TYPEWRITER REIAIR MAI{UAL

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TYPEWRITER REIAIR MAI{UAL | Manualzz
No. 1336
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THE
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TYPEWRITER
REIAIR
MAI{UAL
BY HOWARDHUTCHISON
TAB BOOKSInc.
BLUE RIDGE SUMMIT, PA
lrr c I u.'ci eg-;
Pro faee
ch. L,2,&.+
Ch
3 onni**eJ
Contents
Preface
Controls
olTypewriler
0e{inition
andanOverview
7
II
Good Communications-Service Manual--Manual and Electric
Typewriters-Keybutton or Key-Typebars and Typebar
Heads-Typebar Typawriter-Single Element TypewriterStandard Typewriter-Pitch of a Typewnter-Pica and EliteProportional Spacing Typewriter-Typewriter RibbonsTabl+Feed Rollv-Overview of ConPlaten-Carriag+-Paper
trol Buttons and Levers-lBM Selectric ll Controls-Summary
Mechanisms
ManualTypewriter
FIRSTEOITION
FIRSTPRINTING
CopyrighrO 1981byTAS BOOKS Inc.
Printed in tre United States of America
Reproduction or publicatron of th€
content in any manner, without express
Noriabirty
rsassumJ.,nirn
,..pbaro
f^"JTlTSlrT,H:,,HjJ5li,JJj,ll"n,o,teo
Libraryol CongressCataloging
in pubficatjon
Data
Hutchison,
Howard.
Thetypewriterrepairmanual.
Includesindex.
1. Typewriters-Mainlenanceand repar
r__flandbooks,manuals,elc. l. Tifla.
249.H954 652.3 81_919s
1SBNG8306-0034_5MCR2
ISBN0-83061336-6(pbk.)
44
Typing Machanism-Spacing Mechanism-Escapement
Space Mechanism-Margin
Stop
Mochanism-Back
Mech anisrrp-Margin Rolease Mech a nisrn-Shitt Mechani srnShift Lock Mechanisnr*Vertical Line Spacing Mechanisrn-Paper Feef-Paper Release Mecfranisrn-Ribbon Feed (or
Transport) Mechanisnr-Ribbon Lift Mechanisrn-Tabulation
Mechanisrn-Tab Set-Cloar Mechanisnr--Carriage FleleasePlaten Release Mechanisrn-Summary
Mechanisms
Electric
Typewriter
86
Power Ro(l-Electrical System-Driving Mechanism-Swrtch
Mech ani s m-Typing Mech anis ms-Escapement M e chanisrn-Shift Mechanism-Hall SpaceMechanism-Space Mechanisms-Back Space Mechanisms-Tab Set and Clear Mecfranisms-Color Change and Ribbon Lift Mechanism-Ribbon Feed
Mechanism-Ribbon Cartridge Mechanism-Line Space
Mechanisnr-Paper Feed and Release Mechanisnr-Carriage
Mechanism-Platen
Release
Mechanism-Correction
Release-Summary
Practical
TipsfortheBeginning
Typewriter
Repairman
Sticky, Dirty Typewriters-Thoroughly Cleaning and Lubing a
Typewriter-Giving a Typewriter a Superlicial Cleaning and
Lubing-Cosmetic Cleaning-Selecting Tools-Designing a
Workshop*Securing Technical Information on TypewritersGetting Service Manuals and Parts Catalogs From IBMReconditioned Platens-Adlusting the Pressure on Individual
fypebars-Removing Typewriter Corers-Stocklng an Assorlment of Ribbons-Giving a Cuslomer an Estimate--Summary
134
Ch.558,6orn,#-J
x
5 Making
Repairs
andAdjustments
ontheOtympia
ModelB-12
Parts of the olympia Moder B-12-Deveroping the Right Mental
Attitude to Repair and Adjust Typewrirers-cleaning ind oiling
the Olympia Model B-12-The Back Space Doesn,t-Work_The
carriage Binds*The shift Binds-The shift-Lock Fairs to
Lock-The EscapementMarfunctions-The carriage Fails to Line
Lock-The Lina Space Fails to Space or ls lrregular_The paper
Feed Doesn'r Feed or Feeds Erraticaily-The piper Rereasewiil
Not Release the Paper When the paper Release Lever ls
P u l l e d - T h e M a r g i n F a i r st o R e r e a s eW h e n t h e M a r g i n R e r e a s e
Button ls Depressed-The Tab Set-Clear Faits to blear_Tne
Tabulator Fails to]ab-TJre carriage Moves when Tabbing But
Fails to stop at a Preset stop-Tne Typebar Farrsto print When
Activates-The Machine Fairs to space when the space Bar rs
Tapped-The Repeat-Space Faits to Repeat_The Ftibbon Litt
will Not Place the FtibbonFuily Between the Typefaceand ptaten
During Typing-The Ribbon ls Not Fed-The Ribbon Fails ro
Reverse-The Variable Line Spacer Fails to Operate_
Adjustrnenls--Removar of covers, components and Meihanisms
of the Olympia Modet B-12-Btow-Up DrawingsWth Accompany_
l1tgParts Numbersand Name-NumberListsfoi the OtympiaModet
B-12-Summary
x
procedures
6 Adjustment
andRepair
f orhe Brofter
ModelJPS
Removing the covers-Removing sre Motor-Adjusting the Bert
Tension--The switch Mechanisrn-The printing' Mec[anisrnThe Space Bar Mechanism-The Escapemeni Mechanisrn_
Back Space Mechanism-The Shitt Mechanisnr-The Taburator
Mechanism-The_ Color Change and the Bibbon Lifting
Mechanism-The Ribbon Feed and Reverse Mecr"ranisrn-The
Margin Release and Margin Stop Mechanisnr_The Spring
Drum-The Paper Feed Mechanisrn-The paper Flelease
Mechanism-The Lrne Space Mechanism_The Carriage
Release-Adjustment of the Warning Beil-The Repeat Space
Mechanisrn-Removing the Uppei Cover and Left platen
Knob-The
S h i ft M e c h a n i s m - - T h e C a r r i a g e R e t u r n
Mechanism-The Return Clutch-The Returi Jamming
Releas+The
Carriage Release Mechanism_Line Space
Mechanism-Parts Brow-ups and parls Names and Numbeis for
t h e B r o l h e rM o d e t s3 , 0 0 0 , 1 , 0 0 0a n d X L - 4 , O 0 0 _ p a r t sB t o w _ U p s
and Parts Names and Numbers for the Brother Model 35OG_
MechanismRemoval Procedures-Summary
n2
Preface
25O
Appendin Typewriter
Manufacfurersand/or
Distributors349
t
lndex',= \
\
350
n ci.-'-le;J
One of the great mysteriesof machinerepair, from the layman's
viewpoint,hasbeenin the field of typewriters.Probablyonceor
twice in your life youhavehadproblemswith a typewriter,takenit
to the repair shop,andbeeninformedthat therewasa "flat fee" for
rninimumserviceto the machine,and anythingbeyondminimum
sen,icewouldbe subjectto an hourlyrate. The unfortunateaspect
of this informationwasthat the "flat fee" turnedout to be aboutttre
job,
equivalentof a day'swageson your factoryor Secretarial and
or three
two
was
about
ask)
to
nerve
(if
you
the
had
the hourly rate
timesyour own hourlyrate. Then,whenthe machinewasreturned
to you (you pickedit up, of course,to saveadditionalcharges),you
it over to find that it wasnow niceandcleiurlooking,andthe
t,-roked
remained.How
lrrtiblemhad beensolved. But a naggingmystery
time didhe
how
much
and
do,
actually
repairman
did
the
rnuchwork
was wipe
did
he
maybe-all
Maybe-just
it?
put
in
doing
sctually
and
spring,
a
rlre machineoff on the outside,reachin and rehook
the
twice
was
about
rirenmake out the ticket for $92.50-which
break.
coffee
tookhis
then
rt,salevalueof the machine-and
On the other hand, the professionalrepairmancould argue
to explainexactlywhathe did' largelyon
tlrathe is not duty-bound
tlre premise that the average layman wouldn't understandit
like
anyway. And he might also argue-rightly enough-that'
must
the
customers
people,
professional
larvyers and other
ultimatelypayfor the educationandtrainingthat allowshim to find
tlrt'springthatneedsrehooking'
The abovescenariois more true in the field of typewriter
t?l):rirthan in, say,autorepair,in whicha lot of do-it-yourselfers
havelearnedto relinetheir ownbrakes,tuneup their own engines
and even make major overhauls,largely as a matter of survival.
Many of theseamateurmechanics
learnto do competentwork, and
manyrnoreof them go on to becomeprofessionals.
why isn't this
thecasein the field of typewriterrepair?
One answer to this questionis that, in most cases, if
professionalhelp isn't affordable,it turns out to be more practical
to relegatea typewriterto the closetthanit would be to put the
family car on blocks.Individualswith only moderatemechanical
knowledgeventureforth to fix their cars,andfindthat it isn't nearly
as difficultas their friendly neighborhood
garagemantold them it
wouldbe.
The other answeris that the mechanisms
of a typewriter look
truly formidable,largely becausebookshelvesof librariesand
bookstoresaren'tstockedwith typewnterrepairmanuals,as they
are with auto repair manuals.Manuals,suchas the one you are
holding in your hand, are a tremendoushelp in making these
mechanismslook less formidable.And if the manualis written
exclusivelyfor laymen-ds thisoners-you'll find that not only do
the illustrationsdo much to clarify the operation,functions,and
workingsequences
of andtolerancesbetweenvariousparts,but
also, the text is written so clearly that ail those things that
professionals
know(butareapparently
swornneverto divuige)are
clearly spelled out. In other words, once you know how, it's
infinitelyeasierto equalizethe typingpressureon tie typebarsof
that older IBM typewriter thanto changethe sparkplugs on your
vw super Beetle.It is easierto changea praten,and know when
and why it shouldbe changed,than to rotate the tires on your
stationwagon.
Youmay arguethat this is all very well, but the fact is that the
tbreeautopartsstoresin your smalltownall vie with eachotherfor
the privilegeof sellingyou sparkplugs.where in the world would
you find a new typewriterplaten?It hasbeenmy own, iong-held
opinion that a great shortcomingof somedo-it-yourselfbooksis
that they don't spell out preciselyhow arrdwhere unusualor
specializedparts are obtained.Yes, there are sourcesof typewriter suppliesand parts, with apparentlyenoughto go around
throughoutthe uhited states,but obtainingthem requiresjust a
slightly different approachthan just walkinginto your neighborhood store. In this book I wiil speil out in greatdetail how to get
typewritersuppliesandparts.
Then there is the questionof obtainingservicemanualsfor
specifictypewnters. I havebeentold-more thanonceand quite
I
enrphatically-thatit would be impossibleto compile all the
technicalinformation on every conceivabletypewriter brand./
rrrodelstill in usein the UnitedStatesbetweenthe coversof one
book.Of courseI hadto admit-and a moment'sreflectionwill tell
you-that this is true, andthat the best that I couldpossiblydo
would be to provide illustrationsand clearly written textual
rlescriptionsof represenlativetypewriter mechanismsand, to
providedetailedandcomprehensive
translatethisintopracticality,
proceduresfor repairing a few specificbrand,/models,in both
electric and manualmachines.[n other words, if your goal is to
repair/maintainone typewriter, and that particular machineis
describedin this book,you will haveall the informationyou need.
Beyond that, this book should provide you with an excellent
groundingin basicmechanisms,
as wellas a thoroughunderstandingof how andwhy they do whatthey do. If yourparticularmachine
rsnot represented
herein,youwillhavealreadybeeninstructedon
howandwhereto get servicemanualsandpartscatalogsthatareso
r)ecessary
for makingan effectiverepair.
If, on the other hand, your goal is to start a part-tirneor
in
thereis enoughinformation
full-timetypewriterrepairbusiness,
this book to get you on that track. These are not just vague
generalitiesapplicableto "businessin general,"but concrete,
ypecificstepsto take-such asmakingsuppliercontacts,planning
a workshop, buying equipment,etc. -for a typewriter repair
trusiness.
businessacumen,
As a matterof fact,if youcancornbine
an attribute you probably can't acquirefrom a book, with the
in thisbook,I don'tbelieveyoucouldfail
instructions
stcp-by-step
such
a
in
business.
Typewriter manufacturer/distributors
who cooperatedor in
$ome way helpedin compilingthe informationfor this book were
I ll M, OLYMPIA USA INC, andBrotherIntemationalCorporation.
For example,an IBM representativespent considerabletime
explaininghowto get IBM servicemanuals
andpartsCatalogs-as
rt'ell as restrictionson their republication--anda regionalIBM
engineerprovidedme with a wealthof informationregardingthe
IflM Model numberingsystem, which I am passingalong wrth
other IBM information.My Olymptacontactwaspleasedwith t}te
Olympiachapter.Brother Internationalwas extremelycooperati ve i n a ll ways.
The Ames SupplyCompany,a major supplierof typewriter
suppiies and parts, was extremely helpful and cooperativein
providinginformationfor anentirechapterof thisbook.
I shouldsaythatthereareinnumerable
possibilities
for errors
to creepinto a bookcontainingasmuchtechnicaldataas this one.
To avoidthis, I havesubmittedthe variouschaptersto the service
departments
of thepreviouslymentioned
companies.
The chapters
were readfor accuracy
by theirtechnicians.
They were all pleased
with the resultsandagreedthat this shouldmakea usefuimanual
for the laymanor beginningprofessional.
Finally, to possiblybelabora point I tried to makeearlier,I
would suggestthat you read this book not as an encyclopedic
volume of technicaldata but more as a textbook.I truly believe
that, when usedin this manner,it is the most usefurtypewriter
repair bookever compiledfor the laymanor beginningprofessional.
HowardHutchison
Chapter
1
Definitions
and
an0verviewof
Typewriter
Gontrols
Whenyou beginto makea typicalhomerepair(let'ssayrepairinga
lrroken window), your job is made relatively easy. Do-itI'ourselfershave been repairingtheir own windowsfor so many
-vearsthat neighborhoodhardwareand building supply stores,
rvhichare orientedto this kind of trade,are willing andeagerto
furnishall thematerials.Yourbuildingsupplydealerwi]t beeasyto
talk to, and even if you don't know the difference between
single-strength
anddouble-strength
glass,he'llbe eagerto explain
the differenceandmakeworthwhilerecommendations
andsuggestions.If you happento live in a smalltown,he mightevenofferto
lendyoua ladder.
However, when you undertake the repair of your own
ty'pewriter,you'repretty muchon yourown.First of all, livingin a
smalltown will be a disadvantage
therernaynot be a local
because
r epairmanwith whomyoucandiscussyourproblem,asyoudowth
your home repair dealer. If there is indeeda local typewriter
repairman,or even if the town is burgeoningwith them, you'll
probablybe greetedwith someskepticismwhen you state your
intentionof repairingyourown typewriter.Speaking
realistically,
I'd even suggestthat somesort of professional
jealouslymayenter
fhc'picture,sincetrained,professional
repairmenlook upontheir
work as too difficult for a laymanto "pick up" in a short time.
Thcrefore, if the successof your repair project dependsto any
extentuponthe cooperationof a professional
repairman(suchas in
the orderingof parts, whichwill be discussed
in more detailin a
10
11
s u b s e q u e n tc h a p t e r ) , y o u ' l l h a v e t o b e c o n v i n c i n ga n d
persistent-andit won'thurtyourcauseto beknowledgeable.
Moreoever,the problemwillbe considerably
if
compounded
it becomesnecessaryto correspondwith out-of-towndistributors.
This is the situation in which knowledge-togetier with good
- i s mandatory.
communications
G00D
c0MMuNtcATtolts
To explainwhatI meanby goodcommunications,
let me relate
a story. Two elderly spinsterslived acrossthe street from each
other. Every day,dayin anddayout, theystoodon their respective
porchesandarguedbackandforth acrossthe street. A newcomer,
observingthis phenomenon,askedan old-timer in town: "Why
can'tthe ladieseveragreeonanything?"
"Because,"replied the old-timer, "they're arguing from
differentpremises."
The key word of that story is, of course,premises,which is
ambiguouswhen taken out of context.If you think that's a little
silly, let me tell youa morerelevantstory.I recentlycorresponded
with a certaintypewritercompany,requestinga servicemanualfor
a particulartypewriter model which that companymanufactures
anddistributes.The reply cameback,"We no longermanufacture
manualtypewriters."
To get back to my casefor goodcommunications,
the point
I've tried to make here is that somewords are ambiguouswhen
taken out of context. Other words are just inherentlyambiguous
andcan'tbe usedcarelessly.Whenyougetintothe reallytechnical
wordsandterms of typewriterrepair,a lot of confusionwill result
if you don't use the words correctly.Finally,the professionalwill
havemorerespectfor your capability,andmightasa resultbemore
cooperative,if you use the correct word or term to describethe
part, mechanism
or functionyou'rereallytalkingabout.
It might be arguedthat there is no universalagreementas to
whatcertainpartsandfunctionsare to be called,but in most cases
commonusageis a determiningfactor.In a few cases,especially
where inner mechanismsare concerned,terminologymay vary
slightly from machinebrand to brand and, consequently,from
servicedealerto dealer,depending
uponwhichbrandshe hasspent
the most time workingwith.
MANUAI
SERVICE
Alone, the word manual is usually taken to mean a book,
preparedby the technicaldepartmentof the typewriter manufac12
tur€r. If it is an operator'smanual, it will only describea few
SUperfrcialproceduresthat the average,non-technicalperson
need5to knowaboutoperatingthe machine.It will haveextremely
Scant,if any,technicalor repairinformation.If you wantrepairand
acJjustmentilformation, be sure, therefore, not to ask for an
operator'smanualbut ratherf.oraseruicem.anual.Sincemost (but
norall) servicemanualsarecompiledfor individualmodels,besure
3nd epecifythe brandandmodel(andanypertinentinformationthat
youthink might help)of the machinefor whichyou are requesting
the servicem anual.
Apartfrom beingquitespecificaboutwhatyouwantin the way
oFaservicemanual,it may alsobe a goodideato statein your initial
lefter of requestthat you only intendto use the manualto repair
your own machine(in casethe dealermaintainsfranchisedrepair
centers), and that you won't run it through a copier' Most
reproducing
are quite sensitiveaboutthe unauthorized
conrpanies
of theirpublications.
TYPEWRITERS
ELECTRIC
MAT{UAL
AT{O
A manualtypewriter(Fig. 1-l) is one on whichthe majorityof
operationsare performedmanually-that is, without the aid of
A true manualtypewriter is in
electricallyactuatedmechanisms.
however, even the
components;
electrical
with
no
equipped
fact
*nre manualtypewriter may have some functionswhich emulate
\
prg 1-1. This Brother manual portabfe typewriter willperform essentiallythe
Lnine tunctions as an electric machine, but with less ease and cuvenience
(courtesy of Erother lnlernational Corporation)'
13
power,with the powersourcebeingthe tensionof a springwhichis
rewoundeverytime the operatorperformsa certainoperation.
On somemachinesthatare electrical-manual
hybrids,every
operationis performedmanuallyexceptthe return of the carriage
to the left-handmargin,whichis performedelectrically.
An electrictypewriter(Fig. l-2) is oneon whichthe nrajority
of operationsare performedby mechanisms
whichare electrically
actuated when the typist touches the appropriatekeybutton,
controlbuttonor lever.
KEYBUTTO}I
ORKEY
The words"keybuttons"and "keys" are almostsynonymous
(lBM usesthe word "keybutton"most extensively,however)to
denote the plastic buttons (Fig. 1-3), which are arrangedin a
standardized
formaton the keyboardof thetypewriter.However,if
you use the word "key," someambiguitymay arise, becausein
common(but erroneous)usagethe word "key" is sometimestaken
to meanthe typebarhead that strikes the paper(for example,it is
often saidthat the "keys are dirty," whenin fact it is the typebar
headsthatneedattention).
ANDTYPEBAR
TYPEBARS
I{EADS
First andforemost,typebarsandtypebarheadsare foundonly
on typebar machines*as in contrast to the more advanced
fti'GliC-g;
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F i g . 1 - 2 . T h i s B r o t h e re l e c t r i c ,M o d e l 4 5 1 2 , t y p e w r i t e rt a k e s t h e w o r k o u t o f
typing. Through electricallyactuated mechanisms, it maintains even typing
pressureon alltypebars,regard{esso{ the strengthof the finger that pushes the
keybutton (cou rlesy of Brother International Corporation ) .
lir
14
15
c;
e
a
f
o
typewriters,which are equippedwith sphericalelements(these
are calledsingleelp,me.nt
typewritersand will be explainedlater).
However, there are still manytypebarmachinesin use. Typebar
machinesare still being manufactured.When a keybutton is
depressed,the corresponding
typebarswingsup in anarc, and[he
typebar head strikes the ribbon/paper.Since the typebar and
typebarheadmakeup a solidpart, mostcompanies
simplycallthe
completepartagfebar (Fig. 1-a).
.9
o
5
.E
p
o
N
o
b
o
(!
0,
=o
As I said, there aretypebartypewriters(Fig. 1-5)andsingle
elementtypewriters,For many years, typebartypewriters dominated the tlpewriter market. International Business Machines
(lBM1 put the first single elementmachineon the market in the
1960sandeventhereafter,until the mid- andlate-1970s.Typebar
machinescontinuedto dominatethe Americanmarket,presumab[y
becauseIBM held exclusiverights to the patent on the single
elementmechanism,andwouldn'tor couldn'tinundatethe market
with this advancedmodel (meanwhile,however, IBM itself
continuedto alsomanufacture
andmarkettypebarmachinesuntil,
in the late 1970s-l am toid by an IBM representative-this
companydiscontinued
them).
manufacturing
On the typebar machine, the individual typebars-one
typebarfor every letter, numberor characterthat canbe typedon
the machine-are arrangedin a sort of semi-circle,so that each
individualtypebarswingsup in anarcto makeanimpressionon tle
paper when the correspondingkeybutton is depressed.Sometimes, the complete assemblyof typebars, together with the
segmentin whichtheypivot, is calledaffiebasket.
The primaryadvantage
of typebarmachine
sisreliabilify,since
theyhavebeenin productionfor manyyears.A disadvantage
is that
the operator is restricted to one type style and type size per
machine,becauseremovingandreplacingthe typebarassemblyis
too difficult to do routinely. Another disadvantage,which has
nothing to do with maintenanceor repair, is that it requires
excellenttypingskillsto avoidoccasionally
clashing
andlockingup
two or three typebars,when typing speedoutrunscoordination.
This can'thappenona singleelementtypewriter.
SINGLE
ETEMEIIT
TYPEWRITER
On the singleelementtypewriter(Fig. l-6), a sphericaipiece,
with the die-impressedletters, numbersandcharactersarranged
16
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TYPEBAR
TYPEWRITER
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17
F i g . 1 - 5 . T h i s o t d t B M M o d e l A machine is typical of
older typebar m a c h t n e s ,
dating back to the 1gSOs.
aroundit, takesthe praceof the typebarsof the ordermoders(Fig.
l-7). The sphericalpieceis variouslycailedan "erement,',,,type
head," or "type font" by the various companieswhich
now
manufacture
si ngleerementtypewritersandlor"elenlents.,,
Logicrvouldseemto dictatethatthe term',singleelement"is
a misnomer,sincethe elementcanbe easilyremovedandreplaced
(Fig. 1-8)or, moreimportantly,replaced
by anelementcontaining
a differenttype styreor type size. Sinceihe adventof
the early
singleelementItsM modelsof the lg60s,singleelementmachines
havebecomemore and more sophisticated
andversatirein their
functions.
Becausethe onry"old" singreerementmachinesin usetoday
are the 'ld IBM moders,singleerementmachines
are lookedupon
as too advanced
and innovati'efor do-it-yourserf
repairjobs and,
accordingly,it is next to impossibleto get ser'ice manuars
on
lhem. 1'he exceptionto this generalrule is that tBM selrs
IBM
servicemanuars(Fig. 1-g) to anyonerequestingthem,
and you
wouldbe able to obtainone for your specificsingleelement
IBM
model.
STAITIDARD
TYPEWRITER
within some typewriterbrands,it is importantto indicate
whetheror not your machineis a standardtyiewriter. In IBMs,
18
Ft,r 1-6. This IBM Selectricll, with the cover swing back f or a view of lhe ribbon
machines
caiisoge and typing element, is typical of the many single element
typebar machines.
no* o,i tne mart<et,which will probably eventuallyreplace
fast as
Rernovrngand replacingthe element with a differentone is as easy and
h J r n r n tgh e m a c h i n eo n .
on which
and other brands aS well, a standard typewriter is one
each character takes up the Same amount of space as any other
character,with the implieddistinctionbeingbetweenthis andthe
t
F g . 1 - 7 . T h i s p h o t o o f t h e s a m e m a c h i n ea s t h a t o l F i g . 1 - 6 h a s t h e r i b b o n
each
r:aitridgeremoved for a better view of the element. In the case ol'lBM.
and
etemeit is a distinctlyditferent type style/size. Each has its own name
number for rdentification(interestinglyenough-in the case of IBM efemenlsplainly
the number that identrtiesthe elem6ritto tAM servicemenis not the one
Stampedonthep|astictopotlhee|emeni,buttheextreme|ysma||number
stamoedinto the elementitself' next to the plastictopl'
19
.l
f;uo
rTlRivi otEp?dud.o*,efr
a
o
o
a
O
C:-/UVLJ
t
Cbdom
- ,
flirtrr
o
*
f,r{rh6De
,
I y p e b al yr p e w r i t e r
Iypebalypewriler
ldjustmenl
Patlsl{anual
h
lc./Prhl list
Irrrb
h,
.i
Fig' 1-8 lf itwere"o:"^gy3bl-:^rhat.atypingformatwourdcatorsixctifferenr
rype
style/sizes,these sjx elements,at aibtaicost
of around $100, wou/d take the
plq.c".of six typewrite.rs.one might
ask, however, why these machines are
c a l l e d" s i n g l ee l e m e n t "m a c h i n e s . -
machinegenerallyusedfor speciarized
purposes,suchas typesetting, on which different characterstake up different
unit widths
(the generic term for this latter
machineis proportionorspacing
typewriter). Thus, the primary differenc",fiom
the repairman,s
point of view' betweenstandardand proportionar
spacingtypewriters is in theescapement
mechanism.
Variouscompaniesthat manufacture
the proportionalspacing
typewriters identify them with their owntride names. For
example, while IBM stiil manufacturedtypebar
machines,its
proportionalspacerwentby thenameof.Erecutiue(Fig.1_10).
with the adventof singreerementmachines,theierminorogy
has changedsomewhat.when makingthe distinction
between
standardtypewritersand machinesfor typesetting,
it wourdbe
well to havesomeunderstanding
of pitch.
PITCH
OFA TYPEWRTTER
on a standardtypewriter,the wordpitchmeans
the distance
betrveentwo charactersas they are typedon
the paper.Tradition-
hi
tb.
fr
lln
loili
l:
F,g. t S. This array ot fBM service manualsand parts manuals does not indicate
t t r a tI h a v e t h e i n s i d et r a c k w i t h l B M , b u t s i m p l yt h e I h a d t h e m o d e s t m e a n s t o
purchase them. You can do the same. The simplestway to do it is to begin by
o:lling the toll-freenumber given in this chapter,whereyou will be given informalion on how to contact your regional IBM engineeringrepresentative.
Fig. 1-10. lf you've recentlyshopped for used typewriters,you may have seen a
tew srmilar to this one in the displays. lt is an excellent typewriter, but with
geveral disadvantages for general typing, the most notable being lhat the
various characters take up various amounts of linear space, making back
gpacrng for corraclions confusing in the beginning. However, if your Vping
{ormat calls for an even right-handmargin,on a low budget,this machine willdo
lhe lob excellently, Providing it has a carbon ribbon and that it is in good
condition.Otherwise avoid it.
20
21
a l l y , s ta n d a rdty p e w ri ters have been ej ther 10-pi tch (10
character/spaces
to the inch)or l2-pitch (12 character/spaces
to
the inch). on the typebartypewritersthepitch is established
in the
escapementmechanismand is inalterablewithout changinginner
mechanisms.However, on the more aduancedsingle element
machines,either lO-pitchor l2-pitchcanbe obtainedin the same
machine. on yet more advancedsingle element typewriters,
10-pitch,lZ-pitchanda modifiedform of proportional
spacingcan
be obtainedonthesamemachine.
when pitchis fixed, as on typebarmachinesand some'lder
singleelementmachines,it is generallyassumedthat the appropriate type sizefor a lO-pitchmachineispica and for a l2-pitch
machine,elite.However,in the singleelementmachinesthis is no
longerstrictlytrue.
PICAANDELITE
on the older typebar machines,the word pica )ndicateda
lO-pitchmachine,with a type that wasapproximatery
r2-pointin
size; and elite indicateda l2-pitch machine,with a type that was
approximatelyl0-point in size. (The point systemof measuring
type is widelyusedin the printingtrade,but in my opinionit has
only a tenuousconnectionto the typewrittencopy from standard
typewriters.)
PROPORTI
ONAtSPACI
I{GTYPEWRITER
As expiainedpreviously,a proportionalspacingtypewriteris
one on which eachcharacteris assignedits orvnunit width (Fig.
1-11), and the carriageis madeto move that distancewhen the
correspondingkeybutton is depressed.The appeal of such a
machineis twofold. Sincethe charactersdon't line up undereach
other like postsin a fencerow, the copyhasa "printedlook.,'By
This
is
a
line
This is a line
of
of
10-pitch
standard
12-pitch -standard type
This is a line of proportional
spacing type
Fig. 1-11. These three lines of type iilustrate the ditferonces between the
varlous escapement mechanisms. lt may not be immediately obvious to the
casual observer that the line of proportional spacing type has any unique
characterisiics;however, you'll see that certain characterstake up less space
than others,while on the linesof standardtype this is not true.
22
F i g . 1 - 1 2 .T y p e a n y c h a r a c t e ro n a
proportionalspacing machine. Tap
the back space button once. Betype
the character,and the result will be
s o m e t h i n gl i k et h i s
foll,,rvinga certairtprocedurein typing,the right-handmargincan
}re"typedeven-or justified-to give an even more printed look
cl-he right-handmargin can also be justified with a standard
typewriter, but the printedlook is not quite achievedbecauseof
typewriter).
by a standard
the rrrherent
typedlookproduced
Unlessyouhavea specificneedfor a typesettingmachine,it is
not oclvisabieto buy one of the older mcldelproportionalspacers
wittr :r view to maintainingit yourself. They are not only
Conrplicated
to adjustand repair, but relativelycomplicatedto
operateasrvell.
If you havea recentlyacquiredbut older machineand don't
whetherit is a standardor proportionalspacer,makethe
f,irrorv
followingtest. Type one character(anycharacter).Then tap the
backspacekeybuttonandretypethe samecharacter.If the second
(register)exactlyon the first typing
typu)gdoesnot superimpose
(Frg. 1-12),it is a proportional
spacingmachine.Thus,if youthink
machine,youshouldbe awarethat
this
adjusting
repairing
or
Btaorrt
that movesthe carriageduringtyping (calledthe
the rnechanism
Moreover,be sureto get the
is relativelycomplicated.
€S(Qpement)
Sppropriateservice informationfor this kind of machine,which
models.
rnavoutwardlyiooklike other,standard
TY P E WRI TER
RI BBO T{S
the carrierfor the medium
A typewriterribbonrs essentially
that createsthe impressionon the paperwhen the type heador
elernentstrikesit. The two kindsof ribbonin commonusageare
iabricribbonsandcarbonribbons.
A fabricribbonmay be eithercotton,silk or nylon-with the
with an ink of the chosen,
tattur beingpreferable-impregnated
ayailablecolor. The ink spreadsthroughthe fabric by capillary
ctctign.When ink is taken from one small area (as in typing a
the ink in that areais replenished-untilthe ink of the
clraracter),
tc*al ribbonis depletedthroughrepeateduse, or throughdrying
ttut. Thus, the inkingcapacityof the ribbonremainsaboutuniform
throughoutits entire length and width. The entire length of the
in
falrlicribbonis usedrepeatedly,madepossibleby a mechanism
the.nrachinethat wtndsandrewindsthe ribbonfrom reel to reel (or
23
sltoolto spool,if you prefer).This procedurecanbe repeated
over
and over until the ribbon is so depletedof ink that
it no longer
makesa dark impression.As cornpared
to the carbonribbon, tjre
fabricribbonhassome distinctdisadvantages,
only slightryoffset
by someminoradvantages.
Loosely speaking,carbonribbonshave somewhatthe
same
characteristics
as carbonpaper,with a "plain"sideanda ,,coated,,
side. The coatedside containsthe carbonthat is deposited
on the
paper when the ribbon is struck by the type
heid. However,
speakingmore correctry,I shouldsay that there are
currentrya
varietyof ribbonsthatare calledcarbonribbons.Not
all of them are
constructedthe same way; nor do they react quite
the same.
However, the one feature that variousso-calledcarbon
ribbons
sharein commonis that they are one-timeribbons-that
is, when
the ribbon is used long enoughto empty the originar
reer, the
ribbonis usedupandmustbediscarded.
The primary advantageof a carbonribbon over
the fabric
ribbon is that it makes a uniformry dark, crisp
impression
throughoutits life, while the impressionof the fabric
ribbon gets
progressiveiydimmeras the ribbonis usedrepeatedry.
The fact
that a carbonribbonmust be disposedof after one
use is offsetby
the fact that it is initially fairly inexpensive.However,
typing with
a carbonribbonturns out to be more expensivethan
rvith a fabric
ribbon' If you run out of ribbon when uiing a carbon
ribbon, you
can'ttype anymore until youpurchasea new ribbon,
whirea fabric
ribboncanbe usedbeyondits optimumlife (andoften
is). Finally,a
carbon ribbon deposits negligibte residue on
the typebar or
element, whereasinked fabric ribbonsreaveso
much residue of
ink-which tendsto collectdustandlint-that type
headsshould
be cleanedafterseveralhoursof typing.
And what, you may ask, do.. a lengthy
discussion of
typewriter ribbons have to do with type*.Iteis per
se? First,
ribbonsare anextremeryimportanttink i; the torar
typingprocess,
with regardto the qualityof typeproducedby machiie,
a
secona,if
you don'tunderstandthe capabirities
of a givenribbon,you may be
misled to think the typewriter doesn'twork .o.r".ttf.
Here are a
few tips.
H e l p fu l T i p s
As a generalrule,a typewriteris designedto useeithera fabnc
ribbonor a carbonribbon,but not both.Thereare a few
exceptions
to thisrule,however.
24
lf a typewriteris designedto useonly afabricribbon,thereis
eXtrcrlely little chancethat youcansubstitutea carbonribbon.You
pr'otrably
won't be able to find a carbonribbonof.a width to match
*hat of the fabricribbon.Also, you probablywon't be able to find a
c,arbonribbon woundon a reel, or in a cartridge,that would be
of yourfabricribbonmachineby themechanism
"rccepted
Assumingthat you could get aroundthese obstacles,you
would find that the one-timecarbonribbon would not make a
that rnovesthe ribbonthrough
impression.The mechanism
clrSlinct
the rnachineis designedto movethe inkedribbononly a fractionof
the distanceoccupiedby a character.This worksall right on fabric
rrbhonswhich are inked by capillaryaction,but not on one-time
r'rbbons,on which the mediumof the ribbon is totally depleted
when struck by the type head (thus, the slight overlappingof
characterson the ribbon will causeindistinctareasin the typed
i mpressions) .
'lhere
are availablecertain kinds of so-called"reusable"
Clfbonribbons(the word "reusable"is a misnomer,however)that
purport to amelioratethe problemof one-timeuse, which will
However,it is difficult,if at all
allowan overlapping
of characters.
possible,to find one of theseribbonsthat canbe substitutedon a
tebric ribbonmachine.
As a generalrule, your choicesin selectinga ribbonfor a given
fnachineare limited by the fact that you're almostforcedto use
ribbonis woundon a reel that will fit your rnachine.This
,wlr;rtever
tS even more true in the caseof ribbonsloadedinto cartridges,
5incethe cartridgemustfit the machjne.However,the tendencyis
tlr;rtsomechoicesare availablein cartridgeribbons.For example,
a ft:w cartridgeribbonmachinesare designedto take either fabric
or carbonribbons,with cartridgesbeingsuppliedaccordingly.
Nlost of the advancedsingle element typewriters use carin the caseof ItsM
tridge ribbons.Generallyspeaking(andalways,
SeltctncIIs), the availableribbonis eitherone that is transported
thc full width of a charactereachtime the ribbon is struck (i.e.,
each time the escapementmechanismand ribbon transporting
is activated)<lr one that allows some overlappingof
n'lechanism
characters.In IBM terminology,the former ribbon is calledhiglt
ibban (Fig. l-13), andthe latter is calledTech
yrcldcorrectablefilm
Ill Gig. 1-14).The term "high yield" in the caseof the former
yields a signifithis ribbonactually
rrbbonis misleadingbecause
Tech
III ribbon.
than
the
characters
c;ntly lower number of
Moreover,the use of the term Tech III is alsoa poor choiceof
25
Fig' 1-13'The rBM high yieldcorrectabre
designedto interact:,th,th"ribbon.transfort
lrT.logll-c-artridgeis speciary
of the rBMserectricrr rn such a
mannerthat characters
do.not overlapeachother
ribbon.Theterm"hiohyield-rs saresplrro-inai""feu. tna "rrrent strites tne
thatthisribbonyierdsmore
characters
thanan 6ariie,reM corie&IorJrir,'n
ribbon,primariry
becausethere
rsmoreribbon-notbecauseofanyspeciar
ctraracterisrics
of theribbon.
words becausethis cartridgers to be
used on the SelectricII
typewriter.Both,incidentally,
arecorrectable,thoughby different
methods.
suppliersthat are not affiriatedwith IBM, but
who suppry
cartridgesfor ItsM macrrines,
do not usethe ItsM terminorogyto
describethe ribbons.Theydesignate
theribbonthatis comparabre
tofilm aspinh-or sometimesorangeorred,.'---core,
andthe ribbon
comparable
to the TechIII asbluecore.
ln using either the film or Tech III cartridges,
you shourd
understandthat the constructi<ln
of eachcartridgeIetermines how
it will contactthe machinemechanism,
andthereforedetermines
the rateat whichtheribbonwillbe transported
(Fig. l_lS).
Apartfrom the kind andquarityof theribbon,
the kindof typing
paperusedaffectsthe qualityof the typed
impression.with either
a fabric or carbonribbon, a hard-surfaced
papertends to dim the
impressionandduil its crispness.Moreover,
the impressionfrom
an inked ribbon tendsto smearon a hard-surfaced
paper.Some
h.1rd^slrfaced
paperswiil not acceptcarbonribbonimpressions
at
all' ordinary typingpaperis arwayisuitable
t. be usedwith either
a fabricor carbonribbon.other suitabrepapers
are mrmeograph
bond, duplicatorbond andxerographic(the
ratter, which is prain
paperusedin Xeroxandotherprainpaper
copiers,is lesssuitabre
becauseit is fairlyslick;however,it does
tur" * i*p,J.rion). It is
F,cl | 14. The IBM Tech lll ribbon cartridge is designed to interacl with the
ctbb,onlransporting mechanism of the seleclric ll in such a manner that
ihanrcter overlappingis possible.Moreover,this ribbonhas certaincharacteris{qci whrch ditfer from those of the film ribbon. This is an enremely long-lasting
carlridge
lmlror.tant, when choosing a paper to be printed as letterheads, that
(i.e., accepts
the paperis compatible
a dark,crispimpression)
with
p:rrticular
ribbon-especially
in thecaseof thecarbonribbon.
youf
R rbbon
Pr oblem s
'fhe
following are some possible problems arising from
and
rrrbbons, theircauses:
Problem: The impression
is too light(i.e.,notdarkenough).
Cause #l: Thetypingpressure
is notcorrect.
Solution: Typingpressurewill be discussed
later.
Cause #2: Incorrectpaperis beingused.
Solution: Use the kinds of paper describedpreviously.
Sonretimes
a backupsheetbehindthe originalprovidesa cushionor
tng effect and makesa darkerimpression.Avoid hard-sur{aced
Slossypaper.
Cause #3: In the caseof a fabricribbon,the ribbonis either
cJupleted
throughuseor is shelf-worn.
Solution: Replacethe old ribbonwith a new one. To avoid
the problem of shelf-wornribbons,buy from dealerswho havea
fapidturnoverof stock.
Cause #4: The multiple-copycontrolis incorrectlyset.
Solution: Most typewritershavemultiplecopycontrols,the
in the strikingpressure
Furl)oseof whichis to makecompensations
ottlre typingheadwhenseveralsheetsof paperare rolled into the
througha mechanism
lrachine.Generally,this is accomplished
whichbacksthe platenslightlyawayfrom the reachof the typing
in the letters
hcads,activatedby a leverwhichis usuallycalibrated
26
27
A, B, C, D, E, etc., with thehighestpressurebeingrepresented
by
A, the next lower pressureby B, etc. Generally,for up to two
this lever should be sel at the
sheets of paper-plus-carbon,
maximumpressure(understand,
however,that this mechanism
does not regulatetypingpressureper se, but movesthe platen
away from the typing head, and the more iikely result of an
incorrectsettingof the mutiple-copy
controlis irregularimpressions,ratherthanconsistently
lightimpressions).
Cause #5: In the caseof carbon(or ribbonscomparable
to
carbon),the ribbon may be shelf-wornor simply inferior. At the
risk of soundinglaudatoryabout"brandnames,"I wouldsuggest
that you alwaysuse brand name ribbonsthat correspondt<l the
brandnameof your typewriter(lBM ribbonsfor tBM machinesand
the like). This rule doesnot alwaysholdtrue, and you may find
some "off-brand"ribbonsto be superiorto brand-nameproducts;
however, this has not been my own experience.While some
companyexecutivesdeny that carbonribbonscan becomeshelfworn, at leasta few repairmensuggestthatthe shelflife of carbon
ribbonsis betweensix monthsanda year.
il
F i g . 1 - 1 5 . L o o k a t t h e s e l w o c a r l n d g e sc l o s e l ya n d y o u ' ) ls e e a s i g n i f i c a n t
difference in their constructton(note frre hollow stud in lhe upper cartridge,
which is the Tech lll cartridge).This determinesthe rale at which the ribbon is
transporledthroughthe rnachine
28
areclippedoff, on eitherthe bottomor
I'roblem: Characters
,I,P
this
machines,
Ciruse #1: In thecaseof somesirrgle-elernent
that lifts the
by anincorrectadjustmentof the mechanistn
r3cArrs('d
Blernent
duringtyping.
Cause #2: Inanycase,a too-narrowribbonwill causethetop
to be clippedoff.
arrthebottomof the characters
l'roblem: There are light areasin otherrvisedark impresstoJls.
Cause #1: In the caseof inkedribbons,this couldbe caused
by drrty typeheadsor shelf-wornribbons.
Cause #2: In the caseof carbonribbons,this may be caused
by shelf-wornribbonsor moregenerallyby a ribbontransporting
that transportsthe one-timecarbonribbonan incremech;rnism
distance
that is too short, causingoveriappingof characnrental
ters.
Solutions: Most solutionsare self-evident-cleantyping
heads,etc. In the caseof the carb<lnribbon, be sure you're not
for
tryrngto usea one-timecarbonribbonin a mechanism
designed
(tBM
;rninkedribbon.In thecaseof somesingleelementmachines
5c'lectncII, for example)the depression/disengagement
of a gear
in the ribbon transport mechanism,only when the Tech III
carfridgeis installed,causesthe ribbonto be transportedslorvly.
Theref<lre,
whenthe
if for anyreasonthis gearremainsdisengaged
will
not be
the
ribbon
cartridge
is
ribbon
installed,
film
film
transportedappropriately
to producea uniformlydarkimpression.
PLATEN
The platen is the long, cylindricalroll, with a handknob on
t'ither end, againstwhich the typing head strikes when it is
actuated(Fig. 1-16). The platen serves the dual purposeof
providinga striking surfacebehindthe paper;and it works in
conjunctionwith feed rolls to feed the paper throughthe typerrr.iter.To servethislatterpurpose,it is equipped
on oneendwith
a rutchetwheel,whichengageswith a pushpawlto movethe platen
e specifieddistance.
On most oldertypewriters,the platenis rubber-or perhaps
svntheticrubber*which, when new, is resilient to provide a
of
cushioning
effect.As the typewritergetsolder,andregardless
tlreamountof useit gets,the rubberof the platenhardens,causing
two problemsto developgradually.The typeheadscut throughthe
paper(this is pzrticularlyproblematicwhentypingon mimeograph
29
On singleelementtypervriters,theplatenremainsstationary.
Thet ypingelementis transportedfrom left to right duringtyping.
PAPER
TABTE-FEED
ROLLS
F i g . 1 -1 6 . H e r e t h e p l a t e nh a s b e e n r e m o v e df r o m h e o j d l g M , M o d e lA , a n d i s
lying in front of il. This particularplaten was resilientwhen new, but rs now hard
and shoufdbe replaced.That's a minorjob.
stencils)and, in extremecases,the non-resilience
of the praten
may cause a typebar to break. A hardenedplaten should be
replacedwith a newone.
Another problem that can developgraduallyis that of the
platen surface, which was smooth in the beginning,becoming
ridged, with the ridges runningaroundthe circumferenceof the
platenasspaces
equalto thepitchof thetypewriter.This causesan
unevenimpression.In the earlystagesof ridging,the effectscanbe
amelioratedby usinga backupsheetof paperbehindthe original
sheet. Later, the platen can be resurfaced.Resurfacingrequires
specialequipment,
but it is a relativelyinexpensive
procedure.
On sometypewriters,the platensare easilyremoved,while
on otherstheyareremovedwith moredifficulty.Removingplatens
will be discussed
for certainmodelslaterin thisbook.
CARRIAGE
On typebarmachines
, acarriagemovesleftwardduringtyping
to allow the line of type to progressrightwardon the paper. on
manuals-andgenerallyspeaking,electricsas rvell*the carriage
is pulledalongby the tensionof a spring,and at the end of the
predetermined
travelthe carriageis pushedrightwardto alignwith
the left-handmargin of the paper. on a manualtypewriter, the
carriageis pushedby hand,whereasonmostelectricsthe carriage
rs returnedunderpower.In anycase,the carriagerides on tracks.
The entire carriageassemblyincludesthe platenandpapertable
a n dfe e dro l l s(F i g .I,l 7 ).
30
Thepupertable,which may alsobe calledthepaperpun, is a
the platen.It hasa
curvcdmetaltable(or pan),directlyunderneath
higlrly polished surfaceand is fitted rvith feed rolls (see parts
3o-'31,Fig. 1-17)which contactthe platenin sucha mannerthat
wfrelrthe platenis turned,the paper,whichis grippedbetrveenthe
ptatenandfeedrolls, slidesover the polishedsurfaceof the paper
tahieand is fed throughthe typewriter. The tensionbetweenthe
platenand the papertable-feedrolls can be eliminated-so the
piper can be quickly removed-by a pafer releosemechanism.
morefullylaterin thischapter.
will be described
Tfrrsrnechanism
64
\
Hfr
<f
14
I
i
15
M,X*\:T*Y#'-
;tr,,Yv"9
't2tt
.t1;
I
I
,
5
s2A
F;g t-17. This blow-up shows the carriage parts of certarn Brother Models
(courtesy ol Brother lnternationalCorporation).
31
Thepaperbail is a cylindricalrod,the lengthof the platen,and
is equippedwith rolls that swing down ,g.in.t the praten.its
purposeis to holdthepapersnugagainsttheplaten.
0VERV|EW
0FCOritTROt
BUTT0trtS
At{DTEVERS
Typewriter control buttons, levers, knobs, etc., alrow the
typist to control certain inner mechanismsfrom an external,
convenientposition. In some cases these controls are
easily
identifiablebecausethey are marked;in other casesthey are
not
markedand, in a few cases,referenceto an operator'smanuai
is
1!out the only way to identify them. In any case, proper
identificationof thesecontrols,andthe useof the most appropriate
terminology to describe them, is important when discussing
problemswith suppli ers andprofessionalrepairmen.
SpaceBar
Apart from controllingthe actionsof the typebarsthroughthe
keybuttons, other operationsof the typewriter are controlled
through various control buttonsand levers. The space
bar (Fig1-18,Item 1)is locateddirectlybelowthekeybuttonassembly,
in a
5
3
?
I
Fig.1-18.Thisis the orympiaModerB-'r2,manuarporlabre
typewriter.
By the
limeyou readthisentrre-chapter
youwillunderstand
wharattmbnumoersrefer
to (courtesy
of OLyMplAUSntruC.y.
32
Frg 1-19. This close-upphoto shows the two space bars of the proportional
IBM typewritershown earlierin this chapter.Oepressingthe space bar
spaong '3"
will move lhe carriage three unrts of space; depressingthe space
rnarked
bar marked "2" will move the carriagetwo unitsof space.This providesa means
<rfvaryingline (engthsto fit certaintypingf ormats.
lrosition where it can be touchedby the typist's thumb. Most
generally,a light touch on the spacebar causesthe carriage(or
r-v-ping
element, in the caseof single element machines)to be
rnovedone "space," which on standardtypewriters is always
cxactlyequal to the movementwhen a characteris typed. On
certainmachines,a constantpressureon the spacebar causesthe
c;rrriageor elementto move and continuemoving(i.e., "repeat
spacing")until the pressureis released(on the machineof Fig.
by depressingthe bar
l-18, repeat spacingis accomplished
will
rndicated
asItem 2). If therearetwo spacebars,theirfunctions
dependupon whether the machineis a standardtypewriter or a
ltroportionalspacer.
The Second Space Bar On The Standard Typewriter.
'fhe
secondspacebar (usuallyon the left) on a standardtypewriter
bar.
rnaybe eithera repeatspacebar(asin Fig. 1-18)or half-space
The Second Space Bar On The Proportional Spacing
Typewriter. Speakingprimarily of the IBM Executiue,the two
spacebars, from left to right, wili be numbered"3" and "2" (Fig.
1-19).The spacebar to usefor normaltypingis the "2" spacebar,
rvhichmovesthe carriageleftwarda distanceof two units of width.
'fhe
space to use for clther purposes-such as modifying line
lengthsif desired-is the "3" spacebar, whichmovesthe carriage
leftwardby a distanceof threeunitsof width.Thesetivo spacebars
33
are used in conjunctionwith the backspacekey, which
movesthe
carriagerightward(thatis, bach)by a distance
of oneunit of width,
to adjustthe lengthof rinesof t1pe.A constantpressure
on the ,.3,,
spacebar will causerepeatspacing.
0n-OffGontrolgutton
Theon-offcontrorbuttonis, of course,present
onryon erectric
machines(Fig. 1-29;'upperreftcornerof the keyboard.
Generaily
speaking,if it is foundin an obviousprace,
ctoseto the keybutton
format, it will be clearlymarkedwith the words
on andoff. If it is
not foundnearthe keybuttonpaner,it may
be foundon the side,or
underneath,the keybuttonpinel, in whiih case
the words on and
off may be indicatedby a pointer or disprayed
througha smarl
window.
Frequently,the on-offcontrorbuttonis not
embodiedin the
.
switch itself, but is connectedto the switch
through a linkage.
Sometimesa misadjustmentin this rinkagecan cause
switching
problerns;therefore,whendiscussingswiictrinfprobru*.,
be sure
and make the distinction between the switch
itserf, the on_off
control button and the linkage_if there is a linkage.
Shiftand ShiftLockControfButtons
In the Iowerleft andlowerright cornersof the keybuttonpanel
are locatedthe shift controlbuttons(Fig. l-lg,
Item 3). Directly
above the shift control button in the lefi corner is
the shift_Lock
controlbutton(Fig. l-lg, Item4).
on a tlpebar machine,depressingeither of the shift
control
buttonswill causethe completetlpebai assemblyto
be roweredin
such a manner that the ufper portions of the
type heads, which
contain capital letters and other "upper .u."i
characters,will
strikethe platen-simirarry,ona singreelementmachine,
theupper
case characterswill strike the platen, but
in this case it is
accomplishedby rotating the typing erementlg0
degrees,since
one hemisphereof the elementcontainsthe lower
casecharacters
while the oppositehemispherecontainsthe
uppercasecharacters.
The typebarassemblyor elementreturnsto its
lower caseposition
when the shift control button is released.Depressing
the lock
control button will lock the assemblyor element
in positionfor
continuousupper casetyping, and canbe rereased
by-depressing
andreleasingeitherof the shiftcontrolbuttons.
CarriageReturnControlButtonor lever
on a manuartypewriter,the carriageis returned
to its starting
positionat the left-handmarginmanually(by
armpower),whenthe
34
@4
g
Click
Cllct
ln r C&rdi..
Close/
Oalh.
lb,
ffirrroruEB
CassetteHcctric@
Rl8B0l{
CHAll0lllS
SYSTtt.
IASY
TEAIURIIiG
A 0U|CI,
' 13 66'ia(p ''":':;;:::::,:#i:il
' Kavset'rbu'!a'!o?
F l g 1 - 2 0 .T h i s i s t h e B r o t h e re l e c t r i c M
, o d e l J P l 0 . O n t h i s p a r t i c u l a rm a c h i n e ,
flro on-off switch is clearly marked, but this is not the case on all machines
fcourtesy of Brolher fnternational Corporation).
opcratorpushesagainsta lever (Fig. 1-18,Item 12) that extends
outwardfrom the left endof the carriage.This lever is alsocalleda
line spaceleuerbecauseit also controlsthe mechanismthat turns
tire platen.
On electric typewriters, the carriageis generally, but not
always, returned under power throughan electrically actuated
rrechanjsmwhenthe operatordepressesthereturncontrolbutton,
locatedon the right-handend andabouthalfwayup the keybutton
prnel .
35
simultaneousry
as the caniagereturns,the pratenwiil turn to
achieve vertica.lline-spacingbetween lines of type.
The line
spacingmechanismwiil be exprained
in thenext two chapters.
TabSetandClearControlButtons
Tab set andtab crear maybe one control button, which
rocks
back and forth (Fig. l-lg, Item l0), or two
separatecontrol
buttons.while the locationvariesfrom machine
to machine,it is
generallyfoundnear the keybuttonpanel.
Depressingthe tab set
engagesa mechanismwhich sets a tabular
stop wherever tle
carriageor elementhappensto be locatedat the
time of setting.
Depressingthe tab crearwiil eriminateor ,,crea.r,,
previousryset
tabularstops,providingthe carriage/element
is tabbld to thaistop
beforedepressingthe tab clearcontrolbutton.Actuar
tabbing(i.e.,
tabulating)is donethrougha tabcontrolbutton.
TabControlBufton
The word tab means tabular stop and even the
ordest of.
typewriters was equippedwith these stops which,
when appropriatelyset, wouldailow the carriageto
movein oneuninterrupted
motionandstop atthe presetposition.Depressing
the tab control
button (Fig. 1-18,Item 12) activatesa mechanism
which momentarily releases the carriage from the escapement
rnechanism,
allowingit to moveleftwardunderspringtension
until the first tab
stop is reached,where the carriagewilr stop.
Depressingthe tab
control button subsequenttimes causesthe carriage
to move to
subsequentpreset tabularstopsin a series.The
mechanismthat
accomplishes
this wiil be discussed
morefully in the next chapter.
MarginSetControlButton(s)or lever
If the setting of the reft-handand right-hand margins
is
accomplishedthrough a control button, it will be
marked,mar
sel-or somesimilarmarking.If it is accomplished
throughlevers
locatedon the paper scale(Fig. l_lg, Item l4), they
may not be
marked, but their positionsmaketheir functions
obvious.In the
caseof a mar set control button, there may be only
one control
button, with which to set both the reft-handandrighi-trand
margin
stops.This is usuallyaccomplished
by movingthJcarriageto the
marginthat you wish to eliminate,depressingthe
marsfop button
simultaneously
with thecarriagererease
controlbutton,movingthe
caniageby handto the newposition,andsimultaneously
releasing
36
l:otlr mar stop and carriagereleasecontrol buttons. On the other
harrd,if there are two margin stop levers locatedon the paper
scale, margin setting is accomplishedby depressingthe appropnatelevel (i.e.,left-handleverfor the left-handmarginstop,etc.)
to disengageit from a lockedposition,andsimply slidingit to the
newposition,whereit is allowedto lock in place.
variationsfrom thesemethodsof
There may be considerable
marginsetting, from machineto machine.However, it's usually
not difficult to figure out how to set rnargin stops, even on
unfamiliarmachines.Here are some points to rememberabout
nrarginsetting.
! On anyproperly operatingtypewriter, either standardor
proportionalspacer,the carriagewill alwaysstop at the present
left-handmarginwhenthe carriageis returned.
D On variousstandardtypewriters, the right-handmargin
-qt()pmay only stopthe carriagewhen charactersare beingtyped,
brrt not when spacingor tabbing.On someproportionalspacing
nuchines, settingthe right-handmargindoesnothingbut set the
positionof a warningbelt. It doesnot actuallyset a stop that will
siop the carriagein its leftwardtravel.
The actual mechanismof the carriage stops is simple and
srraightforwardand most generallyeasilyvisible and accessible.
'Ihere
will be moreaboutthis in later chapters.
lrlarRel(MarginRelease)Keybutton
A margin release keybutton (Fig. 1-18, Item 5), usually
locatedon the left end of the keyboard,allowsthe typist to move
'tlre carriage beyond the preset left-hand or right-hand margin
stops,withoutthenecessityof resettingthe stops.Then, whenthe
carriageis againmoved betweenthese two limiting stops, the
stops are again effective, unless and until the margin release
keybuttonis againdepressed.The mechanismthat is activatedby
in the next chapter.
tlie marginreleasekeybuttonwill be discussed
CarriageReleaseGontrolButtons
Carriagereleasecontrolbuttonsare generallynot so marked,
but they can be identifiedby their locationsat either end of the
platen (Fig. f-18, Item l9)-generally betweenthe ends of the
platenandthe platenknobs.The reasonfor two controlbuttonsis
of beingableto releasethe carriagewith either
for the convenience
lrand.It is not necessaryto depressthesecontrolbuttonsin order
37
to move the carriagerightward, but it is necessaryto move
the
carriageleftward-or the directionit traversduringtyping.
The featureof being ableto move the carriage(andthus the
type headsin relation to the platensurface)by handis uniqueto
typebarmachines,as the elementcarriageof the single element
machinescannotbe released.Therefore,nothingcomparableto
the carriage release contror buttons is to be iound on single
elementtypewriters.
RibbonPositionControlgutton
In normal operation,eachtime a keybuttonis depressedto
type a character,a mechanismlifts the ribboninto positionto be
struckby the type head.when the typebarcompreteiits cycre,the
ribbon is lowered.This resurtsin an up-and-down
motion of the
ribbon during typing. On fabric ribbon machines, rhe ibbmt
position(or colorcontrol)buttonis usedto put the ribbon position
in
whereeither its top half is presentedon the up cycle,or its bottom
half. This providesa meansof switchingfrom the blackportionof
the ribbonto the red portion or, in the caseof a correctingribbon,
from the typing portion to the correcting portion. Moreou".,
depressingthe ribbon positioncontrol button still further will
completelydisengagethe ribbonlift mechanismso that no surface
of the ribbon is presentedfor tlping. Thus, with the type head
missingthe ribbon compretery,no printed impressionis made
when the type headstrikes the paper/praten.Tiis is the position
usedfor typing mimeographstencils.on fabric ribbon machines,
the ribbon position controrbutton is locatednear the keybutton
panel,usuallyon the left sideof the panel(it is on the righi
sideof
themachinein Fig. l-lg, however).
On certainsingleelementmachines(again,notablythe IBM
SelectricII and comparablemachines)there is no color control
because,to date, there are no dual-corored
ribbons (there are,
however, ribbons of various corors, interchangeable
simply by
changingthe cartridge). However, there is a
frovision, Ln the
elementcarriage,to disengagethe ribbonlift mechanismso that a
mimeographstencil can be typed. Never type on a mimeograph
stencilthat is not coveredwith the protectivefilm sheet.If this fiim
is not suppliedwith the stencil,reavingtheribbonin normaltyping
position, rather than disengagingthe ribbon lift, will keep the
elementfrom becomingcloggedwith the collodionof the stencil.
38
Eutton
IouchControl
Lever
orGontrol
'l'ruch
control(also calledtutch regulutionand other similar
rrirrlrcs)
keybuttonsor leversare foundon manualtypewriters,for
thc purposeof regulatingthe amountof pressurethat must be
applred to a keybutton to activate the typebar. This is to
for the differenttlping pressuresthat differentpeople
cornpensate
inherently exert when typing. Through this compensation,the
pressurewith which the typebarsstrike the platen is indirectly
regulated.Touch control is also availableon some electric
mat*hines.
TypingPressure
Regulation
On some electric typewriters,the pressurewith which the
'type head strikes the platen can be regulatedby a pressure
regulatingmechanism.The buttonthat actuatesthe mechanismis
son)etimescalled an imfressionregulator, and is often marked
rvith* and- symbols(seeFig. 1-20,the controldirectlybelowthe
on-offswitch).
Typing pressurecontrol is not the sanreas touch control,
inasmuchas it doesnot regulatethe amountof manualpressure
'thatmustbe appliedto a keybutton.
On most electric tlpewriters, in additionto overall typing
pressureregulation,the pressuresof individualtypebarscan be
regulated through individual screw adjustments,found eitlrer
trnderneaththe machineor under the top cover of the machine.
This procedurewill be describedmore fully in the chapteron
adlustments.
BackSpaceKeybutton
Thebackspacekeybutton(Fig. 1-18,Item 9) is almostalways
locateddirectly above the return control button. Depressingit
a mechanismthat causesthe carriageto movebackward.
..rctuates
The distanceof this movementon standardtypewriters is one
characterSpace.On some machines,a cons[antpressureon the
backspacekeybuttonwill causethe carriageto keep movingback
untit the keybuttonis releasedor the carriageis stoppedagainst
the left marginstop;thisis thefeatureof repeatspacing.
On some proportionalspacingtypewriters, the back space
keybuttonis foundin the traditionallocation.Ratherthan moving
the carriagebackwardby the distanceof a character,it movesit
b;rckwardonly one unit of measurement,whichis inherentto the
rnachine
andalwavsIessthana characterwidth.
39
MuftipleCopyControlLever
on most electricmachines,
the pratencanbe movedslightry
backfrom the strikingreachof the typeheadsto compensate
for the
Iargereffectivecircumference
of the platenwhenseveralsheetsof
paperare inserted.This is accomplished
by movinga multiplecopy
control lever (whichmay not be markedas such),which *uv
bL
calibratedin eitherlettersor numbers.This lever will usually
be
foundon top of the typewriter, in the areaof the platen,but
it may
sometimesbe foundnearerthekeybuttonpanel.
PaperReleaseLever
To facilitatestraighteningthe paperafter it has beenrolled
into the typewriter, the papertable andfeed rolls can be backed
awayfrom the platen,untilthe pratenandfeedroils no longer
touch
eachother. This is accomprished
througha paperreteaie lever,
usuallyfoundon top of andon the right-handendof the typewriter
(F i g . 1 -1 8 Ite
, m2 0 ).
[ine SpaceSelectorlever
As I saidearlier, whenthe carriageor elementis returned
to
the left-handmargin stop, a push pawr engagingin the praten
ratchetwheelturns the platenby somepredeterminednumber
of
linespaces.This predetermined
numberis setthrougha rinespace
selector lever (not to be confusedwith the .rrrirg"
,"tr*
lever-which doublesasa linespacelever-on manualmachines),
which is generallyfound on top of the machine,on either
the
right-handor left-handend (Fig. l_lg, Item 13). On
some
machines,line spacingis avaiiabrein single-spacing,
doubrespacingandtriple-spacing,
andthe linespaceselectorleverwill be
calibratedwith the numbers,,I,,,',2,,and,,3." On othermachines,
line-spaci
ng is available
in singre-spacing,
one-and-a-halfspacing,
double-spacing,
and-sometimesbut not arways-tripre-spacing.
As a generalrule, the rine spaceselectorlever will be located
on
theendwherethe platenratchetis found.
PfatenReleaseKnob
The ratchet of the pratencan be disengagedfrom the push
pawl, causingthe platento turn freery.Thi; is
accomplished
by
pushinginwardon a buttonin the centerof the platen
knob(usuaily
found on the left-handknob only-Fig. l-1g, Item 1r),
whire
simultaneously
turningthe platenknob. on somemachinesthe
40
platcnis reieasedby pushinginwardon the platenknob itself.In
anv case, the knob returns to its normalpositionunder spring
pressure,re-engagingthe ratchetwheelwith the pawl as soonas
it .
youqui tpushing
Xeybuttons
Keybuttonformatson U.S. typewritersare for the most part
eithera lowercaseor
with eachkeybuttonactuating
starrdardized,
uppercasecharacter.However,this formatcanvary widelyamong
specialpurposetypewriters-suchas thoseusedfor advertising
layout, etc. Insofar as standard typewriters-and especially
typebartypewriters-are concerned,there may be some slight
variationsin keybuttonformatfrom one machineto the other, with
rnostvariationsoccurringin symbols,numbersand punctuation
rnarks.
The variationof keybuttonformat from one single element
to the otheris slightlygreaterthanon typebarmachines,
nrachine
;trrclthese variationsintroducethe problem of selectingthe
typingelementsfor a givenmachine.Within the ItsM
alrpropriate
are designated
srngleelementline, for example,somekeyboards
as "88 character,"while othersare designated
as "96 character."
Tvping elementswill not interchange
betweenthese two IBM
nrodels(namelythe IBM SelectricII and tBM SelectricIII). Of
c'ourse,there are slight keyboardformat differences-with corfesponding differencesin the typing elements-between the
varioustypewriterbrands.
Despite smallvariationsin keyboardformat, the variations
A typical
are never so radicalas to causetypingdisorientation.
Variationwouldbe the inciusionof somemathematical
symbolon
orrcmachinethat is not presenton anothermachine,but generally
this new keybuttonwill not usurp the place of one that is
traditionallyfoundon typewriters.Everythingsaidhere in regard
typewriters.
to keybuttonformatappliesto U.S. standard
t8MSELECTRTC
il CoitTRotS
In additionto the foregoinglist of commonlyfoundkeybuttons
arrrlcontrol levers,sometypewritershaveothers.For example,
fht' IBM SelectricII-as well as comparablesingle element
nrachines-haveinnovativefunctions,for which controlbuttons
lntl leversmustbe provided.Onthe SelectricII youwouldfindthe
tbl l ow ing.
Depressingand holdingthe indexkeybuttonturns the platen
thc numberof verticalline spacesat whichthe line spaceselector
41
lever is set, while the carriage(i.e., the element, of course)
remainsstationary.
(EXP) keybuttonreturns
Depressingandholdingthe express
the element leftward, until the keybuttonis releasedor the
elementreachesthe left-handmarginstop, without the platen's
without line
turning.Thus, elementreturn canbe accomplished
spacing,if desired.
In the lower-right-handcorner of the keybuttonpanel is a
keybuttonmarked with the symbol X, enclosedby an arTow
pointing leftward. This is the correctingback space keybutton
which,whenmomentarilydepressed,backspacesthe elementone
space,whilesimultaneously
whichwillhold
engaging
a mechanism
the element in position while one characteris typed. When a
secondcharacteris typed, the keybuttonsare back in normal
operatingmode,andthe elementmovesrightwardduringtyping.
platenknobof the SelectricI is
On the insideof the right-hand
a free-turningdial, calibratedin numbersfrom 0 to 4. This dial is
not connected
of themachine,
to anymechanism
andis simplyused
to give the operatoran indicationthat the endof the pageis being
reached(the IBM operator'smanualrefers to this dial as the
page-endindicator).It is an unnecessary
conveniencefeatureand
servesno usefulpurpose.
On the right-hand
endandalmostdirectlyover the platen,on
the SelectricII, is anunmarkedleverwhich,whenpulledout of its
normal position and toward the typist, disengagesthe platen
ratchet in such a manner that when the ratchet is later reengaged-after turningthe platenanynumberof turns-the lever
canbe movedto its normalposition,re-engaging
the ratchet.Line
spacingwillregisterexactlyasit wasbeforetheplatenwasmoved.
The IBM operator'smanualrefersto this leverasthe linefinder.
On the left-handend of the SelectricII and almost directly
over the platenis anotherunmarkedlever. The normalpositionof
this lever is towardthe rear of the machine,where it is held by
springtension.Pullingit towardthe tlpist and holdingil activates
a mechanismwhichmovesthe elementbackone-halfspace.The
typewritercanbe operatedwhile this leveris heldback,to provide
one-halfor 7Vzspacesbetweenwords.The IBM operator'smanual
refersto this leverasthe halfbacksDacelever.
natnesand purposesof the variouscontrols found on
lc,c;rtions,
you
typrwriters. This is to help youlearnthe properlanguage,so
manufacrepairmen,
professional
cai.,he on speakingterms with
parts,
iurcrs and distributors. It is extremely helpful to call
names'
correct
technically
their
by
etc.,
levers,
{u1t:tions,control
Tlrjs cansaveyouSomedelayandfrustrationwhenseekingadvice,
talk
orderrngparts or servicemanuals.[n the next chapterI will
controls
external
these
which
3b0ut the internal mechanisms
acti vate.
S U MMA R Y
WhatI haveatternpted
to do in this chapteris familiarizeyou
with typewriterterminologyandto give you a descriptionof the
42
43
fl?eers
2
Chapter
Manual
Typewriter
Mechanisms
New manualtypewriters are still available.while it may be an
overstatementto say that they are an important segmentof the
industry, it is fair to say that they have been present in the
consumermarket in sufficientamountsand for enoughyears that
manyof the machinesseenby professional
repairmenare manual
typewriters.
while the mechanism
descriptionsin this chapterareintended
to be representativeof a fairly largecross-section
of machines,the
illustrationsare those of well-knownand popularbrands,taken
from service manualssuppliedby manufacturers.However, the
textual descriptions,togetherwith the iilustrations,shouldhelp
you to understandthe underlyingprinciplesof the mechanisms
of
just aboutanymanualtypewriter.
The part namesin the textual descriptionsdo not always
matchthe onesthat I havesuggested
because,asI explainedin the
first chapter, there is some variance in terminology between
manufacturers.The names were used as they appearedin the
servicemanuals,to makeyourreferenceeasier.
TYPII{G
MECHA}IISM
Thelyping mechanismcausesa typebarto swing up andstrike
the platenwhena keybuttonin depressed.Referto Fig. 2-1. when
the keybutton(key)is depresseddown,the key reverpushesdown
on the bell crank. Sincethe bell crank is connectedto the typebar
44
----KEY
KEYLEVEH
TYPEBARWIRE
BELLCRANK
I e.2-1. In this illustration,one typebaris isolatedfrom the assembly to clarify
lh6 process (courtesy ol Brother InternationalCorporation).
by the typebarwire, the bottomend of the typebaris pulledin the
drrectionof the key, andthe headof the typebarstrikesthe platen.
As a further illustrationof the typing mechanismprinciple,
refcr now to Fig. 2-2. Whenthekey is pusheddown,the key lever
pullsthe typebarwire in the directionof the key, whichcausesthe
iylrebar to swing in an arc toward the platen. Note that in this
particularillustration, it is the lower characterthat strikes the
platen,and that the upper characteris abovethe curvatureof the
platen. This is the positionalrelationshipbetween the typebar
headand platen when the typewriter is set to type lower case
characters.
To seeyet anotherillustrationof a typingmechanism,referto
the key lever link (4)
f rg.2-3. Whenthekey lever (1)is depressed,
rs pulled aroundmaking the key lever shaft (3) the center of
revolution.Becauseof the movementof the key |ever link (4), the
Srrblever (6) is rotated,with the sublever shaft(5) beingthe center
of revolution.The typebarlink (8) is pulledby this movement,and
the typebar(9) swingsup andstrikes the platen(10). Lastly, the
key lever (1) andtypebar(9) arereturnedto normalpositionby the
tensionof the sublever spring(7).
SPACING
MECI{A}IISM
The spacing mechanism causes the caniage to move one
ctraracterspacewhenthe spacebaris depressed.Referto Fig. 24.
45
32
;e
-n(d)
PLATEN
TYPEBAR
lSTROW 2ND
E<
.! 0-
r9i
loo
Y P E B A RR E
TYPEBAR
-/4.--\:'r
/i
l€t
lBs
l>o
lclct c
l c 9(!
l':
lo o.
lE or
Fig.2-2. This typing mechanism,f rom tre BrotherModel JP7, f urther illustrates
typingmechanismprinciples(courtesyofErotherInternationalCorporation).
Whenthe spacebar is depressed,the spacerod is moved in the
directionof the arrow, escapecrankB moves,andthis movement
is transmittedto the half spaceratchet,whichin turn movesthe
carriage.Releasingthe spacebarcompletesthe spacing.
To look at yet anotherrepresentative
spacemechanism,refer
to Fig. 2-5.Whenthe spacekey (1)is depressed,
the spacelink (3a)
(4), whichin turn pushesthe loose dog (5a),
pushesa corurection
whichpushesthe fixed dog (6a). This removesthe fixed dog (6)
from the escapement
wheel(7), andthe carriagemovesonespace.
Finally, when the spacekey (1) is no longerdepressedby the
operator,it-together with the spacelink (3)-is returnedto home
positionby the tensionof spring(8).
ESCAPEM
El{TMECHAI{I
SM
The escapement
mechanismcausesthe carriageto move one
spacewhen a keybuttonis depressed(i.e., when a characteris
typed).Referringto Fig. 2-6, whenthe characterkey is depressed,
the escapecrank(rear-F-42) will be rotatedin the directionof the
arrow, by an escape crank (front-F-40). The escape crank
(rear-F-42) will shift the half spaceratchet(F-48) to the plate
where F-48 is engagedwith the spaceratchetwheel (F-37), via
escapecrank(rear- F-42).
The half spaceratchet(F-48)will be pushedinto the insideof
the addendumof the spaceratchet wheel (F-37).Meanwhile,the
space ratchet (F-47) will be disengagedfrom F-37. In this
condition,the carriagewill be shifteda halfspace,by the tensionof
the springdrum.
46
IEE
le*
lss
lt -d> t
lolB.g
ll (>! ;c
lqE
16n
IOo
l5a
laP
l-sE
ICo
lE$
IEE
leo
IrH
l
-(/)
IEE
lE5
IE;
leg
l'd.9
| >\E
IEE
lf"E
l:{
:
t69
tir b
47
F-54(G)F-s(F)
F-50
F-40
A-55
( B )0 0 0 3 9r N . - 0 0 1 1 8 l N .
F-37
F i g -2 ' 4 . T h i s s p a c i n qm e c h a n i s m ,
taken,,,
|il:?:,;*:ws
howipacins
i"
""fo.npronir"*,r"rt;;;;ffi;
lnternarionar
F-48 and F-47 wirr return to the
originarposition by spring
action, while sirnurtaneously
F-ao wirr return to its original
position,andthe carriagewilishift
anothe.harfspace.A fuil space
shiftingof the carriagehasbeen
accomplished.
!i;i;},l|,l;
mechanism
orrheorvmpia
Moder
r-rtil,
ll,::f ""'"s
(A)0.066lN.-0.074lN.
Frg.2-6. This escapementmechanismis f rom the servicemanual of the Brother
ModetM- 1OO.The adjustmenttolerancesthat are shownhere willbe disqlssed
rn a later chapter (courtesyof Brother lnternationalCorporation).
To see anotherescapementmechanism,refer to Fig. 2'7.
Whena keybuttonis depressed,the typebar(not shown)pushes
the escapementdrive plate, whichmovesthe escapecrankA and
is fromthe Brotherservicemanuallor
mechanism
Frg.2-7.Thisescapement
if you readthe text carefully
th6 BrotherModelJP7.lt's easyto understand
Corporation).
(courtesyof BrotherInternational
48
49
alsoescapecrankB, the harfspaceratchet
andspaceratchet,which
rernovesthe spaceratchetfromthe space
ratchetwheel.
For yet anotherescapement
mechanism,see Fig. 2-g. when
the key lever is depressed,the typebaris
operatedin in" direction
of the platen,andthenthe side
iUl of the typebarprJu, the side
f.a.21
Qil of the segmentuniversarbar. The tip of ih" bo,,o.n
pr.t
(ab)of the segmentuniversalpushes
the connection
(5),and then
F-35
I
F-33
c-3s
I
(-
c-30
rrI-1-
c-2 9
M-100,
Fig.2-9.Thisbackspacemechanism
takenfromthe
is oftheBrother
Erother
(courtesy
Corporation).
ofBrother
International
manual
service
the setscrew(5a)of the connectionpushesthe loosedog (6) in the
upper direction. The fixed dog (3) leaves the star wheel (1) in
;rccordance
with themovementof the loosedog(6).
The carriagemovesin the directionshownwith an arrow, by
the force of the mainspring.Then the revolutionof the star wheel
(l) is stopped by the loose dog (6), and the movernentof the
carriagestops.
Finally, when the key lever is no longer depressed,the
typebaris returnedto homepositionby the sub-leverspringand
universalspring (8). The loosedog (6) is releasedfrom the star
wheel(1) by the loosedog spring(9), andthe carriagecompletes
its movementin the direction shownwith the arrow, by spring
by the
tension.The revolutionof the star wheel(l) is discontinued
fixeddog(3), andthe carriagestops.
Incorporatedin this mechanismis a "silent return" feature,
whichoperatesasfollows.The silent return (12)is pivotedon the
wheel,held friction-tightagainstthe
shaft(11) of the escapement
wheelby a specialspring. Whenthe carriageis movedfrom left to
right, the wheel(1) turns in the directionshownby the arrow (R),
draggingthe silent return in the samedirection.The arm (12a)of
the silent return pushesaway the fixed dog (3), which normally
rides over the teeth of the wheel. Whenthe carriageresumesits
normal forward movement, t}te silent return returns to horne
positionby thehelpof the wheel.
MECHANISM
EACK
SPACE
Fig'2-8'Thisis theescapement
mechanism
o_f,"reorympiau*"*il*
tromtheolympiaservicernanuar
rcotirresioror-vrvrerA
usA rNc.).
50
The backspacemcchanismcausesthe carriageto move back
one space when the back space keybutton is depressedand
released. Referring to Fig. 2-9, when the back space key is
depressed,the backspacelever (C-30)pulls the backspacewire
51
(tt
G)
BACKSPACE
KEYLEVER
Corporation)
International
it more fully (ccurtesyof Brother
Fig. 2-10. This is the back space mechanismol the Brother Model uP7. As always read the text to understand
WHEEL
SPACERATCHET
BACK
SPACEROD
BACKSPACECRANK
EFsErEs$e'a5aE$if
ggggigrFgiraaii
FFigei*aiguiF$s;$EiF'
ssg$igiigf
sssiae;e:ini+la$
i
gFFEs:1.
EEEEFEl$
iEE{EB
Fig.2-11. This is the Otympfa ModelB-12 back space mechanasm,as shown in
the Olympia service manual. By now it shoutd be evidentthat the carriage is
literally pushed back through manual power as it works through the various
levers and linkages, since the natural lendency ol the carnage is to move
rightwardwith the tensionof the springdrum (courtesyof OLYMPIA USA lNC,).
Whenthe last characteris typed,that is, whenthe last typing
key prior to marginlockingis depressed,the margin stop (G-S2)
pushes the carriage stopper (F-13) a half spaceto the left to
activatethe marginreleasebarunit (C-23),whichis alsopushedto
the left. The margin releasebar unit (C-23)is pivoted at (A),
activatingthe ribbondrive crank(D-16) to the right, drawingthe
(B) portionof the marginreleasebar unit (C-23)againstthe ribbon
drive crank(D-16)at the momentthe key lever is released.As the
key lever is released,the carriagemovestheremaininghalfspace.
The (B) portionis sprunginto lockingposition,andthe key type is
locked.
Another marginstop mechanismis shownin Fig. 2-13. The
typing key is depressed.The right margin stopper is pushed
againstthe carriagestopper.The escapestopperis pushedin such
54
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(,
55
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If it is necessaryto begina line of type aheadof the left-hand
rrrrrgin,or finisha line of type pastthe right-handmargin,amargin
s6
TU
(
CE
()
MECHAT'II
SM
MARGIN
RELEASE
N-E
(r
z
(,
(r
UJ
CI
a rnannerthat it swingsagainstthe half spaceratchet, makingit
from the ratchet
inrpossible
for the half spaceratchetto disengage
rvheei.The carriageis lockedsothattypingis no longerpossible.
Yet anothermargin stop mechanismis shownin Fig. 2-14.
The left marginstop(10)is set wherethe typingline shouldbegin,
and the right marginstop (12) is set where the carriageshould
stop-or the typing line shouldmaximallyend. Whenthe carriage
n)ovestowardthis latter positionby actualtyping,the right margin
>top(12a)touchesthe carriagestopper(5a),and,simultaneously,
tlre stopper (5c) touchesthe back frame (20a). This stops the
rnovement
of the carriagestopper(5),andthecarriageis stopped.
a
ut
(L
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Frg 2- 14, This is the marginstop and marginreleasemechanismof the Olympia
l',loOetA-te, taken from the Olympia service manual (courtesy ol OLYMPIA
u s Ar N c . ) .
57
leleasemechanismcan be activated by depressingthe margin
release keybutton (usuallymarked ,,MR"). The margin releise
works as follows (see Fig. 2-13again).when the marginrelease
key is depressed,the marginreleaserod movesin the direction
of
the arrow, causingthe carriagestopperto come off the
margin
stopper,at which time it returns in the directionA, allowing
the
escapestopperto comeback,whichin turn allowsthe escapement
mechanismto function.It is possibleto type throughthepreset
position.
_ To study yet anothermargin releasemechanism,see Fig.
2-15. When the marginreleasekeybutton(l) is depressed,
the
margin link (3a) moves in the directionof the arrow to push
the
carriagestopper(5), andthus(5a)is releasedfrom the maigin
stop
SHIFT MECHANISII
Frg.2- 16.This Brothershift mecfranism,laken f rom the Brotherservicemanual,
is fairly typical of those mechanisms wttich shift the typebar Seclor; however,
later in this book you will see mechanisrnstrat shiftthe carriageup and down. In
orthercase the typebar strikes the platen on an arc of the curve ol the platen in
such a manner that the slightly curved typeface hits the platen (courtesy of
flrotherInternationalCorporation).
tl}a). Whenthe typist releasesthe marginreleasekeybutton(1),
the tensionof the spring (4) pulls the margin link (3) back, thus
t€turningboth the marginlink (3)andmarginreleasekeybutton(1)
to theiroriginalpositions.
SHIFT
MECHAIIISM
F i g . 2 - 1 5 . H e r e , O l y m p i ae x p l a i n s more fully the operatron
and principteof the
rnargtn reiease mecha ntsrF_read the lext (courtesyof
OLYMPIA USA tNC.).
58
raisesandlowers the typebarassembly,
Theshiftmechanism
9o that the appropriateupper-or lower-casecharacterswill strike
the platen, while the inappropriateoneswill not touchthe platen
becausethey are eitheraboveor belowthe curvatureof the platen.
See Fig. 2-16.Whenthe shift keybutton(the keybuttonto the right
rn theillustration)is pusheddown,t}e shiftleverpivotsto pushthe
shift operatingplate in the directionof the alTow,causingthe other
end of the shift operatingplateto movedownwardin the direction
r:f the arrow, thus lowering the sectorflate holdcr.This allows the
uppercasecharactersto strike the platenwhena typing keybutton
is depressed(notethat in Fig. 2-16,the mechanismis holdingthe
typebarsin lower caseposition-that is, the shift keybuttonis not
.rlepressed).
In the context of this discussion,lower case means the
c haracterson the lower half of the type head, which strike the
piatenwhenthe typebarisup. Someservicemanualsrefer to this
positionof the segmentas uppercase,presumablyon the premise
thai the segmentis in the uppermostposition.However,common
usage(andstrict definitionas well) wouldseemto dictatethat the
59
lower caseconditionis when the segmentis up, and iower case
characters(asopposedto capitals,etc.)aretyped.
To see anothershiftingmechanism,refer to Fig. 2-12. when
the shifting keybutton (1) is pusheddown, ttre shift lever (3)
rotates,its pivot point beingthe key lever shaft(c). This rotates
the torsion bar (4), which is retainedat the left and right side
framesby the shift center(6) andnut (7). Note that the torsionbar
is connectedto the shift lever (3) by a torsionbarpart (4a),andalso
to the segmenthangershaft(5) andsegmentbase(g) bv the torsion
bar part (4b). Thus, since the segment (10) is mounted on the
segment base (9), the segment base is lowered, placing the
typebars in upper case position. when the typist no longer
depressesthe shjft keybutton(1), the torsionbar (4) is returnedto
its home positionby the tensionof shift spring(g); and rhe shift
lever (3) andsegmentbase(9) are likewisereturnedto their home
positions.
tU
E
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O
=
a
SHIFT
LOCK
MECHAIIISM
:f
When it is necessaryto place the typebarassemblyin its
lower position for continuousupper casetyping, the typist may
depressa shift /oca(usuallymarkedlock) keybutton,which holds
the segmentdown.SeeFig. 2-18.when the shiftrockbutton(2) is
depressed,the tip of the shift lock lever (zz) is lockedat the shift
lockfitting(21).
The shift lockcanbe released,allowingthe segmentto return
to its norrnalposition,asfollows(still referringto Fig. 2-18).when
the shift button (l) is depressedslightly more than its locked
position,the torsionbar (4b)is rotatedby just the pitch of "S" (see
inset drawing)of the oval shapedhole (D) of the torsion bar part
(4b).This causesthe shift lever (3) to lowerby the lengthof stroke
s, thus releasingthe shift lock lever (22) fromthe shift lock fitting
Q|).
(L
VERTICAI
TITIE
SPACINGMECHAIIIS
}I
vertical line spacingmeansthe vertical spacebetween lines,
whichis standardized
at l/6 inch(six linesto the inch)on standard
typewriters.
The distanceof vertical line spacingmay differ on special
purposetypewriters.For example,on the rBMExecutiueproportionalspacer,the verticaldistancebetweensingle-spaced
lines is
3/16 inch.
60
=
4a
' $\l
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61
On standard,manualtypewriters, line spacingis actually
accomplished
simultaneously
with the return of the carriage,even
though the carriage return is, strictly speaking,an operation
independentof line spacing.However, the rever that is used to
return the carriageservesthe dualpurposeof line spacelever. See
Fig. 2-19.when the line spacelever is pushed,it movesagainstthe
line spacelever plate, which moves the line spacepawl in the
direction of the arrow, causingthe line spaceratchet wheel to
rotate.Sincethe line spaceratchetwheelandplatenare integralto
eachother, the platenrolls the appropriateamount,determinedby
the number of teeth in the ratchet wheel. The paper, which is
grippedbetweenthe platenandfeed rolls, movesa corresponding
amount.In this particularmechanism,single-spacing,
one-and-ahalf-spacingand double-spacing
is determinedby which ratchet
wheel tooth the pawl slides into, which is typist regulatedby
moving the line spaceadjustingcam (see FiS. Z-20).This latter
mechanismwill be explained more fully in the chapter on
adjustments.
To seeanotherverticalline spacingmechanism,refer to Fig.
2-27. tilhenthe line spacelever (l) is operated,the feedarm (3) is
rotated by the line spacelink (z). The rine spacefeed pawl (4a)
slides alongthe cam (6c) of the line spaceselector(6); thus, the
feedpawl (4a)is engagedwith a tooth of the line spaceratchet(5).
Sincethe line spaceratchetis integralto the platen,the platenis
turned by an amountcorresponding
to the travel of the pawl as it
slides into a ratchettooth. The line spacingis restricted by the
touchof the feed pawl (4), with a stopperpin (12). The line space
Ieveris returnedto its homeposition
bya spring(l l).
PAPER
FEEO
Paper is fed throughthe typewriter when the platen turns,
becausethe paperis grippedbetweenthe platenanda set of small
feedrolls (the feedrolls are turnedby the rolling of the platen,not
vice versa).SeeFig. 2-22. Whenthe platenis correctlyinstalled,
and the paperreleaselever (not shown)is in normalposition,the
platenandpaperfeedrollers arein spring-tensioned
contact.Thus,
whena pieceof paperis inserted,the backset of paperfeedroliers,
whichare in contactwith the platen,catchesthe paperandrolls it
towardthe front set of the paperfeedrollers. The paperfeedplate
(the curved plate betweenthe feed rollers, in the illustration)is
curvedupwardon the outfeedside in sucha manneras to deflect
the paperupward,aroundthe platen.This is an extremelysimple
62
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69
[.:
LIN E S P A C ELE V E R
S P R IN GFORR OLLE R
LIN ES P A C ELE V E RP LATE
cARRTAGE
StDEPLATE(L)
Fig. 2- 19 Verticalline spacing is accomplishedwhen the handle (line space lever in the drawing)is pushed sidewaysto return the carriage.Study
this illustrationand read the text lo understand how (courtesy of Brother InternatronalCorporation).
LINESPACEPAWL
L I N ES P A C EA D J U S T I N G
-'' cAM
L I N ES P A C EF E E D I N G
PAWL STOPPER
L I N E S P A C E R A T C H E TW H E E L
S P R I N GF O R R O L L E R
SPRING
CAMHOLDING
LINESPACEADJUSTING
E
--
$€ Brothst Model JP7 (cqrrte6y <'l
singre,on+and-a-han,and dolble line spacing is accornplishedon
tt*--",a"
;;.o-rra
"t"-*t*
Br-otherlnt€metionalCorporation).
:,--.,rr=
E
-
--;
:::
----
-
mechanismandonethat is easyto work on (providedthat the platen
is easilyremoved,whichis not alway the case).
cARRI AGSI
E DEcovER( L'H')
PAPER
MECHAIIISM
RETEASE
'[\e paper
releasemechanismreleasesthe contact pressure
between the platen and feed rolls, simultaneouslybacking the
paperpanawayfrom the platen.This releasesthe paperandallows
the typist to quickly remove the paperwithout the needfor turning
the platen knob, and/or straightenthe paper,in caseit was rolled
into the typewriter crookedly, witlout the need to remove and
reinsert the paper.The mechanismis activatedthrougha lever on
top of the typewriter (the lever is often unmarked).See Fig. 2-23.
Whenthe paperreleaselever is movedin the directionof the arrow
(towardthe typist in actualpractice),the paperpanis pushedaway
from the platen. Since the movement of the paper pan is
interconnectedto that of the paper feed rollers (the paper pan
usuallyrests on the feed roll assembly),moving the paper pan
downwardalso movesthe paperfeed rolls downward-away from
the platen. In this condition,the paperis freedfrom the grip of the
feed rolls, as well as from the drag betweenthe platen and paper
pan.
For a view of yet anotherpaperreleasemechanism,see Fig.
2-24. Normally (that is, whenthe mechanismis set to feed paper
throughthe typewriter), the L-shaftarm (2a)pushesthe paperpan
(7) towardthe platenside by the tensionof the spring(3).
Whenthe paperreleaselever (1) is depressed,the releasepin
(1b) pushesagainstthe L-shaftarm (2), causingthe L-shaft (2a)to
move away from the paper pan (7). In the illustrated mechanism,
depressingthe paperreleaselever (1) releasesthe paperbail scale
arm (5-connected to 6, the paper bail) by pushingit up. This
conveniencefeaturefacilitatesmovingor removingthe paper.
FEED(ORTRAIISPORT)
ITECIIAI{ISM
RIBBO}I
Tlteribbonfeedmechanrsrzcausestie ribbon to be fed through
the typewriter onesmall incrementeachtime a characteris t1ped.
When the ribbon has passed from one reel to another, the
mechanismreverses the direction of the ribbon feed, so that it is
fed back to the recently emptied reel. See Fig. 2-25. When a
keybuttonis depressed,the bell crank will pushthe ribbon drive
crank (D-16), which will push the ribbon feed pawl (right-D-40).
The ribbonfeedwheel(right-E-2) is rotatedin the directionof the
arrow by the ribbonfeed pawl (right-D-40).
66
otympiaModerB-12,taken
lnech-an].smforthe
@ng
USAINC')'
of OLYMPTA
(courtesy
servic"man'it
Olympia
the
from
67
:
d)- rAPERFEEDROLLER
(Bl*)-:'.
iR.t
/
/
HOLDER
-
PAPERFEEDROLLER
WRONG
\'*
-\-
I
PAPERFEEDROLLER
\
PAPERFEED
ROLLERHOLDER
frotnthe Broher seruicemanual(courtesy
o{ BrotherInternational
of he BrotherM-lOO,taken
Fig.2-22.This is the paperfeed mecfranism
Corporation).
MECHANISM
PAPERRELEASE
PAPER
BELEASE_IEVEe
SPRINGFORPAPERRELEASE
LEVER
C A R R I A GSEI D E
PLATE(R)
PAPERPAN
PAPERRELEASE
P A P E RP A N H O L D I N G
S P R I N G( R )
CARRIAGE
PAPER FEED ROLLER
P A P E RP A N H O L D I N G
S P R T N G( L )
Fig.2-23. Since lhe feed rolls ar€ connected to the_paperpan, mwing theiatter away from tha platen also mores the ro1s,and the paper will be froe
to move around (cot.rrtesyo{ Brother lnternalional Corporation}.
\6,
\
\/.
CLEARANCE
\i/ t -
I
A
Qa)
CONDITION
RELEASE
is from the orympiaModerB-12,takenfrom the
paperrereasemectranism
Fig.2-z4.This
r NC. ) .
of oLYMPIAusA
olympiaservicemanual(ca'rrtesy
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When the ribbonis woundall the way on the right reel, the
eyelet(A) of the ribbonpulls (B) in the directionof the arrow, with
(C)beingthe fulcrumof the motion.This causesthe ribbonreverse
wire (E-12) to move in the direction of the arrow, moving (D)
clockwiseon its fulcrum(E), throwingthe ribbonfeedpawl (D-40)
;rndstopperplate(E) out of meshwith the ribbonfeedwheel(E-2).
As a result, the ribbontravel will be reversedandit will be wound
to the left side.
Yet anotherribbon feed mechanismis shown in Fig, 2-26.
Whenthe key lever (f) is operated,the ribbonuniversalbar (2)
pullsthe ribbonfeedlink (4) andalsothe ribbonfeed lever (3). By
this pulling operation,the gear feed pawl (5) is engagedwith the
ribbon ratchet gear (6), causingthe ribbon ratchet gear (6) to
rotate.The directionof the ribbonwindingis reversedasfollows.
When the eyelet hole (9a) of the ribbon tape (9) pulls the
reverselever (8) inward, a changeof ribbon windingdirectionis
rrutomatically
made.Both reverselevers(left__8andright-7) are
o
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Ftg. 2-26. This Olympia ribbon feeclng mechanism, taken from the Olympia
.',6rvice manual, shows how th6 ribbon is fed and revers€d (courtesy of
tLO
Ot-vr,lpre
usA tNc.).
t,
ll
retainedat certainpositionsby the reverselever pin (right-7a)
and the reversering (10). The gear retainingpawl is mountedon
the reverse lever (7) andis engagedwith the ribbonratchetgear(6)
in order to preventrewinding.At the sametime, the ribbonfeed
system on the oppositeside becomesfree, being pushedby the
reversering (10).
RIBBON
tIFTMECHAIIISM
Theibbon lift mechanrsrz
causesthe ribbon to vibrate up and
down, in synchronization
with the actionsof the typebars,so that
the type headscontacteitherthe upperor lowerhalf of the ribbon.
Whenthe ribbonlift mechanismis disengaged,
the ribbonwill not
be lifted when a characteris typed, causingthe type headto miss
the ribbon completelyas it strikes the platen.This enablesthe
typist to type on a mimeographstencilwithoutthe ribbonactingas
a barrier. Sincethe total heightof the ribbonlift is madevariable,
one-half of a ribbon can serve one purpose (typing black, for
instance),andthe lower halfanotherpurpose(typingred, or laying
down a correctingsubstance,for instance).Thus, in typewriter
terminology,"ribbon lift" and"color change"work in conjunction
with each other. See Fig. 2-27.lVhen the typist operates(i.e.,
moves up or down) the color change lever, the motion is
transmitted to the color changeselector, changingthe position of
the RV wire againstthe RV operatingplate. The color change
stopper moves and the lift and lifting positions of the ribbon are
changed.
For a view of yet another ribbon lift and color change
mechanism,seeFig. 2-28.Whent}recolorselector(1) is operated,
the cam lever (3) is rotated around the shaft (a) bv the color
selectorlink (2).The camlever(3) is providedwith threecams(3a,
3b and 3c). Position3a correspondswith "red," position3b with
"black," and3c with "stencil."The camlever (3) is retainedat the
"color-selected"positionbythe color selectdetentspring(11).
The mechanismworks when a keybuttonis pusheddown, as
follows.As the key (10)is pusheddown,boththeribbonlift link (6)
andribbonIift bar (7) arepulledby the ribbonuniversalbar (5).The
ribbon lift crank (8) is rotated, making the shaft (4) the center of
revolution,andthe vibrator(9) rises. Sincethe ribbonis threaded
throughthe vibrator,the ribbonrises with it.
The actualamountof ribbonlift is determinedas follows.The
ribbonlift crank(8) is rotatedby the ribbonlift bar (7), beingguided
by the cam lever (3). If the preset positionof the cam lever (3) is
74
C O L O R C H A N G EM E C H A N I S M
8VHOLOER
-r----€Tlvraneronl ll
lnreeoN
,':)
,,(
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RVOPERATINGPLAIE
UNIVERSALBAR
2\
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wlgn cnalge sroPPER
C O L O FC H A N G ET E V E R
\ COLOHCHANGESELECTOR
COLORCHANGELEVER
HOLDINGSPRING
Frg 2-?7. As explained in the text, "ribbon lift" means the distance of the up and
down motion (vibration) of the ribbon during typing; and "color change" means
varying that dislance so that certain portions ol the ribbon are used while other
portions are missed. lf the color ciange selector is set for "stencil," tha ribbon
vibrator is (generally) moved downward slightly, where it remains stationary, so
rt is missed by the typebar (courtesy of Brother Inlemational Corporation).
changedby the color selector(1), the revolvingangleof the ribbon
lift crank (8) aroundthe shaft (4) varies. Thus, the degreeof lift of
lhe ribbonvibrator(9) becomesvariable.
TABUTATION
MECHAIIISM
Tlte tabulation mechanismmakes it possible to move the
carriageleftward,in one continuous,freewheelingmovementto a
preset position, where it will automaticallystop. The typist
accomplishes
this by presettingtab stopsand,thereafter,simply
depressingthe tab button until the carriagereachesthe desired
stop.SeeFig.2-29. Whenthe tabkey is pusheddown(in the arrow
direction), the tab operating crank (F-3) is rotated througtr the
75
8-LINEFULCRUM
Fig.2-28.Hereis yet ano0terviewof a ribbonliftandcolorcfrangemecfranism(corrtesyofOLyMplA USAlNC.),
F-287
STOPPER
G.42
tr-,^-k
TAB
EYI
LEVER
TABOPERATING
Fig. 2-29.1tmay be a little ditfiqjtt to orient this tabulator mechanism to one in a machine,since only the essential parts areshown.However, a tab
mechanism isfairlyeasilyexamined inthe mactrine(courtesyof Brother lntemationalCorporation).
mediumof the tab operatingwire (front-F-2). The revolutionof
the tab operatingcrank (F-3) rotatesthe taboperatingIner through
the mediumof the tab operatingwire (rear-F-4). The revolution
of the tab operatinglever shall first rotate the tab stopper to the
arrow direction, andthe tip end of the tab stopperwill be engaged
with the tab stop pawl (G-42).At the sametime the tab operating
lever will pushthe spaceratchet(F-47)by its tip, disengaging
F-47
from the spaceratchet wheel (F-37). When F-47 is disengaged
from F-37, t}re carriage is free to move leftward, through the
tension of the spring drum, until the tab stopper contacts with
G-42.
For a view of yet anothertabulationmechanism,see Fig.
2-30. When the tab key is pushed,the tab rod moves in the
directionof the arrow, turningthe tab operatinglever, whichturns
the tab stopper.The spaceratchet is disengaged
from the space
ratchetwheel.This allowsthe carriageto moveleftward,until the
tabpawlhits the tabstopperandstops.
Anothertabulatormechanism
is shownin Fig. 2-31.Whenthe
tab key (l) is depressed,the tabulatormainbar (5) is rotatedby the
)
i
("),
\o,.,
'Fig.2-31.
Fig.2-30. Thislab operatingmechanismis or.rlof the BrotherModel JP7 service
manual. Be sure and make the distinction between tab operation and tab
sat- clear (courtesy ol Brother I nternationalCorporation),
78
from ths olympia
This is an olympiatab operatingmecfianism,
selvicemanual.The fact that the drawingdifferssomewhatlrom that of the
are radicallyclflerent
doesnotmeanthatthemechanisms
Brothermectranism
for example,hereyor.rseethetabchips(14),whicharenotshownin the Brother
illustrationsbut are presentin the actualmechanism(courtesyof OLYMPIA
U S AI N C . ) .
79
movernentof the tabulatorlink (3). The rotationof the tab stopper
lift crank (6), causedfrom the spring(g), resultsin the rise of the
tabstopper(7).
when the fixed dog (9) is rotated by the tabulatormain bar
(5a),the fixed dog (g) is releasedfrom the escapement
wheel(10).
This releasesthe carriageandit movesleftwardunderthe tension
of its spring.The tabchip(14),whichwaspresetfor tab l, touches
thetab stopper(7).
when the tab key (l) is releasedby the typist, the tab stopper
(7) leavesthe tab chip (14),andthen the carriagemovesleftward.
The return of the fixed dog (5a) to its home position causestle
rotationof the escapementwheel(r0) to stop. The carriagestops
at a position where the tab was originally set. In this particular
mechanism,there is a brakingoperationon the carriage,which
worksasfollowsThere is a brakeshoe(1la) gluedto the brakearm (ll). when
the tabulatormain bar (5) is rotated,the brakeilm (ll) is rotated
by the spring(12)andtouchesthecarriagerail, whichresultsin the
stoppingof the carriage.Becauseof this mechanism,the carriage
canbe releasedonly after both the tab stopper(7) and brake shoe
(1la)areset.
TABSET-CLEAR
MECHAIIIS
M
The tab set-clearmechanismallows the typist to set tab stops
at presetpositions,from an externalcontrol(namely,from the tab
set-clearlever, which is usuallydistinctly separatefrom the tab
keybutton itsel0. See Fig. Z-J2. To use this mechanism,the
carriageshouldbe movedto the positionat whicha tab stop is to be
set. This can be done by either tappingthe spacebar or using the
carriagerelease control, until the carriageis in the correct place.
The tab set lever (1) is thenmovedto set (+), andthis movementis
transmitted through the linkagesto the tab set finger (s), which
sets the tab chip (6), throughcontactwith Sa-also see the inset
drawing.consecutivetab chipscanbe set by movingthe carriage
to the desiredpresetpositionandmovingthe tabset lever ( 1) to set
(+).
when tab stops are no longer required for a given typing
format, their presencebecomesa nuisance.They canbe removed
or "cleared,"as follows (still referringto Fig.2-82). To clearan
individualtab chip,the typist mustfirst tab to thatstop,The tab set
lever (r) is moved to (-). when the carriagemovesleftward,the
tabchip(6), whichwaspreviouslyset, is returnedto the individual
80
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- i
CLEAR
t
I
t
SET
(+)sET
(_) CLEAR
SET
Fig. 2-32. This is a tab set-clearmechanismof the Olympia Model B-12, astaken
lrom the Olympia service manual. About the only thing this mechanism has in
common wiin tne tab operating mecfranism is its contact with th€ tab cftips (6),
whrch will d€t€fmino whare cariage witl stop when a tab koybutton is pushed
(courtesyof OLYMPIA USA lNC.).
Irome position by the tab set finger (5b-shown in the inset
illustrationwith Fig. 2-32).
The tab set lever is returned to an intermediate,or neutral,
position through the tension of the torsion spring (7) when the
typistreleasesit.
CARRIAGE
RELEASE
The carriageis normallyheld in whateverpositionit happens
to be in, tfuough the engagementof the teeth of the escapement
rack with the ratchet wheel. Sinceit is desirableto occasionally
rnove the carriage leftward from its locked position without the
necessity of typing or using the spacingbar, a carriage release
B1
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E}IECHAIIISM
PLATE}IRELEAS
T\eplaten releasemechanismenablesthe typist to disengage
the platen ratchetwheel, so the platencanbe turned freely. See
Fig. 2-35. The platenknob (7), variableratchet(7-1) and platen
shaft (8) are connected.The pushrod (5) is inserted into the push
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mechanismallows the typist to move the carriageleftward, rather
rapidly,by hand.SeeFig. 2-33.Whenthe carriagereleaselever is
moved, the movementis transmittedto ttre spaceratchet, which
from
movesclockwise(in the directionof the arrow), disengaging
the space ratchet wheel. The carriage is then free of the
escapementto "freewheel" l eftward.
Another carriagereleasemechanismis shown in Fig. 2-34.
Whenthe carriagereleasebutton(1) is depressed,the rack bracket
(4) is pushed by both the carriagerelease lever (2) and release
lever pin (2a). The carriage rack (6) is releasedfrom the escape
pinion gear (7), swinging at the fulcmm of rack bracket retaining
screws(5 and8). The mechanismis returnedto its originalstatus
by a releasespring(3).
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82
Fig. 2-34. lf you study this drawing carelully, yorl will see a significantditlerence
rn its principle ol operation, from that of lhe previous illustration; however, the
end result is tha samo-the carriage is released (courtesy of OLYMPIA USA
tNC.),
83
_m,L-
D For the reasonslisted, andalso becausemanualtypewriters do not commanda high resalevalue, the purchaseof a manual
typewriter as a "fixer-upper" is probablynot a good investment.
However, an inexpensiveone would provide a good machinefor
the novicerepairmanto work on. In later chaptersI will give repair
andadjustmentinformationfor specificmanualtypewriter models.
In the next chapterI will discussthe mechanismsgenerallyfound
on electrictlpewriters.
i
Fig. 2-35. This is a cutaway illustrationol the platsn disengagingmechanism,
which allows the platento be turned (by hand) in a freewheeiingmbtion. part (6)
is the centraf button in the^plalel knob wtrich, when pushed, releases the plat€n
(courlesyof OLYMPTAUSA tNC.).
I
button (6). The variable ratchet wheel (4) is engagedwith the
variableratchet(7-l) bVa spring(3). The part indicatedwith (l) is
the E-ring, and the part indicatedwith (5) pushesthe variable
ratchetwheel(4), whichis releasedfrom thevariableratchet(z-1).
Thus,the platenis freedto roll withoutthe dragof the ratchet.
lr
SU M M AR Y
As you will remember,this chapterwasintendedsimptyasan
overviewof the mechanisms
foundon manuallyoperatedtypewriters. Generallyspeaking,there is little simiraritybetween these
and the mechanismsof electric typewriters, the general exceptions being those mechanismsin which the moving of an external
lever directly changesthe positionof an internalpart or Iever as,
for example, the paper release, tab set-clear, margin stops,
carriagereleaseandplatenrelease.
Somepointsto rememberare:
D The power to pull the carriageleftward is the tension of
springdrum.
fl Absolutelyuniformtypingimpressionsare almostimpossible to achieve on a manualtypewriter, since the density of
impressionsdependsuponmusclecoordination.
! Since the carriage is always refurned (sratntncd,that is)
backto the left-handmarginby arm power,most manualshavean
irritatingway of movingaroundon the typingtable.
84
85
Chapter
4
Practical
Tips
fortheBeginning
Repairman
Typewriter
If you havereadthefirst threechaptersof this book,it may be time
for you to answerthe question:Justhowinaolued
doI want to getin
repairing typewiters?Speakingfrom the most practical viewpoint,
you wouldneedsomequitespecialreasonsto equip yourselffor the
sole purpose of doing the occasionalrepair job on your own
typewriter. It is not inconceivable,
however,that you might want
to do the work yourself. You may depend heavily upon your
typewriter in your own businessbut live in a remotearea, wherea
call by a reliable servicemanis chancy in the first place,
time-consumingin the secondplace and expensivein all cases,
regardlessof how difficultor easythe repairproblemmight happen
to be.
Beyond repairingyour owntypewriter, youmay wish to start
a part-time businessin typewriterrepair. With that goalin mind,it
is but one more step to visualizing that part-time business
expandinginto a full-time enterprise.No matter what your goals,
there shouldbe someinformationin this chapterthatcanhelp you.
TYPEWRITERS
STICKY,DIRTY
Typewriters are thoroughlylubricatedasthey comefrom the
factory. Becauseof the natureandthoroughness
of this lubrication,
the typewriter canbe usedfor severalyearswithout the needfor
further lubrication.That is all quite well, but it does raise one
serious problem. Becauseno ongoingprogram of lubrication is
134
calledfor, and becauseconsumermachines(homemachines,as
opposedto thoseusedin offices)tendto be storedfor longperiods
(asin spareroomsor
in areaswheretheair is dustyor grease-laden
that
wasthoroughlylubricatedin
nearkitchenareas),the machine
dust, lint and greaseresiduefrom the
the beginningaccumulates
air. Moreover, through long periods of non-use, the original
coatingof lubricationgets gummyand sticky. The end result is a
typewriter with no serious mechanicalproblems or misadjustments but one, nevertheless,that may have sticking typebars,
typewriter, which needs
erratic spacing,etc. This malfunctioning
little more thana thoroughcleaningand lubrication,is often seen
by the professionalrepairman.In fact, even if the customer
problem,andthe repairman
assumesthat thereis somemechanical
caninitially neitherverify nor denythe problem,the repairmanwill
routinelycieanandlubricatea machinebeforeattemptingto repair
it. Thus, cleaningand lubricatingtypewritersis an extremely
importantaspectof typewriterrepair.
The professionalrepairmanmight arguethat, becauseof the
equipment requirementsand amount of cleaning, rinsing and
lubricating fluids necessary,a thorutgh cleaning, rinsing and
Iubrication is beyond the "handyman"repairman'scapabiltiy.
job of cleaningand
However,apartfrom the thorough,professional
lubing,there is an alternatemethodof bleaningandlubing,which
mightget a stickingmachinebackin operation.I'll explainboththe
thoroughand the alternate-or less than thorough-ways of
cleaningandlubinga typewriter.
THOROUGHTY
CTEAiIIIIG
AI'IDtUEINGA TYPEWRITER
To thorougly clean a typewriter means to bring all the
mechanicalparts of the nrachineinto contact with the cleaning
agent.The simpiest-but not quitethe best-way to do this is to
immerse the works of the machinein a vat (laundry tub, for
example),containingthe cleaningagent,where it is allowedto
soak,usually f.or12 to 24 hours. A more elaboratemethod is to
steam-cleanthe machine.Professionally,this would be donein a
steam-cleaning
for cleaningtypewritmachineespecially
designed
ers. Other, more elaboratemethodsemploy hand spray guns,
shorverheadmachines,etc- However,oneof the majorsuppliersof
all kinds of typewriter cleaningequipment,tools, etc., the Ames
Suppiy Company,recommendsa completeimmersion of the
machine,with mechanicalagitation.The machinesuggestedfor
this is the CLEAN-O-MATICModel500TA(Fig. -1). Whatever
135
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N E W 2 . W A YA U T O M A T I C
S A F E T YC O V E R _ S P F I N G L O A D E D
F O R ' S O F T ' 'C L O S I N G .N O S E T T N G
N O R E L E A S I N GJ U S TO P E NA N D
o
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M E L T SA T 16 5 " F F E V O L V I N GC A S
P I S T O LG R ] P F T U S HN O Z Z L E
W I T HF I E X I B L EN E O P F E N EH O S E
ADJUSTABLE
F O R L I G H TS P F A Y
O F IS O L D S T F E A M
I SOLIDFTANGESSTEEL
WORKSHELF.
B E C E S S E DC O N T R O LS W I T C H- L A R G EA M E E RS I G N A , L I G H T '
2 B E M O V A E L ES L U D G E
T R A Y SA N D F A C K
R U G G ED I - i E A V YC O N S T F UC T I O N
l6AND]4GAUGESTEEL
ASY-TO.SERVICE
M I C R OM E S HF I L T E F
A B O V E L I O U I DL E V E LF I L T E F S
L L S O L V E N TB E I N GC I R C U L A T E O
2 WAYCLEANINGACIION
S E L E C T O RV A L V EP E R M I T S
U S I N G B O T HC L E A N I N GA C T I O N S
A T O N C EO F S I N G L YA S D E S I R E D
I L T E RB Y - P A S S
H Y O R O . J E TM A N I F O T D
P O W E F F U LI TH P
G F A Y M I T L SP U M P
\B E V O L V I N GC A S T E F S
O R A I NP L U G
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F i g .4 - 1 . T h e i n i t i a cl a p i t a lo u t l a yf o r a n a g i t a t i n gc l e a n i n gt a n k i s r e l a t i v e l yh i g h ,
bul it will cut down dramaticallyon in-tank cleaning time (courtesy of Ames
SupplyCompany).
EquipmentRequirements
The basicpiecesof equipmentnecessaryto thoroughly clean
(and subsequentlyrinse and lubricate)a typewriter are an air
compressor(FiS. 4-2), and a uat or cleaningmachine. Since
cleaning,rinsing and lubingrequiresthree solutions,it would be
helpfulto haveadditionalvats; however,one vat, equippedwith a
drainplug anda provisionto savethe solutionsthat are reusable,
woulddo the job, althoughit wouldbehighly inefficient.Youshould
alsohavea basketin whichto immersethe typewriter.
o
.9
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methodis used, a thoroughcleaningand lubingactually involves
three steps:cleaning,rinsing and lubncating.
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Cleaning,
RinsingandlubricationSolutions
li
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to
As a cleaningsolution,Olympiarecommendsone consisting
of 7 partsSoluasol#5 to I part LIX "12" Cleaner.Solvasol#5 is
availablefrom SoconyMobile Oil Distributors,in S5-gallondrums
product,especially
to be addedto
only.Lix "12" is a detergent-like
whosemainofficeis
spirits,available
fromAmesSupplyCompany,
cir =
U-O
136
137
cx
OU
ni o
rqo
li
NO 12-ACONCENTFATE
MACHINECTEANEB
N o 5 8 C -1 2 8 L r x F 1 2 A 1 G a t .
5Gal
N o 5 8 C - 6 a 0 L r xi l 2 A
N o 5 8 C . 3 0 L t xF 1 2 A 3 0 G a l
N o 5 8 C , 5 5 L r xF 1 2 A 5 5 G a l
No. l2-A CONCENTRATE
Machine
Cleaner
'
,l
,l
I
use the agitator cleaningmachine, immerse the machine and
agitatefor 5 or 10 minutes.Whetheryou use the vat or agitating
machine,when cleaningis complete,lift the rnachineup in the
basketandlet the excessfluid drip backinto the tankso no fluid will
be l ost.
RinsingandLubricating
Machine
Gleaned
theThoroughly
After cleaning,the machineshouldbe thoroughlyrinsed to
stop the cleaningaction. Use any of the previously mentioned
rinsingsolutionsor hot water.If youusewater,the machineshould
be thoroughlydried in an oven, as any drops of moisture in the
workscancauserust.
The last step is to place the machinein an oil bath, which
consists of 10 parts of mineral spirits to 1 part Arnes oil. As
mentionedpreviously,high-flashnapthamaybe substitutedfor the
mineralspirits. The spirits will evaporate,lettingthe oil adhereto
the machineandprovidinga good,deep-downoiling. A lubrication
tank called the "3-L Safety LubricationTank" (see Fig. 4-4) is
availablefrom AmesSupplyCompanyfor this purpose.
Fig.4-3. Lix # 12A cleaneris to be used with and extendsthe use of cleaning
f luid (courtesyof Ames SupplyCompany).
2537CurtissSt., DownersGrove,Illinois60515.Lix"12" Cleaner
or S5-gallon
30-gallon
five-gallon,
in eitherone-gallon,
is available
amounts(Fig. -3).
The lubricatingsoiutionis an oil bath, whichconsistsof l0
partsof mineralspiritsto I part of Amesoil (No. 34L-32-quart.946 liters, No. 34L-128-gallon-3.8 liters, No. 34L-640-5
gallons- 18.9liters),availablein bulk.The oil maybe mixedwith
a high-flashnaptha,ratherthanthe mineralspirits.
TheGleaning
Process
Beforeimmersingeither a manualor electrictypewriterin the
various solutions, several steps should be taken to insure that
certain parts of the machinedon't come into contact with the
solutions.On either a manualor electric machineremove all the
outsidecovers,the platen,the bailrollers,the papertableandfeed
rubberparts.
follersandanymiscellaneous
On electric machines,also rernove the power roll, if it is
After removingall these
rubber,andall the electricalcomponents.
items, blow out any loose, heavydirt from the machineto avoid
gettingit in the solution.
If you usethe soakingmethod,put the strippedmachinein the
dip basketandimmerseit in the cleaningsolutionovernight.If you
138
NO.3-LSAFETY
LUBRICATION
TANK
N O.2- RSAFEWRI NSETANK
Fig, 44. Separate tanks for the hree sleps of cleaning,rinsingand oilang save
time and make the work easier(courtesyof Ames SupplyCompany).
139
G IV INA
GWP EW R IT ER A
SUPERFI
CIALCIEA}IIIIGAI{DLUBIIIG
Between thorough cleaningsand oiling, minor sticking or
bindingtroublesdueto dirt andgumaccumulation
canoccur.While
it may be untimelyor inconvenientto give the machinea thorough
cleaning,you cancleanandrelubricatethe machinewith cleaners
and lubricants-or combinations
of both-supplied in pressurized
containers(Fig. a-5).
As with a thoroughcleaning,it is not advisableto get the agent
usedfor cleaningthe metalpartsin contactwith rubberpartsof the
machine.Therefore,it is betterto removeall the coversandparts
mentioned previously including, in the case of the electric
machine,the rubberpowerroll andelectricalcomponents.
Carefullyremovedustanderaserresiduesfrom the interior of
the machine.Cleanthe typefacescarefully,after putting a cloth
under them, so that the soiledtype cleanerdoesn'tdrip on other
58"
NO AVS. 175 O'L€F
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I
ll
I
|
Fig. 4-6. When spot-cilinga typewriter,it's importantlo get the oil at the problem
point,not on the platen,feed rollsor power roll;an oilerwith a long spout will help
in this task (coudesy of Ames Supply Company).
1
D
I
;^-;;;;#
"ii#.T.ALL PURPOSE
OIt & CLEANER
EE
MACHINE OIL
AOS
N O N . F L U I OO I L
stickingproblemsmaybe solved
Fig.4-5.In betweenthoroughcleaning/oiling,
cleanersandorlsin pressurized
cans(courtesy
throughthe use of combination
of Ames SupplyCompany).
140
FEPLAC€S
^ PA€crsrcN TNSTFUYENT
Z
'PLASTIC
CONI^INEF
parts. If the typefacesare quitedirty, don'ttry to use the blotting
paperor "dough"for cleaning.Instead,usea liquidcleaningagent.
Use the spraycleaner-or combination
cleanerandoil-to do
a job on the internal parts of t}e machine,following directions.
Cleanthe keylevercomb slots carefullywith a dry brush. Do not
lubricatethem.
Don't use any of the all-purposeoils sold in hardwarestores
for oiling a typewriter. Do try to oil all the parts, without
over-oiling.
In lieu of an overall lubricationas described,problemareas
(suchas the escapement
pinion,etc.) canbe oiled with the special
oilers for machinelubrication, which have long, thin, flexible
spouts(Fig. a-6).Use typewriteroil, beingsure no oil getson the
platen,powerroll, feedrolls,bailrollers,etc.
COSMETIC
CtEAIIING
Some professionalrepairmen seem to pay an inordinate
arnountof attentionto the outwardcleanlinessof a typewriter. For
this purpose,specialcleanersand polishersare available(Fig.
4-7). Be sure to use the correct cleanerand polisheron painted
surfaces,keybuttons,clearplasticcardholders,etc., as the wrong
solutions (such as denaturedalcohol, for instance)can cause
fogging.Don't cleanthe plastickeybuttonstoo enthusiastically,
as
it is possibleto remove the characters.However, if this should
happen,Ames SupplyCompanyprovideslacquersticks (Fig. -8)
in variouscolors, which canbe rubbedinto the engravedlines to
restore the lost characters-Typewriterscanbe given the reconditionedlook by paintingthe coverswith specialpaints(Fig. a-9).
Paintovens(Fig. a-10)are usedto give the paintjob a professional
look.
ENGRAVER'SLACOUER STIK
BRIGHTEN
- ' UP
- CARBIAGESCALES,TABULATOB849[9 ATpSEYEOARDS'
RUliiNroEtlonnwo LINES.wlPE oFF EXcESS'
COLORS:
AVAILABLEINTHE FOLLOWING
NO,15O-WWHITE
NO.15O-BBLACK
119.159-YYELLOW
N O .r 5 0 - R R E D
Fig.4-8.Lacquerstick,whichcanberubbedinengraved|ines-torestore|os|
when returning a type
characters,can save explanationsand embarrassmenl
ofAmesSupplyCompany)'
(courtesy
writerto thecustomer
SELFSPRAY
PAINTSANDLACOUERS
sErEcTtilG
T00ts
Manyof the toolswhichyouhavein yourtoolboxwill be useful
in working on typewriters.However, specialtools, which anticipate the specialneedsof the professionaltypewriter repairman,
are providedfor the industry.The questionofwhetherto get tools
in standardor metric sizes is difficult, but it can be solved by
gettingboth. Thin wrenches(Fig. 4-11)are especiallyuseful,as
are hex wrenchand socketsets (Fig. a-12).
A few specialtoolsincludethefollowing:
(Fig.a-13).
tr Springhooks
! Typebartwisters(FiS.a-la).
ONCEOVER
T H E W O N O E RP O L T S H
INSTANT
OFF
F O F W R I N K L EF I N I S H E S _
S M O O T HF I N I S H E S
NO 56C-16
IN 14OZ AEROSOL
S E L F - S P R A YC A N
NO 12Op-16 NO 120P-128
1GALLON
16O2.
Fig.4-7. For lypewriter cnsmetics, it's smart to use cleaners and polishes
preparedlor the industry, as sorne products around the home or shop may mar
thefinish or fog plasticparts (courtesyof Ames SupplyCompany).
142
1 2 3 / aO Z . C A N
Fig. 4-9. The psychological value of 9 le* paint lob on a reconditioned
"typewriter colors"
tyiu,rnt"r is tremendorr] P"int. are available in a variety of
(courtesy
of AmesSupplyCompany).
143
A
gl
5
s
f
o
rf-
o
o
q,
FE
i$ =3
lZ
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o
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ct E'
E-6
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LO
690
WRENCHES
OROPFORGEO
(rHtN)
MM WRENCHES SAME AS THOSE SHOWN ABOVE
DESCRIPTION
OPEN END WRENCH 4MM x 5 5MM
OPEN ENO WRENCH 6MM x 7MM
OPEN END WRENCH 8MM x 9MM
OPEN END WRENCH lOMM x l lMM
BOX WRENCH 6MM x 7MM
COMPLEIE SET IN HANoY KIT
600
60s
607
609
612
615
METRIC SIZES
O P E NE N O W R E N C H% ' ' O F F S E T7 / 1 6 "
O P E NE N D W B E N C H7 / 1 6 "O F F S E T% "
OPEN END WRENCH5i 16" OFFSET%"
O P E NE N D W R E N C HY r ' 'O F F S E T5 / I 6 "
OPEN END WRENCH9/64" OFFSET7/32'
OPEN END WRENCH3i 16''OFFSET9/64'
B O X E N D W R E N C H9 / 6 4 ' ', 3 / 1 6 ' '
8 0 x E N OW R E N C Hg i 6 { " - 7 t 3 2 "
BOX END WRENCHvt" - 5116"
C O M P L E T ES E T I N H A N O YK I I
NO.
675
650
655
660
665
670
680
685
690
695
NO DESCRIPTION
T O O L S. T Y P E W R I I E RW R E N C H E S
a
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*
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geF
*[* F r €
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ieaq*afia[**
i3=es?E5ggi6
Fig. 4- 1 1. Just as auto manufacturers,typewritermanufaclurersbuild the machine aroundthe screws; lhin wrencheshelp get into these kinds
of places (counesyof Ames SupplyCompany).
q
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8e
No.B65SOCKET
WRENCH
SET
14.PIECE
1 /, 4 S
'' QUARE
DRIVE
NO 685
6 PT. SOCKETS
(Op e n i n gS i z e ):
3 1 1 6 " 7 1 3 21"1 4 "
9132"5116"11132"
3 1 9 " 7 1 1 61" 1 2 "
1OPT. SOCKETS
(O p e n i n gSi z e ):
1 1 4 "5 1 1 6 "
R EV ER SIB L E
R AT C H E T
4-314"
2 ' ' EX T EN SION
SPINNER/EXTENSION
5-314"( 1" x 3" handle,2-31
4"
shaft)
No.S5OATLEN
HEXDRIVER
UNIT
7 PieceKit Consistsof:
No.850-C Amberyl handle with
c l u tc h
N o.850-1
H e x b i t 1 1 1 6x" 4 3 1 4 "
N o .8 5 0 -2 H ex bi t51U " x4314"
No.850-3 Hex bit 3132"x4314"
No.850-4 Hex bit 118"x4 gl4"
No.850-5 Hex bit 5132"x4314"
N o .8 5 0 -6 H exbi t 3116"x4314"
IN H AN D YP LA S TICC A S E
Fig- 4-12 A varietyof good qualitytools will make your work a preasure
(courtesy
ofAmesSupptyCompany).
146
No.91 SPRI NGHO O KSET
,-J,
Fig. 4-13. A spring hook may be your mosl often used tool (courtesy of Ames
SupplyCompany).
Keyleverbenders(Fig. -15).
Ribboneyeletpliers(Fig.a-16).
Link benders(Fis. 4-U).
Ribbonvibratorarm benders(Fig. 4-18).
pick(Fig.a-19).
Segrnent
(Fig.a-20).
Type cleaningbrushes
basictool kit, as supplied
for
a
suggested
Table
4-l
see
Also
by AmesSupplyCompany.
f,
!
I
t
I
D
No, 152TYPEBARTWISTING(ROYAL)
Forbendingor twistingtypebarsto bringintoproperposition.
1 / 1 6 s" l o t .
Frg. 4-14. lf a typebar won't go thro.rghthe guide correctly,the solution may
simplybetwisting it slightly(courtesyofAmes SupplyCompany).
147
N o ,5 K E Y L E V E B
RE N D E R S
N o .6 B I B B O NE Y E L E TP L I E R S
Forapplyingeyeletsandhooks.6 5/8"long.
F o rb e n d i n ga n da ri g n i nkge y revers,
fratrevers
andri nks.7 1r2,,
long.
Fj.g a 15- This speciartypewritertoot *n bend
rsvers
tinrG"ralignment
(courtesy
ofAmesSuppJy
"no
Compinyl.
oEStGt{rf'f
c A W0RKSH0P
tf you begin thinking about a workshop,it forrows
.
armost
iogicallythat you'll also be thinkingabout.o*"
*.y ,o attract
business.You'llarsobe wonderingwhetherto
stressservice,i. e..
machinerepair, combineservice with the sares
of ;.* ;;;.;l
machines
or stresssares.Evenif suchanoperation
wereconducted
from your home(asin a garage),you *orid probabry
benefitfrom
storefrontfrontage,even if at first the arei *..
only a praceto
receiverepairjobs.
Makingthe decisionof whetherto stressservice
or sareswiil
be an importantonein the longrun, because
it wilr determinehow
youplanto allocateyouravailable
capitalbetweenresalestockand
equipment.Il for example,a repair businesshas
a real potential
for expansion,it wourdnot be a viabrerong-range
pt.n ,o set the
repair shop in an area that is too small, or
to invest money in
equipmentthat wourd later prove inadequate.
Moreover, rnost
professionals
adviseagainstmakingup homemade
equipmentfrom
randomparts, sinceworking the bugsout of
sucha systemtakes
too muchtirnefrom the moreprofitabieactivityorr.i*t
repair.
In the early stagesof pranning,it wourdie extremery
herpfur
to receiveadvicefrom professionais
andpeoplein the industry.To
that end, here is a quotefrom the *.r"nt Ames
Supprycompany
catalog: "Over the years, Ames Supply Company
has helped
thousandsof dearersto set up shopsor modernize
therr ord ones.
Ameswouldlike to herpyou to serectyour equipment
andto supply
information
onanyproblemyoumighthave.,,
148
.61 @
No. 6-4 RIBEONEYELETDIES
Replacement
diesfor No. 6 Pliers
Fig. 4- 16. With this tool you may avoid the task ol ordaing ribbons with eyelets
(courtesyol Ames SupplyCompany).
N o . 4 2L I N KB E N D E R
Forbe ndinglinks,t ever s,et c. ,( 8" long.5/ 16"diam et er ,
1l 16"slot . )
this tool-the linkbender (courtesy
Fig.4-17. A comptetetools€tcant be withor.rt
of Ames Supply Company).
No. 44 RI BBO NVI BRATO RARM BENDERS
(ROYAL)
Usedin pairsforadjustingribbonvibratorarm. (5 t/4" long.)
repairindqstrycan'tbe purchasedin
Fig.4-18.Specialtoolsfor tha typewriter
.
yourlocalhardwarestore(courtesyof AmesSupply Cornpany)
149
Company).
Supply
olAmes
loot Kit(courtesy
Table4-t . A EasicTypewriter
NO.93SEGMENT
PICK
81 6
81-8
)g 6
A'216'8
A- I 16-3
Forcleaning
typebarslotsinsegments.
A-416-8
88f
pickis alsoanessential
Fig.4-19.Thesegment
tool(counesy
ofAmes Supply
Company).
See Fig. 4-2I f.ora suggestedfloor plan, as providedby the
AmesSupplyCompany,for a storefrontandshop.Also, see Table
4-2 to understandwhat the numberedcomponentsof Fig. 4-21
represent and for a suggestedlist of shop and cleaning room
accessories.
SECURINGTECHiI I CAt I I{TORMATIOI{OI{TYPEWRITERS
In later chaptersI will give step-by-stepdetailedinstructions
for repairingspecificmodelsof certain brand-name
typewriters.
While it is a temptationto say that this specificinformationis all
you will need to work on other brand,/models,it would be
somethingof anoverstatementto sayit. The factis thatin all cases
you shouldattemptto get the appropriateservicemanualsfrom the
manufacturingor distributing firm. If you will need parts to
completethe repair, you may get miscellaneous
partsfrom Ames
Supply Companyand specific parts from either Ames or the
manufacturer.To do this, you will need the appropriateparts
catalog.
I
N O .& - 1 4 T Y P EB R U S H
T h r e e1 3 i 4 ' ' r o w s o3f i B , ' b r i s t l e s ( 4 t u t6t ,s,)t o n g .
wood handle.
----_=-
NO, B_I4_NS
C u r v e d p l a s h c h a n d l e w i t h 1 / 2" n y l o n b r i s t l e s , 6 5 / 8
''
---.--...-=----1n
i"';;il ?::?:,?:Y:;"",risr
es-rwo
3i4
I
\
.-- .-
rows,5 1.g. tong
Fig.4-20.Don'tcriticizethetypicaluserfornotkeepingtypefaces
ctean-just be
preparedto do il yoursel{(courtesyof AmesSupplyCompany)
.
150
883
16-512"
| 14
7i3
7U
7 13
-150
351
3-54
356
357
1950
'955
349
34S
45
96
94
Scrowdflver 6'8lad€ 3/16 8'l
Scrawdnver'B'Blade7t3?'Brl
Scrrydrrvsr'6' Brade.9/6rt Brl
Sctgwdrrvgt B Blade.58? Brt
Pmkst Clre Sqewdnvgr ' 3
B acl€.3'3? Brl
Blad€ t { &t
Sc'gsdnv€r'g
Phrllpsscr€u'dnvar'61r? L
3/ l6, Brl
PhrllpsScresdhv€r-75/8 L
14 At
PafallslFlatNossCunrrE
p ters OPenThroal ComPpturd
Laorage 5l 2'Trp Cuttrng Plt6.s - Jaw Srze 1'2' L
X7r32'Vl.rl Ov6(allLs(9
Sho|l Na€dro NGe Ph€rs ' Lmg
Handle I L
Ssrraled Duck
Wrnng Plss
Biil Jaws 7 7ig..L
'/Vl(rng& P,ck Up P re(s' Ss(ratod Jaws. Oo*el Prn JawS'!es
closed ?7 15',1 X 1r?',W
tlatOobt6'EndSpanner
W.ench Sol One End 5o Orner
'
Erd 75"An9l6 S zes l18 - 1/4
Motrc Dabl€'E.d Soann€.
Wronch 56l _ l2 S,zes 3MM 1OMM
sMM
S€k€tw.ench
6MM
Sockelwtsnch
Sockotwrondr - 7MM
Socksl wrsnch - 1/4 " Hat Openrng
SmtetWrench-5i16'FiexQmtnq
Olympi6 Add€r Mrlllmeler
Wtonct Krl
H€x XeY S€t Mrlhm€ler Srr€s
1 27MM ' 5MM
Starrlard Hax KaYSet Srres
050' s,'3?
CantsnngPlnctr- 1/4"xd'
Ptn Onv,nq Punch - 1 {' X 4 WtO\
1,16"pr
Prlol Punch Krt - For Romoval Ol
S p n n g d R o t l P r n s ,5 ' 2 6 5 1 i l € "
t,*" 3,32' l/E'
SPrtng
Specral tBMSPrr^gHool
LmdBd
P u l l o r - ' l t 1 / 4 " L .3 / l 6 " D a
Sorlne Hook E Scnbe.
Bblsy-Slyls Frn€ Tip Twrezers5L
Sg{rat
ErtraLongTw3€z€rs
'
6d Trps 6 3/4 L
Strarght Nos€ Locline Forc€Ps
Needle Frlo Krt - | 2 Srzes No. 2
Cut 5 5/8"1
l-larldlc For Frl€3
Wot Ston€ . Frnai Coarse
Cloanr{ Brush - For Inn€r
Machrne Parls. t 3/8" Bnstl€s
B-14-OS
815
3/4',w
TypeBrush'(3) 1 114'Flows 3/E
Bristles,6"L
TYPogrush-9/16''EndTutls
5 116"L
'L
56l Scrsw Starler ' 6
Otler
Small Magn€(rzerlDsmagrotjzer
Ke€per Ssns - Srull
Erass Hammer
Mo{ianc s Hamm€(
Rotractable Knrlo . Small
Adlustabl€ Wrgndr ' 6'
S69mml Prcl
7 PiocE Op6n EndMslnc Wrerch
S€l-Siz€sr 5.sMM' | !MM
I O Pr€ce Combnabm CF sd Qen
€ndl8ox €nd wrmdt S€t
8 Pree Opon End Wr8nch Sot
Parts Stofage Bor
Parts Slo.ago Bor
Cl6atrng Cloths (5)
Ft'stArd Krt ncluded
Ptatt Tml Cas6 Includsd
l o o lx i t t t . 9 l E
(r00t-c stllcluolo)
GettingServiceManualsandParts
IBM
OtrerThan
FromCompanies
Catalogs
Pleaseunderstandthat in givingthe followinginformationon
typewriterfirms, I havenot personallybeenauthorizedto speakon
behalfof these companies,You may correspondwith any of them
onlyto haveyour requestdeniedor ignored.However'I do believe
that an intelligentlywritten, conciseletter will draw the desired
response.Yourbasicproblemwill be whetherto requesta service
manualand parts catalogfor one specificmachine-in which case
you wouldlogicallybe planningto serviceyour own machine-or a
selectionof manualsand parts catalogsfor a variety of models
manufacturedby the firm. In the former case, you will have to
providethe modelnumberof your typewriter; in the latter case,
yourrequestmaybe up for somediscussion,particularlyif it is the
policyof the companyto establishfranchisedsen'icedealers.
partsby
In no caseis it advisableto try andorderbrand-name
description
laymen's
a
visualor
simplyprovidingthecompanywith
'
1s1
i
dr
-
OFFICE OR STORAGESPACE
-]!_
'-
='=
=+-,
==
==
pad_timebusiness.oronelhal can
F,g.4-21.perhapsthisshopplanand equipmentlayo|]lcan be modiliodto fit yourgarag€,ilyou'replanninga
groti,(courtesyotAm€sSupplyCompany).
MACHINES
OF ELECTRONIC
HANDLEREPAIR
ISNOTEQUIPPEDTO
THISSHOPLAYOUT
o
p
H
b
R
E
P
A
I
R
REPAIR SHOP
STOREFRONT
ECONOMICAL SHOP LAYOUT AND EQUIPMENT
[ll
of the part; you will alwaysget a more favorable-andfasterresponse if you furnish the part number, as taken from an
authorizedparts catalog,together with the correct name of the
part. Alternatively,you may order parts from, or through,Ames
Supply Company. Here is an excerpt from the current Ames
catalog,explainingits policyonpartsordering.
"The parts listed in the following section (the section
mentionedis catalogpagesof miscellaneous
items, only a few of
which are listed by manufacturers'numbers)are some of the
miscellaneous
itemsandassortmentcarriedin stock.We stockand
will continueto stockmanythousandsof availablemanufacturers'
partsas well as manyhundredsof parts that are now obsoleteand
nolongeravailablefrom the manufacturer.
"Because our stock of parts is growing larger and more
complexevery day, it is becomingmore difficultto publisha parts
catalogof the items we stock as we have done in the past.
Therefore,we do notpublisha partscatalog.
"Since our stock numbersfor parts are the same as each
part number,we suggestthat whenever
individualmanufacturer's
possibleyou usetheir catalogsandpartsnumberfor orderingfrom
Ames branchesand agents.If you do not have a number senda
sample or drawing of the part needed along with complete
informationas to the serialnumberof the machine,make,model,
pitch,color,etc.,andwe will fill in the partnumbersfor you.
"[f you cannotobtain the manufacturer'sparts catalogyou
need,pleaselet us knowandwe willtry to supplywhatyouwanton
specialorder.We do not keepa currentlist for partscatalogsin our
officesdue to their constantchangingin availabilityandprice. We
willbe gladto obtainthis informationfor youuponyour requestif
catalogsare needed."
The end of the foregoingparagraphis the end of the Ames
catalogquotation.
F C
6 | t !
I C \
;E
While I may have mentionedthis before, it is important
enoughto bearrepeating.Whennegotiatingwith manufacturers
for
service manualsand parts catalogs,you can assumethat two
considerations
will be uppermostin the mind of the recipientof
your request.Do you intendto reproduce(asthroughcopyingon a
copymachine)thesecompanypublications?
Do you intend to use
these catalogsand manualsto falsely representyourself as a
factclry-authorized
The answersto
servicedealerof that company?
1g
1
;a
t'c!
=3
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il
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*6
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boththesequestionsare, of course,no. I wourdsuggestthat you
makea straightforwardstatementto this effectin your initiat letter
(notall companies
are concerned
aboutfranchised
service/dealers,
however,and this questionmay not alwaysarise). Finally, when
correspondingwith or trying to get publicationsor parts from
manufacturers,
allowplentyof time for a response.which company
executivedo you addresswhen making these specialrequests?
Logicwould seemto dictatethat you corresponddirecily with
the
technicaldepartment;however, I usuailyiave better
luck if I
contactthe salesdepartment(addressthe salesmanagerby
nameif
possible-this informationis generallyavailablein
tle current
standardand PoorsDirectoryofAduertisezs,
foundin the reference
sectionof libraries).
see the appendixfor a list of typewriter manufacturersand/or
distributorsin the UnitedStates.
GETTIIIG
SERVICE
MAiIUATS
ATIDPARTS
CATALOGS
FROMIBM
The policy of IBM in furnishingservice manuarsand parts
catalogsis that IBM is willing to sell thesepublicationsto
anyone
requesting them. IBM does not establish franchised
service
dealers, and in fact controls the sares of its products quite
stringently,throughfield representativescalled,,marketing
i"presentatives."Accordingly,the only IBM-authorized
rup.i, ."r_
vice is through IBM field repairmen,called representatives
in
"customerengineering.
" what this meansin effectis that no onein
your town may advertisehis own name,or firm name,
as either an
IBM sales or service representative;however, as a practicar
matter,repairmencanbe andare trained,in independent
training
programs,to repair IBM typewriters. IBM phone
numbers are
listedin the yellow pagesof regionaror metrojoritanphone
books.
The nationwidetoll-freenumberfor IBM is gbo-63t--55g2,
except
in NewJersey,whereit is g00-3S2_4960.
ldentifying0ld tBMTypewriters
speakingof olderIBM typewriters,IBM servicemanuals
and
parts catalogs combine information for standard
and Executiue
rnachines.Both standardsand Executiveswere manufactured
in
IBM Models A, B, C and D (all of these models were
typebar
machines,incidentally).The informationon the nameplates
of
theseolder modelsdoes not alwaysclearrystate the
model, in
terms intelligible to the non-professional.
Namepratesmay be
foundin either (or both) of two places-on the bottom
side of the
machineandunderneaththe left-handplatenknob.There seemsto
be no clear-cutway to determinewhich of thesenameplateswill
providemodelinformation;however,oneor the other of them will
containa serialnumber(don'tconfusea serialnumberwith patent
numbers) .
If you can'tfind any letter or numberclearlydesignatingthe
modelof the IBM, provide the companywith the serial number,
togetherwith thefollowingfacts:
! Whetherit is a standardor Executive.
D The colorof the machine.
D Whetherit usesa carbonor a fabricribbon.
D The lengthof the platen,andthe lengthof the writing line.
f The pitch.
D The numberof characterson the keyboard.
tr Whetheror not it hasa decimaltab system.A decimaltab
systemdiffersfrom anordinarytabsystemin thata seriesof tabset
buttonscanbe presetto enablethetypistto tabto a certaindecimal
digit in a columnof dollarsandcentsfigures.
With the foregoing information, together with the serial
peopleshouldbe ableto
number,the IBM customerengineering
identifyyour machinemodel andtell you the appropriateservice
rnanualandpartscatalogto use.They will eithersendit to youor
referyouto the IBM personwhowill.
A, B, C
As a generalrule, the modelof the olderIBM stzuidard
and D modelswill be foundon the nameplateunderneaththe left
platenknob (you may have to move the carriagerightwardto see
this plate),althoughit will be statedas acodenumber,ratherthan
by a letter. Generally,this codenumberwill be to the left of and
precedetheserialnumber.It is a two-digitnumber,asfollows:
-The
-The
-The
-The
-The
codenumber"10" istheblackmodel.
codenumber"ll" is the ModelA (usuallygrey).
codenum ber "12" is t heM odelB.
codenumber"l3" is the ModelC.
codenum ber"15" is t heM odelD.
On some Executives,the model will be foundon a plastic
the
of themachine.[n someinstances,
nameplate,
on theunderside
The ModelC Executive,whichhasan
rnodelis clearlydesignated.
86-character
keyboardand a carbonribbon,is the Model 41, for
example.The samemachinewith a fabricribbonis a Model 45.
Most of these particularmachineswere tan in color. Executives
The clueto the
rveremadewithl/32" and 1/36" unit escapements.
156
157
escapementpitch is supposedto be given in certain digits of the
serialnumber.I won't attemptto tell you the codesinceI havenot
foundit consistent.To figure out the escapementpitch yourself,
youshouldunderstandthaton the machinewith the L/32" pitch, 10
three-unitcharacterswill occupy30/32"onthe paper.
One factorthat may leadto someinconsistencyin Executive
identification is that if and when machines are factoryreconditioned,the plate beneaththe left-handplatenknobmay be
removed,and a new numberstampedinto the metal. Sometimes
this number is accompaniedby the letter "R," to indicate
reconditioned.
With Executives,as with standards,be sure to includeas
much informationabout platen length, kind of ribbon, etc., as
possible.
ldentifying
RecentModellBMs
In previouschaptersof this book I havegenerallyreferredto
all single element machines as "single element" machines;
however, IBM designatesthis kind of machine as either the
"Selectric" (code 21), "Selectric II" (code 26) or "Correcting
Selectric"(code26). IBM hasquite recentlymarketeda machine
comparableto the SelectricII, with additionalfeatures,which is
called"SelectricIII, " for whichI haveno codenumberinformation.
The SelectricII and SelectricIII may use either the carbon
ribbonor fabricribbon(thefabricribbonmachinesare codenumber
84, whichare the third andfourthdigitsof the serialnumber).Since
the rnostnotablefeatureof the codingsysternon IBM Selectricsis
inconsistency,I can only suggestthat you provide the following
informationwhenrequestingservice manualsand parts catalogs:
platen length and writing line length, whether the machineis a
singleor dualpitch, the numberof characterson the keyboardand
whether it uses the film ribbonand Tech III ribbon interchangeably.
The older Selectricshad an SYz"writing line with an 11.0"
platen. Other older Selectrics,as well as the newer correcting
models, had 11" and 13" writing lines, with 13.5" and 1S.5"
platens,respectively.
Some professionalrepairmen recommendnot grinding a
platenbecause,they say, it decreasesits diameter,causingthe
type headto travel an incrementaldistancefartherbeforestriking
the platen, therefore changingthe striking pressure. In sorne
instances,decreasingthe diameterof the platenmayaffectthe way
it contactsthe feed rolls and causepaper feedingproblems.
However, I have never ftad any problemswith platensthat have
beengroundonetime.
Obviously, the superior way to reconditiona platen is to
recoverit. Here are somefactsaboutplatenrecovering.The inner
part of the platen is called its "core." Platen coresare designed
throughmanufactureto take either a cushionrubber cover or a
non-cushionrubber cover. Cushionplatenshave a rubber wall
platenshavea wall thickness
thicknessof over 3/76". Non-cushion
of under3/16" (Fig. a-22). You cannorput a cushionrubber on a
core,or vice-versa.
non-cushion
Platens,andthereforeplatencovers,are codedby hardness,
with the hardnessselected by the following facts. CodeA is
generallyusedfor oneto fourcopies,mostsuitableonportables,or
for only limited numbersof carboncopies-a softplaten. CodeM is
generallyused for four to eight copies.This is standardhardness
for machinesthat require harderplatensthan CodeA-such as
someIBMs, UnderwoodRhythmShift,certainSmithCoronas,and
for eightto 12copies.Because
RoyalMC. CodeEis generallyused
of the hardness,it is only usedon machineswhereneeded.CodeS
is generally used for more than 12 copies, or for typing on
extremelyheavypaperor thin cardboard.
AA
havea rubberwall
Generally,
cushionplatens
platens
thickness
over3116"andnon-arshion
3/16".
under
havea wallthickness
REC0
il0t Tt0r{E0PTATEI{S
Ames SupplyCompany,throughits branchcompanies,offers
the service of,reconditioningplalens.
One way that a platenmay be
reconditioned
is by grindingit; anotheris by recoveringit.
158
Fig a-22. Hecwering an otd, prttedplaten is a viable, relatively inexpensive
{/wayout" for the customer.Ames SupplyCompany can provide you with more
tnformationon this service(courtesyof Ames Supply Company).
159
stencil'Riteis generallyused for cutting stencils,
offset
masterandfluid masters.Theseare speciallytreated
to resist the
oils from the stencil.Stencil-Ritefeed rolls should
be usedwith
stencil-Riteplatens.The costof recoveringa platen
is determined
by its lengthin inches.
For more information on reconditioningpratens,
contact
Ames supplycompany,whowiil arsoprovideylu with
information
o ns h i p p i n ge, tc .
AOJUSTI
ilGTHE PRESSU
REOI{IT{OIVI
DUAT
TYPEBARS
Many electrictypebarmachineshavea provision,in
the form
of separateadjustingscrews, to a-djustttre typing pressures
of
individualtypebars.on somemachinestherei.
, .o* of adjusting
screws,accessible
afterremovingthe topcoverof the machine(on
the OlympiaModel 35, for.*urnpl";. On other
machines(notably
IBMs) the screwsare accessibleat the underside
of the machine
(Fig. a-23)aftertippingthe machine
back.
At a given overail typing pressure, as determined
by the
calibratedsetting of the typing pressure rever found
on most
machines,thepressureof individuartypebarscanchange
fromtime
to time, with no apparentreason.Moreover, certain
characters
(seerninglythe "a s" and"gs" on someolder
IBMs) seemto get out
of adjustmentmorefrequentlythanothers.
To makeindividuaradjustments,find the adjustment
screws.
Generally,the screwswill be numbered(thenumbers
arenlton the
screwsthemserves,
but stampedintoa metarbarin closeproximity
to the screws),with eachnumbercorresponding
to a typebar.The
number"l" correspondsto the typebaron the extreme
reft endof
theassembly,number"2" nextto;'r, " etc.After o.ienting
yourself
to the screwsandcorresponding
typebars,dothefollowing:
[J Roll a sheetof paperinto the machine.If you normaily
use
a backup sheet, or multipre sheets for carboncopies, roll
the
normallyusednumberof sheetsinto the machineso you'll
endup
w i thv i a b l ere s u l ts .
D Setthepressurereguratorat thenormariyused
setting.
D Type everycharacter-both upperandrowercase-on
the
keyboard,to determinewhichneedsadjlstment.
I Removethe paper(s),which wilt be used as a reference
whenselectingscrewsto be adjusted,
fromthetypewriter.
D Roll fresh papersinto the typewriter. Gain access
to the
adjustment
screws.
160
Fig. a-23. You are looking at the underside of an IBM Model A typebar
typewriter. Nole the row of adjustment screws. Also note the bar above the
screws, in whrch numbers, correspondingto lypebars, are stamped. Turning
the individual screws will change the pressure with which lhe corresponding
typebarstrikes the platen.
D Lookingat your referencepaperto seewhichscrewsneed
turning, tap the appropriatekeybuttonandnote the results.If the
impression is too light, turn the screw counterclockwise,in
quarter-turn increments,while tapping the keybutton until the
impression is dark enough.If the impressionis too dark, or the
typefaceis cuttingthe paper,follow the procedurementionedbut
turn the screw clockwise. There are no locking nuts on the
adjustmentscrews,so you'reall donewhenyou completethis last
step.
To judge your results accurately,be sure the typefacesare
clean and the ribbon is fresh (in the case of a fabric ribbon,
especially).In the caseof a carbonribbon,be sure it is of the right
density, and that you are usingthe right kind of paper(alsocheck
such"idiot factors"asthepositionof the multiplecopylever,etc.).
If all lhe impressions
light, perhapsthe machine
are consistently
needscleaningandoiling.
REMOVI
I{GTYPEWRITER
COVERS
There is no single set of instructionsthat can explainthe
removal of covers of all machines.Sometimes,removingthe
coverscanbe a majorchallenge.Coversalmostalwayscomeoff in
161
separatesegments.some are held on by screws with slotted
heads,somewith phillipsheads,andsomewith hexheads.Some,
suchas the coverof the IBM serectricII, aresimplyheld on by two
lockinglevers.If coversare herdon by screws,it is helpful to have
an assortmentof goodquality screwdrivers,andat least one that
will hold a screwwhile removingor insertingit in a hard-to-get-to
place(Fis. 4-2q. watch for springs,retainingwashers,spacers,
washersand rubbergrommets.when removingcover segments,
note how passageis made aroundand over external levers and
keybuttonsso you can replacethem accordingly.covers that can
actuallybe replacedever so slightly wrong canbe the underlying
causeof vibrationnoiseswhenthe machineis running.
STOCIONG
At{ASSORTMEilT
OFRIBBO}IS
For exacting customers, the kind and quality of ribbon
impressionsmay be crucialto their satisfaction,aswell as to their
perceptionof the qualityof the repairjob you turn out. Apart from
the kind andqualityof the ribbon,you'll be facedwith the problem
of havingto supplyribbonfor the large variety of typewriters that
youencounter.Hereare a few factsaboutfabricribbons.
Coftont{ylonandSilk Ribbons
cotton ribbonis consideredinferiorto eithernylonor si/ft,but
doeshavethe characteristic-whichmay be anadvantage
in some
cases-of producinga blackerimpressionwith a lighter blow from
the typebar.It might be preferredfor a manualtlpewriter, but the
striking pressureof an electric machinewould wear it out about
twiceasfastasit woulda nylonor silk ribbon.
Nylon ribbon is consideredan exceilent ribbon, from the
viewpoint of clarity, longevity and toughness.It gives an even
impressionthroughoutits life, and the impressionis sharper
and
less feathery than that from a cotton ribbon. Nylon ribbon is
availablein threedifferentgrades,for specificapplications.
si/ft is also consideredan excellentribbon, which gives an
even impressionthroughoutits life. The impressionis sharpand
clear,but not asblackasthatof cotton.
If you must stock ribbons conservatively,most customers
would be satisfiedwith cotton and nylon. It would probably
be
helpfulif you were to explainthe characteristics
of eacrr.
Fabric ribbons are availableon spoolsand cartridgesto fit
specificmachines.The spool or cartridgemust fit the machine.
The ribbon itself musrbe of the correct width to feedthrough
the
162
POSITIONINGSCR EWORIVER
N o . H J J - 8 7 P O S I T I O N I N GS C R E W D R I V E R
H6at tr6al€d 6xpanding st€olbits engag€ firmlyin sctowplot
^..-,
by simptgWshing mobon. Afte( uss. bi!s at€ resto.ed by push" r _
ing r€loas9 rod thal €xl€nds b€yond knurlod handl€.
Ovrrrll Lcttgtt
titlVidb
to.
9i 64',
HJJ-87-8
HJJ-87-10 3/16''
----
8'',
10"
on a
whenworking
screwdriver
to havea positioning
Fig.4-24.lt'sessential
Cornpany).
(carrtosy
ofAmesSupply
typewriter
ribbongUideandnot so narrowas to losepart of the impression.[n
somecasesthe ribbonmust be fitted with a hook for attachingto
the take-upspool,as well asan eyelet to work in conjunctionwith
the ribbon-reversingmechanism.The commonly encountered
ribbonwidths for conventionaltypewriters are Vz"and9/ 16".
System
FabricRibbonl{umbering
One fabric ribbonnumberingsystem,on ribbonssuppliedby
Ames Supply Company,is codedfrom TWl throughTW37 (with
someomissions),which includesribbonsto fit most fabricribbon
typewriters. You wouldn'tneed all of these ribbonssincepart of
them fit specialpurposemachines.Here is a list of ribbon that
wouldbe most sought-after.
I TW1 . A Yz"ribbonwith eyelets6" from eachend; fits Brother
Standard;HermesStandardElectric and Portable;and Undenuood
O/S andPortable.
D TW2. AYz" ribbonwith eyeletVz"from the end; fitsNorse/ess
Standardand Portable; RemingtonStandard,Electric, 17 and
PortableN/S; andUnderwoodNo. 150CoreandElectricO/S.
n TW3. AVz" ribbon with a 1" loop on outsideend; fits Royal
andElectric.
Standard
D TW4. A Yz"ribbon; fits L. C. Smith Standard;Smith Corona
StandardandElectricO/S,
tr TWs. A Yz" ribbon; fits Underwood No. 150 Flange and
Electric,N/S.
Electric.
D TW6. Ayz"ribbon:fitsR. C. Allen Standardand
D TW7. Ar/2"ribbon;fitsRemingtonVisible.
tl TlV8. A 9/16" ribbon on a toothed metal spool; fits IBM
ModelsA andB.
D TWg. A9/16" ribbonona plasticspool;fits IBM ModelsC and
t).
1ffi
D T Wf O . N o t l i s te d .
tl Twr l- A g/LG"ribbonwith eyerets6" from eachend and a
hookon the outsideendonly;fits RoyalElectricportableg/16,,utd
RoyalUltronic g/LG".
! Twr2 . Avz" ribbonwith eyelets3" fromeachend:fits olivetti
Standard
ElectricandPortable.
D T w r3 . A 9 /7 6 " ri b b o n i,s t hesameasTW l l but w i thouthook
andeyelets;fits Adlerg/lG" andRoyalSg0,690,970and92l.
D Twr4. A Yz" rtbbonwitheyelets6" from eachend:fits corona
PortableNo. 3 Auto.
D TWf 5. A Vz"ribbon;fits CoronaCorsairandCoronaPortable
Skywriter.
f) TWf 6. A 9/16" plasticcartridgeribbon;fits IBM Selectric
Model072.
f1 Tw17. A Yz" ribbon with eyelets 6" from each end; fits a
CoronaPortable,No. 4,Jr. andprof.
! TwrS . A yz"ribbonwith eyeretss" fromeachend;fits a smith
CoronaPortable, PortableElectric and Compact;and the Smith
CoronaStandardandElectricN/S.
D T W 1 9 . N o r l i s te d .
tr Tw2o. Avz" ribbon;fits Remington
portableo/S (to 1953).
! Twzl. A Yz"ribbon,sameasTwl with eyelets,but shorter;
fi ts R o y a l Po rta b l e .
a Tw22. A y2" ribbon,sameas TW1, but withouteyelets;fits
Adler Standard, Electric N/s and portable; Facit standard,
Electric, and PortableN/S; and olympia standard,Electric and
Portable.
I Tw23 - Avz" ribbon;fits AdlerStandard
andElectrico/S: and
FacitStandard,ElectricandportableO/S.
a TW24. AYz" ribbon;fits CoronaportableNo.3 O/S.
D T W 2 5 , T W 2 6 , T W2 7 , TW 28, TW zg, TW 30, TW3r.
Thesefit specialpurposemachines.
D TW32. At/z"ribbon;fitsRoyatite
portable.
tr TW33, TW34, TW3S, TW36, TW3Z. These fit
purposemachines.
Ribbonslisted abovewithouteyeretswork in the designated
machinesbecausethose machinesdon't require an eyelet for
ribbonreversing.
MylarandPolyethylene
Ribbons
If a carbonribbonis listedas poiyethylene,
it givesoff all its
coatingin onestrike of the typehead.It mustbe usedon a machine
164
that advancesthe ribbononefull charactereachtime a characteris
typed.
If a ribbon is listed as Mylar (or reusableMylar), it is to be
usedon a machinethat advancesthe ribbon only an incrementof a
space.
Potyethylenerrbbonsmakethinner, sharpercharactersthando
Mylar iiuuonr. some typists establish preferencesfor either
or MYlar.
'polyethylene
Certainpolyethyleneribbonsproducean impressionthat can
be lifted off the paperwith eithera sticky or dry correctiontapeor
for
lift-off tab. Correctiontapes are used on machinesdesigned
will
not
machine
the
case
them. Lift-off tabs are availablein the
'
acceptthe tape.
.
Mylar impressionscannotbe lifted off the paper,but they can
tapesare availablefor certain
be coveredup. couer-upcorTection
typewriters. Cover-upiabs are availablein casethe machinewill
not acceptthe correctiontaPe'
SYstem
CarbonRibbonNumbering
One carbonribbon numberingsystem codescarbonribbons
from cR3 throughcR44 (with someomissions),asfollows:
n CR3. A 5/16" x 4" (the latter numberis the diameterof the
spoolof ribbon whenbrandnew)that fits IBM NlodelsA, B, c and
D, andali machineslisted underCR4'Mylar ribbon'
(after
I CR4. A 5/16" x 4" polyethyleneribbon for Adler N/S
Olivetti
D;
and
C
B,
A,
Models
tnfr4
ZOS;
t969); Facit; Hermes
Editor 4, 5 and s14; olympia, except Model 35 (it won't fit the
Model 35 becausethe diameterwhen new is too large to fit the
machine;however, in a pinchpart of the ribboncanbe takenoff and
discarded,to decreasethe diameterof the spool);Remington,after
1961;Royal,mostmodels;SmithCoronaandUnderwood'
D CRs. Not listed.
n cR6. A 9/16" x 235',polyethyleneribbon;fits IBM Model071,
711,713and715.
i ncl ud ingNos.
n cR7. A 9/16" polyethyleneplasticcartridgeribbon; fits IBM
Selectric072.
I CR8. 5/16" x 4" polyethyleneribbon, sameas CR4 but with
optional cartridge;fits IBM Models C (late) and D; Remington
ModelNo. 26; Royal441; andRoval660and662'
[] cR8A. Samespool as cR4, but with optionalcartridgeand
reversewound;fits Hermes705Land799,OlympiaElectric65and
Remington100E.
165
I CRg. 5/16" x 4" polyethyleneribbon, same as CR4, but
withoutplasticcentercore;fits RemingtonO/S.
tr CRf O. l/2" x 440' polyethyleneribbonfits Olivetti Editor 2
and3.
D CRI l. 9/16" Mylar ribbonin a plasticcartridge,is the sameas
TW16,exceptTWl6 is fabric;fits IBM Selectric022.
n CRfz. 5/16" x 3Yz" polyethyleneribbon; fits Adler O/S.
HermesandOlympiaModel35.
n CRf 3. 9/16" x 350'polyethyleneribbon;fits IBM Composer,
a special"cold typesetting"machine.
D CR L4. 5/16" x 3Vz"polyethyleneribbonwith twin reels; fits
RoyalElectricModel 565,Royaltwin reels.
D CR 15. 5/8" x 406' polyethylenecartridgeribbon; fits IBM
SelectricII and SelectricIII. It is identifiedby the pink portion of
ribbonat the end,calledthe "pink leader."
D CRf 6. 5/8" x 290'reusableMylar ribbon(it is reusablein the
sense that it is transportedthrough the machinein increments
smallenoughto allow overlappingof the characters;however,it is
neverreversedandreused);fits IBM SelectricII andSelectricIII.
It is identifiedby the blue leader,which meansit canbe corrected
with the cover-upcorrectiontapeor tab,
[J CR17. A 5/16" nylon cartridge ribbon; fits the SCM
Coronamatic.
D CR18. 5/16" polyethylenecartridge ribbon; fits the SCM
Coronamatic.
! CR19. 5/16" Re-Rite, cartridge ribbon; fits the SCM
Coronamatic.
! CR2O. 5/8" x 405'correctablepolyethylenecartridgeribbon,
with a yellow leaderindicatingthat it can be correctedwith the
lift-off correctiontape CR21;fits Adler SE 1000-C/CD;Facit 1gS0
NS; Hermes 808 NS; IBM SelectricII and SelectricIII; Olympia
SGE77; andRoyal5000-C/CD.
n cR2oA. Similarto cR20but with s05'ofribbon.orangeleader
indicatesthat it canbe correctedwith CRZl-B lift-offtape.
! cRzoB. Similarto andfits the samemachinesas cR20A, with
minor, non-functionaldifferences in the construction of the
cartridge.Canbe correctedwith CR21Blift-off tape.
D cR2r. sticky lift-off correctiontape, usedwith cR20 ribbon;
fits Adler sE 1000-c/cD; Facit 1850 NS: IBM Selectric II and
SelectricIII; OlympiaSGE7T; andRoyal5000-C/CD.
D CRzlA. Dry lift-off correctiontape;firs Adler SE 1000-C/CD;
Facit 1850 NS; IBM SelectricII and SelectricIII: and Roval
166
when
5000-c/cD. To be used with cR20 correctablefilm ribbon,
olympia
and
808
Hermes
usedon a foreignmademachine,except
77,
SE
D CR2 tB. Stickylift-off correctiontape,to be usedon Adler
III;
Selectric
1000-C/CD;Facii 1850NS; IBM SelectricII and
film
correctable
cR20A
Royal5000-c/cD. It is to be usedwith the
ri bbon.
D CR21C. Dry lift-off correctiontape;fits Adler SE 1000-c/cD;
Iracit 1850NS: IBM SelectricII and SelectricIII; Royal 5000-C/
on
c-D.To be usedwith the cR20A andcR20B ribbonswhenused
77'
a foreignmachineexceptHermes808or Olympia
A CR22. 9/16" x 23i' correctablepolyethyleneribbon;fits IBM
tabs
SelectricModel 071, including711,713 and 715. Lift-off
included,
IBM
I CR23. 5/L6" by 4" correctablepolyethyleneribbon for
Same
cR4.
N{odelsA, B, C andD, andothermachineslistedunder
asCR4exceptthatit canbe correctedwith lift-offtabsincluded'
J CR24. Not listed.
Mylar
[] CR25. Cover-up correction tape, for blue leader
III'
Selectric
II
and
Selectric
IBM
on
used
be
can
It
ribbons.
n C R 26. Not list ed.
fits
tf cRz7. Cover-upcorrectiontape,for usewith cR15 ribbon;
IBM SelectricII andSelectricIII.
ribbonto be used
polyethylene
I CR28. 5/8" x 405'correctable
SR101'
Remington
and
III,
Selectric
II
and
on IBM Selectric
Correctswith lift-offtapeor tabs,tabsincluded'
ribbon;
n CR28A . 7/8"x505' correctablepolyethylenecartridge
III;
Selectric
and
II
Selectric
IBM
fits Facit 1850;Hermes808 OS;
included'
13[5
Lift-off
200'
MT
and
l0l
SR
and Remington
tl CR28B. 5/8" x 505' correctable polyethylene cartridge
ribbon;fitsFacit1850;Hermes808OS;lBMSelectriclland
SR 101andMT 200'
SelectricIII; andRemington
g/L6"
polyethylenecartridgeribx
correctable
150'
I CR29.
corrects with lift-off tabs,
yellow
leader,
by
bon, identifiable
(this
is the same cartridge as
072
Selectric
IBM
fits
included;
TWl6, but with differentkindof ribbon)'
Adler
n CR3O. 9/16" x 2M'polyethylenecartridgeribbon;fits
SE 1000andRoYal5000OS.
tl CR31. 9/16" x 48' nyloncartridgeribbon;fits Adter SE 1000
andRoyal5000OS.
I CR32. 9/16" x 264'correctablepolyethylenecartridgeribbon:fits Adler sE 1000andRoyal5000os. Lift-offtabsincluded'
167
tJ CR33. 9/16" x 2M'Mylar cartridgeribbon;fits Adler SE 1000
andRoyal5000OS.
tr CR34. 5/8" x 405' polyethylenecartridgeribbon; fits IBM
SelectricII ElectronicComposer.
tr CR35. 5/16" x 4" cerrectablepolyethyleneribbon-is the
sameas CR23,but with optionalcartridge,andwill fit the machines
listedunderCR8.
D CR35A. 5/16" x 4" correctablepolyethyleneribbon; fits
Hermes705Land799 OlympiaElectric65; andRemingtoni00E.
X CR36. Qume cartridge ribbon; this is a 1/4" by 300' multistrikeribbonwith blueleader.
tr CR37. Dry lift-offtapeto fit Hermes808andOlympiaSGEZZ.
D CR37A. Dry lift-off correctiontape to fit Hermes 808 and
OlympiaSGE77.
D CR38. 9/16" x 30' nylon cartridge ribbon; fits Olivetti
Audicart5 and6.
tr CR39. 5/8" x 394'polyethylene
cartridgeribbon;fits Olivetti
Lexikon90.
tl CR4O.A cartridgenylonribbon;fits Olivetti Lexikon90.
D CR4l. Dry lift-off correctiontape; fits Olivetti Lexikon and
OlivettiLexikon90C.
tr CR42. 5/8" x 394' correctablepolyethyleneribbon; fits
OlivettiLexikon90C;andOlivettiLexikon92C.
D CR43. 5/16" x |Yz-yardnylon cartridgeribbon; fits Olivetti
Lexicart80 andOlivettiLexikon82/83.
f CR44. 5/16" x 16.4-yardMylar ribbon that fits Olivetri
Lexicart80 andOlivettiLexicart82/83.
GIVIIIG
A CUSTOMER
A}I ESTIMATE
The hourlyrate of typewriterrepairmenis higherthanthatof
auto mechanics.At a time whenauto mechanicrates were about
$19 an hour, typewnter repairmenchargedaround930 and IBM
"customerengineers"chargedaround$40 to $45.Most repairmen
also inform potential customersthat traveling to and from the
repairjob requiresanextramileagefee. Somerepairmanavoidthis
extrachargeby makingroutineweeklytrips to outlyingareas,with
the understanding
that a machinerepairedat the repairman'sshop
will not be returneduntil the first subsequent
routine trip after
parts have arrived and the machinehas been repaired. N{ost
repairmendo not providea loanermachinewhile the customeris
waitingfor the repairto be completed;
however,this practicedoes
vary somewhatwith how urgentlythe machineis needed,andwrth
thegoodwiil the repairman
hopesto establish.
168
In most cases,if the repairmanis seeingthe machinefor the
first time, and it is obviouslydirty, the original estimatewill
the costof a thoroughcleaningandoiiing,at a flat rate,This
rnr:lude
from
is
rate
$30 to $40 but will, obviously,vary with locationand
tnflation.
After taking on the commitment of keeping a machinein
repair,andknowingthatthe machinehasbeenrecentlycleanedand
oiied, most repairmen will try to make rninor repairs at the
customer'slocation-especiallyin the caseof office machines.
user of a small
Generally,the repairmanwill ask the occasional
pickup
ivpewriter to bring it into the shopand savethe expenseof
anddeliverY.
In most cases,the cost of a clean/oil and"generaloverhaul"
tthe generaloverhaulmay not amountto much,however,sincea
thoroughcleaningandoilinggenerallysolvesa lot of problems)will
alsoincludethe costof a newribbon,in the caseof a fabricribbon'
However, installinga new carbonribbon (on a carbon ribbon
nrachine,that is) will not improve the quality of typing from the
unlessthe ribbonwasactuallypastits shelflife. They do
rnachine.
this becausethe quality of the ribbon is so intimately connected
rvith what the customerperceivesas good performancefrom a
typewriter.
"Marking up" the wholesalecost of parts and supplies,to
arrive at a retail figure, is an importantaspect of business.
Throughoutbusinessin general,markuppercentagefiguresrange
of the item
from307oto around507o,with the costof transportation
witlt
Working
<-rr
other.
way
one
passedon to the customer,
percentagefigures can be tricky, and many merchantsuse a
,'handy-dandy"computer chart for this purpose. I prefer to
understandthe formula, and then use an electroniccalculatorto
maketheprocessquickandeasY.
Here is an example.Supposeyou havedecidedthat 40vais a
fair markupon a certainitem. This item costsyou $15,plus$1.50
[JPS charge to have the item sent to your shop, from Seattle,
Washington.The customer cost of the item is arrived at by
wbtracting 40%froml009o, anddividing the remainder(607o)into
cost; thus,
the wholesaleprice. Finally,addthe transportation
= $25.00+ $1.59= $26.50.The retailprice of all partsand
H
with
Suppliesshouldbe establishedin this manner,in accordance
Whether
bill.
repair
the markupyou decideon, andincludedin the
thesechargesare actuallyexpressedor not dependsuponvarious
169
factors.For example,if you quotea flat ratefor a clean/oil,which
includesa ribbonasa matterof routine,the costof the ribbonmay
not be shownon the bill. Markupfigureson variousitems may
vary, dependinguponsuchfactorsas how longan item is likely to
be heldbeforesellingit, andwhetheror not it hasa shelflife.The
generalrule beingthat the moreperishable
an item is, the higher
its markupto recoverpossiblelosses.
If you charge going prices for repair work, includingthe
normal markup on parts, you will be expectedto warrantyyour
work. Some repair warrantiesare for 30 days; some are for 45
days.
In order to attract business,some repairmenoffer service
contractsunderwhich,for a statedannualfee, theyprovideservice
for certain,listed machines.Currently,IBM is chargingabout$90
a yearto providesen'icefor the IBM SelectricII. Somerepairmen
modeltheir servicecontractson the IBM contract.If you decideto
write up service contracts,you will be selective abclutwhich
brandsand models-and the age of the machine-they applyto.
You should probably consult with an attorney to check legal
ramificationsand the wording of the contract.In any case,the
serial number of the coveredmachineshouldbe shown on the
servicecontract.
SUTIIMARY
In this chapter I have attemptedto describe the most
commonlyseen complaintsby professional
repairmen.Theseare
sticky, gummy machines,pitted or aged platens, and erratic
pressureson electrictypebarmechanisms.
Sometimes,ribbonor
paperor a combinationof the two, can causeproblemswhichthe
customermight perceiveas mechanical.For example,if a faded
ribbon or hard paperproducesa dim impression,the user might
thinkthe strikingpressureisn'tadequate.
Just as with any other activity in life, you don't repair
typewritersin a void. Somewherealongthe way you'll have to
contactsomeoneto get parts,supplies,toolsor just information.[f
the machineisn't one that is includedin the chaptersof this book
that follow, I wouldhighlyrecommendthat youget the appropriate
servicemanualsandparts catalogs.The former are necessaryfor
an intelligent evaluationof any mechanicalproblems.The latter
will give a nameand numberwhich you canrelate to your parts
distributor-ratler thana visualdescriptionandmade-upnametherebyestablishing
a viablerelationship
with this unseenperson,
uponwhomyouwill dependfor fast,dependable
service.
170
The business aspects of starting up a typewriter repair
businessmight be tough, becausecompetitionis ever-present.
Most professionalrepairman rely heavily upon "commercial"
accountS- t hat is, account s wit h businesses which uSe
typewriters-rather than on consumeraccounts.If you don't see
many commercial accountsin the offing, you might do well to
rethink your start-up strategy and perhaps look for another
location.In anycase,set up your shopto be aswell-equippedandto
operateas efficientlyaspossible.You'llfind,evenat $30 to $45per
hour, that you'll haveto work efficientlyto makeup for time taken
in otheraspectsof the business-includingtalkingto customers.
Appendix:
Typewriter
Manufacturers
and/orDistributors
Adler Business Machines
1600Route22
Union,NJ07083
Brother International Corp.
Eight CorporatePl
Piscataway,NJ08854
Faci t-A dd o, I nc.
66Field Point Rd.
Greenwich,Conn.06830
Hermes Products.Inc.
1900Lower Road
Linden,NJ07036
International Business Machines
Corporation
Old OrchardRd.
Armonk,NY 105M
Olivetti Corporation of
America
500Park Avenue
New York NY 10022
Olympia USA, Inc.
P. O .Box22
Somerville,NJ08876
Royal Typewriter Co.
150New ParkAve.
Hartford,Conn.06106
SCM Corporation
299 Park Ave.
NewYor kNY10017
Sperry Remington
P.O. Box 1000
BlueBell, PA19422
349
294
Platen parts, removing
131
1 4 , 4 1 P l a t e nr e l e a s e
40
knob
14
83
mechanism
164
Polyethylene rabbons
L
86
92 Power roll
Levers
20
35 Proportionalspacing
Line space lever
Lina space mecfianism 126, 286, 302
Line space
40R
soloctor lever
139 Repeatspacemechanism1O7,291
Lubricating
135 Return clutch
atypewriter
298
136 Returnjamming release
Lubricationsolutions
299
Ribboncarlridgemectranism
126
M
Ribbon color change mechanism 123,
13
271
Manualtypewriters
37 Ribbonfeed mecfianism
Marginreleasekeybutton
66, 123
57,n0
moctranism
Ribbonfeed/rsversemechanism 278
36 Ribbon liftmechanism
setcontrolbunon
74,129
52,280 Ribbon tiftingmechanism
stopmechanism
27i
114 Ribbon position control button
stops
38
40
Multiplycopycontrollover
162
'164 Ribbons.conon
Mylarribbons
163
fabric
196
fails to reverse
i
194
feedmechanism
162
Nylonribbons
24
hetpfuttips
164
mylar
0
162
nylon
Olympiatypewriter,
problerns
28
1
98'215
adiustments
1O4
polyethyfene
176
cleaning
162
iirr<'
176
oiling
162
stocki ng an assortment
172-176
parts
23
lpewriier
removingof
139
Rinsing
136
21!233 Rinsingsolutions
cornpon€nts
remwing of corers
21U233 Rolls,papertable-feed
31
K
Keybuttons
Keys
Index
't2
Communications
1 3 6 Controlbunons
32
130
Correctionmechanism
162
E
Cottonribbons
39
Backspacekaybutton
51,108,265
mechanism
0
ad
Brothert)rPewriter,
87
Drivingmochanism
253
iustihgbetttension
'escaP-ementmecfianism
262
E
306
parts
87
24 Electricalsyslem
itinringmecfianism
13
251 Eloclrictypewrilers
iemovingco\rers
?2
252 Elite
remoringmolor
179
nt,malfuncltons
262 Escapeme
spacebtr mechanism
253 Escapementmoctrar$sm20' 46, 98,
swttctmechanism
262
A
Aircomprassor
c
Carbonribbons
numb€ringsYstem
Carriage
Carriagerelease
cohtrolbutton
mechanism
Carriagereturn
controlbutton
mechanism
Cleaninga typewritor
Cteaningprocess
Cleaningsolutions
Clearcohtrolbutton
t
23
165 Fabricribbons
30
81,287
H
37
128,302 Hallspacemecfianism
112 Highyieldcorrectable
film ribbon
34
25
I
135
138 IBMSelearicll, controls
typewriters,old
136
36 lmpressionregulator
23,164!
105
25
41
156
39
romwingol mechanisms 213..
233
On-otfcontrolbutton
us
P
Paperbail
Paperfeed
mallunctoning
mechanism
release mechanism
Paperpan
Paper release
lwer
mechanism
Paper table-feedrolls
Parts catalogs
Pica
Pitcfr, ota typewriter
Platen
reconditroning
Servicemanuals
Shiftcontrolbuttons
32 Shiftlock.controlbuttons
62
186
282
127
31
31
40
66,280
31
'151
22
20
29
158
1 2 ,15 1
u
34
60
mechanism
59,100,268,295
Shift mechanism
162
Silk ribbons
16
Single element typewriter
107
Singlespace mechanism
32
Spacebar
262
m€chanism
106
Space mechanism
45
Spacing mechanism
193
Spacing problem
20
Spacing, proportional
282
Spring drurn
18
Standardtypewriter
87
Switci mechanism
351
350
T
36
Tab controlbutton
36
Tabset
188
Tab seUclearkey
AO,122
Tab set-clear mecfianisrn
75
Tabulationmechanism
199
Tabutator
118,271
mechanism
25
Tecfrlllribbon
142
Tools
39
Touch conlrollever
14
Typebars
158
adjustingpressure
14
heads
190
mallunctioning
16
typ€writer
16
Typebasket
Typewritercovers,remwing'161
23
Typewriter ribbons
135
Typewriters,cleaning
13
eleclric
352
lubricating
manual
o l dI B M
pitch
proportionalspacing
secunnginformationon
s i n g l es l e r n e n t
slandard
sticky & dirty
typebar
Typing mechanism
Typing pressureregulation
Y
Variablelinespacer
Verticallino
spacingmechanism
t35
13
tW
20
?2
150
16
18
13.
16
44,8C
39
197
60
w
Warning bell,adjustment
Workshop,designing
29O
148
Edited by: Robert Ostrand€r

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