Clarke Duet Guide

DUET
TM
DUAL-ACTION
EFFICACY
Adulticide for Mosquito Control
Delivers more control of natural mosquito populations
Versatile in a range of operational conditions
Effective even at lower rates of application
RESOURCE GUIDE
TWO ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
FOR GREATER STRENGTH
AND VERSATILITY
Duet,™ an advanced dual-action mosquito adulticide,
combines the proven efficacy of Sumithrin® (the active
ingredient found in Anvil®) plus the exceptional knockdown of prallethrin.Together, these two active
ingredients provide you a unique, effective and
faster way to control mosquitoes.
DUET’S BENEFITS
Delivers more
control of
natural mosquito
populations
Versatile
in a range
of operational
conditions
Effective at
even low rates
of application
PRALLETHRIN
» Superior efficacy
» Exceptional knockdown
» Non-corrosive
» Effective at very low rates
» Low odor
» Application versatility
DUET ™
SUMITHRIN
» Favorable toxicology
Stronger and Faster
Biodegradable
With the combination of Sumithrin
and prallethrin, Duet effectively controls
more mosquitoes more quickly. Duet
has a faster knockdown than other
products. In addition, despite its potent
combination of active ingredients,
Duet has approximately the same toxicity profile as Anvil.® This offers increased
efficacy with the same low toxicity.
More than a generation ago, scientists
created synthetic pyrethroids, which
emulate naturally occurring pyrethrins,
found in chrysanthemum flowers.
Two of these synthetic pyrethroids —
Sumithrin and prallethrin (brand name
ETOC®) — kill mosquitoes effectively,
yet biodegrade rapidly in the presence
of sunlight and/or microorganisms.
The two actives with the synergist
piperonyl butoxide (PBO) yield superior
performance for mosquito control.
» Benign agitation
» Temperature coefficient
phenomenon gives
improved coverage for
early and late season
application
Active Ingredients:
Prallethrin (1%)
(RS)-2-methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-propynyl)
cyclopent-2-enyl-(1RS)-cis,
transchrysanthemate
Sumithrin (5%)
3-Phenoxybenzyl-(1RS, 3RS; 1RS, 3SR)-2,
2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)
cyclopropanecarboxylate
Piperonyl Butoxide (5%)
Other Ingredients (89%)
1
BENIGN AGITATION:
EXCELLENT KNOCKDOWN
AND GREATER CONTROL
Field trial and cage observations have shown that
Duet™ causes benign agitation — a non-biting excitation
of mosquitoes. This has the potential to draw mosquitoes
from a resting state, causing more of them to come
in contact with droplets and increase efficacy. As a result,
you can have greater control on a larger percentage
of the total mosquito population.
Benign Agitation Studies
Prove Duet’s Effectiveness
In laboratory studies,* benign agitation
was demonstrated by looking at the
active ingredients in Duet, separately.
Ultra low volume (ULV) droplets were
introduced into a wind tunnel. The
response of resting mosquitoes was
video recorded and movement/flight
pattern observed before, during,
and after exposure. Mosquitoes
exposed to insecticides moved faster
when sprayed. Prallethrin produced
increased flight activity during spray
while Sumithrin (the other active
ingredient in Duet) produced increased
activity during the post-spray period.
In another study** that showed the
formulated product of Duet increases
the percentage of resting mosquitoes
to take flight post spray, it was also
demonstrated that mosquitoes remain
in flight longer than with competitive
formulations.
The bottom line: With Duet, more
resting mosquitoes take flight to
come in contact with more droplets,
thus improving the efficacy of
the application.
*Study by by Gary G. Clark and Sandra A. Allan of the CMAVE, USDA, Gainesville, FL; Miriam F.
Cooperband with APHIS, USDA, Otis ANGB, MA, and William Jany, Clarke. Tests conducted with female
Culex quinquefasciatus using a range of adulticides with different active ingredients.
**Work by Gary Benzon, Benzon Research, Carlise, PA.
2
Key:
Duet™
Py / PBO
Scourge
BioMist
Dibrom
Concentrate
5 Minutes After Exposure
Excitation Over Time
40
70
60
30
50
M E A N % E XC I TAT I O N
40
E XC I TAT I O N %
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time (Min)
20
10
0
Pyrethrins/
PBO
Duet
BioMist
1.5 + 7
Dibrom
Concentrate
Scourge
18 + 54
Source: Dr. Hajime Hirai, Sumi World, 1997
Source: G. Benzon, Benzon Research, Carlisle, PA.
Comparative Insecticidal Activity
COMPOUND
LD50 (μG / INSECT) MOSQUITO 2
Prallethrin
0.0032
Pyrethrins
0.022
2
Culex pipiens pallens, female adult
Prallethrin exhibits high killing activity against
mosquitoes compared to pyrethrins.
We believe that an important part of being an
environmental steward is product rotation. Product
rotation maximizes the effectiveness of every program
by preventing cross-resistance.
To help select products for rotation in your program,
visit clarke.com/mosquitocontrolproducts to view
our full line of product offerings.
3
PROFILE
OF AN ADVANCED
ADULTICIDE OPTION
Product Density
ACTIVE INGREDIENT
SUMITHRIN
PRALLETHRIN
DUET
Specific Gravity
1.060
1.03
.87
Molecular Weight
350.5
300.4
—
Viscosity
—
—
13.4 cp @24 C
Vapor Pressure
1.4 x 10 -7mm/Hg @21.4°C
3.5 x 10 -5 mm/Hg @21.4°C
—
Acute Toxicology
Toxicology
STUDY
SUMITHRIN
PRALLETHRIN
SPECIES
DUET
96 Hr Acute Flow Through LC50 Rainbow Trout
17 μg/l
12 μg/l
Oral LD50 (rats)
> 5000 mg/kg
96 Hr Acute Flow Through LC50 Bluegill
18 μg/l
22 μg/l
Dermal LD50 (rats)
> 5000 mg/kg
48 Hr Acute EC 50 Daphnia magna
4.3 μg/l
6.2 μg/l
Eye Irritation (rabbits)
Minimal irritation
Honey Bee 48 Hr Acute Contact LD50
0.064 μg/bee
0.028 μg/bee
Inhalation LC50 (rats)
> 2.04 mg/l
Acute Oral LC50 Bobwhite Quail
2510 mg/kg
1171 mg/kg
Skin Sensitization (guinea pig)
Negative
Environmental Toxicity
In Sunlight: The active ingredients
in Duet™ are photolabile. The molecules
easily decompose in the presence of
sunlight. The half-lives of Sumithrin
and prallethrin in water in the presence
of light range from 9.1 to 13.9 hours.
The degradation products of Sumithrin
and prallethrin are non-persistent.
Moderately rapid aerobic and anaerobic
soil degradation was found in the
absence of sunlight.
4
In Soil: Sumithrin and prallethrin are
not readily transported from the site
of application. Neither Sumithrin nor
prallethrin bioaccumulates.
Eco-Tier™ Ranking:
The Clarke Eco-Tier™ Index offers
three tiers of products, equipment and
services ranked by their impact on the
environment. Duet is ranked as an
“Advanced” product.
ADVANCED
CAGED TRIAL RESULTS
SUPERIOR KNOCKDOWN
AND CONTROL
Initial Field Research
Key:
Initial field research for Duet™
has demonstrated excellent results.
Tests were conducted involving
the following species:
Control
24-Hour Mortality
1-Hour Knockdown
Michigan: An. punctipennis,
Oc. trivittatus and Ae. vexans
Florida: Oc. taeniorhynchus
Duet Ground ULV @150'
Rate: 0.41 oz/acre rate
Illinois: Coq. perturbans, Oc. trivittatus
and Culex restuans
(Punta Gorda, Florida)
(Plato Center, Illinois)
100
Protocols:
» Mosquitoes collected via CO2
baited ABC traps
» Cages placed @100-200' intervals
» 10 min. exposure then transferred
to holding cages
60
PERCENT %
» Mouth-aspirate mosquitoes
80
40
20
0
» Mosquitoes fed 10% sugarwater solution
24-Hr
Mortality
1-Hr
Knockdown
24-Hr
Mortality
Duet ULV at Long Distances
Location: Saginaw, MI – 9/1/06
Rate: 0.0012 ai/acre Sumithrin and 0.0003 lbs/acre prallethrin
K N O C K D OW N / M O R TA L I T Y %
» Monitor knockdown @ 1-Hr,
and 24-Hr mortality
» Controls handled same as
treated mosquitoes
1-Hr
Knockdown
100
80
60
40
20
0
(Control)
(200 ft)
(400 ft)
(600 ft)
1-Hr
Knockdown
24-Hr
Mortality
Even at distances up to 600 ft from the spray nozzle, Duet
demonstrates superior knockdown and control.
5
APPLICATION METHODS
OPTIMIZED FOR YOUR
EQUIPMENT
Duet™ has been proven effective whether applied
by air or ground (truck, ATV, backpack). Optimized for
all standard ULV application equipment and nozzles,
Duet is non-corroding to your application apparatus.
Applying Duet by Air
Aerial applications can be completed with fixed wing or rotary aircraft. Based on your
program needs, Duet can be applied at a range of .41 to 1.23 fl. oz/acre. Droplet VMD
(volume median diameter) should be optimized between 25—30 microns. In wind tunnel
atomization studies, Duet has shown to effectively produce this droplet size range when
sprayed through equipment that has been correctly calibrated.
To Optimize Your Aerial Application:
1
Select the Proper Nozzle
Refer to the table to achieve the
optimized less-than-30-micron droplet
VMD. Some of the best nozzles for
Duet usage are rotary (e.g. Beecomist
or Micronair). Note that flat fan nozzles
require orientation 130 degrees into
the wind, and may not produce droplets
within the desired spectrum when
aircraft travel below 170 mph.
AIRCRAFT TYPE
NOZZLE TYPE
SIZE
ANGLE
Fixed wing
Flat fan
80-110°, small orifice 005-04
135° forward
Fixed wing
Micronair Nozzles** AU5000*
Standard cage mesh
Straight back
Fixed wing
Beecomist*
10, 20 or 40 ųm screen
Straight back
Rotary wing
Micronair Nozzles** AU5000*
Standard cage mesh
Straight back
Rotary wing
Beecomist*
40 ųm screen
Straight back
* Adjust RPM of nozzles to deliver the appropriate droplet spectrum required for your application.
Note: Data is for general information only. Actual droplet size will depend on the application conditions and
factors such as nozzle and atomizer condition. Always calibrate sprayers to ensure required dosage rate and
conditions are met. As always, read and follow label directions.
6
** AU 4,000, AU 5,000, AU 6,600 brushless
2
Calibration Process
To adjust your spray system
for proper flow rate:
Swath x Speed
» Determine the number of acres
per minute your aircraft will treat by
using the first formula shown.
Acres
Oz
Min
Acre
= Acres / Min
495
» Select the Duet labeled flow rate
(in ounces per acre) required for
your needs.
=
Oz
Min
™
» Using the second formula, multiply
the figures derived from the two
steps above to determine the proper
Calibration Flow.
Calibration Flow
PRALLETHRIN
SUMITHRIN
PBO
FLOW RATES
0.00072 lbs. Al/acre
0.0036 lbs. Al/acre
0.0036 lbs. Al/acre
1.23 fl. oz/acre
0.00044 lbs. Al/acre
0.0022 lbs. Al/acre
0.0022 lbs. Al/acre
0.75 fl. oz/acre
0.00036 lbs. Al/acre
0.0018 lbs. Al/acre
0.0018 lbs. Al/acre
0.61 fl. oz/acre
0.00024 lbs. Al/acre
0.0012 lbs. Al/acre
0.0012 lbs. Al/acre
0.41 fl. oz/acre
3
Droplet Dynamics
Droplet VMD should be optimized
between 25-30 microns to achieve
maximum performance. Confirm the
droplet size by placing slide impingers
with Teflon coated slides as described
in the diagram. Droplets on slides
can be measured using a compound
microscope with a mechanical stage
and an ocular micrometer. Starting
at one end of the slide, measure each
droplet as they pass through the
eyepiece micrometer. The expected
spread factor for Duet is 0.59
(minimum of 200 droplets collected).
Use this factor until the actual spread
factor is determined.
To Determine Appropriate Offset:
» Place droplet collectors 50 ft apart
and 90 degrees to the wind direction.
» Fly directly into wind over slides
at 75 ft. Spray for 15 seconds after
passing over slide collectors.
» Wait 10 minutes after application
for upwind droplets to reach
collectors.
7
Duet™ By Ground
Duet should be applied using ULV spray equipment capable
of producing ULV spray droplets with a VMD of 8-30 microns.
Use the Following Guidelines, Assuming a 300 ft Swath:
Fl. oz/acre
* Flow rates in fluid oz/min at truck speeds of:
DUET
5 MPH
10 MPH
15 MPH
20 MPH
1.23 oz/acre
3.7 oz
7.4 oz
11.2 oz
14.9 oz
0.75 oz/acre
2.3 oz
4.6 oz
6.8 oz
9.1 oz
0.61 oz/acre
1.9 oz
3.7 oz
5.6 oz
7.4 oz
0.41 oz/acre
1.2 oz
2.5 oz
3.7 oz
5.0 oz
* Assumes a 300 ft spray swath
To Optimize Your
Ground Application:
To achieve maximum performance,
droplet VMD should be optimized
between 10-20 microns. Droplet spectrum may be determined by using
the hot-wire method using a DCIII
(AIMS) unit that measures and
calculates VMD or MMD for oil-based
liquids. Application equipment must
be tested at least annually to confirm
that pressure at the nozzle and nozzle
flow rate(s) are properly calibrated.
Standard Droplet Collection:
Standard Droplet Measurement:
» Use Teflon-coated microscope slide
» Use a compound microscope
equipped with a mechanical stage
and an ocular micrometer placed
in the eyepiece.
» Attach slide to 3'— 4' rod
» Stand 10'— 25' downwind
from nozzle
» Distance is dependent
on sprayer velocity
» Starting at one end of the slide,
measure each droplet as they pass
through the eyepiece micrometer.
» Higher velocity of sprayer =
further distance from nozzle
(not to exceed 25')
» A minimum of 200 droplets
should be measured to obtain an
adequate sample.
» Swing rod (with coated slide
facing the insecticide) once rapidly
in a baseball swing/diagonal motion
toward the sprayer, through the
spray cloud
» Spread factor for Duet: 0.59.
EN VIRON MEN TA L CON D I T I ON S FOR A IR A N D G R O U N D A P P L I C ATI O N
Duet should be applied when conditions are favorable for ULV applications. Favorable application conditions occur
when the atmosphere at application height to immediately above ground level is stable. This condition is characteristic
of an inversion, which occurs when temperatures increase with height. Stability is also influenced by solar radiation
and heat exchange between air, soil and vegetation. As a result, favorable conditions for ULV applications usually
occur prior to sunrise and after dusk. Duet has been shown to have a negative temperature coefficient. This means it is
extremely effective, early and late season when temperatures are between 50°-65° F and most mosquitoes are active.
8
FREQUENTLY
ASKED QUESTIONS
Q: What is prallethrin and how
did it come into use as a mosquito
adulticide?
A: Prallethrin was developed in the
1980s as an alternative to pyrethrins.
It was first registered for use with the
U.S. EPA in 1995. Since then, it has
been in use in pest control products
throughout the world.
Q: Does Duet™ pose a health
risk to community residents?
A: All products involve a balance
between risks and benefits. The
active ingredients in Duet have
been carefully tested. Duet is registered for ground and aerial
applications in outdoor residential
and recreational areas.
Q: Does the combination of
prallethrin and Sumithrin in Duet
increase toxicity?
A: No. Duet has the same
toxicology profile as Anvil.®
Q: How does Duet break
down in the environment?
A: Duet’s active ingredients break down
rapidly in sunlight into carbon dioxide
and water vapor.
Q: What is Sumithrin, and how
does it impact mosquitoes?
A: Sumithrin, best known in the
Anvil formulation, is an active ingredient used for adult mosquito control.
A synthetic pyrethroid, Sumithrin
replicates the mosquito controlling
properties of pyrethrin, derived from
chrysanthemum plants. It has been
widely used in mosquito control since
1975, and in the Anvil formulation has
been used in every major mosquito
control effort in the U.S. since 1999.
Both prallethrin and Sumithrin interrupt
the sodium channel complex in mosquito nerve axons.
Q: Is adult control effective?
A: Generally, spraying for adult
mosquitoes is highly effective at killing
adult mosquitoes on the wing. With
Duet, the dual-active formulation
provides excellent control among
commonly controlled mosquitoes
even at low application rates.
Q: How much Duet is
typically applied?
A: Duet is applied in very low dosages,
from less than half an ounce to a little
more than one ounce of formulated
product per acre (.41 to 1.23 fl oz/ac).
In lay terms, approximately a teaspoon
of formulated product treats an area
the size of a football field.
9
Clarke
GLOBAL HEADQUARTERS
675 Sidwell Ct.
St. Charles, Il 60174
Phone: 1.800.323.5727
Fax: 1.630.443.3070
www.clarke.com
Clarke is a global environmental products and services company. Each year, Clarke helps make
communities around the world more livable, safe and comfortable by pioneering, developing
and delivering environmentally responsible disease prevention and habitat management solutions.
In 2008, Clarke founded The Clarke Cares Foundation, a non-profit created to provide disease
prevention support for communities with critical needs.
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© 2010 Clarke. Duet and Eco-Tier are trademarks of Clarke. Anvil is a registered trademark of Clarke.
Sumithrin and ETOC are registered trademarks of Sumitomo Chemical Corporation.
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