rules.
•
The mapped IP address pool cannot include:
– The mapped interface IP address. If you specify any interface for the rule, then all interface IP
addresses are disallowed. For interface PAT (routed mode only), use the interface keyword
instead of the IP address.
– (Transparent mode) The management IP address.
– (Dynamic NAT) The standby interface IP address when VPN is enabled.
– Existing VPN pool addresses.
•
For application inspection limitations with NAT or PAT, see the “Default Settings and NAT
Limitations” section on page 9-4 in Chapter 9, “Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol
Inspection.”
Default Settings
•
(Routed mode) The default real and mapped interface is Any, which applies the rule to all interfaces.
•
The default behavior for identity NAT has proxy ARP enabled, matching other static NAT rules. You
can disable proxy ARP if desired. See the “Routing NAT Packets” section on page 3-19 for more
information.
•
If you specify an optional interface, then the ASA uses the NAT configuration to determine the
egress interface, but you have the option to always use a route lookup instead. See the “Routing NAT
Packets” section on page 3-19 for more information.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-3
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
This section describes how to configure network object NAT and includes the following topics:
•
Adding Network Objects for Mapped Addresses, page 4-4
•
Configuring Dynamic NAT, page 4-5
•
Configuring Dynamic PAT (Hide), page 4-7
•
Configuring Static NAT or Static NAT-with-Port-Translation, page 4-11
•
Configuring Identity NAT, page 4-14
•
Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules, page 4-16
Adding Network Objects for Mapped Addresses
For dynamic NAT, you must use an object or group for the mapped addresses. Other NAT types have the
option of using inline addresses, or you can create an object or group according to this section. For more
information about configuring a network object or group, see the general operations configuration guide.
Guidelines
•
A network object group can contain objects and/or inline addresses of either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses.
The group cannot contain both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses; it must contain one type only.
•
See the “Guidelines and Limitations” section on page 4-2 for information about disallowed mapped
IP addresses.
•
Dynamic NAT:
– You cannot use an inline address; you must configure a network object or group.
– The object or group cannot contain a subnet; the object must define a range; the group can
include hosts and ranges.
– If a mapped network object contains both ranges and host IP addresses, then the ranges are used
for dynamic NAT, and then the host IP addresses are used as a PAT fallback.
•
Dynamic PAT (Hide):
– Instead of using an object, you can optionally configure an inline host address or specify the
interface address.
– If you use an object, the object or group cannot contain a subnet; the object must define a host,
or for a PAT pool, a range; the group (for a PAT pool) can include hosts and ranges.
•
Static NAT or Static NAT with port translation:
– Instead of using an object, you can configure an inline address or specify the interface address
(for static NAT-with-port-translation).
– If you use an object, the object or group can contain a host, range, or subnet.
•
Identity NAT
– Instead of using an object, you can configure an inline address.
– If you use an object, the object must match the real addresses you want to translate.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-4
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
object network obj_name
{host ip_address | range ip_address_1
ip_address_2 | subnet subnet_address
netmask}
Adds a network object, either IPv4 or IPv6.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network TEST
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range
10.1.1.1 10.1.1.70
object-group network grp_name
{network-object {object net_obj_name |
subnet_address netmask |
host ip_address} |
group-object grp_obj_name}
Adds a network object group, either IPv4 or IPv6.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network TEST
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range
10.1.1.1 10.1.1.70
ciscoasa(config)# object network TEST2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range
10.1.2.1 10.1.2.70
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
object-group network MAPPED_IPS
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object
object TEST
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object
object TEST2
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object
host 10.1.2.79
Configuring Dynamic NAT
This section describes how to configure network object NAT for dynamic NAT. For more information,
see the “Dynamic NAT” section on page 3-7.
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
Step 1
Create a network object or group for the
mapped addresses.
See the “Adding Network Objects for Mapped Addresses” section on
page 4-4.
Step 2
object network obj_name
Configures a network object for which you want to configure NAT,
or enters object network configuration mode for an existing network
object.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
my-host-obj1
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-5
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Step 3
Command
Purpose
{host ip_address | subnet subnet_address
netmask | range ip_address_1 ip_address_2}
If you are creating a new network object, defines the real IP
address(es) (either IPv4 or IPv6) that you want to translate.
Example:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet
10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
Step 4
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)] dynamic
mapped_obj [interface [ipv6]] [dns]
Configures dynamic NAT for the object IP addresses.
Note
You can only define a single NAT rule for a given object. See
the “Additional Guidelines” section on page 4-3.
Example:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat
(inside,outside) dynamic MAPPED_IPS
interface
See the following guidelines:
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Mapped IP address—Specify the mapped IP address as:
– An existing network object (see Step 1).
– An existing network object group (see Step 1).
•
Interface PAT fallback—(Optional) The interface keyword
enables interface PAT fallback. After the mapped IP addresses
are used up, then the IP address of the mapped interface is used.
If you specify ipv6, then the IPv6 address of the interface is
used. For this option, you must configure a specific interface for
the mapped_ifc. (You cannot specify interface in transparent
mode).
•
DNS—(Optional) The dns keyword translates DNS replies. Be
sure DNS inspection is enabled (it is enabled by default). See
the “DNS and NAT” section on page 3-28 for more information.
Examples
The following example configures dynamic NAT that hides 192.168.2.0 network behind a range of
outside addresses 10.2.2.1 through 10.2.2.10:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
my-range-obj
range 10.2.2.1 10.2.2.10
my-inside-net
subnet 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
nat (inside,outside) dynamic my-range-obj
The following example configures dynamic NAT with dynamic PAT backup. Hosts on inside network
10.76.11.0 are mapped first to the nat-range1 pool (10.10.10.10-10.10.10.20). After all addresses in the
nat-range1 pool are allocated, dynamic PAT is performed using the pat-ip1 address (10.10.10.21). In the
unlikely event that the PAT translations are also used up, dynamic PAT is performed using the outside
interface address.
ciscoasa(config)# object network nat-range1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 10.10.10.10 10.10.10.20
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object network pat-ip1
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-6
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.10.10.21
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object-group network nat-pat-grp
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# network-object object nat-range1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# network-object object pat-ip1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object network my_net_obj5
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 10.76.11.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic nat-pat-grp interface
The following example configures dynamic NAT with dynamic PAT backup to translate IPv6 hosts to
IPv4. Hosts on inside network 2001:DB8::/96 are mapped first to the IPv4_NAT_RANGE pool
(209.165.201.1 to 209.165.201.30). After all addresses in the IPv4_NAT_RANGE pool are allocated,
dynamic PAT is performed using the IPv4_PAT address (209.165.201.31). In the event that the PAT
translations are also used up, dynamic PAT is performed using the outside interface address.
ciscoasa(config)# object network IPv4_NAT_RANGE
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.201.1 209.165.201.30
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object network IPv4_PAT
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.201.31
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object-group network IPv4_GROUP
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# network-object object IPv4_NAT_RANGE
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# network-object object IPv4_PAT
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object network my_net_obj5
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8::/96
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic IPv4_GROUP interface
Configuring Dynamic PAT (Hide)
This section describes how to configure network object NAT for dynamic PAT (hide). For more
information, see the “Dynamic PAT” section on page 3-8.
Guidelines
For a PAT pool:
•
If available, the real source port number is used for the mapped port. However, if the real port is not
available, by default the mapped ports are chosen from the same range of ports as the real port
number: 0 to 511, 512 to 1023, and 1024 to 65535. Therefore, ports below 1024 have only a small
PAT pool that can be used. (8.4(3) and later, not including 8.5(1) or 8.6(1)) If you have a lot of traffic
that uses the lower port ranges, you can now specify a flat range of ports to be used instead of the
three unequal-sized tiers: either 1024 to 65535, or 1 to 65535.
•
If you use the same PAT pool object in two separate rules, then be sure to specify the same options
for each rule. For example, if one rule specifies extended PAT and a flat range, then the other rule
must also specify extended PAT and a flat range.
For extended PAT for a PAT pool:
•
Many application inspections do not support extended PAT. See the “Default Settings and NAT
Limitations” section on page 9-4 in Chapter 9, “Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol
Inspection,” for a complete list of unsupported inspections.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-7
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
•
If you enable extended PAT for a dynamic PAT rule, then you cannot also use an address in the PAT
pool as the PAT address in a separate static NAT-with-port-translation rule. For example, if the PAT
pool includes 10.1.1.1, then you cannot create a static NAT-with-port-translation rule using 10.1.1.1
as the PAT address.
•
If you use a PAT pool and specify an interface for fallback, you cannot specify extended PAT.
•
For VoIP deployments that use ICE or TURN, do not use extended PAT. ICE and TURN rely on the
PAT binding to be the same for all destinations.
For round robin for a PAT pool:
•
If a host has an existing connection, then subsequent connections from that host will use the same
PAT IP address if ports are available. Note: This “stickiness” does not survive a failover. If the ASA
fails over, then subsequent connections from a host may not use the initial IP address.
•
Round robin, especially when combined with extended PAT, can consume a large amount of
memory. Because NAT pools are created for every mapped protocol/IP address/port range, round
robin results in a large number of concurrent NAT pools, which use memory. Extended PAT results
in an even larger number of concurrent NAT pools.
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
Step 1
(Optional) Create a network object or group for
the mapped addresses.
See the “Adding Network Objects for Mapped Addresses” section
on page 4-4.
Step 2
object network obj_name
Configures a network object for which you want to configure
NAT, or enters object network configuration mode for an existing
network object.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
my-host-obj1
Step 3
{host ip_address | subnet subnet_address
netmask | range ip_address_1 ip_address_2}
Example:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range
10.1.1.1 10.1.1.90
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-8
If you are creating a new network object, defines the real IP
address(es) (either IPv4 or IPv6) that you want to translate.
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Step 4
Command
Purpose
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)] dynamic
{mapped_inline_host_ip | mapped_obj |
pat-pool mapped_obj [round-robin]
[extended] [flat [include-reserve]] |
interface [ipv6]} [interface [ipv6]] [dns]
Configures dynamic PAT for the object IP addresses. You can
only define a single NAT rule for a given object. See the
“Additional Guidelines” section on page 4-3.
See the following guidelines:
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Mapped IP address—You can specify the mapped IP address
as:
Example:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat
(any,outside) dynamic interface
– An inline host address.
– An existing network object that is defined as a host
address (see Step 1).
– pat-pool—An existing network object or group that
contains multiple addresses.
– interface—(Routed mode only) The IP address of the
mapped interface is used as the mapped address. If you
specify ipv6, then the IPv6 address of the interface is
used. For this option, you must configure a specific
interface for the mapped_ifc. You must use this keyword
when you want to use the interface IP address; you
cannot enter it inline or as an object.
•
For a PAT pool, you can specify one or more of the following
options:
– Round robin—The round-robin keyword enables
round-robin address allocation for a PAT pool. Without
round robin, by default all ports for a PAT address will be
allocated before the next PAT address is used. The
round-robin method assigns an address/port from each
PAT address in the pool before returning to use the first
address again, and then the second address, and so on.
(continued)
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-9
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Command
Purpose
(continued)
– Extended PAT—The extended keyword enables
extended PAT. Extended PAT uses 65535 ports per
service, as opposed to per IP address, by including the
destination address and port in the translation
information. Normally, the destination port and address
are not considered when creating PAT translations, so
you are limited to 65535 ports per PAT address. For
example, with extended PAT, you can create a translation
of 10.1.1.1:1027 when going to 192.168.1.7:23 as well as
a translation of 10.1.1.1:1027 when going to
192.168.1.7:80.
– Flat range—The flat keyword enables use of the entire
1024 to 65535 port range when allocating ports. When
choosing the mapped port number for a translation, the
ASA uses the real source port number if it is available.
However, without this option, if the real port is not
available, by default the mapped ports are chosen from
the same range of ports as the real port number: 1 to 511,
512 to 1023, and 1024 to 65535. To avoid running out of
ports at the low ranges, configure this setting. To use the
entire range of 1 to 65535, also specify the
include-reserve keyword.
•
Interface PAT fallback—(Optional) The interface keyword
enables interface PAT fallback when entered after a primary
PAT address. After the primary PAT address(es) are used up,
then the IP address of the mapped interface is used. If you
specify ipv6, then the IPv6 address of the interface is used.
For this option, you must configure a specific interface for the
mapped_ifc. (You cannot specify interface in transparent
mode).
•
DNS—(Optional) The dns keyword translates DNS replies.
Be sure DNS inspection is enabled (it is enabled by default).
See the “DNS and NAT” section on page 3-28 for more
information.
Examples
The following example configures dynamic PAT that hides the 192.168.2.0 network behind address
10.2.2.2:
ciscoasa(config)# object network my-inside-net
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic 10.2.2.2
The following example configures dynamic PAT that hides the 192.168.2.0 network behind the outside
interface address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network my-inside-net
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-10
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
The following example configures dynamic PAT with a PAT pool to translate the inside IPv6 network to
an outside IPv4 network:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
IPv4_POOL
range 203.0.113.1 203.0.113.254
IPv6_INSIDE
subnet 2001:DB8::/96
nat (inside,outside) dynamic pat-pool IPv4_POOL
Configuring Static NAT or Static NAT-with-Port-Translation
This section describes how to configure a static NAT rule using network object NAT. For more
information, see the “Static NAT” section on page 3-3.
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
Step 1
(Optional) Create a network object or group for
the mapped addresses.
See the “Adding Network Objects for Mapped Addresses” section
on page 4-4.
Step 2
object network obj_name
Configures a network object for which you want to configure
NAT, or enters object network configuration mode for an existing
network object.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
my-host-obj1
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-11
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Step 3
Command
Purpose
{host ip_address | subnet subnet_address
netmask | range ip_address_1 ip_address_2}
If you are creating a new network object, defines the real IP
address(es) (IPv4 or IPv6) that you want to translate.
Example:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet
10.2.1.0 255.255.255.0
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-12
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Step 4
Command
Purpose
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)] static
{mapped_inline_ip | mapped_obj | interface
[ipv6]} [net-to-net] [dns | service {tcp |
udp} real_port mapped_port] [no-proxy-arp]
Configures static NAT for the object IP addresses. You can only
define a single NAT rule for a given object.
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Mapped IP Addresses—You can specify the mapped IP
address as:
Example:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat
(inside,outside) static MAPPED_IPS service
tcp 80 8080
– An inline IP address. The netmask or range for the
mapped network is the same as that of the real network.
For example, if the real network is a host, then this
address will be a host address. In the case of a range, then
the mapped addresses include the same number of
addresses as the real range. For example, if the real
address is defined as a range from 10.1.1.1 through
10.1.1.6, and you specify 172.20.1.1 as the mapped
address, then the mapped range will include 172.20.1.1
through 172.20.1.6.
– An existing network object or group (see Step 1).
– interface—(Static NAT-with-port-translation only;
routed mode) For this option, you must configure a
specific interface for the mapped_ifc. If you specify ipv6,
then the IPv6 address of the interface is used. Be sure to
also configure the service keyword.
Typically, you configure the same number of mapped
addresses as real addresses for a one-to-one mapping. You
can, however, have a mismatched number of addresses. See
the “Static NAT” section on page 3-3.
•
Net-to-net—(Optional) For NAT 46, specify net-to-net to
translate the first IPv4 address to the first IPv6 address, the
second to the second, and so on. Without this option, the
IPv4-embedded method is used. For a one-to-one translation,
you must use this keyword.
•
DNS—(Optional) The dns keyword translates DNS replies.
Be sure DNS inspection is enabled (it is enabled by default).
See the “DNS and NAT” section on page 3-28. This option is
not available if you specify the service keyword.
•
Port translation—(Static NAT-with-port-translation only)
Specify tcp or udp and the real and mapped ports. You can
enter either a port number or a well-known port name (such
as ftp).
•
No Proxy ARP—(Optional) Specify no-proxy-arp to disable
proxy ARP for incoming packets to the mapped IP addresses.
See the “Mapped Addresses and Routing” section on
page 3-20 for more information.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-13
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Examples
The following example configures static NAT for the real host 10.1.1.1 on the inside to 10.2.2.2 on the
outside with DNS rewrite enabled.
ciscoasa(config)# object network my-host-obj1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 10.2.2.2 dns
The following example configures static NAT for the real host 10.1.1.1 on the inside to 10.2.2.2 on the
outside using a mapped object.
ciscoasa(config)# object network my-mapped-obj
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.2.2.2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object network my-host-obj1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static my-mapped-obj
The following example configures static NAT-with-port-translation for 10.1.1.1 at TCP port 21 to the
outside interface at port 2121.
ciscoasa(config)# object network my-ftp-server
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static interface service tcp 21 2121
The following example maps an inside IPv4 network to an outside IPv6 network.
ciscoasa(config)# object network inside_v4_v6
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 2001:DB8::/96
The following example maps an inside IPv6 network to an outside IPv6 network.
ciscoasa(config)# object network inside_v6
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8:AAAA::/96
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 2001:DB8:BBBB::/96
Configuring Identity NAT
This section describes how to configure an identity NAT rule using network object NAT. For more
information, see the “Identity NAT” section on page 3-10.
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
Step 1
(Optional) Create a network object for the
mapped addresses.
The object must include the same addresses that you want to
translate. See the “Adding Network Objects for Mapped
Addresses” section on page 4-4.
Step 2
object network obj_name
Configures a network object for which you want to perform
identity NAT, or enters object network configuration mode for an
existing network object. This network object has a different name
from the mapped network object (see Step 1) even though they
both contain the same IP addresses.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
my-host-obj1
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-14
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
Step 3
Command
Purpose
{host ip_address | subnet subnet_address
netmask | range ip_address_1 ip_address_2}
If you are creating a new network object, defines the real IP
address(es) (IPv4 or IPv6) to which you want to perform identity
NAT. If you configured a network object for the mapped addresses
in Step 1, then these addresses must match.
Example:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet
10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
Step 4
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)] static
{mapped_inline_ip | mapped_obj}
[no-proxy-arp] [route-lookup]
Configures identity NAT for the object IP addresses.
Example:
See the following guidelines:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat
(inside,outside) static MAPPED_IPS
Note
You can only define a single NAT rule for a given object.
See the “Additional Guidelines” section on page 4-3.
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Mapped IP addresses—Be sure to configure the same IP
address for both the mapped and real address. Use one of the
following:
– Network object—Including the same IP address as the
real object (see Step 1).
– Inline IP address—The netmask or range for the mapped
network is the same as that of the real network. For
example, if the real network is a host, then this address
will be a host address. In the case of a range, then the
mapped addresses include the same number of addresses
as the real range. For example, if the real address is
defined as a range from 10.1.1.1 through 10.1.1.6, and
you specify 10.1.1.1 as the mapped address, then the
mapped range will include 10.1.1.1 through 10.1.1.6.
•
No Proxy ARP—Specify no-proxy-arp to disable proxy
ARP for incoming packets to the mapped IP addresses. See
the “Mapped Addresses and Routing” section on page 3-20
for more information.
•
Route lookup—(Routed mode only; interface(s) specified)
Specify route-lookup to determine the egress interface using
a route lookup instead of using the interface specified in the
NAT command. See the “Determining the Egress Interface”
section on page 3-22 for more information.
Example
The following example maps a host address to itself using an inline mapped address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network my-host-obj1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 10.1.1.1
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-15
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuring Network Object NAT
The following example maps a host address to itself using a network object:
ciscoasa(config)# object network my-host-obj1-identity
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# object network my-host-obj1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static my-host-obj1-identity
Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules
By default, all TCP PAT traffic and all UDP DNS traffic uses per-session PAT. To use multi-session PAT
for traffic, you can configure per-session PAT rules: a permit rule uses per-session PAT, and a deny rule
uses multi-session PAT. For more information about per-session vs. multi-session PAT, see the
“Per-Session PAT vs. Multi-Session PAT” section on page 3-9.
Defaults
By default, the following rules are installed:
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
Note
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
tcp
tcp
tcp
tcp
udp
udp
udp
udp
any4
any6
any4
any6
any4
any6
any4
any6
eq
eq
eq
eq
domain
domain
domain
domain
You cannot remove these rules, and they always exist after any manually-created rules. Because rules
are evaluated in order, you can override the default rules. For example, to completely negate these rules,
you could add the following:
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
xlate
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
per-session
deny
deny
deny
deny
deny
deny
deny
deny
tcp
tcp
tcp
tcp
udp
udp
udp
udp
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-16
any4
any4
any6
any6
any4
any4
any6
any6
any4
any4
any6
any6
any4
any4
any6
any6
any4
any6
any4
any6
any4
any6
any4
any6
eq
eq
eq
eq
domain
domain
domain
domain
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Monitoring Network Object NAT
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
xlate per-session {permit | deny} {tcp | udp}
source_ip [operator src_port] destination_ip
operator dest_port
Creates a permit or deny rule. This rule is placed above the default
rules, but below any other manually-created rules. Be sure to
create your rules in the order you want them applied.
Example:
For the source and destination IP addresses, you can configure the
following:
ciscoasa(config)# xlate per-session deny tcp any4
209.165.201.3 eq 1720
•
host ip_address—Specifies an IPv4 host address.
•
ip_address mask—Specifies an IPv4 network address and
subnet mask.
•
ipv6-address/prefix-length—Specifies an IPv6 host or
network address and prefix.
•
any4 and any6—any4 specifies only IPv4 traffic; and any6
specifies any6 traffic.
The operator matches the port numbers used by the source or
destination. The permitted operators are as follows:
•
lt—less than
•
gt—greater than
•
eq—equal to
•
neq—not equal to
•
range—an inclusive range of values. When you use this
operator, specify two port numbers, for example:
range 100 200
Examples
The following example creates a deny rule for H.323 traffic, so that it uses multi-session PAT:
ciscoasa(config)# xlate per-session deny tcp any4 209.165.201.7 eq 1720
ciscoasa(config)# xlate per-session deny udp any4 209.165.201.7 range 1718 1719
Monitoring Network Object NAT
To monitor object NAT, enter one of the following commands:
Command
Purpose
show nat
Shows NAT statistics, including hits for each NAT rule.
show nat pool
Shows NAT pool statistics, including the addresses and ports allocated,
and how many times they were allocated.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-17
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
Command
Purpose
show running-config nat
Shows the NAT configuration.
Note
You cannot view the NAT configuration using the show
running-config object command. You cannot reference objects
or object groups that have not yet been created in nat commands.
To avoid forward or circular references in show command output,
the show running-config command shows the object command
two times: first, where the IP address(es) are defined; and later,
where the nat command is defined. This command output
guarantees that objects are defined first, then object groups, and
finally NAT. For example:
hostname# show running-config
...
object network obj1
range 192.168.49.1 192.150.49.100
object network obj2
object 192.168.49.100
object network network-1
subnet <network-1>
object network network-2
subnet <network-2>
object-group network pool
network-object object obj1
network-object object obj2
...
object network network-1
nat (inside,outside) dynamic pool
object network network-2
nat (inside,outside) dynamic pool
Shows current NAT session information.
show xlate
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
This section includes the following configuration examples:
•
Providing Access to an Inside Web Server (Static NAT), page 4-19
•
NAT for Inside Hosts (Dynamic NAT) and NAT for an Outside Web Server (Static NAT), page 4-19
•
Inside Load Balancer with Multiple Mapped Addresses (Static NAT, One-to-Many), page 4-21
•
Single Address for FTP, HTTP, and SMTP (Static NAT-with-Port-Translation), page 4-22
•
DNS Server on Mapped Interface, Web Server on Real Interface (Static NAT with DNS
Modification), page 4-23
•
DNS Server and FTP Server on Mapped Interface, FTP Server is Translated (Static NAT with DNS
Modification), page 4-25
•
IPv4 DNS Server and FTP Server on Mapped Interface, IPv6 Host on Real Interface (Static NAT64
with DNS64 Modification), page 4-26
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-18
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
Providing Access to an Inside Web Server (Static NAT)
The following example performs static NAT for an inside web server. The real address is on a private
network, so a public address is required. Static NAT is necessary so hosts can initiate traffic to the web
server at a fixed address. (See Figure 4-1).
Figure 4-1
Static NAT for an Inside Web Server
209.165.201.12
Outside
209.165.201.1
Undo Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance
10.1.2.1
myWebServ
10.1.2.27
Step 1
248772
Inside
Create a network object for the internal web server:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myWebServ
Step 2
Define the web server address:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.2.27
Step 3
Configure static NAT for the object:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.201.10
NAT for Inside Hosts (Dynamic NAT) and NAT for an Outside Web Server
(Static NAT)
The following example configures dynamic NAT for inside users on a private network when they access
the outside. Also, when inside users connect to an outside web server, that web server address is
translated to an address that appears to be on the inside network. (See Figure 4-2).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-19
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
Figure 4-2
Dynamic NAT for Inside, Static NAT for Outside Web Server
Web Server
209.165.201.12
Outside
209.165.201.1
10.1.2.10
Translation
209.165.201.20
Security
Appliance
Undo Translation
209.165.201.12
10.1.2.20
10.1.2.1
Inside
248773
myInsNet
10.1.2.0/24
Step 1
Create a network object for the dynamic NAT pool to which you want to translate the inside addresses:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myNatPool
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.201.20 209.165.201.30
Step 2
Create a network object for the inside network:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myInsNet
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
Step 3
Enable dynamic NAT for the inside network:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic myNatPool
Step 4
Create a network object for the outside web server:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myWebServ
Step 5
Define the web server address:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.201.12
Step 6
Configure static NAT for the web server:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (outside,inside) static 10.1.2.20
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-20
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
Inside Load Balancer with Multiple Mapped Addresses (Static NAT,
One-to-Many)
The following example shows an inside load balancer that is translated to multiple IP addresses. When
an outside host accesses one of the mapped IP addresses, it is untranslated to the single load balancer
address. Depending on the URL requested, it redirects traffic to the correct web server. (See Figure 4-3).
Figure 4-3
Static NAT with One-to-Many for an Inside Load Balancer
Host
Undo Translation
209.165.201.5
10.1.2.27
Outside
Undo Translation
209.165.201.3
10.1.2.27
Undo Translation
209.165.201.4
10.1.2.27
Inside
Web Servers
Step 1
248633
Load Balancer
10.1.2.27
Create a network object for the addresses to which you want to map the load balancer:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myPublicIPs
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.201.3 209.265.201.8
Step 2
Create a network object for the load balancer:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myLBHost
Step 3
Define the load balancer address:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.2.27
Step 4
Configure static NAT for the load balancer:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static myPublicIPs
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-21
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
Single Address for FTP, HTTP, and SMTP (Static NAT-with-Port-Translation)
The following static NAT-with-port-translation example provides a single address for remote users to
access FTP, HTTP, and SMTP. These servers are actually different devices on the real network, but for
each server, you can specify static NAT-with-port-translation rules that use the same mapped IP address,
but different ports. (See Figure 4-4.)
Figure 4-4
Static NAT-with-Port-Translation
Host
Undo Translation
209.165.201.3:21
10.1.2.27
Outside
Undo Translation
209.165.201.3:25
10.1.2.29
Undo Translation
209.165.201.3:80
10.1.2.28
Inside
SMTP server
10.1.2.29
HTTP server
10.1.2.28
Step 1
130031
FTP server
10.1.2.27
Create a network object for the FTP server address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network FTP_SERVER
Step 2
Define the FTP server address, and configure static NAT with identity port translation for the FTP server:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.2.27
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.201.3 service tcp ftp
ftp
Step 3
Create a network object for the HTTP server address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network HTTP_SERVER
Step 4
Define the HTTP server address, and configure static NAT with identity port translation for the HTTP
server:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.2.28
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.201.3 service tcp
http http
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-22
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
Step 5
Create a network object for the SMTP server address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network SMTP_SERVER
Step 6
Define the SMTP server address, and configure static NAT with identity port translation for the SMTP
server:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.2.29
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.201.3 service tcp
smtp smtp
DNS Server on Mapped Interface, Web Server on Real Interface (Static NAT
with DNS Modification)
For example, a DNS server is accessible from the outside interface. A server, ftp.cisco.com, is on the
inside interface. You configure the ASA to statically translate the ftp.cisco.com real address (10.1.3.14)
to a mapped address (209.165.201.10) that is visible on the outside network. (See Figure 4-5.) In this
case, you want to enable DNS reply modification on this static rule so that inside users who have access
to ftp.cisco.com using the real address receive the real address from the DNS server, and not the mapped
address.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-23
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
When an inside host sends a DNS request for the address of ftp.cisco.com, the DNS server replies with
the mapped address (209.165.201.10). The ASA refers to the static rule for the inside server and
translates the address inside the DNS reply to 10.1.3.14. If you do not enable DNS reply modification,
then the inside host attempts to send traffic to 209.165.201.10 instead of accessing ftp.cisco.com
directly.
Figure 4-5
DNS Reply Modification
DNS Server
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
2
Outside
DNS Reply
209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance
3
DNS Reply Modification
209.165.201.10
10.1.3.14
Inside
4
DNS Reply
10.1.3.14
ftp.cisco.com
10.1.3.14
Static Translation
on Outside to:
209.165.201.10
130021
User
5
FTP Request
10.1.3.14
Step 1
Create a network object for the FTP server address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network FTP_SERVER
Step 2
Define the FTP server address, and configure static NAT with DNS modification:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.1.3.14
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.201.10 dns
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-24
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
DNS Server and FTP Server on Mapped Interface, FTP Server is Translated
(Static NAT with DNS Modification)
Figure 4-6 shows an FTP server and DNS server on the outside. The ASA has a static translation for the
outside server. In this case, when an inside user requests the address for ftp.cisco.com from the DNS
server, the DNS server responds with the real address, 209.165.201.10. Because you want inside users
to use the mapped address for ftp.cisco.com (10.1.2.56) you need to configure DNS reply modification
for the static translation.
Figure 4-6
DNS Reply Modification Using Outside NAT
ftp.cisco.com
209.165.201.10
Static Translation on Inside to:
10.1.2.56
DNS Server
7
FTP Request
209.165.201.10
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
2
DNS Reply
209.165.201.10
3
Outside
6
Dest Addr. Translation
10.1.2.56
209.165.201.10
Security
Appliance
5
DNS Reply Modification
209.165.201.10
10.1.2.56
Inside
4
FTP Request
10.1.2.56
User
10.1.2.27
Step 1
130022
DNS Reply
10.1.2.56
Create a network object for the FTP server address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network FTP_SERVER
Step 2
Define the FTP server address, and configure static NAT with DNS modification:
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.201.10
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (outside,inside) static 10.1.2.56 dns
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-25
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
IPv4 DNS Server and FTP Server on Mapped Interface, IPv6 Host on Real
Interface (Static NAT64 with DNS64 Modification)
Figure 4-6 shows an FTP server and DNS server on the outside IPv4 network. The ASA has a static
translation for the outside server. In this case, when an inside IPv6 user requests the address for
ftp.cisco.com from the DNS server, the DNS server responds with the real address, 209.165.200.225.
Because you want inside users to use the mapped address for ftp.cisco.com (2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1)
you need to configure DNS reply modification for the static translation. This example also includes a
static NAT translation for the DNS server, and a PAT rule for the inside IPv6 hosts.
Figure 4-7
DNS Reply Modification Using Outside NAT
DNS Server
209.165.201.15
Static Translation on Inside to:
2001:DB8::D1A5:C90F
ftp.cisco.com
209.165.200.225
Static Translation on Inside to:
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
7
FTP Request
209.165.200.225
1
DNS Query
ftp.cisco.com?
2
DNS Reply
209.165.200.225
IPv4 Internet
Security Device
6
Dest Addr. Translation
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
209.165.200.225
3
5
DNS Reply Modification
209.165.200.225
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
IPv6 Net
4
FTP Request
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
User:
2001:DB8::1
PAT Translation on Outside to:
209.165.200.230
Step 1
333368
DNS Reply
2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1
Configure static NAT with DNS modification for the FTP server.
a.
Create a network object for the FTP server address.
ciscoasa(config)# object network FTP_SERVER
b.
Define the FTP server address, and configure static NAT with DNS modification and, because this
is a one-to-one translation, configure the net-to-net method for NAT46.
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.200.225
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (outside,inside) static 2001:DB8::D1A5:C8E1/128
net-to-net dns
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-26
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Configuration Examples for Network Object NAT
Step 2
Configure NAT for the DNS server.
a.
Create a network object for the DNS server address.
ciscoasa(config)# object network DNS_SERVER
b.
Define the DNS server address, and configure static NAT using the net-to-net method.
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.201.15
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (outside,inside) static 2001:DB8::D1A5:C90F/128
net-to-net
Step 3
Configure an IPv4 PAT pool for translating the inside IPv6 network.
ciscoasa(config)# object network IPv4_POOL
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 203.0.113.1 203.0.113.254
Step 4
Configure PAT for the inside IPv6 network.
a.
Create a network object for the inside IPv6 network.
ciscoasa(config)# object network IPv6_INSIDE
b.
Define the IPv6 network address, and configure dynamic NAT using a PAT pool.
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8::/96
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic pat-pool IPv4_POOL
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-27
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Feature History for Network Object NAT
Feature History for Network Object NAT
Table 4-1 lists each feature change and the platform release in which it was implemented.
Table 4-1
Feature History for Network Object NAT
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Feature Information
Network Object NAT
8.3(1)
Configures NAT for a network object IP address(es).
We introduced or modified the following commands: nat
(object network configuration mode), show nat, show
xlate, show nat pool.
Identity NAT configurable proxy ARP and route 8.4(2)/8.5(1)
lookup
In earlier releases for identity NAT, proxy ARP was
disabled, and a route lookup was always used to determine
the egress interface. You could not configure these settings.
In 8.4(2) and later, the default behavior for identity NAT
was changed to match the behavior of other static NAT
configurations: proxy ARP is enabled, and the NAT
configuration determines the egress interface (if specified)
by default. You can leave these settings as is, or you can
enable or disable them discretely. Note that you can now
also disable proxy ARP for regular static NAT.
When upgrading to 8.4(2) from 8.3(1), 8.3(2), and 8.4(1),
all identity NAT configurations will now include the
no-proxy-arp and route-lookup keywords, to maintain
existing functionality.
We modified the following command: nat static
[no-proxy-arp] [route-lookup].
PAT pool and round robin address assignment
8.4(2)/8.5(1)
You can now specify a pool of PAT addresses instead of a
single address. You can also optionally enable round-robin
assignment of PAT addresses instead of first using all ports
on a PAT address before using the next address in the pool.
These features help prevent a large number of connections
from a single PAT address from appearing to be part of a
DoS attack and makes configuration of large numbers of
PAT addresses easy.
We modifed the following command: nat dynamic
[pat-pool mapped_object [round-robin]].
Round robin PAT pool allocation uses the same 8.4(3)
IP address for existing hosts
When using a PAT pool with round robin allocation, if a host
has an existing connection, then subsequent connections
from that host will use the same PAT IP address if ports are
available.
We did not modify any commands.
This feature is not available in 8.5(1) or 8.6(1).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-28
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Feature History for Network Object NAT
Table 4-1
Feature History for Network Object NAT (continued)
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Flat range of PAT ports for a PAT pool
8.4(3)
Feature Information
If available, the real source port number is used for the
mapped port. However, if the real port is not available, by
default the mapped ports are chosen from the same range of
ports as the real port number: 0 to 511, 512 to 1023, and
1024 to 65535. Therefore, ports below 1024 have only a
small PAT pool.
If you have a lot of traffic that uses the lower port ranges,
when using a PAT pool, you can now specify a flat range of
ports to be used instead of the three unequal-sized tiers:
either 1024 to 65535, or 1 to 65535.
We modifed the following command: nat dynamic
[pat-pool mapped_object [flat [include-reserve]]].
This feature is not available in 8.5(1) or 8.6(1).
Extended PAT for a PAT pool
8.4(3)
Each PAT IP address allows up to 65535 ports. If 65535
ports do not provide enough translations, you can now
enable extended PAT for a PAT pool. Extended PAT uses
65535 ports per service, as opposed to per IP address, by
including the destination address and port in the translation
information.
We modifed the following command: nat dynamic
[pat-pool mapped_object [extended]].
This feature is not available in 8.5(1) or 8.6(1).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-29
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Feature History for Network Object NAT
Table 4-1
Feature History for Network Object NAT (continued)
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Automatic NAT rules to translate a VPN peer’s 8.4(3)
local IP address back to the peer’s real IP
address
Feature Information
In rare situations, you might want to use a VPN peer’s real
IP address on the inside network instead of an assigned local
IP address. Normally with VPN, the peer is given an
assigned local IP address to access the inside network.
However, you might want to translate the local IP address
back to the peer’s real public IP address if, for example,
your inside servers and network security is based on the
peer’s real IP address.
You can enable this feature on one interface per tunnel
group. Object NAT rules are dynamically added and deleted
when the VPN session is established or disconnected. You
can view the rules using the show nat command.
Because of routing issues, we do not recommend
using this feature unless you know you need this
feature; contact Cisco TAC to confirm feature
compatibility with your network. See the following
limitations:
Note
•
Only supports Cisco IPsec and AnyConnect Client.
•
Return traffic to the public IP addresses must be
routed back to the ASA so the NAT policy and VPN
policy can be applied.
•
Does not support load-balancing (because of
routing issues).
•
Does not support roaming (public IP changing).
We introduced the following command:
nat-assigned-to-public-ip interface (tunnel-group
general-attributes configuration mode).
NAT support for IPv6
9.0(1)
NAT now supports IPv6 traffic, as well as translating
between IPv4 and IPv6. Translating between IPv4 and IPv6
is not supported in transparent mode.
We modified the following commands: nat (object network
configuration mode), show nat, show nat pool, show xlate.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-30
Chapter 4
Configuring Network Object NAT
Feature History for Network Object NAT
Table 4-1
Feature History for Network Object NAT (continued)
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
NAT support for reverse DNS lookups
9.0(1)
NAT now supports translation of the DNS PTR record for
reverse DNS lookups when using IPv4 NAT, IPv6 NAT, and
NAT64 with DNS inspection enabled for the NAT rule.
Per-session PAT
9.0(1)
The per-session PAT feature improves the scalability of PAT
and, for clustering, allows each member unit to own PAT
connections; multi-session PAT connections have to be
forwarded to and owned by the master unit. At the end of a
per-session PAT session, the ASA sends a reset and
immediately removes the xlate. This reset causes the end
node to immediately release the connection, avoiding the
TIME_WAIT state. Multi-session PAT, on the other hand,
uses the PAT timeout, by default 30 seconds. For
“hit-and-run” traffic, such as HTTP or HTTPS, the
per-session feature can dramatically increase the
connection rate supported by one address. Without the
per-session feature, the maximum connection rate for one
address for an IP protocol is approximately 2000 per
second. With the per-session feature, the connection rate for
one address for an IP protocol is 65535/average-lifetime.
Feature Information
By default, all TCP traffic and UDP DNS traffic use a
per-session PAT xlate. For traffic that requires multi-session
PAT, such as H.323, SIP, or Skinny, you can disable
per-session PAT by creating a per-session deny rule.
We introduced the following commands: xlate per-session,
show nat pool.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-31
Chapter 4
Feature History for Network Object NAT
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
4-32
Configuring Network Object NAT
CH AP TE R
5
Configuring Twice NAT
Twice NAT lets you identify both the source and destination address in a single rule. This chapter shows
you how to configure twice NAT and includes the following sections:
Note
•
Information About Twice NAT, page 5-1
•
Licensing Requirements for Twice NAT, page 5-2
•
Prerequisites for Twice NAT, page 5-2
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 5-2
•
Default Settings, page 5-4
•
Configuring Twice NAT, page 5-4
•
Monitoring Twice NAT, page 5-24
•
Configuration Examples for Twice NAT, page 5-25
•
Feature History for Twice NAT, page 5-29
For detailed information about how NAT works, see Chapter 3, “Information About NAT.”
Information About Twice NAT
Twice NAT lets you identify both the source and destination address in a single rule. Specifying both the
source and destination addresses lets you specify that a source address should be translated to A when
going to destination X, but be translated to B when going to destination Y, for example.
Note
For static NAT, the rule is bidirectional, so be aware that “source” and “destination” are used in
commands and descriptions throughout this guide even though a given connection might originate at the
“destination” address. For example, if you configure static NAT with port address translation, and
specify the source address as a Telnet server, and you want all traffic going to that Telnet server to have
the port translated from 2323 to 23, then in the command, you must specify the source ports to be
translated (real: 23, mapped: 2323). You specify the source ports because you specified the Telnet server
address as the source address.
The destination address is optional. If you specify the destination address, you can either map it to itself
(identity NAT), or you can map it to a different address. The destination mapping is always a static
mapping.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-1
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Licensing Requirements for Twice NAT
Twice NAT also lets you use service objects for static NAT-with-port-translation; network object NAT
only accepts inline definition.
For detailed information about the differences between twice NAT and network object NAT, see the
“How NAT is Implemented” section on page 3-13.
Twice NAT rules are added to section 1 of the NAT rules table, or if specified, section 3. For more
information about NAT ordering, see the “NAT Rule Order” section on page 3-18.
Licensing Requirements for Twice NAT
Model
License Requirement
All models
Base License.
Prerequisites for Twice NAT
•
For both the real and mapped addresses, configure network objects or network object groups (the
object network or object-group network command). Network object groups are particularly useful
for creating a mapped address pool with discontinuous IP address ranges or multiple hosts or
subnets. To create a network object or group, see the general operations configuration guide.
•
For static NAT-with-port-translation, configure TCP or UDP service objects (the object service
command). To create a service object, see the general operations configuration guide.
For specific guidelines for objects and groups, see the configuration section for the NAT type you want
to configure. See also the “Guidelines and Limitations” section.
Guidelines and Limitations
This section includes the guidelines and limitations for this feature.
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
•
Supported in routed and transparent firewall mode.
•
In transparent mode, you must specify the real and mapped interfaces; you cannot use any.
•
In transparent mode, you cannot configure interface PAT, because the transparent mode interfaces
do not have IP addresses. You also cannot use the management IP address as a mapped address.
•
In transparent mode, translating between IPv4 and IPv6 networks is not supported. Translating
between two IPv6 networks, or between two IPv4 networks is supported.
IPv6 Guidelines
•
Supports IPv6.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-2
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Guidelines and Limitations
•
For routed mode, you can also translate between IPv4 and IPv6.
•
For transparent mode, translating between IPv4 and IPv6 networks is not supported. Translating
between two IPv6 networks, or between two IPv4 networks is supported.
•
For transparent mode, a PAT pool is not supported for IPv6.
•
For static NAT, you can specify an IPv6 subnet up to /64. Larger subnets are not supported.
•
When using FTP with NAT46, when an IPv4 FTP client connects to an IPv6 FTP server, the client
must use either the extended passive mode (EPSV) or extended port mode (EPRT); PASV and PORT
commands are not supported with IPv6.
Additional Guidelines
•
(This limitation is for 9.1.0 to 9.1.5; this limitation was removed in 9.1.6 and following maintenance
releases.) You cannot configure FTP destination port translation when the source IP address is a
subnet (or any other application that uses a secondary connection); the FTP data channel
establishment does not succeed. For example, the following configuration does not work:
object network MyInsNet
subnet 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
object network MapInsNet
subnet 209.165.202.128 255.255.255.224
object network Server1
host 209.165.200.225
object network Server1_mapped
host 10.1.2.67
object service REAL_ftp
service tcp destination eq ftp
object service MAPPED_ftp
service tcp destination eq 2021
object network MyOutNet
subnet 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224
nat (inside,outside) source static MyInsNet MapInsNet destination static
Server1_mapped Server1 service MAPPED_ftp REAL_ftp
•
If you change the NAT configuration, and you do not want to wait for existing translations to time
out before the new NAT information is used, you can clear the translation table using the clear xlate
command. However, clearing the translation table disconnects all current connections that use
translations.
Note
If you remove a dynamic NAT or PAT rule, and then add a new rule with mapped addresses
that overlap the addresses in the removed rule, then the new rule will not be used until all
connections associated with the removed rule time out or are cleared using the clear xlate
command. This safeguard ensures that the same address is not assigned to multiple hosts.
•
You cannot use an object group with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses; the object group must include
only one type of address.
•
When using the any keyword in a NAT rule, the definition of “any” traffic (IPv4 vs. IPv6) depends
on the rule. Before the ASA performs NAT on a packet, the packet must be IPv6-to-IPv6 or
IPv4-to-IPv4; with this prerequisite, the ASA can determine the value of any in a NAT rule. For
example, if you configure a rule from “any” to an IPv6 server, and that server was mapped from an
IPv4 address, then any means “any IPv6 traffic.” If you configure a rule from “any” to “any,” and
you map the source to the interface IPv4 address, then any means “any IPv4 traffic” because the
mapped interface address implies that the destination is also IPv4.
•
Objects and object groups used in NAT cannot be undefined; they must include IP addresses.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-3
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Default Settings
•
You can use the same objects in multiple rules.
•
The mapped IP address pool cannot include:
– The mapped interface IP address. If you specify any interface for the rule, then all interface IP
addresses are disallowed. For interface PAT (routed mode only), use the interface keyword
instead of the IP address.
– (Transparent mode) The management IP address.
– (Dynamic NAT) The standby interface IP address when VPN is enabled.
– Existing VPN pool addresses.
Default Settings
•
By default, the rule is added to the end of section 1 of the NAT table.
•
(Routed mode) The default real and mapped interface is Any, which applies the rule to all interfaces.
•
If you specify an optional interface, then the ASA uses the NAT configuration to determine the
egress interface, but you have the option to always use a route lookup instead.
Configuring Twice NAT
This section describes how to configure twice NAT. This section includes the following topics:
•
Adding Network Objects for Real and Mapped Addresses, page 5-4
•
(Optional) Adding Service Objects for Real and Mapped Ports, page 5-6
•
Configuring Dynamic NAT, page 5-7
•
Configuring Dynamic PAT (Hide), page 5-11
•
Configuring Static NAT or Static NAT-with-Port-Translation, page 5-18
•
Configuring Identity NAT, page 5-21
•
Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules, page 5-24
Adding Network Objects for Real and Mapped Addresses
For each NAT rule, configure up to four network objects or groups for:
•
Source real address
•
Source mapped address
•
Destination real address
•
Destination mapped address
Objects are required unless you specify the any keyword inline to represent all traffic, or for some types
of NAT, the interface keyword to represent the interface address. For more information about
configuring a network object or group, see the general operations configuration guide.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-4
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Guidelines
•
A network object group can contain objects and/or inline addresses of either IPv4 or IPv6 addresses.
The group cannot contain both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses; it must contain one type only.
•
See the “Guidelines and Limitations” section on page 5-2 for information about disallowed mapped
IP addresses.
•
Source Dynamic NAT:
– You typically configure a larger group of real addresses to be mapped to a smaller group.
– The mapped object or group cannot contain a subnet; the object must define a range; the group
can include hosts and ranges.
– If a mapped network object contains both ranges and host IP addresses, then the ranges are used
for dynamic NAT, and the host IP addresses are used as a PAT fallback.
•
Source Dynamic PAT (Hide):
– The mapped object or group cannot contain a subnet; a network object must define a host, or for
a PAT pool, a range; a network object group (for a PAT pool) can include hosts and ranges.
•
Source Static NAT or Static NAT with port translation:
– The mapped object or group can contain a host, range, or subnet.
– The static mapping is typically one-to-one, so the real addresses have the same quantity as the
mapped addresses. You can, however, have different quantities if desired. For more information,
see the “Static NAT” section on page 3-3.
•
Source Identity NAT
– The real and mapped objects must match; you can use the same object for both, or you can create
separate objects that contain the same IP addresses.
•
Destination Static NAT or Static NAT with port translation (the destination translation is always
static):
– Although the main feature of twice NAT is the inclusion of the destination IP address, the
destination address is optional. If you do specify the destination address, you can configure
static translation for that address or just use identity NAT for it. You might want to configure
twice NAT without a destination address to take advantage of some of the other qualities of
twice NAT, including the use of network object groups for real addresses, or manually ordering
of rules. For more information, see the “Main Differences Between Network Object NAT and
Twice NAT” section on page 3-13.
– For identity NAT, the real and mapped objects must match; you can use the same object for both,
or you can create separate objects that contain the same IP addresses.
– The static mapping is typically one-to-one, so the real addresses have the same quantity as the
mapped addresses. You can, however, have different quantities if desired. For more information,
see the “Static NAT” section on page 3-3.
– For static interface NAT with port translation (routed mode only), you can specify the interface
keyword instead of a network object/group for the mapped address. For more information, see
the “Static Interface NAT with Port Translation” section on page 3-5.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-5
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
object network obj_name
{host ip_address | subnet
subnet_address netmask | range
ip_address_1 ip_address_2}
Adds a network object, either IPv4 or IPv6.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network MyInsNet
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet
10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
object-group network grp_name
{network-object {object net_obj_name |
subnet_address netmask |
host ip_address} |
group-object grp_obj_name}
Adds a network object group, either IPv4 or IPv6.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object network TEST
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range
10.1.1.1 10.1.1.70
ciscoasa(config)# object network TEST2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range
10.1.2.1 10.1.2.70
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
object-group network MAPPED_IPS
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object
object TEST
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object
object TEST2
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object
host 10.1.2.79
(Optional) Adding Service Objects for Real and Mapped Ports
Configure service objects for:
•
Source real port (Static only) or Destination real port
•
Source mapped port (Static only) or Destination mapped port
For more information about configuring a service object, see the general operations configuration guide.
Guidelines
•
NAT only supports TCP or UDP. When translating a port, be sure the protocols in the real and
mapped service objects are identical (both TCP or both UDP).
•
The “not equal” (neq) operator is not supported.
•
For identity port translation, you can use the same service object for both the real and mapped ports.
•
Source Dynamic NAT—Source Dynamic NAT does not support port translation.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-6
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
•
Source Dynamic PAT (Hide)—Source Dynamic PAT does not support port translation.
•
Source Static NAT or Static NAT with port translation—A service object can contain both a source
and destination port; however, you should specify either the source or the destination port for both
service objects. You should only specify both the source and destination ports if your application
uses a fixed source port (such as some DNS servers); but fixed source ports are rare. For example,
if you want to translate the port for the source host, then configure the source service.
•
Source Identity NAT—A service object can contain both a source and destination port; however, you
should specify either the source or the destination port for both service objects. You should only
specify both the source and destination ports if your application uses a fixed source port (such as
some DNS servers); but fixed source ports are rare. For example, if you want to translate the port
for the source host, then configure the source service.
•
Destination Static NAT or Static NAT with port translation (the destination translation is always
static)—For non-static source NAT, you can only perform port translation on the destination. A
service object can contain both a source and destination port, but only the destination port is used
in this case. If you specify the source port, it will be ignored.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
object service obj_name
service {tcp | udp} [source operator
port] [destination operator port]
Adds a service object.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# object service
REAL_SRC_SVC
ciscoasa(config-service-object)# service
tcp source eq 80
ciscoasa(config)# object service
MAPPED_SRC_SVC
ciscoasa(config-service-object)# service
tcp source eq 8080
Configuring Dynamic NAT
This section describes how to configure twice NAT for dynamic NAT. For more information, see the
“Dynamic NAT” section on page 3-7.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-7
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Step 2
Command
Purpose
Create network objects or groups for the:
See the “Adding Network Objects for Real and Mapped
Addresses” section on page 5-4.
•
Source real addresses
•
Source mapped addresses
•
Destination real addresses
•
Destination mapped addresses
(Optional) Create service objects for the:
•
Destination real ports
•
Destination mapped ports
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-8
If you want to translate all source traffic, you can skip adding an
object for the source real addresses, and instead specify the any
keyword in the nat command.
If you want to configure destination static interface NAT with port
translation only, you can skip adding an object for the destination
mapped addresses, and instead specify the interface keyword in
the nat command.
See the “(Optional) Adding Service Objects for Real and Mapped
Ports” section on page 5-6.
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Step 3
Command
Purpose
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)]
[line | {after-auto [line]}]
source dynamic {real_obj | any}
{mapped_obj [interface [ipv6]]}
[destination static {mapped_obj |
interface [ipv6]} real_obj]
[service mapped_dest_svc_obj
real_dest_svc_obj] [dns] [unidirectional]
[inactive] [description desc]
Configure dynamic NAT. See the following guidelines:
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Section and Line—(Optional) By default, the NAT rule is
added to the end of section 1 of the NAT table (see the “NAT
Rule Order” section on page 3-18). If you want to add the rule
into section 3 instead (after the network object NAT rules),
then use the after-auto keyword. You can insert a rule
anywhere in the applicable section using the line argument.
•
Source addresses:
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside)
source dynamic MyInsNet NAT_POOL
destination static Server1_mapped Server1
service MAPPED_SVC REAL_SVC
– Real—Specify a network object, group, or the any
keyword.
– Mapped—Specify a different network object or group.
You can optionally configure the following fallback
method:
Interface PAT fallback—(Routed mode only) The
interface keyword enables interface PAT fallback. If you
specify ipv6, then the IPv6 address of the interface is
used. After the mapped IP addresses are used up, then the
IP address of the mapped interface is used. For this
option, you must configure a specific interface for the
mapped_ifc.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-9
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Command
Purpose
(Continued)
•
Destination addresses (Optional):
– Mapped—Specify a network object or group, or for static
interface NAT with port translation only, specify the
interface keyword. If you specify ipv6, then the IPv6
address of the interface is used. If you specify interface,
be sure to also configure the service keyword. For this
option, you must configure a specific interface for the
real_ifc. See the “Static Interface NAT with Port
Translation” section on page 3-5 for more information.
– Real—Specify a network object or group. For identity
NAT, simply use the same object or group for both the
real and mapped addresses.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-10
•
Destination port—(Optional) Specify the service keyword
along with the mapped and real service objects. For identity
port translation, simply use the same service object for both
the real and mapped ports.
•
DNS—(Optional; for a source-only rule) The dns keyword
translates DNS replies. Be sure DNS inspection is enabled (it
is enabled by default). You cannot configure the dns keyword
if you configure a destination address. See the “DNS and
NAT” section on page 3-28 for more information.
•
Unidirectional—(Optional) Specify unidirectional so the
destination addresses cannot initiate traffic to the source
addresses.
•
Inactive—(Optional) To make this rule inactive without
having to remove the command, use the inactive keyword. To
reactivate it, reenter the whole command without the inactive
keyword.
•
Description—Optional) Provide a description up to 200
characters using the description keyword.
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Examples
The following example configures dynamic NAT for inside network 10.1.1.0/24 when accessing servers
on the 209.165.201.1/27 network as well as servers on the 203.0.113.0/24 network:
ciscoasa(config)# object network INSIDE_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# object network MAPPED_1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.200.225 209.165.200.254
ciscoasa(config)# object network MAPPED_2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.202.129 209.165.200.158
ciscoasa(config)# object network SERVERS_1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224
ciscoasa(config)# object network SERVERS_2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 203.0.113.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW MAPPED_1 destination
static SERVERS_1 SERVERS_1
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW MAPPED_2 destination
static SERVERS_2 SERVERS_2
The following example configures dynamic NAT for an IPv6 inside network 2001:DB8:AAAA::/96
when accessing servers on the IPv4 209.165.201.1/27 network as well as servers on the 203.0.113.0/24
network:
ciscoasa(config)# object network INSIDE_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8:AAAA::/96
ciscoasa(config)# object network MAPPED_1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.200.225 209.165.200.254
ciscoasa(config)# object network MAPPED_2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.202.129 209.165.200.158
ciscoasa(config)# object network SERVERS_1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224
ciscoasa(config)# object network SERVERS_2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 203.0.113.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW MAPPED_1 destination
static SERVERS_1 SERVERS_1
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW MAPPED_2 destination
static SERVERS_2 SERVERS_2
Configuring Dynamic PAT (Hide)
This section describes how to configure twice NAT for dynamic PAT (hide). For more information, see
the “Dynamic PAT” section on page 3-8.
Guidelines
For a PAT pool:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-11
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
•
If available, the real source port number is used for the mapped port. However, if the real port is not
available, by default the mapped ports are chosen from the same range of ports as the real port
number: 0 to 511, 512 to 1023, and 1024 to 65535. Therefore, ports below 1024 have only a small
PAT pool that can be used. (8.4(3) and later, not including 8.5(1) or 8.6(1)) If you have a lot of traffic
that uses the lower port ranges, you can now specify a flat range of ports to be used instead of the
three unequal-sized tiers: either 1024 to 65535, or 1 to 65535.
•
If you use the same PAT pool object in two separate rules, then be sure to specify the same options
for each rule. For example, if one rule specifies extended PAT and a flat range, then the other rule
must also specify extended PAT and a flat range.
For extended PAT for a PAT pool:
•
Many application inspections do not support extended PAT. See the “Default Settings and NAT
Limitations” section on page 9-4 in Chapter 9, “Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol
Inspection,” for a complete list of unsupported inspections.
•
If you enable extended PAT for a dynamic PAT rule, then you cannot also use an address in the PAT
pool as the PAT address in a separate static NAT-with-port-translation rule. For example, if the PAT
pool includes 10.1.1.1, then you cannot create a static NAT-with-port-translation rule using 10.1.1.1
as the PAT address.
•
If you use a PAT pool and specify an interface for fallback, you cannot specify extended PAT.
•
For VoIP deployments that use ICE or TURN, do not use extended PAT. ICE and TURN rely on the
PAT binding to be the same for all destinations.
For round robin for a PAT pool:
•
If a host has an existing connection, then subsequent connections from that host will use the same
PAT IP address if ports are available. Note: This “stickiness” does not survive a failover. If the ASA
fails over, then subsequent connections from a host may not use the initial IP address.
•
Round robin, especially when combined with extended PAT, can consume a large amount of
memory. Because NAT pools are created for every mapped protocol/IP address/port range, round
robin results in a large number of concurrent NAT pools, which use memory. Extended PAT results
in an even larger number of concurrent NAT pools.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-12
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
Create network objects or groups for the:
See the “Adding Network Objects for Real and Mapped
Addresses” section on page 5-4.
•
Source real addresses
•
Source mapped addresses
•
Destination real addresses
•
Destination mapped addresses
If you want to translate all source traffic, you can skip adding an
object for the source real addresses, and instead specify the any
keyword in the nat command.
If you want to use the interface address as the mapped address,
you can skip adding an object for the source mapped addresses,
and instead specify the interface keyword in the nat command.
If you want to configure destination static interface NAT with port
translation only, you can skip adding an object for the destination
mapped addresses, and instead specify the interface keyword in
the nat command.
Step 2
(Optional) Create service objects for the:
•
Destination real ports
•
Destination mapped ports
See the “(Optional) Adding Service Objects for Real and Mapped
Ports” section on page 5-6.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-13
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Step 3
Command
Purpose
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)]
[line | {after-auto [line]}]
source dynamic {real-obj | any}
{mapped_obj [interface [ipv6]] | [pat-pool
mapped_obj [round-robin] [extended]
[flat [include-reserve]] [interface
[ipv6]] | interface [ipv6]} [destination
static {mapped_obj | interface [ipv6]}
real_obj] [service mapped_dest_svc_obj
real_dest_svc_obj] [dns] [unidirectional]
[inactive] [description desc]
Configures dynamic PAT (hide). See the following guidelines:
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Section and Line—(Optional) By default, the NAT rule is
added to the end of section 1 of the NAT table (see the “NAT
Rule Order” section on page 3-18). If you want to add the rule
into section 3 instead (after the network object NAT rules),
then use the after-auto keyword. You can insert a rule
anywhere in the applicable section using the line argument.
•
Source addresses:
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside)
source dynamic MyInsNet interface
destination static Server1 Server1
description Interface PAT for inside
addresses when going to server 1
– Real—Specify a network object, group, or the any
keyword. Use the any keyword if you want to translate all
traffic from the real interface to the mapped interface.
– Mapped—Configure one of the following:
- Network object—Specify a network object that contains
a host address.
- pat-pool—Specify the pat-pool keyword and a network
object or group that contains multiple addresses.
- interface—(Routed mode only) Specify the interface
keyword alone to only use interface PAT. If you specify
ipv6, then the IPv6 address of the interface is used. When
specified with a PAT pool or network object, the
interface keyword enables interface PAT fallback. After
the PAT IP addresses are used up, then the IP address of
the mapped interface is used. For this option, you must
configure a specific interface for the mapped_ifc.
(continued)
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-14
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Command
Purpose
(continued)
For a PAT pool, you can specify one or more of the
following options:
-- Round robin—The round-robin keyword enables
round-robin address allocation for a PAT pool. Without
round robin, by default all ports for a PAT address will be
allocated before the next PAT address is used. The
round-robin method assigns an address/port from each
PAT address in the pool before returning to use the first
address again, and then the second address, and so on.
-- Extended PAT—The extended keyword enables
extended PAT. Extended PAT uses 65535 ports per
service, as opposed to per IP address, by including the
destination address and port in the translation
information. Normally, the destination port and address
are not considered when creating PAT translations, so
you are limited to 65535 ports per PAT address. For
example, with extended PAT, you can create a translation
of 10.1.1.1:1027 when going to 192.168.1.7:23 as well as
a translation of 10.1.1.1:1027 when going to
192.168.1.7:80.
-- Flat range—The flat keyword enables use of the entire
1024 to 65535 port range when allocating ports. When
choosing the mapped port number for a translation, the
ASA uses the real source port number if it is available.
However, without this option, if the real port is not
available, by default the mapped ports are chosen from
the same range of ports as the real port number: 1 to 511,
512 to 1023, and 1024 to 65535. To avoid running out of
ports at the low ranges, configure this setting. To use the
entire range of 1 to 65535, also specify the
include-reserve keyword.
(continued)
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-15
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Command
Purpose
(continued)
•
Destination addresses (Optional):
– Mapped—Specify a network object or group, or for static
interface NAT with port translation only (routed mode),
specify the interface keyword. If you specify ipv6, then
the IPv6 address of the interface is used. If you specify
interface, be sure to also configure the service keyword.
For this option, you must configure a specific interface
for the real_ifc. See the “Static Interface NAT with Port
Translation” section on page 3-5 for more information.
– Real—Specify a network object or group. For identity
NAT, simply use the same object or group for both the
real and mapped addresses.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-16
•
Destination port—(Optional) Specify the service keyword
along with the real and mapped service objects. For identity
port translation, simply use the same service object for both
the real and mapped ports.
•
DNS—(Optional; for a source-only rule) The dns keyword
translates DNS replies. Be sure DNS inspection is enabled (it
is enabled by default). You cannot configure the dns keyword
if you configure a destination address. See the “DNS and
NAT” section on page 3-28 for more information.
•
Unidirectional—(Optional) Specify unidirectional so the
destination addresses cannot initiate traffic to the source
addresses.
•
Inactive—(Optional) To make this rule inactive without
having to remove the command, use the inactive keyword. To
reactivate it, reenter the whole command without the inactive
keyword.
•
Description—(Optional) Provide a description up to 200
characters using the description keyword.
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Examples
The following example configures interface PAT for inside network 192.168.1.0/24 when accessing
outside Telnet server 209.165.201.23, and Dynamic PAT using a PAT pool when accessing any server on
the 203.0.113.0/24 network.
ciscoasa(config)# object network INSIDE_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# object network PAT_POOL
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 209.165.200.225 209.165.200.254
ciscoasa(config)# object network TELNET_SVR
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.201.23
ciscoasa(config)# object service TELNET
ciscoasa(config-service-object)# service tcp destination eq 23
ciscoasa(config)# object network SERVERS
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 203.0.113.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW interface destination
static TELNET_SVR TELNET_SVR service TELNET TELNET
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW pat-pool PAT_POOL
destination static SERVERS SERVERS
The following example configures interface PAT for inside network 192.168.1.0/24 when accessing
outside IPv6 Telnet server 2001:DB8::23, and Dynamic PAT using a PAT pool when accessing any server
on the 2001:DB8:AAAA::/96 network.
ciscoasa(config)# object network INSIDE_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# object network PAT_POOL
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 2001:DB8:AAAA::1 2001:DB8:AAAA::200
ciscoasa(config)# object network TELNET_SVR
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 2001:DB8::23
ciscoasa(config)# object service TELNET
ciscoasa(config-service-object)# service tcp destination eq 23
ciscoasa(config)# object network SERVERS
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8:AAAA::/96
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW interface ipv6 destination
static TELNET_SVR TELNET_SVR service TELNET TELNET
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW pat-pool PAT_POOL
destination static SERVERS SERVERS
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-17
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Static NAT or Static NAT-with-Port-Translation
This section describes how to configure a static NAT rule using twice NAT. For more information about
static NAT, see the “Static NAT” section on page 3-3.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
Create network objects or groups for the:
See the “Adding Network Objects for Real and Mapped
Addresses” section on page 5-4.
•
Source real addresses
•
Source mapped addresses
•
Destination real addresses
•
Destination mapped addresses
If you want to configure source static interface NAT with port
translation only, you can skip adding an object for the source
mapped addresses, and instead specify the interface keyword in
the nat command.
If you want to configure destination static interface NAT with port
translation only, you can skip adding an object for the destination
mapped addresses, and instead specify the interface keyword in
the nat command.
Step 2
(Optional) Create service objects for the:
•
Source or Destination real ports
•
Source or Destination mapped ports
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-18
See the “(Optional) Adding Service Objects for Real and Mapped
Ports” section on page 5-6.
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Step 3
Command
Purpose
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)]
[line | {after-object [line]}]
source static real_ob
[mapped_obj | interface [ipv6]]
[destination static {mapped_obj |
interface [ipv6]} real_obj]
[service real_src_mapped_dest_svc_obj
mapped_src_real_dest_svc_obj][net-to-net]
[dns] [unidirectional | no-proxy-arp]
[inactive] [description desc]
Configures static NAT. See the following guidelines:
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Section and Line—(Optional) By default, the NAT rule is
added to the end of section 1 of the NAT table. See the “NAT
Rule Order” section on page 3-18 for more information about
sections. If you want to add the rule into section 3 instead
(after the network object NAT rules), then use the after-auto
keyword. You can insert a rule anywhere in the applicable
section using the line argument.
•
Source addresses:
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,dmz) source
static MyInsNet MyInsNet_mapped
destination static Server1 Server1 service
REAL_SRC_SVC MAPPED_SRC_SVC
– Real—Specify a network object or group.
– Mapped—Specify a different network object or group.
For static interface NAT with port translation only, you
can specify the interface keyword (routed mode only). If
you specify ipv6, then the IPv6 address of the interface
is used. If you specify interface, be sure to also configure
the service keyword (in this case, the service objects
should include only the source port). For this option, you
must configure a specific interface for the mapped_ifc.
See the “Static Interface NAT with Port Translation”
section on page 3-5 for more information.
•
Destination addresses (Optional):
– Mapped—Specify a network object or group, or for static
interface NAT with port translation only, specify the
interface keyword. If you specify ipv6, then the IPv6
address of the interface is used. If you specify interface,
be sure to also configure the service keyword (in this
case, the service objects should include only the
destination port). For this option, you must configure a
specific interface for the real_ifc.
– Real—Specify a network object or group. For identity
NAT, simply use the same object or group for both the
real and mapped addresses.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-19
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Command
Purpose
(Continued)
•
Ports—(Optional) Specify the service keyword along with
the real and mapped service objects. For source port
translation, the objects must specify the source service. The
order of the service objects in the command for source port
translation is service real_obj mapped_obj. For destination
port translation, the objects must specify the destination
service. The order of the service objects for destination port
translation is service mapped_obj real_obj. In the rare case
where you specify both the source and destination ports in the
object, the first service object contains the real source
port/mapped destination port; the second service object
contains the mapped source port/real destination port. For
identity port translation, simply use the same service object
for both the real and mapped ports (source and/or destination
ports, depending on your configuration).
•
Net-to-net—(Optional) For NAT 46, specify net-to-net to
translate the first IPv4 address to the first IPv6 address, the
second to the second, and so on. Without this option, the
IPv4-embedded method is used. For a one-to-one translation,
you must use this keyword.
•
DNS—(Optional; for a source-only rule) The dns keyword
translates DNS replies. Be sure DNS inspection is enabled (it
is enabled by default). You cannot configure the dns keyword
if you configure a destination address. See the “DNS and
NAT” section on page 3-28 for more information.
•
Unidirectional—(Optional) Specify unidirectional so the
destination addresses cannot initiate traffic to the source
addresses.
•
No Proxy ARP—(Optional) Specify no-proxy-arp to disable
proxy ARP for incoming packets to the mapped IP addresses.
See the “Mapped Addresses and Routing” section on
page 3-20 for more information.
•
Inactive—(Optional) To make this rule inactive without
having to remove the command, use the inactive keyword. To
reactivate it, reenter the whole command without the inactive
keyword.
•
Description—(Optional) Provide a description up to 200
characters using the description keyword.
Examples
The following example shows the use of static interface NAT with port translation. Hosts on the outside
access an FTP server on the inside by connecting to the outside interface IP address with destination port
65000 through 65004. The traffic is untranslated to the internal FTP server at 192.168.10.100:6500
through :65004. Note that you specify the source port range in the service object (and not the destination
port) because you want to translate the source address and port as identified in the command; the
destination port is “any.” Because static NAT is bidirectional, “source” and “destination” refers primarily
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-20
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
to the command keywords; the actual source and destination address and port in a packet depends on
which host sent the packet. In this example, connections are originated from outside to inside, so the
“source” address and port of the FTP server is actually the destination address and port in the originating
packet.
ciscoasa(config)# object service FTP_PASV_PORT_RANGE
ciscoasa(config-service-object)# service tcp source range 65000 65004
ciscoasa(config)# object network HOST_FTP_SERVER
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 192.168.10.100
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static HOST_FTP_SERVER interface service
FTP_PASV_PORT_RANGE FTP_PASV_PORT_RANGE
The following example shows a static translation of one IPv6 network to another IPv6 when accessing
an IPv6 network, and the dynamic PAT translation to an IPv4 PAT pool when accessing the IPv4 network:
ciscoasa(config)# object network INSIDE_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8:AAAA::/96
ciscoasa(config)# object network MAPPED_IPv6_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8:BBBB::/96
ciscoasa(config)# object network OUTSIDE_IPv6_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 2001:DB8:CCCC::/96
ciscoasa(config)# object network OUTSIDE_IPv4_NW
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# object network MAPPED_IPv4_POOL
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# range 10.1.2.1 10.1.2.254
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static INSIDE_NW MAPPED_IPv6_NW destination
static OUTSIDE_IPv6_NW OUTSIDE_IPv6_NW
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic INSIDE_NW pat-pool MAPPED_IPv4_POOL
destination static OUTSIDE_IPv4_NW OUTSIDE_IPv4_NW
Configuring Identity NAT
This section describes how to configure an identity NAT rule using twice NAT. For more information
about identity NAT, see the “Identity NAT” section on page 3-10.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-21
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Detailed Steps
Command
Step 1
Create network objects or groups for the:
Step 2
(Optional) Create service objects for the:
See the “Adding Network Objects for Real and Mapped
Addresses” section on page 5-4.
• Source real addresses (you will typically use
the same object for the source mapped
If you want to perform identity NAT for all addresses, you can
addresses)
skip creating an object for the the source real addresses and
instead use the keywords any any in the nat command.
• Destination real addresses
If you want to configure destination static interface NAT with port
• Destination mapped addresses
translation only, you can skip adding an object for the destination
mapped addresses, and instead specify the interface keyword in
the nat command.
•
Source or Destination real ports
•
Source or Destination mapped ports
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-22
Purpose
See the “(Optional) Adding Service Objects for Real and Mapped
Ports” section on page 5-6.
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuring Twice NAT
Step 3
Command
Purpose
nat [(real_ifc,mapped_ifc)]
[line | {after-object [line]}]
source static {nw_obj nw_obj | any any}
[destination static {mapped_obj |
interface [ipv6]} real_obj]
[service real_src_mapped_dest_svc_obj
mapped_src_real_dest_svc_obj]
[no-proxy-arp] [route-lookup] [inactive]
[description desc]
Configures identity NAT. See the following guidelines:
•
Interfaces—(Required for transparent mode) Specify the real
and mapped interfaces. Be sure to include the parentheses in
your command. In routed mode, if you do not specify the real
and mapped interfaces, all interfaces are used; you can also
specify the keyword any for one or both of the interfaces.
•
Section and Line—(Optional) By default, the NAT rule is
added to the end of section 1 of the NAT table. See the “NAT
Rule Order” section on page 3-18 for more information about
sections. If you want to add the rule into section 3 instead
(after the network object NAT rules), then use the after-auto
keyword. You can insert a rule anywhere in the applicable
section using the line argument.
•
Source addresses—Specify a network object, group, or the
any keyword for both the real and mapped addresses.
•
Destination addresses (Optional):
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside)
source static MyInsNet MyInsNet
destination static Server1 Server1
– Mapped—Specify a network object or group, or for static
interface NAT with port translation only, specify the
interface keyword (routed mode only).If you specify
ipv6, then the IPv6 address of the interface is used. If you
specify interface, be sure to also configure the service
keyword (in this case, the service objects should include
only the destination port). For this option, you must
configure a specific interface for the real_ifc. See the
“Static Interface NAT with Port Translation” section on
page 3-5 for more information.
– Real—Specify a network object or group. For identity
NAT, simply use the same object or group for both the
real and mapped addresses.
•
Port—(Optional) Specify the service keyword along with the
real and mapped service objects. For source port translation,
the objects must specify the source service. The order of the
service objects in the command for source port translation is
service real_obj mapped_obj. For destination port
translation, the objects must specify the destination service.
The order of the service objects for destination port
translation is service mapped_obj real_obj. In the rare case
where you specify both the source and destination ports in the
object, the first service object contains the real source
port/mapped destination port; the second service object
contains the mapped source port/real destination port. For
identity port translation, simply use the same service object
for both the real and mapped ports (source and/or destination
ports, depending on your configuration).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-23
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Monitoring Twice NAT
Command
Purpose
(Continued)
•
No Proxy ARP—(Optional) Specify no-proxy-arp to disable
proxy ARP for incoming packets to the mapped IP addresses.
See the “Mapped Addresses and Routing” section on
page 3-20 for more information.
•
Route lookup—(Optional; routed mode only; interface(s)
specified) Specify route-lookup to determine the egress
interface using a route lookup instead of using the interface
specified in the NAT command. See the “Determining the
Egress Interface” section on page 3-22 for more information.
•
Inactive—(Optional) To make this rule inactive without
having to remove the command, use the inactive keyword. To
reactivate it, reenter the whole command without the inactive
keyword.
•
Description—(Optional) Provide a description up to 200
characters using the description keyword.
Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules
By default, all TCP PAT traffic and all UDP DNS traffic uses per-session PAT. To use multi-session PAT
for traffic, you can configure per-session PAT rules: a permit rule uses per-session PAT, and a deny rule
uses multi-session PAT. For more information about per-session vs. multi-session PAT, see the
“Per-Session PAT vs. Multi-Session PAT” section on page 3-9.
Detailed Steps
To configure a per-session PAT rule, see the “Configuring Per-Session PAT Rules” section on page 4-16.
Monitoring Twice NAT
To monitor twice NAT, enter one of the following commands:
Command
Purpose
show nat
Shows NAT statistics, including hits for each NAT rule.
show nat pool
Shows NAT pool statistics, including the addresses and ports allocated,
and how many times they were allocated.
show xlate
Shows current NAT session information.
show nat divert-table
All NAT rules build an entry in the NAT divert table. If the NAT divert
field is set to ignore=yes NAT on the matching rule, the ASA stops the
lookup and does a route lookup based on the destination IP to determine
the egress interface. If the NAT divert field is set to ignore=no on the
matching rule, walk the NAT table based on the found input_ifc and
output_ifc and do the necessary translation. Egress interface will be
output_ifc.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-24
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuration Examples for Twice NAT
Configuration Examples for Twice NAT
This section includes the following configuration examples:
•
Different Translation Depending on the Destination (Dynamic PAT), page 5-25
•
Different Translation Depending on the Destination Address and Port (Dynamic PAT), page 5-27
Different Translation Depending on the Destination (Dynamic PAT)
Figure 5-1 shows a host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accessing two different servers. When the host
accesses the server at 209.165.201.11, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129:port. When the
host accesses the server at 209.165.200.225, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130:port.
Figure 5-1
Twice NAT with Different Destination Addresses
Server 1
209.165.201.11
Server 2
209.165.200.225
209.165.201.0/27
209.165.200.224/27
DMZ
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.129
Translation
10.1.2.27
209.165.202.130
Inside
Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11
Step 1
10.1.2.27
Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.200.225
130039
10.1.2.0/24
Add a network object for the inside network:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myInsideNetwork
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
Step 2
Add a network object for the DMZ network 1:
ciscoasa(config)# object network DMZnetwork1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224
Step 3
Add a network object for the PAT address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network PATaddress1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.202.129
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-25
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuration Examples for Twice NAT
Step 4
Configure the first twice NAT rule:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,dmz) source dynamic myInsideNetwork PATaddress1 destination
static DMZnetwork1 DMZnetwork1
Because you do not want to translate the destination address, you need to configure identity NAT for it
by specifying the same address for the real and mapped destination addresses.
By default, the NAT rule is added to the end of section 1 of the NAT table, See the “Configuring Dynamic
PAT (Hide)” section on page 5-11 for more information about specifying the section and line number for
the NAT rule.
Step 5
Add a network object for the DMZ network 2:
ciscoasa(config)# object network DMZnetwork2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 209.165.200.224 255.255.255.224
Step 6
Add a network object for the PAT address:
ciscoasa(config)# object network PATaddress2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.202.130
Step 7
Configure the second twice NAT rule:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,dmz) source dynamic myInsideNetwork PATaddress2 destination
static DMZnetwork2 DMZnetwork2
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-26
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuration Examples for Twice NAT
Different Translation Depending on the Destination Address and Port (Dynamic
PAT)
Figure 5-2 shows the use of source and destination ports. The host on the 10.1.2.0/24 network accesses
a single host for both web services and Telnet services. When the host accesses the server for Telnet
services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.129:port. When the host accesses the same server
for web services, the real address is translated to 209.165.202.130:port.
Figure 5-2
Twice NAT with Different Destination Ports
Web and Telnet server:
209.165.201.11
Internet
Translation
10.1.2.27:80
209.165.202.129
Translation
10.1.2.27:23
209.165.202.130
Inside
Web Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11:80
Step 1
10.1.2.27
Telnet Packet
Dest. Address:
209.165.201.11:23
130040
10.1.2.0/24
Add a network object for the inside network:
ciscoasa(config)# object network myInsideNetwork
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 10.1.2.0 255.255.255.0
Step 2
Add a network object for the Telnet/Web server:
ciscoasa(config)# object network TelnetWebServer
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.201.11
Step 3
Add a network object for the PAT address when using Telnet:
ciscoasa(config)# object network PATaddress1
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.202.129
Step 4
Add a service object for Telnet:
ciscoasa(config)# object service TelnetObj
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# service tcp destination eq telnet
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-27
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Configuration Examples for Twice NAT
Step 5
Configure the first twice NAT rule:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic myInsideNetwork PATaddress1
destination static TelnetWebServer TelnetWebServer service TelnetObj TelnetObj
Because you do not want to translate the destination address or port, you need to configure identity NAT
for them by specifying the same address for the real and mapped destination addresses, and the same
port for the real and mapped service.
By default, the NAT rule is added to the end of section 1 of the NAT table, See the “Configuring Dynamic
PAT (Hide)” section on page 5-11 for more information about specifying the section and line number for
the NAT rule.
Step 6
Add a network object for the PAT address when using HTTP:
ciscoasa(config)# object network PATaddress2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.202.130
Step 7
Add a service object for HTTP:
ciscoasa(config)# object service HTTPObj
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# service tcp destination eq http
Step 8
Configure the second twice NAT rule:
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) source dynamic myInsideNetwork PATaddress2
destination static TelnetWebServer TelnetWebServer service HTTPObj HTTPObj
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-28
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Feature History for Twice NAT
Feature History for Twice NAT
Table 5-1 lists each feature change and the platform release in which it was implemented.
Table 5-1
Feature History for Twice NAT
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Twice NAT
8.3(1)
Feature Information
Twice NAT lets you identify both the source and destination
address in a single rule.
We modified or introduced the following commands: nat,
show nat, show xlate, show nat pool.
Identity NAT configurable proxy ARP and route 8.4(2)/8.5(1)
lookup
In earlier releases for identity NAT, proxy ARP was
disabled, and a route lookup was always used to determine
the egress interface. You could not configure these settings.
In 8.4(2) and later, the default behavior for identity NAT
was changed to match the behavior of other static NAT
configurations: proxy ARP is enabled, and the NAT
configuration determines the egress interface (if specified)
by default. You can leave these settings as is, or you can
enable or disable them discretely. Note that you can now
also disable proxy ARP for regular static NAT.
For pre-8.3 configurations, the migration of NAT exempt
rules (the nat 0 access-list command) to 8.4(2) and later
now includes the following keywords to disable proxy ARP
and to use a route lookup: no-proxy-arp and route-lookup.
The unidirectional keyword that was used for migrating to
8.3(2) and 8.4(1) is no longer used for migration. When
upgrading to 8.4(2) from 8.3(1), 8.3(2), and 8.4(1), all
identity NAT configurations will now include the
no-proxy-arp and route-lookup keywords, to maintain
existing functionality. The unidirectional keyword is
removed.
We modified the following command: nat source static
[no-proxy-arp] [route-lookup].
PAT pool and round robin address assignment
8.4(2)/8.5(1)
You can now specify a pool of PAT addresses instead of a
single address. You can also optionally enable round-robin
assignment of PAT addresses instead of first using all ports
on a PAT address before using the next address in the pool.
These features help prevent a large number of connections
from a single PAT address from appearing to be part of a
DoS attack and makes configuration of large numbers of
PAT addresses easy.
We modified the following command: nat source dynamic
[pat-pool mapped_object [round-robin]].
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-29
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Feature History for Twice NAT
Table 5-1
Feature History for Twice NAT (continued)
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Round robin PAT pool allocation uses the same 8.4(3)
IP address for existing hosts
Feature Information
When using a PAT pool with round robin allocation, if a host
has an existing connection, then subsequent connections
from that host will use the same PAT IP address if ports are
available.
We did not modify any commands.
This feature is not available in 8.5(1) or 8.6(1).
Flat range of PAT ports for a PAT pool
8.4(3)
If available, the real source port number is used for the
mapped port. However, if the real port is not available, by
default the mapped ports are chosen from the same range of
ports as the real port number: 0 to 511, 512 to 1023, and
1024 to 65535. Therefore, ports below 1024 have only a
small PAT pool.
If you have a lot of traffic that uses the lower port ranges,
when using a PAT pool, you can now specify a flat range of
ports to be used instead of the three unequal-sized tiers:
either 1024 to 65535, or 1 to 65535.
We modified the following command: nat source dynamic
[pat-pool mapped_object [flat [include-reserve]]].
This feature is not available in 8.5(1) or 8.6(1).
Extended PAT for a PAT pool
8.4(3)
Each PAT IP address allows up to 65535 ports. If 65535
ports do not provide enough translations, you can now
enable extended PAT for a PAT pool. Extended PAT uses
65535 ports per service, as opposed to per IP address, by
including the destination address and port in the translation
information.
We modified the following command: nat source dynamic
[pat-pool mapped_object [extended]].
This feature is not available in 8.5(1) or 8.6(1).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-30
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Feature History for Twice NAT
Table 5-1
Feature History for Twice NAT (continued)
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Automatic NAT rules to translate a VPN peer’s 8.4(3)
local IP address back to the peer’s real IP
address
Feature Information
In rare situations, you might want to use a VPN peer’s real
IP address on the inside network instead of an assigned local
IP address. Normally with VPN, the peer is given an
assigned local IP address to access the inside network.
However, you might want to translate the local IP address
back to the peer’s real public IP address if, for example,
your inside servers and network security is based on the
peer’s real IP address.
You can enable this feature on one interface per tunnel
group. Object NAT rules are dynamically added and deleted
when the VPN session is established or disconnected. You
can view the rules using the show nat command.
Because of routing issues, we do not recommend
using this feature unless you know you need this
feature; contact Cisco TAC to confirm feature
compatibility with your network. See the following
limitations:
Note
•
Only supports Cisco IPsec and AnyConnect Client.
•
Return traffic to the public IP addresses must be
routed back to the ASA so the NAT policy and VPN
policy can be applied.
•
Does not support load-balancing (because of
routing issues).
•
Does not support roaming (public IP changing).
We introduced the following command:
nat-assigned-to-public-ip interface (tunnel-group
general-attributes configuration mode).
NAT support for IPv6
9.0(1)
NAT now supports IPv6 traffic, as well as translating
between IPv4 and IPv6. Translating between IPv4 and IPv6
is not supported in transparent mode.
We modified the following commands: nat (global
configuration mode), show nat, show nat pool, show xlate.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-31
Chapter 5
Configuring Twice NAT
Feature History for Twice NAT
Table 5-1
Feature History for Twice NAT (continued)
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
NAT support for reverse DNS lookups
9.0(1)
NAT now supports translation of the DNS PTR record for
reverse DNS lookups when using IPv4 NAT, IPv6 NAT, and
NAT64 with DNS inspection enabled for the NAT rule.
Per-session PAT
9.0(1)
The per-session PAT feature improves the scalability of PAT
and, for clustering, allows each member unit to own PAT
connections; multi-session PAT connections have to be
forwarded to and owned by the master unit. At the end of a
per-session PAT session, the ASA sends a reset and
immediately removes the xlate. This reset causes the end
node to immediately release the connection, avoiding the
TIME_WAIT state. Multi-session PAT, on the other hand,
uses the PAT timeout, by default 30 seconds. For
“hit-and-run” traffic, such as HTTP or HTTPS, the
per-session feature can dramatically increase the
connection rate supported by one address. Without the
per-session feature, the maximum connection rate for one
address for an IP protocol is approximately 2000 per
second. With the per-session feature, the connection rate for
one address for an IP protocol is 65535/average-lifetime.
Feature Information
By default, all TCP traffic and UDP DNS traffic use a
per-session PAT xlate. For traffic that requires multi-session
PAT, such as H.323, SIP, or Skinny, you can disable
per-session PAT by creating a per-session deny rule.
We introduced the following commands: xlate per-session,
show nat pool.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
5-32
PART
3
Configuring Access Control
CH AP TE R
6
Configuring Access Rules
This chapter describes how to control network access through the ASA using access rules and includes
the following sections:
Note
•
Information About Access Rules, page 6-1
•
Licensing Requirements for Access Rules, page 6-7
•
Prerequisites, page 6-7
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 6-7
•
Default Settings, page 6-8
•
Configuring Access Rules, page 6-8
•
Monitoring Access Rules, page 6-10
•
Configuration Examples for Permitting or Denying Network Access, page 6-10
•
Feature History for Access Rules, page 6-11
You use access rules to control network access in both routed and transparent firewall modes. In
transparent mode, you can use both access rules (for Layer 3 traffic) and EtherType rules (for Layer 2
traffic).
To access the ASA interface for management access, you do not also need an access rule allowing the
host IP address. You only need to configure management access according to the general operations
configuration guide.
Information About Access Rules
You create an access rule by applying an extended or EtherType ACL to an interface or globally for all
interfaces.You can use access rules in routed and transparent firewall mode to control IP traffic. An
access rule permits or denies traffic based on the protocol, a source and destination IP address or
network, and optionally the source and destination ports.
For transparent mode only, an EtherType rule controls network access for non-IP traffic. An EtherType
rule permits or denies traffic based on the EtherType.
This section includes the following topics:
•
General Information About Rules, page 6-2
•
Information About Extended Access Rules, page 6-5
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-1
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Information About Access Rules
•
Information About EtherType Rules, page 6-6
General Information About Rules
This section describes information for both access rules and EtherType rules, and it includes the
following topics:
•
Implicit Permits, page 6-2
•
Information About Interface Access Rules and Global Access Rules, page 6-2
•
Using Access Rules and EtherType Rules on the Same Interface, page 6-2
•
Implicit Deny, page 6-3
•
Inbound and Outbound Rules, page 6-3
•
Transactional-Commit Model, page 6-4
Implicit Permits
For routed mode, the following types of traffic are allowed through by default:
•
Unicast IPv4 traffic from a higher security interface to a lower security interface.
•
Unicast IPv6 traffic from a higher security interface to a lower security interface.
For transparent mode, the following types of traffic are allowed through by default:
•
Unicast IPv4 traffic from a higher security interface to a lower security interface.
•
Unicast IPv6 traffic from a higher security interface to a lower security interface.
•
ARPs in both directions.
Note
•
ARP traffic can be controlled by ARP inspection, but cannot be controlled by an access rule.
BPDUs in both directions.
For other traffic, you need to use either an extended access rule (IPv4 and IPv6) or an EtherType rule
(non-IPv4/IPv6).
Information About Interface Access Rules and Global Access Rules
You can apply an access rule to a specific interface, or you can apply an access rule globally to all
interfaces. You can configure global access rules in conjunction with interface access rules, in which
case, the specific interface access rules are always processed before the general global access rules.
Note
Global access rules apply only to inbound traffic. See the “Inbound and Outbound Rules” section on
page 6-3.
Using Access Rules and EtherType Rules on the Same Interface
You can apply one access rule and one EtherType rule to each direction of an interface.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-2
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Information About Access Rules
Implicit Deny
ACLs have an implicit deny at the end of the list, so unless you explicitly permit it, traffic cannot pass.
For example, if you want to allow all users to access a network through the ASA except for particular
addresses, then you need to deny the particular addresses and then permit all others.
For EtherType ACLs, the implicit deny at the end of the ACL does not affect IP traffic or ARPs; for
example, if you allow EtherType 8037, the implicit deny at the end of the ACL does not now block any
IP traffic that you previously allowed with an extended ACL (or implicitly allowed from a high security
interface to a low security interface). However, if you explicitly deny all traffic with an EtherType ACE,
then IP and ARP traffic is denied.
If you configure a global access rule, then the implicit deny comes after the global rule is processed. See
the following order of operations:
1.
Interface access rule.
2.
Global access rule.
3.
Implicit deny.
Inbound and Outbound Rules
The ASA supports two types of ACLs:
Note
•
Inbound—Inbound access rules apply to traffic as it enters an interface. Global access rules are
always inbound.
•
Outbound—Outbound ACLs apply to traffic as it exits an interface.
“Inbound” and “outbound” refer to the application of an ACL on an interface, either to traffic entering
the ASA on an interface or traffic exiting the ASA on an interface. These terms do not refer to the
movement of traffic from a lower security interface to a higher security interface, commonly known as
inbound, or from a higher to lower interface, commonly known as outbound.
An outbound ACL is useful, for example, if you want to allow only certain hosts on the inside networks
to access a web server on the outside network. Rather than creating multiple inbound ACLs to restrict
access, you can create a single outbound ACL that allows only the specified hosts. (See Figure 6-1.) The
outbound ACL prevents any other hosts from reaching the outside network.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-3
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Information About Access Rules
Figure 6-1
Outbound ACL
Web Server:
209.165.200.225
ASA
Outside
ACL Outbound
Permit HTTP from 10.1.1.14, 10.1.2.67,
and 10.1.3.34 to 209.165.200.225
Deny all others
ACL Inbound
Permit from any to any
10.1.1.14
209.165.201.4
Static NAT
HR
ACL Inbound
Permit from any to any
10.1.2.67
209.165.201.6
Static NAT
Eng
ACL Inbound
Permit from any to any
10.1.3.34
209.165.201.8
Static NAT
333823
Inside
See the following commands for this example:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list OUTSIDE extended permit tcp host 10.1.1.14
host 209.165.200.225 eq www
ciscoasa(config)# access-list OUTSIDE extended permit tcp host 10.1.2.67
host 209.165.200.225 eq www
ciscoasa(config)# access-list OUTSIDE extended permit tcp host 10.1.3.34
host 209.165.200.225 eq www
ciscoasa(config)# access-group OUTSIDE out interface outside
Transactional-Commit Model
The ASA rule-engine supports a new feature for rule updation called the Transactional-Commit Model.
When this feature is enabled, a rule update is applied after the rule compilation is completed; without
affecting the rule matching performance. With the legacy model, rule updates take effect immediately
but rule matching slows down during the rule compilation period. This feature is useful to prevent
potential packet drops during large compilation of rules under high traffic conditions. This feature is also
useful to reduce the rule compilation time under two specific patterns of configurations:
•
Preventing packet drops while compiling large rules during high traffic rates.
•
Reducing rule compilation time while updating a large number of similar rules.
Guidelines and Limitations
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-4
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Information About Access Rules
Firewall Mode Guidelines
Supported in routed and transparent firewall mode.
IPv6 Guidelines
Supports IPv6.
Additional Guidelines and Limitations
Evaluate the following alternatives before using the transactional commit model:
•
While using large rules, try to optimize the number of rules by using the Object Group Search setting
in Advanced Access Rule Configuration settings.
•
Perform an incremental rule update instead of a bulk rule update. If a bulk update is necessary
perform the bulk update during the maintenance window, when traffic is low.
Information About Extended Access Rules
This section describes information about extended access rules and includes the following topics:
•
Access Rules for Returning Traffic, page 6-5
•
Allowing Broadcast and Multicast Traffic through the Transparent Firewall Using Access Rules,
page 6-5
•
Management Access Rules, page 6-6
Access Rules for Returning Traffic
For TCP and UDP connections for both routed and transparent mode, you do not need an access rule to
allow returning traffic because the ASA allows all returning traffic for established, bidirectional
connections.
For connectionless protocols such as ICMP, however, the ASA establishes unidirectional sessions, so
you either need access rules to allow ICMP in both directions (by applying ACLs to the source and
destination interfaces), or you need to enable the ICMP inspection engine. The ICMP inspection engine
treats ICMP sessions as bidirectional connections. To control ping, specify echo-reply (0) (ASA to host)
or echo (8) (host to ASA).
Allowing Broadcast and Multicast Traffic through the Transparent Firewall Using Access Rules
In routed firewall mode, broadcast and multicast traffic is blocked even if you allow it in an access rule,
including unsupported dynamic routing protocols and DHCP (unless you configure DHCP relay).
Transparent firewall mode can allow any IP traffic through.
Note
Because these special types of traffic are connectionless, you need to apply an access rule to both
interfaces, so returning traffic is allowed through.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-5
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Information About Access Rules
Table 6-1 lists common traffic types that you can allow through the transparent firewall.
Table 6-1
Transparent Firewall Special Traffic
Traffic Type
Protocol or Port
Notes
DHCP
UDP ports 67 and 68
If you enable the DHCP server, then the ASA
does not pass DHCP packets.
EIGRP
Protocol 88
—
OSPF
Protocol 89
—
Multicast streams The UDP ports vary depending
on the application.
Multicast streams are always destined to a
Class D address (224.0.0.0 to 239.x.x.x).
RIP (v1 or v2)
—
UDP port 520
Management Access Rules
You can configure access rules that control management traffic destined to the ASA. Access control rules
for to-the-box management traffic (defined by such commands as http, ssh, or telnet) have higher
precedence than an management access rule applied with the control-plane option. Therefore, such
permitted management traffic will be allowed to come in even if explicitly denied by the to-the-box ACL.
Information About EtherType Rules
This section describes EtherType rules and includes the following topics:
•
Supported EtherTypes and Other Traffic, page 6-6
•
Access Rules for Returning Traffic, page 6-7
•
Allowing MPLS, page 6-7
Supported EtherTypes and Other Traffic
An EtherType rule controls the following:
•
EtherType identified by a 16-bit hexadecimal number, including common types IPX and MPLS
unicast or multicast.
•
Ethernet V2 frames.
•
BPDUs, which are permitted by default. BPDUs are SNAP-encapsulated, and the ASA is designed
to specifically handle BPDUs.
•
Trunk port (Cisco proprietary) BPDUs. Trunk BPDUs have VLAN information inside the payload,
so the ASA modifies the payload with the outgoing VLAN if you allow BPDUs.
•
IS-IS.
The following types of traffic are not supported:
•
802.3-formatted frames—These frames are not handled by the rule because they use a length field
as opposed to a type field.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-6
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Licensing Requirements for Access Rules
Access Rules for Returning Traffic
Because EtherTypes are connectionless, you need to apply the rule to both interfaces if you want traffic
to pass in both directions.
Allowing MPLS
If you allow MPLS, ensure that Label Distribution Protocol and Tag Distribution Protocol TCP
connections are established through the ASA by configuring both MPLS routers connected to the ASA
to use the IP address on the ASA interface as the router-id for LDP or TDP sessions. (LDP and TDP
allow MPLS routers to negotiate the labels (addresses) used to forward packets.)
On Cisco IOS routers, enter the appropriate command for your protocol, LDP or TDP. The interface is
the interface connected to the ASA.
ciscoasa(config)# mpls ldp router-id interface force
Or
ciscoasa(config)# tag-switching tdp router-id interface force
Licensing Requirements for Access Rules
Model
License Requirement
All models
Base License.
Prerequisites
Before you can create an access rule, create the ACL. See the general operations configuration guide for
more information.
Guidelines and Limitations
This section includes the guidelines and limitations for this feature.
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
Supported in routed and transparent firewall modes.
IPv6 Guidelines
Supports IPv6. The source and destination addresses can include any mix of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-7
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Guidelines and Limitations
Per-User ACL Guidelines
•
The per-user ACL uses the value in the timeout uauth command, but it can be overridden by the
AAA per-user session timeout value.
•
If traffic is denied because of a per-user ACL, syslog message 109025 is logged. If traffic is
permitted, no syslog message is generated. The log option in the per-user ACL has no effect.
Default Settings
See the “Implicit Permits” section on page 6-2.
Configuring Access Rules
To apply an access rule, perform the following steps.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-8
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Guidelines and Limitations
Detailed Steps
Command
Purpose
access-group access_list
{{in | out} interface interface_name
[per-user-override | control-plane] |
global}
Binds an ACL to an interface or applies it globally.
Example:
For an interface-specific rule:
ciscoasa(config)# access-group
outside_access in interface outside
Specify the extended or EtherType ACL name. You can configure one
access-group command per ACL type per interface. You cannot reference
empty ACLs or ACLs that contain only a remark.
•
The in keyword applies the ACL to inbound traffic. The out keyword
applies the ACL to the outbound traffic.
•
Specify the interface name.
•
The per-user-override keyword (for inbound ACLs only) allows
dynamic user ACLs that are downloaded for user authorization to
override the ACL assigned to the interface. For example, if the
interface ACL denies all traffic from 10.0.0.0, but the dynamic ACL
permits all traffic from 10.0.0.0, then the dynamic ACL overrides the
interface ACL for that user.
By default, VPN remote access traffic is not matched against interface
ACLs. However, if you use the no sysopt connection permit-vpn
command to turn off this bypass, the behavior depends on whether
there is a vpn-filter applied in the group policy and whether you set
the per-user-override option:
– No per-user-override, no vpn-filter—Traffic is matched against
the interface ACL.
– No per-user-override, vpn-filter—Traffic is matched first
against the interface ACL, then against the VPN filter.
– per-user-override, vpn-filter—Traffic is matched against the
VPN filter only.
See Per-User ACL Guidelines, page 6-8.
•
The control-plane keyword specifies if the rule is for to-the-box
traffic.
For a global rule, specify the global keyword to apply the ACL to the
inbound direction of all interfaces.
Examples
The following example shows how to use the access-group command:
hostname(config)# access-list outside_access permit tcp any host 209.165.201.3 eq 80
hostname(config)# access-group outside_access interface outside
The access-list command lets any host access the global address using port 80. The access-group
command specifies that the access-list command applies to traffic entering the outside interface.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-9
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Monitoring Access Rules
Monitoring Access Rules
To monitor network access, enter the following command:
Command
Purpose
show running-config access-group
Displays the current ACL bound to the interfaces.
Configuration Examples for Permitting or Denying Network
Access
This section includes typical configuration examples for permitting or denying network access.
The following example adds a network object for inside server 1, performs static NAT for the server, and
enables access to from the outside for inside server 1.
ciscoasa(config)# object network inside-server1
ciscoasa(config)# host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.201.12
ciscoasa(config)# access-list outside_access extended permit tcp any object inside-server1
eq www
ciscoasa(config)# access-group outside_access in interface outside
The following example allows all hosts to communicate between the inside and hr networks but only
specific hosts to access the outside network:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ANY extended permit ip any any
ciscoasa(config)# access-list OUT extended permit ip host 209.168.200.3 any
ciscoasa(config)# access-list OUT extended permit ip host 209.168.200.4 any
ciscoasa(config)# access-group ANY in interface inside
ciscoasa(config)# access-group ANY in interface hr
ciscoasa(config)# access-group OUT out interface outside
For example, the following sample ACL allows common EtherTypes originating on the inside interface:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ETHER ethertype permit ipx
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ETHER ethertype permit mpls-unicast
ciscoasa(config)# access-group ETHER in interface inside
The following example allows some EtherTypes through the ASA, but it denies all others:
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
access-list ETHER ethertype permit 0x1234
access-list ETHER ethertype permit mpls-unicast
access-group ETHER in interface inside
access-group ETHER in interface outside
The following example denies traffic with EtherType 0x1256 but allows all others on both interfaces:
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
access-list nonIP ethertype deny 1256
access-list nonIP ethertype permit any
access-group ETHER in interface inside
access-group ETHER in interface outside
The following example uses object groups to permit specific traffic on the inside interface:
!
hostname (config)# object-group service myaclog
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-10
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Feature History for Access Rules
hostname
hostname
hostname
hostname
hostname
(config-service)#
(config-service)#
(config-service)#
(config-service)#
(config-service)#
service-object
service-object
service-object
service-object
service-object
tcp source range 2000 3000
tcp source range 3000 3010 destinatio$
ipsec
udp destination range 1002 1006
icmp echo
ciscoasa(config)# access-list outsideacl extended permit object-group myaclog interface
inside any
Feature History for Access Rules
Table 6-2 lists each feature change and the platform release in which it was implemented.
Table 6-2
Feature History for Access Rules
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Feature Information
Interface access rules
7.0(1)
Controlling network access through the ASA using ACLs.
We introduced the following command: access-group.
Global access rules
8.3(1)
Global access rules were introduced.
We modified the following command: access-group.
Support for Identity Firewall
8.4(2)
You can now use identity firewall users and groups for the
source and destination. You can use an identity firewall
ACL with access rules, AAA rules, and for VPN
authentication.
We modified the following commands: access-list
extended.
EtherType ACL support for IS-IS traffic
8.4(5), 9.1(2) In transparent firewall mode, the ASA can now pass IS-IS
traffic using an EtherType ACL.
We modified the following command: access-list ethertype
{permit | deny} is-is.
Support for TrustSec
9.0(1)
You can now use TrustSec security groups for the source
and destination. You can use an identity firewall ACL with
access rules.
We modified the following commands: access-list
extended.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-11
Chapter 6
Configuring Access Rules
Feature History for Access Rules
Table 6-2
Feature History for Access Rules (continued)
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
Unified ACL for IPv4 and IPv6
9.0(1)
Feature Information
ACLs now support IPv4 and IPv6 addresses. You can even
specify a mix of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for the source and
destination. The any keyword was changed to represent
IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. The any4 and any6 keywords were
added to represent IPv4-only and IPv6-only traffic,
respectively. The IPv6-specific ACLs are deprecated.
Existing IPv6 ACLs are migrated to extended ACLs. See the
release notes for more information about migration.
We modified the following commands: access-list
extended, access-list webtype.
We removed the following commands: ipv6 access-list,
ipv6 access-list webtype, ipv6-vpn-filter
Extended ACLand object enhancement to filter 9.0(1)
ICMP traffic by ICMP code
ICMP traffic can now be permitted/denied based on ICMP
code.
We introduced or modified the following commands:
access-list extended, service-object, service.
Transactional Commit Model on Rule Engine
for Access groups
9.1(5)
When enabled, a rule update is applied after the rule
compilation is completed; without affecting the rule
matching performance.
We introduced the following commands: asp rule-engine
transactional-commit, show running-config asp
rule-engine transactional-commit, clear configure asp
rule-engine transactional-commit.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
6-12
CH AP TE R
7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
This chapter describes how to enable AAA (pronounced “triple A”) for network access.
For information about AAA for management access, see the general operations configuration guide.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
AAA Performance, page 7-1
•
Licensing Requirements for AAA Rules, page 7-1
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 7-2
•
Configuring Authentication for Network Access, page 7-2
•
Configuring Authorization for Network Access, page 7-14
•
Configuring Accounting for Network Access, page 7-21
•
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication and Authorization, page 7-23
•
Feature History for AAA Rules, page 7-25
AAA Performance
The ASA uses “cut-through proxy” to significantly improve performance compared to a traditional
proxy server. The performance of a traditional proxy server suffers because it analyzes every packet at
the application layer of the OSI model. The ASA cut-through proxy challenges a user initially at the
application layer and then authenticates with standard AAA servers or the local database. After the ASA
authenticates the user, it shifts the session flow, and all traffic flows directly and quickly between the
source and destination while maintaining session state information.
Licensing Requirements for AAA Rules
The following table shows the licensing requirements for this feature:
Model
License Requirement
All models
Base License.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-1
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Guidelines and Limitations
Guidelines and Limitations
This section includes the guidelines and limitations for this feature.
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
Supported in routed and transparent firewall mode.
IPv6 Guidelines
Supports IPv6.
Additional Guidelines
In clustering, this feature is only supported on the master unit.
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
This section includes the following topics:
•
Information About Authentication, page 7-2
•
Configuring Network Access Authentication, page 7-7
•
Enabling Secure Authentication of Web Clients, page 7-10
•
Authenticating Directly with the ASA, page 7-11
Information About Authentication
The ASA lets you configure network access authentication using AAA servers. This section includes the
following topics:
•
One-Time Authentication, page 7-3
•
Applications Required to Receive an Authentication Challenge, page 7-3
•
ASA Authentication Prompts, page 7-3
•
AAA Prompts and Identity Firewall, page 7-4
•
AAA Rules as a Backup Authentication Method, page 7-5
•
Static PAT and HTTP, page 7-5
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-2
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
One-Time Authentication
A user at a given IP address only needs to authenticate one time for all rules and types, until the
authentication session expires. (See the timeout uauth command in the command reference for timeout
values.) For example, if you configure the ASA to authenticate Telnet and FTP, and a user first
successfully authenticates for Telnet, then as long as the authentication session exists, the user does not
also have to authenticate for FTP.
Applications Required to Receive an Authentication Challenge
Although you can configure the ASA to require authentication for network access to any protocol or
service, users can authenticate directly with HTTP, HTTPS, Telnet, or FTP only. A user must first
authenticate with one of these services before the ASA allows other traffic requiring authentication.
The authentication ports that the ASA supports for AAA are fixed as follows:
•
Port 21 for FTP
•
Port 23 for Telnet
•
Port 80 for HTTP
•
Port 443 for HTTPS
ASA Authentication Prompts
For Telnet and FTP, the ASA generates an authentication prompt.
For HTTP, the ASA uses basic HTTP authentication by default, and provides an authentication prompt.
You can optionally configure the ASA to redirect users to an internal web page where they can enter their
username and password (configured with the aaa authentication listener command).
For HTTPS, the ASA generates a custom login screen. You can optionally configure the ASA to redirect
users to an internal web page where they can enter their username and password (configured with the
aaa authentication listener command).
Redirection is an improvement over the basic method because it provides an improved user experience
during authentication, and an identical user experience for HTTP and HTTPS in both Easy VPN and
firewall modes. It also supports authentication directly with the ASA.
You might want to continue to use basic HTTP authentication for the following reasons:
•
You do not want the ASA to open listening ports.
•
You use NAT on a router and you do not want to create a translation rule for the web page served by
the ASA.
•
Basic HTTP authentication might work better with your network.
For example non-browser applications, as when a URL is embedded in e-mail, might be more compatible
with basic authentication.
After you authenticate correctly, the ASA redirects you to your original destination. If the destination
server also has its own authentication, the user enters another username and password. If you use basic
HTTP authentication and need to enter another username and password for the destination server, then
you need to configure the virtual http command.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-3
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
Note
If you use HTTP authentication, by default the username and password are sent from the client to the
ASA in clear text; in addition, the username and password are sent on to the destination web server as
well. See the “Enabling Secure Authentication of Web Clients” section on page 7-10 for information to
secure your credentials.
For FTP, a user has the option of entering the ASA username followed by an at sign (@) and then the
FTP username ([email protected]). For the password, the user enters the ASA password followed by an at
sign (@) and then the FTP password ([email protected]). For example, enter the following text:
name> [email protected]
password> [email protected]
This feature is useful when you have cascaded firewalls that require multiple logins. You can separate
several names and passwords by multiple at signs (@).
AAA Prompts and Identity Firewall
In an enterprise, some users log into the network by using other authentication mechanisms, such as
authenticating with a web portal (cut-through proxy). For example, users with a Mac and Linux client
might log into a web portal (cut-through proxy). Therefore, you must configure the identity firewall to
allow these types of authentication in connection with identity-based access policies.
Figure 7-1 shows a deployment to support a cut-through proxy authentication captive portal. Active
Directory servers and the AD Agent are installed on the main site LAN. However, the identity firewall
is configured to support authentication of clients that are not part of the Active Directory domain.
Figure 7-1
Deployment Supporting Cut-through Proxy Authentication
Inside Enterprise
Windows Clients
(Domain Members)
ASA
WAN / LAN
R
AD
IU
AP
LD
S
PS
/HTT
HTTP
mktg.sample.com
10.1.1.2
AD
Agent
AD Agent
AD Servers
334548
WMI
Non-domain Member
Clients
The ASA designates users logging in through a web portal (cut-through proxy) as belonging to the
Active Directory domain with which they authenticated.
The ASA reports users logging in through a web portal (cut-through proxy) to the AD Agent, which
distributes the user information to all registered ASA devices. In this case, the identity firewall can
associate the users with their Active Directory domain. Specifically, the user identity-IP address
mappings of authenticated users are forwarded to all ASA contexts that contain the input interface where
packets are received and authenticated.
Users can log in by using HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, Telnet, or SSH. When users log in with these
authentication methods, the following guidelines apply:
•
For HTTP/HTTPS traffic, an authentication window appears for unauthenticated users.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-4
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
•
For Telnet and FTP traffic, users must log in through the cut-through proxy server and again to the
Telnet and FTP servers.
•
A user can specify an Active Directory domain while providing login credentials (in the format,
domain\username). The ASA automatically selects the associated AAA server group for the
specified domain.
•
If a user specifies an Active Directory domain while providing login credentials (in the format,
domain\username), the ASA parses the domain and uses it to select an authentication server from
the AAA servers that have been configured for the identity firewall. Only the username is passed to
the AAA server.
•
If the backslash (\) delimiter is not found in the login credentials, the ASA does not parse the domain
and authentication is conducted with the AAA server that corresponds to the default domain
configured for the identity firewall.
•
If a default domain or a server group is not configured for that default domain, the ASA rejects the
authentication.
•
If the domain is not specified, the ASA selects the AAA server group for the default domain that is
configured for the identity firewall.
AAA Rules as a Backup Authentication Method
An authentication rule (also known as “cut-through proxy”) controls network access based on the user.
Because this function is very similar to an access rule plus an identity firewall, AAA rules can now be
used as a backup method of authentication if a user AD login expires or a valid user has not yet logged
into AD. For example, for any user without a valid login, you can trigger a AAA rule. To ensure that the
AAA rule is only triggered for users that do not have valid logins, you can specify special usernames in
the extended ACL that are used for the access rule and for the AAA rule: None (users without a valid
login) and Any (users with a valid login). In the access rule, configure your policy as usual for users and
groups, but then include a rule that permits all None users before deny any any; you must permit these
users so they can later trigger a AAA rule. Then, configure a AAA rule that does not match Any users
(these users are not subject to the AAA rule, and were handled already by the access rule), but matches
all None users only to trigger AAA authentication for these users. After the user has successfully logged
in via cut-through proxy, the traffic will flow normally again.
Static PAT and HTTP
For HTTP authentication, the ASA checks real ports when static PAT is configured. If it detects traffic
destined for real port 80, regardless of the mapped port, the ASA intercepts the HTTP connection and
enforces authentication.
For example, assume that outside TCP port 889 is translated to port 80 and that any relevant ACLs permit
the traffic:
object network obj-192.168.123.10-01
host 192.168.123.10
nat (inside,outside) static 10.48.66.155 service tcp 80 889
Then when users try to access 10.48.66.155 on port 889, the ASA intercepts the traffic and enforces
HTTP authentication. Users see the HTTP authentication page in their web browsers before the ASA
allows HTTP connection to complete.
If the local port is different than port 80, as in the following example:
object network obj-192.168.123.10-02
host 192.168.123.10
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-5
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
nat (inside,outside) static 10.48.66.155 service tcp 111 889
Then users do not see the authentication page. Instead, the ASA sends an error message to the web
browser, indicating that the user must be authenticated before using the requested service.
When a mapped address is used for static PAT, it is automatically placed into the dynamic PAT pool.
For instance, this configuration,
object network my-ftp-server
host <real-server>
nat (inside,outside) static <mapped-server> ftp ftp
is equivalent to
object network my-ftp-server
host <real-server>
nat (inside,outside) static <mapped-server> ftp ftp
object network <internal>
nat (inside,outside) dynamic <mapped-server>
The second line ensures that all PAT bindings are accounted for.This accounting is necessary to avoid
connection failure from port collision.
As the the mapped address is placed under dynamic PAT, any additional service that is to be accessed
through the mapped address, must also be explicitly configured.
For example, the following is the correct configuration for three services through address 192.150.49.10.
Additionally, the SMTP and HTTP services also reside at a host with the same address as the mapped
address, 192.150.49.10.
object network my-ftp-server
host <real-server>
nat (inside,outside) static <mapped-server> ftp ftp
object network my-ftp-server
host "192.150.49.10"
nat (inside,outside) static 192.150.49.10 smtp smtp
object network my-ftp-server
host "192.150.49.10"
nat (inside,outside) static 192.150.49.10 http http
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-6
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
Configuring Network Access Authentication
To configure network access authentication, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Command
Purpose
aaa-server
Identifies your AAA servers. If you have already
identified them, continue to the next step.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound protocol
tacacs+
Step 2
access-list access_list_name extended {deny |
permit} {tcp | udp} [user_argument]
[security_group_argument] source_address_argument
[port_argument] [security_group_argument]
dest_address_argument [port_argument]
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list MAIL_AUTH extended
permit tcp any any eq smtp
Step 3
aaa authentication match acl_name interface_name
server_group [user-identity]
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match MAIL_AUTH
inside AuthOutbound
Creates an ACL that identifies the source addresses
and destination addresses of traffic that you want to
authenticate. The syntax shown here is just an
example. For details, see the general operations
configuration guide.
If you specify identity firewall arguments in the
ACL, then the following keywords in the ACL are
specifically relevant to AAA rules. The keywords
user-group any and user-group none can be
specified to support cut-through proxy
authentication.
•
any—The ACL matches any IP addresses that
has already been associated with any users.
•
none—The ACL matches any IP addresses that
has not been associated with any IP address.
Configures authentication.
The acl_name argument is the name of the ACL that
you created in Step 2. The interface_name argument
is the name of the interface specified with the
nameif command. The server_group argument is the
AAA server group that you created in Step 1.
Note
You can alternatively use the aaa
authentication include command (which
identifies traffic within the command).
However, you cannot use both methods in
the same configuration. See the command
reference for more information.
The user-identity keyword matches authentication
to the identity firewall.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-7
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
Step 4
Command
Purpose
aaa authentication listener http[s] interface_name
[port portnum] redirect
(Optional) Enables the redirection method of
authentication for HTTP or HTTPS connections.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication listener http
inside redirect
The interface_name argument is the interface on
which you want to enable listening ports. The port
portnum argument specifies the port number on
which the ASA listens; the defaults are 80 (HTTP)
and 443 (HTTPS).
You can use any port number and retain the same
functionality, but be sure your direct authentication
users know the port number; redirected traffic is sent
to the correct port number automatically, but direct
authenticators must specify the port number
manually.
Enter this command separately for HTTP and for
HTTPS.
Step 5
aaa local authentication attempts max-fail number
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa local authentication attempts
max-fail 7
(Optional) Uses the local database for network
access authentication and limits the number of
consecutive failed login attempts that the ASA
allows any given user account (with the exception of
users with a privilege level of 15. This feature does
not affect level 15 users). The number argument
value is between 1 and 16.
Tip
To clear the lockout status of a specific user
or all users, use the clear aaa local user
lockout command.
Examples
The following example authenticates all inside HTTP traffic and SMTP traffic:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound protocol tacacs+
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-group)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound (inside) host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# key TACPlusUauthKey
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# access-list MAIL_AUTH extended permit tcp any any eq smtp
ciscoasa(config)# access-list MAIL_AUTH extended permit tcp any any eq www
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match MAIL_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication listener http inside redirect
The following example authenticates Telnet traffic from the outside interface to a particular server
(209.165.201.5):
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthInbound protocol tacacs+
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-group)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthInbound (inside) host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# key TACPlusUauthKey
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH extended permit tcp any host 209.165.201.5 eq
telnet
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match TELNET_AUTH outside AuthInbound
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-8
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
The following example shows a typical cut-through proxy configuration to allow a user to log in through
the ASA. In this example, the following conditions apply:
•
The ASA IP address is 192.168.123.10.
•
The Active Directory domain controller has the IP address 10.1.2.10.
•
The end user client has the IP address 192.168.123.10 and uses HTTPS to log in through a web
portal.
•
The user is authenticated by the Active Directory domain controller via LDAP.
•
The ASA uses the inside interface to connect to the Active Directory domain controller on the
corporate network.
hostname(config)# access-list AUTH extended permit tcp any 192.168.123.10 255.255.255.0 eq http
hostname(config)# access-list AUTH extended permit tcp any 192.168.123.10 255.255.255.0 eq https
hostname(config)# aaa-server LDAP protocol ldap
hostname(config-aaa-server-group)# aaa-server LDAP (inside) host 10.1.2.10
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# ldap-base-dn DC=cisco,DC=com
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# ldap-group-base-dn DC=cisco,DC=com
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# ldap-scope subtree
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# ldap-login-dn cn=kao,OU=Employees,OU=Cisco Users,DC=cisco,DC=com
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# ldap-login-password *****
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# ldap-over-ssl enable
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# server-type microsoft
hostname(config-aaa-server-host)# aaa authentication match AUTH inside LDAP
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)# http server enable
hostname(config)# http 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 inside
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)# auth-prompt prompt Enter Your Authentication
hostname(config)# auth-prompt accept You are Good
hostname(config)# auth-prompt reject Goodbye
In this example, the following guidelines apply:
•
In access-list commands, you should configure permit user NONE rules before entering the
access-list 100 ex deny any any command to allow unauthenticated incoming users to trigger AAA
cut-through proxy.
•
In access-list AUTH commands, permit user NONE rules specify that only unauthenticated users
can trigger AAA cut-through proxy.
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list listenerAuth extended permit tcp any any
aaa authentication match listenerAuth inside ldap
aaa authentication listener http inside port 8888
access-list 100 ex permit ip user SAMPLE\user1 any any
access-list 100 ex deny ip user SAMPLE\user2 any any
access-list 100 ex permit ip user NONE any any
access-list 100 ex deny any any
access-group 100 in interface inside
aaa authenticate match 100 inside user-identity
The following example shows how you can use AAA rules plus identity firewall (cut-through proxy) to
authenticate successfully:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
access-list 100 ex permit ip user CISCO\xyz any any
access-list 100 ex deny ip user CISCO\abc any any
access-list 100 ex permit ip user NONE any any
access-list 100 ex deny any any
access-group 100 in interface inside
access-list 200 ex permit user NONE any any
aaa authenticate match 200 inside user-identity
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-9
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
For more information about authentication, see the “Information About Authentication” section on
page 7-2.
Enabling Secure Authentication of Web Clients
If you use HTTP authentication, by default the username and password are sent from the client to the
ASA in clear text; in addition, the username and password are sent to the destination web server as well.
The ASA provides the following methods for securing HTTP authentication:
•
Enable the redirection method of authentication for HTTP—Use the aaa authentication listener
command with the redirect keyword. This method prevents the authentication credentials from
continuing to the destination server. See the “ASA Authentication Prompts” section on page 7-3 for
more information about the redirection method compared to the basic method.
•
Enable virtual HTTP—Use the virtual http command to authenticateseparately with the ASA and
with the HTTP server. Even if the HTTP server does not need a second authentication, this command
achieves the effect of stripping the basic authentication credentials from the HTTP GET request. See
the “Authenticating HTTP(S) Connections with a Virtual Server” section on page 7-11 for more
information.
Enable the exchange of usernames and passwords between a web client and the ASA with
HTTPS—Use the aaa authentication secure-http-client command to enable the exchange of
usernames and passwords between a web client and the ASA with HTTPS. This is the only method
that protects credentials between the client and the ASA, as well as between the ASA and the
destination server. You can use this method alone, or in conjunction with either of the other methods
so you can maximize your security.
After enabling this feature, when a user requires authentication when using HTTP, the ASA redirects
the HTTP user to an HTTPS prompt. After you authenticate correctly, the ASA redirects you to the
original HTTP URL.
Secured, web-client authentication has the following limitations:
– A maximum of 64 concurrent HTTPS authentication sessions are allowed. If all 64 HTTPS
authentication processes are running, a new connection requiring authentication will not
succeed.
– When uauth timeout 0 is configured (the uauth timeout is set to 0),HTTPS authentication
might not work. If a browser initiates multiple TCP connections to load a web page after HTTPS
authentication, the first connection is let through, but the subsequent connections trigger
authentication. As a result, users are continuously presented with an authentication page, even
if the correct username and password are entered each time. To work around this, set the uauth
timeout to 1 second with the timeout uauth 0:0:1 command. However, this workaround opens
a 1-second window of opportunity that might allow unauthenticated users to go through the
firewall if they are coming from the same source IP address.
Because HTTPS authentication occurs on the SSL port 443, users must not configure an access-list
command statement to block traffic from the HTTP client to the HTTP server on port 443. Furthermore,
if static PAT is configured for web traffic on port 80, it must also be configured for the SSL port.
– In the following example, the first set of commands configures static PAT for web traffic, and
the second set of commands must be added to support the HTTPS authentication configuration:
object network obj-10.130.16.10-01
host 10.130.16.10
nat (inside,outside) static 10.132.16.200 service tcp 80 80
object network obj-10.130.16.10-02
host 10.130.16.10
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-10
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
nat (inside,outside) static 10.132.16.200 service tcp 443 443
Authenticating Directly with the ASA
If you do not want to allow HTTP, HTTPS, Telnet, or FTP through the ASA but want to authenticate
other types of traffic, you can authenticate with the ASA directly using HTTP, HTTPS, or Telnet.
This section includes the following topics:
•
Authenticating HTTP(S) Connections with a Virtual Server, page 7-11
•
Authenticating Telnet Connections with a Virtual Server, page 7-12
Authenticating HTTP(S) Connections with a Virtual Server
If you enabled the redirection method of HTTP and HTTPS authentication in the “Configuring Network
Access Authentication” section on page 7-7, then you have also automatically enabled direct
authentication.
When you use HTTP authentication on the ASA (see the“Configuring Network Access Authentication”
section on page 7-7), the ASA uses basic HTTP authentication by default.
To continue to use basic HTTP authentication, and to enable direct authentication for HTTP and HTTPS,
enter the following command:
Command
Purpose
aaa authentication listener http[s] interface_name
[port portnum] redirect
(Optional) Enables the redirection method of authentication
for HTTP or HTTPS connections.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication listener http
inside redirect
The interface_name argument is the interface on which you
want to enable listening ports. The port portnum argument
specifies the port number on which the ASA listens; the
defaults are 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTPS).
You can use any port number and retain the same functionality,
but be sure your direct authentication users know the port
number; redirected traffic is sent to the correct port number
automatically, but direct authenticators must specify the port
number manually.
Enter this command separately for HTTP and for HTTPS.
If the destination HTTP server requires authentication in addition to the ASA, then to authenticate
separately with the ASA (via a AAA server) and with the HTTP server, enter the following command:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-11
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
Command
Purpose
virtual http
Redirects all HTTP connections that require AAA
authentication to the virtual HTTP server on the ASA. The
ASA prompts for the AAA server username and password.
After the AAA server authenticates the user, the ASA redirects
the HTTP connection back to the original server, but it does
not include the AAA server username and password. Because
the username and password are not included in the HTTP
packet, the HTTP server prompts the user separately for the
HTTP server username and password.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# virtual http
For inbound users (from lower security to higher security),
you must also include the virtual HTTP address as a
destination interface in the ACL applied to the source
interface. In addition, you must add a static NAT command for
the virtual HTTP IP address, even if NAT is not required. An
identity NAT command is typically used (where you translate
the address to itself).
For outbound users, there is an explicit permit for traffic, but
if you apply an ACL to an inside interface, be sure to allow
access to the virtual HTTP address. A static statement is not
required.
Note
Do not set the timeout uauth command duration to 0
seconds when using the virtual http command,
because this setting prevents HTTP connections to the
actual web server.
You can authenticate directly with the ASA at the following
URLs when you enable AAA for the interface:
http://interface_ip[:port]/netaccess/connstatus.html
https://interface_ip[:port]/netaccess/connstatus.html
Without virtual HTTP, the same username and password that
you used to authenticate with the ASA are sent to the HTTP
server; you are not prompted separately for the HTTP server
username and password. Assuming the username and
password are not the same for the AAA and HTTP servers,
then the HTTP authentication fails.
Authenticating Telnet Connections with a Virtual Server
Although you can configure network access authentication for any protocol or service (see the aaa
authentication match or aaa authentication include command), you can authenticate directly with
HTTP, Telnet, or FTP only. A user must first authenticate with one of these services before other traffic
that requires authentication is allowed through. If you do not want to allow HTTP, Telnet, or FTP traffic
through the ASA, but want to authenticate other types of traffic, you can configure virtual Telnet; the
user Telnets to a given IP address configured on the ASA, and the ASA issues a Telnet prompt.
To configure a virtual Telnet server, enter the following command:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-12
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authentication for Network Access
Command
Purpose
virtual telnet ip_address
Configures a virtual Telnet server.
Example:
The ip_address argument sets the IP address for the virtual
Telnet server. Make sure this address is an unused address that
is routed to the ASA.
ciscoasa(config)# virtual telnet 209.165.202.129
You must configure authentication for Telnet access to the
virtual Telnet address as well as the other services that you
want to authenticate using the authentication match or aaa
authentication include command.
When an unauthenticated user connects to the virtual Telnet IP
address, the user is challenged for a username and password,
and then authenticated by the AAA server. Once
authenticated, the user sees the message “Authentication
Successful.” Then, the user can successfully access other
services that require authentication.
For inbound users (from lower security to higher security),
you must also include the virtual Telnet address as a
destination interface in the ACL applied to the source
interface. In addition, you must add a static NAT command for
the virtual Telnet IP address, even if NAT is not required. An
identity NAT command is typically used (where you translate
the address to itself).
For outbound users, there is an explicit permit for traffic, but
if you apply an ACL to an inside interface, be sure to allow
access to the virtual Telnet address. A static statement is not
required.
To log out from the ASA, reconnect to the virtual Telnet IP
address; you are then prompted to log out.
Examples
The following example shows how to enable virtual Telnet together with AAA authentication for other
services:
ciscoasa(config)# virtual telnet 209.165.202.129
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ACL-IN extended permit tcp any host 209.165.200.225 eq smtp
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ACL-IN remark This is the SMTP server on the inside
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ACL-IN extended permit tcp any host 209.165.202.129 eq
telnet
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ACL-IN remark This is the virtual Telnet address
ciscoasa(config)# access-group ACL-IN in interface outside
ciscoasa(config)# network object obj-209.165.202.129-01
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 209.165.202.129
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.202.129
ciscoasa(config)# access-list AUTH extended permit tcp any host 209.165.200.225 eq smtp
ciscoasa(config)# access-list AUTH remark This is the SMTP server on the inside
ciscoasa(config)# access-list AUTH extended permit tcp any host 209.165.202.129 eq telnet
ciscoasa(config)# access-list AUTH remark This is the virtual Telnet address
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match AUTH outside tacacs+
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-13
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
After a user authenticates for a given connection, the ASA can use authorization to further control traffic
from the user.
This section includes the following topics:
•
Configuring TACACS+ Authorization, page 7-14
•
Configuring RADIUS Authorization, page 7-17
Configuring TACACS+ Authorization
You can configure the ASA to perform network access authorization with TACACS+. You identify the
traffic to be authorized by specifying ACLs that authorization rules must match. Alternatively, you can
identify the traffic directly in authorization rules themselves.
Tip
Using ACLs to identify traffic to be authorized can greatly reduced the number of authorization
commands that you must enter. This is because each authorization rule that you enter can specify only
one source and destination subnet and service, whereas an ACL can include many entries.
Authentication and authorization statements are independent; however, any unauthenticated traffic
matched by an authorization rule will be denied. For authorization to succeed:
1.
A user must first authenticate with the ASA.
Because a user at a given IP address only needs to authenticate one time for all rules and types, if
the authentication session has not expired, authorization can occur even if the traffic is not matched
by an authentication rule.
2.
After a user authenticates, the ASA checks the authorization rules for matching traffic.
3.
If the traffic matches the authorization rule, the ASA sends the username to the TACACS+ server.
4.
The TACACS+ server responds to the ASA with a permit or a deny for that traffic, based on the user
profile.
5.
The ASA enforces the authorization rule in the response.
See the documentation for your TACACS+ server for information about configuring network access
authorizations for a user.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-14
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
To configure TACACS+ authorization, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Command
Purpose
aaa-server
Identifies your AAA servers. If you have already
identified them, continue to the next step.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound protocol
tacacs+
Step 2
access-list
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list MAIL_AUTH extended
permit tcp any any eq smtp
Step 3
aaa authentication match acl_name interface_name
server_group
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match MAIL_AUTH
inside AuthOutbound
Creates an ACL that identifies the source addresses
and destination addresses of traffic you want to
authenticate. For details, see the general operations
configuration guide.
The permit ACEs mark matching traffic for
authentication, while deny entries exclude matching
traffic from authentication. Be sure to include the
destination ports for either HTTP, HTTPS, Telnet, or
FTP in the ACL, because the user must authenticate
with one of these services before other services are
allowed through the ASA.
Configures authentication. The acl_name argument
is the name of the ACL that you created in Step 2.,
The interface_name argument is the name of the
interface specified with the nameif command, and
the server_group argument is the AAA server group
that you created in Step 1.
Note
Step 4
aaa authentication listener http[s] interface_name
[port portnum] redirect
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication listener http
inside redirect
You can alternatively use the aaa
authentication include command (which
identifies traffic within the command).
However, you cannot use both methods in
the same configuration. See the command
reference for more information.
(Optional) Enables the redirection method of
authentication for HTTP or HTTPS connections.
The interface_name argument is the interface on
which you want to enable listening ports. The port
portnum argument specifies the port number on
which the ASA listens; the defaults are 80 (HTTP)
and 443 (HTTPS).
You can use any port number and retain the same
functionality, but be sure your direct authentication
users know the port number; redirected traffic is sent
to the correct port number automatically, but direct
authenticators must specify the port number
manually.
Enter this command separately for HTTP and for
HTTPS.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-15
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
Step 5
Command
Purpose
aaa local authentication attempts max-fail number
(Optional) Uses the local database for network
access authentication and limits the number of
consecutive failed login attempts that the ASA
allows any given user account (with the exception of
users with a privilege level of 15. This feature does
not affect level 15 users). The number argument
value is between 1 and 16.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa local authentication attempts
max-fail 7
Tip
Step 6
access-list
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH extended
permit tcp any any eq telnet
Create an ACL that identifies the source addresses
and destination addresses of traffic that you want to
authorize. For instructions, see the general
operations configuration guide.
The permit ACEs mark matching traffic for
authorization, while deny entries exclude matching
traffic from authorization. The ACL that you use for
authorization matching should include rules that are
equal to or a subset of the rules in the ACL used for
authentication matching.
Note
Step 7
aaa authorization match acl_name interface_name
server_group
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match
TELNET_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
To clear the lockout status of a specific user
or all users, use the clear aaa local user
lockout command.
If you have configured authentication and
want to authorize all the traffic being
authenticated, you can use the same ACL
that you created for use with the aaa
authentication match command.
Enables authorization.
The acl_name argument is the name of the ACL you
created in Step 6, the interface_name argument is
the name of the interface as specified with the
nameif command or by default, and the
server_group argument is the AAA server group that
you created when you enabled authentication.
Note
Alternatively, you can use the aaa
authorization include command (which
identifies traffic within the command) but
you cannot use both methods in the same
configuration. See the command reference
for more information.
Examples
The following example authenticates and authorizes inside Telnet traffic. Telnet traffic to servers other
than 209.165.201.5 can be authenticated alone, but traffic to 209.165.201.5 requires authorization.
ciscoasa(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH
ciscoasa(config)# access-list SERVER_AUTH
telnet
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-group)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-16
extended permit tcp any any eq telnet
extended permit tcp any host 209.165.201.5 eq
protocol tacacs+
(inside) host 10.1.1.1
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# key TACPlusUauthKey
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match TELNET_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authorization match SERVER_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
Configuring RADIUS Authorization
When authentication succeeds, the RADIUS protocol returns user authorizations in the access-accept
message sent by a RADIUS server. For more information about configuring authentication, see the
“Configuring Network Access Authentication” section on page 7-7.
When you configure the ASA to authenticate users for network access, you are also implicitly enabling
RADIUS authorizations; therefore, this section contains no information about configuring RADIUS
authorization on the ASA. It does provide information about how the ASA handles ACL information
received from RADIUS servers.
You can configure a RADIUS server to download an ACL to the ASA or an ACL name at the time of
authentication. The user is authorized to do only what is permitted in the user-specific ACL.
Note
If you have used the access-group command to apply ACLs to interfaces, be aware of the following
effects of the per-user-override keyword on authorization by user-specific ACLs:
•
Without the per-user-override keyword, traffic for a user session must be permitted by both the
interface ACL and the user-specific ACL.
•
With the per-user-override keyword, the user-specific ACL determines what is permitted.
For more information, see the access-group command entry in the command reference.
This section includes the following topics:
•
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Send Downloadable Access Control Lists, page 7-17
•
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Download Per-User Access Control List Names, page 7-21
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Send Downloadable Access Control Lists
This section describes how to configure Cisco Secure ACS or a third-party RADIUS server and includes
the following topics:
•
About the Downloadable ACL Feature and Cisco Secure ACS, page 7-17
•
Configuring Cisco Secure ACS for Downloadable ACLs, page 7-19
•
Configuring Any RADIUS Server for Downloadable ACLs, page 7-20
•
Converting Wildcard Netmask Expressions in Downloadable ACLs, page 7-21
About the Downloadable ACL Feature and Cisco Secure ACS
Downloadable ACLs is the most scalable means of using Cisco Secure ACS to provide the appropriate
ACLs for each user. It provides the following capabilities:
•
Unlimited ACL size—Downloadable ACLs are sent using as many RADIUS packets as required to
transport the full ACL from Cisco Secure ACS to the ASA.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-17
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
•
Simplified and centralized management of ACLs—Downloadable ACLs enable you to write a set of
ACLs once and apply it to many user or group profiles and distribute it to many ASAs.
This approach is most useful when you have very large ACL sets that you want to apply to more than
one Cisco Secure ACS user or group; however, its ability to simplify Cisco Secure ACS user and group
management makes it useful for ACLs of any size.
The ASA receives downloadable ACLs from Cisco Secure ACS using the following process:
1.
The ASA sends a RADIUS authentication request packet for the user session.
2.
If Cisco Secure ACS successfully authenticates the user, Cisco Secure ACS returns a RADIUS
access-accept message that includes the internal name of the applicable downloadable ACL. The
Cisco IOS cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA (vendor 9, attribute 1) includes the following attribute-value
pair to identify the downloadable ACL set:
ACS:CiscoSecure-Defined-ACL=acl-set-name
where acl-set-name is the internal name of the downloadable ACL, which is a combination of the
name assigned to the ACL by the Cisco Secure ACS administrator and the date and time that the
ACL was last modified.
3.
The ASA examines the name of the downloadable ACL and determines if it has previously received
the named downloadable ACL.
– If the ASA has previously received the named downloadable ACL, communication with Cisco
Secure ACS is complete and the ASA applies the ACL to the user session. Because the name of
the downloadable ACL includes the date and time that it was last modified, matching the name
sent by Cisco Secure ACS to the name of an ACL previously downloaded means that the ASA
has the most recent version of the downloadable ACL.
– If the ASA has not previously received the named downloadable ACL, it may have an
out-of-date version of the ACL or it may not have downloaded any version of the ACL. In either
case, the ASA issues a RADIUS authentication request using the downloadable ACL name as
the username in the RADIUS request and a null password attribute. In a cisco-av-pair RADIUS
VSA, the request also includes the following attribute-value pairs:
AAA:service=ip-admission
AAA:event=acl-download
In addition, the ASA signs the request with the Message-Authenticator attribute (IETF RADIUS
attribute 80).
4.
After receipt of a RADIUS authentication request that has a username attribute that includes the
name of a downloadable ACL, Cisco Secure ACS authenticates the request by checking the
Message-Authenticator attribute. If the Message-Authenticator attribute is missing or incorrect,
Cisco Secure ACS ignores the request. The presence of the Message-Authenticator attribute
prevents malicious use of a downloadable ACL name to gain unauthorized network access. The
Message-Authenticator attribute and its use are defined in RFC 2869, RADIUS Extensions,
available at http://www.ietf.org.
5.
If the ACL required is less than approximately 4 KB in length, Cisco Secure ACS responds with an
access-accept message that includes the ACL. The largest ACL that can fit in a single access-accept
message is slightly less than 4 KB, because part of the message must be other required attributes.
Cisco Secure ACS sends the downloadable ACL in a cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA. The ACL is
formatted as a series of attribute-value pairs that each include an ACE and are numbered serially:
ip:inacl#1=ACE-1
ip:inacl#2=ACE-2
.
.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-18
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
.
ip:inacl#n=ACE-n
ip:inacl#1=permit tcp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
6.
If the ACL required is more than approximately 4 KB in length, Cisco Secure ACS responds with
an access-challenge message that includes a portion of the ACL, formatted as described previously,
and a State attribute (IETF RADIUS attribute 24), which includes control data used by Cisco Secure
ACS to track the progress of the download. Cisco Secure ACS fits as many complete attribute-value
pairs into the cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA as it can without exceeding the maximum RADIUS
message size.
The ASA stores the portion of the ACL received and responds with another access-request message
that includes the same attributes as the first request for the downloadable ACL, plus a copy of the
State attribute received in the access-challenge message.
This process repeats until Cisco Secure ACS sends the last of the ACL in an access-accept message.
Configuring Cisco Secure ACS for Downloadable ACLs
You can configure downloadable ACLs on Cisco Secure ACS as a shared profile component and then
assign the ACL to a group or to an individual user.
The ACL definition consists of one or more ASA commands that are similar to the extended access-list
command (see command reference), except without the following prefix:
access-list acl_name extended
The following example is a downloadable ACL definition on Cisco Secure ACS version 3.3:
+--------------------------------------------+
| Shared profile Components
|
|
|
|
Downloadable IP ACLs Content
|
|
|
| Name:
acs_ten_acl
|
|
|
|
ACL Definitions
|
|
|
| permit tcp any host 10.0.0.254
|
| permit udp any host 10.0.0.254
|
| permit icmp any host 10.0.0.254
|
| permit tcp any host 10.0.0.253
|
| permit udp any host 10.0.0.253
|
| permit icmp any host 10.0.0.253
|
| permit tcp any host 10.0.0.252
|
| permit udp any host 10.0.0.252
|
| permit icmp any host 10.0.0.252
|
| permit ip any any
|
+--------------------------------------------+
For more information about creating downloadable ACLs and associating them with users, see the user
guide for your version of Cisco Secure ACS.
On the ASA, the downloaded ACL has the following name:
#ACSACL#-ip-acl_name-number
The acl_name argument is the name that is defined on Cisco Secure ACS (acs_ten_acl in the preceding
example), and number is a unique version ID generated by Cisco Secure ACS.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-19
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Authorization for Network Access
The downloaded ACL on the ASA consists of the following lines:
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
#ACSACL#-ip-asa-acs_ten_acl-3b5385f7
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
permit
tcp any host 10.0.0.254
udp any host 10.0.0.254
icmp any host 10.0.0.254
tcp any host 10.0.0.253
udp any host 10.0.0.253
icmp any host 10.0.0.253
tcp any host 10.0.0.252
udp any host 10.0.0.252
icmp any host 10.0.0.252
ip any any
Configuring Any RADIUS Server for Downloadable ACLs
You can configure any RADIUS server that supports Cisco IOS RADIUS VSAs to send user-specific
ACLs to the ASA in a Cisco IOS RADIUS cisco-av-pair VSA (vendor 9, attribute 1).
In the cisco-av-pair VSA, configure one or more ACEs that are similar to the access-list extended
command (see command reference), except that you replace the following command prefix:
access-list acl_name extended
with the following text:
ip:inacl#nnn=
The nnn argument is a number in the range from 0 to 999999999 that identifies the order of the command
statement to be configured on the ASA. If this parameter is omitted, the sequence value is 0, and the
order of the ACEs inside the cisco-av-pair RADIUS VSA is used.
The following example is an ACL definition as it should be configured for a cisco-av-pair VSA on a
RADIUS server:
ip:inacl#1=permit tcp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
ip:inacl#99=deny tcp any any
ip:inacl#2=permit udp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
ip:inacl#100=deny udp any any
ip:inacl#3=permit icmp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
For information about making unique per user the ACLs that are sent in the cisco-av-pair attribute, see
the documentation for your RADIUS server.
On the ASA, the downloaded ACL name has the following format:
AAA-user-username
The username argument is the name of the user that is being authenticated.
The downloaded ACL on the ASA consists of the following lines. Notice the order based on the numbers
identified on the RADIUS server.
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
access-list
AAA-user-bcham34-79AD4A08
AAA-user-bcham34-79AD4A08
AAA-user-bcham34-79AD4A08
AAA-user-bcham34-79AD4A08
AAA-user-bcham34-79AD4A08
permit tcp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
permit udp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
permit icmp 10.1.0.0 255.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
deny tcp any any
deny udp any any
Downloaded ACLs have two spaces between the word “access-list” and the name. These spaces serve to
differentiate a downloaded ACL from a local ACL. In this example, “79AD4A08” is a hash value
generated by the ASA to help determine when ACL definitions have changed on the RADIUS server.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-20
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Accounting for Network Access
Converting Wildcard Netmask Expressions in Downloadable ACLs
If a RADIUS server provides downloadable ACLs to Cisco VPN 3000 series concentrators as well as to
the ASA, you may need the ASA to convert wildcard netmask expressions to standard netmask
expressions. This is because Cisco VPN 3000 series concentrators support wildcard netmask
expressions, but the ASA only supports standard netmask expressions. Configuring the ASA to convert
wildcard netmask expressions helps minimize the effects of these differences on how you configure
downloadable ACLs on your RADIUS servers. Translation of wildcard netmask expressions means that
downloadable ACLs written for Cisco VPN 3000 series concentrators can be used by the ASA without
altering the configuration of the downloadable ACLs on the RADIUS server.
You configure ACL netmask conversion on a per-server basis using the acl-netmask-convert command,
available in the aaa-server configuration mode. For more information about configuring a RADIUS
server, see the general operations configuration guide. For more information about the
acl-netmask-convert command, see the command reference
Configuring a RADIUS Server to Download Per-User Access Control List Names
To download a name for an ACL that you already created on the ASA from the RADIUS server when a
user authenticates, configure the IETF RADIUS filter-id attribute (attribute number 11) as follows:
filter-id=acl_name
Note
In Cisco Secure ACS, the values for filter-id attributes are specified in boxes in the HTML interface,
omitting filter-id= and entering only acl_name.
For information about making the filter-id attribute value unique per user, see the documentation for your
RADIUS server.
To create an ACL on the ASA, see the general operations configuration guide.
Configuring Accounting for Network Access
The ASA can send accounting information to a RADIUS or TACACS+ server about any TCP or UDP
traffic that passes through the ASA. If that traffic is also authenticated, then the AAA server can maintain
accounting information by username. If the traffic is not authenticated, the AAA server can maintain
accounting information by IP address. Accounting information includes session start and stop times,
username, the number of bytes that pass through the ASA for the session, the service used, and the
duration of each session.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-21
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Configuring Accounting for Network Access
To configure accounting, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Command
Purpose
access-list
If you want the ASA to provide accounting data per
user, you must enable authentication. For more
information, see the “Configuring Network Access
Authentication” section on page 7-7. If you want the
ASA to provide accounting data per IP address,
enabling authentication is not necessary.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH extended
permit tcp any any eq telnet
Creates an ACL that identifies the source addresses
and destination addresses of traffic for which you
want accounting data. For instructions, see the
general operations configuration guide.
The permit ACEs mark matching traffic for
accounting, while deny entries exclude matching
traffic from accounting.
Note
Step 2
aaa accounting match acl_name interface_name
server_group
If you have configured authentication and
want accounting data for all the traffic being
authenticated, you can use the same ACL
that you created for use with the aaa
authentication match command.
Enables accounting.
The acl_name argument is the ACL name set in the
access-list command.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# aaa accounting match SERVER_AUTH
inside AuthOutbound
The interface_name argument is the interface name
set in the nameif command.
The server_group argument is the server group
name set in the aaa-server command.
Note
Alternatively, you can use the aaa
accounting include command (which
identifies traffic within the command), but
you cannot use both methods in the same
configuration. See the command reference
for more information.
Examples
The following example authenticates, authorizes, and accounts for inside Telnet traffic. Telnet traffic to
servers other than 209.165.201.5 can be authenticated alone, but traffic to 209.165.201.5 requires
authorization and accounting.
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound protocol tacacs+
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-group)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# aaa-server AuthOutbound (inside) host 10.1.1.1
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# key TACPlusUauthKey
ciscoasa(config-aaa-server-host)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# access-list TELNET_AUTH extended permit tcp any any eq telnet
ciscoasa(config)# access-list SERVER_AUTH extended permit tcp any host 209.165.201.5 eq
telnet
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authentication match TELNET_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
ciscoasa(config)# aaa authorization match SERVER_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-22
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication and Authorization
ciscoasa(config)# aaa accounting match SERVER_AUTH inside AuthOutbound
AAA provides an extra level of protection and control for user access than using ACLs alone. For
example, you can create an ACL allowing all outside users to access Telnet on a server on the DMZ
network. If you want only some users to access the server and you might not always know IP addresses
of these users, you can enable AAA to allow only authenticated and/or authorized users to connect
through the ASA. (The Telnet server enforces authentication, too; the ASA prevents unauthorized users
from attempting to access the server.)
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication
and Authorization
The ASA can exempt from authentication and authorization any traffic from specific MAC addresses.
For example, if the ASA authenticates TCP traffic originating on a particular network, but you want to
allow unauthenticated TCP connections from a specific server, you would use a MAC exempt rule to
exempt from authentication and authorization any traffic from the server specified by the rule.
This feature is particularly useful to exempt devices such as IP phones that cannot respond to
authentication prompts.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-23
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Using MAC Addresses to Exempt Traffic from Authentication and Authorization
To use MAC addresses to exempt traffic from authentication and authorization, perform the following
steps:
Step 1
Command
Purpose
mac-list id {deny | permit} mac macmask
Configures a MAC list.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# mac-list abc permit 00a0.c95d.0282
ffff.ffff.ffff
The id argument is the hexadecimal number that you
assign to the MAC list. To group a set of MAC
addresses, enter the mac-list command as many
times as needed with the same ID value. Because you
can only use one MAC list for AAA exemption, be
sure that your MAC list includes all the MAC
addresses that you want to exempt. You can create
multiple MAC lists, but you can only use one at a
time.
The order of entries matters, because the packet uses
the first entry it matches, instead of a best match
scenario. If you have a permit entry, and you want to
deny an address that is allowed by the permit entry,
be sure to enter the deny entry before the permit
entry.
The mac argument specifies the source MAC address
in 12-digit hexadecimal form; that is,
nnnn.nnnn.nnnn.
The macmask argument specifies the portion of the
MAC address that should be used for matching. For
example, ffff.ffff.ffff matches the MAC address
exactly. ffff.ffff.0000 matches only the first 8 digits.
Step 2
aaa mac-exempt match id
Exempts traffic for the MAC addresses specified in a
particular MAC list.
Example:
The id argument is the string identifying the MAC
list that includes the MAC addresses whose traffic is
to be exempt from authentication and authorization.
ciscoasa(config)# aaa mac-exempt match 1
You can only enter one instance of the aaa
mac-exempt match command.
Examples
The following example bypasses authentication for a single MAC address:
ciscoasa(config)# mac-list abc permit 00a0.c95d.0282 ffff.ffff.ffff
ciscoasa(config)# aaa mac-exempt match abc
The following example bypasses authentication for all Cisco IP Phones, which have the hardware ID
0003.E3:
ciscoasa(config)# mac-list acd permit 0003.E300.0000 FFFF.FF00.0000
ciscoasa(config)# aaa mac-exempt match acd
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-24
Chapter 7
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
Feature History for AAA Rules
The following example bypasses authentication for a a group of MAC addresses except for
00a0.c95d.02b2. Enter the deny statement before the permit statement, because 00a0.c95d.02b2
matches the permit statement as well, and if it is first, the deny statement will never be matched.
ciscoasa(config)# mac-list 1 deny 00a0.c95d.0282 ffff.ffff.ffff
ciscoasa(config)# mac-list 1 permit 00a0.c95d.0000 ffff.ffff.0000
ciscoasa(config)# aaa mac-exempt match 1
Feature History for AAA Rules
Table 7-1 lists each feature change and the platform release in which it was implemented.
Table 7-1
Feature History for AAA Rules
Feature Name
Platform
Releases
AAA Rules
7.0(1)
Feature Information
AAA Rules describe how to enable AAA for network
access.
We introduced the following commands:
aaa authentication match, aaa authentication include |
exclude, aaa authentication listener http[s], aaa local
authentication attempts max-fail, virtual http, virtual
telnet, aaa authentication secure-http-client, aaa
authorization match, aaa accounting match, aaa
mac-exempt match.
Authentication using Cut-Through Proxy
9.0(1)
You can authenticate using AAA rules in conjunction with
the Identity Firewall feature.
We modified the following command:
aaa authentication match.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-25
Chapter 7
Feature History for AAA Rules
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
7-26
Configuring AAA Rules for Network Access
PART
4
Configuring Application Inspection
CH AP TE R
9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol
Inspection
This chapter describes how to configure application layer protocol inspection. Inspection engines are
required for services that embed IP addressing information in the user data packet or that open secondary
channels on dynamically assigned ports. These protocols require the ASA to do a deep packet inspection
instead of passing the packet through the fast path (see the general operations configuration guide for
more information about the fast path). As a result, inspection engines can affect overall throughput.
Several common inspection engines are enabled on the ASA by default, but you might need to enable
others depending on your network.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information about Application Layer Protocol Inspection, page 9-1
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 9-3
•
Default Settings and NAT Limitations, page 9-4
•
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection, page 9-7
Information about Application Layer Protocol Inspection
This section includes the following topics:
•
How Inspection Engines Work, page 9-1
•
When to Use Application Protocol Inspection, page 9-2
How Inspection Engines Work
As illustrated in Figure 9-1, the ASA uses three databases for its basic operation:
•
ACLs—Used for authentication and authorization of connections based on specific networks, hosts,
and services (TCP/UDP port numbers).
•
Inspections—Contains a static, predefined set of application-level inspection functions.
•
Connections (XLATE and CONN tables)—Maintains state and other information about each
established connection. This information is used by the Adaptive Security Algorithm and
cut-through proxy to efficiently forward traffic within established sessions.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-1
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Information about Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Figure 9-1
How Inspection Engines Work
ACL
2
Client
ASA
6
7
5
3
XLATE
CONN
Server
4
Inspection
132875
1
In Figure 9-1, operations are numbered in the order they occur, and are described as follows:
1.
A TCP SYN packet arrives at the ASA to establish a new connection.
2.
The ASA checks the ACL database to determine if the connection is permitted.
3.
The ASA creates a new entry in the connection database (XLATE and CONN tables).
4.
The ASA checks the Inspections database to determine if the connection requires application-level
inspection.
5.
After the application inspection engine completes any required operations for the packet, the ASA
forwards the packet to the destination system.
6.
The destination system responds to the initial request.
7.
The ASA receives the reply packet, looks up the connection in the connection database, and
forwards the packet because it belongs to an established session.
The default configuration of the ASA includes a set of application inspection entries that associate
supported protocols with specific TCP or UDP port numbers and that identify any special handling
required.
When to Use Application Protocol Inspection
When a user establishes a connection, the ASA checks the packet against ACLs, creates an address
translation, and creates an entry for the session in the fast path, so that further packets can bypass
time-consuming checks. However, the fast path relies on predictable port numbers and does not perform
address translations inside a packet.
Many protocols open secondary TCP or UDP ports. The initial session on a well-known port is used to
negotiate dynamically assigned port numbers.
Other applications embed an IP address in the packet that needs to match the source address that is
normally translated when it goes through the ASA.
If you use applications like these, then you need to enable application inspection.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-2
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Guidelines and Limitations
When you enable application inspection for a service that embeds IP addresses, the ASA translates
embedded addresses and updates any checksum or other fields that are affected by the translation.
When you enable application inspection for a service that uses dynamically assigned ports, the ASA
monitors sessions to identify the dynamic port assignments, and permits data exchange on these ports
for the duration of the specific session.
Guidelines and Limitations
This section includes the guidelines and limitations for this feature.
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
Supported in routed and transparent firewall mode.
Failover Guidelines
State information for multimedia sessions that require inspection are not passed over the state link for
stateful failover. The exception is GTP, which is replicated over the state link.
IPv6 Guidelines
Supports IPv6 for the following inspections:
•
DNS
•
FTP
•
HTTP
•
ICMP
•
SIP
•
SMTP
•
IPsec pass-through
•
IPv6
Supports NAT64 for the following inspections:
•
DNS
•
FTP
•
HTTP
•
ICMP
Additional Guidelines and Limitations
Some inspection engines do not support PAT, NAT, outside NAT, or NAT between same security
interfaces. See “Default Settings and NAT Limitations” for more information about NAT support.
For all the application inspections, the ASA limits the number of simultaneous, active data connections
to 200 connections. For example, if an FTP client opens multiple secondary connections, the FTP
inspection engine allows only 200 active connections and the 201 connection is dropped and the adaptive
security appliance generates a system error message.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-3
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Default Settings and NAT Limitations
Inspected protocols are subject to advanced TCP-state tracking, and the TCP state of these connections
is not automatically replicated. While these connections are replicated to the standby unit, there is a
best-effort attempt to re-establish a TCP state.
Default Settings and NAT Limitations
By default, the configuration includes a policy that matches all default application inspection traffic and
applies inspection to the traffic on all interfaces (a global policy). Default application inspection traffic
includes traffic to the default ports for each protocol. You can only apply one global policy, so if you
want to alter the global policy, for example, to apply inspection to non-standard ports, or to add
inspections that are not enabled by default, you need to either edit the default policy or disable it and
apply a new one.
Table 9-1 lists all inspections supported, the default ports used in the default class map, and the
inspection engines that are on by default, shown in bold. This table also notes any NAT limitations.
Table 9-1
Supported Application Inspection Engines
Application1
Default Port NAT Limitations
Standards2
Comments
CTIQBE
TCP/2748
—
—
—
—
No extended PAT.
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
DCERPC
TCP/135
No NAT64.
DNS over UDP
UDP/53
No NAT support is available for RFC 1123
name resolution through
WINS.
—
FTP
TCP/21
(Clustering) No static PAT.
RFC 959
—
GTP
UDP/3386
UDP/2123
No extended PAT.
—
Requires a special license.
ITU-T H.323,
H.245, H225.0,
Q.931, Q.932
—
No NAT64.
No dynamic NAT or PAT.
H.323 H.225 and TCP/1720
RAS
UDP/1718
Static PAT may not work.
UDP (RAS)
1718-1719 (Clustering) No static PAT.
No extended PAT.
No per-session PAT.
No NAT on same security
interfaces.
No outside NAT.
No NAT64.
HTTP
TCP/80
—
RFC 2616
Beware of MTU limitations stripping
ActiveX and Java. If the MTU is too
small to allow the Java or ActiveX tag to
be included in one packet, stripping
may not occur.
ICMP
—
—
—
—
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-4
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Default Settings and NAT Limitations
Table 9-1
Supported Application Inspection Engines (continued)
Application1
Default Port NAT Limitations
Standards2
Comments
ICMP ERROR
—
—
—
—
ILS (LDAP)
TCP/389
No extended PAT.
—
—
RFC 3860
—
No NAT64.
Instant
Messaging (IM)
Varies by
client
No extended PAT.
IP Options
—
No NAT64.
RFC 791, RFC
2113
—
IPsec Pass
Through
UDP/500
No PAT.
—
—
IPv6
—
No NAT64.
RFC 2460
—
MGCP
UDP/2427,
2727
No extended PAT.
RFC 2705bis-05
—
—
—
No NAT64.
No NAT64.
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
MMP
TCP 5443
No extended PAT.
No NAT64.
NetBIOS Name
Server over IP
UDP/137,
No extended PAT.
138 (Source
No NAT64.
ports)
—
NetBIOS is supported by performing
NAT of the packets for NBNS UDP port
137 and NBDS UDP port 138.
PPTP
TCP/1723
RFC 2637
—
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
RADIUS
Accounting
1646
No NAT64.
RFC 2865
—
RSH
TCP/514
No PAT.
Berkeley UNIX
—
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
RTSP
TCP/554
No extended PAT.
No outside NAT.
RFC 2326, 2327, No handling for HTTP cloaking.
1889
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
ScanSafe (Cloud TCP/80
Web Security)
TCP/413
—
—
These ports are not included in the
default-inspection-traffic class for the
ScanSafe inspection.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-5
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Default Settings and NAT Limitations
Table 9-1
Supported Application Inspection Engines (continued)
Application1
Default Port NAT Limitations
Standards2
Comments
SIP
TCP/5060
UDP/5060
RFC 2543
—
—
Does not handle TFTP uploaded Cisco
IP Phone configurations under certain
circumstances.
—
No outside NAT.
No NAT on same security
interfaces.
No extended PAT.
No per-session PAT.
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
SKINNY
(SCCP)
TCP/2000
No outside NAT.
No NAT on same security
interfaces.
No extended PAT.
No per-session PAT.
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
SMTP and
ESMTP
TCP/25
No NAT64.
RFC 821, 1123
SNMP
UDP/161,
162
No NAT or PAT.
RFC 1155, 1157, v.2 RFC 1902-1908; v.3 RFC
1212, 1213, 1215 2570-2580.
SQL*Net
TCP/1521
No extended PAT.
—
v.1 and v.2.
—
The default rule includes UDP port 111;
if you want to enable Sun RPC
inspection for TCP port 111, you need
to create a new rule that matches TCP
port 111 and performs Sun RPC
inspection.
RFC 1350
Payload IP addresses are not translated.
—
—
—
—
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
Sun RPC over
UDP and TCP
UDP/111
TFTP
UDP/69
No extended PAT.
No NAT64.
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
WAAS
—
No extended PAT.
No NAT64.
XDCMP
UDP/177
No extended PAT.
No NAT64.
(Clustering) No static PAT.
1. Inspection engines that are enabled by default for the default port are in bold.
2. The ASA is in compliance with these standards, but it does not enforce compliance on packets being inspected. For example, FTP commands are supposed
to be in a particular order, but the ASA does not enforce the order.
The default policy configuration includes the following commands:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-6
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
class-map inspection_default
match default-inspection-traffic
policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map
parameters
message-length maximum client auto
message-length maximum 512
dns-guard
protocol-enforcement
nat-rewrite
policy-map global_policy
class inspection_default
inspect dns preset_dns_map
inspect ftp
inspect h323 h225 _default_h323_map
inspect h323 ras _default_h323_map
inspect ip-options _default_ip_options_map
inspect netbios
inspect rsh
inspect rtsp
inspect skinny
inspect esmtp _default_esmtp_map
inspect sqlnet
inspect sunrpc
inspect tftp
inspect sip
inspect xdmcp
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
This feature uses Modular Policy Framework to create a service policy. Service policies provide a
consistent and flexible way to configure ASA features. For example, you can use a service policy to
create a timeout configuration that is specific to a particular TCP application, as opposed to one that
applies to all TCP applications. See Chapter 1, “Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy
Framework,” for more information. For some applications, you can perform special actions when you
enable inspection. See Chapter 1, “Configuring a Service Policy Using the Modular Policy Framework,”
for more information.
Inspection is enabled by default for some applications. See the “Default Settings and NAT Limitations”
section for more information. Use this section to modify your inspection policy.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
To identify the traffic to which you want to apply inspections, add either a Layer 3/4 class map for
through traffic or a Layer 3/4 class map for management traffic. See the “Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map
for Through Traffic” section on page 1-12 and “Creating a Layer 3/4 Class Map for Management
Traffic” section on page 1-14 for detailed information. The management Layer 3/4 class map can be used
only with the RADIUS accounting inspection.
The default Layer 3/4 class map for through traffic is called “inspection_default.” It matches traffic using
a special match command, match default-inspection-traffic, to match the default ports for each
application protocol. This traffic class (along with match any, which is not typically used for inspection)
matches both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic for inspections that support IPv6. See the “Guidelines and
Limitations” section on page 9-3 for a list of IPv6-enabled inspections.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-7
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
You can specify a match access-list command along with the match default-inspection-traffic
command to narrow the matched traffic to specific IP addresses. Because the match
default-inspection-traffic command specifies the ports to match, any ports in the ACL are ignored.
Tip
We suggest that you only inspect traffic on ports on which you expect application traffic; if you
inspect all traffic, for example using match any, the ASA performance can be impacted.
If you want to match non-standard ports, then create a new class map for the non-standard ports. See the
“Default Settings and NAT Limitations” section on page 9-4 for the standard ports for each inspection
engine. You can combine multiple class maps in the same policy if desired, so you can create one class
map to match certain traffic, and another to match different traffic. However, if traffic matches a class
map that contains an inspection command, and then matches another class map that also has an
inspection command, only the first matching class is used. For example, SNMP matches the
inspection_default class. To enable SNMP inspection, enable SNMP inspection for the default class in
Step 5. Do not add another class that matches SNMP.
For example, to limit inspection to traffic from 10.1.1.0 to 192.168.1.0 using the default class map, enter
the following commands:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list inspect extended permit ip 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# class-map inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list inspect
View the entire class map using the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# show running-config class-map inspection_default
!
class-map inspection_default
match default-inspection-traffic
match access-list inspect
!
To inspect FTP traffic on port 21 as well as 1056 (a non-standard port), create an ACL that specifies the
ports, and assign it to a new class map:
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ftp_inspect extended permit tcp any any eq 21
ciscoasa(config)# access-list ftp_inspect extended permit tcp any any eq 1056
ciscoasa(config)# class-map new_inspection
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list ftp_inspect
Step 2
(Optional) Some inspection engines let you control additional parameters when you apply the inspection
to the traffic. See the following sections to configure an inspection policy map for your application:
•
DCERPC—See the “Configuring a DCERPC Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control” section on page 13-2
•
DNS—See the “(Optional) Configuring a DNS Inspection Policy Map and Class Map” section on
page 10-3
•
ESMTP—See the “Configuring an ESMTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control” section on page 10-33
•
FTP—See the “Configuring an FTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control”
section on page 10-12.
•
GTP—See the “Configuring a GTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control”
section on page 13-4.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-8
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Step 3
•
H323—See the “Configuring an H.323 Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control”
section on page 11-6
•
HTTP—See the “Configuring an HTTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control”
section on page 10-16.
•
Instant Messaging—See the “Configuring an Instant Messaging Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 10-21
•
IP Options—See the “Configuring an IP Options Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control” section on page 10-25
•
IPsec Pass Through—See the “IPsec Pass Through Inspection” section on page 10-25
•
IPv6—See the “(Optional) Configuring an IPv6 Inspection Policy Map” section on page 10-27
•
MGCP—See the “Configuring an MGCP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control”
section on page 11-12.
•
NetBIOS—See the “Configuring a NetBIOS Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control” section on page 10-30
•
RADIUS Accounting—See the “Configuring a RADIUS Inspection Policy Map for Additional
Inspection Control” section on page 13-9
•
RTSP—See the “Configuring an RTSP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control”
section on page 11-16
•
ScanSafe (Cloud Web Security)—See the “Configuring a Service Policy to Send Traffic to Cloud
Web Security” section on page 25-10
•
SIP—See the “Configuring a SIP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control” section
on page 11-20
•
Skinny—See the “Configuring a Skinny (SCCP) Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control” section on page 11-26
•
SNMP—See the “Configuring an SNMP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control”
section on page 13-10.
To add or edit a Layer 3/4 policy map that sets the actions to take with the class map traffic, enter the
following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
The default policy map is called “global_policy.” This policy map includes the default inspections listed
in the “Default Settings and NAT Limitations” section on page 9-4. If you want to modify the default
policy (for example, to add or delete an inspection, or to identify an additional class map for your
actions), then enter global_policy as the name.
Step 4
To identify the class map from Step 1 to which you want to assign an action, enter the following
command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
If you are editing the default policy map, it includes the inspection_default class map. You can edit the
actions for this class by entering inspection_default as the name. To add an additional class map to this
policy map, identify a different name. You can combine multiple class maps in the same policy if desired,
so you can create one class map to match certain traffic, and another to match different traffic. However,
if traffic matches a class map that contains an inspection command, and then matches another class map
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-9
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
that also has an inspection command, only the first matching class is used. For example, SNMP matches
the inspection_default class map.To enable SNMP inspection, enable SNMP inspection for the default
class in Step 5. Do not add another class that matches SNMP.
Step 5
Enable application inspection by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect protocol
The protocol is one of the following values:
Table 9-2
Protocol Keywords
Keywords
Notes
ctiqbe
—
dcerpc [map_name]
If you added a DCERPC inspection policy map according to
“Configuring a DCERPC Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 13-2,
identify the map name in this command.
dns [map_name]
[dynamic-filter-snoop]
If you added a DNS inspection policy map according to
“(Optional) Configuring a DNS Inspection Policy Map and
Class Map” section on page 10-3, identify the map name in
this command. The default DNS inspection policy map
name is “preset_dns_map.” The default inspection policy
map sets the maximum DNS packet length to 512 bytes.
To enable DNS snooping for the Botnet Traffic Filter, enter
the dynamic-filter-snoop keyword. See the “Enabling DNS
Snooping” section on page 26-10 for more information.
esmtp [map_name]
If you added an ESMTP inspection policy map according to
“Configuring an ESMTP Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 10-33,
identify the map name in this command.
ftp [strict [map_name]]
Use the strict keyword to increase the security of protected
networks by preventing web browsers from sending
embedded commands in FTP requests. See the “Using the
strict Option” section on page 10-11 for more information.
If you added an FTP inspection policy map according to
“Configuring an FTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional
Inspection Control” section on page 10-12, identify the map
name in this command.
gtp [map_name]
If you added a GTP inspection policy map according to the
“Configuring a GTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional
Inspection Control” section on page 13-4, identify the map
name in this command.
h323 h225 [map_name]
If you added an H323 inspection policy map according to
“Configuring an H.323 Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 11-6,
identify the map name in this command.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-10
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Table 9-2
Protocol Keywords
Keywords
Notes
h323 ras [map_name]
If you added an H323 inspection policy map according to
“Configuring an H.323 Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 11-6,
identify the map name in this command.
http [map_name]
If you added an HTTP inspection policy map according to
the “Configuring an HTTP Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 10-16,
identify the map name in this command.
icmp
—
icmp error
—
ils
—
im [map_name]
If you added an Instant Messaging inspection policy map
according to “Configuring an Instant Messaging Inspection
Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control” section on
page 10-21, identify the map name in this command.
ip-options [map_name]
If you added an IP Options inspection policy map according
to “Configuring an IP Options Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 10-25,
identify the map name in this command.
ipsec-pass-thru [map_name]
If you added an IPsec Pass Through inspection policy map
according to “IPsec Pass Through Inspection” section on
page 10-25, identify the map name in this command.
ipv6 [map_name]
If you added an IP Options inspection policy map according
to “(Optional) Configuring an IPv6 Inspection Policy Map”
section on page 10-27, identify the map name in this
command.
mgcp [map_name]
If you added an MGCP inspection policy map according to
“Configuring an MGCP Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 11-12,
identify the map name in this command.
netbios [map_name]
If you added a NetBIOS inspection policy map according to
“Configuring a NetBIOS Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 10-30,
identify the map name in this command.
pptp
—
radius-accounting [map_name]
The radius-accounting keyword is only available for a
management class map. See the “Creating a Layer 3/4 Class
Map for Management Traffic” section on page 1-14 for more
information about creating a management class map.
If you added a RADIUS accounting inspection policy map
according to “Configuring a RADIUS Inspection Policy
Map for Additional Inspection Control” section on
page 13-9, identify the map name in this command.
rsh
—
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-11
Chapter 9
Getting Started with Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection
Table 9-2
Step 6
Protocol Keywords
Keywords
Notes
rtsp [map_name]
If you added a RTSP inspection policy map according to
“Configuring an RTSP Inspection Policy Map for Additional
Inspection Control” section on page 11-16, identify the map
name in this command.
scansafe [map_name]
If you added a ScanSafe (Cloud Web Security) inspection
policy map according to “Configuring a Service Policy to
Send Traffic to Cloud Web Security” section on page 25-10,
identify the map name in this command.
sip [map_name]
If you added a SIP inspection policy map according to
“Configuring a SIP Inspection Policy Map for Additional
Inspection Control” section on page 11-20, identify the map
name in this command.
skinny [map_name]
If you added a Skinny inspection policy map according to
“Configuring a Skinny (SCCP) Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 11-26,
identify the map name in this command.
snmp [map_name]
If you added an SNMP inspection policy map according to
“Configuring an SNMP Inspection Policy Map for
Additional Inspection Control” section on page 13-10,
identify the map name in this command.
sqlnet
—
sunrpc
The default class map includes UDP port 111; if you want to
enable Sun RPC inspection for TCP port 111, you need to
create a new class map that matches TCP port 111, add the
class to the policy, and then apply the inspect sunrpc
command to that class.
tftp
—
waas
—
xdmcp
—
To activate the policy map on one or more interfaces, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy policymap_name {global | interface interface_name}
Where global applies the policy map to all interfaces, and interface applies the policy to one interface.
By default, the default policy map, “global_policy,” is applied globally. Only one global policy is
allowed. You can override the global policy on an interface by applying a service policy to that interface.
You can only apply one policy map to each interface.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
9-12
CH AP TE R
10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet
Protocols
This chapter describes how to configure application layer protocol inspection. Inspection engines are
required for services that embed IP addressing information in the user data packet or that open secondary
channels on dynamically assigned ports. These protocols require the ASA to do a deep packet inspection
instead of passing the packet through the fast path. As a result, inspection engines can affect overall
throughput.
Several common inspection engines are enabled on the ASA by default, but you might need to enable
others depending on your network.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
DNS Inspection, page 10-1
•
FTP Inspection, page 10-10
•
HTTP Inspection, page 10-15
•
ICMP Inspection, page 10-20
•
ICMP Error Inspection, page 10-20
•
Instant Messaging Inspection, page 10-20
•
IP Options Inspection, page 10-23
•
IPsec Pass Through Inspection, page 10-25
•
IPv6 Inspection, page 10-26
•
NetBIOS Inspection, page 10-30
•
PPTP Inspection, page 10-32
•
SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection, page 10-32
•
TFTP Inspection, page 10-35
DNS Inspection
This section describes DNS application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
•
Information About DNS Inspection, page 10-2
•
Default Settings for DNS Inspection, page 10-2
•
(Optional) Configuring a DNS Inspection Policy Map and Class Map, page 10-3
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-1
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
•
Configuring DNS Inspection, page 10-8
•
Monitoring DNS Inspection, page 10-9
Information About DNS Inspection
•
General Information About DNS, page 10-2
•
DNS Inspection Actions, page 10-2
General Information About DNS
A single connection is created for multiple DNS sessions, as long as they are between the same two
hosts, and the sessions have the same 5-tuple (source/destination IP address, source/destination port, and
protocol). DNS identification is tracked by app_id, and the idle timer for each app_id runs
independently. Because the app_id expires independently, a legitimate DNS response can only pass
through the ASA within a limited period of time and there is no resource build-up. However, if you enter
the show conn command, you will see the idle timer of a DNS connection being reset by a new DNS
session. This is due to the nature of the shared DNS connection and is by design.
DNS Inspection Actions
DNS inspection is enabled by default. You can customize DNS inspection to perform many tasks:
•
Translate the DNS record based on the NAT configuration. For more information, see the “DNS and
NAT” section on page 3-28.
•
Enforce message length, domain-name length, and label length.
•
Verify the integrity of the domain-name referred to by the pointer if compression pointers are
encountered in the DNS message.
•
Check to see if a compression pointer loop exists.
•
Inspect packets based on the DNS header, type, class and more.
Default Settings for DNS Inspection
DNS inspection is enabled by default, using the preset_dns_map inspection class map:
•
The maximum DNS message length is 512 bytes.
•
The maximum client DNS message length is automatically set to match the Resource Record.
•
DNS Guard is enabled, so the ASA tears down the DNS session associated with a DNS query as
soon as the DNS reply is forwarded by the ASA. The ASA also monitors the message exchange to
ensure that the ID of the DNS reply matches the ID of the DNS query.
•
Translation of the DNS record based on the NAT configuration is enabled.
•
Protocol enforcement is enabled, which enables DNS message format check, including domain
name length of no more than 255 characters, label length of 63 characters, compression, and looped
pointer check.
See the following default DNS inspection commands:
class-map inspection_default
match default-inspection-traffic
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-2
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map
parameters
message-length maximum client auto
message-length maximum 512
dns-guard
protocol-enforcement
nat-rewrite
policy-map global_policy
class inspection_default
inspect dns preset_dns_map
! ...
service-policy global_policy global
(Optional) Configuring a DNS Inspection Policy Map and Class Map
To match DNS packets with certain characteristics and perform special actions, create a DNS inspection
policy map. You can also configure a DNS inspection class map to group multiple match criteria for
reference within the inspection policy map. You can then apply the inspection policy map when you
enable DNS inspection.
Prerequisites
If you want to match a DNS message domain name list, then create a regular expression using one of the
methods below:
•
Create a regular expression (see the general operations configuration guide).
•
Create a regular expression class map (see the general operations configuration guide).
Detailed Steps
Command
Step 1
Purpose
Do one of the following:
class-map type inspect dns [match-all |
match-any] class_map_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect
dns match-all dns-class-map
Creates a DNS inspection class map, where class_map_name is
the name of the class map. The match-all keyword is the default,
and specifies that traffic must match all criteria to match the class
map. The match-any keyword specifies that the traffic matches
the class map if it matches at least one of the criteria.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches. You can
alternatively identify match commands directly in the policy
map. The difference between creating a class map and defining
the traffic match directly in the inspection policy map is that the
class map lets you create more complex match criteria, and you
can reuse class maps.
The CLI enters class-map configuration mode, where you can
enter one or more match or match not commands.
For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can only
specify actions (such as drop) for the entire class. If you want to
perform different actions for each match command, you should
identify the traffic directly in the policy map.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-3
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
Command
Purpose
policy-map type inspect dns name
Creates an inspection policy map in which you want to match
traffic directly.
Example:
You can specify multiple match commands in the policy map. For
information about the order of match commands, see the
“Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect
dns dns-map
Step 2
match [not] header-flag [eq]
{f_well_known [f_well_known...] | f_value}
For direct match only:
{drop [log] | drop-connection [log]|
[enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]}] [mask [log]]
| log}
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match header-flag
AA QR
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# mask log
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# enforce-tsig log
Step 3
To specify traffic that should not match, use the match not
command.
If you are matching directly in the inspection policy map, specify
the action(s) for the match:
•
drop [log]—Drops the packet. log also logs the packet.
•
drop-connection [log]—Drops the packet and closes the
connection. log also logs the packet.
•
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]}—Enforces the TSIG resource
record in a message. drop drops a packet without the TSIG
resource record. log also logs the packet.
•
mask [log]—Masks out the matching portion of the packet.
log also logs the packet.
•
log—Logs the packet.
For direct match only:
Matches a DNS type, where the t_well_known argument is the
DNS flag bit. The t_val arguments are arbitrary values in the DNS
type field (0-65535). The range keyword specifies a range, and
the eq keyword specifies an exact match.
{drop [log] | drop-connection [log]|
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]} | log}
To specify traffic that should not match, use the match not
command.
Example:
If you are matching directly in the inspection policy map, specify
the action for the match:
match [not] dns-type
{eq {t_well_known | t_val}}
{range t_val1 t_val2}
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match dns-type eq
aaaa
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# enforce-tsig log
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-4
Matches a specific flag or flags that are set in the DNS header,
where the f_well_known argument is the DNS flag bit. The
f_value argument is the 16-bit value in hex starting with 0x. The
eq keyword specifies an exact match (match all); without the eq
keyword, the packet only needs to match one of the specified
headers (match any).
•
drop [log]—Drops the packet. log also logs the packet.
•
drop-connection [log]—Drops the packet and closes the
connection. log also logs the packet.
•
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]}—Enforces the TSIG resource
record in a message. drop drops a packet without the TSIG
resource record. log also logs the packet.
•
log—Logs the packet.
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
Step 4
Command
Purpose
match [not] dns-class {eq {in | c_val}} |
range c_val1 c_val2}
Matches a DNS class, either in (for Internet) or c_val, an arbitrary
value from 0 to 65535 in the DNS class field. The range keyword
specifies a range, and the eq keyword specifies an exact match.
For direct match only:
{drop [log] | drop-connection [log]|
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]} | log}
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match dns-class eq
in
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# log
Step 5
match {question | resource-record {answer
| authority | additional}}
For direct match only:
{drop [log] | drop-connection [log]|
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]} | log}
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match
resource-record answer
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop-connection
To specify traffic that should not match, use the match not
command.
If you are matching directly in the inspection policy map, specify
the action for the match:
•
drop [log]—Drops the packet. log also logs the packet.
•
drop-connection [log]—Drops the packet and closes the
connection. log also logs the packet.
•
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]}—Enforces the TSIG resource
record in a message. drop drops a packet without the TSIG
resource record. log also logs the packet.
•
log—Logs the packet.
Matches a DNS question or resource record, where the question
keyword specifies the question portion of a DNS message. The
resource-record keyword specifies the resource record portion of
a DNS message; the answer keyword specifies the Answer RR
section; the authority keyword specifies the Authority RR
section; the additional keyword specifies the Additional RR
section.
To specify traffic that should not match, use the match not
command.
If you are matching directly in the inspection policy map, specify
the action for the match:
•
drop [log]—Drops the packet. log also logs the packet.
•
drop-connection [log]—Drops the packet and closes the
connection. log also logs the packet.
•
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]}—Enforces the TSIG resource
record in a message. drop drops a packet without the TSIG
resource record. log also logs the packet.
•
log—Logs the packet.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-5
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
Step 6
Command
Purpose
match [not] domain-name regex {regex_id |
class class_id]
Matches a DNS message domain name list. The regex_name
argument is a regular expression. The class regex_class_name is
a regular expression class map. See the “Prerequisites” section on
page 10-3.
For direct match only:
{drop [log] | drop-connection [log]|
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]} | log}
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match domain-name
regex regex1
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop-connection
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-6
To specify traffic that should not match, use the match not
command.
If you are matching directly in the inspection policy map, specify
the action for the match:
•
drop [log]—Drops the packet. log also logs the packet.
•
drop-connection [log]—Drops the packet and closes the
connection. log also logs the packet.
•
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]}—Enforces the TSIG resource
record in a message. drop drops a packet without the TSIG
resource record. log also logs the packet.
•
log—Logs the packet.
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
Step 7
Command
Purpose
(If you are using a DNS inspection class map)
Creates an inspection policy map, specifies the DNS inspection
class map, and sets the action for the class map:
policy-map type inspect dns name
class class_map_name
{drop [log] | drop-connection [log]|
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]} | mask [log] |
log}
•
drop [log]—Drops the packet. log also logs the packet.
•
drop-connection [log]—Drops the packet and closes the
connection. log also logs the packet.
•
enforce-tsig {[drop] [log]}—Enforces the TSIG resource
record in a message. drop drops a packet without the TSIG
resource record. log also logs the packet.
•
mask [log]—Masks out the matching portion of the packet.
log also logs the packet.
•
log—Logs the packet.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect
dns dns-map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class dns-class-map
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# match header-flag
eq aa
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop log
Step 8
parameters
{dns-guard | id-mismatch count number
duration seconds action log |
id-randomization | message-length maximum
{length | client {[length] [auto]} |
server {[length] [auto]}} | nat-rewrite |
protocol-enforcement |
tsig enforced action {[drop] [log]}}
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# dns-guard
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# id-mismatch
action log
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# message-length
maximum 1024
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# nat-rewrite
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
protocol-enforcement
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy
map. For information about the order of class and match
commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy
Map” section on page 2-4.
Enters parameters configuration mode so you can set one or more
parameters:
•
dns-guard—Enables DNS Guard. The ASA tears down the
DNS session associated with a DNS query as soon as the DNS
reply is forwarded by the ASA. The ASA also monitors the
message exchange to ensure that the ID of the DNS reply
matches the ID of the DNS query.
•
id-mismatch count number duration seconds action
log—Enables logging for excessive DNS ID mismatches,
where the count number duration seconds arguments specify
the maximum number of mismatch instances per second
before a system message log is sent.
•
id-randomization—Randomizes the DNS identifier for a
DNS query.
•
message-length maximum {length | client {[length] [auto]}
| server {[length] [auto]}}—Sets the maximum DNS
message length, from 512 to 65535 bytes. You can also set the
maximum length for client or server messages. auto sets the
maximum length to the value in the Resource Record.
•
nat-rewrite—Translates the DNS record based on the NAT
configuration.
•
protocol-enforcement—Enables DNS message format
check, including domain name length of no more than 255
characters, label length of 63 characters, compression, and
looped pointer check.
•
tsig enforced action {[drop] [log]}—Requires a TSIG
resource record to be present. drop drops a non-conforming
packet. log logs the packet.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-7
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
Examples
The following example shows a how to define a DNS inspection policy map.
regex domain_example “example\.com”
regex domain_foo “foo\.com”
! define the domain names that the server serves
class-map type inspect regex match-any my_domains
match regex domain_example
match regex domain_foo
! Define a DNS map for query only
class-map type inspect dns match-all pub_server_map
match not header-flag QR
match question
match not domain-name regex class my_domains
policy-map type inspect dns new_dns_map
class pub_server_map
drop log
match header-flag RD
mask log
parameters
message-length maximum client auto
message-length maximum 512
dns-guard
protocol-enforcement
nat-rewrite
Configuring DNS Inspection
The default ASA configuration includes many default inspections on default ports applied globally on
all interfaces. A common method for customizing the inspection configuration is to customize the
default global policy. The steps in this section show how to edit the default global policy, but you can
alternatively create a new service policy as desired, for example, an interface-specific policy.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
class-map name
Creates a class map to identify the traffic for which you want to
apply the inspection.
Example:
In the default global policy, the inspection_default class map is a
special class map that includes default ports for all inspection
types (match default-inspection-traffic). If you are using this
class map in either the default policy or for a new service policy,
you can skip this step and the next step.
ciscoasa(config)# class-map dns_class_map
Step 2
match parameter
Example:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list
dns
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-8
Specifies the traffic in the class map. See the “Identifying Traffic
(Layer 3/4 Class Maps)” section on page 1-12 for more
information.
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
DNS Inspection
Step 3
Step 4
Command
Purpose
policy-map name
Adds or edits a policy map that sets the actions to take with the
class map traffic.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global_policy
In the default configuration, the global_policy policy map is
assigned globally to all interfaces. If you want to edit the
global_policy, enter global_policy as the policy name.
class name
Identifies the class map created in Step 1.
Example:
To edit the default policy, or to use the special inspection_default
class map in a new policy, specify inspection_default for the
name.
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class
inspection_default
Step 5
inspect dns [dns_policy_map]
[dynamic-filter-snoop]
Configures DNS inspection. Specify the inspection policy map
you created in the “(Optional) Configuring a DNS Inspection
Policy Map and Class Map” section on page 10-3.
Example:
For information about the Botnet Traffic Filter
dynamic-filter-snoop keyword, see the “Enabling DNS
Snooping” section on page 26-10.
ciscoasa(config-class)# no inspect dns
ciscoasa(config-class)# inspect dns
dns-map
Note
Step 6
service-policy policymap_name {global |
interface interface_name}
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy
global_policy global
If you are editing the default global policy (or any in-use
policy) to use a different DNS inspection policy map from
the default preset_dns_map, you must remove the DNS
inspection with the no inspect dns command, and then
re-add it with the new DNS inspection policy map name.
Activates the policy map on one or more interfaces. global applies
the policy map to all interfaces, and interface applies the policy
to one interface. Only one global policy is allowed. You can
override the global policy on an interface by applying a service
policy to that interface. You can only apply one policy map to
each interface.
The default configuration includes a global policy called
global_policy. If you are editing that policy, you can skip this step.
Examples
The following example shows a how to use a new inspection policy map in the global default
configuration:
policy-map global_policy
class inspection_default
no inspect dns preset_dns_map
inspect dns new_dns_map
service-policy global_policy global
Monitoring DNS Inspection
To view information about the current DNS connections, enter the following command:
ciscoasa# show conn
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-9
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
FTP Inspection
For connections using a DNS server, the source port of the connection may be replaced by the IP address
of DNS server in the show conn command output.
A single connection is created for multiple DNS sessions, as long as they are between the same two
hosts, and the sessions have the same 5-tuple (source/destination IP address, source/destination port, and
protocol). DNS identification is tracked by app_id, and the idle timer for each app_id runs
independently.
Because the app_id expires independently, a legitimate DNS response can only pass through the security
appliance within a limited period of time and there is no resource build-up. However, when you enter the
show conn command, you see the idle timer of a DNS connection being reset by a new DNS session.
This is due to the nature of the shared DNS connection and is by design.
To display the statistics for DNS application inspection, enter the show service-policy command. The
following is sample output from the show service-policy command:
ciscoasa# show service-policy
Interface outside:
Service-policy: sample_policy
Class-map: dns_port
Inspect: dns maximum-length 1500, packet 0, drop 0, reset-drop 0
FTP Inspection
This section describes the FTP inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
•
FTP Inspection Overview, page 10-10
•
Using the strict Option, page 10-11
•
Configuring an FTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 10-12
•
Verifying and Monitoring FTP Inspection, page 10-15
FTP Inspection Overview
The FTP application inspection inspects the FTP sessions and performs four tasks:
•
Prepares dynamic secondary data connection
•
Tracks the FTP command-response sequence
•
Generates an audit trail
•
Translates the embedded IP address
FTP application inspection prepares secondary channels for FTP data transfer. Ports for these channels
are negotiated through PORT or PASV commands. The channels are allocated in response to a file
upload, a file download, or a directory listing event.
Note
If you disable FTP inspection engines with the no inspect ftp command, outbound users can start
connections only in passive mode, and all inbound FTP is disabled.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-10
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
FTP Inspection
Using the strict Option
Using the strict option with the inspect ftp command increases the security of protected networks by
preventing web browsers from sending embedded commands in FTP requests.
Note
To specify FTP commands that are not permitted to pass through the ASA, create an FTP map according
to the “Configuring an FTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control” section on
page 10-12.
After you enable the strict option on an interface, FTP inspection enforces the following behavior:
Caution
•
An FTP command must be acknowledged before the ASA allows a new command.
•
The ASA drops connections that send embedded commands.
•
The 227 and PORT commands are checked to ensure they do not appear in an error string.
Using the strict option may cause the failure of FTP clients that are not strictly compliant with FTP
RFCs.
If the strict option is enabled, each FTP command and response sequence is tracked for the following
anomalous activity:
•
Truncated command—Number of commas in the PORT and PASV reply command is checked to see
if it is five. If it is not five, then the PORT command is assumed to be truncated and the TCP
connection is closed.
•
Incorrect command—Checks the FTP command to see if it ends with <CR><LF> characters, as
required by the RFC. If it does not, the connection is closed.
•
Size of RETR and STOR commands—These are checked against a fixed constant. If the size is
greater, then an error message is logged and the connection is closed.
•
Command spoofing—The PORT command should always be sent from the client. The TCP
connection is denied if a PORT command is sent from the server.
•
Reply spoofing—PASV reply command (227) should always be sent from the server. The TCP
connection is denied if a PASV reply command is sent from the client. This prevents the security
hole when the user executes “227 xxxxx a1, a2, a3, a4, p1, p2.”
•
TCP stream editing—The ASA closes the connection if it detects TCP stream editing.
•
Invalid port negotiation—The negotiated dynamic port value is checked to see if it is less than 1024.
As port numbers in the range from 1 to 1024 are reserved for well-known connections, if the
negotiated port falls in this range, then the TCP connection is freed.
•
Command pipelining—The number of characters present after the port numbers in the PORT and
PASV reply command is cross checked with a constant value of 8. If it is more than 8, then the TCP
connection is closed.
•
The ASA replaces the FTP server response to the SYST command with a series of Xs. to prevent the
server from revealing its system type to FTP clients. To override this default behavior, use the no
mask-syst-reply command in the FTP map.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-11
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
FTP Inspection
Configuring an FTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
FTP command filtering and security checks are provided using strict FTP inspection for improved
security and control. Protocol conformance includes packet length checks, delimiters and packet format
checks, command terminator checks, and command validation.
Blocking FTP based on user values is also supported so that it is possible for FTP sites to post files for
download, but restrict access to certain users. You can block FTP connections based on file type, server
name, and other attributes. System message logs are generated if an FTP connection is denied after
inspection.
If you want FTP inspection to allow FTP servers to reveal their system type to FTP clients, and limit the
allowed FTP commands, then create and configure an FTP map. You can then apply the FTP map when
you enable FTP inspection.
To create an FTP map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
(Optional) Create an FTP inspection class map by performing the following steps.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches. Traffic must match all of the match commands to match
the class map. You can alternatively identify match commands directly in the policy map. The difference
between creating a class map and defining the traffic match directly in the inspection policy map is that
the class map lets you create more complex match criteria, and you can reuse class maps.
To specify traffic that should not match the class map, use the match not command. For example, if the
match not command specifies the string “example.com,” then any traffic that includes “example.com”
does not match the class map.
For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can specify actions such as drop, drop-connection,
reset, mask, set the rate limit, and/or log the connection in the inspection policy map.
If you want to perform different actions for each match command, you should identify the traffic directly
in the policy map.
a.
Create the class map by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect ftp [match-all | match-any] class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
Where class_map_name is the name of the class map. The match-all keyword is the default, and
specifies that traffic must match all criteria to match the class map. The match-any keyword
specifies that the traffic matches the class map if it matches at least one of the criteria. The CLI
enters class-map configuration mode, where you can enter one or more match commands.
b.
(Optional) To add a description to the class map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description string
c.
(Optional) To match a filename for FTP transfer, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] filename regex [regex_name |
class regex_class_name]
Where the regex_name is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name
is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-12
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
FTP Inspection
d.
(Optional) To match a file type for FTP transfer, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] filetype regex [regex_name |
class regex_class_name]
Where the regex_name is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name
is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
e.
(Optional) To disallow specific FTP commands, use the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request-command ftp_command [ftp_command...]
Where ftp_command with one or more FTP commands that you want to restrict. See Table 10-1 for
a list of the FTP commands that you can restrict.
.
Table 10-1
FTP Map request-command deny Options
request-command deny Option
Purpose
appe
Disallows the command that appends to a file.
cdup
Disallows the command that changes to the parent directory of the
current working directory.
dele
Disallows the command that deletes a file on the server.
get
Disallows the client command for retrieving a file from the server.
help
Disallows the command that provides help information.
mkd
Disallows the command that makes a directory on the server.
put
Disallows the client command for sending a file to the server.
rmd
Disallows the command that deletes a directory on the server.
rnfr
Disallows the command that specifies rename-from filename.
rnto
Disallows the command that specifies rename-to filename.
site
Disallows the command that are specific to the server system.
Usually used for remote administration.
stou
Disallows the command that stores a file using a unique file name.
f.
(Optional) To match an FTP server, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] server regex [regex_name | class regex_class_name]
Where the regex_name is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name
is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
g.
(Optional) To match an FTP username, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] username regex [regex_name |
class regex_class_name]
Where the regex_name is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name
is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
Step 4
Create an FTP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect ftp policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-13
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
FTP Inspection
Step 5
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 6
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the FTP class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Step 7
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To mask the greeting banner from the FTP server, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# mask-banner
c.
To mask the reply to syst command, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# mask-syst-reply
Before submitting a username and password, all FTP users are presented with a greeting banner. By
default, this banner includes version information useful to hackers trying to identify weaknesses in a
system. The following example shows how to mask this banner:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect ftp mymap
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-14
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
HTTP Inspection
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# mask-banner
ciscoasa(config)# class-map match-all ftp-traffic
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq ftp
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map ftp-policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class ftp-traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect ftp strict mymap
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy ftp-policy interface inside
Verifying and Monitoring FTP Inspection
FTP application inspection generates the following log messages:
•
An Audit record 303002 is generated for each file that is retrieved or uploaded.
•
The FTP command is checked to see if it is RETR or STOR and the retrieve and store commands
are logged.
•
The username is obtained by looking up a table providing the IP address.
•
The username, source IP address, destination IP address, NAT address, and the file operation are
logged.
•
Audit record 201005 is generated if the secondary dynamic channel preparation failed due to
memory shortage.
In conjunction with NAT, the FTP application inspection translates the IP address within the application
payload. This is described in detail in RFC 959.
HTTP Inspection
This section describes the HTTP inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
•
HTTP Inspection Overview, page 10-15
•
Configuring an HTTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 10-16
HTTP Inspection Overview
Use the HTTP inspection engine to protect against specific attacks and other threats that are associated
with HTTP traffic. HTTP inspection performs several functions:
•
Enhanced HTTP inspection
•
URL screening through N2H2 or Websense
See Information About URL Filtering, page 29-6 for information.
•
Java and ActiveX filtering
The latter two features are configured in conjunction with the filter command. For more information
about filtering, see Chapter 29, “Configuring Filtering Services.”
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-15
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
HTTP Inspection
The enhanced HTTP inspection feature, which is also known as an application firewall and is available
when you configure an HTTP map (see “Configuring an HTTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional
Inspection Control”), can help prevent attackers from using HTTP messages for circumventing network
security policy. It verifies the following for all HTTP messages:
•
Conformance to RFC 2616
•
Use of RFC-defined methods only.
•
Compliance with the additional criteria.
Configuring an HTTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create an HTTP inspection policy map. You can
then apply the inspection policy map when you enable HTTP inspection.
Note
When you enable HTTP inspection with an inspection policy map, strict HTTP inspection with the action
reset and log is enabled by default. You can change the actions performed in response to inspection
failure, but you cannot disable strict inspection as long as the inspection policy map remains enabled.
To create an HTTP inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
(Optional) Create an HTTP inspection class map by performing the following steps.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches. Traffic must match all of the match commands to match
the class map. You can alternatively identify match commands directly in the policy map. The difference
between creating a class map and defining the traffic match directly in the inspection policy map is that
the class map lets you create more complex match criteria, and you can reuse class maps.
To specify traffic that should not match the class map, use the match not command. For example, if the
match not command specifies the string “example.com,” then any traffic that includes “example.com”
does not match the class map.
For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can specify actions such as drop, drop-connection,
reset, mask, set the rate limit, and/or log the connection in the inspection policy map.
If you want to perform different actions for each match command, you should identify the traffic directly
in the policy map.
a.
Create the class map by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect http [match-all | match-any] class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
Where class_map_name is the name of the class map. The match-all keyword is the default, and
specifies that traffic must match all criteria to match the class map. The match-any keyword
specifies that the traffic matches the class map if it matches at least one of the criteria. The CLI
enters class-map configuration mode, where you can enter one or more match commands.
b.
(Optional) To add a description to the class map, enter the following command:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-16
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
HTTP Inspection
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description string
c.
(Optional) To match traffic with a content-type field in the HTTP response that does not match the
accept field in the corresponding HTTP request message, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] req-resp content-type mismatch
d.
(Optional) To match text found in the HTTP request message arguments, enter the following
command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request args regex [regex_name | class
regex_class_name]
Where the regex_name is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name
is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
e.
(Optional) To match text found in the HTTP request message body or to match traffic that exceeds
the maximum HTTP request message body length, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request body {regex [regex_name | class
regex_class_name] | length gt max_bytes}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2. The length gt
max_bytes is the maximum message body length in bytes.
f.
(Optional) To match text found in the HTTP request message header, or to restrict the count or length
of the header, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request header {[field]
[regex [regex_name | class regex_class_name]] |
[length gt max_length_bytes | count gt max_count_bytes]}
Where the field is the predefined message header keyword. The regex regex_name argument is the
regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name is the regular expression class
map you created in Step 2. The length gt max_bytes is the maximum message body length in bytes.
The count gt max_count is the maximum number of header fields.
g.
(Optional) To match text found in the HTTP request message method, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request method {[method] |
[regex [regex_name | class regex_class_name]]
Where the method is the predefined message method keyword. The regex regex_name argument is
the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name is the regular expression
class map you created in Step 2.
h.
(Optional) To match text found in the HTTP request message URI, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request uri {regex [regex_name | class
regex_class_name] | length gt max_bytes}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2. The length gt
max_bytes is the maximum message body length in bytes.
i.
Optional) To match text found in the HTTP response message body, or to comment out Java applet
and Active X object tags in order to filter them, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] response body {[active-x] | [java-applet] |
[regex [regex_name | class regex_class_name]] | length gt max_bytes}
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-17
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
HTTP Inspection
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2. The length gt
max_bytes is the maximum message body length in bytes.
j.
(Optional) To match text found in the HTTP response message header, or to restrict the count or
length of the header, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] response header {[field]
[regex [regex_name | class regex_class_name]] |
[length gt max_length_bytes | count gt max_count]}
Where the field is the predefined message header keyword. The regex regex_name argument is the
regular expression you created in Step 1. The class regex_class_name is the regular expression class
map you created in Step 2. The length gt max_bytes is the maximum message body length in bytes.
The count gt max_count is the maximum number of header fields.
k.
(Optional) To match text found in the HTTP response message status line, enter the following
command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] response status-line {regex [regex_name | class
regex_class_name]}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
Step 4
Create an HTTP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect http policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 5
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 6
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the HTTP class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-18
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
HTTP Inspection
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Step 7
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To check for HTTP protocol violations, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# protocol-violation [action [drop-connection | reset | log]]
Where the drop-connection action closes the connection. The reset action closes the connection
and sends a TCP reset to the client. The log action sends a system log message when this policy map
matches traffic.
c.
To substitute a string for the server header field, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# spoof-server string
Where the string argument is the string to substitute for the server header field. Note: WebVPN
streams are not subject to the spoof-server comand.
The following example shows how to define an HTTP inspection policy map that will allow and log any
HTTP connection that attempts to access “www\.xyz.com/.*\.asp" or "www\.xyz[0-9][0-9]\.com" with
methods "GET" or "PUT." All other URL/Method combinations will be silently allowed.
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
regex
regex
regex
regex
url1 “www\.xyz.com/.*\.asp”
url2 “www\.xyz[0-9][0-9]\.com”
get “GET”
put “PUT”
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type regex match-any url_to_log
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex url1
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex url2
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type regex match-any methods_to_log
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex get
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex put
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect http http_url_policy
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match request uri regex class url_to_log
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match request method regex class methods_to_log
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# exit
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect http http_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class http_url_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# log
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-19
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
ICMP Inspection
ICMP Inspection
The ICMP inspection engine allows ICMP traffic to have a “session” so it can be inspected like TCP and
UDP traffic. Without the ICMP inspection engine, we recommend that you do not allow ICMP through
the ASA in an ACL. Without stateful inspection, ICMP can be used to attack your network. The ICMP
inspection engine ensures that there is only one response for each request, and that the sequence number
is correct.
ICMP Error Inspection
When this feature is enabled, the ASA creates translation sessions for intermediate hops that send ICMP
error messages, based on the NAT configuration. The ASA overwrites the packet with the translated IP
addresses.
When disabled, the ASA does not create translation sessions for intermediate nodes that generate ICMP
error messages. ICMP error messages generated by the intermediate nodes between the inside host and
the ASA reach the outside host without consuming any additional NAT resource. This is undesirable
when an outside host uses the traceroute command to trace the hops to the destination on the inside of
the ASA. When the ASA does not translate the intermediate hops, all the intermediate hops appear with
the mapped destination IP address.
The ICMP payload is scanned to retrieve the five-tuple from the original packet. Using the retrieved
five-tuple, a lookup is performed to determine the original address of the client. The ICMP error
inspection engine makes the following changes to the ICMP packet:
•
In the IP Header, the mapped IP is changed to the real IP (Destination Address) and the IP checksum
is modified.
•
In the ICMP Header, the ICMP checksum is modified due to the changes in the ICMP packet.
•
In the Payload, the following changes are made:
– Original packet mapped IP is changed to the real IP
– Original packet mapped port is changed to the real Port
– Original packet IP checksum is recalculated
Instant Messaging Inspection
This section describes the IM inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
•
IM Inspection Overview, page 10-20
•
Configuring an Instant Messaging Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control,
page 10-21
IM Inspection Overview
The IM inspect engine lets you apply fine grained controls on the IM application to control the network
usage and stop leakage of confidential data, propagation of worms, and other threats to the corporate
network.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-20
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
Instant Messaging Inspection
Configuring an Instant Messaging Inspection Policy Map for Additional
Inspection Control
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create an IM inspection policy map. You can
then apply the inspection policy map when you enable IM inspection.
To create an IM inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
(Optional) Create an IM inspection class map by performing the following steps.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches. Traffic must match all of the match commands to match
the class map. You can alternatively identify match commands directly in the policy map. The difference
between creating a class map and defining the traffic match directly in the inspection policy map is that
the class map lets you create more complex match criteria, and you can reuse class maps.
To specify traffic that should not match the class map, use the match not command. For example, if the
match not command specifies the string “example.com,” then any traffic that includes “example.com”
does not match the class map.
For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can specify actions such as drop-connection, reset,
and/or log the connection in the inspection policy map.
If you want to perform different actions for each match command, you should identify the traffic directly
in the policy map.
a.
Create the class map by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect im [match-all | match-any] class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
Where the class_map_name is the name of the class map. The match-all keyword is the default, and
specifies that traffic must match all criteria to match the class map. The match-any keyword
specifies that the traffic matches the class map if it matches at least one of the criteria. The CLI
enters class-map configuration mode, where you can enter one or more match commands.
b.
(Optional) To add a description to the class map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description string
Where the string is the description of the class map (up to 200 characters).
c.
(Optional) To match traffic of a specific IM protocol, such as Yahoo or MSN, enter the following
command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] protocol {im-yahoo | im-msn}
d.
(Optional) To match a specific IM service, such as chat, file-transfer, webcam, voice-chat,
conference, or games, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] service {chat | file-transfer | webcam | voice-chat
| conference | games}
e.
(Optional) To match the source login name of the IM message, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] login-name regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-21
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
Instant Messaging Inspection
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
f.
(Optional) To match the destination login name of the IM message, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] peer-login-name regex {class class_name |
regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
g.
(Optional) To match the source IP address of the IM message, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] ip-address ip_address ip_address_mask
Where the ip_address and the ip_address_mask is the IP address and netmask of the message source.
h.
(Optional) To match the destination IP address of the IM message, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] peer-ip-address ip_address ip_address_mask
Where the ip_address and the ip_address_mask is the IP address and netmask of the message
destination.
i.
(Optional) To match the version of the IM message, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] version regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
j.
(Optional) To match the filename of the IM message, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] filename regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
Note
Step 4
Not supported using MSN IM protocol.
Create an IM inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect im policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 5
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 6
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the IM class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3. If
you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match not
command has the action applied.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-22
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
IP Options Inspection
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Step 7
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {drop-connection | reset | log}
Where the drop-connection action closes the connection. The reset action closes the connection and
sends a TCP reset to the client. The log action sends a system log message when this policy map matches
traffic.
The following example shows how to define an IM inspection policy map.
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
regex
regex
regex
regex
regex
regex
regex
loginname1 “ying\@yahoo.com”
loginname2 “Kevin\@yahoo.com”
loginname3 “rahul\@yahoo.com”
loginname4 “darshant\@yahoo.com”
yahoo_version_regex “1\.0”
gif_files “.*\.gif”
exe_files “.*\.exe”
hostname(config)# class-map type regex match-any yahoo_src_login_name_regex
hostname(config-cmap)# match regex loginname1
hostname(config-cmap)# match regex loginname2
hostname(config)# class-map type regex match-any yahoo_dst_login_name_regex
hostname(config-cmap)# match regex loginname3
hostname(config-cmap)# match regex loginname4
hostname(config)# class-map type inspect im match-any yahoo_file_block_list
hostname(config-cmap)# match filename regex gif_files
hostname(config-cmap)# match filename regex exe_files
hostname(config)# class-map type inspect im match-all yahoo_im_policy
hostname(config-cmap)# match login-name regex class yahoo_src_login_name_regex
hostname(config-cmap)# match peer-login-name regex class yahoo_dst_login_name_regex
hostname(config)# class-map type inspect im match-all yahoo_im_policy2
hostname(config-cmap)# match version regex yahoo_version_regex
hostname(config)# class-map im_inspect_class_map
hostname(config-cmap)# match default-inspection-traffic
hostname(config)# policy-map type inspect im im_policy_all
hostname(config-pmap)# class yahoo_file_block_list
hostname(config-pmap-c)# match service file-transfer
hostname(config-pmap)# class yahoo_im_policy
hostname(config-pmap-c)# drop-connection
hostname(config-pmap)# class yahoo_im_policy2
hostname(config-pmap-c)# reset
hostname(config)# policy-map global_policy_name
hostname(config-pmap)# class im_inspect_class_map
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect im im_policy_all
IP Options Inspection
This section describes the IP Options inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-23
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
IP Options Inspection
•
IP Options Inspection Overview, page 10-24
•
Configuring an IP Options Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 10-25
IP Options Inspection Overview
Each IP packet contains an IP header with the Options field. The Options field, commonly referred to as
IP Options, provide for control functions that are required in some situations but unnecessary for most
common communications. In particular, IP Options include provisions for time stamps, security, and
special routing. Use of IP Options is optional, and the field can contain zero, one, or more options.
You can configure IP Options inspection to control which IP packets with specific IP options are allowed
through the ASA. Configuring this inspection instructs the ASA to allow a packet to pass or to clear the
specified IP options and then allow the packet to pass.
IP Options inspection can check for the following three IP options in a packet:
Note
•
End of Options List (EOOL) or IP Option 0—This option, which contains just a single zero byte,
appears at the end of all options to mark the end of a list of options. This might not coincide with
the end of the header according to the header length.
•
No Operation (NOP) or IP Option 1—The Options field in the IP header can contain zero, one, or
more options, which makes the total length of the field variable. However, the IP header must be a
multiple of 32 bits. If the number of bits of all options is not a multiple of 32 bits, the NOP option
is used as “internal padding” to align the options on a 32-bit boundary.
•
Router Alert (RTRALT) or IP Option 20—This option notifies transit routers to inspect the contents
of the packet even when the packet is not destined for that router. This inspection is valuable when
implementing RSVP and similar protocols require relatively complex processing from the routers
along the packets delivery path.
IP Options inspection is included by default in the global inspection policy. Therefore, the ASA allows
RSVP traffic that contains packets with the Router Alert option (option 20) when the ASA is in routed
mode.
Dropping RSVP packets containing the Router Alert option can cause problems in VoIP
implementations.
When you configure the ASA to clear the Router Alert option from IP headers, the IP header changes in
the following ways:
•
The Options field is padded so that the field ends on a 32 bit boundary.
•
Internet header length (IHL) changes.
•
The total length of the packet changes.
•
The checksum is recomputed.
If an IP header contains additional options other than EOOL, NOP, or RTRALT, regardless of whether
the ASA is configured to allow these options, the ASA will drop the packet.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-24
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
IPsec Pass Through Inspection
Configuring an IP Options Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control
Step 1
To create an IP Options inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect ip-options policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 2
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 3
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To allow or clear packets with the End of Options List (EOOL) option, enter the following
command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# eool action {allow | clear}
This option, which contains just a single zero byte, appears at the end of all options to mark the end
of a list of options. This might not coincide with the end of the header according to the header length.
c.
To allow or clear packets with the No Operation (NOP) option, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# nop action {allow | clear}
The Options field in the IP header can contain zero, one, or more options, which makes the total
length of the field variable. However, the IP header must be a multiple of 32 bits. If the number of
bits of all options is not a multiple of 32 bits, the NOP option is used as “internal padding” to align
the options on a 32-bit boundary.
d.
To allowor clear packets with the Router Alert (RTRALT) option, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# router-alert action {allow | clear}
This option notifies transit routers to inspect the contents of the packet even when the packet is not
destined for that router. This inspection is valuable when implementing RSVP and similar protocols
require relatively complex processing from the routers along the packets delivery path.
Note
Enter the clear command to clear the IP option from the packet before allowing the packet
through the ASA.
IPsec Pass Through Inspection
This section describes the IPsec Pass Through inspection engine. This section includes the following
topics:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-25
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
IPv6 Inspection
•
IPsec Pass Through Inspection Overview, page 10-26
•
“Example for Defining an IPsec Pass Through Parameter Map” section on page 10-26
IPsec Pass Through Inspection Overview
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a protocol suite for securing IP communications by authenticating
and encrypting each IP packet of a data stream. IPsec also includes protocols for establishing mutual
authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to
be used during the session. IPsec can be used to protect data flows between a pair of hosts (for example,
computer users or servers), between a pair of security gateways (such as routers or firewalls), or between
a security gateway and a host.
IPsec Pass Through application inspection provides convenient traversal of ESP (IP protocol 50) and AH
(IP protocol 51) traffic associated with an IKE UDP port 500 connection. It avoids lengthy ACL
configuration to permit ESP and AH traffic and also provides security using timeout and max
connections.
Specify IPsec Pass Through inspection parameters to identify a specific map to use for defining the
parameters for the inspection. Configure a policy map for Specify IPsec Pass Through inspection to
access the parameters configuration, which lets you specify the restrictions for ESP or AH traffic. You
can set the per client max connections and the idle timeout in parameters configuration.
NAT and non-NAT traffic is permitted. However, PAT is not supported.
Example for Defining an IPsec Pass Through Parameter Map
The following example shows how to use ACLs to identify IKE traffic, define an IPsec Pass Thru
parameter map, define a policy, and apply the policy to the outside interface:
hostname(config)# access-list ipsecpassthruacl permit udp any any eq 500
hostname(config)# class-map ipsecpassthru-traffic
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list ipsecpassthruacl
hostname(config)# policy-map type inspect ipsec-pass-thru iptmap
hostname(config-pmap)# parameters
hostname(config-pmap-p)# esp per-client-max 10 timeout 0:11:00
hostname(config-pmap-p)# ah per-client-max 5 timeout 0:06:00
hostname(config)# policy-map inspection_policy
hostname(config-pmap)# class ipsecpassthru-traffic
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect ipsec-pass-thru iptmap
hostname(config)# service-policy inspection_policy interface outside
IPv6 Inspection
•
Information about IPv6 Inspection, page 10-27
•
Default Settings for IPv6 Inspection, page 10-27
•
(Optional) Configuring an IPv6 Inspection Policy Map, page 10-27
•
Configuring IPv6 Inspection, page 10-29
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-26
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
IPv6 Inspection
Information about IPv6 Inspection
IPv6 inspection lets you selectively log or drop IPv6 traffic based on the extension header. In addition,
IPv6 inspection can check conformance to RFC 2460 for type and order of extension headers in IPv6
packets.
Default Settings for IPv6 Inspection
If you enable IPv6 inspection and do not specify an inspection policy map, then the default IPv6
inspection policy map is used, and the following actions are taken:
•
Allows only known IPv6 extension headers
•
Enforces the order of IPv6 extension headers as defined in the RFC 2460 specification
If you create an inspection policy map, the above actions are taken by default unless you explicitly
disable them.
(Optional) Configuring an IPv6 Inspection Policy Map
To identify extension headers to drop or log, and/or to disable packet verification, create an IPv6
inspection policy map to be used by the service policy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-27
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
IPv6 Inspection
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
policy-map type inspect ipv6 name
Creates an inspection policy map.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect
ipv6 ipv6-map
Step 2
match header header
[drop [log] | log]
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match header ah
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop log
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# match header esp
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop log
Step 3
parameters
[no] verify-header {order | type}
Specifies the headers you want to match. By default, the packet is
logged (log); if you want to drop (and optionally also log) the
packet, enter the drop and optional log commands in match
configuration mode.
Re-enter the match command and optional drop action for each
extension you want to match:
•
ah—Matches the IPv6 Authentication extension header
•
count gt number—Specifies the maximum number of IPv6
extension headers, from 0 to 255
•
destination-option—Matches the IPv6 destination-option
extension header
•
esp—Matches the IPv6 Encapsulation Security Payload
(ESP) extension header
•
fragment—Matches the IPv6 fragment extension header
•
hop-by-hop—Matches the IPv6 hop-by-hop extension
header
•
routing-address count gt number—Sets the maximum
number of IPv6 routing header type 0 addresses, greater than
a number between 0 and 255
•
routing-type {eq | range} number—Matches the IPv6
routing header type, from 0 to 255. For a range, separate
values by a space, for example, 30 40.
Specifies IPv6 parameters. These parameters are enabled by
default. To disable them, enter the no keyword.
•
[no] verify-header type—Allows only known IPv6
extension headers
•
[no] verify-header order—Enforces the order of IPv6
extension headers as defined in the RFC 2460 specification
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# no verify-header
order
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# no verify-header
type
Examples
The following example creates an inspection policy map that will drop and log all IPv6 packets with the
hop-by-hop, destination-option, routing-address, and routing type 0 headers:
policy-map type inspect ipv6 ipv6-pm
parameters
match header hop-by-hop
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-28
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
IPv6 Inspection
drop
match
drop
match
drop
match
drop
log
header destination-option
log
header routing-address count gt 0
log
header routing-type eq 0
log
Configuring IPv6 Inspection
To enable IPv6 inspection, perform the following steps.
Detailed Steps
Step 1
Command
Purpose
class-map name
Creates a class map to identify the traffic for which you want to
apply the inspection.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map ipv6_traffic
Step 2
match parameter
Example:
Specifies the traffic in the class map. See the “Identifying Traffic
(Layer 3/4 Class Maps)” section on page 1-12 for more
information.
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match access-list
ipv6
Step 3
policy-map name
Adds or edits a policy map that sets the actions to take with the
class map traffic.
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map ipv6_policy
Step 4
class name
Identifies the class map created in Step 1
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class ipv6_traffic
Step 5
inspect ipv6 [ipv6_policy_map]
Configures IPv6 inspection. Specify the inspection policy map
you created in the “(Optional) Configuring an IPv6 Inspection
Policy Map” section on page 10-27.
Example:
ciscoasa(config-class)# inspect ipv6
ipv6-map
Step 6
service-policy policymap_name {global |
interface interface_name}
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy
ipv6_policy outside
Activates the policy map on one or more interfaces. global applies
the policy map to all interfaces, and interface applies the policy
to one interface. Only one global policy is allowed. You can
override the global policy on an interface by applying a service
policy to that interface. You can only apply one policy map to
each interface.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-29
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
NetBIOS Inspection
Examples
The following example drops all IPv6 traffic with the hop-by-hop, destination-option, routing-address,
and routing type 0 headers:
policy-map type inspect ipv6 ipv6-pm
parameters
match header hop-by-hop
drop
match header destination-option
drop
match header routing-address count gt 0
drop
match header routing-type eq 0
drop
policy-map global_policy
class class-default
inspect ipv6 ipv6-pm
!
service-policy global_policy global
NetBIOS Inspection
This section describes the IM inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
•
NetBIOS Inspection Overview, page 10-30
•
Configuring a NetBIOS Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 10-30
NetBIOS Inspection Overview
NetBIOS inspection is enabled by default. The NetBios inspection engine translates IP addresses in the
NetBios name service (NBNS) packets according to the ASA NAT configuration.
Configuring a NetBIOS Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create a NETBIOS inspection policy map. You
can then apply the inspection policy map when you enable NETBIOS inspection.
To create a NETBIOS inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
Create a NetBIOS inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect netbios policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-30
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
NetBIOS Inspection
Step 4
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 5
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the NetBIOS class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Step 6
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To check for NETBIOS protocol violations, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# protocol-violation [action [drop-connection | reset | log]]
Where the drop-connection action closes the connection. The reset action closes the connection
and sends a TCP reset to the client. The log action sends a system log message when this policy map
matches traffic.
The following example shows how to define a NETBIOS inspection policy map.
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect netbios netbios_map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# protocol-violation drop log
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-31
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
PPTP Inspection
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map netbios_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect netbios netbios_map
PPTP Inspection
PPTP is a protocol for tunneling PPP traffic. A PPTP session is composed of one TCP channel and
usually two PPTP GRE tunnels. The TCP channel is the control channel used for negotiating and
managing the PPTP GRE tunnels. The GRE tunnels carries PPP sessions between the two hosts.
When enabled, PPTP application inspection inspects PPTP protocol packets and dynamically creates the
GRE connections and xlates necessary to permit PPTP traffic. Only Version 1, as defined in RFC 2637,
is supported.
PAT is only performed for the modified version of GRE [RFC 2637] when negotiated over the PPTP TCP
control channel. Port Address Translation is not performed for the unmodified version of GRE [RFC
1701, RFC 1702].
Specifically, the ASA inspects the PPTP version announcements and the outgoing call request/response
sequence. Only PPTP Version 1, as defined in RFC 2637, is inspected. Further inspection on the TCP
control channel is disabled if the version announced by either side is not Version 1. In addition, the
outgoing-call request and reply sequence are tracked. Connections and xlates are dynamic allocated as
necessary to permit subsequent secondary GRE data traffic.
The PPTP inspection engine must be enabled for PPTP traffic to be translated by PAT. Additionally, PAT
is only performed for a modified version of GRE (RFC2637) and only if it is negotiated over the PPTP
TCP control channel. PAT is not performed for the unmodified version of GRE (RFC 1701 and
RFC 1702).
As described in RFC 2637, the PPTP protocol is mainly used for the tunneling of PPP sessions initiated
from a modem bank PAC (PPTP Access Concentrator) to the headend PNS (PPTP Network Server).
When used this way, the PAC is the remote client and the PNS is the server.
However, when used for VPN by Windows, the interaction is inverted. The PNS is a remote single-user
PC that initiates connection to the head-end PAC to gain access to a central network.
SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection
This section describes the IM inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
•
SMTP and ESMTP Inspection Overview, page 10-32
•
Configuring an ESMTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 10-33
SMTP and ESMTP Inspection Overview
ESMTP application inspection provides improved protection against SMTP-based attacks by restricting
the types of SMTP commands that can pass through the ASA and by adding monitoring capabilities.
ESMTP is an enhancement to the SMTP protocol and is similar is most respects to SMTP. For
convenience, the term SMTP is used in this document to refer to both SMTP and ESMTP. The
application inspection process for extended SMTP is similar to SMTP application inspection and
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-32
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection
includes support for SMTP sessions. Most commands used in an extended SMTP session are the same
as those used in an SMTP session but an ESMTP session is considerably faster and offers more options
related to reliability and security, such as delivery status notification.
Extended SMTP application inspection adds support for these extended SMTP commands, including
AUTH, EHLO, ETRN, HELP, SAML, SEND, SOML, STARTTLS, and VRFY. Along with the support for
seven RFC 821 commands (DATA, HELO, MAIL, NOOP, QUIT, RCPT, RSET), the ASA supports a total
of fifteen SMTP commands.
Other extended SMTP commands, such as ATRN, ONEX, VERB, CHUNKING, and private extensions
and are not supported. Unsupported commands are translated into Xs, which are rejected by the internal
server. This results in a message such as “500 Command unknown: 'XXX'.” Incomplete commands are
discarded.
The ESMTP inspection engine changes the characters in the server SMTP banner to asterisks except for
the “2”, “0”, “0” characters. Carriage return (CR) and linefeed (LF) characters are ignored.
With SMTP inspection enabled, a Telnet session used for interactive SMTP may hang if the following
rules are not observed: SMTP commands must be at least four characters in length; must be terminated
with carriage return and line feed; and must wait for a response before issuing the next reply.
An SMTP server responds to client requests with numeric reply codes and optional human-readable
strings. SMTP application inspection controls and reduces the commands that the user can use as well
as the messages that the server returns. SMTP inspection performs three primary tasks:
•
Restricts SMTP requests to seven basic SMTP commands and eight extended commands.
•
Monitors the SMTP command-response sequence.
•
Generates an audit trail—Audit record 108002 is generated when invalid character embedded in the
mail address is replaced. For more information, see RFC 821.
SMTP inspection monitors the command and response sequence for the following anomalous signatures:
•
Truncated commands.
•
Incorrect command termination (not terminated with <CR><LR>).
•
The MAIL and RCPT commands specify who are the sender and the receiver of the mail. Mail
addresses are scanned for strange characters. The pipeline character (|) is deleted (changed to a blank
space) and “<” ‚”>” are only allowed if they are used to define a mail address (“>” must be preceded
by “<”). To close the session when the PIPE character is found as a parameter to a MAIL from or
RCPT to command, include the special-character command in the configuration as part of the
inspection parameters (parameters command).
•
Unexpected transition by the SMTP server.
•
For unknown commands, the ASA changes all the characters in the packet to X. In this case, the
server generates an error code to the client. Because of the change in the packed, the TCP checksum
has to be recalculated or adjusted.
•
TCP stream editing.
•
Command pipelining.
Configuring an ESMTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
ESMTP inspection detects attacks, including spam, phising, malformed message attacks, buffer
overflow/underflow attacks. It also provides support for application security and protocol conformance,
which enforce the sanity of the ESMTP messages as well as detect several attacks, block
senders/receivers, and block mail relay.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-33
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
SMTP and Extended SMTP Inspection
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create an ESMTP inspection policy map. You
can then apply the inspection policy map when you enable ESMTP inspection.
To create an ESMTP inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
Create an ESMTP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect esmtp policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 4
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 5
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the ESMTP class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-34
Chapter 10
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
TFTP Inspection
Step 6
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To configure a local domain name, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# mail-relay domain-name action [drop-connection | log]]
Where the drop-connection action closes the connection. The log action sends a system log
message when this policy map matches traffic.
c.
To enforce banner obfuscation, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# mask-banner
The following example shows how to define an ESMTP inspection policy map.
ciscoasa(config)# regex user1 “[email protected]”
ciscoasa(config)# regex user2 “[email protected]”
ciscoasa(config)# regex user3 “[email protected]”
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type regex senders_black_list
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description “Regular expressions to filter out undesired senders”
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex user1
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex user2
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex user3
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect esmtp advanced_esmtp_map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match sender-address regex class senders_black_list
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop-connection log
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map outside_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect esmtp advanced_esmtp_map
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy outside_policy interface outside
TFTP Inspection
TFTP inspection is enabled by default.
TFTP, described in RFC 1350, is a simple protocol to read and write files between a TFTP server and
client.
The ASA inspects TFTP traffic and dynamically creates connections and translations, if necessary, to
permit file transfer between a TFTP client and server. Specifically, the inspection engine inspects TFTP
read request (RRQ), write request (WRQ), and error notification (ERROR).
A dynamic secondary channel and a PAT translation, if necessary, are allocated on a reception of a valid
read (RRQ) or write (WRQ) request. This secondary channel is subsequently used by TFTP for file
transfer or error notification.
Only the TFTP server can initiate traffic over the secondary channel, and at most one incomplete
secondary channel can exist between the TFTP client and server. An error notification from the server
closes the secondary channel.
TFTP inspection must be enabled if static PAT is used to redirect TFTP traffic.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-35
Chapter 10
TFTP Inspection
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
10-36
Configuring Inspection of Basic Internet Protocols
CH AP TE R
11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video
Protocols
This chapter describes how to configure application layer protocol inspection. Inspection engines are
required for services that embed IP addressing information in the user data packet or that open secondary
channels on dynamically assigned ports. These protocols require the ASA to do a deep packet inspection
instead of passing the packet through the fast path. As a result, inspection engines can affect overall
throughput.
Several common inspection engines are enabled on the ASA by default, but you might need to enable
others depending on your network.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
CTIQBE Inspection, page 11-1
•
H.323 Inspection, page 11-3
•
MGCP Inspection, page 11-11
•
RTSP Inspection, page 11-14
•
SIP Inspection, page 11-18
•
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection, page 11-24
CTIQBE Inspection
This section describes CTIQBE application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
•
CTIQBE Inspection Overview, page 11-1
•
Limitations and Restrictions, page 11-2
•
Verifying and Monitoring CTIQBE Inspection, page 11-2
CTIQBE Inspection Overview
CTIQBE protocol inspection supports NAT, PAT, and bidirectional NAT. This enables Cisco IP
SoftPhone and other Cisco TAPI/JTAPI applications to work successfully with Cisco CallManager for
call setup across the ASA.
TAPI and JTAPI are used by many Cisco VoIP applications. CTIQBE is used by Cisco TSP to
communicate with Cisco CallManager.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-1
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
CTIQBE Inspection
Limitations and Restrictions
The following summarizes limitations that apply when using CTIQBE application inspection:
•
CTIQBE application inspection does not support configurations with the alias command.
•
Stateful failover of CTIQBE calls is not supported.
•
Entering the debug ctiqbe command may delay message transmission, which may have a
performance impact in a real-time environment. When you enable this debugging or logging and
Cisco IP SoftPhone seems unable to complete call setup through the ASA, increase the timeout
values in the Cisco TSP settings on the system running Cisco IP SoftPhone.
The following summarizes special considerations when using CTIQBE application inspection in specific
scenarios:
•
If two Cisco IP SoftPhones are registered with different Cisco CallManagers, which are connected
to different interfaces of the ASA, calls between these two phones fails.
•
When Cisco CallManager is located on the higher security interface compared to
Cisco IP SoftPhones, if NAT or outside NAT is required for the Cisco CallManager IP address, the
mapping must be static as Cisco IP SoftPhone requires the Cisco CallManager IP address to be
specified explicitly in its Cisco TSP configuration on the PC.
•
When using PAT or Outside PAT, if the Cisco CallManager IP address is to be translated, its TCP
port 2748 must be statically mapped to the same port of the PAT (interface) address for Cisco IP
SoftPhone registrations to succeed. The CTIQBE listening port (TCP 2748) is fixed and is not
user-configurable on Cisco CallManager, Cisco IP SoftPhone, or Cisco TSP.
Verifying and Monitoring CTIQBE Inspection
The show ctiqbe command displays information regarding the CTIQBE sessions established across the
ASA. It shows information about the media connections allocated by the CTIQBE inspection engine.
The following is sample output from the show ctiqbe command under the following conditions. There
is only one active CTIQBE session setup across the ASA. It is established between an internal CTI
device (for example, a Cisco IP SoftPhone) at local address 10.0.0.99 and an external Cisco CallManager
at 172.29.1.77, where TCP port 2748 is the Cisco CallManager. The heartbeat interval for the session is
120 seconds.
ciscoasa# # show ctiqbe
Total: 1
LOCAL
FOREIGN
STATE
HEARTBEAT
--------------------------------------------------------------1
10.0.0.99/1117 172.29.1.77/2748
1
120
---------------------------------------------RTP/RTCP: PAT xlates: mapped to 172.29.1.99(1028 - 1029)
---------------------------------------------MEDIA: Device ID 27
Call ID 0
Foreign 172.29.1.99
(1028 - 1029)
Local
172.29.1.88
(26822 - 26823)
----------------------------------------------
The CTI device has already registered with the CallManager. The device internal address and RTP
listening port is PATed to 172.29.1.99 UDP port 1028. Its RTCP listening port is PATed to UDP 1029.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-2
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
The line beginning with RTP/RTCP: PAT xlates: appears only if an internal CTI device has registered
with an external CallManager and the CTI device address and ports are PATed to that external interface.
This line does not appear if the CallManager is located on an internal interface, or if the internal CTI
device address and ports are translated to the same external interface that is used by the CallManager.
The output indicates a call has been established between this CTI device and another phone at
172.29.1.88. The RTP and RTCP listening ports of the other phone are UDP 26822 and 26823. The other
phone locates on the same interface as the CallManager because the ASA does not maintain a CTIQBE
session record associated with the second phone and CallManager. The active call leg on the CTI device
side can be identified with Device ID 27 and Call ID 0.
The following is sample output from the show xlate debug command for these CTIBQE connections:
ciscoasa# show xlate debug
3 in use, 3 most used
Flags: D - DNS, d - dump, I - identity, i - inside, n - no random,
r - portmap, s - static
TCP PAT from inside:10.0.0.99/1117 to outside:172.29.1.99/1025 flags ri idle 0:00:22
timeout 0:00:30
UDP PAT from inside:10.0.0.99/16908 to outside:172.29.1.99/1028 flags ri idle 0:00:00
timeout 0:04:10
UDP PAT from inside:10.0.0.99/16909 to outside:172.29.1.99/1029 flags ri idle 0:00:23
timeout 0:04:10
The show conn state ctiqbe command displays the status of CTIQBE connections. In the output, the
media connections allocated by the CTIQBE inspection engine are denoted by a ‘C’ flag. The following
is sample output from the show conn state ctiqbe command:
ciscoasa# show conn state ctiqbe
1 in use, 10 most used
ciscoasa# show conn state ctiqbe detail
1 in use, 10 most used
Flags: A - awaiting inside ACK to SYN, a - awaiting outside ACK to SYN,
B - initial SYN from outside, C - CTIQBE media, D - DNS, d - dump,
E - outside back connection, F - outside FIN, f - inside FIN,
G - group, g - MGCP, H - H.323, h - H.225.0, I - inbound data,
i - incomplete, J - GTP, j - GTP data, k - Skinny media,
M - SMTP data, m - SIP media, O - outbound data, P - inside back connection,
q - SQL*Net data, R - outside acknowledged FIN,
R - UDP RPC, r - inside acknowledged FIN, S - awaiting inside SYN,
s - awaiting outside SYN, T - SIP, t - SIP transient, U - up
H.323 Inspection
This section describes the H.323 application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
•
H.323 Inspection Overview, page 11-4
•
How H.323 Works, page 11-4
•
H.239 Support in H.245 Messages, page 11-5
•
Limitations and Restrictions, page 11-5
•
Configuring an H.323 Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 11-6
•
Configuring H.323 and H.225 Timeout Values, page 11-9
•
Verifying and Monitoring H.323 Inspection, page 11-9
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-3
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
H.323 Inspection Overview
H.323 inspection provides support for H.323 compliant applications such as Cisco CallManager and
VocalTec Gatekeeper. H.323 is a suite of protocols defined by the International Telecommunication
Union for multimedia conferences over LANs. The ASA supports H.323 through Version 6, including
H.323 v3 feature Multiple Calls on One Call Signaling Channel.
With H.323 inspection enabled, the ASA supports multiple calls on the same call signaling channel, a
feature introduced with H.323 Version 3. This feature reduces call setup time and reduces the use of ports
on the ASA.
The two major functions of H.323 inspection are as follows:
•
NAT the necessary embedded IPv4 addresses in the H.225 and H.245 messages. Because H.323
messages are encoded in PER encoding format, the ASA uses an ASN.1 decoder to decode the
H.323 messages.
•
Dynamically allocate the negotiated H.245 and RTP/RTCP connections.
How H.323 Works
The H.323 collection of protocols collectively may use up to two TCP connection and four to eight UDP
connections. FastConnect uses only one TCP connection, and RAS uses a single UDP connection for
registration, admissions, and status.
An H.323 client can initially establish a TCP connection to an H.323 server using TCP port 1720 to
request Q.931 call setup. As part of the call setup process, the H.323 terminal supplies a port number to
the client to use for an H.245 TCP connection. In environments where H.323 gatekeeper is in use, the
initial packet is transmitted using UDP.
H.323 inspection monitors the Q.931 TCP connection to determine the H.245 port number. If the H.323
terminals are not using FastConnect, the ASA dynamically allocates the H.245 connection based on the
inspection of the H.225 messages.
Note
The H.225 connection can also be dynamically allocated when using RAS.
Within each H.245 message, the H.323 endpoints exchange port numbers that are used for subsequent
UDP data streams. H.323 inspection inspects the H.245 messages to identify these ports and dynamically
creates connections for the media exchange. RTP uses the negotiated port number, while RTCP uses the
next higher port number.
The H.323 control channel handles H.225 and H.245 and H.323 RAS. H.323 inspection uses the
following ports.
•
1718—Gate Keeper Discovery UDP port
•
1719—RAS UDP port
•
1720—TCP Control Port
You must permit traffic for the well-known H.323 port 1719 for RAS signaling. Additionally, you must
permit traffic for the well-known H.323 port 1720 for the H.225 call signaling; however, the H.245
signaling ports are negotiated between the endpoints in the H.225 signaling. When an H.323 gatekeeper
is used, the ASA opens an H.225 connection based on inspection of the ACF and RCF nmessages.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-4
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
After inspecting the H.225 messages, the ASA opens the H.245 channel and then inspects traffic sent
over the H.245 channel as well. All H.245 messages passing through the ASA undergo H.245 application
inspection, which translates embedded IP addresses and opens the media channels negotiated in H.245
messages.
The H.323 ITU standard requires that a TPKT header, defining the length of the message, precede the
H.225 and H.245, before being passed on to the reliable connection. Because the TPKT header does not
necessarily need to be sent in the same TCP packet as H.225 and H.245 messages, the ASA must
remember the TPKT length to process and decode the messages properly. For each connection, the ASA
keeps a record that contains the TPKT length for the next expected message.
If the ASA needs to perform NAT on IP addresses in messages, it changes the checksum, the UUIE
length, and the TPKT, if it is included in the TCP packet with the H.225 message. If the TPKT is sent in
a separate TCP packet, the ASA proxy ACKs that TPKT and appends a new TPKT to the H.245 message
with the new length.
Note
The ASA does not support TCP options in the Proxy ACK for the TPKT.
Each UDP connection with a packet going through H.323 inspection is marked as an H.323 connection
and times out with the H.323 timeout as configured with the timeout command.
Note
You can enable call setup between H.323 endpoints when the Gatekeeper is inside the network. The ASA
includes options to open pinholes for calls based on the RegistrationRequest/RegistrationConfirm
(RRQ/RCF) messages. Because these RRQ/RCF messages are sent to and from the Gatekeeper, the
calling endpoint's IP address is unknown and the ASA opens a pinhole through source IP address/port
0/0. By default, this option is disabled. To enable call setup between H.323 endpoint, enter the
ras-rcf-pinholes enable command during parameter configuration mode while creating an H.323
Inspection policy map. See Configuring an H.323 Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control, page 11-6.
H.239 Support in H.245 Messages
The ASA sits between two H.323 endpoints. When the two H.323 endpoints set up a telepresentation
session so that the endpoints can send and receive a data presentation, such as spreadsheet data, the ASA
ensure successful H.239 negotiation between the endpoints.
H.239 is a standar that provides the ability for H.300 series endpoints to open an additional video channel
in a single call. In a call, an endpoint (such as a video phone), sends a channel for video and a channel
for data presentation. The H.239 negotiation occurs on the H.245 channel.
The ASA opens pinholes for the additional media channel and the media control channel. The endpoints
use open logical channel message (OLC) to signal a new channel creation. The message extension is
part of H.245 version 13.
The decoding and encoding of of the telepresentation session is enabled by default. H.239 encoding and
decoding is preformed by ASN.1 coder.
Limitations and Restrictions
The following are some of the known issues and limitations when using H.323 application inspection:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-5
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
•
Only static NAT is fully supported. Static PAT may not properly translate IP addresses embedded in
optional fields within H.323 messages. If you experience this kind of problem, do not use static PAT
with H.323.
•
Not supported with dynamic NAT or PAT.
•
Not supported with extended PAT.
•
Not supported with NAT between same-security-level interfaces.
•
Not supported with outside NAT.
•
Not supported with NAT64.
•
When a NetMeeting client registers with an H.323 gatekeeper and tries to call an H.323 gateway that
is also registered with the H.323 gatekeeper, the connection is established but no voice is heard in
either direction. This problem is unrelated to the ASA.
•
If you configure a network static address where the network static address is the same as a
third-party netmask and address, then any outbound H.323 connection fails.
Configuring an H.323 Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create an H.323 inspection policy map. You can
then apply the inspection policy map when you enable H.323 inspection.
To create an H.323 inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
(Optional) Create an H.323 inspection class map by performing the following steps.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches. Traffic must match all of the match commands to match
the class map. You can alternatively identify match commands directly in the policy map. The difference
between creating a class map and defining the traffic match directly in the inspection policy map is that
the class map lets you create more complex match criteria, and you can reuse class maps.
To specify traffic that should not match the class map, use the match not command. For example, if the
match not command specifies the string “example.com,” then any traffic that includes “example.com”
does not match the class map.
For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can specify actions such as drop-connection, reset,
and/or log the connection in the inspection policy map.
If you want to perform different actions for each match command, you should identify the traffic directly
in the policy map.
a.
Create the class map by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect h323 [match-all | match-any] class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
Where the class_map_name is the name of the class map. The match-all keyword is the default, and
specifies that traffic must match all criteria to match the class map. The match-any keyword
specifies that the traffic matches the class map if it matches at least one of the criteria. The CLI
enters class-map configuration mode, where you can enter one or more match commands.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-6
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
b.
(Optional) To add a description to the class map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description string
Where string is the description of the class map (up to 200 characters).
c.
(Optional) To match a called party, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] called-party regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
d.
(Optional) To match a media type, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] media-type {audio | data | video}
Step 4
Create an H.323 inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect h323 policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 5
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 6
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the H.323 class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-7
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Step 7
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To enable call setup betweeen H.323 Endpoings, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# ras-rcf-pinholes enable
You can enable call setup between H.323 endpoints when the Gatekeeper is inside the network. The
ASA includes options to open pinholes for calls based on the
RegistrationRequest/RegistrationConfirm (RRQ/RCF) messages. Because these RRQ/RCF
messages are sent to and from the Gatekeeper, the calling endpoint's IP address is unknown and the
ASA opens a pinhole through source IP address/port 0/0. By default, this option is disabled.
c.
To define the H.323 call duration limit, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# call-duration-limit time
Where time is the call duration limit in seconds. Range is from 0:0:0 ti 1163:0;0. A value of 0 means
never timeout.
d.
To enforce call party number used in call setup, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# call-party-number
e.
To enforce H.245 tunnel blocking, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# h245-tunnel-block action {drop-connection | log}
f.
To define an hsi group and enter hsi group configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# hsi-group id
Where id is the hsi group ID. Range is from 0 to 2147483647.
To add an hsi to the hsi group, enter the following command in hsi group configuration mode:
ciscoasa(config-h225-map-hsi-grp)# hsi ip_address
Where ip_address is the host to add. A maximum of five hosts per hsi group are allowed.
To add an endpoint to the hsi group, enter the following command in hsi group configuration
mode:
ciscoasa(config-h225-map-hsi-grp)# endpoint ip_address if_name
Where ip_address is the endpoint to add and if_name is the interface through which the endpoint
is connected to the security appliance. A maximum of ten endpoints per hsi group are allowed.
g.
To check RTP packets flowing on the pinholes for protocol conformance, enter the following
command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# rtp-conformance [enforce-payloadtype]
Where the enforce-payloadtype keyword enforces the payload type to be audio or video based on
the signaling exchange.
h.
To enable state checking validation, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# state-checking {h225 | ras}
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-8
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
The following example shows how to configure phone number filtering:
ciscoasa(config)# regex caller 1 “5551234567”
ciscoasa(config)# regex caller 2 “5552345678”
ciscoasa(config)# regex caller 3 “5553456789”
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect h323 match-all h323_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# match called-party regex caller1
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# match calling-party regex caller2
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect h323 h323_map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# class h323_traffic
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# drop
Configuring H.323 and H.225 Timeout Values
To configure the idle time after which an H.225 signalling connection is closed, use the timeout h225
command. The default for H.225 timeout is one hour.
To configure the idle time after which an H.323 control connection is closed, use the timeout h323
command. The default is five minutes.
Verifying and Monitoring H.323 Inspection
This section describes how to display information about H.323 sessions. This section includes the
following topics:
•
Monitoring H.225 Sessions, page 11-9
•
Monitoring H.245 Sessions, page 11-10
•
Monitoring H.323 RAS Sessions, page 11-10
Monitoring H.225 Sessions
The show h225 command displays information for H.225 sessions established across the ASA. Along
with the debug h323 h225 event, debug h323 h245 event, and show local-host commands, this
command is used for troubleshooting H.323 inspection engine issues.
Before entering the show h225, show h245, or show h323-ras commands, we recommend that you
configure the pager command. If there are a lot of session records and the pager command is not
configured, it may take a while for the show command output to reach its end. If there is an abnormally
large number of connections, check that the sessions are timing out based on the default timeout values
or the values set by you. If they are not, then there is a problem that needs to be investigated.
The following is sample output from the show h225 command:
ciscoasa# show h225
Total H.323 Calls: 1
1 Concurrent Call(s) for
Local:
10.130.56.3/1040
1. CRV 9861
Local:
10.130.56.3/1040
Foreign: 172.30.254.203/1720
Foreign: 172.30.254.203/1720
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-9
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
H.323 Inspection
0 Concurrent Call(s) for
Local:
10.130.56.4/1050
Foreign: 172.30.254.205/1720
This output indicates that there is currently 1 active H.323 call going through the ASA between the local
endpoint 10.130.56.3 and foreign host 172.30.254.203, and for these particular endpoints, there is 1
concurrent call between them, with a CRV for that call of 9861.
For the local endpoint 10.130.56.4 and foreign host 172.30.254.205, there are 0 concurrent calls. This
means that there is no active call between the endpoints even though the H.225 session still exists. This
could happen if, at the time of the show h225 command, the call has already ended but the H.225 session
has not yet been deleted. Alternately, it could mean that the two endpoints still have a TCP connection
opened between them because they set “maintainConnection” to TRUE, so the session is kept open until
they set it to FALSE again, or until the session times out based on the H.225 timeout value in your
configuration.
Monitoring H.245 Sessions
The show h245 command displays information for H.245 sessions established across the ASA by
endpoints using slow start. Slow start is when the two endpoints of a call open another TCP control
channel for H.245. Fast start is where the H.245 messages are exchanged as part of the H.225 messages
on the H.225 control channel.) Along with the debug h323 h245 event, debug h323 h225 event, and
show local-host commands, this command is used for troubleshooting H.323 inspection engine issues.
The following is sample output from the show h245 command:
ciscoasa# show h245
Total: 1
LOCAL
TPKT
FOREIGN
TPKT
1
10.130.56.3/1041
0
172.30.254.203/1245
0
MEDIA: LCN 258 Foreign 172.30.254.203 RTP 49608 RTCP 49609
Local
10.130.56.3 RTP 49608 RTCP 49609
MEDIA: LCN 259 Foreign 172.30.254.203 RTP 49606 RTCP 49607
Local
10.130.56.3 RTP 49606 RTCP 49607
There is currently one H.245 control session active across the ASA. The local endpoint is 10.130.56.3,
and we are expecting the next packet from this endpoint to have a TPKT header because the TPKT value
is 0. The TKTP header is a 4-byte header preceding each H.225/H.245 message. It gives the length of
the message, including the 4-byte header. The foreign host endpoint is 172.30.254.203, and we are
expecting the next packet from this endpoint to have a TPKT header because the TPKT value is 0.
The media negotiated between these endpoints have an LCN of 258 with the foreign RTP IP address/port
pair of 172.30.254.203/49608 and an RTCP IP address/port of 172.30.254.203/49609 with a local RTP
IP address/port pair of 10.130.56.3/49608 and an RTCP port of 49609.
The second LCN of 259 has a foreign RTP IP address/port pair of 172.30.254.203/49606 and an RTCP
IP address/port pair of 172.30.254.203/49607 with a local RTP IP address/port pair of
10.130.56.3/49606 and RTCP port of 49607.
Monitoring H.323 RAS Sessions
The show h323-ras command displays information for H.323 RAS sessions established across the ASA
between a gatekeeper and its H.323 endpoint. Along with the debug h323 ras event and show local-host
commands, this command is used for troubleshooting H.323 RAS inspection engine issues.
The show h323-ras command displays connection information for troubleshooting H.323 inspection
engine issues. The following is sample output from the show h323-ras command:
ciscoasa# show h323-ras
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-10
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
MGCP Inspection
Total: 1
GK
Caller
172.30.254.214 10.130.56.14
This output shows that there is one active registration between the gatekeeper 172.30.254.214 and its
client 10.130.56.14.
MGCP Inspection
This section describes MGCP application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
•
MGCP Inspection Overview, page 11-11
•
Configuring an MGCP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 11-12
•
Configuring MGCP Timeout Values, page 11-13
•
Verifying and Monitoring MGCP Inspection, page 11-14
MGCP Inspection Overview
MGCP is a master/slave protocol used to control media gateways from external call control elements
called media gateway controllers or call agents. A media gateway is typically a network element that
provides conversion between the audio signals carried on telephone circuits and data packets carried over
the Internet or over other packet networks. Using NAT and PAT with MGCP lets you support a large
number of devices on an internal network with a limited set of external (global) addresses. Examples of
media gateways are:
Note
•
Trunking gateways, that interface between the telephone network and a Voice over IP network. Such
gateways typically manage a large number of digital circuits.
•
Residential gateways, that provide a traditional analog (RJ11) interface to a Voice over IP network.
Examples of residential gateways include cable modem/cable set-top boxes, xDSL devices,
broad-band wireless devices.
•
Business gateways, that provide a traditional digital PBX interface or an integrated soft PBX
interface to a Voice over IP network.
To avoid policy failure when upgrading from ASA version 7.1, all layer 7 and layer 3 policies must have
distinct names. For instance, a previously configured policy map with the same name as a previously
configured MGCP map must be changed before the upgrade.
MGCP messages are transmitted over UDP. A response is sent back to the source address (IP address
and UDP port number) of the command, but the response may not arrive from the same address as the
command was sent to. This can happen when multiple call agents are being used in a failover
configuration and the call agent that received the command has passed control to a backup call agent,
which then sends the response.
MGCP endpoints are physical or virtual sources and destinations for data. Media gateways contain
endpoints on which the call agent can create, modify and delete connections to establish and control
media sessions with other multimedia endpoints. Also, the call agent can instruct the endpoints to detect
certain events and generate signals. The endpoints automatically communicate changes in service state
to the call agent.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-11
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
MGCP Inspection
MGCP transactions are composed of a command and a mandatory response. There are eight types of
commands:
•
CreateConnection
•
ModifyConnection
•
DeleteConnection
•
NotificationRequest
•
Notify
•
AuditEndpoint
•
AuditConnection
•
RestartInProgress
The first four commands are sent by the call agent to the gateway. The Notify command is sent by the
gateway to the call agent. The gateway may also send a DeleteConnection. The registration of the MGCP
gateway with the call agent is achieved by the RestartInProgress command. The AuditEndpoint and the
AuditConnection commands are sent by the call agent to the gateway.
All commands are composed of a Command header, optionally followed by a session description. All
responses are composed of a Response header, optionally followed by a session description.
Note
•
The port on which the gateway receives commands from the call agent. Gateways usually listen to
UDP port 2427.
•
The port on which the call agent receives commands from the gateway. Call agents usually listen to
UDP port 2727.
MGCP inspection does not support the use of different IP addresses for MGCP signaling and RTP data.
A common and recommended practice is to send RTP data from a resilient IP address, such as a loopback
or virtual IP address; however, the ASA requires the RTP data to come from the same address as MGCP
signalling.
Configuring an MGCP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
If the network has multiple call agents and gateways for which the ASA has to open pinholes, create an
MGCP map. You can then apply the MGCP map when you enable MGCP inspection.
To create an MGCP map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To create an MGCP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect mgcp map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 2
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 3
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-12
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
MGCP Inspection
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To configure the call agents, enter the following command for each call agent:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# call-agent ip_address group_id
Use the call-agent command to specify a group of call agents that can manage one or more gateways.
The call agent group information is used to open connections for the call agents in the group (other
than the one a gateway sends a command to) so that any of the call agents can send the response.
call agents with the same group_id belong to the same group. A call agent may belong to more than
one group. The group_id option is a number from 0 to 4294967295. The ip_address option specifies
the IP address of the call agent.
Note
c.
MGCP call agents send AUEP messages to determine if MGCP end points are present. This
establishes a flow through the ASA and allows MGCP end points to register with the call agent.
To configure the gateways, enter the following command for each gateway:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# gateway ip_address group_id
Use the gateway command to specify which group of call agents are managing a particular gateway.
The IP address of the gateway is specified with the ip_address option. The group_id option is a
number from 0 to 4294967295 that must correspond with the group_id of the call agents that are
managing the gateway. A gateway may only belong to one group.
d.
If you want to change the maximum number of commands allowed in the MGCP command queue,
enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# command-queue command_limit
The following example shows how to define an MGCP map:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect mgcp sample_map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# call-agent 10.10.11.5 101
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# call-agent 10.10.11.6 101
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# call-agent 10.10.11.7 102
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# call-agent 10.10.11.8 102
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# gateway 10.10.10.115 101
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# gateway 10.10.10.116 102
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# gateway 10.10.10.117 102
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# command-queue 150
Configuring MGCP Timeout Values
The timeout mgcp command lets you set the interval for inactivity after which an MGCP media
connection is closed. The default is 5 minutes.
The timeout mgcp-pat command lets you set the timeout for PAT xlates. Because MGCP does not have
a keepalive mechanism, if you use non-Cisco MGCP gateways (call agents), the PAT xlates are torn
down after the default timeout interval, which is 30 seconds.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-13
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
RTSP Inspection
Verifying and Monitoring MGCP Inspection
The show mgcp commands command lists the number of MGCP commands in the command queue. The
show mgcp sessions command lists the number of existing MGCP sessions. The detail option includes
additional information about each command (or session) in the output. The following is sample output
from the show mgcp commands command:
ciscoasa# show mgcp commands
1 in use, 1 most used, 200 maximum allowed
CRCX, gateway IP: host-pc-2, transaction ID: 2052, idle: 0:00:07
The following is sample output from the show mgcp detail command.
ciscoasa# show mgcp commands detail
1 in use, 1 most used, 200 maximum allowed
CRCX, idle: 0:00:10
Gateway IP
host-pc-2
Transaction ID 2052
Endpoint name
aaln/1
Call ID
9876543210abcdef
Connection ID
Media IP
192.168.5.7
Media port
6058
The following is sample output from the show mgcp sessions command.
ciscoasa# show mgcp sessions
1 in use, 1 most used
Gateway IP host-pc-2, connection ID 6789af54c9, active 0:00:11
The following is sample output from the show mgcp sessions detail command.
ciscoasa# show mgcp sessions detail
1 in use, 1 most used
Session active 0:00:14
Gateway IP
host-pc-2
Call ID
9876543210abcdef
Connection ID
6789af54c9
Endpoint name
aaln/1
Media lcl port 6166
Media rmt IP
192.168.5.7
Media rmt port 6058
RTSP Inspection
This section describes RTSP application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
•
RTSP Inspection Overview, page 11-15
•
Using RealPlayer, page 11-15
•
Restrictions and Limitations, page 11-15
•
Configuring an RTSP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 11-16
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-14
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
RTSP Inspection
RTSP Inspection Overview
The RTSP inspection engine lets the ASA pass RTSP packets. RTSP is used by RealAudio,
RealNetworks, Apple QuickTime 4, RealPlayer, and Cisco IP/TV connections.
Note
For Cisco IP/TV, use RTSP TCP port 554 and TCP 8554.
RTSP applications use the well-known port 554 with TCP (rarely UDP) as a control channel. The ASA
only supports TCP, in conformity with RFC 2326. This TCP control channel is used to negotiate the data
channels that is used to transmit audio/video traffic, depending on the transport mode that is configured
on the client.
The supported RDT transports are: rtp/avp, rtp/avp/udp, x-real-rdt, x-real-rdt/udp, and x-pn-tng/udp.
The ASA parses Setup response messages with a status code of 200. If the response message is travelling
inbound, the server is outside relative to the ASA and dynamic channels need to be opened for
connections coming inbound from the server. If the response message is outbound, then the ASA does
not need to open dynamic channels.
Because RFC 2326 does not require that the client and server ports must be in the SETUP response
message, the ASA keeps state and remembers the client ports in the SETUP message. QuickTime places
the client ports in the SETUP message and then the server responds with only the server ports.
RTSP inspection does not support PAT or dual-NAT. Also, the ASA cannot recognize HTTP cloaking
where RTSP messages are hidden in the HTTP messages.
Using RealPlayer
When using RealPlayer, it is important to properly configure transport mode. For the ASA, add an
access-list command from the server to the client or vice versa. For RealPlayer, change transport mode
by clicking Options>Preferences>Transport>RTSP Settings.
If using TCP mode on the RealPlayer, select the Use TCP to Connect to Server and Attempt to use
TCP for all content check boxes. On the ASA, there is no need to configure the inspection engine.
If using UDP mode on the RealPlayer, select the Use TCP to Connect to Server and Attempt to use
UDP for static content check boxes, and for live content not available via Multicast. On the ASA, add
an inspect rtsp port command.
Restrictions and Limitations
The following restrictions apply to the RSTP inspection.
•
The ASA does not support multicast RTSP or RTSP messages over UDP.
•
The ASA does not have the ability to recognize HTTP cloaking where RTSP messages are hidden
in the HTTP messages.
•
The ASA cannot perform NAT on RTSP messages because the embedded IP addresses are contained
in the SDP files as part of HTTP or RTSP messages. Packets could be fragmented and ASA cannot
perform NAT on fragmented packets.
•
With Cisco IP/TV, the number of translates the ASA performs on the SDP part of the message is
proportional to the number of program listings in the Content Manager (each program listing can
have at least six embedded IP addresses).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-15
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
RTSP Inspection
•
You can configure NAT for Apple QuickTime 4 or RealPlayer. Cisco IP/TV only works with NAT
if the Viewer and Content Manager are on the outside network and the server is on the inside
network.
Configuring an RTSP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create an RTSP inspection policy map. You can
then apply the inspection policy map when you enable RTSP inspection.
To create an RTSP inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
(Optional) Create an RTSP inspection class map by performing the following steps.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches. Traffic must match all of the match commands to match
the class map. You can alternatively identify match commands directly in the policy map. The difference
between creating a class map and defining the traffic match directly in the inspection policy map is that
the class map lets you create more complex match criteria, and you can reuse class maps.
To specify traffic that should not match the class map, use the match not command. For example, if the
match not command specifies the string “example.com,” then any traffic that includes “example.com”
does not match the class map.
For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can specify actions such as drop-connection and/or
log the connection in the inspection policy map.
If you want to perform different actions for each match command, you should identify the traffic directly
in the policy map.
a.
Create the class map by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect rtsp [match-all | match-any] class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
Where class_map_name is the name of the class map. The match-all keyword is the default, and
specifies that traffic must match all criteria to match the class map. The match-any keyword
specifies that the traffic matches the class map if it matches at least one of the criteria. The CLI
enters class-map configuration mode, where you can enter one or more match commands.
b.
(Optional) To add a description to the class map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description string
c.
(Optional) To match an RTSP request method, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request-method method
Where method is the type of method to match (announce, describe, get_parameter, options, pause,
play, record, redirect, setup, set_parameter, teardown).
d.
(Optional) To match URL filtering, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] url-filter regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-16
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
RTSP Inspection
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
Step 4
To create an RTSP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect rtsp policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 5
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 6
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the RTSP class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Step 7
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To restrict usage on reserve port for media negotiation, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# reserve-port-protect
c.
To set the limit on the URL length allowed in the message, enter the following command:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-17
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
SIP Inspection
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# url-length-limit length
Where the length argument specifies the URL length in bytes (0 to 6000).
The following example shows a how to define an RTSP inspection policy map.
ciscoasa(config)# regex badurl1 www.url1.com/rtsp.avi
ciscoasa(config)# regex badurl2 www.url2.com/rtsp.rm
hostname(config)# regex badurl3 www.url3.com/rtsp.asp
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type regex match-any badurl-list
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex badurl1
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex badurl2
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match regex badurl3
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect rtsp rtsp-filter-map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match url-filter regex class badurl-list
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# drop-connection
ciscoasa(config)# class-map rtsp-traffic-class
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match default-inspection-traffic
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map rtsp-traffic-policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class rtsp-traffic-class
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect rtsp rtsp-filter-map
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy rtsp-traffic-policy global
SIP Inspection
This section describes SIP application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
•
SIP Inspection Overview, page 11-18
•
SIP Instant Messaging, page 11-19
•
Configuring a SIP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 11-20
•
Configuring SIP Timeout Values, page 11-24
•
Verifying and Monitoring SIP Inspection, page 11-24
SIP Inspection Overview
SIP, as defined by the IETF, enables call handling sessions, particularly two-party audio conferences, or
“calls.” SIP works with SDP for call signalling. SDP specifies the ports for the media stream. Using SIP,
the ASA can support any SIP VoIP gateways and VoIP proxy servers. SIP and SDP are defined in the
following RFCs:
•
SIP: Session Initiation Protocol, RFC 3261
•
SDP: Session Description Protocol, RFC 2327
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-18
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
SIP Inspection
To support SIP calls through the ASA, signaling messages for the media connection addresses, media
ports, and embryonic connections for the media must be inspected, because while the signaling is sent
over a well-known destination port (UDP/TCP 5060), the media streams are dynamically allocated.
Also, SIP embeds IP addresses in the user-data portion of the IP packet. SIP inspection applies NAT for
these embedded IP addresses.
The following limitations and restrictions apply when using PAT with SIP:
•
If a remote endpoint tries to register with a SIP proxy on a network protected by the ASA, the
registration fails under very specific conditions, as follows:
– PAT is configured for the remote endpoint.
– The SIP registrar server is on the outside network.
– The port is missing in the contact field in the REGISTER message sent by the endpoint to the
proxy server.
– Configuring static PAT is not supported with SIP inspection. If static PAT is configured for the
Cisco Unified Communications Manager, SIP inspection cannot rewrite the SIP packet.
Configure one-to-one static NAT for the Cisco Unified Communications Manager.
•
If a SIP device transmits a packet in which the SDP portion has an IP address in the owner/creator
field (o=) that is different than the IP address in the connection field (c=), the IP address in the o=
field may not be properly translated. This is due to a limitation in the SIP protocol, which does not
provide a port value in the o= field.
•
When using PAT, any SIP header field which contains an internal IP address without a port might
not be translated and hence the internal IP address will be leaked outside. If you want to avoid this
leakage, configure NAT instead of PAT.
SIP Instant Messaging
Instant Messaging refers to the transfer of messages between users in near real-time. SIP supports the
Chat feature on Windows XP using Windows Messenger RTC Client version 4.7.0105 only. The
MESSAGE/INFO methods and 202 Accept response are used to support IM as defined in the following
RFCs:
•
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)-Specific Event Notification, RFC 3265
•
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Instant Messaging, RFC 3428
MESSAGE/INFO requests can come in at any time after registration/subscription. For example, two
users can be online at any time, but not chat for hours. Therefore, the SIP inspection engine opens
pinholes that time out according to the configured SIP timeout value. This value must be configured at
least five minutes longer than the subscription duration. The subscription duration is defined in the
Contact Expires value and is typically 30 minutes.
Because MESSAGE/INFO requests are typically sent using a dynamically allocated port other than port
5060, they are required to go through the SIP inspection engine.
Note
Only the Chat feature is currently supported. Whiteboard, File Transfer, and Application Sharing are not
supported. RTC Client 5.0 is not supported.
SIP inspection translates the SIP text-based messages, recalculates the content length for the SDP
portion of the message, and recalculates the packet length and checksum. It dynamically opens media
connections for ports specified in the SDP portion of the SIP message as address/ports on which the
endpoint should listen.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-19
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
SIP Inspection
SIP inspection has a database with indices CALL_ID/FROM/TO from the SIP payload. These indices
identify the call, the source, and the destination. This database contains the media addresses and media
ports found in the SDP media information fields and the media type. There can be multiple media
addresses and ports for a session. The ASA opens RTP/RTCP connections between the two endpoints
using these media addresses/ports.
The well-known port 5060 must be used on the initial call setup (INVITE) message; however, subsequent
messages may not have this port number. The SIP inspection engine opens signaling connection
pinholes, and marks these connections as SIP connections. This is done for the messages to reach the
SIP application and be translated.
As a call is set up, the SIP session is in the “transient” state until the media address and media port is
received from the called endpoint in a Response message indicating the RTP port the called endpoint
listens on. If there is a failure to receive the response messages within one minute, the signaling
connection is torn down.
Once the final handshake is made, the call state is moved to active and the signaling connection remains
until a BYE message is received.
If an inside endpoint initiates a call to an outside endpoint, a media hole is opened to the outside interface
to allow RTP/RTCP UDP packets to flow to the inside endpoint media address and media port specified
in the INVITE message from the inside endpoint. Unsolicited RTP/RTCP UDP packets to an inside
interface does not traverse the ASA, unless the ASA configuration specifically allows it.
Configuring a SIP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create a SIP inspection policy map. You can
then apply the inspection policy map when you enable SIP inspection.
To create a SIP inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
(Optional) Create a SIP inspection class map by performing the following steps.
A class map groups multiple traffic matches. Traffic must match all of the match commands to match
the class map. You can alternatively identify match commands directly in the policy map. The difference
between creating a class map and defining the traffic match directly in the inspection policy map is that
the class map lets you create more complex match criteria, and you can reuse class maps.
To specify traffic that should not match the class map, use the match not command. For example, if the
match not command specifies the string “example.com,” then any traffic that includes “example.com”
does not match the class map.
For the traffic that you identify in this class map, you can specify actions such as drop-connection, reset,
and/or log the connection in the inspection policy map.
If you want to perform different actions for each match command, you should identify the traffic directly
in the policy map.
a.
Create the class map by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map type inspect sip [match-all | match-any] class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-cmap)#
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-20
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
SIP Inspection
Where the class_map_name is the name of the class map. The match-all keyword is the default, and
specifies that traffic must match all criteria to match the class map. The match-any keyword
specifies that the traffic matches the class map if it matches at leX( The CLI enters class-map
configuration mode, where you can enter one or more match commands.
b.
(Optional) To add a description to the class map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# description string
Where string is the description of the class map (up to 200 characters).
c.
(Optional) To match a called party, as specified in the To header, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] called-party regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
d.
(Optional) To match a calling party, as specified in the From header, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] calling-party regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
e.
(Optional) To match a content length in the SIP header, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] content length gt length
Where length is the number of bytes the content length is greater than. 0 to 65536.
f.
(Optional) To match an SDP content type or regular expression, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] content type {sdp | regex {class class_name |
regex_name}}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
g.
(Optional) To match a SIP IM subscriber, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] im-subscriber regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
h.
(Optional) To match a SIP via header, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] message-path regex {class class_name | regex_name}
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
i.
(Optional) To match a SIP request method, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] request-method method
Where method is the type of method to match (ack, bye, cancel, info, invite, message, notify,
options, prack, refer, register, subscribe, unknown, update).
j.
(Optional) To match the requester of a third-party registration, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] third-party-registration regex {class class_name |
regex_name}
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-21
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
SIP Inspection
Where the regex regex_name argument is the regular expression you created in Step 1. The class
regex_class_name is the regular expression class map you created in Step 2.
k.
(Optional) To match an URI in the SIP headers, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match [not] uri {sip | tel} length gt length
Step 4
Where length is the number of bytes the URI is greater than. 0 to 65536.
Create a SIP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect sip policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 5
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 6
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the SIP class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.
Step 7
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-22
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
SIP Inspection
b.
To enable or disable instant messaging, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# im
c.
To enable or disable IP address privacy, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# ip-address-privacy
d.
To enable check on Max-forwards header field being 0 (which cannot be 0 before reaching the
destination), enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# max-forwards-validation action {drop | drop-connection |
reset | log} [log]
e.
To enable check on RTP packets flowing on the pinholes for protocol conformance, enter the
following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# rtp-conformance [enforce-payloadtype]
Where the enforce-payloadtype keyword enforces the payload type to be audio or video based on
the signaling exchange.
f.
To identify the Server and User-Agent header fields, which expose the software version of either a
server or an endpoint, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# software-version action {mask | log} [log]
Where the mask keyword masks the software version in the SIP messages.
g.
To enable state checking validation, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# state-checking action {drop | drop-connection | reset | log}
[log]
h.
To enable strict verification of the header fields in the SIP messages according to RFC 3261, enter
the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# strict-header-validation action {drop | drop-connection |
reset | log} [log]
i.
To allow non SIP traffic using the well-known SIP signaling port, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# traffic-non-sip
j.
To identify the non-SIP URIs present in the Alert-Info and Call-Info header fields, enter the
following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# uri-non-sip action {mask | log} [log]
The following example shows how to disable instant messaging over SIP:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect sip mymap
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# no im
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip mymap
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy global_policy global
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-23
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection
Configuring SIP Timeout Values
The media connections are torn down within two minutes after the connection becomes idle. This is,
however, a configurable timeout and can be set for a shorter or longer period of time. To configure the
timeout for the SIP control connection, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# timeout sip hh:mm:ss
This command configures the idle timeout after which a SIP control connection is closed.
To configure the timeout for the SIP media connection, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# timeout sip_media hh:mm:ss
This command configures the idle timeout after which a SIP media connection is closed.
Verifying and Monitoring SIP Inspection
The show sip command assists in troubleshooting SIP inspection engine issues and is described with the
inspect protocol sip udp 5060 command. The show timeout sip command displays the timeout value
of the designated protocol.
The show sip command displays information for SIP sessions established across the ASA. Along with
the debug sip and show local-host commands, this command is used for troubleshooting SIP inspection
engine issues.
Note
We recommend that you configure the pager command before entering the show sip command. If there
are a lot of SIP session records and the pager command is not configured, it takes a while for the show
sip command output to reach its end.
The following is sample output from the show sip command:
ciscoasa# show sip
Total: 2
call-id [email protected]
state Call init, idle 0:00:01
call-id [email protected]
state Active, idle 0:00:06
This sample shows two active SIP sessions on the ASA (as shown in the Total field). Each call-id
represents a call.
The first session, with the call-id [email protected], is in the state Call Init,
which means the session is still in call setup. Call setup is not complete until a final response to the call
has been received. For instance, the caller has already sent the INVITE, and maybe received a 100
Response, but has not yet seen the 200 OK, so the call setup is not complete yet. Any non-1xx response
message is considered a final response. This session has been idle for 1 second.
The second session is in the state Active, in which call setup is complete and the endpoints are
exchanging media. This session has been idle for 6 seconds.
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection
This section describes SCCP application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-24
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection
•
SCCP Inspection Overview, page 11-25
•
Supporting Cisco IP Phones, page 11-25
•
Restrictions and Limitations, page 11-26
•
Configuring a Skinny (SCCP) Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 11-26
•
Verifying and Monitoring SIP Inspection, page 11-24
SCCP Inspection Overview
Note
For specific information about setting up the Phone Proxy on the ASA, which is part of the Cisco Unified
Communications architecture and supports IP phone deployment, see Chapter 16, “Configuring the
Cisco Phone Proxy.”.
Skinny (SCCP) is a simplified protocol used in VoIP networks. Cisco IP Phones using SCCP can coexist
in an H.323 environment. When used with Cisco CallManager, the SCCP client can interoperate with
H.323 compliant terminals.
The ASA supports PAT and NAT for SCCP. PAT is necessary if you have more IP phones than global IP
addresses for the IP phones to use. By supporting NAT and PAT of SCCP Signaling packets, Skinny
application inspection ensures that all SCCP signalling and media packets can traverse the ASA.
Normal traffic between Cisco CallManager and Cisco IP Phones uses SCCP and is handled by SCCP
inspection without any special configuration. The ASA also supports DHCP options 150 and 66, which
it accomplishes by sending the location of a TFTP server to Cisco IP Phones and other DHCP clients.
Cisco IP Phones might also include DHCP option 3 in their requests, which sets the default route. For
more information, see the general operations configuration guide.
Note
The ASA supports inspection of traffic from Cisco IP Phones running SCCP protocol version 19 and
earlier.
Supporting Cisco IP Phones
Note
For specific information about setting up the Phone Proxy on the ASA, which is part of the Cisco Unified
Communications architecture and supports IP phone deployment, see Chapter 16, “Configuring the
Cisco Phone Proxy.”
In topologies where Cisco CallManager is located on the higher security interface with respect to the
Cisco IP Phones, if NAT is required for the Cisco CallManager IP address, the mapping must be static
as a Cisco IP Phone requires the Cisco CallManager IP address to be specified explicitly in its
configuration. An static identity entry allows the Cisco CallManager on the higher security interface to
accept registrations from the Cisco IP Phones.
Cisco IP Phones require access to a TFTP server to download the configuration information they need
to connect to the Cisco CallManager server.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-25
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection
When the Cisco IP Phones are on a lower security interface compared to the TFTP server, you must use
an ACL to connect to the protected TFTP server on UDP port 69. While you do need a static entry for
the TFTP server, this does not have to be an identity static entry. When using NAT, an identity static entry
maps to the same IP address. When using PAT, it maps to the same IP address and port.
When the Cisco IP Phones are on a higher security interface compared to the TFTP server and
Cisco CallManager, no ACL or static entry is required to allow the Cisco IP Phones to initiate the
connection.
Restrictions and Limitations
The following are limitations that apply to the current version of PAT and NAT support for SCCP:
•
PAT does not work with configurations containing the alias command.
•
Outside NAT or PAT is not supported.
If the address of an internal Cisco CallManager is configured for NAT or PAT to a different IP address
or port, registrations for external Cisco IP Phones fail because the ASA currently does not support NAT
or PAT for the file content transferred over TFTP. Although the ASA supports NAT of TFTP messages
and opens a pinhole for the TFTP file, the ASA cannot translate the Cisco CallManager IP address and
port embedded in the Cisco IP Phone configuration files that are transferred by TFTP during phone
registration.
Note
The ASA supports stateful failover of SCCP calls except for calls that are in the middle of call setup.
Configuring a Skinny (SCCP) Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection
Control
To specify actions when a message violates a parameter, create an SCCP inspection policy map. You can
then apply the inspection policy map when you enable SCCP inspection.
To create an SCCP inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Add one or more regular expressions for use in traffic matching commands according to the
general operations configuration guide. See the types of text you can match in the match commands
described in Step 3.
Step 2
(Optional) Create one or more regular expression class maps to group regular expressions according to
the general operations configuration guide.
Step 3
Create an SCCP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect skinny policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 4
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-26
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection
Step 5
To apply actions to matching traffic, perform the following steps.
a.
Specify the traffic on which you want to perform actions using one of the following methods:
•
Specify the SCCP class map that you created in Step 3 by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)#
•
b.
Specify traffic directly in the policy map using one of the match commands described in Step 3.
If you use a match not command, then any traffic that does not match the criterion in the match
not command has the action applied.
Specify the action you want to perform on the matching traffic by entering the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# {[drop [send-protocol-error] |
drop-connection [send-protocol-error]| mask | reset] [log] | rate-limit message_rate}
Not all options are available for each match or class command. See the CLI help or the command
reference for the exact options available.
The drop keyword drops all packets that match.
The send-protocol-error keyword sends a protocol error message.
The drop-connection keyword drops the packet and closes the connection.
The mask keyword masks out the matching portion of the packet.
The reset keyword drops the packet, closes the connection, and sends a TCP reset to the server
and/or client.
The log keyword, which you can use alone or with one of the other keywords, sends a system log
message.
The rate-limit message_rate argument limits the rate of messages.
Step 6
You can specify multiple class or match commands in the policy map. For information about the order
of class and match commands, see the “Defining Actions in an Inspection Policy Map” section on
page 2-4.To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To enforce registration before calls can be placed, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# enforce-registration
c.
To set the maximum SCCP station message ID allowed, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# message-ID max hex_value
Where the hex_value argument is the station message ID in hex.
d.
To check RTP packets flowing on the pinholes for protocol conformance, enter the following
command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# rtp-conformance [enforce-payloadtype]
Where the enforce-payloadtype keyword enforces the payload type to be audio or video based on
the signaling exchange.
e.
To set the maximum and minimum SCCP prefix length value allowed, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# sccp-prefix-len {max | min} value_length
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-27
Chapter 11
Configuring Inspection for Voice and Video Protocols
Skinny (SCCP) Inspection
Where the value_length argument is a maximum or minimum value.
f.
To configure the timeout value for signaling and media connections, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# timeout
The following example shows how to define an SCCP inspection policy map.
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect skinny skinny-map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# enforce-registration
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# match message-id range 200 300
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# drop log
ciscoasa(config)# class-map inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match default-inspection-traffic
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny skinny-map
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy global_policy global
Verifying and Monitoring SCCP Inspection
The show skinny command assists in troubleshooting SCCP (Skinny) inspection engine issues. The
following is sample output from the show skinny command under the following conditions. There are
two active Skinny sessions set up across the ASA. The first one is established between an internal Cisco
IP Phone at local address 10.0.0.11 and an external Cisco CallManager at 172.18.1.33. TCP port 2000
is the CallManager. The second one is established between another internal Cisco IP Phone at local
address 10.0.0.22 and the same Cisco CallManager.
ciscoasa# show skinny
LOCAL
FOREIGN
STATE
--------------------------------------------------------------1
10.0.0.11/52238
172.18.1.33/2000
1
MEDIA 10.0.0.11/22948
172.18.1.22/20798
2
10.0.0.22/52232
172.18.1.33/2000
1
MEDIA 10.0.0.22/20798
172.18.1.11/22948
The output indicates that a call has been established between two internal Cisco IP Phones. The RTP
listening ports of the first and second phones are UDP 22948 and 20798 respectively.
The following is sample output from the show xlate debug command for these Skinny connections:
ciscoasa# show xlate debug
2 in use, 2 most used
Flags: D - DNS, d - dump, I - identity, i - inside, n - no random,
r - portmap, s - static
NAT from inside:10.0.0.11 to outside:172.18.1.11 flags si idle 0:00:16 timeout 0:05:00
NAT from inside:10.0.0.22 to outside:172.18.1.22 flags si idle 0:00:14 timeout 0:05:00
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
11-28
CH AP TE R
12
Configuring Inspection of Database and
Directory Protocols
This chapter describes how to configure application layer protocol inspection. Inspection engines are
required for services that embed IP addressing information in the user data packet or that open secondary
channels on dynamically assigned ports. These protocols require the ASA to do a deep packet inspection
instead of passing the packet through the fast path. As a result, inspection engines can affect overall
throughput.
Several common inspection engines are enabled on the ASA by default, but you might need to enable
others depending on your network.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
ILS Inspection, page 12-1
•
SQL*Net Inspection, page 12-2
•
Sun RPC Inspection, page 12-3
ILS Inspection
The ILS inspection engine provides NAT support for Microsoft NetMeeting, SiteServer, and Active
Directory products that use LDAP to exchange directory information with an ILS server.
The ASA supports NAT for ILS, which is used to register and locate endpoints in the ILS or SiteServer
Directory. PAT cannot be supported because only IP addresses are stored by an LDAP database.
For search responses, when the LDAP server is located outside, NAT should be considered to allow
internal peers to communicate locally while registered to external LDAP servers. For such search
responses, xlates are searched first, and then DNAT entries to obtain the correct address. If both of these
searches fail, then the address is not changed. For sites using NAT 0 (no NAT) and not expecting DNAT
interaction, we recommend that the inspection engine be turned off to provide better performance.
Additional configuration may be necessary when the ILS server is located inside the ASA border. This
would require a hole for outside clients to access the LDAP server on the specified port, typically TCP
389.
Because ILS traffic only occurs on the secondary UDP channel, the TCP connection is disconnected after
the TCP inactivity interval. By default, this interval is 60 minutes and can be adjusted using the timeout
command.
ILS/LDAP follows a client/server model with sessions handled over a single TCP connection.
Depending on the client's actions, several of these sessions may be created.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
12-1
Chapter 12
Configuring Inspection of Database and Directory Protocols
SQL*Net Inspection
During connection negotiation time, a BIND PDU is sent from the client to the server. Once a successful
BIND RESPONSE from the server is received, other operational messages may be exchanged (such as
ADD, DEL, SEARCH, or MODIFY) to perform operations on the ILS Directory. The ADD REQUEST
and SEARCH RESPONSE PDUs may contain IP addresses of NetMeeting peers, used by H.323 (SETUP
and CONNECT messages) to establish the NetMeeting sessions. Microsoft NetMeeting v2.X and v3.X
provides ILS support.
The ILS inspection performs the following operations:
•
Decodes the LDAP REQUEST/RESPONSE PDUs using the BER decode functions
•
Parses the LDAP packet
•
Extracts IP addresses
•
Translates IP addresses as necessary
•
Encodes the PDU with translated addresses using BER encode functions
•
Copies the newly encoded PDU back to the TCP packet
•
Performs incremental TCP checksum and sequence number adjustment
ILS inspection has the following limitations:
Note
•
Referral requests and responses are not supported
•
Users in multiple directories are not unified
•
Single users having multiple identities in multiple directories cannot be recognized by NAT
Because H225 call signalling traffic only occurs on the secondary UDP channel, the TCP connection is
disconnected after the interval specified by the TCP timeout command. By default, this interval is set at
60 minutes.
SQL*Net Inspection
SQL*Net inspection is enabled by default.
The SQL*Net protocol consists of different packet types that the ASA handles to make the data stream
appear consistent to the Oracle applications on either side of the ASA.
The default port assignment for SQL*Net is 1521. This is the value used by Oracle for SQL*Net, but
this value does not agree with IANA port assignments for Structured Query Language (SQL). Use the
class-map command to apply SQL*Net inspection to a range of port numbers.
Note
Disable SQL*Net inspection when SQL data transfer occurs on the same port as the SQL control TCP
port 1521. The security appliance acts as a proxy when SQL*Net inspection is enabled and reduces the
client window size from 65000 to about 16000 causing data transfer issues.
The ASA translates all addresses and looks in the packets for all embedded ports to open for SQL*Net
Version 1.
For SQL*Net Version 2, all DATA or REDIRECT packets that immediately follow REDIRECT packets
with a zero data length will be fixed up.
The packets that need fix-up contain embedded host/port addresses in the following format:
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(DEV=6)(HOST=a.b.c.d)(PORT=a))
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
12-2
Chapter 12
Configuring Inspection of Database and Directory Protocols
Sun RPC Inspection
SQL*Net Version 2 TNSFrame types (Connect, Accept, Refuse, Resend, and Marker) will not be
scanned for addresses to NAT nor will inspection open dynamic connections for any embedded ports in
the packet.
SQL*Net Version 2 TNSFrames, Redirect, and Data packets will be scanned for ports to open and
addresses to NAT, if preceded by a REDIRECT TNSFrame type with a zero data length for the payload.
When the Redirect message with data length zero passes through the ASA, a flag will be set in the
connection data structure to expect the Data or Redirect message that follows to be translated and ports
to be dynamically opened. If one of the TNS frames in the preceding paragraph arrive after the Redirect
message, the flag will be reset.
The SQL*Net inspection engine will recalculate the checksum, change IP, TCP lengths, and readjust
Sequence Numbers and Acknowledgment Numbers using the delta of the length of the new and old
message.
SQL*Net Version 1 is assumed for all other cases. TNSFrame types (Connect, Accept, Refuse, Resend,
Marker, Redirect, and Data) and all packets will be scanned for ports and addresses. Addresses will be
translated and port connections will be opened.
Sun RPC Inspection
This section describes Sun RPC application inspection. This section includes the following topics:
•
Sun RPC Inspection Overview, page 12-3
•
Managing Sun RPC Services, page 12-4
•
Verifying and Monitoring Sun RPC Inspection, page 12-4
Sun RPC Inspection Overview
The Sun RPC inspection engine enables or disables application inspection for the Sun RPC protocol. Sun
RPC is used by NFS and NIS. Sun RPC services can run on any port. When a client attempts to access
an Sun RPC service on a server, it must learn the port that service is running on. It does this by querying
the port mapper process, usually rpcbind, on the well-known port of 111.
The client sends the Sun RPC program number of the service and the port mapper process responds with
the port number of the service. The client sends its Sun RPC queries to the server, specifying the port
identified by the port mapper process. When the server replies, the ASA intercepts this packet and opens
both embryonic TCP and UDP connections on that port.
The following limitations apply to Sun RPC inspection:
•
NAT or PAT of Sun RPC payload information is not supported.
•
Sun RPC inspection supports inbound ACLs only. Sun RPC inspection does not support outbound
ACLs because the inspection engine uses dynamic ACLs instead of secondary connections.
Dynamic ACLs are always added on the ingress direction and not on egress; therefore, this
inspection engine does not support outbound ACLs. To view the dynamic ACLs configured for the
ASA, use the show asp table classify domain permit command. For information about the show
asp table classify domain permit command, see the CLI configuration guide.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
12-3
Chapter 12
Configuring Inspection of Database and Directory Protocols
Sun RPC Inspection
Managing Sun RPC Services
Use the Sun RPC services table to control Sun RPC traffic through the ASA based on established Sun
RPC sessions. To create entries in the Sun RPC services table, use the sunrpc-server command in global
configuration mode:
ciscoasa(config)# sunrpc-server interface_name ip_address mask service service_type
protocol {tcp | udp} port[-port] timeout hh:mm:ss
You can use this command to specify the timeout after which the pinhole that was opened by Sun RPC
application inspection will be closed. For example, to create a timeout of 30 minutes to the Sun RPC
server with the IP address 192.168.100.2, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# sunrpc-server inside 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.255 service 100003
protocol tcp 111 timeout 00:30:00
This command specifies that the pinhole that was opened by Sun RPC application inspection will be
closed after 30 minutes. In this example, the Sun RPC server is on the inside interface using TCP port
111. You can also specify UDP, a different port number, or a range of ports. To specify a range of ports,
separate the starting and ending port numbers in the range with a hyphen (for example, 111-113).
The service type identifies the mapping between a specific service type and the port number used for the
service. To determine the service type, which in this example is 100003, use the sunrpcinfo command
at the UNIX or Linux command line on the Sun RPC server machine.
To clear the Sun RPC configuration, enter the following command.
ciscoasa(config)# clear configure sunrpc-server
This removes the configuration performed using the sunrpc-server command. The sunrpc-server
command allows pinholes to be created with a specified timeout.
To clear the active Sun RPC services, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# clear sunrpc-server active
This clears the pinholes that are opened by Sun RPC application inspection for specific services, such
as NFS or NIS.
Verifying and Monitoring Sun RPC Inspection
The sample output in this section is for a Sun RPC server with an IP address of 192.168.100.2 on the
inside interface and a Sun RPC client with an IP address of 209.168.200.5 on the outside interface.
To view information about the current Sun RPC connections, enter the show conn command. The
following is sample output from the show conn command:
ciscoasa# show conn
15 in use, 21 most used
UDP out 209.165.200.5:800 in 192.168.100.2:2049 idle 0:00:04 flags UDP out 209.165.200.5:714 in 192.168.100.2:111 idle 0:00:04 flags UDP out 209.165.200.5:712 in 192.168.100.2:647 idle 0:00:05 flags UDP out 192.168.100.2:0 in 209.165.200.5:714 idle 0:00:05 flags i
ciscoasa(config)#
To display the information about the Sun RPC service table configuration, enter the show
running-config sunrpc-server command. The following is sample output from the show
running-config sunrpc-server command:
ciscoasa(config)# show running-config sunrpc-server
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
12-4
Chapter 12
Configuring Inspection of Database and Directory Protocols
Sun RPC Inspection
sunrpc-server inside 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.255 service 100003 protocol UDP port 111
timeout 0:30:00
sunrpc-server inside 192.168.100.2 255.255.255.255 service 100005 protocol UDP port 111
timeout 0:30:00
This output shows that a timeout interval of 30 minutes is configured on UDP port 111 for the Sun RPC
server with the IP address 192.168.100.2 on the inside interface.
To display the pinholes open for Sun RPC services, enter the show sunrpc-server active command. The
following is sample output from show sunrpc-server active command:
ciscoasa# show sunrpc-server active
LOCAL FOREIGN SERVICE TIMEOUT
----------------------------------------------1 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/2049 100003 0:30:00
2 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/2049 100003 0:30:00
3 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/647 100005 0:30:00
4 209.165.200.5/0 192.168.100.2/650 100005 0:30:00
The entry in the LOCAL column shows the IP address of the client or server on the inside interface, while
the value in the FOREIGN column shows the IP address of the client or server on the outside interface.
To view information about the Sun RPC services running on a Sun RPC server, enter the rpcinfo -p
command from the Linux or UNIX server command line. The following is sample output from the
rpcinfo -p command:
sunrpcserver:~ # rpcinfo -p
program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100024 1 udp 632 status
100024 1 tcp 635 status
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100003 3 udp 2049 nfs
100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs
100021 1 udp 32771 nlockmgr
100021 3 udp 32771 nlockmgr
100021 4 udp 32771 nlockmgr
100021 1 tcp 32852 nlockmgr
100021 3 tcp 32852 nlockmgr
100021 4 tcp 32852 nlockmgr
100005 1 udp 647 mountd
100005 1 tcp 650 mountd
100005 2 udp 647 mountd
100005 2 tcp 650 mountd
100005 3 udp 647 mountd
100005 3 tcp 650 mountd
In this output, port 647 corresponds to the mountd daemon running over UDP. The mountd process
would more commonly be using port 32780. The mountd process running over TCP uses port 650 in this
example.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
12-5
Chapter 12
Sun RPC Inspection
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
12-6
Configuring Inspection of Database and Directory Protocols
CH AP TE R
13
Configuring Inspection for Management
Application Protocols
This chapter describes how to configure application layer protocol inspection. Inspection engines are
required for services that embed IP addressing information in the user data packet or that open secondary
channels on dynamically assigned ports. These protocols require the ASA to do a deep packet inspection
instead of passing the packet through the fast path. As a result, inspection engines can affect overall
throughput.
Several common inspection engines are enabled on the ASA by default, but you might need to enable
others depending on your network.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
DCERPC Inspection, page 13-1
•
GTP Inspection, page 13-3
•
RADIUS Accounting Inspection, page 13-8
•
RSH Inspection, page 13-10
•
SNMP Inspection, page 13-10
•
XDMCP Inspection, page 13-11
DCERPC Inspection
This section describes the DCERPC inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
•
DCERPC Overview, page 13-1
•
Configuring a DCERPC Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 13-2
DCERPC Overview
DCERPC is a protocol widely used by Microsoft distributed client and server applications that allows
software clients to execute programs on a server remotely.
This typically involves a client querying a server called the Endpoint Mapper listening on a well known
port number for the dynamically allocated network information of a required service. The client then sets
up a secondary connection to the server instance providing the service. The security appliance allows the
appropriate port number and network address and also applies NAT, if needed, for the secondary
connection.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-1
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
DCERPC Inspection
DCERPC inspect maps inspect for native TCP communication between the EPM and client on well
known TCP port 135. Map and lookup operations of the EPM are supported for clients. Client and server
can be located in any security zone. The embedded server IP address and Port number are received from
the applicable EPM response messages. Since a client may attempt multiple connections to the server
port returned by EPM, multiple use of pinholes are allowed, which have user configurable timeouts.
Note
DCERPC inspection only supports communication between the EPM and clients to open pinholes
through theASA. Clients using RPC communication that does not use the EPM is not supported with
DCERPC inspection.
Configuring a DCERPC Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
To specify additional DCERPC inspection parameters, create a DCERPC inspection policy map. You can
then apply the inspection policy map when you enable DCERPC inspection.
To create a DCERPC inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Create a DCERPC inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect dcerpc policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 2
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 3
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
b.
To configure the timeout for DCERPC pinholes and override the global system pinhole timeout of
two minutes, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# timeout pinhole hh:mm:ss
Where the hh:mm:ss argument is the timeout for pinhole connections. Value is between 0:0:1 and
1193:0:0.
c.
To configure options for the endpoint mapper traffic, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# endpoint-mapper [epm-service-only] [lookup-operation
[timeout hh:mm:ss]]
Where the hh:mm:ss argument is the timeout for pinholes generated from the lookup operation. If
no timeout is configured for the lookup operation, the timeout pinhole command or the default is
used. The epm-service-only keyword enforces endpoint mapper service during binding so that only
its service traffic is processed. The lookup-operation keyword enables the lookup operation of the
endpoint mapper service.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-2
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
GTP Inspection
The following example shows how to define a DCERPC inspection policy map with the timeout
configured for DCERPC pinholes.
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect dcerpc dcerpc_map
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# timeout pinhole 0:10:00
ciscoasa(config)# class-map dcerpc
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 135
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global-policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class dcerpc
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect dcerpc dcerpc-map
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy global-policy global
GTP Inspection
This section describes the GTP inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
Note
•
GTP Inspection Overview, page 13-3
•
Configuring a GTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 13-4
•
Verifying and Monitoring GTP Inspection, page 13-7
GTP inspection requires a special license. If you enter GTP-related commands on a ASA without the
required license, the ASA displays an error message.
GTP Inspection Overview
GPRS provides uninterrupted connectivity for mobile subscribers between GSM networks and corporate
networks or the Internet. The GGSN is the interface between the GPRS wireless data network and other
networks. The SGSN performs mobility, data session management, and data compression.
The UMTS is the commercial convergence of fixed-line telephony, mobile, Internet and computer
technology. UTRAN is the networking protocol used for implementing wireless networks in this system.
GTP allows multi-protocol packets to be tunneled through a UMTS/GPRS backbone between a GGSN,
an SGSN and the UTRAN.
GTP does not include any inherent security or encryption of user data, but using GTP with the ASA helps
protect your network against these risks.
The SGSN is logically connected to a GGSN using GTP. GTP allows multiprotocol packets to be
tunneled through the GPRS backbone between GSNs. GTP provides a tunnel control and management
protocol that allows the SGSN to provide GPRS network access for a mobile station by creating,
modifying, and deleting tunnels. GTP uses a tunneling mechanism to provide a service for carrying user
data packets.
Note
When using GTP with failover, if a GTP connection is established and the active unit fails before data
is transmitted over the tunnel, the GTP data connection (with a “j” flag set) is not replicated to the
standby unit. This occurs because the active unit does not replicate embryonic connections to the standby
unit.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-3
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
GTP Inspection
Configuring a GTP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
If you want to enforce additional parameters on GTP traffic, create and configure a GTP map. If you do
not specify a map with the inspect gtp command, the ASA uses the default GTP map, which is
preconfigured with the following default values:
•
request-queue 200
•
timeout gsn 0:30:00
•
timeout pdp-context 0:30:00
•
timeout request 0:01:00
•
timeout signaling 0:30:00
•
timeout tunnel 0:01:00
•
tunnel-limit 500
To create and configure a GTP map, perform the following steps. You can then apply the GTP map when
you enable GTP inspection according to the “Configuring Application Layer Protocol Inspection”
section on page 9-7.
Step 1
Create a GTP inspection policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect gtp policy_map_name
ciscoasa(config-pmap)#
Where the policy_map_name is the name of the policy map. The CLI enters policy-map configuration
mode.
Step 2
(Optional) To add a description to the policy map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# description string
Step 3
To match an Access Point name, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match [not] apn regex [regex_name | class regex_class_name]
Step 4
To match a message ID, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match [not] message id [message_id | range lower_range upper_range]
Where the message_id is an alphanumeric identifier between 1 and 255. The lower_range is lower range
of message IDs. The upper_range is the upper range of message IDs.
Step 5
To match a message length, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match [not] message length min min_length max max_length
Where the min_length and max_length are both between 1 and 65536. The length specified by this
command is the sum of the GTP header and the rest of the message, which is the payload of the UDP
packet.
Step 6
To match the version, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# match [not] version [version_id | range lower_range upper_range]
Where the version_id is between 0and 255. The lower_range is lower range of versions. The
upper_range is the upper range of versions.
Step 7
To configure parameters that affect the inspection engine, perform the following steps:
a.
To enter parameters configuration mode, enter the following command:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-4
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
GTP Inspection
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)#
The mnc network_code argument is a two or three-digit value identifying the network code.
By default, the security appliance does not check for valid MCC/MNC combinations. This command
is used for IMSI Prefix filtering. The MCC and MNC in the IMSI of the received packet is compared
with the MCC/MNC configured with this command and is dropped if it does not match.
This command must be used to enable IMSI Prefix filtering. You can configure multiple instances
to specify permitted MCC and MNC combinations. By default, the ASA does not check the validity
of MNC and MCC combinations, so you must verify the validity of the combinations configured. To
find more information about MCC and MNC codes, see the ITU E.212 recommendation,
Identification Plan for Land Mobile Stations.
b.
To allow invalid GTP packets or packets that otherwise would fail parsing and be dropped, enter the
following command:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# permit errors
By default, all invalid packets or packets that failed, during parsing, are dropped.
c.
To enable support for GSN pooling, use the permit response command.
If the ASA performs GTP inspection, by default the ASA drops GTP responses from GSNs that were
not specified in the GTP request. This situation occurs when you use load-balancing among a pool
of GSNs to provide efficiency and scalability of GPRS.
You can enable support for GSN pooling by using the permit response command. This command
configures the ASA to allow responses from any of a designated set of GSNs, regardless of the GSN
to which a GTP request was sent. You identify the pool of load-balancing GSNs as a network object.
Likewise, you identify the SGSN as a network object. If the GSN responding belongs to the same
object group as the GSN that the GTP request was sent to and if the SGSN is in a object group that
the responding GSN is permitted to send a GTP response to, the ASA permits the response.
d.
To create an object to represent the pool of load-balancing GSNs, perform the following steps:
Use the object-group command to define a new network object group representing the pool of
load-balancing GSNs.
ciscoasa(config)# object-group network GSN-pool-name
ciscoasa(config-network)#
For example, the following command creates an object group named gsnpool32:
ciscoasa(config)# object-group network gsnpool32
ciscoasa(config-network)#
e.
Use the network-object command to specify the load-balancing GSNs. You can do so with one
network-object command per GSN, using the host keyword. You can also using network-object
command to identify whole networks containing GSNs that perform load balancing.
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object host IP-address
For example, the following commands create three network objects representing individual hosts:
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object host 192.168.100.1
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object host 192.168.100.2
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object host 192.168.100.3
ciscoasa(config-network)#
f.
To create an object to represent the SGSN that the load-balancing GSNs are permitted to respond to,
perform the following steps:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-5
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
GTP Inspection
a. Use the object-group command to define a new network object group that will represent the
SGSN that sends GTP requests to the GSN pool.
ciscoasa(config)# object-group network SGSN-name
ciscoasa(config-network)#
For example, the following command creates an object group named sgsn32:
ciscoasa(config)# object-group network sgsn32
ciscoasa(config-network)#
b. Use the network-object command with the host keyword to identify the SGSN.
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object host IP-address
For example, the following command creates a network objects representing the SGSN:
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object host 192.168.50.100
ciscoasa(config-network)#
g.
To allow GTP responses from any GSN in the network object representing the GSN pool, defined in
c., d, to the network object representing the SGSN, defined in c., f., enter the following commands:
ciscoasa(config)# gtp-map map_name
ciscoasa(config-gtp-map)# permit response to-object-group SGSN-name from-object-group
GSN-pool-name
For example, the following command permits GTP responses from any host in the object group
named gsnpool32 to the host in the object group named sgsn32:
ciscoasa(config-gtp-map)# permit response to-object-group sgsn32 from-object-group
gsnpool32
The following example shows how to support GSN pooling by defining network objects for the GSN
pool and the SGSN. An entire Class C network is defined as the GSN pool but you can identify
multiple individual IP addresses, one per network-object command, instead of identifying whole
networks. The example then modifies a GTP map to permit responses from the GSN pool to the
SGSN.
ciscoasa(config)# object-group network gsnpool32
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object 192.168.100.0 255.255.255.0
ciscoasa(config)# object-group network sgsn32
ciscoasa(config-network)# network-object host 192.168.50.100
ciscoasa(config)# gtp-map gtp-policy
ciscoasa(config-gtp-map)# permit response to-object-group sgsn32 from-object-group
gsnpool32
h.
To specify the maximum number of GTP requests that will be queued waiting for a response, enter
the following command:
ciscoasa(config-gtp-map)# request-queue max_requests
where the max_requests argument sets the maximum number of GTP requests that will be queued
waiting for a response, from 1 to 4294967295. The default is 200.
When the limit has been reached and a new request arrives, the request that has been in the queue
for the longest time is removed. The Error Indication, the Version Not Supported and the SGSN
Context Acknowledge messages are not considered as requests and do not enter the request queue
to wait for a response.
i.
To change the inactivity timers for a GTP session, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config-gtp-map)# timeout {gsn | pdp-context | request | signaling | tunnel}
hh:mm:ss
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-6
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
GTP Inspection
Enter this command separately for each timeout.
The gsn keyword specifies the period of inactivity after which a GSN will be removed.
The pdp-context keyword specifies the maximum period of time allowed before beginning to
receive the PDP context.
The request keyword specifies the maximum period of time allowed before beginning to receive the
GTP message.
The signaling keyword specifies the period of inactivity after which the GTP signaling will be
removed.
The tunnel keyword specifies the period of inactivity after which the GTP tunnel will be torn down.
The hh:mm:ss argument is the timeout where hh specifies the hour, mm specifies the minutes, and
ss specifies the seconds. The value 0 means never tear down.
j.
To specify the maximum number of GTP tunnels allowed to be active on the ASA, enter the
following command:
ciscoasa(config-gtp-map)# tunnel-limit max_tunnels
where the max_tunnels argument is the maximum number of tunnels allowed, from 1 to
4294967295. The default is 500.
New requests will be dropped once the number of tunnels specified by this command is reached.
The following example shows how to limit the number of tunnels in the network:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect gtp gmap
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# tunnel-limit 3000
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global_policy
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect gtp gmap
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy global_policy global
Verifying and Monitoring GTP Inspection
To display GTP configuration, enter the show service-policy inspect gtp command in privileged EXEC
mode. For the detailed syntax for this command, see the command page in the command reference.
Use the show service-policy inspect gtp statistics command to show the statistics for GTP inspection.
The following is sample output from the show service-policy inspect gtp statistics command:
ciscoasa# show service-policy inspect gtp statistics
GPRS GTP Statistics:
version_not_support
0
msg_too_short
unknown_msg
0
unexpected_sig_msg
unexpected_data_msg
0
ie_duplicated
mandatory_ie_missing
0
mandatory_ie_incorrect
optional_ie_incorrect
0
ie_unknown
ie_out_of_order
0
ie_unexpected
total_forwarded
0
total_dropped
signalling_msg_dropped
0
data_msg_dropped
signalling_msg_forwarded
0
data_msg_forwarded
total created_pdp
0
total deleted_pdp
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-7
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
RADIUS Accounting Inspection
total created_pdpmcb
pdp_non_existent
0
0
total deleted_pdpmcb
0
You can use the vertical bar (|) to filter the display. Type ?| for more display filtering options.
The following is sample GSN output from the show service-policy inspect gtp statistics gsn command:
ciscoasa# show service-policy inspect gtp statistics gsn 9.9.9.9
1 in use, 1 most used, timeout 0:00:00
GTP GSN Statistics for 9.9.9.9, Idle 0:00:00, restart counter 0
Tunnels Active 0Tunnels Created 0
Tunnels Destroyed 0
Total Messages Received 2
Signaling Messages Data Messages
total received 2 0
dropped 0 0
forwarded 2 0
Use the show service-policy inspect gtp pdp-context command to display PDP context-related
information. The following is sample output from the show service-policy inspect gtp pdp-context
command:
ciscoasa# show service-policy inspect gtp pdp-context detail
1 in use, 1 most used, timeout 0:00:00
Version TID
v1
1234567890123425
MS Addr
10.0.1.1
user_name (IMSI): 214365870921435
primary pdp: Y
sgsn_addr_signal:
10.0.0.2
ggsn_addr_signal:
10.1.1.1
sgsn control teid:
0x000001d1
ggsn control teid:
0x6306ffa0
seq_tpdu_up:
0
signal_sequence:
0
upstream_signal_flow:
0
downstream_signal_flow:
0
RAupdate_flow:
0
SGSN Addr
Idle
10.0.0.2 0:00:13
MS address:
nsapi: 2
sgsn_addr_data:
ggsn_addr_data:
sgsn data teid:
ggsn data teid:
seq_tpdu_down:
APN
gprs.cisco.com
1.1.1.1
10.0.0.2
10.1.1.1
0x000001d3
0x6305f9fc
0
upstream_data_flow:
downstream_data_flow:
0
0
The PDP context is identified by the tunnel ID, which is a combination of the values for IMSI and
NSAPI. A GTP tunnel is defined by two associated PDP contexts in different GSN nodes and is
identified with a Tunnel ID. A GTP tunnel is necessary to forward packets between an external packet
data network and a MS user.
You can use the vertical bar (|) to filter the display, as in the following example:
ciscoasa# show service-policy gtp statistics
|
grep gsn
RADIUS Accounting Inspection
This section describes the RADIUS Accounting inspection engine. This section includes the following
topics:
•
RADIUS Accounting Inspection Overview, page 13-9
•
Configuring a RADIUS Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 13-9
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-8
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
RADIUS Accounting Inspection
RADIUS Accounting Inspection Overview
One of the well known problems is the over-billing attack in GPRS networks. The over-billing attack can
cause consumers anger and frustration by being billed for services that they have not used. In this case,
a malicious attacker sets up a connection to a server and obtains an IP address from the SGSN. When
the attacker ends the call, the malicious server will still send packets to it, which gets dropped by the
GGSN, but the connection from the server remains active. The IP address assigned to the malicious
attacker gets released and reassigned to a legitimate user who will then get billed for services that the
attacker will use.
RADIUS accounting inspection prevents this type of attack by ensuring the traffic seen by the GGSN is
legitimate. With the RADIUS accounting feature properly configured, the security appliance tears down
a connection based on matching the Framed IP attribute in the Radius Accounting Request Start message
with the Radius Accounting Request Stop message. When the Stop message is seen with the matching
IP address in the Framed IP attribute, the security appliance looks for all connections with the source
matching the IP address.
You have the option to configure a secret pre-shared key with the RADIUS server so the security
appliance can validate the message. If the shared secret is not configured, the security appliance does
not need to validate the source of the message and will only check that the source IP address is one of
the configured addresses allowed to send the RADIUS messages.
Note
When using RADIUS accounting inspection with GPRS enabled, the ASA checks for the
3GPP-Session-Stop-Indicator in the Accounting Request STOP messages to properly handle secondary
PDP contexts. Specifically, the ASA requires that the Accounting Request STOP messages include the
3GPP-SGSN-Address attribute before it will terminate the user sessions and all associated connections.
Some third-party GGSNs might not send this attribute by default.
Configuring a RADIUS Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
In order to use this feature, the radius-accounting-map will need to be specified in the policy-map type
management and then applied to the service-policy using the new control-plane keyword to specify that
this traffic is for to-the-box inspection.
The following example shows the complete set of commands in context to properly configure this
feature:
Step 1
Configure the class map and the port:
class-map type management c1
match port udp eq 1888
Step 2
Create the policy map, and configure the parameters for RADIUS accounting inspection using the
parameter command to access the proper mode to configure the attributes, host, and key.
policy-map type inspect radius-accounting radius_accounting_map
parameters
host 10.1.1.1 inside key 123456789
send response
enable gprs
validate-attribute 22
Step 3
Configure the service policy.
policy-map global_policy
class c1
inspect radius-accounting radius_accounting_map
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-9
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
RSH Inspection
service-policy global_policy global
RSH Inspection
RSH inspection is enabled by default. The RSH protocol uses a TCP connection from the RSH client to
the RSH server on TCP port 514. The client and server negotiate the TCP port number where the client
listens for the STDERR output stream. RSH inspection supports NAT of the negotiated port number if
necessary.
SNMP Inspection
This section describes the SNMP inspection engine. This section includes the following topics:
•
SNMP Inspection Overview, page 13-10
•
Configuring an SNMP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control, page 13-10
SNMP Inspection Overview
SNMP application inspection lets you restrict SNMP traffic to a specific version of SNMP. Earlier
versions of SNMP are less secure; therefore, denying certain SNMP versions may be required by your
security policy. The ASA can deny SNMP versions 1, 2, 2c, or 3. You control the versions permitted by
creating an SNMP map.
You then apply the SNMP map when you enable SNMP inspection according to the “Configuring
Application Layer Protocol Inspection” section on page 9-7.
Configuring an SNMP Inspection Policy Map for Additional Inspection Control
To create an SNMP inspection policy map, perform the following steps:
Step 1
To create an SNMP map, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# snmp-map map_name
ciscoasa(config-snmp-map)#
where map_name is the name of the SNMP map. The CLI enters SNMP map configuration mode.
Step 2
To specify the versions of SNMP to deny, enter the following command for each version:
ciscoasa(config-snmp-map)# deny version version
ciscoasa(config-snmp-map)#
where version is 1, 2, 2c, or 3.
The following example denies SNMP Versions 1 and 2:
ciscoasa(config)# snmp-map sample_map
ciscoasa(config-snmp-map)# deny version 1
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-10
Chapter 13
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
XDMCP Inspection
ciscoasa(config-snmp-map)# deny version 2
XDMCP Inspection
XDMCP inspection is enabled by default; however, the XDMCP inspection engine is dependent upon
proper configuration of the established command.
XDMCP is a protocol that uses UDP port 177 to negotiate X sessions, which use TCP when established.
For successful negotiation and start of an XWindows session, the ASA must allow the TCP back
connection from the Xhosted computer. To permit the back connection, use the established command
on the ASA. Once XDMCP negotiates the port to send the display, The established command is
consulted to verify if this back connection should be permitted.
During the XWindows session, the manager talks to the display Xserver on the well-known port 6000 |
n. Each display has a separate connection to the Xserver, as a result of the following terminal setting.
setenv DISPLAY Xserver:n
where n is the display number.
When XDMCP is used, the display is negotiated using IP addresses, which the ASA can NAT if needed.
XDCMP inspection does not support PAT.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-11
Chapter 13
XDMCP Inspection
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
13-12
Configuring Inspection for Management Application Protocols
PART
5
Configuring Unified Communications
CH AP TE R
14
Information About Cisco Unified
Communications Proxy Features
This chapter describes how to configure the adaptive security appliance for Cisco Unified
Communications Proxy features.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information About the Adaptive Security Appliance in Cisco Unified Communications, page 14-1
•
TLS Proxy Applications in Cisco Unified Communications, page 14-3
•
Licensing for Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features, page 14-4
Information About the Adaptive Security Appliance in Cisco
Unified Communications
This section describes the Cisco UC Proxy features on the Cisco ASA 5500 series appliances. The
purpose of a proxy is to terminate and reoriginate connections between a client and server. The proxy
delivers a range of security functions such as traffic inspection, protocol conformance, and policy control
to ensure security for the internal network. An increasingly popular function of a proxy is to terminate
encrypted connections in order to apply security policies while maintaining confidentiality of
connections. The Cisco ASA 5500 Series appliances are a strategic platform to provide proxy functions
for unified communications deployments.
The Cisco UC Proxy includes the following solutions:
Phone Proxy: Secure remote access for Cisco encrypted endpoints, and VLAN traversal for Cisco softphones
The phone proxy feature enables termination of Cisco SRTP/TLS-encrypted endpoints for secure remote
access. The phone proxy allows large scale deployments of secure phones without a large scale VPN
remote access hardware deployment. End-user infrastructure is limited to just the IP endpoint, without
VPN tunnels or hardware.
The Cisco adaptive security appliance phone proxy is the replacement product for the Cisco Unified
Phone Proxy. Additionally, the phone proxy can be deployed for voice/data VLAN traversal for
softphone applications. Cisco IP Communicator (CIPC) traffic (both media and signaling) can be
proxied through the ASA, thus traversing calls securely between voice and data VLANs.
For information about the differences between the TLS proxy and phone proxy, go to the following URL
for Unified Communications content, including TLS Proxy vs. Phone Proxy white paper:
http://www.cisco.com/go/secureuc
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
14-1
Chapter 14
Information About the Adaptive Security Appliance in Cisco Unified Communications
Information About Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
TLS Proxy: Decryption and inspection of Cisco Unified Communications encrypted signaling
End-to-end encryption often leaves network security appliances “blind” to media and signaling traffic,
which can compromise access control and threat prevention security functions. This lack of visibility can
result in a lack of interoperability between the firewall functions and the encrypted voice, leaving
businesses unable to satisfy both of their key security requirements.
The ASA is able to intercept and decrypt encrypted signaling from Cisco encrypted endpoints to the
Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Cisco UCM), and apply the required threat protection and
access control. It can also ensure confidentiality by re-encrypting the traffic onto the Cisco UCM servers.
Typically, the ASA TLS Proxy functionality is deployed in campus unified communications network.
This solution is ideal for deployments that utilize end to end encryption and firewalls to protect Unified
Communications Manager servers.
Mobility Proxy: Secure connectivity between Cisco Unified Mobility Advantage server and Cisco Unified Mobile
Communicator clients
Cisco Unified Mobility solutions include the Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator (Cisco UMC), an
easy-to-use software application for mobile handsets that extends enterprise communications
applications and services to mobile phones and the Cisco Unified Mobility Advantage (Cisco UMA)
server. The Cisco Unified Mobility solution streamlines the communication experience, enabling single
number reach and integration of mobile endpoints into the Unified Communications infrastructure.
The security appliance acts as a proxy, terminating and reoriginating the TLS signaling between the
Cisco UMC and Cisco UMA. As part of the proxy security functionality, inspection is enabled for the
Cisco UMA Mobile Multiplexing Protocol (MMP), the protocol between Cisco UMC and Cisco UMA.
Presence Federation Proxy: Secure connectivity between Cisco Unified Presence servers and Cisco/Microsoft
Presence servers
Cisco Unified Presence solution collects information about the availability and status of users, such as
whether they are using communication devices, such as IP phones at particular times. It also collects
information regarding their communications capabilities, such as whether web collaboration or video
conferencing is enabled. Using user information captured by Cisco Unified Presence, applications such
as Cisco Unified Personal Communicator and Cisco UCM can improve productivity by helping users
connect with colleagues more efficiently through determining the most effective way for collaborative
communication.
Using the ASA as a secure presence federation proxy, businesses can securely connect their Cisco
Unified Presence (Cisco UP) servers to other Cisco or Microsoft Presence servers, enabling
intra-enterprise communications. The security appliance terminates the TLS connectivity between the
servers, and can inspect and apply policies for the SIP communications between the servers.
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy: Secure connectivity between Cisco UCM servers in different enterprises
for IP Phone traffic
As more unified communications are deployed within enterprises, cases where business-to-business calls
utilize unified communications on both sides with the Public Switched Network (PSTN) in the middle
become increasingly common. All outside calls go over circuits to telephone providers and from there
are delivered to all external destinations.
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine gradually creates dynamic, encrypted VoIP connections between
businesses, so that a collection of enterprises that work together end up looking like one giant business
with secure VoIP interconnections between them.
There are three components to a Cisco Intercompany Media Engine deployment within an enterprise: a
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server, a call agent (the Cisco Unified Communications Manager)
and an ASA running the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
14-2
Chapter 14
Information About Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
TLS Proxy Applications in Cisco Unified Communications
The ASA provides perimeter security by encrypting signaling connections between enterprises and
preventing unathorized calls. An ASA running the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy can either
be deployed as an Internet firewall or be designated as a Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy and
placed in the DMZ, off the path of the regular Internet traffic.
TLS Proxy Applications in Cisco Unified Communications
Table 14-1 shows the Cisco Unified Communications applications that utilize the TLS proxy on the
ASA.
Table 14-1
TLS Proxy Applications and the Security Appliance
Security
Appliance
Server Role
Security
Appliance
Client Role
TLS Server
Client
Authentication
Phone Proxy
IP phone
and TLS Proxy
Cisco UCM
Yes
Proxy
certificate,
self-signed or
by internal CA
Local dynamic
certificate
signed by the
ASA CA
(might not need
certificate for
phone proxy
application)
Mobility Proxy Cisco UMC
Cisco UMA
No
Using the
Cisco UMA
private key or
certificate
impersonation
Any static
configured
certificate
Presence
Federation
Proxy
Cisco UP or
MS LCS/OCS
Yes
Proxy
certificate,
self-signed or
by internal CA
Using the
Cisco UP
private key or
certificate
impersonation
Application
TLS Client
Cisco UP or
MS LCS/OCS
The ASA supports TLS proxy for various voice applications. For the phone proxy, the TLS proxy
running on the ASA has the following key features:
•
The ASA forces remote IP phones connecting to the phone proxy through the Internet to be in
secured mode even when the Cisco UCM cluster is in non-secure mode.
•
The TLS proxy is implemented on the ASA to intercept the TLS signaling from IP phones.
•
The TLS proxy decrypts the packets, sends packets to the inspection engine for NAT rewrite and
protocol conformance, optionally encrypts packets, and sends them to Cisco UCM or sends them in
clear text if the IP phone is configured to be in nonsecure mode on the Cisco UCM.
•
The ASA acts as a media terminator as needed and translates between SRTP and RTP media streams.
•
The TLS proxy is a transparent proxy that works based on establishing trusted relationship between
the TLS client, the proxy (the ASA), and the TLS server.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
14-3
Chapter 14
Information About Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
Licensing for Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
For the Cisco Unified Mobility solution, the TLS client is a Cisco UMA client and the TLS server is a
Cisco UMA server. The ASA is between a Cisco UMA client and a Cisco UMA server. The mobility
proxy (implemented as a TLS proxy) for Cisco Unified Mobility allows the use of an imported PKCS-12
certificate for server proxy during the handshake with the client. Cisco UMA clients are not required to
present a certificate (no client authentication) during the handshake.
For the Cisco Unified Presence solution, the ASA acts as a TLS proxy between the Cisco UP server and
the foreign server. This allows the ASA to proxy TLS messages on behalf of the server that initiates the
TLS connection, and route the proxied TLS messages to the client. The ASA stores certificate trustpoints
for the server and the client, and presents these certificates on establishment of the TLS session.
Licensing for Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
The Cisco Unified Communications proxy features supported by the ASA require a Unified
Communications Proxy license:
Note
•
Phone proxy
•
TLS proxy for encrypted voice inspection
•
Presence federation proxy
•
Intercompany media engine proxy
In Version 8.2(2) and later, the Mobility Advantage proxy no longer requires a Unified Communications
Proxy license.
The following table shows the Unified Communications Proxy license details by platform for the phone
proxy, TLS proxy for encrypted voice inspection, and presence federation proxy:
Note
This feature is not available on No Payload Encryption models.
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5505
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional license: 24 sessions.
ASA 5510
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, or 100 sessions.
ASA 5520
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
ASA 5540
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5550
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
ASA 5580
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
14-4
Chapter 14
Information About Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
Licensing for Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5512-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5515-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5525-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
ASA 5545-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5555-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-10
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-20, -40, or -60
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA SM
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions. 2
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions. 2
1. The following applications use TLS proxy sessions for their connections. Each TLS proxy session used by these applications (and only these applications)
is counted against the UC license limit:
- Phone Proxy
- Presence Federation Proxy
- Encrypted Voice Inspection
Other applications that use TLS proxy sessions do not count towards the UC limit, for example, Mobility Advantage Proxy (which does not require a
license) and IME (which requires a separate IME license).
Some UC applications might use multiple sessions for a connection. For example, if you configure a phone with a primary and backup Cisco Unified
Communications Manager, there are 2 TLS proxy connections, so 2 UC Proxy sessions are used.
You independently set the TLS proxy limit using the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command. To view the limits of your model, enter the tls-proxy
maximum-sessions ? command. When you apply a UC license that is higher than the default TLS proxy limit, the security appliance automatically sets
the TLS proxy limit to match the UC limit. The TLS proxy limit takes precedence over the UC license limit; if you set the TLS proxy limit to be less than
the UC license, then you cannot use all of the sessions in your UC license.
Note: For license part numbers ending in “K8” (for example, licenses under 250 users), TLS proxy sessions are limited to 1000. For license part numbers
ending in “K9” (for example, licenses 250 users or larger), the TLS proxy limit depends on the configuration, up to the model limit. K8 and K9 refer to
whether the license is restricted for export: K8 is unrestricted, and K9 is restricted.
Note: If you clear the configuration (using the clear configure all command, for example), then the TLS proxy limit is set to the default for your model;
if this default is lower than the UC license limit, then you see an error message to use the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command to raise the limit again
. If you use failover and enter the write standby command on the primary unit to force a configuration synchronization, the clear configure all command
is generated on the secondary unit automatically, so you may see the warning message on the secondary unit. Because the configuration synchronization
restores the TLS proxy limit set on the primary unit, you can ignore the warning.
You might also use SRTP encryption sessions for your connections:
- For K8 licenses, SRTP sessions are limited to 250.
- For K9 licenses, there is not limit.
Note: Only calls that require encryption/decryption for media are counted towards the SRTP limit; if passthrough is set for the call, even if both legs are
SRTP, they do not count towards the limit.
2. With the 10,000-session UC license, the total combined sessions can be 10,000, but the maximum number of Phone Proxy sessions is 5000.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
14-5
Chapter 14
Information About Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
Licensing for Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features
Table 14-2 shows the default and maximum TLS session details by platform.
Table 14-2
Default and Maximum TLS Sessions on the Security Appliance
Security Appliance Platform
Default TLS Sessions
Maximum TLS Sessions
ASA 5505
10
80
ASA 5510
100
200
ASA 5520
300
1200
ASA 5540
1000
4500
ASA 5550
2000
4500
ASA 5580
4000
13,000
The following table shows the Unified Communications Proxy license details by platform for
intercompany media engine proxy:
Note
This feature is not available on No Payload Encryption models.
Model
License Requirement
All models
Intercompany Media Engine license.
When you enable the Intercompany Media Engine (IME) license, you can use TLS proxy sessions up
to the configured TLS proxy limit. If you also have a Unified Communications (UC) license installed
that is higher than the default TLS proxy limit, then the ASA sets the limit to be the UC license limit
plus an additional number of sessions depending on your model. You can manually configure the TLS
proxy limit using the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command. To view the limits of your model, enter
the tls-proxy maximum-sessions ? command. If you also install the UC license, then the TLS proxy
sessions available for UC are also available for IME sessions. For example, if the configured limit is
1000 TLS proxy sessions, and you purchase a 750-session UC license, then the first 250 IME sessions
do not affect the sessions available for UC. If you need more than 250 sessions for IME, then the
remaining 750 sessions of the platform limit are used on a first-come, first-served basis by UC and
IME.
•
For a license part number ending in “K8”, TLS proxy sessions are limited to 1000.
•
For a license part number ending in “K9”, the TLS proxy limit depends on your configuration and
the platform model.
Note
K8 and K9 refer to whether the license is restricted for export: K8 is unrestricted, and K9 is
restricted.
You might also use SRTP encryption sessions for your connections:
•
For a K8 license, SRTP sessions are limited to 250.
•
For a K9 license, there is no limit.
Note
Only calls that require encryption/decryption for media are counted toward the SRTP limit; if
passthrough is set for the call, even if both legs are SRTP, they do not count toward the limit.
For more information about licensing, see the general operations configuration guide.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
14-6
CH AP TE R
15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
This chapter describes how to configure the adaptive security appliance for Cisco Unified
Communications Proxy features.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information about the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-1
•
Licensing Requirements for the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-3
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 15-4
•
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-4
•
Configuring the Mobility Advantage by using the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-11
•
Configuring the Presence Federation Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard,
page 15-14
•
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-16
•
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-23
Information about the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Note
The Unified Communication Wizard is supported for the ASA version 8.3(1) and later.
The Unified Communication Wizard assists you in configuring the following Unified Communications
proxies on the ASA:
•
Cisco Phone Proxy
See Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-4.
•
Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy
See Configuring the Mobility Advantage by using the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-11.
•
Cisco Presence Federation Proxy
See Configuring the Presence Federation Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard,
page 15-14.
•
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
See Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard, page 15-16.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-1
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Information about the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
The wizard simplifies the configuration of the Unified Communications proxies in the following ways:
•
You enter all required data in the wizard steps. You are not required to navigate various ASDM
screens to configure the Unified Communications proxies.
•
The wizard generates configuration settings for the Unified Communications proxies where
possible, automatically, without requiring you to enter data. For example, the wizard configures the
required ACLs, IP address translation (NAT and PAT) statements, self-signed certificates, TLS
proxies, and application inspection.
•
The wizard displays network diagrams to illustrate data collection.
To access the Unified Communication Wizard, choose one of the following paths in the main ASDM
application window:
•
Wizards > Unified Communication Wizard.
•
Configuration > Firewall > Unified Communications, and then click Unified Communication
Wizard.
Phone Proxy: Secure remote access for Cisco encrypted endpoints, and VLAN traversal for Cisco softphones
The phone proxy feature enables termination of Cisco SRTP/TLS-encrypted endpoints for secure remote
access. The phone proxy allows large scale deployments of secure phones without a large scale VPN
remote access hardware deployment. End-user infrastructure is limited to just the IP endpoint, without
VPN tunnels or hardware.
The Cisco adaptive security appliance phone proxy is the replacement product for the Cisco Unified
Phone Proxy. Additionally, the phone proxy can be deployed for voice/data VLAN traversal for
softphone applications. Cisco IP Communicator (CIPC) traffic (both media and signaling) can be
proxied through the ASA, thus traversing calls securely between voice and data VLANs.
For information about the differences between the TLS proxy and phone proxy, go to the following URL
for Unified Communications content, including TLS Proxy vs. Phone Proxy white paper:
http://www.cisco.com/go/secureuc
Mobility Advantage Proxy: Secure connectivity between Cisco Mobility Advantage server and Cisco Unified
Mobile Communicator clients
Cisco Mobility Advantage solutions include the Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator (Cisco UMC), an
easy-to-use software application for mobile handsets that extends enterprise communications
applications and services to mobile phones and the Cisco Unified Mobility Advantage (Cisco UMA)
server. The Cisco Mobility Advantage solution streamlines the communication experience, enabling
single number reach and integration of mobile endpoints into the Unified Communications
infrastructure.
The security appliance acts as a proxy, terminating and reoriginating the TLS signaling between the
Cisco UMC and Cisco UMA. As part of the proxy security functionality, inspection is enabled for the
Cisco UMA Mobile Multiplexing Protocol (MMP), the protocol between Cisco UMC and Cisco UMA.
Presence Federation Proxy: Secure connectivity between Cisco Unified Presence servers and Cisco/Microsoft
Presence servers
Cisco Unified Presence solution collects information about the availability and status of users, such as
whether they are using communication devices, such as IP phones at particular times. It also collects
information regarding their communications capabilities, such as whether web collaboration or video
conferencing is enabled. Using user information captured by Cisco Unified Presence, applications such
as Cisco Unified Personal Communicator and Cisco UCM can improve productivity by helping users
connect with colleagues more efficiently through determining the most effective way for collaborative
communication.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-2
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Licensing Requirements for the Unified Communication Wizard
Using the ASA as a secure presence federation proxy, businesses can securely connect their Cisco
Unified Presence (Cisco UP) servers to other Cisco or Microsoft Presence servers, enabling
intra-enterprise communications. The security appliance terminates the TLS connectivity between the
servers, and can inspect and apply policies for the SIP communications between the servers.
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy: Secure connectivity between Cisco UCM servers in different enterprises
for IP Phone traffic
As more unified communications are deployed within enterprises, cases where business-to-business calls
utilize unified communications on both sides with the Public Switched Network (PSTN) in the middle
become increasingly common. All outside calls go over circuits to telephone providers and from there
are delivered to all external destinations.
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine (UC-IME) gradually creates dynamic, encrypted VoIP
connections between businesses, so that a collection of enterprises that work together end up looking
like one giant business with secure VoIP interconnections between them.
There are three components to a Cisco Intercompany Media Engine deployment within an enterprise: a
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server, a call agent (the Cisco Unified Communications Manager)
and an ASA running the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
The ASA provides perimeter security by encrypting signaling connections between enterprises and
preventing unauthorized calls. An ASA running the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy can either
be deployed as an Internet firewall or be designated as a Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy and
placed in the DMZ, off the path of the regular Internet traffic.
Licensing Requirements for the Unified Communication Wizard
To run the Unified Communication Wizard in ASDM, you require the following license:
Model
License Requirement
All models
Base License
However, to run each of the Unified Communications proxy features created by the wizard, you must
have the appropriate Unified Communications Proxy licenses.
The Cisco Unified Communications proxy features supported by the ASA require a Unified
Communications Proxy license:
•
Cisco Phone Proxy
•
TLS proxy for encrypted voice inspection
•
Presence Federation Proxy
•
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
See Licensing for Cisco Unified Communications Proxy Features, page 14-4 for more information.
Note
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy does not appear as an option in the Unified
Communication Wizard unless the license required for this proxy is installed on the ASA.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-3
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Guidelines and Limitations
Guidelines and Limitations
This section includes the guidelines and limitations for this feature.
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single and multiple context mode.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
Supported in routed and transparent firewall mode.
IPv6 Guidelines
Supports IPv6 addresses.
Additional Guidelines and Limitations
Using the Unified Communication Wizard to create the Unified Communications proxies has the
following limitations and requirements:
•
You must configure at least two interfaces on the ASA to use the UC Wizard to configure a Unified
Communications proxy.
•
For all Unified Communications proxies to function correctly, you must synchronize the clock on
the ASA and all servers associated with each proxy, such as the Cisco Unified Communication
Manager server, the Cisco Mobility Advantage server, the Cisco Unified Presence server, and the
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server.
•
When you configure the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy for an off-path deployment, you
must ensure that the public IP addresses and ports of the Cisco Unified Communications Manager
servers and the public IP address for the media termination address are accessible from the Internet.
The summary page of the Unified Communication Wizard reminds you of the requirements.
•
If the ASA on which you configure the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy and the Cisco Presence
Federation Proxy is located behind another firewall, you must ensure that the public IP addresses
for the Cisco Mobility Advantage server and the Cisco Unified Presence server are accessible from
the Internet.
•
If you use the Unified Communication Wizard to create to the Presence Federation Proxy and the
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, you might be required to adjust the configuration of the
ACLs created automatically by the wizard for each proxy. See Chapter 19, “Configuring Cisco
Unified Presence” and Chapter 20, “Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy”,
respectively, for information about the ACL requirements required by each proxy.
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified
Communication Wizard
To configure the Cisco Unified Presence proxy by using ASDM, choose Wizards > Unified
Communications Wizard from the menu. The Unified Communications Wizard opens. From the first
page, select the Phone Proxy option under the Remote Access section.
The wizard automatically creates the necessary TLS proxy, then guides you through creating the Phone
Proxy instance, importing and installing the required certificates, and finally enables the SIP and SCCP
inspection for the Phone Proxy traffic automatically.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-4
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Note
Any configuration created by the wizard should be maintained through the wizard to ensure proper
synchronization. For example, if you create a phone proxy configuration through the UC wizard and then
modify the configuration outside of the wizard, the rest of the wizard configuration is not updated, and
the wizard configuration is not synchronized.
Therefore, if you choose to change some part of the phone proxy configuration outside of the wizard, it
is your responsibility to keep the rest of the configuration in synchronization.
The wizard guides you through four steps to configure the Phone Proxy:
Step 1
Select the Phone Proxy option.
Step 2
Specify settings to define the Cisco Unified Communications Manager (UCM) servers and TFTP
servers, such the IP address and the address translation settings of each server, and the Cisco UCM
cluster security mode. See Configuring the Private Network for the Phone Proxy, page 15-5 and
Configuring Servers for the Phone Proxy, page 15-6.
Step 3
If required, enable Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF). See Enabling Certificate Authority
Proxy Function (CAPF) for IP Phones, page 15-8.
Step 4
Configure the public IP phone network, such as address translation settings for remote IP phones,
whether to enable service setting for IP phones, and the HTTP proxy used by the IP phones. Configuring
the Public IP Phone Network, page 15-9
Step 5
Specify the media termination address settings of the Cisco UCM. Configuring the Media Termination
Address for Unified Communication Proxies, page 15-10.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for Phone Proxy.
Configuring the Private Network for the Phone Proxy
The values that you specify in this page configure the connection from the ASA to the Cisco UCMs and
TFTP servers by creating the necessary address translation settings and access control list entries.
Additionally, you specify the security mode for the Cisco UCM cluster. In a nonsecure cluster mode or
a mixed mode where the phones are configured as nonsecure, the phone proxy behaves in the following
ways:
•
The TLS connections from the phones are terminated on the ASA and a TCP connection is initiated
to the Cisco UCM.
•
SRTP sent from external IP phones to the internal network IP phone via the ASA is converted to
RTP.
In a mixed mode cluster where the internal IP phones are configured as authenticated, the TLS
connection is not converted to TCP to the Cisco UCM but the SRTP is converted to RTP.
In a mixed mode cluster where the internal IP phone is configured as encrypted, the TLS connection
remains a TLS connection to the Cisco UCM and the SRTP from the remote phone remains SRTP to the
internal IP phone.
Step 1
From the Interface drop-down list, choose the interface on which the ASA listens for the Cisco UCM
servers and TFTP servers. The Cisco UCM servers and TFTP servers must reside on the same interface.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-5
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Step 2
Specify each entity in the network (all Cisco UCM and TFTP servers) that the IP phones must trust. Click
Add to add the servers. See Configuring Servers for the Phone Proxy, page 15-6.
To modify the configuration of a server already added to the configuration, select the server in the table
and click Edit. The Edit Server dialog appears. See Configuring Servers for the Phone Proxy, page 15-6.
At least one Cisco UCM and at least one TFTP server must be configured for the phone proxy.
Step 3
Specify the security mode of the Cisco UCM cluster by clicking one of the following options in the
Unified CM Cluster Mode field:
•
Non-secure—Specifies the cluster to be in nonsecure mode when configuring the Phone Proxy
feature.
•
Mixed—Specifies the cluster to be in mixed mode when configuring the Phone Proxy feature.
If you selected the Mixed security mode, the Generate and Export LDC Certificate button becomes
available.
Step 4
For a Mixed security mode only, configure local dynamic certificates (LDC) for the IP phones by
performing the following steps:
a.
Click the Generate and Export LDC Certificate button.
A dialog box appears stating “Enrollment succeeded,” which indicates that the LDC was generated.
b.
Click OK to close the Enrollment Status dialog box. The Export certificate dialog box appears.
c.
In the Export to File field, enter the file name and path for the LDC or click browse to locate and
select an existing file.
d.
Click the Export Certificate button. A dialog box appears indicating that the file was exported
successfully.
e.
Click OK to close the dialog box. A dialog box appears reminding you to install the LDC on the
Cisco UCMs.
f.
Click OK to close the dialog box.
Once configured, the ASA presents this unique, dynamically-created certificate to the Cisco UCM
on behalf of the IP phones.
Step 5
Click Next.
Configuring Servers for the Phone Proxy
The values that you specify in this page generate address translation settings, access list entries,
trustpoints, and the corresponding CTL file entries for each server.
You must add a server for each entity in the network that the IP phones must trust. These servers include
all Cisco UCM servers in the cluster and all the TFTP servers.
You must add at least one TFTP server and at least one Cisco UCM server for the phone proxy. You can
configure up to five TFTP servers for the phone proxy. The TFTP server is assumed to be behind the
firewall on the trusted network; therefore, the phone proxy intercepts the requests between the IP phones
and TFTP server.
Note
When you delete a TFTP server from the Server list in Step 2 of the wizard, ASDM deletes only the
TFTP server IP address from the configuration and does not remove from the configuration all the ACLs,
NAT statements, object groups, etc. attached to the TFTP server. To remove those attached configuration
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-6
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
statements, you must delete them manually by using the appropriate area of ASDM or rerun the Unified
Communications wizard without making any changes and apply the configuration to to remove these
statements.
The servers that the IP phones must trust can be deployed on the network in one of the following ways:
•
All the services required by the Cisco UCM server, namely the Cisco UCM, TFTP, and CAPF
services, are running on one server. In this deployment, only one instance of each service exists. For
this deployment, you can select Unified CM+ TFTP as the server type. You can either use Address
only or Address and ports for address translation. Cisco recommends that you specify Address and
ports for increased security.
•
Deployments for larger enterprises might have redundant Cisco UCMs and dedicated servers for
TFTP and CAPF services. In that type of deployment, use Address only for voice address translation
and Address only or Address and ports for TFTP.
Table 15-1 lists the ports that are configured for Address and port translation by default:
Table 15-1
Step 1
Port Configuration
Address
Default Port
Description
TFTP Server
69
Allows incoming TFTP
Cisco UCM
2000
Allows incoming non-secure SCCP
Cisco UCM
2443
Allows incoming secure SCCP
Cisco UCM
5061
Allows incoming secure SIP
In the Server Type field, select the server from the drop-down list: Unified CM, TFTP, or Unified CM +
TFTP. Select Unified CM + TFTP when the Cisco UCM and TFTP server reside on the same device.
Note
Depending on which type of server you select (Unified CM or TFTP), only the necessary fields
in this dialog box become available. Specifically, if the server type is Unified CM, the TFTP
section in the dialog is unavailable. If the server type is TFTP, the Voice section is unavailable.
Step 2
In the Private Address field, specify the actual internal IP address of the server.
Step 3
In the FQDN field, enter the fully-qualified domain name of the server, which includes the hostname and
domain name; for example, ucm.cisco.com (where ucm is the hostname and cisco.com is the domain
name).
If you are configuring a Unified CM server, enter the fully-qualified domain name configured on the
Cisco UCM.
If you are configuring a TFTP server, only specify the TFTP server fully-qualified domain name when
that server is configured with FQDN. If the TFTP server is not configured with FQDN, you can leave
the field blank.
Note
Step 4
Entering the fully-qualified domain name allows the ASA to perform hostname resolution when
DNS lookup is not configured on the ASA or the configured DNS servers are unavailable.See
the command reference for information about the dns domain-lookup command.
In the Address Translation section, select whether to use the interface IP address or to enter a different
IP address.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-7
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Selecting the Use interface IP radio button configures the server to use the IP address of the public
interface. You select the public interface in step 4 of the wizard when you configure the public network
for the phone proxy.
If the Use interface IP radio button is selected, you must specify port translation settings in the Voice
and TFTP sections. Address-only translation is available only when you specify an IP address other than
the IP address of the public interface.
When you select the Address only radio button, the ASA performs address translation on all traffic
between the server and the IP phones. Selecting the Address and ports radio button limits address
translation to the specified ports.
Step 5
(Unified CM or Unified CM + TFTP servers only) In the Voice section, configure inspection of SIP or
SCCP protocol traffic, or both SIP and SCCP protocol traffic by completing the following fields:
a.
In the Translation Type field, specify whether to use the Address only or the Address and ports.
When the deployment has redundant Cisco UCM servers and dedicated servers for TFTP and CAPF
services, select Address only for voice address translation.
Select the Address and ports option when you want to limit address translation to the specified ports.
b.
In the Voice Protocols field, select the inspection protocols supported by the IP phones deployed in
the enterprise. Depending on which inspection protocols you select—SCCP, SIP, or SCCP and
SIP—only the ports fields for the selected voice protocols are available.
c.
In the Port Translation section, enter the private and public ports for the voice protocols.
The default values for the voice ports appear in the text fields. If necessary, change the private ports
to match the settings on the Cisco UCM. The values you set for the public ports are used by the IP
phones to traverse the ASA and communicate with the Cisco UCM.
The secure SCCP private port and public port are automatically configured. These port numbers are
automatically set to the value of the non-secure port number plus 443.
Step 6
(TFTP or Unified CM + TFTP servers only) In the TFTP section, you can select either Address only or
Address and port for address translation. Cisco recommends that you specify Address and port for
increased security. Specifying Address and port configures the TFTP server to listen on port 69 for TFTP
requests.
When the server type is Unified CM + TFTP, the wizard configures the same type of address translation
for Voice and TFTP; for example, when the server type is Unified CM + TFTP and the Address only
option is selected, the wizard creates a global address translation rule for all traffic to and from the
server. In this case, configuring port translation for the TFTP server would be redundant.
Step 7
Click OK to add the server to the phone proxy configuration and return to step 2 of the wizard.
Enabling Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF) for IP Phones
As an alternative to authenticating remote IP phones through the TLS handshake, you can configure
authentication via locally significant certificate (LSC) provisioning. With LSC provisioning, you create
a password for each remote IP phone user and each user enters the password on the remote IP phones to
retrieve the LSC.
Because using LSC provisioning to authenticate remote IP phones requires the IP phones first register
in nonsecure mode, Cisco recommends LSC provisioning be done inside the corporate network before
giving the IP phones to end-users. Otherwise, having the IP phones register in nonsecure mode requires
the Administrator to open the nonsecure signaling port for SIP and SCCP on the ASA.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-8
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
See also the Cisco Unified Communications Manager Security Guide for information on Using the
Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF) to install a locally significant certificate (LSC).
If your network includes Cisco IP Communicators (CIPC) or you have LSC enabled IP phones, you must
import the CAPF certificate from the Cisco UCM. The certificate will be used to generate the LSC on
the IP phones.
If the Cisco UCM has more than one CAPF certificate, you must import all of them to the ASA. However,
the wizard supports configuring only one CAPF certificate, which is the default. To import more than
one CAPF certificate, go to Configuration > Device Management > Certificate Management > Identity
Certificates.
You can configure LSC provisioning for additional end-user authentication. See the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager configuration guide for information.
Step 1
Check the Enable Certificate Authority Proxy Function check box. The remaining fields in the page
become available.
Step 2
Enter the private IP address of the LSC provider.
Step 3
In the Public Address field, specify whether to use the IP address of the ASA public interface or enter
an IP address.
Specifying the private and public IP addresses for the LSC provider, creates an access list entry that
allows the IP phones to contact the Cisco UCM by opening the CAPF port for LSC provisioning.
Step 4
In the Translation Type field, select the Address only or Address and ports radio button.
The IP phones must contact the CAPF service on the Cisco UCM. The address translation type (Address
only versus Address and ports) you select for CAPF must match the address translation type of the Cisco
UCM on which the CAPF service is running. You set the address translation type for that Cisco UCM
server in the previous step of this wizard (see Configuring Servers for the Phone Proxy, page 15-6),
By default, the CAPF Service uses port 3804. Modify this default value only when it is modified on the
Cisco UCM.
Step 5
If you selected the Address and ports radio button, enter the private and public ports for the CAPF
service.
Step 6
Click the Install CAPF Certificate button. The Install Certificate dialog box appears. See Installing a
Certificate, page 15-23.
Step 7
Click Next.
Configuring the Public IP Phone Network
The values that you specify in this page generate the address translation rules used for the IP phones and
configure how the ASA handles IP phone settings.
Step 1
From the Interface drop-down list, choose the interface on which the ASA listens for connections from
IP phones.
Step 2
To preserve Call Manager configuration on the IP phones, check the Preserve the Unified CM’s
configuration on the phone’s service check box. When this check box is uncheck, the following service
settings are disabled on the IP phones:
•
Web Access
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-9
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Phone Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Step 3
•
PC Port
•
Voice VLAN access
•
Gratuitous ARP
•
Span to PC Port
To configure address translation for IP phones, check the Enable address translation for IP phones check
box. Select whether to use the IP address of the ASA private interface (which you selected in step 2 of
the wizard) or enter an IP address.
Configuring address translation for IP phone configures the address used by the IP phones. All traffic
from the outside network converges into one source IP address so that, if there is another corporate
firewall in the network, a pinhole needs to be opened only for that IP address rather than for all traffic.
Step 4
To configure an HTTP proxy for the Phone Proxy feature that is written into the IP phone's configuration
file under the <proxyServerURL> tag, do the following:
a.
Check the Configure an HTTP proxy to redirect phone URLs... check box.
b.
In the IP Address field, type the IP address of the HTTP proxy
c.
In the Port field, enter the listening port of the HTTP proxy.
The IP address you enter should be the global IP address based on where the IP phone and HTTP
proxy server is located. You can enter a hostname in the IP Address field when that hostname can
be resolved to an IP address by the adaptive security appliance (for example, DNS lookup is
configured) because the adaptive security appliance will resolve the hostname to an IP address. If a
port is not specified, the default will be 8080.
d.
In the Interface field, select the interface on which the HTTP proxy resides on the adaptive security
appliance.
Setting the proxy server configuration option for the Phone Proxy allows for an HTTP proxy on the
DMZ or external network in which all the IP phone URLs are directed to the proxy server for
services on the phones. This setting accommodates nonsecure HTTP traffic, which is not allowed
back into the corporate network.
Step 5
Click Next.
Configuring the Media Termination Address for Unified Communication
Proxies
The data from this step generates the MTA instance to be added to the Phone Proxy and the UC-IME
proxy.
The phone proxy and the UC-IME proxy use the media termination address for Secure RTP (SRTP) and
RTP traffic. SRTP traffic sent from external IP phones to the internal network IP phone via the ASA is
converted to RTP traffic. The traffic is terminated on the adaptive security appliance. SRTP provides
message authentication and replay protection to Internet media traffic such as audio and video. RTP
defines a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over the Internet.
For the UC-IME proxy and the Phone Proxy to be fully functional, you must ensure that the public IP
address for the media termination address (MTA) is accessible from the Internet. The summary page of
the Unified Communication Wizard reminds you of this requirement.
The MTA IP addresses that you specify must meet specific requirements. See Media Termination
Instance Prerequisites, page 16-6 for information.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-10
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Mobility Advantage by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Step 1
In the field for the private IP address, enter the IP address on which private media traffic terminates. The
IP address must be within the same subnet as the private interface IP address. The correct subnet range
is provided to the right of the field for the private IP address.
Step 2
In the field for the public IP address, enter the IP address on which public media traffic terminates. The
IP address must be within the same subnet as the public interface IP address. The correct subnet range
is provided to the right of the field for the public IP address.
Step 3
Specify the minimum and maximum values for the RTP port range for the media termination instance.
Port values must be within the range of 1024 to 65535.
Step 4
Click Next.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for proxy.
Configuring the Mobility Advantage by using the Unified
Communication Wizard
Note
The Unified Communication Wizard is supported for the ASA version 8.3(1) and later.
The Unified Communication wizard guides you through the steps to configure the Mobility Advantage
proxy. Choose Wizards > Unified Communication Wizard from the menu. The Unified
Communication Wizard opens. Click the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy radio button under the
Remote Access section.
When using the wizard to create the Mobility Advantage proxy, ASDM automatically creates the
necessary TLS proxies, enables MMP inspection for the Mobility Advantage traffic, generates address
translation (NAT) statements, and creates the access rules that are necessary to allow traffic between the
Cisco Mobility Advantage server and the mobility clients.
The following steps provide the high-level overview for configuring the Mobility Advantage proxy:
Step 1
Specify settings to define the private and public network topology, such the public and private network
interfaces, and the IP addresses of the Cisco Mobility Advantage server. See Configuring the Topology
for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, page 15-12.
Step 2
Configure the certificates that are exchanged between the Cisco Mobility Advantage server and the ASA.
See Configuring the Server-Side Certificates for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, page 15-12.
Step 3
Configure the client-side certificate management, namely the certificates that are exchanged between the
Unified Mobile Communicator clients and the ASA. See Configuring the Client-Side Certificates for the
Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, page 15-13.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for Mobility Advantage
Proxy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-11
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Mobility Advantage by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Topology for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy
When configuring the Mobility Advantage Proxy, you specify settings to define the private and public
network topology, such the private and public network interfaces, and the private and public IP addresses
of the Cisco Mobility Advantage server.
The values that you specify in this page generate the following configuration settings for the Mobility
Advantage Proxy:
•
Static PAT for the Cisco Mobility Advantage server
•
Static NAT for Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator clients if the Enable address translation for
Mobility clients check box is checked.
•
ACLs to allow Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator clients to access the Cisco Mobility Advantage
server
Step 1
In the Private Network area, choose the interface from the drop-down list.
Step 2
In the Unified MA Server area, enter the private and public IP address for the Cisco Mobility Advantage
server. Entering ports for these IP addresses is optional. By default port number 5443 is entered, which
is the default TCP port for MMP inspection.
Step 3
In the FQDN field, enter the domain name for the Cisco Mobility Advantage server. This domain name
is included in the certificate signing request that you generate later in this wizard.
Step 4
In the Public Network area, choose an interface from the drop-down list.
The proxy uses this interface for configuring static PAT for the Cisco Mobility Advantage server and the
ACLs to allow Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator clients to access the Cisco Mobility Advantage
server.
Step 5
To configure whether address translation (NAT) is used by Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator
clients, check the Enable address translation for Mobility clients check box and choose whether to
use the IP address of the public interface or whether to enter an IP address.
Step 6
Click Next.
Configuring the Server-Side Certificates for the Cisco Mobility Advantage
Proxy
A trusted relationship between the ASA and the Cisco UMA server can be established with self-signed
certificates. The ASA's identity certificate is exported, and then uploaded on the Cisco UMA server
truststore. The Cisco UMA server certificate is downloaded, and then uploaded on the ASA truststore.
The supports using self-signed certificates only at this step.
Step 1
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, click Generate and Export ASA’s Identity Certificate.
An information dialog boxes appear indicating that the enrollment seceded. In the Enrollment Status
dialog box, click OK. The Export certificate dialog box appears.
Note
•
If an identity certificate for the ASA has already been created, the button in this area appears as
Export ASA’s Identity Certificate and the Export certificate dialog box immediately appears.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-12
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Mobility Advantage by using the Unified Communication Wizard
•
When using the wizard to configure the Cisco Mobility Advantage proxy, the wizard only supports
installing self-signed certificates.
Step 2
Export the identity certificate generated by the wizard for the ASA. See Exporting an Identity
Certificate, page 15-23.
Step 3
In the Unified MA Server’s Certificate area, click Install Unified MA Server’s Certificate. The Install
Certificate dialog appears.
Step 4
Locate the file containing the Cisco Mobility Advantage server certificate or paste the certificate details
in the dialog box. See Installing a Certificate, page 15-23.
Step 5
Click Next.
Note
See the Cisco Mobility Advantage server documentation for information on how to export the certificate
for this server.
Configuring the Client-Side Certificates for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy
To establish a trust relationship between the Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator (UMC) clients and the
ASA, the ASA uses a CA-signed certificate that is configured with the Cisco Mobility Advantage
server’s FQDN (also referred to as certificate impersonation).
In the Client-Side Certificate Management page, you enter both the intermediate CA certificate (if
applicable, as in the cases of Verisign) and the signed ASA identity certificate.
Note
If the ASA already has a signed identity certificate, you can skip Step 1 in this procedure and proceed
directly to Step 2.
Step 1
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, click Generate CSR. The CSR parameters dialog box appears.
For information about specifying additional parameters for the certificate signing request (CSR), see
Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a Unified Communications Proxy, page 15-24.
Information dialog boxes appear indicating that the wizard is delivering the settings to the ASA and
retrieving the certificate key pair information. The Identity Certificate Request dialog box appears.
For information about saving the CSR that was generated and submitting it to a CA, see Saving the
Identity Certificate Request, page 15-25.
Step 2
Click Install ASA’s Identity Certificate. Install the certificate. See Installing the ASA Identity
Certificate on the Mobility Advantage Server, page 15-26.
Step 3
Click Install Root CA’s Certificate. The Install Certificate dialog box appears. Install the certificate.
See Installing a Certificate, page 15-23.
Step 4
Click Next.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for Mobility Advantage
Proxy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-13
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Presence Federation Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Presence Federation Proxy by using the Unified
Communication Wizard
Note
The Unified Communication Wizard is supported for the ASA version 8.3(1) and later.
To configure the Cisco Unified Presence proxy by using ASDM, choose Wizards > Unified
Communication Wizard from the menu. The Unified Communication Wizard opens. From the first
page, select the Cisco Unified Presence Proxy option under the Business-to-Business section.
When using the wizard to create the Cisco Presence Federation proxy, ASDM automatically creates the
necessary TLS proxies, enables SIP inspection for the Presence Federation traffic, generates address
translation (static PAT) statements for the local Cisco Unified Presence server, and creates ACLs to allow
traffic between the local Cisco Unified Presence server and remote servers.
The following steps provide the high-level overview for configuring the Presence Federation Proxy:
Step 1
Specify settings to define the private and public network topology, such the private and public IP address
of the Presence Federation server. See Configuring the Topology for the Cisco Presence Federation
Proxy, page 15-14.
Step 2
Configure the local-side certificate management, namely the certificates that are exchanged between the
local Unified Presence Federation server and the ASA. See Configuring the Local-Side Certificates for
the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy, page 15-15.
Step 3
Configure the remote-side certificate management, namely the certificates that are exchanged between
the remote server and the ASA. See Configuring the Remote-Side Certificates for the Cisco Presence
Federation Proxy, page 15-15.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for the Presence Federation
proxy.
Configuring the Topology for the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy
When configuring the Presence Federation Proxy, you specify settings to define the private and public
network topology, such the private and public network interfaces, and the private and public IP addresses
of the Cisco Unified Presence server.
The values that you specify in this page generate the following configuration settings for the Presence
Federation Proxy:
•
Static PAT for the local Cisco Unified Presence server
•
ACLs for traffic between the local Cisco Unified Presence server and remote servers
Step 1
In the Private Network area, choose the interface from the drop-down list.
Step 2
In the Unified Presence Server area, enter the private and public IP address for the Unified Presence
server. Entering ports for these IP addresses is optional. By default port number 5061 is entered, which
is the default TCP port for SIP inspection.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-14
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Presence Federation Proxy by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Step 3
In the FQDN field, enter the domain name for the Unified Presence server. This domain name is included
in the certificate signing request that you generate later in this wizard.
Step 4
In the Public Network area, choose the interface of the public network from the drop-down list. The
proxy uses this interface for configuring static PAT for the local Cisco Unified Presence server and for
configuring ACLs to allow remote servers to access the Cisco Unified Presence server.
Step 5
Click Next.
Configuring the Local-Side Certificates for the Cisco Presence Federation
Proxy
Within an enterprise, setting up a trust relationship is achievable by using self-signed certificates. The
supports using self-signed certificates only at this step.
Step 1
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, click Generate and Export ASA’s Identity Certificate.
An information dialog box appears indicating that enrollment succeeded. In the Enrollment Status dialog
box, click OK. The Export certificate dialog box appears.
Note
•
If an identity certificate for the ASA has already been created, the button in this area appears as
Export ASA’s Identity Certificate and the Export certificate dialog box immediately appears.
•
When using the wizard to configure the Cisco Presence Federation proxy, the wizard only supports
installing self-signed certificates.
Step 2
Export the identity certificate generated by the wizard for the ASA. See Exporting an Identity
Certificate, page 15-23.
Step 3
Local Unified Presence Server’s Certificate area, click Install Server’s Certificate. The Install
Certificate dialog appears.
Step 4
Locate the file containing the Cisco Unified Presence server certificate or paste the certificate details in
the dialog box. See Installing a Certificate, page 15-23.
Step 5
Click Next.
Note
See the Cisco Unified Presence server documentation for information on how to export the certificate
for this server.
Configuring the Remote-Side Certificates for the Cisco Presence Federation
Proxy
Establishing a trust relationship across enterprises or across administrative domains is key for federation.
Across enterprises you must use a trusted third-party CA (such as, VeriSign). The security appliance
obtains a certificate with the FQDN of the Cisco Unified Presence server (certificate impersonation).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-15
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard
For the TLS handshake, the two entities, namely the local entity and a remote entity, could validate the
peer certificate via a certificate chain to trusted third-party certificate authorities. The local entity and
the remote entity enroll with the CAs. The ASA as the TLS proxy must be trusted by both the local and
remote entities. The security appliance is always associated with one of the enterprises. Within that
enterprise, the entity and the security appliance authenticate each other by using a self-signed certificate.
To establish a trusted relationship between the security appliance and the remote entity, the security
appliance can enroll with the CA on behalf of the Cisco Unified Presence server for the local entity. In
the enrollment request, the local entity identity (domain name) is used.
To establish the trust relationship, the security appliance enrolls with the third party CA by using the
Cisco Unified Presence server FQDN as if the security appliance is the Cisco Unified Presence server.
Note
If the ASA already has a signed identity certificate, you can skip Step 1 in this procedure and proceed
directly to Step 2.
Step 1
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, click Generate CSR. The CSR parameters dialog box appears.
For information about specifying additional parameters for the certificate signing request (CSR), see
Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a Unified Communications Proxy, page 15-24.
Information dialog boxes appear indicating that the wizard is delivering the settings to the ASA and
retrieving the certificate key pair information. The Identity Certificate Request dialog box appears.
For information about saving the CSR that was generated and submitting it to a CA, see Saving the
Identity Certificate Request, page 15-25.
Step 2
Click Install ASA’s Identity Certificate. See Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Presence
Federation and Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Servers, page 15-26.
Step 3
Click Remote Server’s CA’s Certificate. The Install Certificate dialog box appears. Install the
certificate. See Installing a Certificate, page 15-23.
Note
Step 4
You must install a root CA certificate for each remote entity that communicates with the ASA
because different organizations might be using different CAs.
Click Next.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for the Presence Federation
proxy.
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication
Wizard
Note
The Unified Communication Wizard is supported for the ASA version 8.3(1) and later.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-16
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard
To configure the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy by using ASDM, choose Wizards > Unified
Communication Wizard from the menu. The Unified Communication Wizard opens. From the first
page, select the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy option under the Business-to-Business section
and click Next.
Note
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy does not appear as an option in the Unified
Communication Wizard unless the license required for this proxy is installed on the ASA.
When using the wizard to create the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, ASDM automatically
creates the necessary TLS proxies, enables SIP inspection for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine traffic,
generates address translation (static PAT) statements for local Cisco Unified Communications Manager
servers, and creates ACLs to allow traffic between the local Cisco Unified Communications Manager
servers and the remote servers.
The following steps provide the high-level overview for configuring the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy:
Step 1
Select the topology of the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, namely whether the security
appliance is an edge firewall with all Internet traffic flowing through it or whether the security appliance
is off the path of the main Internet traffic (referred to as an off-path deployment). See Configuring the
Topology for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 15-17.
Step 2
Specify private network settings such as the Cisco UCM IP addresses and the ticket settings. See
Configuring the Private Network Settings for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 15-18.
Step 3
Specify the public network settings. See Configuring the Public Network Settings for the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 15-20.
Step 4
Specify the media termination address settings of the Cisco UMC. See Configuring the Media
Termination Address for Unified Communication Proxies, page 15-10.
Step 5
Configure the local-side certificate management, namely the certificates that are exchanged between the
local Cisco Unified Communications Manager servers and the security appliance. See Configuring the
Local-Side Certificates for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 15-21.
Step 6
Configure the remote-side certificate management, namely the certificates that are exchanged between
the remote server and the ASA. This certificate is presented to remote servers so that they can
authenticate the ASA as a trusted server. See Configuring the Remote-Side Certificates for the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 15-22.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for the Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine.
Configuring the Topology for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Step 1
Select the topology of your ICME deployment by clicking one of the following options:
•
All Internet traffic flows through the ASA radio button. This option is also referred to as a basic
deployment.
•
This ASA is off the path of the regular Internet traffic. This option is also referred to as an off-path
deployment.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-17
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Step 2
Click Next.
Basic Deployment
In a basic deployment, the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy sits in-line with the Internet firewall
such that all Internet traffic traverses the ASA. In this deployment, a single Cisco UCM or a Cisco UCM
cluster is centrally deployed within the enterprise, along with a Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server
(and perhaps a backup). A single Internet connection traverses the ASA, which is enabled with the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
The ASA sits on the edge of the enterprise and inspects SIP signaling by creating dynamic SIP trunks
between enterprises.
Off-path Deployment
In an off path deployment, inbound and outbound Cisco Intercompany Media Engine calls pass through
an ASA enabled with the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. The ASA is located in the DMZ and
configured to support primarily Cisco Intercompany Media Engine. Normal Internet facing traffic does
not flow through this ASA.
For all inbound calls, the signaling is directed to the ASA because destined Cisco UCMs are configured
with the global IP address on the ASA. For outbound calls, the called party could be any IP address on
the Internet; therefore, the ASA is configured with a mapping service that dynamically provides an
internal IP address on the ASA for each global IP address of the called party on the Internet.
Cisco UCM sends all outbound calls directly to the mapped internal IP address on the ASA instead of
the global IP address of the called party on the Internet. The ASA then forwards the calls to the global
IP address of the called party.
Note
When you configure the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine for an off-path deployment, you must ensure
that the public IP addresses and ports of the Cisco Unified Communications Manager servers and the
public IP address for the media termination address are accessible from the Internet. The summary page
of the Unified Communication Wizard reminds you of the requirements.
Configuring the Private Network Settings for the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy
When configuring the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, you specify settings to define the
private network topology, such the private network interface, the IP addresses of the Cisco Unified
Communications servers, and ticket verification. Additionally, when the Cisco Unified Communications
servers are operating in secure mode, you specify the X.509 subject name for the Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine Proxy,
The values that you specify in this page generate the following configuration settings for the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy:
•
The list of Cisco Unified Communications servers
•
The ticket epoch and password used by the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
•
For an off-path deployment only, the mapping service on the same interface as the Cisco Unified
Communications server
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-18
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Step 1
To configure the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy as part of a basic deployment, select the
interface that connects to the local Cisco Unified Communications servers.
Or
To configure the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy as part of an off-path deployment, complete
the following steps:
a.
From the Listening Interface drop-down list, choose the interface on which the ASA listens for the
mapping requests.
b.
In the Port field, enter a number between 1024 and 65535 as the TCP port on which the ASA listens
for the mapping requests. The port number must be 1024 or higher to avoid conflicts with other
services on the device, such as Telnet or SSH. By default, the port number is TCP 8060.
c.
From the UC-IME Interface drop-down list, choose the interface that the ASA uses to connect to the
remote ASA that is enabled with the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Note
In a basic and an off-path deployment, all Cisco Unified Communications servers must be on the same
interface.
Step 2
In the Unified CM Servers area, the wizard displays the private IP address, public IP address, and
security mode of any Cisco Unified Communications server configured on the ASA. If necessary, click
Add to add a Cisco Unified Communications server. You must include an entry for each Cisco UCM in
the cluster with Cisco Intercompany Media Engine that has a SIP trunk enabled.
Step 3
In the Ticket Epoch field, enter a integer from 1-255.
The epoch indicates the number of times that password has changed. When the proxy is configured the
first time and a password entered for the first time, enter 1 for the epoch integer. Each time you change
the password, increment the epoch to indicate the new password. You must increment the epoch value
each time your change the password. Typically, you increment the epoch sequentially; however, the
security appliance allows you to choose any value when you update the epoch.
If you change the epoch value, the current password is invalidated and you must enter a new password.
Step 4
In the Ticket Password field, enter a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 64 printable character from the
US-ASCII character set. The allowed characters include 0x21 to 0x73 inclusive, and exclude the space
character. The ticket password is stored onto flash.
Note
We recommend a password of at least 20 characters. Only one password can be configured at a
time.
The epoch and password that you configure on the ASA must match the epoch and password configured
on the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server. See the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server
documentation for information.
Step 5
In the Confirm Password field, reenter the password.
Step 6
In the X.509 Subject Name field, enter the distinguished name (DN) of the local enterprise. The name
that you enter must match the name configured for the Cisco Unified Communications servers in the
cluster. See the Cisco Unified Communications server documentation for information.
Step 7
Click Next.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-19
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Adding a Cisco Unified Communications Manager Server for the UC-IME Proxy
You must include an entry for each Cisco UCM in the cluster with Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy that has a SIP trunk enabled.
Step 1
Enter the private IP address and port number (in the range 5000-6000) for the Cisco UCM server.
Step 2
In the Address Translation area, enter the public IP address for the Cisco UCM server.
Step 3
If necessary, enter the port number for the public IP address by clicking the Translate address and port
radio button and entering a number (in the range 5000-6000) in the Port field.
Step 4
In the Security Mode area, click the Secure or Non-secure radio button. Specifying secure for Cisco
UCM or Cisco UCM cluster indicates that Cisco UCM or Cisco UCM cluster is initiating TLS.
If you specify that some of the Cisco UCM servers are operating in secure mode, the Unified
Communications Wizard includes a step in the proxy configuration to generate certificates for the
local-side communication between the ASA and that Cisco UCM server. See Configuring the Local-Side
Certificates for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 15-21.
Step 5
Click OK.
Configuring the Public Network Settings for the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy
The public network configuration depends on the deployment scenario you selected in the topology step
of this wizard. Specifically, when you are configuring the UC-IME proxy as part of an off-path
deployment, this step of the wizard displays fields for address translation, requiring that you specify the
private IP address for the UC-IME proxy. Specifying this private IP address, translates IP addresses for
inbound traffic.
In an off-path deployment, any existing ASA that you have deployed in your environment are not capable
of transmitting Cisco Intercompany Media Engine traffic. Therefore, off-path signaling requires that
outside addresses translate to an inside (private) IP address. The inside interface address can be used for
this mapping service configuration. For the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, the ASA creates
dynamic mappings for external addresses to the internal IP address.
The values that you specify in this page generate the following configuration settings for the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy:
•
Static PAT for the Cisco Unified Communications servers
•
ACLs for traffic between the local and the remote servers
Step 1
In the Configure public network area, choose an interface from the Interface drop-down list.
Step 2
When configuring an off-path deployment, in the Address Translation area, specify whether to use the
private IP address for the public network.
Or
Click the Specify IP address radio button and enter an IP address in the field.
Step 3
Click Next.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-20
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Local-Side Certificates for the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy
Completing this step of the wizard generates a self-signed certificate for the ASA. The server proxy
certificate is automatically generated using the subject name provided in an earlier step of this wizard.
The wizard supports using self-signed certificates only.
A trusted relationship between the ASA and the Cisco UMA server can be established with self-signed
certificates. The certificates are used by the security appliance and the Cisco UCMs to authenticate each
other, respectively, during TLS handshakes.
The ASA's identity certificate is exported, and then needs to be installed on each Cisco Unified
Communications Manager (UCM) server in the cluster with the proxy and each identity certificate from
the Cisco UCMs need to be installed on the security appliance.
This step in the Unified Communications Wizard only appears when the UC-IME proxy that you are
creating has at least one secure Cisco Unified Communications Manager server defined. See Configuring
the Topology for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 15-17 for information.
Step 1
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, click Generate and Export ASA’s Identity Certificate.
An information dialog boxes appear indicating that the enrollment seceded. In the Enrollment Status
dialog box, click OK. The Export certificate dialog box appears.
Note
•
If an identity certificate for the ASA has already been created, the button in this area appears as
Export ASA’s Identity Certificate and the Export certificate dialog box immediately appears.
•
When using the wizard to configure the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, the wizard only
supports installing self-signed certificates.
Step 2
Export the identity certificate generated by the wizard for the ASA. See Exporting an Identity
Certificate, page 15-23.
Step 3
In the Local Unified CM’s Certificate area, click Install Local Unified CM’s Certificate. The Install
Certificate dialog appears.
Step 4
Locate the file containing the certificate from the Cisco Unified Communications Manager server or
paste the certificate details in the dialog box. See Installing a Certificate, page 15-23. You must install
the certificate from each Cisco Unified Communications Manager server in the cluster.
Step 5
Click Next.
Note
See the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server documentation for information on how to export the
certificate for this server.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-21
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the UC-IME by using the Unified Communication Wizard
Configuring the Remote-Side Certificates for the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy
Establishing a trust relationship cross enterprises or across administrative domains is key. Cross
enterprises you must use a trusted third-party CA (such as, VeriSign). The ASA obtains a certificate with
the FQDN of the Cisco Unified Communications Manager server (certificate impersonation).
For the TLS handshake, the two entities could validate the peer certificate via a certificate chain to
trusted third-party certificate authorities. Both entities enroll with the CAs. The ASA as the TLS proxy
must be trusted by both entities. The ASA is always associated with one of the enterprises. Within that
enterprise, the entity and the ASA could authenticate each other via a local CA, or by using self-signed
certificates.
To establish a trusted relationship between the ASA and the remote entity, the ASA can enroll with the
CA on behalf of the local enterprise. In the enrollment request, the local Cisco UCM identity (domain
name) is used.
To establish the trust relationship, the ASA enrolls with the third party CA by using the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager server FQDN as if the security appliance is the Cisco UCM.
Note
If the ASA already has a signed identity certificate, you can skip Step 1 in this procedure and proceed
directly to Step 3.
Step 1
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, click Generate CSR. The CSR parameters dialog box appears.
For information about specifying additional parameters for the certificate signing request (CSR), see
Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a Unified Communications Proxy, page 15-24.
Information dialog boxes appear indicating that the wizard is delivering the settings to the ASA and
retrieving the certificate key pair information. The Identity Certificate Request dialog box appears.
For information about saving the CSR that was generated and submitting it to a CA, see Saving the
Identity Certificate Request, page 15-25.
Step 2
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, click Install ASA’s Identity Certificate. Installing the ASA
Identity Certificate on the Presence Federation and Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Servers,
page 15-26.
Step 3
In the Remote Server’s CA’s Certificate area, click Install Remote Server’s CA’s Certificate. Installing
the root certificates of the CA for the remote servers is necessary so that the ASA can determine that the
remote servers are trusted.
The Install Certificate dialog box appears. Install the certificate. See Installing a Certificate, page 15-23.
Note
Step 4
You must install the root certificates only when the root certificates for the remote servers are
received from a CA other than the one that provided the identity certificate for the ASA
Click Next.
The wizard completes by displaying a summary of the configuration created for the Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-22
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard
This section includes the following topics:
•
Exporting an Identity Certificate, page 15-23
•
Installing a Certificate, page 15-23
•
Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a Unified Communications Proxy, page 15-24
•
Saving the Identity Certificate Request, page 15-25
•
Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Mobility Advantage Server, page 15-26
•
Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Presence Federation and Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Servers, page 15-26
Exporting an Identity Certificate
The Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, Cisco Presence Federation Proxy, or Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy require that you export the ASA identity certificate to install on the Cisco Mobility
Advantage server, Cisco Presence Federation server, and Cisco Unified Communications server,
respectfully.
You use the wizard to export a self-signed identity certificate. The identity certificate has all associated
keys and is in PKCS12 format, which is the public key cryptography standard. When configuring a
Unified Communications proxy by using the wizard, you click the Generate and Export ASA’s Identify
Certificate button while in the local-side or server-side certificate management step of the wizard. The
Export certificate dialog box appears.
From the Export certificate dialog box, perform these steps:
Step 1
Enter the name of the PKCS12 format file to use in exporting the certificate configuration. Alternatively,
click Browse to display the Export ID Certificate File dialog box to find the file to which you want to
export the certificate configuration.
Step 2
Click Export Certificate to export the certificate configuration.
An information dialog box appears informing you that the certificate configuration file has been
successfully exported to the location that you specified.
You complete the configuration of the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, Cisco Presence Federation
Proxy, or Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, you must import the generated ASA identify
certificate in to the Cisco Mobility Advantage server, Cisco Presence Federation server, and Cisco
Unified Communications server, respectfully, depending on which proxy you are configuring.
See the documentation for the for each of these products for information about importing an identity
certificate into each.
Installing a Certificate
When configuring certificates for the Phone Proxy, Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, the Cisco Presence
Federation Proxy, and Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, you must install the certificates from
the Cisco Unified Communications Manager servers, the Cisco Mobility Advantage server, the Cisco
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-23
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard
Presence Federation server, and the Cisco Unified Communications Manager servers, respectively, on
the ASA. See the documentation for each of these products for information about obtaining the identity
certificates from each.
When configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy, if LSC provisioning is required or you have LSC enabled IP
phones, you must install the CAPF certificate from the Cisco UCM on the ASA. If the Cisco UCM has
more than one CAPF certificate, you must import all of them to the ASA. See Enabling Certificate
Authority Proxy Function (CAPF) for IP Phones, page 15-8.
Additionally, when configuring the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, you use the Install Certificate
dialog box to install the root certificate received from the certificate authority. The root certificate from
the certificate authority is used to sign other certificates. The root certificate is used by the ASA to
authenticate your signed identity certificate received from the certificate authority.
Note
When using the wizard to configure the Unified Communications proxies, the wizard only supports
installing self-signed certificates.
From the Install Certificate dialog box, perform these steps:
Step 1
Step 2
Perform one of the following actions:
•
To add a certificate configuration from an existing file, click the Install from a file radio button (this
is the default setting). Enter the path and file name, or click Browse to search for the file. Then click
Install Certificate.
•
To enroll manually, click the Paste certificate in PEM format radio button. Copy and paste the
PEM format (base64 or hexadecimal) certificate into the area provided.
Click Install Certificate.
An information dialog box appears informing you that the certificate was installed on the ASA
successfully.
Generating a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for a Unified Communications
Proxy
When configuring certificates for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, Cisco Presence Federation
Proxy, or Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, you must generate and identity certificate request
for the ASA.
Note
If the ASA already has a signed identity certificate, you do not need to generate a CSR and can proceed
directly to installing this certificate on the ASA. See Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the
Mobility Advantage Server, page 15-26 and Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Presence
Federation and Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Servers, page 15-26 for the steps to install the identity
certificate.
The identify certificate that you receive is presented to the following entities for each of the Unified
Communication Proxies:
•
Unified Mobile Communicator clients for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-24
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard
•
Remote Presence Federation servers for the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy
•
The remote ASAfor the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Before generating the CSR, you can enter additional parameters.
When configuring a Unified Communications proxy by using the wizard, you click the Generate CSR
button while in the client-side or remote-side certificate management step of the wizard. The CSR
Parameters dialog box appears.
In the CSR Parameters dialog box, perform the following steps:
Step 1
From the Key Pair Size drop-down list, choose the size required for you certificate.
The key size that you select depends on the level of security that you want to configure and on any
limitations imposed by the CA from which you are obtaining the certificate. The larger the number that
you select, the higher the security level will be for the certificate. Most CAs recommend 2048 for the
key modulus size; however, GoDaddy requires a key modulus size of 2048.
Step 2
(Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy only) In the CN field, enter the domain name used by your
enterprise or network. The subject DN you configure for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
must match the domain name that set in the local Cisco Unified Communications Manager server.
Note
Step 3
For the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy and Cisco Presence Federation Proxy, the wizard
provides the common name (CN), which is the FQDN of the Cisco Mobility Advantage server
or Cisco Unified Presence server, respectively.
In the Additional DN Attributes field, enter an attribute.
Or
Click Select to display the Additional DN Attributes dialog box.
a.
In the Additional DN Attributes dialog box, choose an attribute from the drop-down list.
b.
Enter a value for the attribute.
c.
Click Add. The attribute appears in the list.
d.
Click OK to return to the CSR Parameters dialog box.
The value you added appears in the Additional DN Attributes field in the CSR Parameters dialog box.
Step 4
Click OK.
Saving the Identity Certificate Request
After successfully generating the identity certificate request for one of the Unified Communications
proxies, the Identity Certificate Request dialog box appears and prompts you to save the request.
Step 1
In the Save CSR to File field, enter the CSR file name and path; for example, c:\asa-csr.txt.
Step 2
Click OK. An information dialog box appears indicating the CSR was saved successfully.
Step 3
Click OK to close the dialog and return to the wizard.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-25
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard
Submit the CSR to the certificate authority (CA), for example, by pasting the CSR text into the CSR
enrollment page on the CA website.
When the CA returns the signed identity certificate, rerun the Unified Communications Wizard. From
the client-side or remote-side certificate management step of the wizard, click Install ASA’s Identity
Certificate. See Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Mobility Advantage Server, page 15-26
and Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Presence Federation and Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Servers, page 15-26 for the steps to install the identity certificate.
Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Mobility Advantage Server
When configuring certificates for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, you must install the ASA
identity certificate on the Cisco Mobility Advantage server.
Typically, a certificate authority returns two certificates: your signed identity certificate and the
certificate authority’s certificate (referred to as the root certificate). However, some certificate
authorities (for example, VeriSign) might also send you an intermediate certificate.
The root certificate from the certificate authority is used to sign other certificates. The root certificate is
used by the ASA to authenticate your signed identity certificate received from the certificate authority.
If the certificate authority provided an intermediate certificate, you must enter the certificate text in the
Intermediate Certificate (If Applicable) area of the Install ASA’s Identity Certificate dialog box.
For the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy, you install the root certificate in another dialog box. See
Installing a Certificate, page 15-23 for the steps to install the root certificate.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
In the Intermediate Certificate (If Applicable) area, perform on of the following actions:
•
To add a certificate configuration from an existing file, click the Install from a file radio button (this
is the default setting). Enter the path and file name, or click Browse to search for the file. Then click
Install Certificate.
•
To enroll manually, click the Paste the certificate data in base-64 format radio button. Copy and
paste the PEM format (base64 or hexadecimal) certificate into the area provided.
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, perform on of the following actions:
•
To add a certificate configuration from an existing file, click the Install from a file radio button (this
is the default setting). Enter the path and file name, or click Browse to search for the file. Then click
Install Certificate.
•
To enroll manually, click the Paste the certificate data in base-64 format radio button. Copy and
paste the PEM format (base64 or hexadecimal) certificate into the area provided.
Click Install Certificate.
Installing the ASA Identity Certificate on the Presence Federation and Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Servers
When configuring certificates for the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy and Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy, you must install the ASA identity certificate and the root certificate on the Cisco Presence
Federation server and Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server, respectively.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-26
Chapter 15
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard
Typically, a certificate authority returns two certificates: your signed identity certificate and the
certificate authority’s certificate (referred to as the root certificate). The root certificate from the
certificate authority is used to sign other certificates. The root certificate is used by the ASA to
authenticate your signed identity certificate received from the certificate authority.
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
In the Root CA’s Certificate area, perform on of the following actions:
•
To add a certificate configuration from an existing file, click the Install from a file radio button (this
is the default setting). Enter the path and file name, or click Browse to search for the file. Then click
Install Certificate.
•
To enroll manually, click the Paste the certificate data in base-64 format radio button. Copy and
paste the PEM format (base64 or hexadecimal) certificate into the area provided.
In the ASA’s Identity Certificate area, perform on of the following actions:
•
To add a certificate configuration from an existing file, click the Install from a file radio button (this
is the default setting). Enter the path and file name, or click Browse to search for the file. Then click
Install Certificate.
•
To enroll manually, click the Paste the certificate data in base-64 format radio button. Copy and
paste the PEM format (base64 or hexadecimal) certificate into the area provided.
Click Install Certificate.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-27
Chapter 15
Working with Certificates in the Unified Communication Wizard
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
15-28
Using the Cisco Unified Communication Wizard
CH AP TE R
16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
This chapter describes how to configure the ASA for Cisco Phone Proxy feature.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information About the Cisco Phone Proxy, page 16-1
•
Licensing Requirements for the Phone Proxy, page 16-4
•
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy, page 16-6
•
Phone Proxy Guidelines and Limitations, page 16-12
•
Configuring the Phone Proxy, page 16-14
•
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy, page 16-28
•
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy, page 16-44
•
Feature History for the Phone Proxy, page 16-54
Information About the Cisco Phone Proxy
The Cisco Phone Proxy on the ASA bridges IP telephony between the corporate IP telephony network
and the Internet in a secure manner by forcing data from remote phones on an untrusted network to be
encrypted.
Phone Proxy Functionality
Telecommuters can connect their IP phones to the corporate IP telephony network over the Internet
securely via the phone proxy without the need to connect over a VPN tunnel as illustrated by
Figure 16-1.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-1
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Information About the Cisco Phone Proxy
Figure 16-1
Phone Proxy Secure Deployment
Trusted / Inside / Un-Secured
M
ASA
TCP/RTP
M
M
M
Un-trusted / Outside / Secured
TLS/SRTP
Internet
IP
Home Router
w/NAT
M
Remote
IP phone
IP
Internal
IP phone
IP
Home Router
w/NAT
Remote
IP phone
Unencrypted signaling
Encrypted signaling
271631
Enterprise
The phone proxy supports a Cisco UCM cluster in mixed mode or nonsecure mode. Regardless of the
cluster mode, the remote phones that are capable of encryption are always forced to be in encrypted
mode. TLS (signaling) and SRTP (media) are always terminated on the ASA. The ASA can also perform
NAT, open pinholes for the media, and apply inspection policies for the SCCP and SIP protocols. In a
nonsecure cluster mode or a mixed mode where the phones are configured as nonsecure, the phone proxy
behaves in the following ways:
•
The TLS connections from the phones are terminated on the ASA and a TCP connection is initiated
to the Cisco UCM.
•
SRTP sent from external IP phones to the internal network IP phone via the ASA is converted to
RTP.
In a mixed mode cluster where the internal IP phones are configured as authenticated, the TLS
connection is not converted to TCP to the Cisco UCM but the SRTP is converted to RTP.
In a mixed mode cluster where the internal IP phone is configured as encrypted, the TLS connection
remains a TLS connection to the Cisco UCM and the SRTP from the remote phone remains SRTP to the
internal IP phone.
Since the main purpose of the phone proxy is to make the phone behave securely while making calls to
a nonsecure cluster, the phone proxy performs the following major functions:
•
Creates the certificate trust list (CTL) file, which is used to perform certificate based authentication
with remote phones.
•
Modifies the IP phone configuration file when it is requested via TFTP, changes security fields from
nonsecure to secure, and signs all files sent to the phone. These modifications secure remote phones
by forcing the phones to perform encrypted signaling and media.
•
Terminates TLS signaling from the phone and initiates TCP or TLS to Cisco UCM
•
Inserts itself into the media path by modifying the Skinny and SIP signaling messages.
•
Terminates SRTP and initiates RTP/SRTP to the called party.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-2
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Information About the Cisco Phone Proxy
Note
As an alternative to authenticating remote IP phones through the TLS handshake, you can configure
authentication via LSC provisioning. With LSC provisioning you create a password for each remote IP
phone user and each user enters the password on the remote IP phones to retrieve the LSC.
Because using LSC provisioning to authenticate remote IP phones requires the IP phones first register
in nonsecure mode, Cisco recommends LSC provisioning be done inside the corporate network before
giving the IP phones to end-users. Otherwise, having the IP phones register in nonsecure mode requires
the Administrator to open the nonsecure signaling port for SIP and SCCP on the ASA.
See “Example 5: LSC Provisioning in Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster; Cisco UCM and TFTP Server
on Publisher, page 16-50“. See also the Cisco Unified Communications Manager Security Guide for
information on Using the Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF) to install a locally significant
certificate (LSC).
Supported Cisco UCM and IP Phones for the Phone Proxy
Cisco Unified Communications Manager
The following release of the Cisco Unified Communications Manager are supported with the phone
proxy:
•
Cisco Unified CallManager Version 4.x
•
Cisco Unified CallManager Version 5.0
•
Cisco Unified CallManager Version 5.1
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager 6.1
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager 7.0
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager 8.0
Cisco Unified IP Phones
The phone proxy supports these IP phone features:
•
Enterprise features like conference calls on remote phones connected through the phone proxy
•
XML services
The following IP phones in the Cisco Unified IP Phones 7900 Series are supported with the phone proxy:
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7975
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7971
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7970
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7965
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7962
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7961
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7961G-GE
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7960 (SCCP protocol support only)
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7945
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7942
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-3
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Licensing Requirements for the Phone Proxy
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7940 (SCCP protocol support only)
•
Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7921
•
Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7925
Note
•
Note
Note
To support Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7925, you must also configure MIC or LSC on the
IP phone so that it properly works with the phone proxy.
CIPC for softphones ( CIPC versions with Authenticated mode only)
The Cisco IP Communicator is supported with the phone proxy VLAN Traversal in
authenticated TLS mode. We do not recommend it for remote access because SRTP/TLS is not
supported currently on the Cisco IP Communicator.
The ASA supports inspection of traffic from Cisco IP Phones running SCCP protocol version 19 and
earlier.
Licensing Requirements for the Phone Proxy
The Cisco Phone Proxy feature supported by the ASA require a Unified Communications Proxy license.
The following table shows the Unified Communications Proxy license details by platform:
Note
This feature is not available on No Payload Encryption models.
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5505
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional license: 24 sessions.
ASA 5510
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, or 100 sessions.
ASA 5520
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
ASA 5540
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5550
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
ASA 5580
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-4
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Licensing Requirements for the Phone Proxy
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5512-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5515-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5525-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
ASA 5545-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5555-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-10
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-20, -40, or -60
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA SM
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions. 2
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions. 2
1. The following applications use TLS proxy sessions for their connections. Each TLS proxy session used by these applications (and only these applications)
is counted against the UC license limit:
- Phone Proxy
- Presence Federation Proxy
- Encrypted Voice Inspection
Other applications that use TLS proxy sessions do not count towards the UC limit, for example, Mobility Advantage Proxy (which does not require a
license) and IME (which requires a separate IME license).
Some UC applications might use multiple sessions for a connection. For example, if you configure a phone with a primary and backup Cisco Unified
Communications Manager, there are 2 TLS proxy connections, so 2 UC Proxy sessions are used.
You independently set the TLS proxy limit using the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command. To view the limits of your model, enter the tls-proxy
maximum-sessions ? command. When you apply a UC license that is higher than the default TLS proxy limit, the security appliance automatically sets
the TLS proxy limit to match the UC limit. The TLS proxy limit takes precedence over the UC license limit; if you set the TLS proxy limit to be less than
the UC license, then you cannot use all of the sessions in your UC license.
Note: For license part numbers ending in “K8” (for example, licenses under 250 users), TLS proxy sessions are limited to 1000. For license part numbers
ending in “K9” (for example, licenses 250 users or larger), the TLS proxy limit depends on the configuration, up to the model limit. K8 and K9 refer to
whether the license is restricted for export: K8 is unrestricted, and K9 is restricted.
Note: If you clear the configuration (using the clear configure all command, for example), then the TLS proxy limit is set to the default for your model;
if this default is lower than the UC license limit, then you see an error message to use the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command to raise the limit again
. If you use failover and enter the write standby command on the primary unit to force a configuration synchronization, the clear configure all command
is generated on the secondary unit automatically, so you may see the warning message on the secondary unit. Because the configuration synchronization
restores the TLS proxy limit set on the primary unit, you can ignore the warning.
You might also use SRTP encryption sessions for your connections:
- For K8 licenses, SRTP sessions are limited to 250.
- For K9 licenses, there is not limit.
Note: Only calls that require encryption/decryption for media are counted towards the SRTP limit; if passthrough is set for the call, even if both legs are
SRTP, they do not count towards the limit.
2. With the 10,000-session UC license, the total combined sessions can be 10,000, but the maximum number of Phone Proxy sessions is 5000.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-5
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy
For more information about licensing, see the general operations configuration guide.
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy
This section contains the following topics:
•
Media Termination Instance Prerequisites, page 16-6
•
Certificates from the Cisco UCM, page 16-7
•
DNS Lookup Prerequisites, page 16-7
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager Prerequisites, page 16-7
•
ACL Rules, page 16-7
•
NAT and PAT Prerequisites, page 16-8
•
Prerequisites for IP Phones on Multiple Interfaces, page 16-9
•
7960 and 7940 IP Phones Support, page 16-9
•
Cisco IP Communicator Prerequisites, page 16-10
•
Prerequisites for Rate Limiting TFTP Requests, page 16-11
•
About ICMP Traffic Destined for the Media Termination Address, page 16-11
•
End-User Phone Provisioning, page 16-12
Media Termination Instance Prerequisites
The ASA must have a media termination instance that meets the following criteria:
•
You must configure one media termination for each phone proxy on the ASA. Multiple media
termination instances on the ASA are not supported.
•
For the media termination instance, you can configure a global media-termination address for all
interfaces or configure a media-termination address for different interfaces. However, you cannot
use a global media-termination address and media-termination addresses configured for each
interface at the same time.
•
If you configure a media termination address for multiple interfaces, you must configure an address
on each interface that the ASA uses when communicating with IP phones.
For example, if you had three interfaces on the ASA (one internal interface and two external
interfaces) and only one of the external interfaces were used to communicate with IP phones, you
would configure two media termination addresses: one on the internal interface and one on the
external interface that communicated with the IP phones.
•
Only one media-termination address can be configured per interface.
•
The IP addresses are publicly routable addresses that are unused IP addresses within the address
range on that interface.
•
The IP address on an interface cannot be the same address as that interface on the ASA.
•
The IP addresses cannot overlap with existing static NAT pools or NAT rules.
•
The IP addresses cannot be the same as the Cisco UCM or TFTP server IP address.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-6
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy
•
For IP phones behind a router or gateway, you must also meet this prerequisite. On the router or
gateway, add routes to the media termination address on the ASA interface that the IP phones
communicate with so that the phone can reach the media termination address.
Certificates from the Cisco UCM
Import the following certificates which are stored on the Cisco UCM. These certificates are required by
the ASA for the phone proxy.
•
Cisco_Manufacturing_CA
•
CAP-RTP-001
•
CAP-RTP-002
•
CAPF certificate (Optional)
If LSC provisioning is required or you have LSC enabled IP phones, you must import the CAPF
certificate from the Cisco UCM. If the Cisco UCM has more than one CAPF certificate, you must import
all of them to the ASA.
Note
You can configure LSC provisioning for additional end-user authentication. See the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager configuration guide for information.
See Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM, page 16-15. For example, the CA Manufacturer
certificate is required by the phone proxy to validate the IP phone certificate.
DNS Lookup Prerequisites
•
If you have an fully qualified domain name (FQDN) configured for the Cisco UCM rather than an
IP address, you must configure and enable DNS lookup on the ASA. For information about the dns
domain-lookup command and how to use it to configure DNS lookup, see command reference.
•
After configuring the DNS lookup, make sure that the ASA can ping the Cisco UCM with the
configured FQDN.
•
You must configure DNS lookup when you have a CAPF service enabled and the Cisco UCM is not
running on the Publisher but the Publisher is configured with a FQDN instead of an IP address.
Cisco Unified Communications Manager Prerequisites
•
The TFTP server must reside on the same interface as the Cisco UCM.
•
The Cisco UCM can be on a private network on the inside but you need to have a static mapping for
the Cisco UCM on the ASA to a public routable address.
•
If NAT is required for Cisco UCM, it must be configured on the ASA, not on the existing firewall.
ACL Rules
If the phone proxy is deployed behind an existing firewall, access-list rules to permit signaling, TFTP
requests, and media traffic to the phone proxy must be configured.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-7
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy
If NAT is configured for the TFTP server or Cisco UCMs, the translated “global” address must be used
in the ACLs.
Table 16-1 lists the ports that are required to be configured on the existing firewall:
Table 16-1
Port Configuration Requirements
Address
Port
Protocol
Description
Media Termination
1024-65535
UDP
Allow incoming SRTP
TFTP Server
69
UDP
Allow incoming TFTP
Cisco UCM
2443
TCP
Allow incoming secure
SCCP
Cisco UCM
5061
TCP
Allow incoming secure
SIP
CAPF Service (on Cisco 3804
UCM)
TCP
Allow CAPF service for
LSC provisioning
Note
All these ports are configurable on the Cisco UCM, except for TFTP. These are the default
values and should be modified if they are modified on the Cisco UCM. For example, 3804 is the
default port for the CAPF Service. This default value should be modified if it is modified on the
Cisco UCM.
NAT and PAT Prerequisites
NAT Prerequisites
•
If NAT is configured for the TFTP server, the NAT configuration must be configured prior to
configuring the tftp-server command under the phone proxy.
•
If NAT is configured for the TFTP server or Cisco UCMs, the translated “global” address must be
used in the ACLs.
PAT Prerequisites
•
When the Skinny inspection global port is configured to use a non-default port, then you must
configure the nonsecure port as the global_sccp_port+443.
Therefore, if global_sccp_port is 7000, then the global secure SCCP port is 7443. Reconfiguring the
port might be necessary when the phone proxy deployment has more than one Cisco UCM and they
must share the interface IP address or a global IP address.
/* use the default ports for the first CUCM */
object network obj-10.0.0.1-01
host 10.0.0.1
nat (inside,outside) static interface service tcp 2000 2000
object network obj-10.0.0.1-02
host 10.0.0.1
nat (inside,outside) static interface service tcp 2443 2443
/* use non-default ports for the 2nd CUCM */
object network obj-10.0.0.2-01
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static interface service tcp 2000 7000
object network obj-10.0.0.2-02
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-8
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static interface service tcp 2443 7443
Note
•
Both PAT configurations—for the nonsecure and secure ports—must be configured.
When the IP phones must contact the CAPF on the Cisco UCM and the Cisco UCM is configured
with static PAT (LCS provisioning is required), you must configure static PAT for the default CAPF
port 3804.
Prerequisites for IP Phones on Multiple Interfaces
When IP phones reside on multiple interfaces, the phone proxy configuration must have the correct IP
address set for the Cisco UCM in the CTL file.
See the following example topology for information about how to correctly set the IP address:
phones --- (dmz)-----|
|----- ASA PP --- (outside Internet) --- phones
phones --- (inside)--|
In this example topology, the following IP address are set:
•
Cisco UCM on the inside interface is set to 10.0.0.5
•
The DMZ network is 192.168.1.0/24
•
The inside network is 10.0.0.0/24
The Cisco UCM is mapped with different global IP addresses from DMZ > outside and inside interfaces
> outside interface.
In the CTL file, the Cisco UCM must have two entries because of the two different IP addresses. For
example, if the static statements for the Cisco UCM are as follows:
object network obj-10.0.0.5-01
host 10.0.0.5
nat (inside,outside) static 209.165.202.129
object network obj-10.0.0.5-02
host 10.0.0.5
nat (inside,dmz) static 198.168.1.2
There must be two CTL file record entries for the Cisco UCM:
record-entry cucm trustpoint cucm_in_to_out address 209.165.202.129
record-entry cucm trustpoint cucm_in_to_dmz address 192.168.1.2
7960 and 7940 IP Phones Support
•
An LSC must be installed on these IP phones because they do not come pre installed with a MIC.
Install the LSC on each phone before using them with the phone proxy to avoid opening the
nonsecure SCCP port for the IP phones to register in nonsecure mode with the Cisco UCM.
See the following document for the steps to install an LSC on IP phones:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/voice_ip_comm/cucm/security/7_0_1/secugd/secucapf.html#w
p1093518
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-9
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy
Note
If an IP phone already has an LSC installed on it from a different Cisco UCM cluster, delete the
LSC from the different cluster and install an LSC from the current Cisco UCM cluster.
Note
You can configure LSC provisioning for additional end-user authentication. See the Cisco
Unified Communications Manager configuration guide for information.
•
The CAPF certificate must be imported onto the ASA.
•
The CTL file created on the ASA must be created with a CAPF record-entry.
•
The phone must be configured to use only the SCCP protocol because the SIP protocol does not
support encryption on these IP phones.
•
If LSC provisioning is done via the phone proxy, you must add an ACL to allow the IP phones to
register with the Cisco UCM on the nonsecure port 2000.
Cisco IP Communicator Prerequisites
To configure Cisco IP Communicator (CIPC) with the phone proxy, you must meet the following
prerequisites:
•
Include the cipc security-mode authenticated command under the phone-proxy command when
configuring the phone proxy instance.
•
Create an ACL to allow CIPC to register with the Cisco UCM in nonsecure mode.
•
Configure null-sha1 as one of the SSL encryption ciphers.
Current versions of Cisco IP Communicator (CIPC) support authenticated mode and perform TLS
signaling but not voice encryption. Therefore, you must include the following command when
configuring the phone proxy instance:
cipc security-mode authenticated
Because CIPC requires an LSC to perform the TLS handshake, CIPC needs to register with the Cisco
UCM in nonsecure mode using cleartext signaling. To allow the CIPC to register, create an ACL that
allows the CIPC to connect to the Cisco UCM on the nonsecure SIP/SCCP signalling ports (5060/2000).
Note
You can configure LSC provisioning for additional end-user authentication. See the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager configuration guide for information.
CIPC uses a different cipher when doing the TLS handshake and requires the null-sha1 cipher and SSL
encryption be configured. To add the null-shal cipher, use the show run all ssl command to see the output
for the ssl encryption command and add null-shal to the end of the SSL encryption list.
Note
When used with CIPC, the phone proxy does not support end-users resetting their device name in CIPC
(Preferences > Network tab > Use this Device Name field) or Administrators resetting the device name
in Cisco Unified CM Administration console (Device menu > Phone Configuration > Device Name
field). To function with the phone proxy, the CIPC configuration file must be in the format:
SEP<mac_address>.cnf.xml. If the device name does not follow this format (SEP<mac_address>), CIPC
cannot retrieve its configuration file from Cisco UMC via the phone proxy and CIPC will not function.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-10
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Prerequisites for the Phone Proxy
Prerequisites for Rate Limiting TFTP Requests
In a remote access scenario, we recommend that you configure rate limiting of TFTP requests because
any IP phone connecting through the Internet is allowed to send TFTP requests to the TFTP server.
To configure rate limiting of TFTP requests, configure the police command in the Modular Policy
Framework. See the command reference for information about using the police command.
Policing is a way of ensuring that no traffic exceeds the maximum rate (in bits/second) that you
configure, thus ensuring that no one traffic flow can take over the entire resource. When traffic exceeds
the maximum rate, the ASA drops the excess traffic. Policing also sets the largest single burst of traffic
allowed.
Rate Limiting Configuration Example
The following example describes how you configure rate limiting for TFTP requests by using the police
command and the Modular Policy Framework.
Begin by determining the conformance rate that is required for the phone proxy. To determine the
conformance rate, use the following formula:
X * Y * 8
Where
X = requests per second
Y = size of each packet, which includes the L2, L3, and L4 plus the payload
Therefore, if a rate of 300 TFTP requests/second is required, then the conformance rate would be
calculated as follows:
300 requests/second * 80 bytes * 8 = 192000
The example configuration below shows how the calculated conformance rate is used with the police
command:
access-list tftp extended permit udp any host 192.168.0.1 eq tftp
class-map tftpclass
match access-list tftp
policy-map tftpmap
class tftpclass
police output 192000
service-policy tftpmap interface inside
About ICMP Traffic Destined for the Media Termination Address
To control which hosts can ping the media termination address, use the icmp command and apply the
access rule to the outside interface on the ASA.
Any rules for ICMP access applied to the outside interface apply to traffic destined for the media
termination address.
For example, use the following command to deny ICMP pings from any host destined for the media
termination address:
icmp deny any outside
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-11
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Phone Proxy Guidelines and Limitations
End-User Phone Provisioning
The phone proxy is a transparent proxy with respect to the TFTP and signaling transactions. If NAT is
not configured for the Cisco UCM TFTP server, then the IP phones need to be configured with the Cisco
UCM cluster TFTP server address.
If NAT is configured for the Cisco UCM TFTP server, then the Cisco UCM TFTP server global address
is configured as the TFTP server address on the IP phones.
Ways to Deploy IP Phones to End Users
In both options, deploying a remote IP phone behind a commercial Cable/DSL router with NAT
capabilities is supported.
Option 1 (Recommended)
Stage the IP phones at corporate headquarters before sending them to the end users:
•
The phones register inside the network. IT ensures there are no issues with the phone configurations,
image downloads, and registration.
•
If Cisco UCM cluster was in mixed mode, the CTL file should be erased before sending the phone
to the end user.
Advantages of this option are:
•
Easier to troubleshoot and isolate problems with the network or phone proxy because you know
whether the phone is registered and working with the Cisco UCM.
•
Better user experience because the phone does not have to download firmware from over a
broadband connection, which can be slow and require the user to wait for a longer time.
Option 2
Send the IP phone to the end user. When using option 2, the user must be provided instructions to change
the settings on phones with the appropriate Cisco UCM and TFTP server IP address.
Note
As an alternative to authenticating remote IP phones through the TLS handshake, you can configure
authentication via LSC provisioning. With LSC provisioning you create a password for each remote IP
phone user and each user enters the password on the remote IP phones to retrieve the LSC.
Because using LSC provisioning to authenticate remote IP phones requires the IP phones first register
in nonsecure mode, Cisco recommends LSC provisioning be done inside the corporate network before
giving the IP phones to end-users. Otherwise, having the IP phones register in nonsecure mode requires
the Administrator to open the nonsecure signaling port for SIP and SCCP on the ASA.
See “Example 5: LSC Provisioning in Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster; Cisco UCM and TFTP Server
on Publisher, page 16-50“. See also the Cisco Unified Communications Manager Security Guide for
information on Using the Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF) to install a locally significant
certificate (LSC).
Phone Proxy Guidelines and Limitations
This section includes the following topics:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-12
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Phone Proxy Guidelines and Limitations
•
General Guidelines and Limitations, page 16-13
•
Media Termination Address Guidelines and Limitations, page 16-14
General Guidelines and Limitations
The phone proxy has the following general limitations:
•
Only one phone proxy instance can be configured on the ASA by using the phone-proxy command.
See the command reference for information about the phone-proxy command. See also Creating the
Phone Proxy Instance, page 16-24.
•
The phone proxy only supports one Cisco UCM cluster. See Creating the CTL File, page 16-18 for
the steps to configure the Cisco UCM cluster for the phone proxy.
•
The phone proxy is not supported when the ASA is running in transparent mode or multiple context
mode.
•
When a remote IP phone calls an invalid internal or external extension, the phone proxy does not
support playing the annunciator message from the Cisco UCM. Instead, the remote IP phone plays
a fast busy signal instead of the annunciator message "Your call cannot be completed ..." However,
when an internal IP phone dials in invalid extension, the annunciator messages plays "Your call
cannot be completed ..."
•
Packets from phones connecting to the phone proxy over a VPN tunnel are not inspected by the ASA
inspection engines.
•
The phone proxy does not support IP phones sending Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP) packets
through the ASA. Disable RTCP packets in the Cisco Unified CM Administration console from the
Phone Configuration page. See your Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CallManager)
documentation for information about setting this configuration option.
•
When used with CIPC, the phone proxy does not support end-users resetting their device name in
CIPC (Preferences > Network tab > Use this Device Name field) or Administrators resetting the
device name in Cisco Unified CM Administration console (Device menu > Phone Configuration >
Device Name field). To function with the phone proxy, the CIPC configuration file must be in the
format: SEP<mac_address>.cnf.xml. If the device name does not follow this format
(SEP<mac_address>), CIPC cannot retrieve its configuration file from Cisco UMC via the phone
proxy and CIPC will not function.
•
The phone proxy does not support IP phones sending SCCP video messages using Cisco VT
Advantage because SCCP video messages do not support SRTP keys.
•
For mixed-mode clusters, the phone proxy does not support the Cisco Unified Call Manager using
TFTP to send encrypted configuration files to IP phones through the ASA.
•
Multiple IP phones behind one NAT device must be configured to use the same security mode.
When the phone proxy is configured for a mixed-mode cluster and multiple IP phones are behind
one NAT device and registering through the phone proxy, all the SIP and SCCP IP phones must be
configured as authenticated or encrypted, or all as non-secure on the Unified Call Manager.
For example, if there are four IP phones behind one NAT device where two IP phones are configured
using SIP and two IP phones are configured using SCCP, the following configurations on the Unified
Call Manager are acceptable:
– Two SIP IP phones: one IP phone in authenticated mode and one in encrypted mode, both in
authenticated mode, or both in encrypted mode
Two SCCP IP phones: one IP phone in authenticated mode and one in encrypted mode, both in
authenticated mode, or both in encrypted mode
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-13
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
– Two SIP IP phones: both in non-secure mode
Two SCCP IP phones: one IP phone in authenticated mode and one in encrypted mode, both in
authenticated mode, both in encrypted mode
– Two SIP IP phones: one IP phone in authenticated mode and one in encrypted mode, both in
authenticated mode, both in encrypted mode
Two SCCP IP phones: both in non-secure mode
This limitation results from the way the application-redirect rules (rules that convert TLS to TCP)
are created for the IP phones.
Media Termination Address Guidelines and Limitations
The phone proxy has the following limitations relating to configuring the media-termination address:
•
When configuring the media-termination address, the phone proxy does not support having internal
IP phones (IP phones on the inside network) being on a different network interface from the Cisco
UCM unless the IP phones are forced to use the non-secure Security mode.
When internal IP phones are on a different network interface than the Cisco UCM, the IP phones
signalling sessions still go through ASA; however, the IP phone traffic does not go through the
phone proxy. Therefore, Cisco recommends that you deploy internal IP phones on the same network
interface as the Cisco UMC.
If the Cisco UMC and the internal IP phones must be on different network interfaces, you must add
routes for the internal IP phones to access the network interface of the media-termination address
where Cisco UMC resides.
When the phone proxy is configured to use a global media-termination address, all IP phones see
the same global address, which is a public routable address.
•
If you decide to configure a media-termination address on interfaces (rather than using a global
interface), you must configure a media-termination address on at least two interfaces (the inside and
an outside interface) before applying the phone-proxy service policy. Otherwise, you will receive an
error message when enabling the Phone Proxy with SIP and Skinny Inspection.
•
The phone proxy can use only one type of media termination instance at a time; for example, you
can configure a global media-termination address for all interfaces or configure a media-termination
address for different interfaces. However, you cannot use a global media-termination address and
media-termination addresses configured for each interface at the same time.
Configuring the Phone Proxy
This section includes the following topics:
•
Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-15
•
Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM, page 16-15
•
Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-17
•
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 16-17
•
Creating the CTL File, page 16-18
•
Using an Existing CTL File, page 16-20
•
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance for a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-20
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-14
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
•
Creating the TLS Proxy for a Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-21
•
Creating the Media Termination Instance, page 16-23
•
Creating the Phone Proxy Instance, page 16-24
•
Enabling the Phone Proxy with SIP and Skinny Inspection, page 16-26
•
Configuring Linksys Routers with UDP Port Forwarding for the Phone Proxy, page 16-27
Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster
Follow these tasks to configure the phone proxy in a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster:
Step 1
Create trustpoints and generate certificates for each entity in the network (Cisco UCM, Cisco UCM and
TFTP, TFTP server, CAPF) that the IP phone must trust. The certificates are used in creating the CTL
file. See Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 16-17.
Note
Before you create the trustpoints and generate certificates, you must have imported the required
certificates, which are stored on the Cisco UCM. See Certificates from the Cisco UCM,
page 16-7 and Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM, page 16-15
Step 2
Create the CTL file for the phone proxy. See Creating the CTL File, page 16-18.
Step 3
Create the TLS proxy instance. See Creating the TLS Proxy Instance for a Non-secure Cisco UCM
Cluster, page 16-20.
Step 4
Create the media termination instance for the phone proxy. See Creating the Media Termination
Instance, page 16-23.
Step 5
Create the phone proxy instance. See Creating the Phone Proxy Instance, page 16-24.
Step 6
Enable the phone proxy y with SIP and Skinny inspection. See Enabling the Phone Proxy with SIP and
Skinny Inspection, page 16-26.
Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM
For the TLS proxy used by the phone proxy to complete the TLS handshake successfully, it needs to
verify the certificates from the IP phone (and the Cisco UCM if doing TLS with Cisco UCM). To validate
the IP phone certificate, we need the CA Manufacturer certificate which is stored on the Cisco UCM.
Follow these steps to import the CA Manufacturer certificate to the ASA.
Step 1
Go to the Cisco UCM Operating System Administration web page.
Step 2
Choose Security > Certificate Management.
Note
Earlier versions of Cisco UCM have a different UI and way to locate the certificates. For
example, in Cisco UCM version 4.x, certificates are located in the directory C:\Program
Files\Cisco\Certificates. See your Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CallManager)
documentation for information about locating certificates.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-15
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Step 3
Click Find and it will display all the certificates.
Step 4
Find the filename Cisco_Manufacturing_CA. This is the certificate need to verify the IP phone
certificate. Click the .PEM file Cisco_Manufacturing_CA.pem. This will show you the certificate
information and a dialog box that has the option to download the certificate.
Note
If the certificate list contains more than one certificate with the filename
Cisco_Manufacturing_CA, make you select the certificate Cisco_Manufacturing_CA.pem—the
one with the .pem file extension.
Step 5
Click Download and save the file as a text file.
Step 6
On the ASA, create a trustpoint for the Cisco Manufacturing CA and enroll via terminal by entering the
following commands. Enroll via terminal because you will paste the certificate you downloaded in
Step 4.
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint trustpoint_name
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment terminal
Step 7
Authenticate the trustpoint by entering the following command:
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate trustpoint
Step 8
Step 9
You are prompted to “Enter the base 64 encoded CA Certificate.” Copy the .PEM file you downloaded
in Step 4 and paste it at the command line. The file is already in base-64 encoding so no conversion is
required. If the certificate is OK, you are prompted to accept it: “Do you accept this certificate?
[yes/no].” Enter yes.
Note
When you copy the certificate, make sure that you also copy also the lines with BEGIN and
END.
Tip
If the certificate is not ok, use the debug crypto ca command to show debug messages for PKI
activity (used with CAs).
Repeat the Step 1 through Step 8 for the next certificate. Table 16-2 shows the certificates that are
required by the ASA.
Table 16-2
Certificates Required by the Security Appliance for the Phone Proxy
Certificate Name
Required for...
CallManager
Authenticating the Cisco UCM during TLS handshake; only
required for mixed-mode clusters.
Cisco_Manufacturing_CA
Authenticating IP phones with a Manufacturer Installed Certificate
(MIC).
CAP-RTP-001
Authenticating IP phones with a MIC.
CAP-RTP-002
Authenticating IP phones with a MIC.
CAPF
Authenticating IP phones with an LSC.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-16
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster
Note
For mixed-mode clusters, the phone proxy does not support the Cisco Unified Call Manager using TFTP
to send encrypted configuration files to IP phones through the ASA.
Follow these tasks to configure the phone proxy in a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster:
Step 1
Create trustpoints and generate certificates for each entity in the network (Cisco UCM, Cisco UCM and
TFTP, TFTP server, CAPF) that the IP phone must trust. The certificates are used in creating the CTL
file. See Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 16-17.
Note
Step 2
Before you create the trustpoints and generate certificates, you must have imported the required
certificates, which are stored on the Cisco UCM. See Certificates from the Cisco UCM,
page 16-7 and Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM, page 16-15
Create the CTL file for the phone proxy. See Creating the CTL File, page 16-18.
Note
When the phone proxy is being configured to run in mixed-mode clusters, you have the
following option to use an existing CTL file to install the trustpoints. See Using an Existing CTL
File, page 16-20.
Step 3
Create the TLS proxy instance. See Creating the TLS Proxy for a Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster,
page 16-21.
Step 4
Create the media termination instance for the phone proxy. See Creating the Media Termination
Instance, page 16-23.
Step 5
Create the phone proxy instance. See Creating the Phone Proxy Instance, page 16-24.
Step 6
While configuring the phone proxy instance (in the Phone Proxy Configuration mode), enter the
following command to configure the mode of the cluster to be mixed mode because the default is
nonsecure:
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# cluster-mode mixed
Step 7
Enable the phone proxy y with SIP and Skinny inspection. See Enabling the Phone Proxy with SIP and
Skinny Inspection, page 16-26.
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates
Create trustpoints and generate certificates for each entity in the network (Cisco UCM, Cisco UCM and
TFTP, TFTP server, CAPF) that the IP phone must trust. The certificates are used in creating the CTL
file.
You need to create trustpoints for each Cisco UCM (primary and secondary if a secondary Cisco UCM
is used) and TFTP server in the network. The trustpoints need to be in the CTL file for the phones to
trust the Cisco UCM.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-17
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Prerequisites
Import the required certificates, which are stored on the Cisco UCM. See Certificates from the Cisco
UCM, page 16-7 and Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM, page 16-15.
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
key-pair-label modulus size
Example:
crypto key generate rsa label cucmtftp_kp modulus
1024
Creates a keypair that can be used for the trustpoints.
Step 2
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
crypto ca trustpoint cucm_tftp_server
Creates the trustpoints for each entity in the network
(primary Cisco UCM, secondary Cisco UCM, and
TFTP server).
Note
You are only required to create a separate
trustpoint for the TFTP server when the
TFTP server resides on a different server
from the Cisco UCM. See Example 3:
Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco
UCM and TFTP Server on Different Servers,
page 16-47 for an example of this
configuration.
Step 3
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment self
Generates a self-signed certificate.
Step 4
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair keyname
Example:
keypair cucmtftp_kp
Specifies the keypair whose public key is being
certified.
Step 5
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the Configure Trustpoint mode.
Step 6
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll trustpoint
Example:
crypto ca enroll cucm_tftp_server
Requests the certificate from the CA server and
causes the ASA to generate the certificate.
When prompted to include the device serial number
in the subject name, type Y to include the serial
number or type N to exclude it.
When prompted to generate the self-signed
certificate, type Y.
What to Do Next
Once you have created the trustpoints and generated the certificates, create the CTL file for the phone
proxy. See Creating the CTL File, page 16-18.
If you are configuring the phone proxy in a mixed-mode cluster, you can use an existing CTL file. See
Using an Existing CTL File, page 16-20.
Creating the CTL File
Create the CTL file that will be presented to the IP phones during the TFTP requests.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-18
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Prerequisites
If you are using domain names for your Cisco UCM and TFTP server, you must configure DNS lookup
on the ASA. Add an entry for each of the outside interfaces on the ASA into your DNS server, if such
entries are not already present. Each ASA outside IP address should have a DNS entry associated with
it for lookups. These DNS entries must also be enabled for Reverse Lookup.
Enable DNS lookups on your ASA with the dns domain-lookup interface_name command (where the
interface_name specifies the interface that has a route to your DNS server). Additionally, define your
DNS server IP address on the ASA; for example: dns name-server 10.2.3.4 (IP address of your DNS
server).
Note
You can enter the dns domain-lookup command multiple times to enable DNS lookup on
multiple interfaces. If you enter multiple commands, the ASA tries each interface in the order it
appears in the configuration until it receives a response.
See the command reference for information about the dns domain-lookup command.
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# ctl-file ctl_name
Example:
ctl-file myctl
Creates the CTL file instance.
Step 2
hostname(config-ctl-file)# record-entry tftp
trustpoint trustpoint_name address TFTP_IP_address
Example:
record-entry cucm-tftp trustpoint cucm_tftp_server
address 10.10.0.26
Creates the record entry for the TFTP server.
hostname(config-ctl-file)# record-entry cucm
trustpoint trustpoint_name address IP_address
Example:
record-entry cucm trustpoint cucm_server address
10.10.0.26
Creates the record entry for the each Cisco UCM
(primary and secondary).
hostname(config-ctl-file)# record-entry capf
trustpoint trust_point address
Example:
record-entry capf trustpoint capf address 10.10.0.26
Creates the record entry for CAPF.
hostname(config-ctl-file)# no shutdown
Creates the CTL file.
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Note
Note
Note
Use the global or mapped IP address of the
TFTP server or Cisco UCM if NAT is
configured.
Use the global or mapped IP address of the
Cisco UCM.
You only enter this command when LSC
provisioning is required or you have LSC
enabled IP phones.
When the file is created, it creates an internal
trustpoint used by the phone proxy to sign the TFTP
files. The trustpoint is named
_internal_PP_ctl-instance_filename.
Step 6
hostname(config)# copy running-configuration
startup-configuration
Saves the certificate configuration to Flash memory.
What to Do Next
Once you have configured the CTL file for the phone proxy, create the TLS proxy instance. See Creating
the TLS Proxy Instance for a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-20 to add the TLS proxy when
configuring the phone proxy in a non-secure mode or see Creating the TLS Proxy for a Mixed-mode
Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-21 if the phone proxy is running in a mixed-mode cluster.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-19
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Using an Existing CTL File
Note
Only when the phone proxy is running in mixed-mode clusters, you have the option to use an existing
CTL file to install trustpoints.
If you have an existing CTL file that contains the correct IP addresses of the entities (namely, the IP
address that the IP phones use for the Cisco UCM or TFTP servers), you can be use it to create a new
CTL file thereby using the existing CTL file to install the trustpoints for each entity in the network
(Cisco UCM, Cisco UCM and TFTP, TFTP server, CAPF) that the IP phones must trust.
Prerequisites
If a CTL file exists for the cluster, copy the CTL file to Flash memory. When you copy the CTL file to
Flash memory, rename the file and do not name the file CTLFile.tlv.
If you are using domain names for your Cisco UCM and TFTP server, you must configure DNS lookup
on the ASA. See the prerequisites for Creating the CTL File, page 16-18.
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# ctl-file ctl_name
Example:
ctl-file myctl
Creates the CTL file instance.
Step 2
hostname(config-ctl-file)# cluster-ctl-file
filename_path
Example:
hostname(config-ctl-file)# cluster-ctl-file
disk0:/old_ctlfile.tlv
Uses the trustpoints that are already in the existing
CTL file stored in Flash memory.
Where the existing CTL file was saved to Flash
memory with a filename other than CTLFile.tlv;
for example, old_ctlfile.tlv.
What to Do Next
When using an existing CTL file to configure the phone proxy, you can add additional entries to the file
as necessary. See Creating the CTL File, page 16-18.
Once you have configured the CTL file for the phone proxy, create the TLS proxy instance. See Creating
the TLS Proxy Instance for a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-20 to add the TLS proxy when
configuring the phone proxy in a non-secure mode or see Creating the TLS Proxy for a Mixed-mode
Cisco UCM Cluster, page 16-21 if the phone proxy is running in a mixed-mode cluster.
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance for a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster
Create the TLS proxy instance to handle the encrypted signaling.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-20
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
tls-proxy mytls
Creates the TLS proxy instance.
Step 2
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point
_internal_PP_ctl-instance_filename
Configures the server trustpoint and references the
internal trustpoint named
_internal_PP_ctl-instance_filename.
Example:
server trust-point _internal_PP_myctl
What to Do Next
Once you have created the TLS proxy instance, create the phone proxy instance. See Creating the Phone
Proxy Instance, page 16-24.
Creating the TLS Proxy for a Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster
For mixed mode clusters, there might be IP phones that are already configured as encrypted so it requires
TLS to the Cisco UCM. You must configure the LDC issuer for the TLS proxy.
Step 1
Step 2
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
key-pair-label modulus size
Examples:
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
ldc_signer_key modulus 1024
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
phone_common modulus 1024
Creates the necessary RSA key pairs.
Where the key-pair-label is the LDC signer key
and the key for the IP phones.
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint ldc_server
Creates an internal local CA to sign the LDC for
Cisco IP phones.
Step 3
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment self
Generates a self-signed certificate.
Step 4
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# proxy-ldc-issuer
Defines the local CA role for the trustpoint to issue
dynamic certificates for the TLS proxy.
Step 5
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# fqdn fqdn
Example:
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# fqdn
my-ldc-ca.example.com
Includes the indicated FQDN in the Subject
Alternative Name extension of the certificate during
enrollment.
Where the trustpoint_name is for the LDC.
Where the fqdn is for the LDC.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-21
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Step 6
Command
Purpose
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
X.500_name
Example:
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
cn=FW_LDC_SIGNER_172_23_45_200
Includes the indicated subject DN in the certificate
during enrollment
Where the X.500_name is for the LDC.
Use commas to separate attribute-value pairs. Insert
quotation marks around any value that contains
commas or spaces.
For example:
cn=crl,ou=certs,o="cisco systems, inc.",c=US
The maximum length is 500 characters.
Step 7
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair keypair
Example:
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair
ldc_signer_key
Specifies the key pair whose public key is to be
certified.
Step 8
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll ldc_server
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll ldc_server
Starts the enrollment process with the CA.
Step 9
hostname(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
tls-proxy mytls
Creates the TLS proxy instance.
Step 10
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point
_internal_PP_ctl-instance_filename
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point
_internal_PP_myctl
Configures the server trustpoint and references the
internal trustpoint named
_internal_PP_ctl-instance_filename.
Step 11
hostname(config-tlsp)# client ldc issuer ca_tp_name
Example:
client ldc issuer ldc_server
Specifies the local CA trustpoint to issue client
dynamic certificates.
Step 12
hostname(config-tlsp)# client ldc keypair key_label
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client ldc keypair
phone_common
Specifies the RSA keypair to be used by client
dynamic certificates.
Step 13
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
cipher-suite
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
Specifies the cipher suite.
Step 14
Options include des-sha1, 3des-sha1, aes128-sha1,
aes256-sha1, or null-sha1.
Exports the local CA certificate and installs it as a
trusted certificate on the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager server by performing one
of the following actions.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-22
Where the keypair is for the LDC.
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Command
Purpose
•
hostname(config)# crypto ca export trustpoint
identity-certificate
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca export ldc_server
identity-certificate
Exports the certificate if a trustpoint with
proxy-ldc-issuer is used as the signer of the dynamic
certificates.
•
hostname(config)# show crypto ca server certificates
Exports the certificate for the embedded local CA
server LOCAL-CA-SERVER.
After exporting the certificate, you must save the
output to a file and import it on the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager. You can use the Display
Certificates function in the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager software to verify the
installed certificate.
For information about performing these procedures,
see the following URLs:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/voice_ip_comm/
cucm/cucos/5_0_4/iptpch6.html#wp1040848
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/voice_ip_comm/
cucm/cucos/5_0_4/iptpch6.html#wp1040354
What To Do Next
Once you have created the TLS proxy instance and installed the certificate on the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager, create the phone proxy instance. See Creating the Phone Proxy Instance,
page 16-24.
Creating the Media Termination Instance
Create the media termination instance that you will use in the phone proxy.
The media termination address you configure must meet the requirements as described in Media
Termination Instance Prerequisites, page 16-6.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-23
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# media-termination instance_name
Example:
hostname(config)# media-termination mediaterm1
Creates the media termination instance that you
attach to the phone proxy.
Step 2
hostname(config-media-termination)# address
ip_address [interface intf_name]
Examples:
hostname(config-media-termination)# address
192.0.2.25 interface inside
hostname(config-media-termination)# address
10.10.0.25 interface outside
Configures the media-termination address used by
the media termination instance. The phone proxy
uses this address for SRTP and RTP.
For the media termination instance, you can
configure a global media-termination address for all
interfaces or configure a media-termination address
for different interfaces. However, you cannot use a
global media-termination address and
media-termination addresses configured for each
interface at the same time.
If you configure a media termination address for
multiple interfaces, you must configure an address
on each interface that the ASA uses when
communicating with IP phones.
The IP addresses are publicly routable addresses that
are unused IP addresses within the address range on
that interface.
See Media Termination Instance Prerequisites,
page 16-6 for the complete list of prerequisites that
you must follow when creating the media
termination instance and configuring the media
termination addresses.
Step 3
(Optional)
hostname(config-media-termination)# rtp-min-port
port1 rtp-max-port port2
Example:
hostname(config-media-termination)# rtp-min-port
2001 rtp-maxport 32770
Specifies the minimum and maximum values for the
RTP port range for the media termination instance.
Where port1 and port2 can be a value from 1024 to
65535.
What To Do Next
Once you have created the media termination instance, create the phone proxy instance. See Creating the
Phone Proxy Instance, page 16-24.
Creating the Phone Proxy Instance
Create the phone proxy instance.
Prerequisites
You must have already created the CTL file and TLS proxy instance for the phone proxy.
See Creating the CTL File, page 16-18 and Creating the TLS Proxy Instance for a Non-secure Cisco
UCM Cluster, page 16-20
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-24
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Step 1
Step 2
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# phone-proxy phone_proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config)# phone-proxy myphoneproxy
Creates the phone proxy instance.
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# media-termination
instance_name
Examples:
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# media-termination
my_mt
Specifies the media termination instance used by the
phone proxy for SRTP and RTP.
Only one phone proxy instance can be configured on
the security appliance.
Note
You must create the media termination
instance before you specify it in the phone
proxy instance.
See Creating the Media Termination Instance,
page 16-23 for the steps to create the media
termination instance.
Step 3
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# tftp-server address
ip_address interface interface
Example:
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# tftp-server address
192.0.2.101 interface inside
Creates the TFTP server using the actual internal
address and specify the interface on which the TFTP
server resides.
Step 4
hostame(config-phone-proxy)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
hostame(config-phone-proxy)# tls-proxy mytls
Configures the TLS proxy instance that you have
already created.
Step 5
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# ctl-file ctl_name
Example:
hostame(config-phone-proxy)# ctl-file myctl
Configures the CTL file instance that you have
already created,
Step 6
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# proxy-server address
ip_address [listen_port] interface ifc
Example:
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# proxy-server
192.168.1.2 interface inside
(Optional) If the operational environment has an
external HTTP proxy to which the IP phones direct
all HTTP request, configures a proxy server.
You can configure only one proxy server while the
phone proxy is in use.
By default, the Phone URL Parameters configured
under the Enterprise Parameters use an FQDN in the
URLs. The parameters might need to be changed to
use an IP address if the DNS lookup for the HTTP
proxy does not resolve the FQDNs.
Note
If the IP phones have already downloaded
their configuration files after you have
configured the proxy server, you must restart
the IP phones so that they get the
configuration file with the proxy server
address in the file.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-25
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Step 7
Command
Purpose
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# cipc security-mode
authenticated
(Optional) Forces Cisco IP Communicator (CIPC)
softphones to operate in authenticated mode when
CIPC softphones are deployed in a voice and data
VLAN scenario.
See Cisco IP Communicator Prerequisites,
page 16-10 for all requirements for using the phone
proxy with CIPC.
Step 8
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# no disable
service-settings
(Optional) Preserve the settings configured on the
Cisco UCM for each IP phone configured.
By default, the following settings are disabled on the
IP phones:
•
PC Port
•
Gratuitous ARP
•
Voice VLAN access
•
Web Access
•
Span to PC Port
What to Do Next
Once you have created the phone proxy instance, configuring SIP and Skinny for the phone proxy. See
Enabling the Phone Proxy with SIP and Skinny Inspection, page 16-26.
Enabling the Phone Proxy with SIP and Skinny Inspection
Enables the phone proxy instance that you created to inspect SIP and Skinny protocol traffic.
Prerequisites
You must have already created the phone proxy instance. See Creating the Phone Proxy Instance,
page 16-24.
Step 1
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
Example:
class-map sec_sccp
Configures the secure Skinny class of traffic to
inspect. Traffic between the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager and Cisco IP Phones uses
SCCP and is handled by SCCP inspection.
Where class_map_name is the name of the Skinny
class map.
Step 2
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 2443
Matches the TCP port 2443 to which you want to
apply actions for secure Skinny inspection.
Step 3
hostname(config-cmap)# exit
Exits from the Class Map configuration mode.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-26
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuring the Phone Proxy
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
Example:
class-map sec_sip
Configures the secure SIP class of traffic to inspect.
Step 5
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 5061
Matches the TCP port 5061 to which you want to
apply actions for secure SIP inspection
Step 6
hostname(config-cmap)# exit
Exits from the Class Map configuration mode.
Step 7
hostname(config)# policy-map name
Example:
policy-map pp_policy
Configure the policy map and attach the action to the
class of traffic.
Step 8
hostname(config-pmap)# class classmap-name
Example:
class sec_sccp
Assigns a class map to the policy map so that you
can assign actions to the class map traffic.
Step 4
Where class_map_name is the name of the SIP class
map.
Where classmap_name is the name of the Skinny
class map.
Step 9
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny phone-proxy
pp_name
Example:
inspect skinny phone-proxy mypp
Enables SCCP (Skinny) application inspection and
enables the phone proxy for the specified inspection
session.
Step 10
hostnae(config-pmap)# class classmap-name
Example:
class sec_sip
Assigns a class map to the policy map so that you
can assign actions to the class map traffic.
Where classmap_name is the name of the SIP class
map.
Step 11
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip phone-proxy
pp_name
Example:
inspect sip phone-proxy mypp
Enables SIP application inspection and enables the
phone proxy for the specified inspection session.
Step 12
hostname(config-pmap-c)# exit
Exits from Policy Map configuration mode.
Step 13
hostname(config)# service-policy policymap_name
interface intf
Example:
service-policy pp_policy interface outside
Enables the service policy on the outside interface.
Configuring Linksys Routers with UDP Port Forwarding for the Phone Proxy
When IP phones are behind a NAT-capable router, the router can be configured to forward the UDP ports
to the IP address of the IP phone. Specifically, configure the router for UDP port forwarding when an IP
phone is failing during TFTP requests and the failure is due to the router dropping incoming TFTP data
packets. Configure the router to enable UDP port forwarding on port 69 to the IP phone.
As an alternative of explicit UDP forwarding, some Cable/DSL routers require you to designate the IP
phone as a DMZ host. For Cable/DSL routers, this host is a special host that receives all incoming
connections from the public network.
When configuring the phone proxy, there is no functional difference between an IP phone that has UDP
ports explicitly forwarded or an IP phone designated as a DMZ host. The choice is entirely dependent
upon the capabilities and preference of the end user.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-27
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Configuring Your Router
Your firewall/router needs to be configured to forward a range of UDP ports to the IP phone. This will
allow the IP phone to receive audio when you make/receive calls.
Note
Different Cable/DSL routers have different procedures for this configuration. Furthermore most
NAT-capable routers will only allow a given port range to be forwarded to a single IP address
The configuration of each brand/model of firewall/router is different, but the task is the same. For
specific instructions for your brand and model of router, please contact the manufacturer’s website.
Linksys Routers
Step 1
From your web browser, connect to the router administrative web page. For Linksys, this is typically
something like http://192.168.1.1.
Step 2
Click Applications & Gaming or the Port Forwarding tab (whichever is present on your router).
Step 3
Locate the table containing the port forwarding data and add an entry containing the following values:
Step 4
Table 16-3
Port Forwarding Values to Add to Router
Application
Start
End
Protocol
IP Address
Enabled
IP phone
1024
65535
UDP
Phone IP address
Checked
TFTP
69
69
UDP
Phone IP address
Checked
Click Save Settings. Port forwarding is configured.
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
This section includes the following topics:
•
Debugging Information from the Security Appliance, page 16-28
•
Debugging Information from IP Phones, page 16-32
•
IP Phone Registration Failure, page 16-33
•
Media Termination Address Errors, page 16-41
•
Audio Problems with IP Phones, page 16-42
•
Saving SAST Keys, page 16-42
Debugging Information from the Security Appliance
This section describes how to use the debug, capture, and show commands to obtain debugging
information for the phone proxy. See the command reference for detailed information about the syntax
for these commands.
Table 16-4 lists the debug commands to use with the phone proxy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-28
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Table 16-4
Security Appliance Debug Commands to Use with the Phone Proxy
To
Use the Command
Notes
To show error and event messages for
TLS proxy inspection.
debug inspect tls-proxy [events |
errors]
Use this command when your IP phone
has successfully downloaded all TFTP
files but is failing to complete the TLS
handshake with the TLS proxy
configured for the phone proxy.
To show error and event messages of
media sessions for SIP and Skinny
inspections related to the phone proxy.
debug phone-proxy media [events |
errors]
Use this command in conjunction with
the debug sip command and the debug
skinny command if your IP phone is
experiencing call failures or audio
problems.
To show error and event messages of
signaling sessions for SIP and Skinny
inspections related to the phone proxy.
debug phone-proxy signaling
[events | errors]
Use this command in conjunction with
the debug sip command and the debug
skinny command if your IP phone is
failing to register with the Cisco UCM or
if you are experiencing call failure.
To show error and event messages of
TFTP inspection, including creation of
the CTL file and configuration file
parsing.
debug phone-proxy tftp [events |
errors]
To show debug messages for SIP
application inspection.
debug sip
Use this command when your IP phones
are experiencing connection problems;
for example, you can connect within the
network but cannot make calls off the
network. In the output, check for 4XX or
5XX messages.
To show debug messages for SCCP
(Skinny) application inspection.
debug skinny
Use this command when your IP phones
are experiencing connection problems;
for example, you can connect within the
network but cannot make calls off the
network. In the output, check for 4XX or
5XX messages.
Table 16-5 lists the capture commands to use with the phone proxy. Use the capture command on the
appropriate interfaces (IP phones and Cisco UCM) to enable packet capture capabilities for packet
sniffing and network fault isolation.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-29
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Table 16-5
Security Appliance Capture Commands to Use with the Phone Proxy
To
Use the Command
To capture packets on the ASA interfaces. capture capture_name interface
interface_name
Notes
Use this command if you are
experiencing any problems that might
require looking into the packets.
For example, if there is a TFTP failure
and the output from the debug command
does not indicate the problem clearly, run
the capture command on the interface on
which the IP phone resides and the
interface on which the TFTP server
resides to see the transaction and where
the problem could be.
To capture data from the TLS proxy when capture capture_name packet-length
there is a non-secure IP phone connecting bytes interface inside buffer buf_size
to the phone proxy on the inside interface.
To capture encrypted data from the TLS
proxy when there are secure IP phones
connecting to the phone proxy on the
inside interface.
capture capture_name type tls-proxy
buffer buf_size packet-length bytes
interface inside
capture capture_name type tls-proxy If signaling fails, you might require
To capture encrypted inbound and
outbound data from the TLS proxy on one buffer buf_size packet-length bytes capturing decrypted packets to see the
contents of the SIP and SCCP signaling
or more interfaces.
interface interface_name
message. Use the type tls-proxy option
in the capture command.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-30
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Table 16-6 lists the show commands to use with the phone proxy.
Table 16-6
Security Appliance Show Commands to Use with the Phone Proxy
To
Use the Command
Notes
To show the packets or connections
show asp drop
dropped by the accelerated security path.
Use this command to troubleshoot audio
quality issues with the IP phones or other
traffic issues with the phone proxy. In
addition to running this command, get
call status from the phone to check for
any dropped packets or jitter. See
Debugging Information from IP Phones,
page 16-32.
To show the classifier contents of the
accelerated security path for the specific
classifier domain.
If the IP phones are not downloading
TFTP files, use this command to check
that the classification rule for the domain
inspect-phone-proxy is set for hosts to
the configured TFTP server under the
phone proxy instance.
show asp table classify domain
domain_name
If the IP phones are failing to register, use
this command to make sure there is a
classification rule for the domain
app-redirect set for the IP phones that
cannot register.
To show the connections that are to the
ASA or from the ASA, in addition to
through-traffic connections.
show conn all
If you are experiencing problems with
audio, use this command to make sure
that there are connections opened from
the IP phone to the media termination
address.
Note
Use the show conn command
with following options to display
TFTP connections that have
replicated (unused) connections:
hostname# show conn |
include p
The output for the TFTP connections
should have a “p” flag at the end:
UDP out 64.169.58.181:9014 in
192.168.200.101:39420 idle 0:01:51
bytes 522 flags p
Using this command shows that the phone
proxy has connections that are going
through “inspect-phone-proxy”, which
inspects TFTP connections. Using this
command verifies that the TFTP requests
are being inspected because the p flag is
there.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-31
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Table 16-6
Security Appliance Show Commands to Use with the Phone Proxy
To
Use the Command
To show the logs in the buffer and logging show logging
settings.
Notes
Before entering the show logging
command, enable the logging buffered
command so that the show logging
command displays the current message
buffer and the current settings.
Use this command to determine if the
phone proxy and IP phones are
successfully completing the TLS
handshake.
Note
To show the corresponding media
sessions stored by the phone proxy.
Using the show logging
command is useful for
troubleshooting many problems
where packets might be denied or
there are translation failures.
show phone-proxy media-sessions
Use this command to display output from
successful calls. Additionally, use this
command to troubleshoot problems with
IP phone audio, such as one-way audio.
To show the IP phones capable of Secure show phone-proxy secure-phones
mode stored in the database.
For any problems, make sure there is an
entry for the IP phone in this output and
that the port for this IP phone is non-zero,
which indicates that it has successfully
registered with the Cisco UCM.
To show the corresponding signaling
sessions stored by the phone proxy.
show phone-proxy
signaling-sessions
Use this command to troubleshoot media
or signaling failure.
To show the configured service policies.
show service-policy
Use this command to show statistics for
the service policy.
To show active TLS proxy sessions
related to the phone proxy.
show tls-proxy sessions
If the IP phone has failed to register, use
this command to see if the IP phone has
successfully completed the handshake
with the TLS proxy configured for the
phone proxy.
Debugging Information from IP Phones
On the IP phone, perform the following actions:
•
Check the Status messages on the IP phone by selecting the Settings button > Status > Status
Messages and selecting the status item that you want to view.
•
Collect the call-statistics data from the IP phone by selecting the Settings button > Status > Call
Statistic. Data like the following displays:
RxType: G.729
RxSize:
20 ms
RxCnt: 0
AvgJtr:
10
RxDisc: 0000
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-32
TxType: G.729
TxSize: 20 ms
TxCnt: 014174
MaxJtr: 59
RxLost: 014001
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
•
Check the Security settings on the IP phone by selecting the Settings button > Security
Configuration. Settings for web access, Security mode, MIC, LSC, CTL file, trust list, and CAPF
appear. Under Security mode, make sure the IP phone is set to Encrypted.
•
Check the IP phone to determine which certificates are installed on the phone by selecting the
Settings button > Security Configuration > Trust List. In the trustlist, verify the following:
– Make sure that there is an entry for each entity that the IP phone will need to contact. If there
is a primary and backup Cisco UCM, the trustlist should contain entries for each Cisco UCM.
– If the IP phone needs an LSC, the record entry should contain a CAPF entry.
– Make sure that the IP addresses listed for each entry are the mapped IP addresses of the entities
that the IP phone can reach.
•
Open a web browser and access the IP phone console logs at the URL http://IP_phone_IP
address. The device information appears in the page. In the Device Logs section in the left pane,
click Console Logs.
IP Phone Registration Failure
The following errors can make IP phones unable to register with the phone proxy:
•
TFTP Auth Error Displays on IP Phone Console, page 16-33
•
Configuration File Parsing Error, page 16-34
•
Configuration File Parsing Error: Unable to Get DNS Response, page 16-34
•
Non-configuration File Parsing Error, page 16-35
•
Cisco UCM Does Not Respond to TFTP Request for Configuration File, page 16-35
•
IP Phone Does Not Respond After the Security Appliance Sends TFTP Data, page 16-36
•
IP Phone Requesting Unsigned File Error, page 16-37
•
IP Phone Unable to Download CTL File, page 16-37
•
IP Phone Registration Failure from Signaling Connections, page 16-38
•
SSL Handshake Failure, page 16-40
•
Certificate Validation Errors, page 16-41
TFTP Auth Error Displays on IP Phone Console
Problem The IP phone displays the following Status message:
TFTP Auth Error
Solution This Status message can indicate a problem with the IP phone CTL file.
To correct problems with the IP phone CTL file, perform the following:
Step 1
From the IP phone, select the Setting button > Security Configuration > Trust List. Verify that each
entity in the network—Primary Cisco UCM, Secondary Cisco UCM, TFTP server—has its own entry in
the trustlist and that each entity IP address is reachable by the IP phone.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-33
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Step 2
From the ASA, verify that the CTL file for the phone proxy contains one record entry for each entity in
the network—Primary Cisco UCM, Secondary Cisco UCM, TFTP server—by entering the following
command:
ciscoasa# show running-config all ctl-file [ctl_name]
Each of these record entries creates one entry on the IP phone trustlist. The phone proxy creates one entry
internally with the function CUCM+TFTP.
Step 3
In the CTL file, verify that each IP address is the global or mapped IP address of the entity. If the IP
phones are on multiple interfaces, additional addressing requirements apply. See Prerequisites for IP
Phones on Multiple Interfaces, page 16-9.
Configuration File Parsing Error
Problem When the ASA receives the configuration file from the Cisco UCM and tries to parse it, the
following error appears in the debug output (debug phone-proxy tftp errors):
PP: 192.168.10.5/49357 requesting SEP00010002003.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: opened 0x193166
.......
PP: Beginning of element tag is missing, got !
PP: error parsing config file
PP: Error modifying config file, dropping packet
Solution Perform the following actions to troubleshoot this problem:
Step 1
Enter the following URL in a web browser to obtain the IP phone configuration file from the Cisco
Unified CM Administration console:
http://<cucm_ip>:6970/<config_file_name>
For example, if the Cisco UCM IP address is 128.106.254.2 and the IP phone configuration file name is
SEP000100020003.cnf.xml, enter:
http://128.106.254.2:6970/SEP000100020003.cnf.xml
Step 2
Save this file, open a case with TAC and send them this file and the output from running the debug
phone-proxy tftp command on the ASA.
Configuration File Parsing Error: Unable to Get DNS Response
Problem When the ASA receives the configuration file from the Cisco UCM and tries to parse it, the
following error appears in the debug output (debug phone-proxy tftp errors):
PP: 192.168.10.5/49357 requesting SEP00010002003.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: opened 0x193166
.......
PP: Callback required for parsing config file
PP: Unable to get dns response for id 7
PP: Callback, error modifying config file
The error indicates that the Cisco UCM is configured as an FQDN and the phone proxy is trying to do a
DNS lookup but failed to get a response.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-34
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Solution
Step 1
Verify that DNS lookup is configured on the ASA.
Step 2
If DNS lookup is configured, determine whether you can ping the FQDN for the Cisco UCM from the
ASA.
Step 3
If ASA cannot ping the Cisco UCM FQDN, check to see if there is a problem with the DNS server.
Step 4
Additionally, use the name command to associate a name with an IP address with the FQDN. See the
command reference for information about using the name command.
Non-configuration File Parsing Error
Problem The ASA receives a file other than an IP phone configuration file from the Cisco UCM and
attempts to parse it. The following error appears in the debug output (debug phone-proxy tftp):
PP: 192.168.10.5/49357 requesting SK72f64050-7ad5-4b47-9bfa-5e9ad9cd4aa9.xml.sgn
PP: opened 0x193166
.......
PP: Beginning of element tag is missing, got !
PP: error parsing config file
PP: Error modifying config file, dropping packet
Solution The phone proxy should parse only the IP phone configuration file. When the phone proxy
TFTP state gets out of state, the phone proxy cannot detect when it is attempting to parse a file other
than the IP phone configuration file and the error above appears in the ASA output from the debug
phone-proxy tftp command.
Perform the following actions to troubleshoot this problem:
Step 1
Reboot the IP phone.
Step 2
On the ASA, enter the following command to obtain the error information from the first TFTP request
to the point where the first error occurred.
hostname# debug phone-proxy tftp
Step 3
Capture the packets from the IP phone to the ASA. Make sure to capture the packets on the interface
facing the IP phone and the interface facing the Cisco UCM. See Debugging Information from the
Security Appliance, page 16-28.
Step 4
Save this troubleshooting data, open a case with TAC and give them this information.
Cisco UCM Does Not Respond to TFTP Request for Configuration File
Problem When the ASA forwards the TFTP request to the Cisco UCM for the IP phone configuration
file, the Cisco UCM does not respond and the following errors appear in the debug output (debug
phone-proxy tftp):
PP: 192.168.10.5/49355 requesting SEP001562106AF3.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: opened 0x17ccde
PP: 192.168.10.5/49355 requesting SEP001562106AF3.cnf.xml.sgn
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-35
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
PP: Client outside:192.168.10.5/49355 retransmitting request for Config file
SEP001562106AF3.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: opened 0x17ccde
PP: 192.168.10.5/49355 requesting SEP001562106AF3.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: Client outside:192.168.10.5/49355 retransmitting request for Config file
SEP001562106AF3.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: opened 0x17ccde
PP: 192.168.10.5/49355 requesting SEP001562106AF3.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: Client outside:192.168.10.5/49355 retransmitting request for Config file
SEP001562106AF3.cnf.xml.sgn
PP: opened 0x17ccde
Solution Perform the following actions to troubleshoot this problem:
Step 1
Step 2
Determine why the Cisco UCM is not responding to the TFTP request by performing the following
troubleshooting actions:
•
Use the Cisco UCM to ping the ASA inside interface when PAT is configured for the outside
interface so that the IP phone IP address is uses NAT for the ASA inside interface IP address.
•
Use the Cisco UCM to ping the IP phone IP address when NAT and PAT are not configured.
Verify that the ASA is forwarding the TFTP request. Capture the packets on the interface between the
ASA and Cisco UCM. See Debugging Information from the Security Appliance, page 16-28.
IP Phone Does Not Respond After the Security Appliance Sends TFTP Data
Problem When the ASA receives a TFTP request from the IP phone for the CTL file and forwards the
data to the IP phone, the phone might not see the data and the TFTP transaction fails.
The following errors appear in the debug output (debug phone-proxy tftp):
PP: Client outside:68.207.118.9/33606 retransmitting request for CTL file
CTLSEP001DA2B78E91.tlv
PP: opened 0x214b27a
PP: Data Block 1 forwarded from 168.215.146.220/20168 to 68.207.118.9/33606 ingress ifc
outside
PP: 68.207.118.9/33606 requesting CTLSEP001DA2B78E91.tlv
PP: Client outside:68.207.118.9/33606 retransmitting request for CTL file
CTLSEP001DA2B78E91.tlv
PP: 68.207.118.9/33606 requesting CTLSEP001DA2B78E91.tlv
PP: Client outside:68.207.118.9/33606 retransmitting request for CTL file
CTLSEP001DA2B78E91.tlv
Solution Perform the following actions to determine why the IP phone is not responding and to
troubleshoot the problem:
Step 1
Verify that the ASA is forwarding the TFTP request by entering the following command to capture the
packets on the interface between the ASA and the IP phone:
hostname# capture out interface outside
See the command reference for more information about using the capture command.
Step 2
If the IP phone is behind a router, the router might be dropping the data. Make sure UDP port forwarding
is enabled on the router.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-36
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Step 3
If the router is a Linksys router, see Configuring Linksys Routers with UDP Port Forwarding for the
Phone Proxy, page 16-27 for information on the configuration requirements.
IP Phone Requesting Unsigned File Error
Problem The IP phone should always request a signed file. Therefore, the TFTP file being requested
always has the .SGN extension.
When the IP phone does not request a signed file, the following error appears in the debug output (debug
phone-proxy tftp errors):
Error: phone requesting for unsigned config file
Solution Most likely, this error occurs because the IP phone has not successfully installed the CTL file
from the ASA.
Determine whether the IP phone has successfully downloaded and installed the CTL file from the ASA
by checking the Status messages on the IP phone. See Debugging Information from IP Phones,
page 16-32 for information.
IP Phone Unable to Download CTL File
Problem The IP phone Status message indicates it cannot download its CTL file and the IP phone cannot
be converted to Secure (encrypted) mode.
Solution If the IP phone did not have an existing CTL file, check the Status messages by selecting the
Settings button > Status > Status Messages. If the list contains a Status message indicating the IP phone
encountered a CTL File Auth error, obtain the IP phone console logs, open a TAC case, and send them
the logs.
Solution This error can appear in the IP phone Status messages when the IP phone already has an existing
CTL file.
Step 1
Check the IP phone to see if a CTL file already exists on it. This can occur if the IP phone previously
registered with a mixed mode cluster Cisco UCM. On the IP phone, select the Settings button > Security
Configuration > CTL file.
Step 2
Erase the existing CTL file by selecting the Settings button > Security Configuration > CTL file >
Select. Press **# on the keypad and select Erase.
Solution Problems downloading the CTL file might be caused by issues with media termination. Enter
the following command to determine if the media-termination address in the phone proxy configuration
is set correctly:
hostname(config)# show running-config all phone-proxy
!
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination address 10.10.0.25
cipc security-mode authenticated
cluster-mode mixed
disable service-settings
timeout secure-phones 0:05:00
hostname(config)#
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-37
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
Make sure that each media-termination instance is created correctly and that the address or addresses are
set correctly. The ASA must meet specific criteria for media termination. See Media Termination
Instance Prerequisites, page 16-6 for the complete list of prerequisites that you must follow when
creating the media termination instance and configuring the media termination addresses.
IP Phone Registration Failure from Signaling Connections
Problem The IP phone is unable to complete the TLS handshake with the phone proxy and download its
files using TFTP.
Solution
Step 1
Determine if the TLS handshake is occurring between the phone proxy and the IP phone, perform the
following:
a.
Enable logging with the following command:
hostname(config)# logging buffered debugging
b.
To check the output from the syslogs captured by the logging buffered command, enter the
following command:
hostname# show logging
The syslogs will contain information showing when the IP phone is attempting the TLS handshake,
which happens after the IP phone downloads its configuration file.
Step 2
Determine if the TLS proxy is configured correctly for the phone proxy:
a.
Display all currently running TLS proxy configurations by entering the following command:
hostname# show running-config tls-proxy
tls-proxy proxy
server trust-point _internal_PP_<ctl_file_instance_name>
client ldc issuer ldc_signer
client ldc key-pair phone_common
no client cipher-suite
hostname#
b.
Verify that the output contains the server trust-point command under the tls-proxy command (as
shown in substep a.).
If you are missing the server trust-point command, modify the TLS proxy in the phone proxy
configuration.
See Step 3 in the “Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a Non-secure Cisco UCM Cluster”
section on page 16-15, or Step 3 in the “Task Flow for Configuring the Phone Proxy in a
Mixed-mode Cisco UCM Cluster” section on page 16-17.
Having this command missing from the TLS proxy configuration for the phone proxy will cause
TLS handshake failure.
Step 3
Verify that all required certificates are imported into the ASA so that the TLS handshake will succeed.
a.
Determine which certificates are installed on the ASA by entering the following command:
hostname# show running-config crypto
Additionally, determine which certificates are installed on the IP phones. See Debugging
Information from IP Phones, page 16-32 for information about checking the IP phone to determine
if it has MIC installed on it.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-38
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
b.
Verify that the list of installed certificates contains all required certificates for the phone proxy.
See Table 16-2, Certificates Required by the Security Appliance for the Phone Proxy, for
information.
c.
Step 4
Import any missing certificates onto the ASA. See also Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM,
page 16-15.
If the steps above fail to resolve the issue, perform the following actions to obtain additional
troubleshooting information for Cisco Support.
a.
Enter the following commands to capture additional debugging information for the phone proxy:
hostname# debug inspect tls-proxy error
hostname# show running-config ssl
hostname(config) show tls-proxy tls_name session host host_addr detail
b.
Enable the capture command on the inside and outside interfaces (IP phones and Cisco UCM) to
enable packet capture capabilities for packet sniffing and network fault isolation. See the command
reference for information.
Problem The TLS handshake succeeds, but signaling connections are failing.
Solution Perform the following actions:
•
•
Check to see if SIP and Skinny signaling is successful by using the following commands:
–
debug sip
–
debug skinny
If the TLS handshake is failing and you receive the following syslog, the SSL encryption method
might not be set correctly:
%ASA-6-725001:
session.
%ASA-7-725010:
%ASA-7-725011:
%ASA-7-725008:
%ASA-7-725011:
%ASA-7-725011:
%ASA-7-725014:
%ASA-6-725006:
Starting SSL handshake with client dmz:171.169.0.2/53097 for TLSv1
Device supports the following 1 cipher(s).
Cipher[1] : RC4-SHA
SSL client dmz:171.169.0.2/53097 proposes the following 2 cipher(s).
Cipher[1] : AES256-SHA
Cipher[2] : AES128-SHA
SSL lib error. Function: SSL3_GET_CLIENT_HELLO Reason: no shared cipher
Device failed SSL handshake with dmz client:171.169.0.2/53097
Set the correct ciphers by completing the following procedure:
Step 1
To see the ciphers being used by the phone proxy, enter the following command:
hostname# show run all ssl
Step 2
To add the required ciphers, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ssl encryption
The default is to have all algorithms available in the following order:
[3des-sha1] [des-sha1] [rc4-md5] [possibly others]
See the command reference for more information about setting ciphers with the ssl encryption
command.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-39
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
SSL Handshake Failure
Problem The phone proxy is not functioning. Initial troubleshooting uncovered the following errors in
the ASA syslogs:
%ASA-7-725014: SSL lib error. Function: SSL3_READ_BYTES Reason: ssl handshake failure
%ASA-7-725014: SSL lib error. Function: SSL3_GET_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE Reason: no certificate
returned
%ASA-6-725006: Device failed SSL handshake with outside client:72.146.123.158/30519
%ASA-3-717009: Certificate validation failed. No suitable trustpoints found to validate
certificate serial number: 62D06172000000143FCC, subject name:
cn=CP-7962G-SEP002155554502,ou=EVVBU,o=Cisco Systems Inc.
%ASA-3-717027: Certificate chain failed validation. No suitable trustpoint was found to
validate chain.
Solution
Verify that all required certificates are imported into the ASA so that the TLS handshake will succeed.
Step 1
Determine which certificates are installed on the ASA by entering the following command:
hostname# show running-config crypto
Additionally, determine which certificates are installed on the IP phones. See Debugging
Information from IP Phones, page 16-32 for information about checking the IP phone to determine
if it has MIC installed on it.
Step 2
Verify that the list of installed certificates contains all required certificates for the phone proxy.
See Table 16-2, Certificates Required by the Security Appliance for the Phone Proxy, for
information.
Step 3
Import any missing certificates onto the ASA. See also Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM,
page 16-15.
Problem The phone proxy is not functioning. Initial troubleshooting uncovered the following errors in
the ASA syslogs:
%ASA-6-725001:
session.
%ASA-7-725010:
%ASA-7-725011:
%ASA-7-725008:
%ASA-7-725011:
%ASA-7-725011:
%ASA-7-725014:
%ASA-6-725006:
Starting SSL handshake with client dmz:171.169.0.2/53097 for TLSv1
Device supports the following 1 cipher(s).
Cipher[1] : RC4-SHA
SSL client dmz:171.169.0.2/53097 proposes the following 2 cipher(s).
Cipher[1] : AES256-SHA
Cipher[2] : AES128-SHA
SSL lib error. Function: SSL3_GET_CLIENT_HELLO Reason: no shared cipher
Device failed SSL handshake with dmz client:171.169.0.2/53097
Solution the SSL encryption method might not be set correctly. Set the correct ciphers by completing the
following procedure:
Step 1
To see the ciphers being used by the phone proxy, enter the following command:
hostname# show run all ssl
Step 2
To add the required ciphers, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# ssl encryption
The default is to have all algorithms available in the following order:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-40
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
[3des-sha1] [des-sha1] [rc4-md5] [possibly others]
See the command reference for more information about setting ciphers with the ssl encryption
command.
Certificate Validation Errors
Problem Errors in the ASA log indicate that certificate validation errors occurred.
Entering the show logging asdm command, displayed the following errors:
3|Jun 19 2008 17:23:54|717009: Certificate validation failed. No suitable trustpoints
found to validate
certificate serial number: 348FD2760000000E6E27, subject name:
cn=CP-7961G-SEP001819A89CC3,ou=EVVBU,o=Cisco Systems Inc.
Solution
In order for the phone proxy to authenticate the MIC provided by the IP phone, it needs the Cisco
Manufacturing CA (MIC) certificate imported into the ASA.
Verify that all required certificates are imported into the ASA so that the TLS handshake will succeed.
Step 1
Determine which certificates are installed on the ASA by entering the following command:
hostname# show running-config crypto
Additionally, determine which certificates are installed on the IP phones. The certificate information
is shown under the Security Configuration menu. See Debugging Information from IP Phones,
page 16-32 for information about checking the IP phone to determine if it has the MIC installed on
it.
Step 2
Verify that the list of installed certificates contains all required certificates for the phone proxy.
See Table 16-2, Certificates Required by the Security Appliance for the Phone Proxy, for
information.
Step 3
Import any missing certificates onto the ASA. See also Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM,
page 16-15.
Media Termination Address Errors
Problem Entering the media-termination address command displays the following errors:
hostname(config-phone-proxy)# media-termination address ip_address
ERROR: Failed to apply IP address to interface Virtual254, as the network overlaps with
interface GigabitEthernet0/0. Two interfaces cannot be in the same subnet.
ERROR: Failed to set IP address for the Virtual interface
ERROR: Could not bring up Phone proxy media termination interface
ERROR: Failed to find the HWIDB for the Virtual interface
Solution Enter the following command to determine if the media-termination address in the phone proxy
configuration is set correctly:
hostname(config)# show running-config all phone-proxy
asa2(config)# show running-config all phone-proxy
!
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-41
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination address 10.10.0.25
cipc security-mode authenticated
cluster-mode mixed
disable service-settings
timeout secure-phones 0:05:00
hostname(config)#
Make sure that each media-termination instance is created correctly and that the address or addresses are
set correctly. The ASA must meet specific criteria for media termination. See Media Termination
Instance Prerequisites, page 16-6 for the complete list of prerequisites that you must follow when
creating the media termination instance and configuring the media termination addresses.
Audio Problems with IP Phones
The following audio errors can occur when the IP phones connecting through the phone proxy.
Media Failure for a Voice Call
Problem The call signaling completes but there is one way audio or no audio.
Solution
•
Problems with one way or no audio might be caused by issues with media termination. Enter the
following command to determine if the media-termination address in the phone proxy configuration
is set correctly:
hostname(config)# show running-config all phone-proxy
asa2(config)# show running-config all phone-proxy
!
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination address 10.10.0.25
cipc security-mode authenticated
cluster-mode mixed
disable service-settings
timeout secure-phones 0:05:00
hostname(config)#
•
Make sure that each media-termination instance is created correctly and that the address or
addresses are set correctly. The ASA must meet specific criteria for media termination. See Media
Termination Instance Prerequisites, page 16-6 for the complete list of prerequisites that you must
follow when creating the media termination instance and configuring the media termination
addresses.
•
If each media-termination address meets the requirements, determine whether the IP addresses are
reachable by all IP phones.
•
If each IP address is set correctly and reachable by all IP phones, check the call statistics on an IP
phone (see Debugging Information from IP Phones, page 16-32) and determine if there are Rcvr
packets and Sender packets on the IP phone, or if there are any Rcvr Lost or Discarded packets.
Saving SAST Keys
Site Administrator Security Token (SAST) keys on the ASA can be saved in the event a recovery is
required due to hardware failure and a replacement is required. The following steps shows how to
recover the SAST keys and use them on the new hardware.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-42
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Troubleshooting the Phone Proxy
The SAST keys can be seen via the show crypto key mypubkey rsa command. The SAST keys are
associated with a trustpoint that is labeled _internal_ctl-file_name_SAST_X where ctl-file-name is the
name of the CTL file instance that was configured, and X is an integer from 0 to N-1 where N is the
number of SASTs configured for the CTL file (the default is 2).
Step 1
On the ASA, export all the SAST keys in PKCS-12 format by using the crypto ca export command:
hostname(config)# crypto ca export _internal_ctl-file_name_SAST_X pkcs12 passphrase
hostname(config)# Exported pkcs12 follows:
MIIGZwIBAzCCBiEGCSqGSIb3DQEHAaCCBhIEggYOMIIGCjCCBgYGCSqGSIb3DQEH
[snip]
MIIGZwIBAzCCBiEGCSqGSIb3DQEHAaCCBhIEggYOMIIGCjCCBgYGCSqGSIb3DQEH
---End - This line not part of the pkcs12--hostname(config)# crypto ca export _internal_ctl-file_name_SAST_X pkcs12 passphrase
hostname(config)# Exported pkcs12 follows:
MIIGZwIBAzCCBiEGCSqGSIb3DQEHAaCCBhIEggYOMIIGCjCCBgYGCSqGSIb3DQEH
[snip]
mGF/hfDDNAICBAA=
---End - This line not part of the pkcs12--hostname(config)#
Note
Step 2
Save this output somewhere secure.
Import the SAST keys to a new ASA.
a.
To import the SAST key, enter the following command:
hostname(config)# crypto ca import trustpoint pkcs12 passphrase
Where trustpoint is _internal_ctl-file_name_SAST_X and ctl-file-name is the name of the CTL file
instance that was configured, and X is an integer from 0 to 4 depending on what you exported from
the ASA.
b.
Using the PKCS-12 output you saved in Step 1, enter the following command and paste the output
when prompted:
hostname(config)# crypto ca import _internal_ctl-file_name_SAST_X pkcs12 passphrase
hostname(config)# Enter the base 64 encoded pkcs12.
hostname(config)# End with the word "quit" on a line by itself:
MIIGZwIBAzCCBiEGCSqGSIb3DQEHAaCCBhIEggYOMIIGCjCCBgYGCSqGSIb3DQEH
[snip]
muMiZ6eClQICBAA=
hostname(config)# quit
INFO: Import PKCS12 operation completed successfully
hostname(config)# crypto ca import _internal_ctl-file_name_SAST_X pkcs12 passphrase
hostname(config)# Enter the base 64 encoded pkcs12.
hostname(config)# End with the word "quit" on a line by itself:
MIIGZwIBAzCCBiEGCSqGSIb3DQEHAaCCBhIEggYOMIIGCjCCBgYGCSqGSIb3DQEH
[snip]
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-43
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
mGF/hfDDNAICBAA=
hostname(config)# quit
INFO: Import PKCS12 operation completed successfully
hostname(config)#
Step 3
Create the CTL file instance on the new ASA using the same name as the one used in the SAST
trustpoints created in Step 2 by entering the following commands. Create trustpoints for each Cisco
UMC (primary and secondary).
hostname(config)# ctl-file
hostname(config-ctl-file)#
hostname(config-ctl-file)#
hostname(config-ctl-file)#
ctl_name
record-entry cucm trustpoint trust_point address address
record-entry capf trustpoint trust_point address address
no shutdown
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
This section includes the following topics:
•
Example 1: Nonsecure Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Publisher, page 16-44
•
Example 2: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Publisher,
page 16-46
•
Example 3: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Different Servers,
page 16-47
•
Example 4: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Primary Cisco UCM, Secondary and TFTP Server on
Different Servers, page 16-48
•
Example 5: LSC Provisioning in Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster; Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on
Publisher, page 16-50
•
Example 6: VLAN Transversal, page 16-52
Example 1: Nonsecure Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on
Publisher
Figure 16-2 shows an example of the configuration for a non-secure Cisco UCM cluster using the
following topology.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-44
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
Figure 16-2
Nonsecure Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Publisher
Corporate Network
IP
Cisco UCM+TFTP
192.0.2.101
Comcast Address
69.181.112.219
ASA Outside Interface
10.10.0.24
IP
M
Home Router
w/NAT
Internet
Comcast Address
98.208.49.30
Home Router
w/NAT
Cisco UCM cluster is in
nonsecure mode
ASA Inside Interface
192.0.2.1
IP
Phone A
192.0.2.16
IP
271632
Chapter 16
object network obj-192.0.2.101
host 192.0.2.101
nat (inside,outside) static 10.10.0.26
access-list pp extended permit udp any host 10.10.0.26 eq 69
access-group pp in interface outside
crypto key generate rsa label cucmtftp_kp modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint cucm_tftp_server
enrollment self
keypair cucmtftp_kp
crypto ca enroll cucm_tftp_server
ctl-file myctl
record-entry cucm-tftp trustpoint cucm_tftp_server address 10.10.0.26
no shutdown
tls-proxy mytls
server trust-point _internal_PP_myctl
media-termination my_mediaterm
address 192.0.2.25 interface inside
address 10.10.0.25 interface outside
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination my_mediaterm
tftp-server address 192.0.2.101 interface inside
tls-proxy mytls
ctl-file myctl
class-map sec_sccp
match port tcp 2443
class-map sec_sip
match port tcp eq 5061
policy-map pp_policy
class sec_sccp
inspect skinny phone-proxy mypp
class sec_sip
inspect sip phone-proxy mypp
service-policy pp_policy interface outside
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-45
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
Example 2: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on
Publisher
Figure 16-3 shows an example of the configuration for a mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster using the
following topology.
Figure 16-3
Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Publisher
Corporate Network
IP
Cisco UCM+TFTP
192.0.2.101
Comcast Address
69.181.112.219
ASA Outside Interface
10.10.0.24
IP
M
Home Router
w/NAT
Comcast Address
98.208.49.30
Home Router
w/NAT
Cisco UCM cluster is in
nonsecure mode
ASA Inside Interface
192.0.2.1
IP
Phone A
192.0.2.16
IP
object network obj-192.0.2.101
host 192.0.2.101
nat (inside,outside) static 10.10.0.26
access-list pp extended permit udp any host 10.10.0.26 eq 69
access-group pp in interface outside
crypto key generate rsa label cucmtftp_kp modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint cucm_tftp_server
enrollment self
keypair cucmtftp_kp
crypto ca enroll cucm_tftp_server
ctl-file myctl
record-entry cucm-tftp trustpoint cucm_tftp_server address 10.10.0.26
no shutdown
crypto key generate rsa label ldc_signer_key modulus 1024
crypto key generate rsa label phone_common modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint ldc_server
enrollment self
proxy_ldc_issuer
fqdn my-ldc-ca.exmaple.com
subject-name cn=FW_LDC_SIGNER_172_23_45_200
keypair ldc_signer_key
crypto ca enroll ldc_server
tls-proxy my_proxy
server trust-point _internal_PP_myctl
client ldc issuer ldc_server
client ldc keypair phone_common
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
media-termination my_mediaterm
address 192.0.2.25 interface inside
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-46
271632
Internet
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
address 10.10.0.25 interface outside
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination my_mediaterm
tftp-server address 192.0.2.101 interface inside
tls-proxy mytls
ctl-file myctl
cluster-mode mixed
class-map sec_sccp
match port tcp 2443
class-map sec_sip
match port tcp eq 5061
policy-map pp_policy
class sec_sccp
inspect skinny phone-proxy mypp
class sec_sip
inspect sip phone-proxy mypp
service-policy pp_policy interface outside
Example 3: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on
Different Servers
Figure 16-4 shows an example of the configuration for a mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster using the
following topology where the TFTP server resides on a different server from the Cisco UCM.
In this sample, the static interface PAT for the TFTP server is configured to appear like the ASA’s outside
interface IP address.
Figure 16-4
Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on Different Servers
Cisco UCM
192.0.2.105
M
TFTP / Publisher
192.0.2.101
ASA Inside Interface
192.0.2.24
M
Corporate
Network
IP
Phone A
192.0.2.102
Internet
ASA Outside Interface
10.10.0.24
IP
Home Router Comcast
Address
w/NAT
98.208.49.30
IP
IP
Home Router Comcast
Address
w/NAT
69.181.112.219
271634
Phone B
192.0.2.103
object network obj-192.0.2.105
host 192.0.2.105
nat (inside,outside) static 10.10.0.26
object network obj-192.0.2.101
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-47
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
host 192.0.2.101
nat (inside,outside) static interface udp 69 69
access-list pp extended permit udp any host 10.10.0.24 eq 69
access-group pp in interface outside
crypto key generate rsa label cucm_kp modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint cucm
enrollment self
keypair cucm_kp
crypto ca enroll cucm
crypto key generate rsa label tftp_kp modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint tftp_server
enrollment self
keypair tftp_kp
crypto ca enroll tftp_server
ctl-file myctl
record-entry cucm trustpoint cucm_server address 10.10.0.26
no shutdown
crypto key generate rsa label ldc_signer_key modulus 1024
crypto key generate rsa label phone_common modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint ldc_server
enrollment self
proxy_ldc_issuer
fqdn my-ldc-ca.exmaple.com
subject-name cn=FW_LDC_SIGNER_172_23_45_200
keypair ldc_signer_key
crypto ca enroll ldc_server
tls-proxy my_proxy
server trust-point _internal_PP_myctl
client ldc issuer ldc_server
client ldc keypair phone_common
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
media-termination my_mediaterm
address 192.0.2.25 interface inside
address 10.10.0.25 interface outside
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination my_mediaterm
tftp-server address 192.0.2.101 interface inside
tls-proxy mytls
ctl-file myctl
cluster-mode mixed
class-map sec_sccp
match port tcp 2443
class-map sec_sip
match port tcp eq 5061
policy-map pp_policy
class sec_sccp
inspect skinny phone-proxy mypp
class sec_sip
inspect sip phone-proxy mypp
service-policy pp_policy interface outside
Example 4: Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Primary Cisco UCM, Secondary
and TFTP Server on Different Servers
Figure 16-5 shows an example of the configuration for a mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster using the
following topology where the TFTP server resides on a different server from the primary and secondary
Cisco UCMs.
In this sample, the static interface PAT for the TFTP server is configured to appear like the ASA’s outside
interface IP address.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-48
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
Figure 16-5
Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster, Primary Cisco UCM, Secondary Cisco UCM, and TFTP
Server on Different Servers
Primary Cisco UCM
192.0.2.105
Secondary Cisco UCM
192.0.2.106
M
M
ASA Inside Interface
192.0.2.24
TFTP / Publisher
192.0.2.101
Corporate
Network
M
IP
Phone A
192.0.2.102
Internet
IP
Home Router Comcast
Address
w/NAT
98.208.49.30
ASA Outside Interface
10.10.0.24
IP
IP
Phone B
192.0.2.103
Home Router Comcast
Address
w/NAT
69.181.112.219
271635
Chapter 16
object network obj-192.0.2.105
host 192.0.2.105
nat (inside,outside) static 10.10.0.27
object network obj-192.0.2.101
host 192.0.2.101
nat (inside,outside) static interface udp 69 69
object network obj-192.0.2.106
host 192.0.2.106
nat (inside,outside) static 10.10.0.26
access-list pp extended permit udp any host 10.10.0.24 eq 69
access-group pp in interface outside
crypto key generate rsa label cluster_kp modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint pri_cucm
enrollment self
keypair cluster_kp
crypto ca enroll pri_cucm
crypto ca trustpoint sec_cucm
enrollment self
serial-number
keypair cluster_kp
crypto ca enroll sec_cucm
crypto ca trustpoint tftp-server
enrollment self
fqdn my-tftp.example.com
keypair cluster-kp
crypto ca enroll tftp_server
ctl-file myctl
record-entry tftp trustpoint tftp_server address 10.10.0.24
record-entry cucm trustpoint pri_cucm_server address 10.10.0.27
record-entry cucm trustpoint sec_cucm_server address 10.10.0.2
no shutdown
crypto key generate rsa label ldc_signer_key modulus 1024
crypto key generate rsa label phone_common modulus 1024
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-49
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
crypto ca trustpoint ldc_server
enrollment self
proxy_ldc_issuer
fqdn my-ldc-ca.exmaple.com
subject-name cn=FW_LDC_SIGNER_172_23_45_200
keypair ldc_signer_key
crypto ca enroll ldc_server
tls-proxy my_proxy
server trust-point _internal_PP_myctl
client ldc issuer ldc_server
client ldc keypair phone_common
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
media-termination my_mediaterm
address 192.0.2.25 interface inside
address 10.10.0.25 interface outside
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination my_mediaterm
tftp-server address 192.0.2.101 interface inside
tls-proxy mytls
ctl-file myctl
cluster-mode mixed
class-map sec_sccp
match port tcp 2443
class-map sec_sip
match port tcp eq 5061
policy-map pp_policy
class sec_sccp
inspect skinny phone-proxy mypp
class sec_sip
inspect sip phone-proxy mypp
service-policy pp_policy interface outside
Example 5: LSC Provisioning in Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster; Cisco UCM
and TFTP Server on Publisher
Figure 16-6 shows an example of the configuration for a mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster where LSC
provisioning is required using the following topology.
Note
Doing LSC provisioning for remote IP phones is not recommended because it requires that the IP phones
first register and they have to register in nonsecure mode. Having the IP phones register in nonsecure
mode requires the Administrator to open the nonsecure signaling port for SIP and SCCP on the ASA. If
possible, LSC provisioning should be done inside the corporate network before giving the IP phones to
the end-users.
In this sample, you create an ACL to allow the IP phones to contact the TFTP server and to allow the IP
phones to register in nonsecure mode by opening the nonsecure port for SIP and SCCP as well as the
CAPF port for LSC provisioning.
Additionally, you create the CAPF trustpoint by copying and pasting the CAPF certificate from the Cisco
UCM Certificate Management software.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-50
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
Figure 16-6
TFTP Server
192.0.2.101
LSC Provisioning in Mixed-mode Cisco UCM cluster; Cisco UCM and TFTP Server on
Publisher
ASA Inside Interface
192.0.2.24
M
Corporate
Network
IP
Phone A
192.0.2.102
Internet
ASA Outside Interface
10.10.0.24
IP
Home Router Comcast
Address
w/NAT
98.208.49.30
IP
IP
Home Router Comcast
Address
w/NAT
69.181.112.219
Phone B
192.0.2.103
271633
Chapter 16
object network obj-192.0.2.105
host 192.0.2.105
nat (inside,outside) static 10.10.0.26
object network obj-192.0.2.101
host 192.0.2.101
nat (inside,outside) static interface udp 69 69
access-list pp extended permit udp any host 10.10.0.24 eq 69
access-list pp extended permit tcp any host 10.10.0.26 eq 2000
access-list pp extended permit tcp any host 10.10.0.26 eq 5060
access-list pp extended permit tcp any host 10.10.0.26 eq 3804
access-group pp in interface outside
crypto key generate rsa label cluster_kp modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint cucm
enrollment self
keypair cluster_kp
crypto ca enroll cucm
crypto ca trustpoint tftp_server
enrollment self
serial-number
keypair cluster_kp
crypto ca enroll tftp_server
crypto ca trustpoint capf
enroll terminal
crypto ca authenticate capf
ctl-file myctl
record-entry cucm trustpoint cucm_server address 10.10.0.26
record-entry capf trustpoint capf address 10.10.0.26
no shutdown
crypto key generate rsa label ldc_signer_key modulus 1024
crypto key generate rsa label phone_common modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint ldc_server
enrollment self
proxy_ldc_issuer
fqdn my-ldc-ca.exmaple.com
subject-name cn=FW_LDC_SIGNER_172_23_45_200
keypair ldc_signer_key
crypto ca enroll ldc_server
tls-proxy my_proxy
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-51
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
server trust-point _internal_PP_myctl
client ldc issuer ldc_server
client ldc keypair phone_common
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
media-termination my_mediaterm
address 192.0.2.25 interface inside
address 10.10.0.25 interface outside
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination my_mediaterm
tftp-server address 192.0.2.101 interface inside
tls-proxy mytls
ctl-file myctl
cluster-mode mixed
class-map sec_sccp
match port tcp 2443
class-map sec_sip
match port tcp eq 5061
policy-map pp_policy
class sec_sccp
inspect skinny phone-proxy mypp
class sec_sip
inspect sip phone-proxy mypp
service-policy pp_policy interface outside
Example 6: VLAN Transversal
Figure 16-7 shows an example of the configuration to force Cisco IP Communicator (CIPC) softphones
to operate in authenticated mode when CIPC softphones are deployed in a voice and data VLAN
scenario. VLAN transversal is required between CIPC softphones on the data VLAN and hard phones
on the voice VLAN.
In this sample, the Cisco UCM cluster mode is nonsecure.
In this sample, you create an ACL to allow the IP phones to contact the TFTP server and to allow the IP
phones to register in nonsecure mode by opening the nonsecure port for SIP and SCCP as well as the
CAPF port for LSC provisioning.
In this sample, you configure NAT for the CIPC by using PAT so that each CIPC is mapped to an IP
address space in the Voice VLAN.
Additionally, you create the CAPF trustpoint by copying and pasting the CAPF certificate from the Cisco
UCM Certificate Management software.
Note
Cisco IP Communicator supports authenticated mode only and does not support encrypted mode;
therefore, there is no encrypted voice traffic (SRTP) flowing from the CIPC softphones.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-52
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Configuration Examples for the Phone Proxy
Figure 16-7
VLAN Transversal Between CIPC Softphones on the Data VLAN and Hard Phones on
the Voice VLAN
Cisco UCM + TFTP Server
192.0.2.101
ASA Data VLAN interface
10.10.0.24
Corporate
Network
(Voice VLAN)
M
Cisco IPC
10.130.50.10
Corporate
Network
(Data VLAN)
Cisco IPC
10.130.50.11
IP
ASA Inside Interface
10.130.50.24
Cisco IPC
10.130.50.12
271636
Chapter 16
IP
object network obj-10.130.50.0
subnet 10.130.50.0 255.255.255.0
nat (data,voice) dynamic 192.0.2.10
object network obj-10.130.50.5
host 10.130.50.5
nat (data,voice) static 192.0.2.101
access-list pp extended permit udp any host 10.130.50.5 eq 69
access-list pp extended permit tcp any host 10.130.50.5 eq 2000
access-list pp extended permit tcp any host 10.130.50.5 eq 5060
access-list pp extended permit tcp any host 10.130.50.5 eq 3804
access-group pp in interface data
crypto ca generate rsa label cucmtftp_kp modulus 1024
crypto ca trustpoint cucm_tftp_server
enrollment self
keypair cucmtftp_kp
crypto ca enroll cucm_tftp_server
crypto ca trustpoint capf
enrollment terminal
crypto ca authenticate capf
ctl-file myctl
record-entry cucm-tftp trustpoint cucm_tftp_server address 10.130.50.5
record-entry capf trustpoint capf address 10.130.50.5
no shutdown
tls-proxy mytls
server trust-point _internal_PP_myctl
media-termination my_mediaterm
address 10.130.50.2
phone-proxy mypp
media-termination my_mediaterm
tftp-server address 10.10.0.20 interface inside
tls-proxy mytls
ctl-file myctl
cipc security-mode authenticated
class-map sec_sccp
match port tcp eq 2443
class-map sec_sip
match port tcp eq 5061
policy-map pp_policy
class sec_sccp
inspect skinny phone-proxy mypp
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-53
Chapter 16
Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy
Feature History for the Phone Proxy
class sec_sip
inspect sip phone-proxy mypp
service-policy pp_policy interface data
Feature History for the Phone Proxy
Table 16-7 lists the release history for this feature.
Table 16-7
Feature History for Cisco Phone Proxy
Feature Name
Releases
Feature Information
Cisco Phone Proxy
8.0(4)
The phone proxy feature was introduced. The following
new commands were introduced.
cipc security-mode authenticated, clear configure ctl,
clear configure phone-proxy, cluster-ctl-file,
cluster-mode nonsecure, ctl-file (global), ctl-file (phone
proxy), debug phone proxy, disable service-settings,
media-termination address, phone-proxy, proxy-server,
record-entry, sast, show phone-proxy, show
running-config ctl, show running-config phone-proxy,
timeout secure-phones, tftp-server address.
NAT for the media termination address
8.1(2)
The media-termination address command was changed to
allow for NAT:
[no] media-termination address ip_address interface
intf_name
Where the interface inft_name keyword was added.
The rtp-min-port and rtp-max-ports keywords were
removed from the command syntax and included as a
separate command:
rtp-min-port port1 rtp-max-port port2
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
16-54
CH AP TE R
17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice
Inspection
This chapter describes how to configure the ASA for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
feature.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information about the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection, page 17-1
•
Licensing for the TLS Proxy, page 17-5
•
Prerequisites for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection, page 17-7
•
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection, page 17-7
•
Monitoring the TLS Proxy, page 17-15
•
Feature History for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection, page 17-17
Information about the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
End-to-end encryption often leaves network security appliances “blind” to media and signaling traffic,
which can compromise access control and threat prevention security functions. This lack of visibility can
result in a lack of interoperability between the firewall functions and the encrypted voice, leaving
businesses unable to satisfy both of their key security requirements.
The ASA is able to intercept and decrypt encrypted signaling from Cisco encrypted endpoints to the
Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Cisco UCM), and apply the required threat protection and
access control. It can also ensure confidentiality by re-encrypting the traffic onto the Cisco UCM servers.
Typically, the ASA TLS Proxy functionality is deployed in campus unified communications network.
This solution is ideal for deployments that utilize end to end encryption and firewalls to protect Unified
Communications Manager servers.
Decryption and Inspection of Unified Communications Encrypted Signaling
With encrypted voice inspection, the security appliance decrypts, inspects and modifies (as needed, for
example, performing NAT fixup), and re-encrypts voice signaling traffic while all of the existing VoIP
inspection functions for Skinny and SIP protocols are preserved. Once voice signaling is decrypted, the
plaintext signaling message is passed to the existing inspection engines.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-1
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Information about the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
The security appliance acts as a TLS proxy between the Cisco IP Phone and Cisco UCM. The proxy is
transparent for the voice calls between the phone and theCisco UCM. Cisco IP Phones download a
Certificate Trust List from the Cisco UCM before registration which contains identities (certificates) of
the devices that the phone should trust, such as TFTP servers and Cisco UCM servers. To support server
proxy, the CTL file must contain the certificate that the security appliance creates for the Cisco UCMs.
To proxy calls on behalf of the Cisco IP Phone, the security appliance presents a certificate that the Cisco
UCM can verify, which is a Local Dynamic Certificate for the phone, issued by the certificate authority
on the security appliance.
TLS proxy is supported by the Cisco Unified CallManager Release 5.1 and later. You should be familiar
with the security features of the Cisco UCM. For background and detailed description of Cisco UCM
security, see the Cisco Unified CallManager document:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/voice/c_callmg/5_0/sec_vir/ae/sec504/index.htm
TLS proxy applies to the encryption layer and must be configured with an application layer protocol
inspection. You should be familiar with the inspection features on the ASA, especially Skinny and SIP
inspection.
Supported Cisco UCM and IP Phones for the TLS Proxy
Cisco Unified Communications Manager
The following releases of the Cisco Unified Communications Manager are supported with the TLS
proxy:
•
Cisco Unified CallManager Version 4.x
•
Cisco Unified CallManager Version 5.0
•
Cisco Unified CallManager Version 5.1
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager 6.1
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager 7.0
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager 8.0
Cisco Unified IP Phones
The following IP phones in the Cisco Unified IP Phones 7900 Series are supported with the TLS proxy:
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7985
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7975
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7971
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7970
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7965
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7962
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7961
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7961G-GE
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7960
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7945
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7942
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-2
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Information about the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7941G-GE
•
Cisco Unified IP Phone 7940
•
Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7921
•
Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7925
•
Cisco IP Communicator (CIPC) for softphones
CTL Client Overview
The CTL Client application supplied by Cisco Unified CallManager Release 5.1 and later supports a TLS
proxy server (firewall) in the CTL file. Figure 17-1 through Figure 17-4 illustrate the TLS proxy features
supported in the CTL Client.
Figure 17-1
CTL Client TLS Proxy Features — Add Firewall
Figure 17-1 shows support for adding a CTL entry consisting of the security appliance as the TLS proxy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-3
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Information about the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Figure 17-2
CTL Client TLS Proxy Features — ASA IP Address or Domain Name
Figure 17-2 shows support for entering the security appliance IP address or domain name in the CTL
Client.
Figure 17-3
CTL Client TLS Proxy Features — CTL Entry for ASA
Figure 17-3 shows that the CTL entry for the security appliance as the TLS proxy has been added. The
CTL entry is added after the CTL Client connects to the CTL Provider service on the security appliance
and retrieves the proxy certificate.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-4
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Licensing for the TLS Proxy
Figure 17-4
CTL Client TLS Proxy Features — CTL File Installed on the ASA
The security appliance does not store the raw CTL file in the flash, rather, it parses the CTL file and
installs appropriate trustpoints. Figure 17-4 indicates the installation was successful.
Licensing for the TLS Proxy
The TLS proxy for encrypted voice inspection feature supported by the ASA require a Unified
Communications Proxy license.
The following table shows the Unified Communications Proxy license details by platform:
Note
This feature is not available on No Payload Encryption models.
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5505
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional license: 24 sessions.
ASA 5510
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, or 100 sessions.
ASA 5520
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
ASA 5540
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5550
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-5
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Licensing for the TLS Proxy
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5580
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
ASA 5512-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5515-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5525-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
ASA 5545-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5555-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-10
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-20, -40, or -60
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA SM
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
1. The following applications use TLS proxy sessions for their connections. Each TLS proxy session used by these applications (and only these applications)
is counted against the UC license limit:
- Phone Proxy
- Presence Federation Proxy
- Encrypted Voice Inspection
Other applications that use TLS proxy sessions do not count towards the UC limit, for example, Mobility Advantage Proxy (which does not require a
license) and IME (which requires a separate IME license).
Some UC applications might use multiple sessions for a connection. For example, if you configure a phone with a primary and backup Cisco Unified
Communications Manager, there are 2 TLS proxy connections, so 2 UC Proxy sessions are used.
You independently set the TLS proxy limit using the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command. To view the limits of your model, enter the tls-proxy
maximum-sessions ? command. When you apply a UC license that is higher than the default TLS proxy limit, the security appliance automatically sets
the TLS proxy limit to match the UC limit. The TLS proxy limit takes precedence over the UC license limit; if you set the TLS proxy limit to be less than
the UC license, then you cannot use all of the sessions in your UC license.
Note: For license part numbers ending in “K8” (for example, licenses under 250 users), TLS proxy sessions are limited to 1000. For license part numbers
ending in “K9” (for example, licenses 250 users or larger), the TLS proxy limit depends on the configuration, up to the model limit. K8 and K9 refer to
whether the license is restricted for export: K8 is unrestricted, and K9 is restricted.
Note: If you clear the configuration (using the clear configure all command, for example), then the TLS proxy limit is set to the default for your model;
if this default is lower than the UC license limit, then you see an error message to use the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command to raise the limit again
. If you use failover and enter the write standby command on the primary unit to force a configuration synchronization, the clear configure all command
is generated on the secondary unit automatically, so you may see the warning message on the secondary unit. Because the configuration synchronization
restores the TLS proxy limit set on the primary unit, you can ignore the warning.
You might also use SRTP encryption sessions for your connections:
- For K8 licenses, SRTP sessions are limited to 250.
- For K9 licenses, there is not limit.
Note: Only calls that require encryption/decryption for media are counted towards the SRTP limit; if passthrough is set for the call, even if both legs are
SRTP, they do not count towards the limit.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-6
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Prerequisites for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
2. With the 10,000-session UC license, the total combined sessions can be 10,000, but the maximum number of Phone Proxy sessions is 5000.
Table 17-1 shows the default and maximum TLS session details by platform.
Table 17-1
Default and Maximum TLS Sessions on the Security Appliance
Security Appliance Platform
Default TLS Sessions
Maximum TLS Sessions
ASA 5505
10
80
ASA 5510
100
200
ASA 5520
300
1200
ASA 5540
1000
4500
ASA 5550
2000
4500
ASA 5580
4000
13,000
For more information about licensing, see the general operations configuration guide.
Prerequisites for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Before configuring TLS proxy, the following prerequisites are required:
•
You must set clock on the security appliance before configuring TLS proxy. To set the clock
manually and display clock, use the clock set and show clock commands. We recommend that the
security appliance use the same NTP server as the Cisco Unified CallManager cluster. TLS
handshake may fail due to certificate validation failure if clock is out of sync between the security
appliance and the Cisco Unified CallManager server.
•
3DES-AES license is needed to interoperate with the Cisco Unified CallManager. AES is the default
cipher used by the Cisco Unified CallManager and Cisco IP Phone.
•
Import the following certificates which are stored on the Cisco UCM. These certificates are required
by the ASA for the phone proxy.
– Cisco_Manufacturing_CA
– CAP-RTP-001
– CAP-RTP-002
– CAPF certificate (Optional)
If LSC provisioning is required or you have LSC enabled IP phones, you must import the CAPF
certificate from the Cisco UCM. If the Cisco UCM has more than one CAPF certificate, you
must import all of them to the ASA.
See Chapter 16, “Configuring the Cisco Phone Proxy.”For example, the CA Manufacturer certificate
is required by the phone proxy to validate the IP phone certificate.
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
This section includes the following topics:
•
Task flow for Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection, page 17-8
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-7
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
•
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 17-9
•
Creating an Internal CA, page 17-10
•
Creating a CTL Provider Instance, page 17-11
•
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance, page 17-12
•
Enabling the TLS Proxy Instance for Skinny or SIP Inspection, page 17-13
Task flow for Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
To configure the security appliance for TLS proxy, perform the following steps:
Step 1
(Optional) Set the maximum number of TLS proxy sessions to be supported by the security appliance
using the following command, for example:
ciscoasa(config)# tls-proxy maximum-sessions 1200
Note
The tls-proxy maximum-sessions command controls the memory size reserved for
cryptographic applications such as TLS proxy. Crypto memory is reserved at the time of system
boot. You may need to reboot the security appliance for the configuration to take effect if the
configured maximum sessions number is greater than the currently reserved.
Step 2
Create trustpoints and generate certificates for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection. See
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 17-9.
Step 3
Create the internal CA to sign the LDC for Cisco IP Phones. See Creating an Internal CA, page 17-10.
Step 4
Create the CTL provider instance. See Creating a CTL Provider Instance, page 17-11.
Step 5
Create the TLS proxy instance. See Creating the TLS Proxy Instance, page 17-12.
Step 6
Enable the TLS proxy y with SIP and Skinny inspection. See Enabling the TLS Proxy Instance for
Skinny or SIP Inspection, page 17-13.
Step 7
Export the local CA certificate (ldc_server) and install it as a trusted certificate on the Cisco UCM server.
a.
Use the following command to export the certificate if a trust-point with proxy-ldc-issuer is used
as the signer of the dynamic certificates, for example:
ciscoasa(config)# crypto ca export ldc_server identity-certificate
b.
For the embedded local CA server LOCAL-CA-SERVER, use the following command to export its
certificate, for example:
ciscoasa(config)# show crypto ca server certificate
Save the output to a file and import the certificate on the Cisco UCM. For more information, see the
Cisco Unified CallManager document:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/voice/c_callmg/5_0/iptp_adm/504/iptpch6.htm#wp1
040848
After this step, you may use the Display Certificates function on the Cisco Unified CallManager GUI to
verify the installed certificate:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/voice/c_callmg/5_0/iptp_adm/504/iptpch6.htm#wp1
040354
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-8
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Step 8
Run the CTL Client application to add the server proxy certificate (ccm_proxy) to the CTL file and
install the CTL file on the security appliance. See the Cisco Unified CallManager document for
information on how to configure and use CTL Client:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/voice/c_callmg/5_1/nci/p08/secuauth.htm
Note
You will need the CTL Client that is released with Cisco Unified CallManager Release 5.1 to
interoperate with the security appliance. See the “CTL Client Overview” section on page 17-3
for more information regarding TLS proxy support.
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates
The Cisco UCM proxy certificate could be self-signed or issued by a third-party CA. The certificate is
exported to the CTL client.
Prerequisites
Import the required certificates, which are stored on the Cisco UCM. See the “Certificates from the Cisco
UCM” section on page 16-7 and the “Importing Certificates from the Cisco UCM” section on
page 16-15.
Command
Step 1
Step 2
hostname(config)# crypto key
key-pair-label modulus size
Examples:
ciscoasa(config)# crypto key
ccm_proxy_key modulus 1024
ciscoasa(config)# crypto key
ldc_signer_key modulus 1024
ciscoasa(config)# crypto key
phone_common modulus 1024
Purpose
generate rsa label
Creates the RSA keypair that can be used for the
trustpoints.
generate rsa label
The keypair is used by the self-signed certificate
presented to the local domain containing the Cisco
UP (proxy for the remote entity).
generate rsa label
generate rsa label
Note
We recommend that you create a different
key pair for each role.
ciscoasa(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# ! for self-signed CCM proxy
certificate
ciscoasa(config)# crypto ca trustpoint ccm_proxy
Enters the trustpoint configuration mode for the
specified trustpoint so that you can create the
trustpoint for the Cisco UMA server.
Step 3
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment self
Generates a self-signed certificate.
Step 4
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# fqdn none
Specifies not to include a fully qualified domain
name (FQDN) in the Subject Alternative Name
extension of the certificate during enrollment.
A trustpoint represents a CA identity and possibly a
device identity, based on a certificate issued by the
CA.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-9
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Step 5
Command
Purpose
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
X.500_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
cn=EJW-SV-1-Proxy
Includes the indicated subject DN in the certificate
during enrollment
Cisco IP Phones require certain fields from the
X.509v3 certificate to be present to validate the
certificate via consulting the CTL file.
Consequently, the subject-name entry must be
configured for a proxy certificate trustpoint. The
subject name must be composed of the ordered
concatenation of the CN, OU and O fields. The CN
field is mandatory; the others are optional.
Note
Each of the concatenated fields (when
present) are separated by a semicolon,
yielding one of the following forms:
CN=xxx;OU=yyy;O=zzz
CN=xxx;OU=yyy
CN=xxx;O=zzz
CN=xxx
Step 6
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair keyname
Example:
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair
ccm_proxy_key
Specifies the key pair whose public key is to be
certified.
Step 7
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the CA Trustpoint configuration mode.
Step 8
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll trustpoint
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# crypto ca enroll ccm_proxy
Starts the enrollment process with the CA and
specifies the name of the trustpoint to enroll with.
What to Do Next
Once you have created the trustpoints and generated the certificates, create the internal CA to sign the
LDC for Cisco IP Phones. See Creating an Internal CA, page 17-10.
Creating an Internal CA
Create an internal local CA to sign the LDC for Cisco IP Phones.
This local CA is created as a regular self-signed trustpoint with proxy-ldc-issuer enabled. You can use
the embedded local CA LOCAL-CA-SERVER on the ASA to issue the LDC.
Command
Purpose
Step 1
ciscoasa(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# ! for the internal local LDC
issuer
ciscoasa(config)# crypto ca trustpoint ldc_server
Enters the trustpoint configuration mode for the
specified trustpoint so that you can create the
trustpoint for the LDC issurer.
Step 2
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment self
Generates a self-signed certificate.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-10
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Step 3
Command
Purpose
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# proxy-ldc-issuer
Issues TLS proxy local dynamic certificates. The
proxy-ldc-issuer command grants a crypto
trustpoint the role as local CA to issue the LDC and
can be accessed from crypto ca trustpoint
configuration mode.
The proxy-ldc-issuer command defines the local
CA role for the trustpoint to issue dynamic
certificates for TLS proxy. This command can only
be configured under a trustpoint with "enrollment
self."
Step 4
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# fqdn fqdn
Example:
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# fqdn
my-ldc-ca.exmaple.com
Includes the indicated FQDN in the Subject
Alternative Name extension of the certificate during
enrollment.
Step 5
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
X.500_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
cn=FW_LDC_SIGNER_172_23_45_200
Includes the indicated subject DN in the certificate
during enrollment
Step 6
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair keyname
Example:
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair
ldc_signer_key
Specifies the key pair whose public key is to be
certified.
Step 7
ciscoasa(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the CA Trustpoint configuration mode.
Step 8
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll trustpoint
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# crypto ca enroll ldc_server
Starts the enrollment process with the CA and
specifies the name of the trustpoint to enroll with.
What to Do Next
Once you have created the internal CA, create the CTL provider instance. See Creating a CTL Provider
Instance, page 17-11.
Creating a CTL Provider Instance
Create a CTL Provider instance in preparation for a connection from the CTL Client.
The default port number listened by the CTL Provider is TCP 2444, which is the default CTL port on
the Cisco UCM. Use the service port command to change the port number if a different port is used by
the Cisco UCM cluster.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-11
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Command
Purpose
Step 1
ciscoasa(config)# ctl-provider ctl_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# ctl-provider my_ctl
Enters the CTL provider configuration mode so that
you can create the Certificate Trust List provider
instance.
Step 2
ciscoasa(config-ctl-provider)# client interface
if_name ipv4_addr
Example:
ciscoasa(config-ctl-provider)# client interface
inside address 172.23.45.1
Specifies clients allowed to connect to the
Certificate Trust List provider.
Where interface if_name specifies the interface
allowed to connect and ipv4_addr specifies the IP
address of the client.
More than one command may be issued to define
multiple clients.
Step 3
Step 4
ciscoasa(config-ctl-provider)# client username
user_name password password encrypted
Example:
ciscoasa(config-ctl-provider)# client username
CCMAdministrator password XXXXXX encrypted
Specifies the username and password for client
authentication.
ciscoasa(config-ctl-provider)# export certificate
trustpoint_name
Example:
Specifies the certificate to be exported to the client.
The certificate will be added to the Certificate Trust
List file composed by the CTL client.
ciscoasa(config-ctl-provider)# export certificate
The username and password must match the
username and password for Cisco UCM
administration.
The trustpoint name in the export command is the
proxy certificate for the Cisco UCM server.
Step 5
ciscoasa(config-ctl-provider)# ctl install
Enables the CTL provider to parse the CTL file from
the CTL client and install trustpoints for entries
from the CTL file. Ttrustpoints installed by this
command have names prefixed with
"_internal_CTL_<ctl_name>."
What to Do Next
Once you have created the CTL provider instance, create the TLS proxy instance. See Creating the TLS
Proxy Instance, page 17-12.
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance
Create the TLS proxy instance to handle the encrypted signaling.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-12
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Command
Purpose
Step 1
ciscoasa(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# tls-proxy my_proxy
Creates the TLS proxy instance.
Step 2
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# server trust-point
proxy_trustpoint
Example:
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# server trust-point ccm_proxy
Specifies the proxy trustpoint certificate to present
during TLS handshake.
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# client ldc issuer ca_tp_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# client ldc issuer ldc_server
Sets the local dynamic certificate issuer. The local
CA to issue client dynamic certificates is defined by
the crypto ca trustpoint command and the
trustpoint must have proxy-ldc-issuer configured,
or the default local CA server
(LOCAL-CA-SERVER).
Step 3
The server command configures the proxy
parameters for the original TLS server. In other
words, the parameters for the ASA to act as the
server during a TLS handshake, or facing the
original TLS client.
Where ldc issuer ca_tp_name specifies the local
CA trustpoint to issue client dynamic certificates.
Step 4
Step 5
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# client ldc key-pair key_label
Example:
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# client ldc key-pair
phone_common
Sets the keypair.
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
cipher_suite
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
Sets the user-defined cipher suite.
The keypair value must have been generated with the
crypto key generate command.
For client proxy (the proxy acts as a TLS client to
the server), the user-defined cipher suite replaces the
default cipher suite, or the one defined by the ssl
encryption command. You can use this command to
achieve difference ciphers between the two TLS
sessions. You should use AES ciphers with the
CallManager server.
What to Do Next
Once you have created TLS proxy instance, enable the TLS proxy instance for Skinny and SIP
inspection. See Enabling the TLS Proxy Instance for Skinny or SIP Inspection, page 17-13.
Enabling the TLS Proxy Instance for Skinny or SIP Inspection
Enable TLS proxy for the Cisco IP Phones and Cisco UCMs in Skinny or SIP inspection. The following
procedure shows how to enable the TLS proxy instance for Skinny inspection.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-13
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Step 1
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# class-map sec_skinny
Configures the secure Skinny class of traffic to
inspect.
Where class_map_name is the name of the Skinny
class map.
Step 2
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 2443
Step 3
ciscoasa(config-cmap)# exit
Step 4
hostname(config)# policy-map type inspect skinny
policy_map_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map type inspect skinny
skinny_inspect
Defines special actions for Skinny inspection
application traffic.
Step 5
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# parameters
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# ! Skinny inspection
parameters
Specifies the parameters for Skinny inspection.
Parameters affect the behavior of the inspection
engine.
Matches the TCP port 2443 to which you want to
apply actions for secure Skinny inspection
The commands available in parameters
configuration mode depend on the application.
Step 6
ciscoasa(config-pmap-p)# exit
Exits from Policy Map configuration mode.
Step 7
hostname(config)# policy-map name
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# policy-map global_policy
Configure the policy map and attach the action to the
class of traffic.
Step 8
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class inspection_default
Specifies the default class map.
The configuration includes a default Layer 3/4 class
map that the ASA uses in the default global policy.
It is called inspection_default and matches the
default inspection traffic,
Step 9
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny skinny_map
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny
skinny_inspect
Enables SCCP (Skinny) application inspection.
Step 10
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class classmap_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap)# class sec_skinny
Assigns a class map to the policy map where you can
assign actions to the class map traffic.
Step 11
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny skinny_map
tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# inspect skinny
skinny_inspect tls-proxy my_proxy
Enables TLS proxy for the specified inspection
session.
Step 12
ciscoasa(config-pmap-c)# exit
Exits from the Policy Map configuration mode.
Step 13
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy policymap_name
global
Example:
ciscoasa(config)# service-policy global_policy
global
Enables the service policy on all interfaces.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-14
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Monitoring the TLS Proxy
Monitoring the TLS Proxy
You can enable TLS proxy debug flags along with SSL syslogs to debug TLS proxy connection
problems. For example, using the following commands to enable TLS proxy-related debug and syslog
output only:
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
ciscoasa(config)#
debug inspect tls-proxy events
debug inspect tls-proxy errors
logging enable
logging timestamp
logging list loglist message 711001
logging list loglist message 725001-725014
logging list loglist message 717001-717038
logging buffer-size 1000000
logging buffered loglist
logging debug-trace
The following is sample output reflecting a successful TLS proxy session setup for a SIP phone:
ciscoasa(config)# show log
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-725001: Starting SSL handshake with client
outside:133.9.0.218/49159 for TLSv1 session.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-711001: TLSP cbad5120: Set up proxy for Client
outside:133.9.0.218/49159 <-> Server inside:195.168.2.201/5061
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-711001: TLSP cbad5120: Using trust point 'local_ccm' with the
Client, RT proxy cbae1538
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-711001: TLSP cbad5120: Waiting for SSL handshake from Client
outside:133.9.0.218/49159.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725010: Device supports the following 4 cipher(s).
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[1] : RC4-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[2] : AES128-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[3] : AES256-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[4] : DES-CBC3-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725008: SSL client outside:133.9.0.218/49159 proposes the
following 2 cipher(s).
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[1] : AES256-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[2] : AES128-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725012: Device chooses cipher : AES128-SHA for the SSL
session with client outside:133.9.0.218/49159
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725014: SSL lib error. Function: SSL23_READ Reason: ssl
handshake failure
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-717025: Validating certificate chain containing 1
certificate(s).
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-717029: Identified client certificate within certificate
chain. serial number: 01, subject name: cn=SEP0017593F50A8.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-717030: Found a suitable trustpoint
_internal_ejw-sv-2_cn=CAPF-08a91c01 to validate certificate.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-717022: Certificate was successfully validated. serial
number: 01, subject name: cn=SEP0017593F50A8.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-717028: Certificate chain was successfully validated with
warning, revocation status was not checked.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-725002: Device completed SSL handshake with client
outside:133.9.0.218/49159
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-725001: Starting SSL handshake with server
inside:195.168.2.201/5061 for TLSv1 session.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725009: Device proposes the following 2 cipher(s) to server
inside:195.168.2.201/5061
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[1] : AES128-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725011: Cipher[2] : AES256-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-711001: TLSP cbad5120: Generating LDC for client
'cn=SEP0017593F50A8', key-pair 'phone_common', issuer 'LOCAL-CA-SERVER', RT proxy cbae1538
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-711001: TLSP cbad5120: Started SSL handshake with Server
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-15
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Monitoring the TLS Proxy
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-711001: TLSP cbad5120: Data channel ready for the Client
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-725013: SSL Server inside:195.168.2.201/5061 choose cipher :
AES128-SHA
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-717025: Validating certificate chain containing 1
certificate(s).
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-717029: Identified client certificate within certificate
chain. serial number: 76022D3D9314743A, subject name: cn=EJW-SV-2.inside.com.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-717022: Certificate was successfully validated. Certificate
is resident and trusted, serial number: 76022D3D9314743A, subject name:
cn=EJW-SV-2.inside.com.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-717028: Certificate chain was successfully validated with
revocation status check.
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-6-725002: Device completed SSL handshake with server
inside:195.168.2.201/5061
Apr 17 2007 23:13:47: %ASA-7-711001: TLSP cbad5120: Data channel ready for the Server
Use the show tls-proxy commands with different options to check the active TLS proxy sessions. The
following are some sample outputs:
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# show tls-proxy
Maximum number of sessions: 1200
TLS-Proxy 'sip_proxy': ref_cnt 1, seq# 3
Server proxy:
Trust-point: local_ccm
Client proxy:
Local dynamic certificate issuer: LOCAL-CA-SERVER
Local dynamic certificate key-pair: phone_common
Cipher suite: aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
Run-time proxies:
Proxy 0xcbae1538: Class-map: sip_ssl, Inspect: sip
Active sess 1, most sess 3, byte 3456043
TLS-Proxy 'proxy': ref_cnt 1, seq# 1
Server proxy:
Trust-point: local_ccm
Client proxy:
Local dynamic certificate issuer: ldc_signer
Local dynamic certificate key-pair: phone_common
Cipher-suite: <unconfigured>
Run-time proxies:
Proxy 0xcbadf720: Class-map: skinny_ssl, Inspect: skinny
Active sess 1, most sess 1, byte 42916
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# show tls-proxy session count
2 in use, 4 most used
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# show tls-proxy session
2 in use, 4 most used
outside 133.9.0.211:50437 inside 195.168.2.200:2443 P:0xcbadf720(proxy) S:0xcbc48a08 byte
42940
outside 133.9.0.218:49159 inside 195.168.2.201:5061 P:0xcbae1538(sip_proxy) S:0xcbad5120
byte 8786
ciscoasa(config-tlsp)# show tls-proxy session detail
2 in use, 4 most used
outside 133.9.0.211:50437 inside 195.168.2.200:2443 P:0xcbadf720(proxy) S:0xcbc48a08 byte
42940
Client: State SSLOK Cipher AES128-SHA Ch 0xca55e498 TxQSize 0 LastTxLeft 0 Flags 0x1
Server: State SSLOK Cipher AES128-SHA Ch 0xca55e478 TxQSize 0 LastTxLeft 0 Flags 0x9
Local Dynamic Certificate
Status: Available
Certificate Serial Number: 29
Certificate Usage: General Purpose
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-16
Chapter 17
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Feature History for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Public Key Type: RSA (1024 bits)
Issuer Name:
cn=TLS-Proxy-Signer
Subject Name:
cn=SEP0002B9EB0AAD
o=Cisco Systems Inc
c=US
Validity Date:
start date: 09:25:41 PDT Apr 16 2007
end
date: 09:25:41 PDT Apr 15 2008
Associated Trustpoints:
outside 133.9.0.218:49159 inside 195.168.2.201:5061 P:0xcbae1538(sip_proxy) S:0xcbad5120
byte 8786
Client: State SSLOK Cipher AES128-SHA Ch 0xca55e398 TxQSize 0 LastTxLeft 0 Flags 0x1
Server: State SSLOK Cipher AES128-SHA Ch 0xca55e378 TxQSize 0 LastTxLeft 0 Flags 0x9
Local Dynamic Certificate
Status: Available
Certificate Serial Number: 2b
Certificate Usage: General Purpose
Public Key Type: RSA (1024 bits)
Issuer Name:
cn=F1-ASA.default.domain.invalid
Subject Name:
cn=SEP0017593F50A8
Validity Date:
start date: 23:13:47 PDT Apr 16 2007
end
date: 23:13:47 PDT Apr 15 2008
Associated Trustpoints:
Feature History for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Table 17-2 lists the release history for this feature.
Table 17-2
Feature History for Cisco Phone Proxy
Feature Name
Releases
Feature Information
TLS Proxy
8.0(2)
The TLS proxy feature was introduced.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-17
Chapter 17
Feature History for the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
17-18
Configuring the TLS Proxy for Encrypted Voice Inspection
CH AP TE R
18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
This chapter describes how to configure the ASA for Cisco Unified Communications Mobility
Advantage Proxy features.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information about the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature, page 18-1
•
Licensing for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature, page 18-6
•
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage, page 18-6
•
Monitoring for Cisco Mobility Advantage, page 18-10
•
Configuration Examples for Cisco Mobility Advantage, page 18-11
•
Feature History for Cisco Mobility Advantage, page 18-14
Information about the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
This section contains the following topics:
•
Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Functionality, page 18-1
•
Mobility Advantage Proxy Deployment Scenarios, page 18-2
•
Trust Relationships for Cisco UMA Deployments, page 18-5
Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Functionality
To support Cisco UMA for the Cisco Mobility Advantage solution, the mobility advantage proxy
(implemented as a TLS proxy) includes the following functionality:
•
The ability to allow no client authentication during the handshake with clients.
•
Allowing an imported PKCS-12 certificate to server as a proxy certificate.
The ASA includes an inspection engine to validate the Cisco UMA Mobile Multiplexing Protocol
(MMP).
MMP is a data transport protocol for transmitting data entities between Cisco UMA clients and servers.
MMP must be run on top of a connection-oriented protocol (the underlying transport) and is intended to
be run on top of a secure transport protocol such as TLS. The Orative Markup Language (OML) protocol
is intended to be run on top of MMP for the purposes of data synchronization, as well as the HTTP
protocol for uploading and downloading large files.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-1
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Information about the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
The TCP/TLS default port is 5443. There are no embedded NAT or secondary connections.
Cisco UMA client and server communications can be proxied via TLS, which decrypts the data, passes
it to the inspect MMP module, and re-encrypt the data before forwarding it to the endpoint. The inspect
MMP module verifies the integrity of the MMP headers and passes the OML/HTTP to an appropriate
handler. The ASA takes the following actions on the MMP headers and data:
Note
•
Verifies that client MMP headers are well-formed. Upon detection of a malformed header, the TCP
session is terminated.
•
Verifies that client to server MMP header lengths are not exceeded. If an MMP header length is
exceeded (4096), then the TCP session is terminated.
•
Verifies that client to server MMP content lengths are not exceeded. If an entity content length is
exceeded (4096), the TCP session is terminated.
4096 is the value currently used in MMP implementations.
Because MMP headers and entities can be split across packets, the ASA buffers data to ensure consistent
inspection. The SAPI (stream API) handles data buffering for pending inspection opportunities. MMP
header text is treated as case insensitive and a space is present between header text and values.
Reclaiming of MMP state is performed by monitoring the state of the TCP connection.
Mobility Advantage Proxy Deployment Scenarios
Figure 18-1 and Figure 18-2 show the two deployment scenarios for the TLS proxy used by the Cisco
Mobility Advantage solution. In scenario 1 (the recommended deployment architecture), the ASA
functions as both the firewall and TLS proxy. In scenario 2, the ASA functions as the TLS proxy only
and works with an existing firewall. In both scenarios, the clients connect from the Internet.
In the scenario 1 deployment, the ASA is between a Cisco UMA client and a Cisco UMA server. The
Cisco UMA client is an executable that is downloaded to each smartphone. The Cisco UMA client
applications establishes a data connection, which is a TLS connection, to the corporate Cisco UMA
server. The ASA intercepts the connections and inspects the data that the client sends to the Cisco UMA
server.
Note
The TLS proxy for the Cisco Mobility Advantage solution does not support client authentication because
the Cisco UMA client cannot present a certificate. The following commands can be used to disable
authentication during the TLS handshake.
hostname(config)# tls-proxy my_proxy
hostname(config-tlsp)# no server authenticate-client
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-2
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Information about the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
Figure 18-1
Security Appliance as Firewall with Mobility Advantage Proxy and MMP Inspection
Enterprise Services
Mobile Data
Network (GPRS
Data Channel)
Network: Active Directory
10.1.1.0/24
Exchange
IP Address:
10.1.1.2
Port: 5443
Cisco Unified
ASA with
Presence
TLS Proxy
Firewall
MMP/SSL/TLS
MMP/SSL/TLS
Cisco UMC Client
PSTN
Hostname:
cuma.example.com
Network: 192.0.2.0/24
IP Address: 192.0.2.140
Port: 5443
Voice Channel
Network:
10.1.1.0/24
IP Address:
10.1.1.1
Cisco UMA
Server
Voice mail
MP
Conference
M
271641
Chapter 18
Cisco UCM
In Figure 18-1, the ASA performs static NAT by translating the Cisco UMA server 10.1.1.2 IP address
to 192.0.2.140.
Figure 18-2 shows deployment scenario 2, where the ASA functions as the TLS proxy only and does not
function as the corporate firewall. In this scenario, the ASA and the corporate firewall are performing
NAT. The corporate firewall will not be able to predict which client from the Internet needs to connect
to the corporate Cisco UMA server. Therefore, to support this deployment, you can take the following
actions:
•
Set up a NAT rule for inbound traffic that translates the destination IP address 192.0.2.41 to
172.16.27.41.
•
Set up an interface PAT rule for inbound traffic translating the source IP address of every packet so
that the corporate firewall does not need to open up a wildcard pinhole. The Cisco UMA server
receives packets with the source IP address 192.0.12.183.
hostname(config)# object network obj-0.0.0.0-01
hostname(config-network-object)# subnet 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
hostname(config-network-object)# nat (outside,inside) dynamic 192.0.2.183
See Chapter 4, “Configuring Network Object NAT” and Chapter 5, “Configuring Twice NAT” for
information.
Note
This interface PAT rule converges the Cisco UMA client IP addresses on the outside interface of
the ASA into a single IP address on the inside interface by using different source ports.
Performing this action is often referred as “outside PAT”. “Outside PAT” is not recommended
when TLS proxy for Cisco Mobility Advantage is enabled on the same interface of the ASA with
phone proxy, Cisco Unified Presence, or any other features involving application inspection.
“Outside PAT” is not supported completely by application inspection when embedded address
translation is needed.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-3
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Information about the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
Figure 18-2
Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Scenario 2: Security Appliance as Mobility
Advantage Proxy Only
Client connects to
cuma.example.com
(192.0.2.41)
Cisco UMC Client
Internet
ISP
Gateway
DMZ
Corporate
Firewall
Internal Network
IP Address:
172.16.27.41
(DMZ routable)
192.0.2.41/24
outside
192.0.2.182/24
inside
eth0
Cisco UMA
M
ASA with
TLS Proxy
Active
Directory
Cisco UCM
MP
Cisco Unified
Presence
Conference
Voice mail
271642
Exchange
Enterprise Network
Mobility Advantage Proxy Using NAT/PAT
In both scenarios (Figure 18-1 and Figure 18-2), NAT can be used to hide the private address of the Cisco
UMA servers.
In scenario 2 (Figure 18-2), PAT can be used to converge all client traffic into one source IP, so that the
firewall does not have to open up a wildcard pinhole for inbound traffic.
hostname(config)# access-list cumc extended permit tcp any host 172.16.27.41 eq 5443
versus
hostname(config)# access-list cumc extended permit tcp host 192.0.2.183 host 172.16.27.41
eq 5443
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-4
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Information about the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
Trust Relationships for Cisco UMA Deployments
To establish a trust relationship between the Cisco UMC client and the ASA, the ASA uses the Cisco
UMA server certificate and keypair or the ASA obtains a certificate with the Cisco UMA server FQDN
(certificate impersonation). Between the ASA and the Cisco UMA server, the ASA and Cisco UMA
server use self-signed certificates or certificates issued by a local certificate authority.
Figure 18-3 shows how you can import the Cisco UMA server certificate onto the ASA. When the Cisco
UMA server has already enrolled with a third-party CA, you can import the certificate with the private
key onto the ASA. Then, the ASA has the full credentials of the Cisco UMA server. When a Cisco UMA
client connects to the Cisco UMA server, the ASA intercepts the handshake and uses the Cisco UMA
server certificate to perform the handshake with the client. The ASA also performs a handshake with the
server.
Figure 18-3
How the Security Appliance Represents Cisco UMA – Private Key Sharing
3rd Party CA
Certificate
Authority
Enroll with FQDN
of Cisco UMA
Certificate
Cisco UMA
ASA
271643
Internet
Cisco UMC Client
Certificate with
Private Key
TLS (Cisco UMA Certificate)
Key 1
Inspected and
Modified
(if needed)
TLS (Self-signed,
or from local CA)
Key 2
Figure 18-4 shows another way to establish the trust relationship. Figure 18-4 shows a green field
deployment, because each component of the deployment has been newly installed. The ASA enrolls with
the third-party CA by using the Cisco UMA server FQDN as if the ASA is the Cisco UMA server. When
the Cisco UMA client connects to the ASA, the ASA presents the certificate that has the Cisco UMA
server FQDN. The Cisco UMA client believes it is communicating to with the Cisco UMA server.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-5
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Licensing for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
Figure 18-4
How the Security Appliance Represents Cisco UMA – Certificate Impersonation
3rd Party CA
Certificate
Authority
Enroll with FQDN
of Cisco UMA
Certificate
Cisco UMA
271644
ASA
Internet
Cisco UMC Client
TLS (ASA Certificate with Cisco UMA FQDN)
Key 1
Inspected and
Modified
(if needed)
TLS (Self-signed,
or from local CA)
Key 2
A trusted relationship between the ASA and the Cisco UMA server can be established with self-signed
certificates. The ASA's identity certificate is exported, and then uploaded on the Cisco UMA server
truststore. The Cisco UMA server certificate is downloaded, and then uploaded on the ASA truststore
by creating a trustpoint and using the crypto ca authenticate command.
Licensing for the Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy Feature
The Cisco Unified Communications proxy features (Cisco Phone Proxy, TLS proxy for encrypted voice
inspection, and the Cisco Presence Federation Proxy) supported by the ASA require a Unified
Communications Proxy license. However, in Version 8.2(2) and later, the Mobility Advantage proxy no
longer requires a Unified Communications Proxy license.
The following table shows the licensing requirements for the Mobility Advantage proxy:
Model
License Requirement
All models
Base License.
For more information about licensing, see the general operations configuration guide.
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
This section includes the following topics:
•
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage, page 18-7
•
Installing the Cisco UMA Server Certificate, page 18-7
•
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance, page 18-8
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-6
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
•
Enabling the TLS Proxy for MMP Inspection, page 18-9
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
To configure for the ASA to perform TLS proxy and MMP inspection as shown in Figure 18-1 and
Figure 18-2, perform the following tasks.
It is assumed that self-signed certificates are used between the ASA and the Cisco UMA server.
Prerequisites
Export the Cisco UMA server certificate and keypair in PKCS-12 format so that you can import it onto
the ASA. The certificate will be used during the handshake with the Cisco UMA clients.
Step 1
Create the static NAT for the Cisco UMA server by entering the following commands:
hostname(config)# object network name
hostname(config-network-object)# host real_ip
hostname(config-network-object)# nat (real_ifc,mapped_ifc) static mapped_ip
Step 2
Import the Cisco UMA server certificate onto the ASA by entering the following commands:
hostname(config)# crypto ca import trustpoint pkcs12 passphrase
[paste base 64 encoded pkcs12]
hostname(config)# quit
Step 3
Install the Cisco UMA server certificate on the ASA. See Installing the Cisco UMA Server Certificate,
page 18-7.
Step 4
Create the TLS proxy instance for the Cisco UMA clients connecting to the Cisco UMA server. See
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance, page 18-8.
Step 5
Enable the TLS proxy for MMP inspection. See Enabling the TLS Proxy for MMP Inspection,
page 18-9.
Installing the Cisco UMA Server Certificate
Install the Cisco UMA server self-signed certificate in the ASA truststore. This task is necessary for the
ASA to authenticate the Cisco UMA server during the handshake between the ASA proxy and Cisco
UMA server.
Prerequisites
Export the Cisco UMA server certificate and keypair in PKCS-12 format so that you can import it onto
the ASA.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-7
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Step 1
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint cuma_server
Enters the trustpoint configuration mode for the
specified trustpoint so that you can create the
trustpoint for the Cisco UMA server.
A trustpoint represents a CA identity and possibly a
device identity, based on a certificate issued by the
CA.
Step 2
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment terminal
Specifies cut and paste enrollment with this
trustpoint (also known as manual enrollment).
Step 3
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the CA Trustpoint configuration mode.
Step 4
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate cuma_server
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line
by itself
Installs and authenticates the CA certificates
associated with a trustpoint created for the Cisco
UMA server.
[ certificate data omitted ]
Certificate has the following attributes:
Fingerprint: 21B598D5 4A81F3E5 0B24D12E 3F89C2E4
% Do you accept this certificate? [yes/no]: yes
Trustpoint CA certificate accepted.
% Certificate successfully imported
hostname(config)#
Where trustpoint specifies the trustpoint from which
to obtain the CA certificate. Maximum name length
is 128 characters.
The ASA prompts you to paste the base-64
formatted CA certificate onto the terminal.
What to Do Next
Once you have created the trustpoints and installed the Cisco UMA certificate on the ASA, create the
TLS proxy instance. See Creating the TLS Proxy Instance, page 18-8.
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance
Create a TLS proxy instance for the Cisco UMA clients connecting to the Cisco UMA server.
Prerequisites
Before you can create the TLS proxy instance, you must have installed the Cisco UMA server self-signed
certificate in the ASA truststore.
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
tls-proxy cuma_tlsproxy
Creates the TLS proxy instance.
Step 2
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point cuma_proxy
Specifies the proxy trustpoint certificate presented
during TLS handshake.
The certificate must be owned by the ASA (identity
certificate).
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-8
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Step 3
Command
Purpose
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point cuma_proxy
Specifies the trustpoint and associated certificate
that the ASA uses in the TLS handshake when the
ASA assumes the role of the TLS client.
The certificate must be owned by the ASA (identity
certificate).
Step 4
hostname(config-tlsp)# no server authenticate-client
Disables client authentication.
Disabling TLS client authentication is required
when the ASA must interoperate with a Cisco UMA
client or clients such as a Web browser that are
incapable of sending a client certificate.
Step 5
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
cipher_suite
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
Specifies cipher suite configuration.
For client proxy (the proxy acts as a TLS client to
the server), the user-defined cipher suite replaces the
default cipher suite.
What to Do Next
Once you have created the TLS proxy instance, enable it for MMP inspection. See Enabling the TLS
Proxy for MMP Inspection, page 18-9.
Enabling the TLS Proxy for MMP Inspection
Cisco UMA client and server communications can be proxied via TLS, which decrypts the data, passes
it to the inspect MMP module, and re-encrypt the data before forwarding it to the endpoint. The inspect
MMP module verifies the integrity of the MMP headers and passes the OML/HTTP to an appropriate
handler.
Step 1
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
Example:
hostname(config)# class-map cuma_tlsproxy
Configures the class of traffic to inspect. Traffic
between the Cisco UMA server and client uses MMP
and is handled by MMP inspection.
Where class_map_name is the name of the MMP
class map.
Step 2
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq port
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match port tcp eq 5443
Matches the TCP port to which you want to apply
actions for MMP inspection.
The TCP/TLS default port for MMP inspection is
5443.
Step 3
hostname(config-cmap)# exit
Exits from the Class Map configuration mode.
Step 4
hostname(config)# policy-map name
Example:
hostname(config)# policy-map global_policy
Configures the policy map and attaches the action to
the class of traffic.
Step 5
hostname(config-pmap)# class classmap-name
Example:
hostname(config-pmap)# class cuma_proxy
Assigns a class map to the policy map so that you
can assign actions to the class map traffic.
Where classmap_name is the name of the Skinny
class map.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-9
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Monitoring for Cisco Mobility Advantage
Command
Purpose
Step 6
hostname(config-pmap)# inspect mmp tls-proxy
proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config-pmap)# inspect mmp tls-proxy
cuma_proxy
Enables SCCP (Skinny) application inspection and
enables the phone proxy for the specified inspection
session.
Step 7
hostname(config-pmap)# exit
Exits from the Policy Map configuration mode.
Step 8
hostname(config)# service-policy policy_map_name
global
Example:
service-policy global_policy global
Enables the service policy on all interfaces.
Monitoring for Cisco Mobility Advantage
Mobility advantage proxy can be debugged the same way as IP Telephony. You can enable TLS proxy
debug flags along with SSL syslogs to debug TLS proxy connection problems.
For example, using the following commands to enable TLS proxy-related debugging and syslog output
only:
hostname# debug inspect tls-proxy events
hostname# debug inspect tls-proxy errors
hostname# config terminal
hostname(config)# logging enable
hostname(config)# logging timestamp
hostname(config)# logging list loglist message 711001
hostname(config)# logging list loglist message 725001-725014
hostname(config)# logging list loglist message 717001-717038
hostname(config)# logging buffer-size 1000000
hostname(config)# logging buffered loglist
hostname(config)# logging debug-trace
For information about TLS proxy debugging techniques and sample output, see the Monitoring the TLS
Proxy, page 17-15.
Enable the debug mmp command for MMP inspection engine debugging:
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
MMP::
received 60 bytes from outside:1.1.1.1/2000 to inside:2.2.2.2/5443
version OLWP-2.0
forward 60/60 bytes from outside:1.1.1.1/2000 to inside:2.2.2.2/5443
received 100 bytes from inside:2.2.2.2/5443 to outside:1.1.1.1/2000
session-id: ABCD_1234
status: 201
forward 100/100 bytes from inside:2.2.2.2/5443 to outside 1.1.1.1/2000
received 80 bytes from outside:1.1.1.1/2000 to inside:2.2.2.2/5443
content-type: http/1.1
content-length: 40
You can also capture the raw and decrypted data by the TLS proxy by entering the following commands:
hostname#
hostname#
hostname#
hostname#
capture mycap interface outside (capturing raw packets)
capture mycap-dec type tls-proxy interface outside (capturing decrypted data)
show capture capture_name
copy /pcap capture:capture_name tftp://tftp_location
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-10
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Configuration Examples for Cisco Mobility Advantage
Configuration Examples for Cisco Mobility Advantage
•
Example 1: Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Security Appliance as Firewall with TLS Proxy
and MMP Inspection, page 18-11
•
Example 2: Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Security Appliance as TLS Proxy Only,
page 18-12
This section describes sample configurations that apply to two deployment scenarios for the TLS proxy
used by the Cisco Mobility Advantage solution—scenario 1 where the ASA functions as both the
firewall and TLS proxy and scenario 2 where the ASA functions as the TLS proxy only. In both
scenarios, the clients connect from the Internet.
In the samples, you export the Cisco UMA server certificate and key-pair in PKCS-12 format and import
it to the ASA. The certificate will be used during handshake with the Cisco UMA clients.
Installing the Cisco UMA server self-signed certificate in the ASA truststore is necessary for the ASA
to authenticate the Cisco UMA server during handshake between the ASA proxy and Cisco UMA server.
You create a TLS proxy instance for the Cisco UMA clients connecting to the Cisco UMA server. Lastly,
you must enable TLS proxy for MMP inspection.
Example 1: Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Security Appliance as
Firewall with TLS Proxy and MMP Inspection
As shown in Figure 18-5 (scenario 1—the recommended architecture), the ASA functions as both the
firewall and TLS proxy. In the scenario 1 deployment, the ASA is between a Cisco UMA client and a
Cisco UMA server. In this scenario, the ASA performs static NAT by translating the Cisco UMA server
10.1.1.2 IP address to 192.0.2.140.
Figure 18-5
Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Scenario 1: Security Appliance as Firewall with
TLS Proxy and MMP Inspection
Enterprise Services
Network: Active Directory
10.1.1.0/24
Exchange
IP Address:
10.1.1.2
Port: 5443
Cisco Unified
ASA with
Presence
TLS Proxy
Firewall
Mobile Data
Network (GPRS
Data Channel)
MMP/SSL/TLS
MMP/SSL/TLS
PSTN
Voice Channel
Network:
10.1.1.0/24
IP Address:
10.1.1.1
Cisco UMA
Server
Voice mail
MP
Conference
M
271641
Cisco UMC Client
Hostname:
cuma.example.com
Network: 192.0.2.0/24
IP Address: 192.0.2.140
Port: 5443
Cisco UCM
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-11
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Configuration Examples for Cisco Mobility Advantage
object network obj-10.1.1.2-01
host 10.1.1.2
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.140
crypto ca import cuma_proxy pkcs12 sample_passphrase
<cut-paste base 64 encoded pkcs12 here>
quit
! for CUMA server’s self-signed certificate
crypto ca trustpoint cuma_server
enrollment terminal
crypto ca authenticate cuma_server
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line by itself
MIIDRTCCAu+gAwIBAgIQKVcqP/KW74VP0NZzL+JbRTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB
[ certificate data omitted ]
/7QEM8izy0EOTSErKu7Nd76jwf5e4qttkQ==
quit
tls-proxy cuma_proxy
server trust-point cuma_proxy
no server authenticate-client
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
class-map cuma_proxy
match port tcp eq 5443
policy-map global_policy
class cuma_proxy
inspect mmp tls-proxy cuma_proxy
service-policy global_policy global
Example 2: Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Security Appliance as TLS
Proxy Only
As shown in Figure 18-6 (scenario 2), the ASA functions as the TLS proxy only and works with an
existing firewall. The ASA and the corporate firewall are performing NAT. The corporate firewall will
not be able to predict which client from the Internet needs to connect to the corporate Cisco UMA server.
Therefore, to support this deployment, you can take the following actions:
•
Set up a NAT rule for inbound traffic that translates the destination IP address 192.0.2.41 to
172.16.27.41.
•
Set up an interface PAT rule for inbound traffic translating the source IP address of every packet so
that the corporate firewall does not need to open up a wildcard pinhole. The Cisco UMA server
receives packets with the source IP address 192.0.2.183.
hostname(config)# object network obj-0.0.0.0-01
hostname(config-network-object)# subnet 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
hostname(config-network-object)# nat (outside,inside) dynamic 192.0.2.183
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-12
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Configuration Examples for Cisco Mobility Advantage
Figure 18-6
Cisco UMC/Cisco UMA Architecture – Scenario 2: Security Appliance as TLS Proxy
Only
Client connects to
cuma.example.com
(192.0.2.41)
Cisco UMC Client
Internet
ISP
Gateway
DMZ
Corporate
Firewall
Internal Network
IP Address:
172.16.27.41
(DMZ routable)
192.0.2.41/24
outside
eth0
192.0.2.182/24
inside
Cisco UMA
M
ASA with
TLS Proxy
Active
Directory
Cisco UCM
MP
Exchange
Cisco Unified
Presence
Conference
Voice mail
271642
Chapter 18
Enterprise Network
object network obj-172.16.27.41-01
host 172.16.27.41
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.140
object network obj-0.0.0.0-01
subnet 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
nat (outside,inside) dynamic 192.0.2.183
crypto ca import cuma_proxy pkcs12 sample_passphrase
<cut-paste base 64 encoded pkcs12 here>
quit
! for CUMA server’s self-signed certificate
crypto ca trustpoint cuma_server
enrollment terminal
crypto ca authenticate cuma_server
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line by itself
MIIDRTCCAu+gAwIBAgIQKVcqP/KW74VP0NZzL+JbRTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB
[ certificate data omitted ]
/7QEM8izy0EOTSErKu7Nd76jwf5e4qttkQ==
quit
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-13
Chapter 18
Configuring Cisco Mobility Advantage
Feature History for Cisco Mobility Advantage
tls-proxy cuma_proxy
server trust-point cuma_proxy
no server authenticate-client
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1
class-map cuma_proxy
match port tcp eq 5443
policy-map global_policy
class cuma_proxy
inspect mmp tls-proxy cuma_proxy
service-policy global_policy global
Feature History for Cisco Mobility Advantage
Table 18-1 lists the release history for this feature.
Table 18-1
Feature History for Cisco Phone Proxy
Feature Name
Releases
Feature Information
Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy
8.0(4)
The Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy feature was
introduced.
Cisco Mobility Advantage Proxy
8.3(1)
The Unified Communications Wizard was added to ASDM.
By using the wizard, you can configure the Cisco Mobility
Advantage Proxy.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
18-14
CH AP TE R
19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
This chapter describes how to configure the adaptive security appliance for Cisco Unified Presence.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information About Cisco Unified Presence, page 19-1
•
Licensing for Cisco Unified Presence, page 19-7
•
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation, page 19-8
•
Monitoring Cisco Unified Presence, page 19-14
•
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence, page 19-14
•
Feature History for Cisco Unified Presence, page 19-20
Information About Cisco Unified Presence
This section includes the following topics:
•
Architecture for Cisco Unified Presence for SIP Federation Deployments, page 19-1
•
Trust Relationship in the Presence Federation, page 19-4
•
Security Certificate Exchange Between Cisco UP and the Security Appliance, page 19-5
•
XMPP Federation Deployments, page 19-5
•
Configuration Requirements for XMPP Federation, page 19-6
Architecture for Cisco Unified Presence for SIP Federation Deployments
Figure 19-1 depicts a Cisco Unified Presence/LCS Federation scenario with the ASA as the presence
federation proxy (implemented as a TLS proxy). The two entities with a TLS connection are the
“Routing Proxy” (a dedicated Cisco UP) in Enterprise X and the Microsoft Access Proxy in Enterprise
Y. However, the deployment is not limited to this scenario. Any Cisco UP or Cisco UP cluster could be
deployed on the left side of the ASA; the remote entity could be any server (an LCS, an OCS, or another
Cisco UP).
The following architecture is generic for two servers using SIP (or other ASA inspected protocols) with
a TLS connection.
Entity X: Cisco UP/Routing Proxy in Enterprise X
Entity Y: Microsoft Access Proxy/Edge server for LCS/OCS in Enterprise Y
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-1
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Information About Cisco Unified Presence
Figure 19-1
Typical Cisco Unified Presence/LCS Federation Scenario
Enterprise X
private
Cisco UCM
Cisco UCM
Cisco UP
(UK)
Cisco UP
(HK)
Enterprise Y
DMZ
DMZ
private network
AD
Cisco UCM
Cisco UP
(US)
Orative
(Ann)
192.0.2.1
Routing
Inside ASA Outside
Proxy
8.0.4
(Cisco UP)
IPPM
(Ann)
SIP
Internet
192.0.2.254
Access
LCS
Proxy
Director
Functions as:
• TLS Proxy
• NAT w/SIP
rewrite
• Firewall
MOC
(Yao)
LCS
MOC
(Zak)
271637
UC
(Ann)
10.0.0.2
In the above architecture, the ASA functions as a firewall, NAT, and TLS proxy, which is the
recommended architecture. However, the ASA can also function as NAT and the TLS proxy alone,
working with an existing firewall.
Either server can initiate the TLS handshake (unlike IP Telephony or Cisco Unified Mobility, where only
the clients initiate the TLS handshake). There are by-directional TLS proxy rules and configuration.
Each enterprise can have an ASA as the TLS proxy.
In Figure 19-1, NAT or PAT can be used to hide the private address of Entity X. In this situation, static
NAT or PAT must be configured for foreign server (Entity Y) initiated connections or the TLS handshake
(inbound). Typically, the public port should be 5061. The following static PAT command is required for
the Cisco UP that accepts inbound connections:
ciscoasa(config)# object network obj-10.0.0.2-01
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# host 10.0.0.2
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp 5061
5061
The following static PAT must be configured for each Cisco UP that could initiate a connection (by
sending SIP SUBSCRIBE) to the foreign server.
For Cisco UP with the address 10.0.0.2, enter the following command:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
5062
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
5070
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-2
obj-10.0.0.2-02
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp 5062
obj-10.0.0.2-03
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service udp 5070
obj-10.0.0.2-04
host 10.0.0.2
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Information About Cisco Unified Presence
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp 5060
5060
For another Cisco UP with the address 10.0.0.3, you must use a different set of PAT ports, such as 45062
or 45070:
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
45061
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
45062
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
5070
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
45070
ciscoasa(config)# object network
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
ciscoasa(config-network-object)#
45060
obj-10.0.0.3-01
host 10.0.0.3
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp 5061
obj-10.0.0.3-02
host 10.0.0.3
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp 5062
obj-10.0.0.3-03
host 10.0.0.3
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service udp 5070
obj-10.0.0.2-03
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp 5070
obj-10.0.0.3-04
host 10.0.0.3
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp 5060
Dynamic NAT or PAT can be used for the rest of the outbound connections or the TLS handshake. The
ASA SIP inspection engine takes care of the necessary translation (fixup).
ciscoasa(config)# object network obj-0.0.0.0-01
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# subnet 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
ciscoasa(config-network-object)# nat (inside,outside) dynamic 192.0.2.1
Figure 19-2 illustrates an abstracted scenario with Entity X connected to Entity Y through the presence
federation proxy on the ASA. The proxy is in the same administrative domain as Entity X. Entity Y could
have another ASA as the proxy but this is omitted for simplicity.
Figure 19-2
Abstracted Presence Federation Proxy Scenario between Two Server Entities
Enterprise X
Entity X
10.0.0.2
Inside
10.0.0.1
ASA
TLS Proxy
Outside
192.0.2.1
Enterprise Y
SIP/TLS
Internet
Entity Y
192.0.2.254
192.0.2.2
Enterprise Y Firewall omitted
271638
Chapter 19
For the Entity X domain name to be resolved correctly when the ASA holds its credential, the ASA could
be configured to perform NAT for Entity X, and the domain name is resolved as the Entity X public
address for which the ASA provides proxy service.
For further information about configuring Cisco Unified Presence Federation for SIP Federation, see the
Integration Guide for Configuring Cisco Unified Presence for Interdomain Federation.:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-3
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Information About Cisco Unified Presence
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6837/products_installation_and_configuration_guides_list.ht
ml
Trust Relationship in the Presence Federation
Within an enterprise, setting up a trust relationship is achievable by using self-signed certificates or you
can set it up on an internal CA.
Establishing a trust relationship cross enterprises or across administrative domains is key for federation.
Cross enterprises you must use a trusted third-party CA (such as, VeriSign). The ASA obtains a
certificate with the FQDN of the Cisco UP (certificate impersonation).
For the TLS handshake, the two entities could validate the peer certificate via a certificate chain to
trusted third-party certificate authorities. Both entities enroll with the CAs. The ASA as the TLS proxy
must be trusted by both entities. The ASA is always associated with one of the enterprises. Within that
enterprise (Enterprise X in Figure 19-1), the entity and the ASA could authenticate each other via a local
CA, or by using self-signed certificates.
To establish a trusted relationship between the ASA and the remote entity (Entity Y), the ASA can enroll
with the CA on behalf of Entity X (Cisco UP). In the enrollment request, the Entity X identity (domain
name) is used.
Figure 19-3 shows the way to establish the trust relationship. The ASA enrolls with the third party CA
by using the Cisco UP FQDN as if the ASA is the Cisco UP.
Figure 19-3
How the Security Appliance Represents Cisco Unified Presence – Certificate
Impersonate
3rd Party CA
Certificate
Authority
Cisco UP
Certificate
Microsoft Presence Server
ASA
Access
Proxy
Internet
Certificate with
Private Key
TLS (Self-signed,
or from local CA)
Key 1
Inspected and
Modified
(if needed)
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-4
TLS (Cisco UP Certificate)
Key 2
LCS/OCS
Director
271639
Enroll with FQDN
of Cisco UP
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Information About Cisco Unified Presence
Security Certificate Exchange Between Cisco UP and the Security Appliance
You need to generate the keypair for the certificate (such as cup_proxy_key) used by the ASA, and
configure a trustpoint to identify the self-signed certificate sent by the ASA to Cisco UP (such as
cup_proxy) in the TLS handshake.
For the ASA to trust the Cisco UP certificate, you need to create a trustpoint to identify the certificate
from the Cisco UP (such as cert_from_cup), and specify the enrollment type as terminal to indicate that
you will paste the certificate received from the Cisco UP into the terminal.
XMPP Federation Deployments
Figure 19-4 provides an example of an XMPP federated network between Cisco Unified Presence
enterprise deployment and an IBM Sametime enterprise deployment. TLS is optional for XMPP
federation. ASA acts only as a firewall for XMPP federation; it does not provide TLS proxy functionality
or PAT for XMPP federation.
Figure 19-4
Basic XMPP Federated Network between Cisco Unified Presence and IBM Sametime
Enterprise X
CUCM
Inter-cluster
communication
private
DMZ
DMZ
Pass-through for
XMPP Requests
No Termination
of connections
CUP
CUP
CUP (UK)
CUCM
*ASA
CUP
Enterprise Z
Internet
XMPP
private network
Directory
IBM
Sametime
Gateway
IBM
Sametime
Sametime
Gateway
Server
CUP
CUP (US)
XMPP
Client
(Tom)
*Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance
Sametime Sametime
(Bob)
(Bill)
ASA functions as:
• Firewall
• Open Port 5269
277887
XMPP
Client
(Ann)
There are two DNS servers within the internal Cisco Unified Presence enterprise deployment. One DNS
server hosts the Cisco Unified Presence private address. The other DNS server hosts the Cisco Unified
Presence public address and a DNS SRV records for SIP federation (_sipfederationtle), and XMPP
federation (_xmpp-server) with Cisco Unified Presence. The DNS server that hosts the Cisco Unified
Presence public address is located in the local DMZ.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-5
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Information About Cisco Unified Presence
For further information about configuring Cisco Unified Presence Federation for XMPP Federation, see
the Integration Guide for Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 for Interdomain Federation:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6837/products_installation_and_configuration_guides_list.ht
ml
Configuration Requirements for XMPP Federation
For XMPP Federation, ASA acts as a firewall only. You must open port 5269 for both incoming and
outgoing XMPP federated traffic on ASA.
These are sample ACLs to open port 5269 on ASA.
Allow traffic from any address to any address on port 5269:
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp any any eq 5269
Allow traffic from any address to any single node on port 5269:
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp any host <private cup IP address> eq 5269
If you do not configure the ACL above, and you publish additional XMPP federation nodes in DNS, you
must configure access to each of these nodes, for example:
object network obj_host_<private cup ip address>
#host <private cup ip address>
object network obj_host_<private cup2 ip address>
#host <private cup2 ip address>
object network obj_host_<public cup ip address>
#host <public cup ip address>
....
Configure the following NAT commands:
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup1 IP> obj_host_<public cup IP>
service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup1 IP> obj_host_<public cup IP>
service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
If you publish a single public IP address in DNS, and use arbitrary ports, configure the following:
(This example is for two additional XMPP federation nodes)
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup2 ip> obj_host_<public cup IP>
service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_25269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup2 ip> obj_host_<public cup IP>
service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_25269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup3 ip> obj_host_<public cup IP>
service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_35269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup3 ip> obj_host_<public cup IP>
service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_35269
If you publish multiple public IP addresses in DNS all using port 5269, configure the following:
(This example is for two additional XMPP federation nodes)
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-6
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Licensing for Cisco Unified Presence
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup2 ip> obj_host_<public cup2 IP>
service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup2 ip> obj_host_<public cup2 IP>
service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup3 ip> obj_host_<public cup3 IP>
service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_<private cup3 ip> obj_host_<public cup IP>
service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
Licensing for Cisco Unified Presence
The Cisco Unified Presence feature supported by the ASA require a Unified Communications Proxy
license.
The following table shows the Unified Communications Proxy license details by platform:
Note
This feature is not available on No Payload Encryption models.
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5505
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional license: 24 sessions.
ASA 5510
Base License and Security Plus License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, or 100 sessions.
ASA 5520
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
ASA 5540
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5550
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
ASA 5580
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
ASA 5512-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5515-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, or 500 sessions.
ASA 5525-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, or 1000 sessions.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-7
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation
Model
License Requirement1
ASA 5545-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, or 2000 sessions.
ASA 5555-X
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-10
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA 5585-X with
SSP-20, -40, or -60
Base License: 2 sessions.
ASA SM
Base License: 2 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, or 3000 sessions.
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
Optional licenses: 24, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, or 10,000 sessions.2
1. The following applications use TLS proxy sessions for their connections. Each TLS proxy session used by these applications (and only these applications)
is counted against the UC license limit:
- Phone Proxy
- Presence Federation Proxy
- Encrypted Voice Inspection
Other applications that use TLS proxy sessions do not count towards the UC limit, for example, Mobility Advantage Proxy (which does not require a
license) and IME (which requires a separate IME license).
Some UC applications might use multiple sessions for a connection. For example, if you configure a phone with a primary and backup Cisco Unified
Communications Manager, there are 2 TLS proxy connections, so 2 UC Proxy sessions are used.
You independently set the TLS proxy limit using the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command. To view the limits of your model, enter the tls-proxy
maximum-sessions ? command. When you apply a UC license that is higher than the default TLS proxy limit, the security appliance automatically sets
the TLS proxy limit to match the UC limit. The TLS proxy limit takes precedence over the UC license limit; if you set the TLS proxy limit to be less than
the UC license, then you cannot use all of the sessions in your UC license.
Note: For license part numbers ending in “K8” (for example, licenses under 250 users), TLS proxy sessions are limited to 1000. For license part numbers
ending in “K9” (for example, licenses 250 users or larger), the TLS proxy limit depends on the configuration, up to the model limit. K8 and K9 refer to
whether the license is restricted for export: K8 is unrestricted, and K9 is restricted.
Note: If you clear the configuration (using the clear configure all command, for example), then the TLS proxy limit is set to the default for your model;
if this default is lower than the UC license limit, then you see an error message to use the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command to raise the limit again
. If you use failover and enter the write standby command on the primary unit to force a configuration synchronization, the clear configure all command
is generated on the secondary unit automatically, so you may see the warning message on the secondary unit. Because the configuration synchronization
restores the TLS proxy limit set on the primary unit, you can ignore the warning.
You might also use SRTP encryption sessions for your connections:
- For K8 licenses, SRTP sessions are limited to 250.
- For K9 licenses, there is not limit.
Note: Only calls that require encryption/decryption for media are counted towards the SRTP limit; if passthrough is set for the call, even if both legs are
SRTP, they do not count towards the limit.
2. With the 10,000-session UC license, the total combined sessions can be 10,000, but the maximum number of Phone Proxy sessions is 5000.
For more information about licensing, see the general operations configuration guide.
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation
This section contains the following topics:
•
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Federation Proxy for SIP Federation, page 19-9
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-8
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation
•
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 19-9
•
Installing Certificates, page 19-10
•
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance, page 19-12
•
Enabling the TLS Proxy for SIP Inspection, page 19-13
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Federation Proxy for SIP
Federation
To configure a Cisco Unified Presence/LCS Federation scenario with the ASA as the TLS proxy where
there is a single Cisco UP that is in the local domain and self-signed certificates are used between the
Cisco UP and the ASA (like the scenario shown in Figure 19-1), perform the following tasks.
Step 1
Create the following static NAT for the local domain containing the Cisco UP.
For the inbound connection to the local domain containing the Cisco UP, create static PAT by entering
the following command:
hostname(config)# object network name
hostname(config-network-object)# host real_ip
hostname(config-network-object)# nat (real_ifc,mapped_ifc) static mapped_ip service {tcp |
udp} real_port mapped_port
Note
For each Cisco UP that could initiate a connection (by sending SIP SUBSCRIBE) to the foreign
server, you must also configure static PAT by using a different set of PAT ports.
For outbound connections or the TLS handshake, use dynamic NAT or PAT. The ASA SIP inspection
engine takes care of the necessary translation (fixup).
hostname(config)# object network name
hostname(config-network-object)# subnet real_ip netmask
hostname(config-network-object)# nat (real_ifc,mapped_ifc) dynamic mapped_ip
For information about configuring NAT and PAT for the Cisco Presence Federation proxy, see Chapter 4,
“Configuring Network Object NAT” and Chapter 5, “Configuring Twice NAT”.
Step 2
Create the necessary RSA keypairs and proxy certificate, which is a self-signed certificate, for the
remote entity. See Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 19-9.
Step 3
Install the certificates. See Installing Certificates, page 19-10.
Step 4
Create the TLS proxy instance for the Cisco UP clients connecting to the Cisco UP server. See Creating
the TLS Proxy Instance, page 19-12.
Step 5
Enable the TLS proxy for SIP inspection. See Enabling the TLS Proxy for SIP Inspection, page 19-13.
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates
You need to generate the keypair for the certificate (such as cup_proxy_key) used by the ASA, and
configure a trustpoint to identify the self-signed certificate sent by the ASA to Cisco UP (such as
cup_proxy) in the TLS handshake.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-9
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation
Step 1
Step 2
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
key-pair-label modulus size
Example:
crypto key generate rsa label ent_y_proxy_key
modulus 1024
INFO: The name for the keys will be: ent_y_proxy_key
Keypair generation process begin. Please wait...
hostname(config)#
Creates the RSA keypair that can be used for the
trustpoints.
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint ent_y_proxy
Enters the trustpoint configuration mode for the
specified trustpoint so that you can create the
trustpoint for the remote entity.
The keypair is used by the self-signed certificate
presented to the local domain containing the Cisco
UP (proxy for the remote entity).
A trustpoint represents a CA identity and possibly a
device identity, based on a certificate issued by the
CA.
Step 3
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment self
Generates a self-signed certificate.
Step 4
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# fqdn none
Specifies not to include a fully qualified domain
name (FQDN) in the Subject Alternative Name
extension of the certificate during enrollment.
Step 5
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
X.500_name
Example:
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
cn=Ent-Y-Proxy
Includes the indicated subject DN in the certificate
during enrollment
Step 6
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair keyname
Example:
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair
ent_y_proxy_key
Specifies the key pair whose public key is to be
certified.
Step 7
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the CA Trustpoint configuration mode.
Step 8
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll ent_y_proxy
Starts the enrollment process with the CA and
specifies the name of the trustpoint to enroll with.
What to Do Next
Install the certificate on the local entity truststore. You could also enroll the certificate with a local CA
trusted by the local entity. See the “Installing Certificates” section on page 19-10.
Installing Certificates
Export the self-signed certificate for the ASA created in the “Creating Trustpoints and Generating
Certificates” section on page 19-9 and install it as a trusted certificate on the local entity. This task is
necessary for local entity to authenticate the ASA.
Prerequisites
To create a proxy certificate on the ASA that is trusted by the remote entity, obtain a certificate from a
trusted CA. For information about obtaining a certificate from a trusted CA, see the general operations
configuration guide.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-10
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# crypto ca export trustpoint
identity-certificate
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca export ent_y_proxy
identity-certificate
Export the ASA self-signed (identity) certificate.
Step 2
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint ent_x_cert
! for Entity X’s self-signed certificate
Enters the trustpoint configuration mode for the
specified trustpoint so that you can create the
trustpoint for the local entity.
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment terminal
Specifies cut and paste enrollment with this
trustpoint (also known as manual enrollment).
Step 3
A trustpoint represents a CA identity and possibly a
device identity, based on a certificate issued by the
CA.
If the local entity uses a self-signed certificate, the
self-signed certificate must be installed; if the local
entity uses a CA-issued certificate, the CA
certificate needs to be installed. This configuration
shows the commands for using a self-signed
certificate.
Step 4
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the CA Trustpoint configuration mode.
Step 5
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate ent_x_cert
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line
by itself
[ certificate data omitted ]
Certificate has the following attributes:
Fingerprint: 21B598D5 4A81F3E5 0B24D12E 3F89C2E4
% Do you accept this certificate? [yes/no]: yes
Trustpoint CA certificate accepted.
% Certificate successfully imported
Installs and authenticates the CA certificates
associated with a trustpoint created for the local
entity.
Step 6
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint ent_y_ca
! for Entity Y’s CA certificate
Install the CA certificate that signs the remote entity
certificate on the ASA by entering the following
commands. This step is necessary for the ASA to
authenticate the remote entity.
Step 7
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enrollment terminal
Specifies cut and paste enrollment with this
trustpoint (also known as manual enrollment).
Step 8
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the CA Trustpoint configuration mode.
Step 9
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate ent_y_ca
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line
by itself
MIIDRTCCAu+gAwIBAgIQKVcqP/KW74VP0NZzL+JbRTANBgkqhkiG
9w0BAQUFADCB
[ certificate data omitted ]
/7QEM8izy0EOTSErKu7Nd76jwf5e4qttkQ==
Installs and authenticates the CA certificates
associated with a trustpoint created for the local
entity.
Where trustpoint specifies the trustpoint from which
to obtain the CA certificate. Maximum name length
is 128 characters.
The ASA prompts you to paste the base-64
formatted CA certificate onto the terminal.
The ASA prompts you to paste the base-64
formatted CA certificate onto the terminal.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-11
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation
What to Do Next
Once you have created the trustpoints and installed the certificates for the local and remote entities on
the ASA, create the TLS proxy instance. See Creating the TLS Proxy Instance, page 19-12.
Creating the TLS Proxy Instance
Because either server can initiate the TLS handshake (unlike IP Telephony or Cisco Unified Mobility,
where only the clients initiate the TLS handshake), you must configure by-directional TLS proxy rules.
Each enterprise can have an ASA as the TLS proxy.
Create TLS proxy instances for the local and remote entity initiated connections respectively. The entity
that initiates the TLS connection is in the role of “TLS client”. Because the TLS proxy has a strict
definition of “client” and “server” proxy, two TLS proxy instances must be defined if either of the
entities could initiate the connection.
Command
Purpose
Step 1
! Local entity to remote entity
hostname(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config)# tls-proxy ent_x_to_y
Creates the TLS proxy instance.
Step 2
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point
ent_y_proxy
Specifies the proxy trustpoint certificate presented
during TLS handshake.
The certificate must be owned by the ASA (identity
certificate).
Where the proxy_name for the server trust-point
command is the remote entity proxy name.
Step 3
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point
proxy_trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point ent_x_cert
Specifies the trustpoint and associated certificate
that the ASA uses in the TLS handshake when the
ASA assumes the role of the TLS client.
The certificate must be owned by the ASA (identity
certificate).
Where the proxy_trustpoint for the client
trust-point command is the local entity proxy.
Step 4
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
cipher_suite
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1 3des-sha1 null-sha1
Specifies cipher suite configuration.
Step 5
! Remote entity to local entity
hostname(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
tls-proxy ent_y_to_x
Creates the TLS proxy instance.
Step 6
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point ent_x_cert
Specifies the proxy trustpoint certificate presented
during TLS handshake.
For client proxy (the proxy acts as a TLS client to
the server), the user-defined cipher suite replaces the
default cipher suite.
Where the proxy_name for the server trust-point
command is the local entity proxy name
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-12
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence Proxy for SIP Federation
Step 7
Step 8
Command
Purpose
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point
proxy_trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point
ent_y_proxy
Specifies the trustpoint and associated certificate
that the ASA uses in the TLS handshake when the
ASA assumes the role of the TLS client.
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
cipher_suite
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1 3des-sha1 null-sha1
Where the proxy_trustpoint for the client
trust-point command is the remote entity proxy.
Specifies cipher suite configuration.
What to Do Next
Once you have created the TLS proxy instance, enable it for SIP inspection. See Enabling the TLS Proxy
for SIP Inspection, page 19-13.
Enabling the TLS Proxy for SIP Inspection
Enable the TLS proxy for SIP inspection and define policies for both entities that could initiate the
connection.
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# access-list id extended permit tcp
host src_ip host dest_ip eq port
Examples:
access-list ent_x_to_y extended permit tcp host
10.0.0.2 host 192.0.2.254 eq 5061
access-list ent_y_to_x extended permit tcp host
192.0.2.254 host 192.0.2.1 eq 5061
Adds an Access Control Entry. The ACL is used to
specify the class of traffic to inspect.
Step 2
hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
Example:
hostname(config)# class-map ent_x_to_y
Configures the secure SIP class of traffic to inspect.
Step 3
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list
access_list_name
Example:
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list ent_x_to_y
Identifies the traffic to inspect.
Step 4
hostname(config-cmap)# exit
Exits from Class Map configuration mode.
Step 5
hostname(config)# policy-map type inspect sip
policy_map_name
Example:
hostname(config)# policy-map type inspect sip
sip_inspect
Defines special actions for SIP inspection
application traffic.
Step 6
hostname(config-pmap)# parameters
! SIP inspection parameters
Specifies the parameters for SIP inspection.
Parameters affect the behavior of the inspection
engine.
Where class_map_name is the name of the SIP class
map.
The commands available in parameters
configuration mode depend on the application.
Step 7
hostname(config-pmap)# exit
Exits from Policy Map configuration mode.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-13
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Monitoring Cisco Unified Presence
Command
Purpose
Step 8
hostname(config)# policy-map name
Example:
hostname(config)# policy-map global_policy
Configure the policy map and attach the action to the
class of traffic.
Step 9
hostname(config-pmap)# class classmap_name
Example:
hostname(config-pmap)# class ent_x_to_y
Assigns a class map to the policy map so that you
can assign actions to the class map traffic.
Where classmap_name is the name of the SIP class
map.
Step 10
hostname(config-pmap)# inspect sip sip_map tls-proxy
proxy_name
hostname(config-pmap)# inspect sip sip_inspect
tls-proxy ent_x_to_y
Enables TLS proxy for the specified SIP inspection
session.
Step 11
hostname(config-pmap)# exit
Exits from Policy Map configuration mode.
Step 12
hostname(config)# service-policy policy_map_name
global
Example:
hostname(config)# service-policy global_policy
global
Enables the service policy for SIP inspection for all
interfaces.
Where name for the policy-map command is the
name of the global policy map.
Monitoring Cisco Unified Presence
Debugging is similar to debugging TLS proxy for IP Telephony. You can enable TLS proxy debug flags
along with SSL syslogs to debug TLS proxy connection problems.
For example, use the following commands to enable TLS proxy-related debug and syslog output only:
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
hostname(config)#
debug inspect tls-proxy events
debug inspect tls-proxy errors
logging enable
logging timestamp
logging list loglist message 711001
logging list loglist message 725001-725014
logging list loglist message 717001-717038
logging buffer-size 1000000
logging buffered loglist
logging debug-trace
For information about TLS proxy debugging techniques and sample output, see Monitoring the TLS
Proxy, page 17-15.
Enable the debug sip command for SIP inspection engine debugging. See the command reference.
Additionally, you can capture the raw and decrypted data by the TLS proxy by entering the following
commands:
hostname#
hostname#
hostname#
hostname#
capture mycap interface outside (capturing raw packets)
capture mycap-dec type tls-proxy interface outside (capturing decrypted data)
show capture capture_name
copy /pcap capture:capture_name tftp://tftp_location
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence
This section contains the following topics:
•
Example Configuration for SIP Federation Deployments, page 19-15
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-14
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence
•
Example ACL Configuration for XMPP Federation, page 19-17
•
Example NAT Configuration for XMPP Federation, page 19-18
Example Configuration for SIP Federation Deployments
The following sample illustrates the necessary configuration for the ASA to perform TLS proxy for
Cisco Unified Presence as shown in Figure 19-5. It is assumed that a single Cisco UP (Entity X) is in the
local domain and self-signed certificates are used between Entity X and the ASA.
For each Cisco UP that could initiate a connection (by sending SIP SUBSCRIBE) to the foreign server,
you must also configure static PAT and if you have another Cisco UP with the address (10.0.0.3 in this
sample), it must use a different set of PAT ports (such as 45062 or 45070). Dynamic NAT or PAT can be
used for outbound connections or TLS handshake. The ASA SIP inspection engine takes care of the
necessary translation (fixup).
When you create the necessary RSA key pairs, a key pair is used by the self-signed certificate presented
to Entity X (proxy for Entity Y). When you create a proxy certificate for Entity Y, the certificate is
installed on the Entity X truststore. It could also be enrolled with a local CA trusted by Entity X.
Exporting the ASA self-signed certificate (ent_y_proxy) and installing it as a trusted certificate on Entity
X is necessary for Entity X to authenticate the ASA. Exporting the Entity X certificate and installing it
on the ASA is needed for the ASA to authenticate Entity X during handshake with X. If Entity X uses a
self-signed certificate, the self-signed certificate must be installed; if Entity X uses a CA issued the
certificate, the CA’s certificated needs to be installed.
For about obtaining a certificate from a trusted CA, see the general operations configuration guide.
Installing the CA certificate that signs the Entity Y certificate on the ASA is necessary for the ASA to
authenticate Entity Y.
When creating TLS proxy instances for Entity X and Entity Y, the entity that initiates the TLS connection
is in the role of “TLS client”. Because the TLS proxy has strict definition of “client” and “server” proxy,
two TLS proxy instances must be defined if either of the entities could initiate the connection.
When enabling the TLS proxy for SIP inspection, policies must be defined for both entities that could
initiate the connection.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-15
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence
Figure 19-5
Typical Cisco Unified Presence/LCS Federation Scenario
Enterprise X
private
Cisco UCM
Cisco UCM
Cisco UP
(UK)
Cisco UP
(HK)
Enterprise Y
DMZ
DMZ
private network
AD
Cisco UCM
Cisco UP
(US)
Orative
(Ann)
192.0.2.1
Routing
Inside ASA Outside
Proxy
8.0.4
(Cisco UP)
IPPM
(Ann)
SIP
Internet
192.0.2.254
Access
LCS
Proxy
Director
Functions as:
• TLS Proxy
• NAT w/SIP
rewrite
• Firewall
MOC
(Yao)
LCS
MOC
(Zak)
271637
UC
(Ann)
10.0.0.2
object network obj-10.0.0.2-01
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp
object network obj-10.0.0.2-02
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp
object network obj-10.0.0.2-03
host 10.0.0.2
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service udp
object network obj-10.0.0.3-01
host 10.0.0.3
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service tcp
object network obj-10.0.0.3-02
host 10.0.0.3
nat (inside,outside) static 192.0.2.1 service udp
object network obj-0.0.0.0-01
subnet 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
nat (inside,outside) dynamic 192.0.2.1
crypto key generate rsa label ent_y_proxy_key modulus
! for self-signed Entity Y proxy certificate
crypto ca trustpoint ent_y_proxy
enrollment self
fqdn none
subject-name cn=Ent-Y-Proxy
keypair ent_y_proxy_key
crypto ca enroll ent_y_proxy
crypto ca export ent_y_proxy identity-certificate
! for Entity X’s self-signed certificate
crypto ca trustpoint ent_x_cert
enrollment terminal
crypto ca authenticate ent_x_cert
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line by
[ certificate data omitted ]
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-16
5061 5061
5062 5062
5070 5070
5062 45062
5070 45070
1024
itself
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence
quit
! for Entity Y’s CA certificate
crypto ca trustpoint ent_y_ca
enrollment terminal
crypto ca authenticate ent_y_ca
Enter the base 64 encoded CA certificate.
End with a blank line or the word "quit" on a line by itself
MIIDRTCCAu+gAwIBAgIQKVcqP/KW74VP0NZzL+JbRTANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADCB
[ certificate data omitted ]
/7QEM8izy0EOTSErKu7Nd76jwf5e4qttkQ==
quit
! Entity X to Entity Y
tls-proxy ent_x_to_y
server trust-point ent_y_proxy
client trust-point ent_x_cert
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1 3des-sha1 null-sha1
! Entity Y to Entity X
tls-proxy ent_y_to_x
server trust-point ent_x_cert
client trust-point ent_y_proxy
client cipher-suite aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1 3des-sha1 null-sha1
access-list ent_x_to_y extended permit tcp host 10.0.0.2 host 192.0.2.254 eq 5061
access-list ent_y_to_x extended permit tcp host 192.0.2.254 host 192.0.2.1 eq 5061
class-map ent_x_to_y
match access-list ent_x_to_y
class-map ent_y_to_x
match access-list ent_y_to_x
policy-map type inspect sip sip_inspect
parameters
! SIP inspection parameters
policy-map global_policy
class ent_x_to_y
inspect sip sip_inspect tls-proxy ent_x_to_y
class ent_y_to_x
inspect sip sip_inspect tls-proxy ent_y_to_x
service-policy global_policy global
Example ACL Configuration for XMPP Federation
Example 1: This example ACL configuration allows from any address to any address on port 5269:
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp any any eq 5269
Example 2: This example ACL configuration allows from any address to any single XMPP federation
node on port 5269. The following values are used in this example:
•
Private XMPP federation Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 1.1.1.1
•
XMPP federation listening port = 5269
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp any host 1.1.1.1 eq 5269
Example 3: This example ACL configuration allows from any address to specific XMPP federation
nodes published in DNS.
Note
The public addresses are published in DNS, but the private addresses are configured in the access-list
command.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-17
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence
The following values are used in this sample configuration:
• Private XMPP federation Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 1.1.1.1
• Private second Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address= 2.2.2.2
• Private third Cisco Unified Presence Release 7.x IP address = 3.3.3.3
• XMPP federation listening port = 5269
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp any host 1.1.1.1 eq 5269
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp any host 2.2.2.2 eq 5269
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp any host 3.3.3.3 eq 5269
Example 4: This example ACL configuration allows only from a specific federated domain interface to
specific XMPP federation nodes published in DNS.
Note
The public addresses are published in DNS, but the private addresses are configured in the access-list
command.
The following values are used in this sample configuration:
•
Private XMPP federation Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 1.1.1.1
•
Private second Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 2.2.2.2
•
Private third Cisco Unified Presence Release 7.x IP address = 3.3.3.3
•
XMPP federation listening port = 5269
•
External interface of the foreign XMPP enterprise = 100.100.100.100
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp host 100.100.100.100 host 1.1.1.1 eq 5269
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp host 100.100.100.100 host 2.2.2.2 eq 5269
access-list ALLOW-ALL extended permit tcp host 100.100.100.100 host 3.3.3.3 eq 5269
Example NAT Configuration for XMPP Federation
Example 1: Single node with XMPP federation enabled
The following values are used in this sample configuration:
•
Public Cisco Unified Presence IP address = 10.10.10.10
•
Private XMPP federation Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 1.1.1.1
•
XMPP federation listening port = 5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_1.1.1.1 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_1.1.1.1 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
Example 2: Multiple nodes with XMPP federation, each with a public IP address in DNS
The following values are used in this sample configuration:
•
Public Cisco Unified Presence IP addresses = 10.10.10.10, 20.20.20.20, 30.30.30.30
•
Private XMPP federation Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 1.1.1.1
•
Private second Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 2.2.2.2
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-18
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Configuration Example for Cisco Unified Presence
•
Private third Cisco Unified Presence Release 7.x IP address = 3.3.3.3
•
XMPP federation listening port = 5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_1.1.1.1 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_1.1.1.1 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_2.2.2.2 obj_host_20.20.20.20 service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_2.2.2.2 obj_host_20.20.20.20 service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_3.3.3.3 obj_host_30.30.30.30 service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_3.3.3.3 obj_host_30.30.30.30 service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
Example 3: Multiple nodes with XMPP federation, but a single public IP address in DNS with arbitrary
ports published in DNS (PAT).
The following values are used in this sample configuration:
•
Public Cisco Unified Presence IP Address = 10.10.10.10
•
Private XMPP federation Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 1.1.1.1, port 5269
•
Private second Cisco Unified Presence Release 8.0 IP address = 2.2.2.2, arbitrary port 25269
•
Private third Cisco Unified Presence Release 7.x IP address = 3.3.3.3, arbitrary port 35269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_1.1.1.1 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_1.1.1.1 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_5269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_2.2.2.2 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_25269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_2.2.2.2 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_25269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_3.3.3.3 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_udp_source_eq_5269 obj_udp_source_eq_35269
nat (inside,outside) source static obj_host_3.3.3.3 obj_host_10.10.10.10 service
obj_tcp_source_eq_5269 obj_tcp_source_eq_35269
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-19
Chapter 19
Configuring Cisco Unified Presence
Feature History for Cisco Unified Presence
Feature History for Cisco Unified Presence
Table 19-1 lists the release history for this feature.
Table 19-1
Feature History for Cisco Unified Presence
Feature Name
Releases
Feature Information
Cisco Presence Federation Proxy
8.0(4)
The Cisco Unified Presence proxy feature was introduced.
Cisco Presence Federation Proxy
8.3(1)
The Unified Communications Wizard was added to ASDM.
By using the wizard, you can configure the Cisco Presence
Federation Proxy.
Support for XMPP Federation was introduced.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
19-20
CH AP TE R
20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy
This chapter describes how to configure the ASA for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
This chapter includes the following sections:
•
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-1
•
Licensing for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine, page 20-7
•
Guidelines and Limitations, page 20-8
•
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-10
•
Troubleshooting Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-33
•
Feature History for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-36
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
This section includes the following topics:
•
Features of Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-1
•
How the UC-IME Works with the PSTN and the Internet, page 20-2
•
Tickets and Passwords, page 20-3
•
Call Fallback to the PSTN, page 20-4
•
Architecture and Deployment Scenarios for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine, page 20-5
Features of Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine enables companies to interconnect on-demand, over the Internet with
advanced features made available by VoIP technologies. Cisco Intercompany Media Engine allows for
business-to-business federation between Cisco Unified Communications Manager clusters in different
enterprises by utilizing peer-to-peer, security, and SIP protocols to create dynamic SIP trunks between
businesses. A collection of enterprises work together to end up looking like one large business with
inter-cluster trunks between them.
The adaptive security appliance applies its existing TLS proxy, SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG),
and SIP verification features to the functioning of Cisco Intercompany Media Engine.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-1
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine has the following key features:
•
Works with existing phone numbers: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine works with the phone
numbers an enterprise currently has and does not require an enterprise to learn new numbers or
change providers to use Cisco Intercompany Media Engine.
•
Works with existing IP phones: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine works with the existing IP
phones within an enterprise. However, the feature set in business-to-business calls is limited to the
capabilities of the IP phones.
•
Does not require purchasing new services: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine does not require any
new services from any service providers. Customers continue to use the PSTN connectivity they
have and the Internet connectivity they have today. Cisco Intercompany Media Engine gradually
moves calls off the PSTN and onto the Internet.
•
Provides a full Cisco Unified Communications experience: Because Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine creates inter-cluster SIP trunks between enterprises, any Unified Communication features
that work over the SIP trunk and only require a SIP trunk work with the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine, thus providing a Unified Communication experience across enterprises.
•
Works on the Internet: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine was designed to work on the Internet. It
can also work on managed extranets.
•
Provides worldwide reach: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine can connect to any enterprise
anywhere in the world, as long as the enterprise is running Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
technology. There are no regional limitations. This is because Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
utilizes two networks that both have worldwide reach—the Internet and the PSTN.
•
Allows for unlimited scale: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine can work with any number of
enterprises.
•
Is self-learning: The system is primarily self-learning. Customers do not have to enter information
about other businesses: no phone prefixes, no IP address, no ports, no domain names, nor
certificates. Customers need to configure information about their own networks, and provide policy
information if they want to limit the scope of Cisco Intercompany Media Engine.
•
Is secure: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine is secure, utilizing a large number of different
technologies to accomplish this security.
•
Includes anti-spam: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine prevents people from setting up software on
the Internet that spams enterprises with phone calls. It provides an extremely high barrier to entry.
•
Provides for QoS management: Cisco Intercompany Media Engine provides features that help
customers manage the QoS on the Internet, such as the ability to monitor QoS of the RTP traffic in
real-time and fallback to PSTN automatically if problems arise.
How the UC-IME Works with the PSTN and the Internet
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine utilizes two networks that both have worldwide reach—the
Internet and the PSTN. Customers continue to use the PSTN connectivity they have. The Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine gradually moves calls off the PSTN and onto the Internet. However, if QoS
problems arise, the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy monitors QoS of the RTP traffic in
real-time and fallbacks to PSTN automatically.
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine uses information from PSTN calls to validate that the
terminating side owns the number that the originated side had called. After the PSTN call terminates,
the enterprises involved in the call send information about the call to their Cisco IME server. The Cisco
IME server on the originating side validates the call.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-2
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
On successful verification, the terminating side creates a ticket that grants permission to the call
originator to make a Cisco IME call to a specific number. See Tickets and Passwords, page 20-3 for
information.
Tickets and Passwords
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine utilizes tickets and passwords to provide enterprise verification.
Verification through the creation of tickets ensures an enterprise is not subject to denial-of-service
(DOS) attacks from the Internet or endless VoIP spam calls. Ticket verification prevents spam and DOS
attacks because it introduces a cost to the VoIP caller; namely, the cost of a PSTN call. A malicious user
cannot set up just an open source asterisk PBX on the Internet and begin launching SIP calls into an
enterprise running Cisco Intercompany Media Engine. Having the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy verify tickets allows incoming calls from a particular enterprise to a particular number only when
that particular enterprise has previously called that phone number on the PSTN.
To send a spam VoIP call to every phone within an enterprise, an organization would have to purchase
the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine and Cisco Unified Communications Manager and have called
each phone number within the enterprise over the PSTN and completed each call successfully. Only then
can it launch a VoIP call to each number.
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server creates tickets and the ASA validates them. The ASA and
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server share a password that is configured so that the ASA detects
the ticket was created by a trusted Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server. The ticket contains
information that indicates that the enterprise is authorized to call specific phone numbers at the target
enterprise. See Figure 20-1 for the ticket verification process and how it operates between the originating
and terminating-call enterprises.
Because the initial calls are over the PSTN, they are subject to any national regulations regarding
telemarketing calling. For example, within the United States, they would be subject to the national
do-not-call registry.
Figure 20-1
Ticket Verification Process with Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
1
Enterprise A
UC-IME
Server
Enterprise B gets
authorization ticket
from A at end of
validation protocol
Enterprise B
2
UC-IME server passes
ticket to UCM and it’s
stored as part of VoIP
route
UC-IME
Server
Internet
M
M
Cisco UCM
Cisco UCM
ASA
IP
IP
4
ASA validates
ticket
3
Enterprise B
calls A and
includes ticket
ASA
IP
IP
248761
Note
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-3
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
As illustrated in Figure 20-1. Enterprise B makes a PSTN call to enterprise A. That call completes
successfully. Later, Enterprise B Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server initiates validation
procedures with Enterprise A. These validation procedures succeed. During the validation handshake,
Enterprise B sends Enterprise A its domain name. Enterprise A verifies that this domain name is not on
the blacklisted set of domains. Assuming it is not, Enterprise A creates a ticket.
Subsequently, someone in Enterprise B calls that number again. That call setup message from Enterprise
B to Enterprise A includes the ticket in the X-Cisco-UC-IME-Ticket header field in the SIP INVITE
message. This message arrives at the Enterprise A ASA. The ASA verifies the signature and computes
several checks on the ticket to make sure it is valid. If the ticket is valid, the ASA forwards the request
to Cisco UCM (including the ticket). Because the ASA drops requests that lack a valid ticket,
unauthorized calls are never received by Cisco UCM.
The ticket password is a 128 bit random key, which can be thought of as a shared password between the
adaptive security appliance and the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server. This password is
generated by the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server and is used by a Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine SIP trunk to generate a ticket to allow a call to be made between Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine SIP trunks. A ticket is a signed object that contains a number of fields that grant permission to
the calling domain to make a Cisco Intercompany Media Engine call to a specific number. The ticket is
signed by the ticket password.
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine also required that you configure an epoch for the password. The
epoch contains an integer that updates each time that the password is changed. When the proxy is
configured the first time and a password entered for the first time, enter 1 for the epoch integer. Each
time you change the password, increment the epoch to indicate the new password. You must increment
the epoch value each time your change the password.
Typically, you increment the epoch sequentially; however, the ASA allows you to choose any value when
you update the epoch. If you change the epoch value, the tickets in use at remote enterprises become
invalid. The incoming calls from the remote enterprises fallback to the PSTN until the terminating
enterprise reissues tickets with the new epoch value and password.
The epoch and password that you configure on the ASA must match the epoch and password configured
on the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server. If you change the password or epoch on the ASA, you
must update them on the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server. See the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine server documentation for information.
Call Fallback to the PSTN
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine provides features that manage the QoS on the Internet, such as the
ability to monitor QoS of the RTP traffic in real-time and fallback to PSTN automatically if problems
arise. Call fallback from Internet VoIP calls to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) can occur
for two reasons changes in connection quality and signal failure for the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine.
Internet connections can vary wildly in their quality and vary over time. Therefore, even if a call is sent
over VoIP because the quality of the connection was good, the connection quality might worsen mid-call.
To ensure an overall good experience for the end user, Cisco Intercompany Media Engine attempts to
perform a mid-call fallback.
Performing a mid-call fallback requires the adaptive security appliance to monitor the RTP packets
coming from the Internet and send information into an RTP Monitoring Algorithm (RMA) API, which
will indicates to the adaptive security appliance whether fallback is required. If fallback is required, the
adaptive security appliance sends a REFER message to Cisco UCM to tell it that it needs to fallback the
call to PSTN.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-4
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
The TLS signaling connections from the Cisco UCM are terminated on the adaptive security appliance
and a TCP or TLS connection is initiated to the Cisco UCM. SRTP (media) sent from external IP phones
to the internal network IP phone via the adaptive security appliance is converted to RTP. The adaptive
security appliance inserts itself into the media path by modifying the SIP signaling messages that are
sent over the SIP trunk between Cisco UCMs. TLS (signaling) and SRTP are always terminated on the
adaptive security appliance.
If signaling problems occur, the call falls back to the PSTN; however, the Cisco UCM initiates the PSTN
fall back and the adaptive security appliance does not send REFER message.
Architecture and Deployment Scenarios for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
This section includes the following topics:
•
Architecture, page 20-5
•
Basic Deployment, page 20-6
•
Off Path Deployment, page 20-7
Architecture
Within the enterprise, Cisco Intercompany Media Engine is deployed with the following components for
the following purposes:
•
The adaptive security appliance—Enabled with the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy,
provides perimeter security functions and inspects SIP signaling between SIP trunks.
•
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine (UC-IME) server— Located in the DMZ, provides an automated
provisioning service by learning new VoIP routes to particular phone numbers, and recording those
routes in Cisco UCM. The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server does not perform call control.
•
Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Cisco UCM)—Responsible for call control and
processing. Cisco UCM connects to the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server by using the
Access Protocol to publish and exchange updates. The architecture can consist of a single Cisco
UCM or a Cisco UCM cluster within the enterprise.
•
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine (UC-IME) Bootstrap server—Provides a certificate required
admission onto the public peer-to-peer network for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine.
Figure 20-2 illustrates the components of the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine in a basic deployment.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-5
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Information About Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Architecture in a Basic Deployment
Inside Enterprise
Permiter Security
Figure 20-2
DMZ
Cisco UCM Cluster
Outside Enterprise
UC-IME
Bootstrap Server
UC-IME
Access Protocol
M
Peer-to-peer
Validation
M
M
UC-IME Server
TCP/TLS
M
M
SIP/TLS
ASA Enabled with
UC-IME Proxy
SIP/SCCP
SRTP
RTP/SRTP
IP
248760
IP
IP
Basic Deployment
In a basic deployment, the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy sits in-line with the Internet firewall
such that all Internet traffic traverses the adaptive security appliance. In this deployment, a single Cisco
UCM or a Cisco UCM cluster is centrally deployed within the enterprise, along with a Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine server (and perhaps a backup).
As shown in Figure 20-3, the adaptive security appliance sits on the edge of the enterprise and inspects
SIP signaling by creating dynamic SIP trunks between enterprises.
Basic Deployment Scenario
UC-IME
Bootstrap Server
Enterprise A
Enterprise B
Internet
UC-IME
Server
UC-IME
Server
SIP Trunk
M
M
Cisco UCM
Cisco UCM
ASA Enabled
with UC-IME Proxy
IP
IP
IP
V
PSTN Gateway
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-6
ASA Enabled
with UC-IME Proxy
PSTN
IP
V
PSTN Gateway
248762
Figure 20-3
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Licensing for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Off Path Deployment
In an off path deployment, inbound and outbound Cisco Intercompany Media Engine calls pass through
an adaptive security appliance enabled with the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. The adaptive
security appliance is located in the DMZ and is configured to support only the Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine traffic (SIP signaling and RTP traffic). Normal Internet facing traffic does not flow
through this adaptive security appliance.
For all inbound calls, the signaling is directed to the adaptive security appliance because destined Cisco
UCMs are configured with the global IP address on the adaptive security appliance. For outbound calls,
the called party could be any IP address on the Internet; therefore, the adaptive security appliance is
configured with a mapping service that dynamically provides an internal IP address on the adaptive
security appliance for each global IP address of the called party on the Internet.
Cisco UCM sends all outbound calls directly to the mapped internal IP address on the adaptive security
appliance instead of the global IP address of the called party on the Internet. The adaptive security
appliance then forwards the calls to the global IP address of the called party.
Figure 20-4 illustrates the architecture of the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine in an off path
deployment.
Off Path Deployment of the Adaptive Security Appliance
Inside Enterprise
DMZ
UC-IME
Server
Cisco UCM Cluster
Outside Enterprise
Permiter Security
Figure 20-4
UC-IME
Bootstrap Server
M
M
M
Internet
M
M
Internet
Firewall
Intranet
Firewall
ASA enabled
with UC-IME proxy
IP
IP
Only UC-IME calls pass
through the ASA enabled
with the UC-IME proxy.
V
PSTN
PSTN
Gateway
248763
IP
Licensing for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine feature supported by the ASA require a Unified Communications
Proxy license.
The following table shows the details of the Unified Communications Proxy license:
Note
This feature is not available on No Payload Encryption models.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-7
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Guidelines and Limitations
Model
License Requirement
All models
Intercompany Media Engine license.
When you enable the Intercompany Media Engine (IME) license, you can use TLS proxy sessions up
to the configured TLS proxy limit. If you also have a Unified Communications (UC) license installed
that is higher than the default TLS proxy limit, then the ASA sets the limit to be the UC license limit
plus an additional number of sessions depending on your model. You can manually configure the TLS
proxy limit using the tls-proxy maximum-sessions command. To view the limits of your model, enter
the tls-proxy maximum-sessions ? command. If you also install the UC license, then the TLS proxy
sessions available for UC are also available for IME sessions. For example, if the configured limit is
1000 TLS proxy sessions, and you purchase a 750-session UC license, then the first 250 IME sessions
do not affect the sessions available for UC. If you need more than 250 sessions for IME, then the
remaining 750 sessions of the platform limit are used on a first-come, first-served basis by UC and
IME.
•
For a license part number ending in “K8”, TLS proxy sessions are limited to 1000.
•
For a license part number ending in “K9”, the TLS proxy limit depends on your configuration and
the platform model.
Note
K8 and K9 refer to whether the license is restricted for export: K8 is unrestricted, and K9 is
restricted.
You might also use SRTP encryption sessions for your connections:
•
For a K8 license, SRTP sessions are limited to 250.
•
For a K9 license, there is no limit.
Note
Only calls that require encryption/decryption for media are counted toward the SRTP limit; if
passthrough is set for the call, even if both legs are SRTP, they do not count toward the limit.
For more information about licensing, see Chapter 5, “Managing Feature Licenses,” in the general
operations configuration guide.
Guidelines and Limitations
Context Mode Guidelines
Supported in single context mode only.
Firewall Mode Guidelines
Supported in routed firewall mode only.
IPv6 Guidelines
Does not support IPv6 addresses.
Additional Guidelines and Limitations
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine has the following limitations:
•
Fax is not supported. Fax capability needs to be disabled on the SIP trunk.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-8
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Guidelines and Limitations
•
Stateful failover of Cisco Unified Intercompany Media Engine is not supported. During failover,
existing calls traversing the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy disconnect; however, new
calls successfully traverse the proxy after the failover completes.
•
Having Cisco UCMs on more than one of the ASA interfaces is not supported with the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. Having the Cisco UCMs on one trusted interface is especially
necessary in an off path deployment because the ASA requires that you specify the listening
interface for the mapping service and the Cisco UCMs must be connected on one trusted interface.
•
Multipart MIME is not supported.
•
Only existing SIP features and messages are supported.
•
H.264 is not supported.
•
RTCP is not supported. The ASA drops any RTCP traffic sent from the inside interface to the outside
interface. The ASA does not convert RTCP traffic from the inside interface into SRTP traffic.
•
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy configured on the ASA creates a dynamic SIP trunk
for each connection to a remote enterprise. However, you cannot configure a unique subject name
for each SIP trunk. The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy can have only one subject name
configured for the proxy.
Additionally, the subject DN you configure for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy match
the domain name that has been set for the local Cisco UCM.
•
If a service policy rule for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy is removed (by using the no
service policy command) and reconfigured, the first call traversing the ASA will fail. The call fails
over to the PSTN because the Cisco UCM does not know the connections are cleared and tries to
use the recently cleared IME SIP trunk for the signaling.
To resolve this issue, you must additionally enter the clear connection all command and restart the
ASA. If the failure is due to failover, the connections from the primary ASA are not synchronized
to the standby ASA.
•
After the clear connection all command is issued on an ASA enabled with a UC-IME Proxy and
the IME call fails over to the PSTN, the next IME call between an originating and terminating SCCP
IP phone completes but does not have audio and is dropped after the signaling session is established.
An IME call between SCCP IP phones use the IME SIP trunk in both directions. Namely, the
signaling from the calling to called party uses the IME SIP trunk. Then, the called party uses the
reverse IME SIP trunk for the return signaling and media exchange. However, this connection is
already cleared on the ASA, which causes the IME call to fail.
The next IME call (the third call after the clear connection all command is issued), will be
completely successful.
Note
•
This limitation does not apply when the originating and terminating IP phones are
configured with SIP.
The ASA must be licensed and configured with enough TLS proxy sessions to handle the IME call
volume. See “Licensing for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine” section on page 20-7 for
information about the licensing requirements for TLS proxy sessions.
This limitation occurs because an IME call cannot fall back to the PSTN when there are not enough
TLS proxy sessions left to complete the IME call. An IME call between two SCCP IP phones
requires the ASA to use two TLS proxy sessions to successfully complete the TLS handshake.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-9
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Assume for example, the ASA is configured to have a maximum of 100 TLS proxy sessions and IME
calls between SCCP IP phones establish 101 TLS proxy sessions. In this example, the next IME call
is initiated successfully by the originating SCCP IP phone but fails after the call is accepted by the
terminating SCCP IP phone. The terminating IP phone rings and on answering the call, the call
hangs due to an incomplete TLS handshake. The call does not fall back to the PSTN.
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
This section contains the following topics:
•
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine, page 20-10
•
Configuring NAT for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-11
•
Configuring PAT for the Cisco UCM Server, page 20-13
•
Creating ACLs for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-15
•
Creating the Media Termination Instance, page 20-16
•
Creating the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-17
•
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 20-20
•
Creating the TLS Proxy, page 20-23
•
Enabling SIP Inspection for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-24
•
(Optional) Configuring TLS within the Local Enterprise, page 20-26
•
(Optional) Configuring Off Path Signaling, page 20-29
Task Flow for Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Figure 20-5 provides an example for a basic deployment of the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine. The
following tasks include command line examples based on Figure 20-5.
Figure 20-5
Example for Basic (in-line) Deployment Tasks
Local Enterprise
Local
UC-IME
Server
Local
Cisco UCMs
192.168.10.12
Remote
UC-IME
Server
M
192.168.10.30
192.168.10.31
TCP
Corporate
Network
IP
ASA outside interface
ASA inside
209.165.200.225
interface
Internet
192.168.10.1
TLS
Inside media
Outside media termination
termination
209.165.200.226
192.168.10.3 Local ASA
IP
IP
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-10
UC-IME
Bootstrap
Server
Outside Cisco UMC
209.165.200.228
Remote ASA
M
Remote
Cisco UCM
248764
M
Remote Enterprise
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Note
Step 1 through Step 8 apply to both basic (in-line) and off path deployments and Step 9 applies only to
off path deployment.
To configure a Cisco Intercompany Media Engine for a basic deployment, perform the following tasks.
Step 1
Configure static NAT for Cisco UCM. See Configuring NAT for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy, page 20-11.
Or
Configure PAT for the UCM server. See Configuring PAT for the Cisco UCM Server, page 20-13.
Step 2
Create ACLs for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See Creating ACLs for Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine Proxy, page 20-15.
Step 3
Create the media termination address instance for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See
Creating the Media Termination Instance, page 20-16.
Step 4
Create the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See Creating the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine Proxy, page 20-17.
Step 5
Create trustpoints and generate certificates for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates, page 20-20.
Step 6
Create the TLS proxy. See Creating the TLS Proxy, page 20-23.
Step 7
Configure SIP inspection for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See Enabling SIP Inspection
for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-24.
Step 8
(Optional) Configure TLS within the enterprise. See (Optional) Configuring TLS within the Local
Enterprise, page 20-26.
Step 9
(Optional) Configure off path signaling. See (Optional) Configuring Off Path Signaling, page 20-29.
Note
You only perform Step 9 when you are configuring the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
in an off path deployment.
Configuring NAT for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
To configure auto NAT, you first configure an object; then use the nat command in the object
configuration mode.
The example command lines in this task are based on a basic (in-line) deployment. See Figure 20-5 on
page 20-10 for an illustration explaining the example command lines in this task.
Alternatively, you can configure PAT for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See Configuring
PAT for the Cisco UCM Server, page 20-13.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-11
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Figure 20-6
Example for Configuring NAT for a Deployment
Local Enterprise
Local Cisco UCMs
192.168.10.30
199.168.10.31
Configure NAT:
192.168.10.30
192.168.10.31
209.165.200.227
209.165.200.228
M
M
TLS
Corporate
Network
Local ASA
IP
IP
IP
Internet
Outside Cisco UCM addresses
209.165.200.227
209.165.200.228
248905
TCP
To configure auto NAT rules for the Cisco UCM server, perform the following steps:
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# object network name
Examples:
hostname(config)# object network
ucm_real_192.168.10.30
hostname(config)# object network
ucm_real_192.168.10.31
Configures a network object for the real address of
Cisco UCM that you want to translate.
Step 2
hostname(config-network-object)# host ip_address
Examples:
hostname(config-network-object)# host 192.168.10.30
hostname(config-network-object)# host 192.168.10.31
Specifies the real IP address of the Cisco UCM host
for the network object.
Step 3
(Optional)
Provides a description of the network object.
hostname(config-network-object)# description string
Example:
hostname(config-network-object)# description “Cisco
UCM Real Address”
Step 4
hostname(config-network-object)# exit
Exits from the objects configuration mode.
Step 5
hostname(config)# object network name
Example:
hostname(config)# object network
ucm_map_209.165.200.228
Configures a network object for the mapped address
of the Cisco UCM.
Step 6
hostname(config-network-object)# host ip_address
Example:
hostname(config-network-object)# host
209.165.200.228
Specifies the mapped IP address of the Cisco UCM
host for the network object.
Step 7
(Optional)
Provides a description of the network object.
hostname(config-network-object)# description string
Example:
hostname(config-network-object)# description “Cisco
UCM Mapped Address”
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-12
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 8
hostname(config-network-object)# exit
Exits from the objects configuration mode.
Step 9
hostname(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static
real_obj mapped_obj
Examples:
hostname(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static
ucm_real_192.168.10.30 ucm_209.165.200.228
hostname(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static
ucm_real_192.168.10.31 ucm_209.165.200.228
Specifies the address translation on the network
objects created in this procedure.
Where real_obj is the name that you created in
Step 1 in this task.
Where mapped_obj is the name that you created in
Step 5 in this task.
What to Do Next
Create the ACLs for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See Creating ACLs for Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-15.
Configuring PAT for the Cisco UCM Server
Perform this task as an alternative to configuring NAT for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Figure 20-7
Example for Configuring PAT for a Deployment
Local Enterprise
Configure PAT:
192.168.10.30:5070
192.168.10.30:5071
Local Cisco UCM
192.168.10.30
209.165.200.228:5570
209.165.200.228:5571
M
TCP
Corporate
Network
Internet
IP
IP
Outside Cisco UCM address
209.165.200.228
248765
Local ASA
IP
Note
TLS
You only perform this step when NAT is not configured for the Cisco UCM server.
To configure PAT for the Cisco UCM server, perform the following steps:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-13
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# object network name
Examples:
hostname(config)# object network
ucm-pat-209.165.200.228
Configures a network object for the outside IP
address of Cisco UCM that you want to translate.
Step 2
hostname(config-network-object)# host ip_address
Example:
hostname(config-network-object)# host
209.165.200.228
Specifies the real IP address of the Cisco UCM host
for the network object.
Step 3
hostname(config-network-object)# exit
Exits from the objects configuration mode.
Step 4
hostname(config)# object service name
Examples:
hostname(config)# object service tcp_5070
hostname(config)# object service tcp_5071
Creates a service object for the outside Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine port.
Step 5
hostname(config-service-object)# tcp source eq port
Examples:
hostname(config-service-object)# tcp source eq 5070
hostname(config-service-object)# tcp source eq 5071
Specifies the port number.
Step 6
hostname(config-service-object)# exit
Exits from the objects configuration mode.
Step 7
hostname(config)# object network name
Examples:
hostname(config)# object network
ucm-real-192.168.10.30
hostname(config)# object network
ucm-real-192.168.10.31
Configures a network object to represent the real IP
address of Cisco UCM.
Step 8
hostname(config-network-object)# host ip_address
Examples:
hostname(config-network-object)# host 192.168.10.30
hostname(config-network-object)# host 192.168.10.31
Specifies the real IP address of the Cisco UCM host
for the network object.
Step 9
hostname(config-network-object)# exit
Exits from the objects configuration mode.
Step 10
hostname(config)# object service name
Examples:
hostname(config)# object service tcp_5570
hostname(config)# object service tcp_5571
Creates a service objects for Cisco UCM SIP port.
Step 11
hostname(config-service-object)# tcp source eq port
Example:
hostname(config-service-object)# tcp source eq 5570
hostname(config-service-object)# tcp source eq 5571
Specifies the port number.
Step 12
hostname(config-service-object)# exit
Exits from the objects configuration mode.
Step 13
hostname(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static
real_obj mapped_obj service real_port mapped_port
Examples:
hostname(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static
ucm-real-192.168.10.30 ucm-pat-209.165.200.228
service tcp_5070 tcp_5570
hostname(config)# nat (inside,outside) source static
ucm-real-192.168.10.31 ucm-pat-128.106.254.5 service
tcp_5071 tcp_5571
Creates a static mapping for Cisco UCM.
Where real_obj is the name that you created in
Step 1 in this task.
Where mapped_obj is the name that you created in
Step 7 in this task.
Where real_port is the name that you created in
Step 4 in this task.
Where mapped_obj is the name that you created in
Step 10 in this task.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-14
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Creating ACLs for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
To configure ACLs for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy to reach the Cisco UCM server,
perform the following steps.
The example command lines in this task are based on a basic (in-line) deployment. See Figure 20-5 on
page 20-10 for an illustration explaining the example command lines in this task.
Step 1
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# access-list id extended permit tcp
any host ip_address eq port
Example:
hostname(config)# access-list incoming extended
permit tcp any host 192.168.10.30 eq 5070
Adds an Access Control Entry (ACE). An ACL is
made up of one or more ACEs with the same ACL
ID. This ACE provides access control by allowing
incoming access for Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine connections on the specified port.
In the ip_address argument, provide the real IP
address of Cisco UCM.
Step 2
hostname(config)# access-group access-list in
interface interface_name
Example:
hostname(config)# access-group incoming in interface
outside
Binds the ACL to an interface.
Step 3
hostname(config)# access-list id extended permit tcp
any host ip_address eq port
Example:
hostname(config)# access-list ime-inbound-sip
extended permit tcp any host 192.168.10.30 eq 5070
Adds an ACE. This ACE allows the ASA to allow
inbound SIP traffic for Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine. This entry is used to classify traffic for the
class and policy map.
Note
Step 4
hostname(config)# access-list id extended permit tcp
ip_address mask any range range
Example:
hostname(config)# access-list ime-outbound-sip
extended permit tcp 192.168.10.30 255.255.255.255
any range 5000 6000
The port that you configure here must match
the trunk settings configured on Cisco UCM.
See the Cisco Unified Communications
Manager documentation for information
about this configuration setting.
Adds an ACE. This ACE allows the ASA to allow
outbound SIP traffic for Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine (in the example, any TCP traffic with source
as 192.168.10.30 and destination port range between
5000 and 6000). This entry is used to classify traffic
for the class and policy map.
Note
Ensure that TCP traffic between Cisco UCM
and the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
server does not use this port range (if that
connection goes through the ASA).
Step 5
hostname(config)# access-list id permit tcp any host
ip_address eq 6084
Example:
hostname(config)# access-list ime-traffic permit tcp
any host 192.168.10.12 eq 6084
Adds an ACE. This ACE allows the ASA to allow
traffic from the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
server to remote Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
servers.
Step 6
hostname(config)# access-list id permit tcp any host
ip_address eq 8470
Example:
hostname(config)# access-list ime-bootserver-traffic
permit tcp any host 192.168.10.12 eq 8470
Adds an ACE. This ACE allows the ASA to allow
traffic from the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
server to the Bootstrap server for the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-15
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
What to Do Next
Create the media termination instance on the ASA for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. See
Creating the Media Termination Instance, page 20-16.
Creating the Media Termination Instance
Guidelines
The media termination address you configure must meet these requirements:
•
Note
•
Note
If you decide to configure a media-termination address on interfaces (rather than using a global
interface), you must configure a media-termination address on at least two interfaces (the inside and
an outside interface) before applying the service policy for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy. Otherwise, you will receive an error message when enabling the proxy with SIP inspection.
Cisco recommends that you configure the media-termination address for the Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine Proxy on interfaces rather than configuring a global media-termination address.
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy can use only one type of media termination instance
at a time; for example, you can configure a global media-termination address for all interfaces or
configure a media-termination address for different interfaces. However, you cannot use a global
media-termination address and media-termination addresses configured for each interface at the
same time.
If you change any Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy settings after you create the
media-termination address for the proxy, you must reconfigure the media-termination address by
using the no media-termination command, and then reconfiguring it as described in this
procedure.
Procedure
Create the media termination instance to use with the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
The example command lines in this task are based on a basic (in-line) deployment. See Figure 20-5 on
page 20-10 for an illustration explaining the example command lines in this task.
To create the media termination instance for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, perform the
following steps:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-16
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# media-termination instance_name
Example:
hostname(config)# media-termination
uc-ime-media-term
Creates the media termination instance that you
attach to the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy.
Step 2
hostname(config-media-termination)# address
ip_address interface intf_name
Examples:
hostname(config-media-termination)# address
209.165.200.228 interface outside
Configures the media-termination address used by
the outside interface of the ASA.
The outside IP address must be a publicly routable
address that is an unused IP address within the
address range on that interface.
See Creating the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy, page 20-17 for information about the
UC-IME proxy settings. See CLI configuration
guide for information about the no service-policy
command.
Step 3
Step 4
hostname(config-media-termination)# address
ip_address interface intf_name
Examples:
hostname(config-media-termination)# address
192.168.10.3 interface inside
Configures a media termination address used by the
inside interface of the ASA.
(Optional)
hostname(config-media-termination)# rtp-min-port
port1 rtp-maxport port2
Examples:
hostname(config-media-termination)# rtp-min-port
1000 rtp-maxport 2000
Configures the rtp-min-port and rtp-max-port limits
for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Configure the RTP port range for the media
termination point when you need to scale the
number of calls that the Cisco Intercompany Media
Engine supports.
Note
The IP address must be an unused IP address
within the same subnet on that interface.
Where port1 specifies the minimum value for the
RTP port range for the media termination point,
where port1 can be a value from 1024 to 65535. By
default, the value for port1 is 16384.
Where port2 specifies the maximum value for the
RTP port range for the media termination point,
where port2 can be a value from 1024 to 65535. By
default, the value for port2 is 32767.
What To Do Next
Once you have created the media termination instance, create the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy. See Creating the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, page 20-17.
Creating the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
To create the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, perform the following steps.
The example command lines in this task are based on a basic (in-line) deployment. See Figure 20-5 on
page 20-10 for an illustration explaining the example command lines in this task.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-17
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Note
Step 1
You cannot change any of the configuration settings for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy described in this procedure when the proxy is enabled for SIP inspection. Remove the
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy from SIP inspection before changing any of the
settings described in this procedure.
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# uc-ime uc_ime_name
Example:
hostname(config)# uc-ime local-ent-ime
Configures the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy.
Where uc_ime_name is the name of the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy. The name is
limited to 64 characters.
Only one Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
can be configured on the ASA.
Step 2
hostname(config-uc-ime)# media-termination
mta_instance_name
Example:
hostname(config-uc-ime)# media-termination
ime-media-term
Specifies the media termination instance used by the
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Note
You must create the media termination
instance before you specify it in the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Where mta_instance_name is the instance_name
that you created in Step 1 of Creating the Media
Termination Instance.
See Creating the Media Termination Instance,
page 20-16 for the steps to create the media
termination instance.
Step 3
hostname(config-uc-ime)# ucm address ip_address
trunk-security-mode [nonsecure | secure]
Example:
hostname(config-uc-ime)# ucm address 192.168.10.30
trunk-security-mode non-secure
Specifies the Cisco UCM server in the enterprise.
You must specify the real IP address of the Cisco
UCM server. Do not specify a mapped IP address for
the server.
Note
You must include an entry for each Cisco
UCM in the cluster with Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine that has a SIP trunk enabled.
Where the nonsecure and secure options specify the
security mode of the Cisco UCM or cluster of Cisco
UCMs.
Note
Specifying secure for Cisco UCM or Cisco
UCM cluster indicates that Cisco UCM or
Cisco UCM cluster is initiating TLS;
therefore, you must configure TLS for
components. See (Optional) Configuring
TLS within the Local Enterprise,
page 20-26.
You can specify the secure option in this task or you
can update it later while configuring TLS for the
enterprise. See Step 11 in (Optional) Configuring
TLS within the Local Enterprise, page 20-26.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-18
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Step 4
Command
Purpose
hostname(config-uc-ime)# ticket epoch n password
password
Example:
hostname(config-uc-ime)# ticket epoch 1 password
password1234
Configures the ticket epoch and password for Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine.
Where n is an integer from 1-255. The epoch
contains an integer that updates each time that the
password is changed. When the proxy is configured
the first time and a password entered for the first
time, enter 1 for the epoch integer. Each time you
change the password, increment the epoch to
indicate the new password. You must increment the
epoch value each time your change the password.
Typically, you increment the epoch sequentially;
however, the ASA allows you to choose any value
when you update the epoch.
If you change the epoch value, the current password
is invalidated and you must enter a new password.
Where password contains a minimum of 10 and a
maximum of 64 printable character from the
US-ASCII character set. The allowed characters
include 0x21 to 0x73 inclusive, and exclude the
space character.
We recommend a password of at least 20 characters.
Only one password can be configured at a time.
The ticket password is stored onto flash. The output
of the show running-config uc-ime command
displays ***** instead of the password string.
Note
The epoch and password that you configure
on the ASA must match the epoch and
password configured on the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine server. See the
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine server
documentation for information.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-19
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Step 5
Command
Purpose
(Optional)
Specifies the fallback timers for Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine.
hostname(config-uc-ime)# fallback monitoring timer
timer_millisec | hold-down timer timer_sec
Examples:
hostname(config-uc-ime)# fallback monitoring timer
120
hostname(config-uc-ime)# fallback hold-down timer 30
Specifying monitoring timer sets the time between
which the ASA samples the RTP packets received
from the Internet. The ASA uses the data sample to
determine if fallback to the PSTN is needed for a
call.
Where timer_millisec specifies the length of the
monitoring timer. By default, the length is 100
milliseconds for the monitoring timer and the
allowed range is 10-600 ms.
Specifying hold-down timer sets the amount of
time that ASA waits before notifying Cisco UCM
whether to fall back to PSTN.
Where timer_sec specifies the length of the
hold-down timer. By default, the length is 20
seconds for the hold-down timer and the allowed
range is 10-360 seconds.
If you do not use this command to specify fallback
timers, the ASA uses the default settings for the
fallback timers.
Step 6
(Optional)
Specifies the file to use for mid-call PSTN fallback.
hostname(config-uc-ime)# fallback sensitivity-file
file_name
Example:
hostname(config-uc-ime)# fallback sensitivity-file
ime-fallback-sensitvity.fbs
Where file_name must be the name of a file on disk
that includes the .fbs file extension.
The fallback file is used to determine whether the
QoS of the call is poor enough for the Cisco
Intercompany Media Engine to move the call to the
PSTN.
What to Do Next
Install the certificate on the local entity truststore. You could also enroll the certificate with a local CA
trusted by the local entity.
Creating Trustpoints and Generating Certificates
You need to generate the keypair for the certificate used by the ASA, and configure a trustpoint to
identify the certificate sent by the ASA in the TLS handshake.
The example command lines in this task are based on a basic (in-line) deployment. See Figure 20-5 on
page 20-10 for an illustration explaining the example command lines in this task.
Note
This task instructs you on how to create trustpoints for the local enterprise and the remote enterprise and
how to exchange certificates between these two enterprises. This task does not provide steps for creating
trustpoints and exchanging certificates between the local Cisco UCM and the local ASA. However, if
you require additional security within the local enterprise, you must perform the optional task (Optional)
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-20
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring TLS within the Local Enterprise, page 20-26. Performing that task allows for secure TLS
connections between the local Cisco UCM and the local ASA. The instructions in that task describe how
to create trustpoints between the local Cisco UCM and the local ASA.
Prerequisites for Installing Certificates
To create a proxy certificate on the ASA that is trusted by the remote entity, obtain a certificate from a
trusted CA or export it from the remote enterprise ASA.
To export the certificate from the remote enterprise, you enter the following command on the remote
ASA:
hostname(config)# crypto ca export trustpoint identity-certificate
The ASA prompts displays the certificate in the terminal screen. Copy the certificate from the terminal
screen. You will need the certificate text in Step 5 of this task.
Procedure
To create the trustpoints and generate certificates, perform the following steps:
Step 1
Command
Purpose
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
key-pair-label modulus size
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
local-ent-key modulus 2048
On the local ASA, creates the RSA keypair that
can be used for the trustpoints. This is the
keypair and trustpoint for the local entities
signed certificate.
The modulus key size that you select depends on
the level of security that you want to configure
and on any limitations imposed by the CA from
which you are obtaining the certificate. The
larger the number that you select, the higher the
security level will be for the certificate. Most
CAs recommend 2048 for the key modulus size;
however,
Note
Step 2
GoDaddy requires a key modulus size of
2048.
Enters the trustpoint configuration mode for the
specified trustpoint so that you can create the
trustpoint for the local entity.
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint trustpoint_name
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint local_ent
A trustpoint represents a CA identity and
possibly a device identity, based on a certificate
issued by the CA. Maximum name length is 128
characters.
Step 3
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name X.500_name
Example:
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
cn=Ent-local-domain-name**
Includes the indicated subject DN in the
certificate during enrollment.
Note
The domain name that you enter here
must match the domain name that has
been set for the local Cisco UCM.
For information about how to configure
the domain name for Cisco UCM, see the
Cisco Unified Communications
Manager documentation for information.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-21
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 4
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair keyname
Example:
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair local-ent-key
Specifies the key pair whose public key is to be
certified.
Step 5
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enroll terminal
Specifies that you will use the “copy and paste”
method of enrollment with this trustpoint (also
known as manual enrollment).
Step 6
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from the CA Trustpoint configuration
mode.
Step 7
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca enroll remote-ent
%
% Start certificate enrollment ...
% The subject name in the certificate will be:
% cn=enterpriseA
% The fully-qualified domain name in the certificate will
@ be: ciscoasa
% Include the device serial number in the subject name?
[yes/no]: no
Display Certificate Request to terminal? [yes/no]: yes
Starts the enrollment process with the CA.
Where trustpoint is the same as the value you
entered for trustpoint_name in Step 2.
When the trustpoint is configured for manual
enrollment (enroll terminal command), the
ASA writes a base-64-encoded PKCS10
certification request to the console and then
displays the CLI prompt. Copy the text from the
prompt.
Submit the certificate request to the CA, for
example, by pasting the text displayed at the
prompt into the certificate signing request
enrollment page on the CA website.
When the CA returns the signed identity
certificate, proceed to Step 8 in this procedure.
Step 8
hostname(config)# crypto ca import trustpoint certificate
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca import remote-ent certificate
Imports the signed certificate received from the
CA in response to a manual enrollment request.
Where trustpoint specifies the trustpoint you
created in Step 2.
The ASA prompts you to paste the base-64
formatted signed certificate onto the terminal.
Step 9
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca authenticate remote-ent
Authenticates the third-party identity certificate
received from the CA. The identity certificate is
associated with a trustpoint created for the
remote enterprise.
The ASA prompts you to paste the base-64
formatted identity certificate from the CA onto
the terminal.
What to Do Next
Create the TLS proxy for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine. See the “Creating the TLS Proxy”
section on page 20-23.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-22
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Creating the TLS Proxy
Because either enterprise, namely the local or remote Cisco UCM servers, can initiate the TLS
handshake (unlike IP Telephony or Cisco Mobility Advantage, where only the clients initiate the TLS
handshake), you must configure by-directional TLS proxy rules. Each enterprise can have an ASA as the
TLS proxy.
Create TLS proxy instances for the local and remote entity initiated connections respectively. The entity
that initiates the TLS connection is in the role of “TLS client.” Because the TLS proxy has a strict
definition of “client” and “server” proxy, two TLS proxy instances must be defined if either of the
entities could initiate the connection.
The example command lines in this task are based on a basic (in-line) deployment. See Figure 20-5 on
page 20-10 for an illustration explaining the example command lines in this task.
To create the TLS proxy, perform the following steps:
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config)# tls-proxy local_to_remote-ent
Creates the TLS proxy for the outbound
connections.
Step 2
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point
proxy_trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client trust-point local-ent
For outbound connections, specifies the trustpoint
and associated certificate that the adaptive security
appliance uses in the TLS handshake when the
adaptive security appliance assumes the role of the
TLS client. The certificate must be owned by the
adaptive security appliance (identity certificate).
Where proxy_trustpoint specifies the trustpoint
defined by the crypto ca trustpoint command in
Step 2 in “Creating Trustpoints and Generating
Certificates” section on page 20-20.
Step 3
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
cipher_suite
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1 3des-sha1 null-sha1
For outbound connections, controls the TLS
handshake parameter for the cipher suite.
Where cipher_suite includes des-sha1, 3des-sha1,
aes128-sha1, aes256-sha1, or null-sha1.
For client proxy (the proxy acts as a TLS client to
the server), the user-defined cipher suite replaces the
default cipher suite, or the one defined by the ssl
encryption command. Use this command to achieve
difference ciphers between the two TLS sessions.
You should use AES ciphers with the Cisco UCM
server.
Step 4
hostname(config-tlsp)# exit
Exits from the TLS proxy configuration mode.
Step 5
hostname(config)# tls-proxy proxy_name
Example:
hostname(config)# tls-proxy remote_to_local-ent
Create the TLS proxy for inbound connections.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-23
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Step 6
Command
Purpose
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point
proxy_trustpoint
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# server trust-point local-ent
For inbound connections, specifies the proxy
trustpoint certificate presented during TLS
handshake. The certificate must be owned by the
adaptive security appliance (identity certificate).
Where proxy_trustpoint specifies the trustpoint
defined by the crypto ca trustpoint command in
Step 2 in “Creating Trustpoints and Generating
Certificates” section on page 20-20.
Because the TLS proxy has strict definition of client
proxy and server proxy, two TLS proxy instances
must be defined if either of the entities could initiate
the connection.
Step 7
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
cipher_suite
Example:
hostname(config-tlsp)# client cipher-suite
aes128-sha1 aes256-sha1 3des-sha1 null-sha1
For inbound connections, controls the TLS
handshake parameter for the cipher suite.
Step 8
hostname(config-tlsp)# exit
Exits from the TSL proxy configuration mode.
Step 9
hostname(config)# ssl encryption 3des-shal
aes128-shal [algorithms]
Specifies the encryption algorithms that the
SSL/TLS protocol uses. Specifying the 3des-shal
and aes128-shal is required. Specifying other
algorithms is optional.
Where cipher_suite includes des-sha1, 3des-sha1,
aes128-sha1, aes256-sha1, or null-sha1.
Note
The Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy requires that you use strong
encryption. You must specify this command
when the proxy is licensed using a K9
license.
What to Do Next
Once you have created the TLS proxy, enable it for SIP inspection.
Enabling SIP Inspection for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Enable the TLS proxy for SIP inspection and define policies for both entities that could initiate the
connection.
The example command lines in this task are based on a basic (in-line) deployment. See Figure 20-5 on
page 20-10 for an illustration explaining the example command lines in this task.
Note
If you want to change any Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy settings after you enable SIP
inspection, you must enter the no service-policy command, and then reconfigure the service policy as
described in this procedure. Removing and reconfiguring the service policy does not affect existing calls;
however, the first call traversing the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy will fail. Enter the clear
connection command and restart the ASA.
To enable SIP inspection for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy, perform the following steps:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-24
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 1
hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
Examples:
hostname(config)# class-map ime-inbound-sip
Defines a class for the inbound Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine SIP traffic.
Step 2
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list
access_list_name
Examples:
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list
ime-inbound-sip
Identifies the SIP traffic to inspect.
Where the access_list_name is the ACL you
created in Step 3, page 20-15 of the task Creating
ACLs for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Step 3
hostname(config-cmap)# exit
Exits from the class map configuration mode.
Step 4
hostname(config)# class-map class_map_name
Examples:
hostname(config)# class-map ime-outbound-sip
Defines a class for the outbound SIP traffic from
Cisco Intercompany Media Engine.
Step 5
hostname(config)# match access-list access_list_name
Examples:
hostname(config-cmap)# match access-list
ime-outbound-sip
Identifies which outbound SIP traffic to inspect.
Where the access_list_name is the ACL you
created in Step 4, page 20-15 of the task Creating
ACLs for Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy.
Step 6
hostname(config-cmap)# exit
Exits from the class map configuration mode.
Step 7
hostname(config)# policy-map name
Examples:
hostname(config)# policy-map ime-policy
Defines the policy map to which to attach the actions
for the class of traffic.
Step 8
hostname(config-pmap)# class classmap_name
Examples:
hostname(config-pmap)# class ime-outbound-sip
Assigns a class map to the policy map so that you
can assign actions to the class map traffic.
Where classmap_name is the name of the SIP class
map that you created in Step 1 in this task.
Step 9
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip [sip_map]
tls-proxy proxy_name uc-ime uc_ime_map
Examples:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip tls-proxy
local_to_remote-ent uc-ime local-ent-ime
Enables the TLS proxy and Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine Proxy for the specified SIP inspection
session.
Step 10
hostname(config-cmap-c)# exit
Exits from the policy map class configuration mode.
Step 11
hostname(config-pmap)# class class_map_name
Examples:
hostname(config-pmap)# class ime-inbound-sip
Assigns a class map to the policy map so that you
can assign actions to the class map traffic.
Where classmap_name is the name of the SIP class
map that you created in Step 4 in this task.
Step 12
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip [sip_map]
tls-proxy proxy_name uc-ime uc_ime_map
Examples:
hostname(config-pmap-c)# inspect sip tls-proxy
remote-to-local-ent uc-ime local-ent-ime
Enables the TLS proxy and Cisco Intercompany
Media Engine Proxy for the specified SIP inspection
session.
Step 13
hostname(config-pmap-c)# exit
Exits from the policy map class configuration mode.
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-25
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Command
Purpose
Step 14
hostname(config-pmap)# exit
Exits from the policy map configuration mode.
Step 15
hostname(config)# service-policy policymap_name
global
Examples:
hostname(config)# service-policy ime-policy global
Enables the service policy for SIP inspection for all
interfaces.
Where policymap_name is the name of the policy
map you created in Step 7 of this task.
See Creating the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine
Proxy, page 20-17 for information about the
UC-IME proxy settings. See CLI configuration
guide for information about the no service-policy
command.
What to Do Next
Once you have enabled the TLS proxy for SIP inspection, if necessary, configure TLS within the
enterprise. See (Optional) Configuring TLS within the Local Enterprise, page 20-26.
(Optional) Configuring TLS within the Local Enterprise
This task is not required if TCP is allowable within the inside network.
TLS within the enterprise refers to the security status of the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine trunk as
seen by the ASA.
Note
If the transport security for the Cisco Intercompany Media Engine trunk changes on Cisco UCM, it must
be changed on the ASA as well. A mismatch will result in call failure. The ASA does not support SRTP
with non-secure IME trunks. The ASA assumes SRTP is allowed with secure trunks. So ‘SRTP Allowed’
must be checked for IME trunks if TLS is used. The ASA supports SRTP fallback to RTP for secure IME
trunk calls.
Prerequisites
On the local Cisco UCM, download the Cisco UCM certificate. See the Cisco Unified Communications
Manager documentation for information. You will need this certificate when performing Step 6 of this
procedure.
Procedure
To configure TLS within the local enterprise, perform the following steps on the local ASA:
Cisco ASA Series Firewall CLI Configuration Guide
20-26
Chapter 20
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Configuring Cisco Intercompany Media Engine Proxy
Step 1
Commands
Purpose
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
key-pair-label
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enroll self
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair keyname
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
x.500_name
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto key generate rsa label
local-ent-key
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint local-asa
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enroll self
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# keypair
key-local-asa
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# subject-name
cn=Ent-local-domain-name**., o="Example Corp"
Creates an RSA key and trustpoint for the
self-signed certificate.
Where key-pair-label is the RSA key for the local
ASA.
Where trustpoint_name is the trustpoint for the
local ASA.
Where keyname is key pair for the local ASA.
Where x.500_name includes the X.500 distinguished
name of the local ASA; for example,
cn=Ent-local-domain-name**.
Note
The domain name that you enter here must
match the domain name that has been set for
the local Cisco UCM. For information about
how to configure the domain name for Cisco
UCM, see the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager documentation
for information.
Step 2
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# exit
Exits from Trustpoint Configuration mode.
Step 3
hostname(config)# crypto ca export trustpoint
identity-certificate
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca export local-asa
identity-certificate
Exports the certificate you created in Step 1. The
certificate contents appear on the terminal screen.
Copy the certificate from the terminal screen. This
certificate enables Cisco UCM to validate the
certificate that the ASA sends in the TLS handshake.
On the local Cisco UCM, upload the certificate into
the Cisco UCM trust store. See the Cisco Unified
Communications Manager documentation for
information.
Note
Step 4
Step 5
The subject name you enter while uploading
the certificate to the local Cisco UCM is
compared with the X.509 Subject Name
field entered on the SIP Trunk Security
Profile on Cisco UCM. For example,
“Ent-local-domain-name” was entered in
Step 1 of this task; therefore,
“Ent-local-domain-name” should be entered
in the Cisco UCM configuration.
Creates a trustpoint for local Cisco UCM.
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint
trustpoint_name
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enroll terminal
Example:
hostname(config)# crypto ca trustpoint local-ent-ucm
hostname(config-ca-trustpoint)# enroll terminal
Where trustpoint_name is the trustpoint for the
local Cisco UCM.
hostname(config