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No. 1336 $16.95 THE OtherTAB books by.theauthor: No. 941 MimeographOperation,Maintenance& Refair No. 1163 TheComplete Handboohof SewingMachineRepuir No. 1208 Make Ywr OumGemstoneJewelry TYPEWRITER REIAIR MAI{UAL BY HOWARDHUTCHISON TAB BOOKSInc. BLUE RIDGE SUMMIT, PA lrr c I u.'ci eg-; Pro faee ch. L,2,&.+ Ch 3 onni**eJ Contents Preface Controls olTypewriler 0e{inition andanOverview 7 II Good Communications-Service Manual--Manual and Electric Typewriters-Keybutton or Key-Typebars and Typebar Heads-Typebar Typawriter-Single Element TypewriterStandard Typewriter-Pitch of a Typewnter-Pica and EliteProportional Spacing Typewriter-Typewriter RibbonsTabl+Feed Rollv-Overview of ConPlaten-Carriag+-Paper trol Buttons and Levers-lBM Selectric ll Controls-Summary Mechanisms ManualTypewriter FIRSTEOITION FIRSTPRINTING CopyrighrO 1981byTAS BOOKS Inc. Printed in tre United States of America Reproduction or publicatron of th€ content in any manner, without express Noriabirty rsassumJ.,nirn ,..pbaro f^"JTlTSlrT,H:,,HjJ5li,JJj,ll"n,o,teo Libraryol CongressCataloging in pubficatjon Data Hutchison, Howard. Thetypewriterrepairmanual. Includesindex. 1. Typewriters-Mainlenanceand repar r__flandbooks,manuals,elc. l. Tifla. 249.H954 652.3 81_919s 1SBNG8306-0034_5MCR2 ISBN0-83061336-6(pbk.) 44 Typing Machanism-Spacing Mechanism-Escapement Space Mechanism-Margin Stop Mochanism-Back Mech anisrrp-Margin Rolease Mech a nisrn-Shitt Mechani srnShift Lock Mechanisnr*Vertical Line Spacing Mechanisrn-Paper Feef-Paper Release Mecfranisrn-Ribbon Feed (or Transport) Mechanisnr-Ribbon Lift Mechanisrn-Tabulation Mechanisrn-Tab Set-Cloar Mechanisnr--Carriage FleleasePlaten Release Mechanisrn-Summary Mechanisms Electric Typewriter 86 Power Ro(l-Electrical System-Driving Mechanism-Swrtch Mech ani s m-Typing Mech anis ms-Escapement M e chanisrn-Shift Mechanism-Hall SpaceMechanism-Space Mechanisms-Back Space Mechanisms-Tab Set and Clear Mecfranisms-Color Change and Ribbon Lift Mechanism-Ribbon Feed Mechanism-Ribbon Cartridge Mechanism-Line Space Mechanisnr-Paper Feed and Release Mechanisnr-Carriage Mechanism-Platen Release Mechanism-Correction Release-Summary Practical TipsfortheBeginning Typewriter Repairman Sticky, Dirty Typewriters-Thoroughly Cleaning and Lubing a Typewriter-Giving a Typewriter a Superlicial Cleaning and Lubing-Cosmetic Cleaning-Selecting Tools-Designing a Workshop*Securing Technical Information on TypewritersGetting Service Manuals and Parts Catalogs From IBMReconditioned Platens-Adlusting the Pressure on Individual fypebars-Removing Typewriter Corers-Stocklng an Assorlment of Ribbons-Giving a Cuslomer an Estimate--Summary 134 Ch.558,6orn,#-J x 5 Making Repairs andAdjustments ontheOtympia ModelB-12 Parts of the olympia Moder B-12-Deveroping the Right Mental Attitude to Repair and Adjust Typewrirers-cleaning ind oiling the Olympia Model B-12-The Back Space Doesn,t-Work_The carriage Binds*The shift Binds-The shift-Lock Fairs to Lock-The EscapementMarfunctions-The carriage Fails to Line Lock-The Lina Space Fails to Space or ls lrregular_The paper Feed Doesn'r Feed or Feeds Erraticaily-The piper Rereasewiil Not Release the Paper When the paper Release Lever ls P u l l e d - T h e M a r g i n F a i r st o R e r e a s eW h e n t h e M a r g i n R e r e a s e Button ls Depressed-The Tab Set-Clear Faits to blear_Tne Tabulator Fails to]ab-TJre carriage Moves when Tabbing But Fails to stop at a Preset stop-Tne Typebar Farrsto print When Activates-The Machine Fairs to space when the space Bar rs Tapped-The Repeat-Space Faits to Repeat_The Ftibbon Litt will Not Place the FtibbonFuily Between the Typefaceand ptaten During Typing-The Ribbon ls Not Fed-The Ribbon Fails ro Reverse-The Variable Line Spacer Fails to Operate_ Adjustrnenls--Removar of covers, components and Meihanisms of the Olympia Modet B-12-Btow-Up DrawingsWth Accompany_ l1tgParts Numbersand Name-NumberListsfoi the OtympiaModet B-12-Summary x procedures 6 Adjustment andRepair f orhe Brofter ModelJPS Removing the covers-Removing sre Motor-Adjusting the Bert Tension--The switch Mechanisrn-The printing' Mec[anisrnThe Space Bar Mechanism-The Escapemeni Mechanisrn_ Back Space Mechanism-The Shitt Mechanisnr-The Taburator Mechanism-The_ Color Change and the Bibbon Lifting Mechanism-The Ribbon Feed and Reverse Mecr"ranisrn-The Margin Release and Margin Stop Mechanisnr_The Spring Drum-The Paper Feed Mechanisrn-The paper Flelease Mechanism-The Lrne Space Mechanism_The Carriage Release-Adjustment of the Warning Beil-The Repeat Space Mechanisrn-Removing the Uppei Cover and Left platen Knob-The S h i ft M e c h a n i s m - - T h e C a r r i a g e R e t u r n Mechanism-The Return Clutch-The Returi Jamming Releas+The Carriage Release Mechanism_Line Space Mechanism-Parts Brow-ups and parls Names and Numbeis for t h e B r o l h e rM o d e t s3 , 0 0 0 , 1 , 0 0 0a n d X L - 4 , O 0 0 _ p a r t sB t o w _ U p s and Parts Names and Numbers for the Brother Model 35OG_ MechanismRemoval Procedures-Summary n2 Preface 25O Appendin Typewriter Manufacfurersand/or Distributors349 t lndex',= \ \ 350 n ci.-'-le;J One of the great mysteriesof machinerepair, from the layman's viewpoint,hasbeenin the field of typewriters.Probablyonceor twice in your life youhavehadproblemswith a typewriter,takenit to the repair shop,andbeeninformedthat therewasa "flat fee" for rninimumserviceto the machine,and anythingbeyondminimum sen,icewouldbe subjectto an hourlyrate. The unfortunateaspect of this informationwasthat the "flat fee" turnedout to be aboutttre job, equivalentof a day'swageson your factoryor Secretarial and or three two was about ask) to nerve (if you the had the hourly rate timesyour own hourlyrate. Then,whenthe machinewasreturned to you (you pickedit up, of course,to saveadditionalcharges),you it over to find that it wasnow niceandcleiurlooking,andthe t,-roked remained.How lrrtiblemhad beensolved. But a naggingmystery time didhe how much and do, actually repairman did the rnuchwork was wipe did he maybe-all Maybe-just it? put in doing sctually and spring, a rlre machineoff on the outside,reachin and rehook the twice was about rirenmake out the ticket for $92.50-which break. coffee tookhis then rt,salevalueof the machine-and On the other hand, the professionalrepairmancould argue to explainexactlywhathe did' largelyon tlrathe is not duty-bound tlre premise that the average layman wouldn't understandit like anyway. And he might also argue-rightly enough-that' must the customers people, professional larvyers and other ultimatelypayfor the educationandtrainingthat allowshim to find tlrt'springthatneedsrehooking' The abovescenariois more true in the field of typewriter t?l):rirthan in, say,autorepair,in whicha lot of do-it-yourselfers havelearnedto relinetheir ownbrakes,tuneup their own engines and even make major overhauls,largely as a matter of survival. Many of theseamateurmechanics learnto do competentwork, and manyrnoreof them go on to becomeprofessionals. why isn't this thecasein the field of typewriterrepair? One answer to this questionis that, in most cases, if professionalhelp isn't affordable,it turns out to be more practical to relegatea typewriterto the closetthanit would be to put the family car on blocks.Individualswith only moderatemechanical knowledgeventureforth to fix their cars,andfindthat it isn't nearly as difficultas their friendly neighborhood garagemantold them it wouldbe. The other answeris that the mechanisms of a typewriter look truly formidable,largely becausebookshelvesof librariesand bookstoresaren'tstockedwith typewnterrepairmanuals,as they are with auto repair manuals.Manuals,suchas the one you are holding in your hand, are a tremendoushelp in making these mechanismslook less formidable.And if the manualis written exclusivelyfor laymen-ds thisoners-you'll find that not only do the illustrationsdo much to clarify the operation,functions,and workingsequences of andtolerancesbetweenvariousparts,but also, the text is written so clearly that ail those things that professionals know(butareapparently swornneverto divuige)are clearly spelled out. In other words, once you know how, it's infinitelyeasierto equalizethe typingpressureon tie typebarsof that older IBM typewriter thanto changethe sparkplugs on your vw super Beetle.It is easierto changea praten,and know when and why it shouldbe changed,than to rotate the tires on your stationwagon. Youmay arguethat this is all very well, but the fact is that the tbreeautopartsstoresin your smalltownall vie with eachotherfor the privilegeof sellingyou sparkplugs.where in the world would you find a new typewriterplaten?It hasbeenmy own, iong-held opinion that a great shortcomingof somedo-it-yourselfbooksis that they don't spell out preciselyhow arrdwhere unusualor specializedparts are obtained.Yes, there are sourcesof typewriter suppliesand parts, with apparentlyenoughto go around throughoutthe uhited states,but obtainingthem requiresjust a slightly different approachthan just walkinginto your neighborhood store. In this book I wiil speil out in greatdetail how to get typewritersuppliesandparts. Then there is the questionof obtainingservicemanualsfor specifictypewnters. I havebeentold-more thanonceand quite I enrphatically-thatit would be impossibleto compile all the technicalinformation on every conceivabletypewriter brand./ rrrodelstill in usein the UnitedStatesbetweenthe coversof one book.Of courseI hadto admit-and a moment'sreflectionwill tell you-that this is true, andthat the best that I couldpossiblydo would be to provide illustrationsand clearly written textual rlescriptionsof represenlativetypewriter mechanismsand, to providedetailedandcomprehensive translatethisintopracticality, proceduresfor repairing a few specificbrand,/models,in both electric and manualmachines.[n other words, if your goal is to repair/maintainone typewriter, and that particular machineis describedin this book,you will haveall the informationyou need. Beyond that, this book should provide you with an excellent groundingin basicmechanisms, as wellas a thoroughunderstandingof how andwhy they do whatthey do. If yourparticularmachine rsnot represented herein,youwillhavealreadybeeninstructedon howandwhereto get servicemanualsandpartscatalogsthatareso r)ecessary for makingan effectiverepair. If, on the other hand, your goal is to start a part-tirneor in thereis enoughinformation full-timetypewriterrepairbusiness, this book to get you on that track. These are not just vague generalitiesapplicableto "businessin general,"but concrete, ypecificstepsto take-such asmakingsuppliercontacts,planning a workshop, buying equipment,etc. -for a typewriter repair trusiness. businessacumen, As a matterof fact,if youcancornbine an attribute you probably can't acquirefrom a book, with the in thisbook,I don'tbelieveyoucouldfail instructions stcp-by-step such a in business. Typewriter manufacturer/distributors who cooperatedor in $ome way helpedin compilingthe informationfor this book were I ll M, OLYMPIA USA INC, andBrotherIntemationalCorporation. For example,an IBM representativespent considerabletime explaininghowto get IBM servicemanuals andpartsCatalogs-as rt'ell as restrictionson their republication--anda regionalIBM engineerprovidedme with a wealthof informationregardingthe IflM Model numberingsystem, which I am passingalong wrth other IBM information.My Olymptacontactwaspleasedwith t}te Olympiachapter.Brother Internationalwas extremelycooperati ve i n a ll ways. The Ames SupplyCompany,a major supplierof typewriter suppiies and parts, was extremely helpful and cooperativein providinginformationfor anentirechapterof thisbook. I shouldsaythatthereareinnumerable possibilities for errors to creepinto a bookcontainingasmuchtechnicaldataas this one. To avoidthis, I havesubmittedthe variouschaptersto the service departments of thepreviouslymentioned companies. The chapters were readfor accuracy by theirtechnicians. They were all pleased with the resultsandagreedthat this shouldmakea usefuimanual for the laymanor beginningprofessional. Finally, to possiblybelabora point I tried to makeearlier,I would suggestthat you read this book not as an encyclopedic volume of technicaldata but more as a textbook.I truly believe that, when usedin this manner,it is the most usefurtypewriter repair bookever compiledfor the laymanor beginningprofessional. HowardHutchison Chapter 1 Definitions and an0verviewof Typewriter Gontrols Whenyou beginto makea typicalhomerepair(let'ssayrepairinga lrroken window), your job is made relatively easy. Do-itI'ourselfershave been repairingtheir own windowsfor so many -vearsthat neighborhoodhardwareand building supply stores, rvhichare orientedto this kind of trade,are willing andeagerto furnishall thematerials.Yourbuildingsupplydealerwi]t beeasyto talk to, and even if you don't know the difference between single-strength anddouble-strength glass,he'llbe eagerto explain the differenceandmakeworthwhilerecommendations andsuggestions.If you happento live in a smalltown,he mightevenofferto lendyoua ladder. However, when you undertake the repair of your own ty'pewriter,you'repretty muchon yourown.First of all, livingin a smalltown will be a disadvantage therernaynot be a local because r epairmanwith whomyoucandiscussyourproblem,asyoudowth your home repair dealer. If there is indeeda local typewriter repairman,or even if the town is burgeoningwith them, you'll probablybe greetedwith someskepticismwhen you state your intentionof repairingyourown typewriter.Speaking realistically, I'd even suggestthat somesort of professional jealouslymayenter fhc'picture,sincetrained,professional repairmenlook upontheir work as too difficult for a laymanto "pick up" in a short time. Thcrefore, if the successof your repair project dependsto any extentuponthe cooperationof a professional repairman(suchas in the orderingof parts, whichwill be discussed in more detailin a 10 11 s u b s e q u e n tc h a p t e r ) , y o u ' l l h a v e t o b e c o n v i n c i n ga n d persistent-andit won'thurtyourcauseto beknowledgeable. Moreoever,the problemwillbe considerably if compounded it becomesnecessaryto correspondwith out-of-towndistributors. This is the situation in which knowledge-togetier with good - i s mandatory. communications G00D c0MMuNtcATtolts To explainwhatI meanby goodcommunications, let me relate a story. Two elderly spinsterslived acrossthe street from each other. Every day,dayin anddayout, theystoodon their respective porchesandarguedbackandforth acrossthe street. A newcomer, observingthis phenomenon,askedan old-timer in town: "Why can'tthe ladieseveragreeonanything?" "Because,"replied the old-timer, "they're arguing from differentpremises." The key word of that story is, of course,premises,which is ambiguouswhen taken out of context.If you think that's a little silly, let me tell youa morerelevantstory.I recentlycorresponded with a certaintypewritercompany,requestinga servicemanualfor a particulartypewriter model which that companymanufactures anddistributes.The reply cameback,"We no longermanufacture manualtypewriters." To get back to my casefor goodcommunications, the point I've tried to make here is that somewords are ambiguouswhen taken out of context. Other words are just inherentlyambiguous andcan'tbe usedcarelessly.Whenyougetintothe reallytechnical wordsandterms of typewriterrepair,a lot of confusionwill result if you don't use the words correctly.Finally,the professionalwill havemorerespectfor your capability,andmightasa resultbemore cooperative,if you use the correct word or term to describethe part, mechanism or functionyou'rereallytalkingabout. It might be arguedthat there is no universalagreementas to whatcertainpartsandfunctionsare to be called,but in most cases commonusageis a determiningfactor.In a few cases,especially where inner mechanismsare concerned,terminologymay vary slightly from machinebrand to brand and, consequently,from servicedealerto dealer,depending uponwhichbrandshe hasspent the most time workingwith. MANUAI SERVICE Alone, the word manual is usually taken to mean a book, preparedby the technicaldepartmentof the typewriter manufac12 tur€r. If it is an operator'smanual, it will only describea few SUperfrcialproceduresthat the average,non-technicalperson need5to knowaboutoperatingthe machine.It will haveextremely Scant,if any,technicalor repairinformation.If you wantrepairand acJjustmentilformation, be sure, therefore, not to ask for an operator'smanualbut ratherf.oraseruicem.anual.Sincemost (but norall) servicemanualsarecompiledfor individualmodels,besure 3nd epecifythe brandandmodel(andanypertinentinformationthat youthink might help)of the machinefor whichyou are requesting the servicem anual. Apartfrom beingquitespecificaboutwhatyouwantin the way oFaservicemanual,it may alsobe a goodideato statein your initial lefter of requestthat you only intendto use the manualto repair your own machine(in casethe dealermaintainsfranchisedrepair centers), and that you won't run it through a copier' Most reproducing are quite sensitiveaboutthe unauthorized conrpanies of theirpublications. TYPEWRITERS ELECTRIC MAT{UAL AT{O A manualtypewriter(Fig. 1-l) is one on whichthe majorityof operationsare performedmanually-that is, without the aid of A true manualtypewriter is in electricallyactuatedmechanisms. however, even the components; electrical with no equipped fact *nre manualtypewriter may have some functionswhich emulate \ prg 1-1. This Brother manual portabfe typewriter willperform essentiallythe Lnine tunctions as an electric machine, but with less ease and cuvenience (courtesy of Erother lnlernational Corporation)' 13 power,with the powersourcebeingthe tensionof a springwhichis rewoundeverytime the operatorperformsa certainoperation. On somemachinesthatare electrical-manual hybrids,every operationis performedmanuallyexceptthe return of the carriage to the left-handmargin,whichis performedelectrically. An electrictypewriter(Fig. l-2) is oneon whichthe nrajority of operationsare performedby mechanisms whichare electrically actuated when the typist touches the appropriatekeybutton, controlbuttonor lever. KEYBUTTO}I ORKEY The words"keybuttons"and "keys" are almostsynonymous (lBM usesthe word "keybutton"most extensively,however)to denote the plastic buttons (Fig. 1-3), which are arrangedin a standardized formaton the keyboardof thetypewriter.However,if you use the word "key," someambiguitymay arise, becausein common(but erroneous)usagethe word "key" is sometimestaken to meanthe typebarhead that strikes the paper(for example,it is often saidthat the "keys are dirty," whenin fact it is the typebar headsthatneedattention). ANDTYPEBAR TYPEBARS I{EADS First andforemost,typebarsandtypebarheadsare foundonly on typebar machines*as in contrast to the more advanced fti'GliC-g; 6s Oi}sbs r;uo7 6is6n *-^ z-la /-\r-\ c\r rY:Js As W" Q)n r;)sOP6s @F i'1u6)FOz {)F fi*OFG?Qs "i* = G)P6:q$ r:a_Q?q: 92H'ut)ru* 1p tJs U6Z, r)a 3*)g6i \:tt >,_ ,--\cf) LY: es U" /--\O ,--] x f t-JP (9- -i c o ct o o. o (J (o c o c o ;o o dl o .D o c a o o (t, o J o o x ]D E =o(l) o o) E G (J o o 9 a o (U o o c, c o (D -o 'f o o, c €c (U ah o p c f 6 'E- E '6 (! o F c.j F i g . 1 - 2 . T h i s B r o t h e re l e c t r i c ,M o d e l 4 5 1 2 , t y p e w r i t e rt a k e s t h e w o r k o u t o f typing. Through electricallyactuated mechanisms, it maintains even typing pressureon alltypebars,regard{esso{ the strengthof the finger that pushes the keybutton (cou rlesy of Brother International Corporation ) . lir 14 15 c; e a f o typewriters,which are equippedwith sphericalelements(these are calledsingleelp,me.nt typewritersand will be explainedlater). However, there are still manytypebarmachinesin use. Typebar machinesare still being manufactured.When a keybutton is depressed,the corresponding typebarswingsup in anarc, and[he typebar head strikes the ribbon/paper.Since the typebar and typebarheadmakeup a solidpart, mostcompanies simplycallthe completepartagfebar (Fig. 1-a). .9 o 5 .E p o N o b o (! 0, =o As I said, there aretypebartypewriters(Fig. 1-5)andsingle elementtypewriters,For many years, typebartypewriters dominated the tlpewriter market. International Business Machines (lBM1 put the first single elementmachineon the market in the 1960sandeventhereafter,until the mid- andlate-1970s.Typebar machinescontinuedto dominatethe Americanmarket,presumab[y becauseIBM held exclusiverights to the patent on the single elementmechanism,andwouldn'tor couldn'tinundatethe market with this advancedmodel (meanwhile,however, IBM itself continuedto alsomanufacture andmarkettypebarmachinesuntil, in the late 1970s-l am toid by an IBM representative-this companydiscontinued them). manufacturing On the typebar machine, the individual typebars-one typebarfor every letter, numberor characterthat canbe typedon the machine-are arrangedin a sort of semi-circle,so that each individualtypebarswingsup in anarcto makeanimpressionon tle paper when the correspondingkeybutton is depressed.Sometimes, the complete assemblyof typebars, together with the segmentin whichtheypivot, is calledaffiebasket. The primaryadvantage of typebarmachine sisreliabilify,since theyhavebeenin productionfor manyyears.A disadvantage is that the operator is restricted to one type style and type size per machine,becauseremovingandreplacingthe typebarassemblyis too difficult to do routinely. Another disadvantage,which has nothing to do with maintenanceor repair, is that it requires excellenttypingskillsto avoidoccasionally clashing andlockingup two or three typebars,when typing speedoutrunscoordination. This can'thappenona singleelementtypewriter. SINGLE ETEMEIIT TYPEWRITER On the singleelementtypewriter(Fig. l-6), a sphericaipiece, with the die-impressedletters, numbersandcharactersarranged 16 7 e cD N /q 1,N TYPEBAR TYPEWRITER E .2 X -F' (J 'E ; 4E '-4t tf, fr-x 1-x *P {=-a\ -N (\l s-* -& s-8 u-J q**F--i.), -<J=6 \(o -. () v .(D o) F 2 (E o o o lo IE to to la lo> lc t; lo llt IE l: lc l(6 t@ l3 lo I E(t, | tc le l-o ta .6 : t: l;a lEe lsE l(6F l>o lpc) lf(6 It EF6E loc IE: t;: t5P l-o lEa Iti ll -st E tf, | 6,O JtrY 17 F i g . 1 - 5 . T h i s o t d t B M M o d e l A machine is typical of older typebar m a c h t n e s , dating back to the 1gSOs. aroundit, takesthe praceof the typebarsof the ordermoders(Fig. l-7). The sphericalpieceis variouslycailedan "erement,',,,type head," or "type font" by the various companieswhich now manufacture si ngleerementtypewritersandlor"elenlents.,, Logicrvouldseemto dictatethatthe term',singleelement"is a misnomer,sincethe elementcanbe easilyremovedandreplaced (Fig. 1-8)or, moreimportantly,replaced by anelementcontaining a differenttype styreor type size. Sinceihe adventof the early singleelementItsM modelsof the lg60s,singleelementmachines havebecomemore and more sophisticated andversatirein their functions. Becausethe onry"old" singreerementmachinesin usetoday are the 'ld IBM moders,singleerementmachines are lookedupon as too advanced and innovati'efor do-it-yourserf repairjobs and, accordingly,it is next to impossibleto get ser'ice manuars on lhem. 1'he exceptionto this generalrule is that tBM selrs IBM servicemanuars(Fig. 1-g) to anyonerequestingthem, and you wouldbe able to obtainone for your specificsingleelement IBM model. STAITIDARD TYPEWRITER within some typewriterbrands,it is importantto indicate whetheror not your machineis a standardtyiewriter. In IBMs, 18 Ft,r 1-6. This IBM Selectricll, with the cover swing back f or a view of lhe ribbon machines caiisoge and typing element, is typical of the many single element typebar machines. no* o,i tne mart<et,which will probably eventuallyreplace fast as Rernovrngand replacingthe element with a differentone is as easy and h J r n r n tgh e m a c h i n eo n . on which and other brands aS well, a standard typewriter is one each character takes up the Same amount of space as any other character,with the implieddistinctionbeingbetweenthis andthe t F g . 1 - 7 . T h i s p h o t o o f t h e s a m e m a c h i n ea s t h a t o l F i g . 1 - 6 h a s t h e r i b b o n each r:aitridgeremoved for a better view of the element. In the case ol'lBM. and etemeit is a distinctlyditferent type style/size. Each has its own name number for rdentification(interestinglyenough-in the case of IBM efemenlsplainly the number that identrtiesthe elem6ritto tAM servicemenis not the one Stampedonthep|astictopotlhee|emeni,buttheextreme|ysma||number stamoedinto the elementitself' next to the plastictopl' 19 .l f;uo rTlRivi otEp?dud.o*,efr a o o a O C:-/UVLJ t Cbdom - , flirtrr o * f,r{rh6De , I y p e b al yr p e w r i t e r Iypebalypewriler ldjustmenl Patlsl{anual h lc./Prhl list Irrrb h, .i Fig' 1-8 lf itwere"o:"^gy3bl-:^rhat.atypingformatwourdcatorsixctifferenr rype style/sizes,these sjx elements,at aibtaicost of around $100, wou/d take the plq.c".of six typewrite.rs.one might ask, however, why these machines are c a l l e d" s i n g l ee l e m e n t "m a c h i n e s . - machinegenerallyusedfor speciarized purposes,suchas typesetting, on which different characterstake up different unit widths (the generic term for this latter machineis proportionorspacing typewriter). Thus, the primary differenc",fiom the repairman,s point of view' betweenstandardand proportionar spacingtypewriters is in theescapement mechanism. Variouscompaniesthat manufacture the proportionalspacing typewriters identify them with their owntride names. For example, while IBM stiil manufacturedtypebar machines,its proportionalspacerwentby thenameof.Erecutiue(Fig.1_10). with the adventof singreerementmachines,theierminorogy has changedsomewhat.when makingthe distinction between standardtypewritersand machinesfor typesetting, it wourdbe well to havesomeunderstanding of pitch. PITCH OFA TYPEWRTTER on a standardtypewriter,the wordpitchmeans the distance betrveentwo charactersas they are typedon the paper.Tradition- hi tb. fr lln loili l: F,g. t S. This array ot fBM service manualsand parts manuals does not indicate t t r a tI h a v e t h e i n s i d et r a c k w i t h l B M , b u t s i m p l yt h e I h a d t h e m o d e s t m e a n s t o purchase them. You can do the same. The simplestway to do it is to begin by o:lling the toll-freenumber given in this chapter,whereyou will be given informalion on how to contact your regional IBM engineeringrepresentative. Fig. 1-10. lf you've recentlyshopped for used typewriters,you may have seen a tew srmilar to this one in the displays. lt is an excellent typewriter, but with geveral disadvantages for general typing, the most notable being lhat the various characters take up various amounts of linear space, making back gpacrng for corraclions confusing in the beginning. However, if your Vping {ormat calls for an even right-handmargin,on a low budget,this machine willdo lhe lob excellently, Providing it has a carbon ribbon and that it is in good condition.Otherwise avoid it. 20 21 a l l y , s ta n d a rdty p e w ri ters have been ej ther 10-pi tch (10 character/spaces to the inch)or l2-pitch (12 character/spaces to the inch). on the typebartypewritersthepitch is established in the escapementmechanismand is inalterablewithout changinginner mechanisms.However, on the more aduancedsingle element machines,either lO-pitchor l2-pitchcanbe obtainedin the same machine. on yet more advancedsingle element typewriters, 10-pitch,lZ-pitchanda modifiedform of proportional spacingcan be obtainedonthesamemachine. when pitchis fixed, as on typebarmachinesand some'lder singleelementmachines,it is generallyassumedthat the appropriate type sizefor a lO-pitchmachineispica and for a l2-pitch machine,elite.However,in the singleelementmachinesthis is no longerstrictlytrue. PICAANDELITE on the older typebar machines,the word pica )ndicateda lO-pitchmachine,with a type that wasapproximatery r2-pointin size; and elite indicateda l2-pitch machine,with a type that was approximatelyl0-point in size. (The point systemof measuring type is widelyusedin the printingtrade,but in my opinionit has only a tenuousconnectionto the typewrittencopy from standard typewriters.) PROPORTI ONAtSPACI I{GTYPEWRITER As expiainedpreviously,a proportionalspacingtypewriteris one on which eachcharacteris assignedits orvnunit width (Fig. 1-11), and the carriageis madeto move that distancewhen the correspondingkeybutton is depressed.The appeal of such a machineis twofold. Sincethe charactersdon't line up undereach other like postsin a fencerow, the copyhasa "printedlook.,'By This is a line This is a line of of 10-pitch standard 12-pitch -standard type This is a line of proportional spacing type Fig. 1-11. These three lines of type iilustrate the ditferonces between the varlous escapement mechanisms. lt may not be immediately obvious to the casual observer that the line of proportional spacing type has any unique characterisiics;however, you'll see that certain characterstake up less space than others,while on the linesof standardtype this is not true. 22 F i g . 1 - 1 2 .T y p e a n y c h a r a c t e ro n a proportionalspacing machine. Tap the back space button once. Betype the character,and the result will be s o m e t h i n gl i k et h i s foll,,rvinga certairtprocedurein typing,the right-handmargincan }re"typedeven-or justified-to give an even more printed look cl-he right-handmargin can also be justified with a standard typewriter, but the printedlook is not quite achievedbecauseof typewriter). by a standard the rrrherent typedlookproduced Unlessyouhavea specificneedfor a typesettingmachine,it is not oclvisabieto buy one of the older mcldelproportionalspacers wittr :r view to maintainingit yourself. They are not only Conrplicated to adjustand repair, but relativelycomplicatedto operateasrvell. If you havea recentlyacquiredbut older machineand don't whetherit is a standardor proportionalspacer,makethe f,irrorv followingtest. Type one character(anycharacter).Then tap the backspacekeybuttonandretypethe samecharacter.If the second (register)exactlyon the first typing typu)gdoesnot superimpose (Frg. 1-12),it is a proportional spacingmachine.Thus,if youthink machine,youshouldbe awarethat this adjusting repairing or Btaorrt that movesthe carriageduringtyping (calledthe the rnechanism Moreover,be sureto get the is relativelycomplicated. €S(Qpement) Sppropriateservice informationfor this kind of machine,which models. rnavoutwardlyiooklike other,standard TY P E WRI TER RI BBO T{S the carrierfor the medium A typewriterribbonrs essentially that createsthe impressionon the paperwhen the type heador elernentstrikesit. The two kindsof ribbonin commonusageare iabricribbonsandcarbonribbons. A fabricribbonmay be eithercotton,silk or nylon-with the with an ink of the chosen, tattur beingpreferable-impregnated ayailablecolor. The ink spreadsthroughthe fabric by capillary ctctign.When ink is taken from one small area (as in typing a the ink in that areais replenished-untilthe ink of the clraracter), tc*al ribbonis depletedthroughrepeateduse, or throughdrying ttut. Thus, the inkingcapacityof the ribbonremainsaboutuniform throughoutits entire length and width. The entire length of the in falrlicribbonis usedrepeatedly,madepossibleby a mechanism the.nrachinethat wtndsandrewindsthe ribbonfrom reel to reel (or 23 sltoolto spool,if you prefer).This procedurecanbe repeated over and over until the ribbon is so depletedof ink that it no longer makesa dark impression.As cornpared to the carbonribbon, tjre fabricribbonhassome distinctdisadvantages, only slightryoffset by someminoradvantages. Loosely speaking,carbonribbonshave somewhatthe same characteristics as carbonpaper,with a "plain"sideanda ,,coated,, side. The coatedside containsthe carbonthat is deposited on the paper when the ribbon is struck by the type heid. However, speakingmore correctry,I shouldsay that there are currentrya varietyof ribbonsthatare calledcarbonribbons.Not all of them are constructedthe same way; nor do they react quite the same. However, the one feature that variousso-calledcarbon ribbons sharein commonis that they are one-timeribbons-that is, when the ribbon is used long enoughto empty the originar reer, the ribbonis usedupandmustbediscarded. The primary advantageof a carbonribbon over the fabric ribbon is that it makes a uniformry dark, crisp impression throughoutits life, while the impressionof the fabric ribbon gets progressiveiydimmeras the ribbonis usedrepeatedry. The fact that a carbonribbonmust be disposedof after one use is offsetby the fact that it is initially fairly inexpensive.However, typing with a carbonribbonturns out to be more expensivethan rvith a fabric ribbon' If you run out of ribbon when uiing a carbon ribbon, you can'ttype anymore until youpurchasea new ribbon, whirea fabric ribboncanbe usedbeyondits optimumlife (andoften is). Finally,a carbon ribbon deposits negligibte residue on the typebar or element, whereasinked fabric ribbonsreaveso much residue of ink-which tendsto collectdustandlint-that type headsshould be cleanedafterseveralhoursof typing. And what, you may ask, do.. a lengthy discussion of typewriter ribbons have to do with type*.Iteis per se? First, ribbonsare anextremeryimportanttink i; the torar typingprocess, with regardto the qualityof typeproducedby machiie, a secona,if you don'tunderstandthe capabirities of a givenribbon,you may be misled to think the typewriter doesn'twork .o.r".ttf. Here are a few tips. H e l p fu l T i p s As a generalrule,a typewriteris designedto useeithera fabnc ribbonor a carbonribbon,but not both.Thereare a few exceptions to thisrule,however. 24 lf a typewriteris designedto useonly afabricribbon,thereis eXtrcrlely little chancethat youcansubstitutea carbonribbon.You pr'otrably won't be able to find a carbonribbonof.a width to match *hat of the fabricribbon.Also, you probablywon't be able to find a c,arbonribbon woundon a reel, or in a cartridge,that would be of yourfabricribbonmachineby themechanism "rccepted Assumingthat you could get aroundthese obstacles,you would find that the one-timecarbonribbon would not make a that rnovesthe ribbonthrough impression.The mechanism clrSlinct the rnachineis designedto movethe inkedribbononly a fractionof the distanceoccupiedby a character.This worksall right on fabric rrbhonswhich are inked by capillaryaction,but not on one-time r'rbbons,on which the mediumof the ribbon is totally depleted when struck by the type head (thus, the slight overlappingof characterson the ribbon will causeindistinctareasin the typed i mpressions) . 'lhere are availablecertain kinds of so-called"reusable" Clfbonribbons(the word "reusable"is a misnomer,however)that purport to amelioratethe problemof one-timeuse, which will However,it is difficult,if at all allowan overlapping of characters. possible,to find one of theseribbonsthat canbe substitutedon a tebric ribbonmachine. As a generalrule, your choicesin selectinga ribbonfor a given fnachineare limited by the fact that you're almostforcedto use ribbonis woundon a reel that will fit your rnachine.This ,wlr;rtever tS even more true in the caseof ribbonsloadedinto cartridges, 5incethe cartridgemustfit the machjne.However,the tendencyis tlr;rtsomechoicesare availablein cartridgeribbons.For example, a ft:w cartridgeribbonmachinesare designedto take either fabric or carbonribbons,with cartridgesbeingsuppliedaccordingly. Nlost of the advancedsingle element typewriters use carin the caseof ItsM tridge ribbons.Generallyspeaking(andalways, SeltctncIIs), the availableribbonis eitherone that is transported thc full width of a charactereachtime the ribbon is struck (i.e., each time the escapementmechanismand ribbon transporting is activated)<lr one that allows some overlappingof n'lechanism characters.In IBM terminology,the former ribbon is calledhiglt ibban (Fig. l-13), andthe latter is calledTech yrcldcorrectablefilm Ill Gig. 1-14).The term "high yield" in the caseof the former yields a signifithis ribbonactually rrbbonis misleadingbecause Tech III ribbon. than the characters c;ntly lower number of Moreover,the use of the term Tech III is alsoa poor choiceof 25 Fig' 1-13'The rBM high yieldcorrectabre designedto interact:,th,th"ribbon.transfort lrT.logll-c-artridgeis speciary of the rBMserectricrr rn such a mannerthat characters do.not overlapeachother ribbon.Theterm"hiohyield-rs saresplrro-inai""feu. tna "rrrent strites tne thatthisribbonyierdsmore characters thanan 6ariie,reM corie&IorJrir,'n ribbon,primariry becausethere rsmoreribbon-notbecauseofanyspeciar ctraracterisrics of theribbon. words becausethis cartridgers to be used on the SelectricII typewriter.Both,incidentally, arecorrectable,thoughby different methods. suppliersthat are not affiriatedwith IBM, but who suppry cartridgesfor ItsM macrrines, do not usethe ItsM terminorogyto describethe ribbons.Theydesignate theribbonthatis comparabre tofilm aspinh-or sometimesorangeorred,.'---core, andthe ribbon comparable to the TechIII asbluecore. ln using either the film or Tech III cartridges, you shourd understandthat the constructi<ln of eachcartridgeIetermines how it will contactthe machinemechanism, andthereforedetermines the rateat whichtheribbonwillbe transported (Fig. l_lS). Apartfrom the kind andquarityof theribbon, the kindof typing paperusedaffectsthe qualityof the typed impression.with either a fabric or carbonribbon, a hard-surfaced papertends to dim the impressionandduil its crispness.Moreover, the impressionfrom an inked ribbon tendsto smearon a hard-surfaced paper.Some h.1rd^slrfaced paperswiil not acceptcarbonribbonimpressions at all' ordinary typingpaperis arwayisuitable t. be usedwith either a fabricor carbonribbon.other suitabrepapers are mrmeograph bond, duplicatorbond andxerographic(the ratter, which is prain paperusedin Xeroxandotherprainpaper copiers,is lesssuitabre becauseit is fairlyslick;however,it does tur" * i*p,J.rion). It is F,cl | 14. The IBM Tech lll ribbon cartridge is designed to interacl with the ctbb,onlransporting mechanism of the seleclric ll in such a manner that ihanrcter overlappingis possible.Moreover,this ribbonhas certaincharacteris{qci whrch ditfer from those of the film ribbon. This is an enremely long-lasting carlridge lmlror.tant, when choosing a paper to be printed as letterheads, that (i.e., accepts the paperis compatible a dark,crispimpression) with p:rrticular ribbon-especially in thecaseof thecarbonribbon. youf R rbbon Pr oblem s 'fhe following are some possible problems arising from and rrrbbons, theircauses: Problem: The impression is too light(i.e.,notdarkenough). Cause #l: Thetypingpressure is notcorrect. Solution: Typingpressurewill be discussed later. Cause #2: Incorrectpaperis beingused. Solution: Use the kinds of paper describedpreviously. Sonretimes a backupsheetbehindthe originalprovidesa cushionor tng effect and makesa darkerimpression.Avoid hard-sur{aced Slossypaper. Cause #3: In the caseof a fabricribbon,the ribbonis either cJupleted throughuseor is shelf-worn. Solution: Replacethe old ribbonwith a new one. To avoid the problem of shelf-wornribbons,buy from dealerswho havea fapidturnoverof stock. Cause #4: The multiple-copycontrolis incorrectlyset. Solution: Most typewritershavemultiplecopycontrols,the in the strikingpressure Furl)oseof whichis to makecompensations ottlre typingheadwhenseveralsheetsof paperare rolled into the througha mechanism lrachine.Generally,this is accomplished whichbacksthe platenslightlyawayfrom the reachof the typing in the letters hcads,activatedby a leverwhichis usuallycalibrated 26 27 A, B, C, D, E, etc., with thehighestpressurebeingrepresented by A, the next lower pressureby B, etc. Generally,for up to two this lever should be sel at the sheets of paper-plus-carbon, maximumpressure(understand, however,that this mechanism does not regulatetypingpressureper se, but movesthe platen away from the typing head, and the more iikely result of an incorrectsettingof the mutiple-copy controlis irregularimpressions,ratherthanconsistently lightimpressions). Cause #5: In the caseof carbon(or ribbonscomparable to carbon),the ribbon may be shelf-wornor simply inferior. At the risk of soundinglaudatoryabout"brandnames,"I wouldsuggest that you alwaysuse brand name ribbonsthat correspondt<l the brandnameof your typewriter(lBM ribbonsfor tBM machinesand the like). This rule doesnot alwaysholdtrue, and you may find some "off-brand"ribbonsto be superiorto brand-nameproducts; however, this has not been my own experience.While some companyexecutivesdeny that carbonribbonscan becomeshelfworn, at leasta few repairmensuggestthatthe shelflife of carbon ribbonsis betweensix monthsanda year. il F i g . 1 - 1 5 . L o o k a t t h e s e l w o c a r l n d g e sc l o s e l ya n d y o u ' ) ls e e a s i g n i f i c a n t difference in their constructton(note frre hollow stud in lhe upper cartridge, which is the Tech lll cartridge).This determinesthe rale at which the ribbon is transporledthroughthe rnachine 28 areclippedoff, on eitherthe bottomor I'roblem: Characters ,I,P this machines, Ciruse #1: In thecaseof somesirrgle-elernent that lifts the by anincorrectadjustmentof the mechanistn r3cArrs('d Blernent duringtyping. Cause #2: Inanycase,a too-narrowribbonwill causethetop to be clippedoff. arrthebottomof the characters l'roblem: There are light areasin otherrvisedark impresstoJls. Cause #1: In the caseof inkedribbons,this couldbe caused by drrty typeheadsor shelf-wornribbons. Cause #2: In the caseof carbonribbons,this may be caused by shelf-wornribbonsor moregenerallyby a ribbontransporting that transportsthe one-timecarbonribbonan incremech;rnism distance that is too short, causingoveriappingof characnrental ters. Solutions: Most solutionsare self-evident-cleantyping heads,etc. In the caseof the carb<lnribbon, be sure you're not for tryrngto usea one-timecarbonribbonin a mechanism designed (tBM ;rninkedribbon.In thecaseof somesingleelementmachines 5c'lectncII, for example)the depression/disengagement of a gear in the ribbon transport mechanism,only when the Tech III carfridgeis installed,causesthe ribbonto be transportedslorvly. Theref<lre, whenthe if for anyreasonthis gearremainsdisengaged will not be the ribbon cartridge is ribbon installed, film film transportedappropriately to producea uniformlydarkimpression. PLATEN The platen is the long, cylindricalroll, with a handknob on t'ither end, againstwhich the typing head strikes when it is actuated(Fig. 1-16). The platen serves the dual purposeof providinga striking surfacebehindthe paper;and it works in conjunctionwith feed rolls to feed the paper throughthe typerrr.iter.To servethislatterpurpose,it is equipped on oneendwith a rutchetwheel,whichengageswith a pushpawlto movethe platen e specifieddistance. On most oldertypewriters,the platenis rubber-or perhaps svntheticrubber*which, when new, is resilient to provide a of cushioning effect.As the typewritergetsolder,andregardless tlreamountof useit gets,the rubberof the platenhardens,causing two problemsto developgradually.The typeheadscut throughthe paper(this is pzrticularlyproblematicwhentypingon mimeograph 29 On singleelementtypervriters,theplatenremainsstationary. Thet ypingelementis transportedfrom left to right duringtyping. PAPER TABTE-FEED ROLLS F i g . 1 -1 6 . H e r e t h e p l a t e nh a s b e e n r e m o v e df r o m h e o j d l g M , M o d e lA , a n d i s lying in front of il. This particularplaten was resilientwhen new, but rs now hard and shoufdbe replaced.That's a minorjob. stencils)and, in extremecases,the non-resilience of the praten may cause a typebar to break. A hardenedplaten should be replacedwith a newone. Another problem that can developgraduallyis that of the platen surface, which was smooth in the beginning,becoming ridged, with the ridges runningaroundthe circumferenceof the platenasspaces equalto thepitchof thetypewriter.This causesan unevenimpression.In the earlystagesof ridging,the effectscanbe amelioratedby usinga backupsheetof paperbehindthe original sheet. Later, the platen can be resurfaced.Resurfacingrequires specialequipment, but it is a relativelyinexpensive procedure. On sometypewriters,the platensare easilyremoved,while on otherstheyareremovedwith moredifficulty.Removingplatens will be discussed for certainmodelslaterin thisbook. CARRIAGE On typebarmachines , acarriagemovesleftwardduringtyping to allow the line of type to progressrightwardon the paper. on manuals-andgenerallyspeaking,electricsas rvell*the carriage is pulledalongby the tensionof a spring,and at the end of the predetermined travelthe carriageis pushedrightwardto alignwith the left-handmargin of the paper. on a manualtypewriter, the carriageis pushedby hand,whereasonmostelectricsthe carriage rs returnedunderpower.In anycase,the carriagerides on tracks. The entire carriageassemblyincludesthe platenandpapertable a n dfe e dro l l s(F i g .I,l 7 ). 30 Thepupertable,which may alsobe calledthepaperpun, is a the platen.It hasa curvcdmetaltable(or pan),directlyunderneath higlrly polished surfaceand is fitted rvith feed rolls (see parts 3o-'31,Fig. 1-17)which contactthe platenin sucha mannerthat wfrelrthe platenis turned,the paper,whichis grippedbetrveenthe ptatenandfeedrolls, slidesover the polishedsurfaceof the paper tahieand is fed throughthe typewriter. The tensionbetweenthe platenand the papertable-feedrolls can be eliminated-so the piper can be quickly removed-by a pafer releosemechanism. morefullylaterin thischapter. will be described Tfrrsrnechanism 64 \ Hfr <f 14 I i 15 M,X*\:T*Y#'- ;tr,,Yv"9 't2tt .t1; I I , 5 s2A F;g t-17. This blow-up shows the carriage parts of certarn Brother Models (courtesy ol Brother lnternationalCorporation). 31 Thepaperbail is a cylindricalrod,the lengthof the platen,and is equippedwith rolls that swing down ,g.in.t the praten.its purposeis to holdthepapersnugagainsttheplaten. 0VERV|EW 0FCOritTROt BUTT0trtS At{DTEVERS Typewriter control buttons, levers, knobs, etc., alrow the typist to control certain inner mechanismsfrom an external, convenientposition. In some cases these controls are easily identifiablebecausethey are marked;in other casesthey are not markedand, in a few cases,referenceto an operator'smanuai is 1!out the only way to identify them. In any case, proper identificationof thesecontrols,andthe useof the most appropriate terminology to describe them, is important when discussing problemswith suppli ers andprofessionalrepairmen. SpaceBar Apart from controllingthe actionsof the typebarsthroughthe keybuttons, other operationsof the typewriter are controlled through various control buttonsand levers. The space bar (Fig1-18,Item 1)is locateddirectlybelowthekeybuttonassembly, in a 5 3 ? I Fig.1-18.Thisis the orympiaModerB-'r2,manuarporlabre typewriter. By the limeyou readthisentrre-chapter youwillunderstand wharattmbnumoersrefer to (courtesy of OLyMplAUSntruC.y. 32 Frg 1-19. This close-upphoto shows the two space bars of the proportional IBM typewritershown earlierin this chapter.Oepressingthe space bar spaong '3" will move lhe carriage three unrts of space; depressingthe space rnarked bar marked "2" will move the carriagetwo unitsof space.This providesa means <rfvaryingline (engthsto fit certaintypingf ormats. lrosition where it can be touchedby the typist's thumb. Most generally,a light touch on the spacebar causesthe carriage(or r-v-ping element, in the caseof single element machines)to be rnovedone "space," which on standardtypewriters is always cxactlyequal to the movementwhen a characteris typed. On certainmachines,a constantpressureon the spacebar causesthe c;rrriageor elementto move and continuemoving(i.e., "repeat spacing")until the pressureis released(on the machineof Fig. by depressingthe bar l-18, repeat spacingis accomplished will rndicated asItem 2). If therearetwo spacebars,theirfunctions dependupon whether the machineis a standardtypewriter or a ltroportionalspacer. The Second Space Bar On The Standard Typewriter. 'fhe secondspacebar (usuallyon the left) on a standardtypewriter bar. rnaybe eithera repeatspacebar(asin Fig. 1-18)or half-space The Second Space Bar On The Proportional Spacing Typewriter. Speakingprimarily of the IBM Executiue,the two spacebars, from left to right, wili be numbered"3" and "2" (Fig. 1-19).The spacebar to usefor normaltypingis the "2" spacebar, rvhichmovesthe carriageleftwarda distanceof two units of width. 'fhe space to use for clther purposes-such as modifying line lengthsif desired-is the "3" spacebar, whichmovesthe carriage leftwardby a distanceof threeunitsof width.Thesetivo spacebars 33 are used in conjunctionwith the backspacekey, which movesthe carriagerightward(thatis, bach)by a distance of oneunit of width, to adjustthe lengthof rinesof t1pe.A constantpressure on the ,.3,, spacebar will causerepeatspacing. 0n-OffGontrolgutton Theon-offcontrorbuttonis, of course,present onryon erectric machines(Fig. 1-29;'upperreftcornerof the keyboard. Generaily speaking,if it is foundin an obviousprace, ctoseto the keybutton format, it will be clearlymarkedwith the words on andoff. If it is not foundnearthe keybuttonpaner,it may be foundon the side,or underneath,the keybuttonpinel, in whiih case the words on and off may be indicatedby a pointer or disprayed througha smarl window. Frequently,the on-offcontrorbuttonis not embodiedin the . switch itself, but is connectedto the switch through a linkage. Sometimesa misadjustmentin this rinkagecan cause switching problerns;therefore,whendiscussingswiictrinfprobru*., be sure and make the distinction between the switch itserf, the on_off control button and the linkage_if there is a linkage. Shiftand ShiftLockControfButtons In the Iowerleft andlowerright cornersof the keybuttonpanel are locatedthe shift controlbuttons(Fig. l-lg, Item 3). Directly above the shift control button in the lefi corner is the shift_Lock controlbutton(Fig. l-lg, Item4). on a tlpebar machine,depressingeither of the shift control buttonswill causethe completetlpebai assemblyto be roweredin such a manner that the ufper portions of the type heads, which contain capital letters and other "upper .u."i characters,will strikethe platen-simirarry,ona singreelementmachine, theupper case characterswill strike the platen, but in this case it is accomplishedby rotating the typing erementlg0 degrees,since one hemisphereof the elementcontainsthe lower casecharacters while the oppositehemispherecontainsthe uppercasecharacters. The typebarassemblyor elementreturnsto its lower caseposition when the shift control button is released.Depressing the lock control button will lock the assemblyor element in positionfor continuousupper casetyping, and canbe rereased by-depressing andreleasingeitherof the shiftcontrolbuttons. CarriageReturnControlButtonor lever on a manuartypewriter,the carriageis returned to its starting positionat the left-handmarginmanually(by armpower),whenthe 34 @4 g Click Cllct ln r C&rdi.. Close/ Oalh. lb, ffirrroruEB CassetteHcctric@ Rl8B0l{ CHAll0lllS SYSTtt. IASY TEAIURIIiG A 0U|CI, ' 13 66'ia(p ''":':;;:::::,:#i:il ' Kavset'rbu'!a'!o? F l g 1 - 2 0 .T h i s i s t h e B r o t h e re l e c t r i c M , o d e l J P l 0 . O n t h i s p a r t i c u l a rm a c h i n e , flro on-off switch is clearly marked, but this is not the case on all machines fcourtesy of Brolher fnternational Corporation). opcratorpushesagainsta lever (Fig. 1-18,Item 12) that extends outwardfrom the left endof the carriage.This lever is alsocalleda line spaceleuerbecauseit also controlsthe mechanismthat turns tire platen. On electric typewriters, the carriageis generally, but not always, returned under power throughan electrically actuated rrechanjsmwhenthe operatordepressesthereturncontrolbutton, locatedon the right-handend andabouthalfwayup the keybutton prnel . 35 simultaneousry as the caniagereturns,the pratenwiil turn to achieve vertica.lline-spacingbetween lines of type. The line spacingmechanismwiil be exprained in thenext two chapters. TabSetandClearControlButtons Tab set andtab crear maybe one control button, which rocks back and forth (Fig. l-lg, Item l0), or two separatecontrol buttons.while the locationvariesfrom machine to machine,it is generallyfoundnear the keybuttonpanel. Depressingthe tab set engagesa mechanismwhich sets a tabular stop wherever tle carriageor elementhappensto be locatedat the time of setting. Depressingthe tab crearwiil eriminateor ,,crea.r,, previousryset tabularstops,providingthe carriage/element is tabbld to thaistop beforedepressingthe tab clearcontrolbutton.Actuar tabbing(i.e., tabulating)is donethrougha tabcontrolbutton. TabControlBufton The word tab means tabular stop and even the ordest of. typewriters was equippedwith these stops which, when appropriatelyset, wouldailow the carriageto movein oneuninterrupted motionandstop atthe presetposition.Depressing the tab control button (Fig. 1-18,Item 12) activatesa mechanism which momentarily releases the carriage from the escapement rnechanism, allowingit to moveleftwardunderspringtension until the first tab stop is reached,where the carriagewilr stop. Depressingthe tab control button subsequenttimes causesthe carriage to move to subsequentpreset tabularstopsin a series.The mechanismthat accomplishes this wiil be discussed morefully in the next chapter. MarginSetControlButton(s)or lever If the setting of the reft-handand right-hand margins is accomplishedthrough a control button, it will be marked,mar sel-or somesimilarmarking.If it is accomplished throughlevers locatedon the paper scale(Fig. l_lg, Item l4), they may not be marked, but their positionsmaketheir functions obvious.In the caseof a mar set control button, there may be only one control button, with which to set both the reft-handandrighi-trand margin stops.This is usuallyaccomplished by movingthJcarriageto the marginthat you wish to eliminate,depressingthe marsfop button simultaneously with thecarriagererease controlbutton,movingthe caniageby handto the newposition,andsimultaneously releasing 36 l:otlr mar stop and carriagereleasecontrol buttons. On the other harrd,if there are two margin stop levers locatedon the paper scale, margin setting is accomplishedby depressingthe appropnatelevel (i.e.,left-handleverfor the left-handmarginstop,etc.) to disengageit from a lockedposition,andsimply slidingit to the newposition,whereit is allowedto lock in place. variationsfrom thesemethodsof There may be considerable marginsetting, from machineto machine.However, it's usually not difficult to figure out how to set rnargin stops, even on unfamiliarmachines.Here are some points to rememberabout nrarginsetting. ! On anyproperly operatingtypewriter, either standardor proportionalspacer,the carriagewill alwaysstop at the present left-handmarginwhenthe carriageis returned. D On variousstandardtypewriters, the right-handmargin -qt()pmay only stopthe carriagewhen charactersare beingtyped, brrt not when spacingor tabbing.On someproportionalspacing nuchines, settingthe right-handmargindoesnothingbut set the positionof a warningbelt. It doesnot actuallyset a stop that will siop the carriagein its leftwardtravel. The actual mechanismof the carriage stops is simple and srraightforwardand most generallyeasilyvisible and accessible. 'Ihere will be moreaboutthis in later chapters. lrlarRel(MarginRelease)Keybutton A margin release keybutton (Fig. 1-18, Item 5), usually locatedon the left end of the keyboard,allowsthe typist to move 'tlre carriage beyond the preset left-hand or right-hand margin stops,withoutthenecessityof resettingthe stops.Then, whenthe carriageis againmoved betweenthese two limiting stops, the stops are again effective, unless and until the margin release keybuttonis againdepressed.The mechanismthat is activatedby in the next chapter. tlie marginreleasekeybuttonwill be discussed CarriageReleaseGontrolButtons Carriagereleasecontrolbuttonsare generallynot so marked, but they can be identifiedby their locationsat either end of the platen (Fig. f-18, Item l9)-generally betweenthe ends of the platenandthe platenknobs.The reasonfor two controlbuttonsis of beingableto releasethe carriagewith either for the convenience lrand.It is not necessaryto depressthesecontrolbuttonsin order 37 to move the carriagerightward, but it is necessaryto move the carriageleftward-or the directionit traversduringtyping. The featureof being ableto move the carriage(andthus the type headsin relation to the platensurface)by handis uniqueto typebarmachines,as the elementcarriageof the single element machinescannotbe released.Therefore,nothingcomparableto the carriage release contror buttons is to be iound on single elementtypewriters. RibbonPositionControlgutton In normal operation,eachtime a keybuttonis depressedto type a character,a mechanismlifts the ribboninto positionto be struckby the type head.when the typebarcompreteiits cycre,the ribbon is lowered.This resurtsin an up-and-down motion of the ribbon during typing. On fabric ribbon machines, rhe ibbmt position(or colorcontrol)buttonis usedto put the ribbon position in whereeither its top half is presentedon the up cycle,or its bottom half. This providesa meansof switchingfrom the blackportionof the ribbonto the red portion or, in the caseof a correctingribbon, from the typing portion to the correcting portion. Moreou"., depressingthe ribbon positioncontrol button still further will completelydisengagethe ribbonlift mechanismso that no surface of the ribbon is presentedfor tlping. Thus, with the type head missingthe ribbon compretery,no printed impressionis made when the type headstrikes the paper/praten.Tiis is the position usedfor typing mimeographstencils.on fabric ribbon machines, the ribbon position controrbutton is locatednear the keybutton panel,usuallyon the left sideof the panel(it is on the righi sideof themachinein Fig. l-lg, however). On certainsingleelementmachines(again,notablythe IBM SelectricII and comparablemachines)there is no color control because,to date, there are no dual-corored ribbons (there are, however, ribbons of various corors, interchangeable simply by changingthe cartridge). However, there is a frovision, Ln the elementcarriage,to disengagethe ribbonlift mechanismso that a mimeographstencil can be typed. Never type on a mimeograph stencilthat is not coveredwith the protectivefilm sheet.If this fiim is not suppliedwith the stencil,reavingtheribbonin normaltyping position, rather than disengagingthe ribbon lift, will keep the elementfrom becomingcloggedwith the collodionof the stencil. 38 Eutton IouchControl Lever orGontrol 'l'ruch control(also calledtutch regulutionand other similar rrirrlrcs) keybuttonsor leversare foundon manualtypewriters,for thc purposeof regulatingthe amountof pressurethat must be applred to a keybutton to activate the typebar. This is to for the differenttlping pressuresthat differentpeople cornpensate inherently exert when typing. Through this compensation,the pressurewith which the typebarsstrike the platen is indirectly regulated.Touch control is also availableon some electric mat*hines. TypingPressure Regulation On some electric typewriters,the pressurewith which the 'type head strikes the platen can be regulatedby a pressure regulatingmechanism.The buttonthat actuatesthe mechanismis son)etimescalled an imfressionregulator, and is often marked rvith* and- symbols(seeFig. 1-20,the controldirectlybelowthe on-offswitch). Typing pressurecontrol is not the sanreas touch control, inasmuchas it doesnot regulatethe amountof manualpressure 'thatmustbe appliedto a keybutton. On most electric tlpewriters, in additionto overall typing pressureregulation,the pressuresof individualtypebarscan be regulated through individual screw adjustments,found eitlrer trnderneaththe machineor under the top cover of the machine. This procedurewill be describedmore fully in the chapteron adlustments. BackSpaceKeybutton Thebackspacekeybutton(Fig. 1-18,Item 9) is almostalways locateddirectly above the return control button. Depressingit a mechanismthat causesthe carriageto movebackward. ..rctuates The distanceof this movementon standardtypewriters is one characterSpace.On some machines,a cons[antpressureon the backspacekeybuttonwill causethe carriageto keep movingback untit the keybuttonis releasedor the carriageis stoppedagainst the left marginstop;thisis thefeatureof repeatspacing. On some proportionalspacingtypewriters, the back space keybuttonis foundin the traditionallocation.Ratherthan moving the carriagebackwardby the distanceof a character,it movesit b;rckwardonly one unit of measurement,whichis inherentto the rnachine andalwavsIessthana characterwidth. 39 MuftipleCopyControlLever on most electricmachines, the pratencanbe movedslightry backfrom the strikingreachof the typeheadsto compensate for the Iargereffectivecircumference of the platenwhenseveralsheetsof paperare inserted.This is accomplished by movinga multiplecopy control lever (whichmay not be markedas such),which *uv bL calibratedin eitherlettersor numbers.This lever will usually be foundon top of the typewriter, in the areaof the platen,but it may sometimesbe foundnearerthekeybuttonpanel. PaperReleaseLever To facilitatestraighteningthe paperafter it has beenrolled into the typewriter, the papertable andfeed rolls can be backed awayfrom the platen,untilthe pratenandfeedroils no longer touch eachother. This is accomprished througha paperreteaie lever, usuallyfoundon top of andon the right-handendof the typewriter (F i g . 1 -1 8 Ite , m2 0 ). [ine SpaceSelectorlever As I saidearlier, whenthe carriageor elementis returned to the left-handmargin stop, a push pawr engagingin the praten ratchetwheelturns the platenby somepredeterminednumber of linespaces.This predetermined numberis setthrougha rinespace selector lever (not to be confusedwith the .rrrirg" ,"tr* lever-which doublesasa linespacelever-on manualmachines), which is generallyfound on top of the machine,on either the right-handor left-handend (Fig. l_lg, Item 13). On some machines,line spacingis avaiiabrein single-spacing, doubrespacingandtriple-spacing, andthe linespaceselectorleverwill be calibratedwith the numbers,,I,,,',2,,and,,3." On othermachines, line-spaci ng is available in singre-spacing, one-and-a-halfspacing, double-spacing, and-sometimesbut not arways-tripre-spacing. As a generalrule, the rine spaceselectorlever will be located on theendwherethe platenratchetis found. PfatenReleaseKnob The ratchet of the pratencan be disengagedfrom the push pawl, causingthe platento turn freery.Thi; is accomplished by pushinginwardon a buttonin the centerof the platen knob(usuaily found on the left-handknob only-Fig. l-1g, Item 1r), whire simultaneously turningthe platenknob. on somemachinesthe 40 platcnis reieasedby pushinginwardon the platenknob itself.In anv case, the knob returns to its normalpositionunder spring pressure,re-engagingthe ratchetwheelwith the pawl as soonas it . youqui tpushing Xeybuttons Keybuttonformatson U.S. typewritersare for the most part eithera lowercaseor with eachkeybuttonactuating starrdardized, uppercasecharacter.However,this formatcanvary widelyamong specialpurposetypewriters-suchas thoseusedfor advertising layout, etc. Insofar as standard typewriters-and especially typebartypewriters-are concerned,there may be some slight variationsin keybuttonformatfrom one machineto the other, with rnostvariationsoccurringin symbols,numbersand punctuation rnarks. The variationof keybuttonformat from one single element to the otheris slightlygreaterthanon typebarmachines, nrachine ;trrclthese variationsintroducethe problem of selectingthe typingelementsfor a givenmachine.Within the ItsM alrpropriate are designated srngleelementline, for example,somekeyboards as "88 character,"while othersare designated as "96 character." Tvping elementswill not interchange betweenthese two IBM nrodels(namelythe IBM SelectricII and tBM SelectricIII). Of c'ourse,there are slight keyboardformat differences-with corfesponding differencesin the typing elements-between the varioustypewriterbrands. Despite smallvariationsin keyboardformat, the variations A typical are never so radicalas to causetypingdisorientation. Variationwouldbe the inciusionof somemathematical symbolon orrcmachinethat is not presenton anothermachine,but generally this new keybuttonwill not usurp the place of one that is traditionallyfoundon typewriters.Everythingsaidhere in regard typewriters. to keybuttonformatappliesto U.S. standard t8MSELECTRTC il CoitTRotS In additionto the foregoinglist of commonlyfoundkeybuttons arrrlcontrol levers,sometypewritershaveothers.For example, fht' IBM SelectricII-as well as comparablesingle element nrachines-haveinnovativefunctions,for which controlbuttons lntl leversmustbe provided.Onthe SelectricII youwouldfindthe tbl l ow ing. Depressingand holdingthe indexkeybuttonturns the platen thc numberof verticalline spacesat whichthe line spaceselector 41 lever is set, while the carriage(i.e., the element, of course) remainsstationary. (EXP) keybuttonreturns Depressingandholdingthe express the element leftward, until the keybuttonis releasedor the elementreachesthe left-handmarginstop, without the platen's without line turning.Thus, elementreturn canbe accomplished spacing,if desired. In the lower-right-handcorner of the keybuttonpanel is a keybuttonmarked with the symbol X, enclosedby an arTow pointing leftward. This is the correctingback space keybutton which,whenmomentarilydepressed,backspacesthe elementone space,whilesimultaneously whichwillhold engaging a mechanism the element in position while one characteris typed. When a secondcharacteris typed, the keybuttonsare back in normal operatingmode,andthe elementmovesrightwardduringtyping. platenknobof the SelectricI is On the insideof the right-hand a free-turningdial, calibratedin numbersfrom 0 to 4. This dial is not connected of themachine, to anymechanism andis simplyused to give the operatoran indicationthat the endof the pageis being reached(the IBM operator'smanualrefers to this dial as the page-endindicator).It is an unnecessary conveniencefeatureand servesno usefulpurpose. On the right-hand endandalmostdirectlyover the platen,on the SelectricII, is anunmarkedleverwhich,whenpulledout of its normal position and toward the typist, disengagesthe platen ratchet in such a manner that when the ratchet is later reengaged-after turningthe platenanynumberof turns-the lever canbe movedto its normalposition,re-engaging the ratchet.Line spacingwillregisterexactlyasit wasbeforetheplatenwasmoved. The IBM operator'smanualrefersto this leverasthe linefinder. On the left-handend of the SelectricII and almost directly over the platenis anotherunmarkedlever. The normalpositionof this lever is towardthe rear of the machine,where it is held by springtension.Pullingit towardthe tlpist and holdingil activates a mechanismwhichmovesthe elementbackone-halfspace.The typewritercanbe operatedwhile this leveris heldback,to provide one-halfor 7Vzspacesbetweenwords.The IBM operator'smanual refersto this leverasthe halfbacksDacelever. natnesand purposesof the variouscontrols found on lc,c;rtions, you typrwriters. This is to help youlearnthe properlanguage,so manufacrepairmen, professional cai.,he on speakingterms with parts, iurcrs and distributors. It is extremely helpful to call names' correct technically their by etc., levers, {u1t:tions,control Tlrjs cansaveyouSomedelayandfrustrationwhenseekingadvice, talk orderrngparts or servicemanuals.[n the next chapterI will controls external these which 3b0ut the internal mechanisms acti vate. S U MMA R Y WhatI haveatternpted to do in this chapteris familiarizeyou with typewriterterminologyandto give you a descriptionof the 42 43 fl?eers 2 Chapter Manual Typewriter Mechanisms New manualtypewriters are still available.while it may be an overstatementto say that they are an important segmentof the industry, it is fair to say that they have been present in the consumermarket in sufficientamountsand for enoughyears that manyof the machinesseenby professional repairmenare manual typewriters. while the mechanism descriptionsin this chapterareintended to be representativeof a fairly largecross-section of machines,the illustrationsare those of well-knownand popularbrands,taken from service manualssuppliedby manufacturers.However, the textual descriptions,togetherwith the iilustrations,shouldhelp you to understandthe underlyingprinciplesof the mechanisms of just aboutanymanualtypewriter. The part namesin the textual descriptionsdo not always matchthe onesthat I havesuggested because,asI explainedin the first chapter, there is some variance in terminology between manufacturers.The names were used as they appearedin the servicemanuals,to makeyourreferenceeasier. TYPII{G MECHA}IISM Thelyping mechanismcausesa typebarto swing up andstrike the platenwhena keybuttonin depressed.Referto Fig. 2-1. when the keybutton(key)is depresseddown,the key reverpushesdown on the bell crank. Sincethe bell crank is connectedto the typebar 44 ----KEY KEYLEVEH TYPEBARWIRE BELLCRANK I e.2-1. In this illustration,one typebaris isolatedfrom the assembly to clarify lh6 process (courtesy ol Brother InternationalCorporation). by the typebarwire, the bottomend of the typebaris pulledin the drrectionof the key, andthe headof the typebarstrikesthe platen. As a further illustrationof the typing mechanismprinciple, refcr now to Fig. 2-2. Whenthekey is pusheddown,the key lever pullsthe typebarwire in the directionof the key, whichcausesthe iylrebar to swing in an arc toward the platen. Note that in this particularillustration, it is the lower characterthat strikes the platen,and that the upper characteris abovethe curvatureof the platen. This is the positionalrelationshipbetween the typebar headand platen when the typewriter is set to type lower case characters. To seeyet anotherillustrationof a typingmechanism,referto the key lever link (4) f rg.2-3. Whenthekey lever (1)is depressed, rs pulled aroundmaking the key lever shaft (3) the center of revolution.Becauseof the movementof the key |ever link (4), the Srrblever (6) is rotated,with the sublever shaft(5) beingthe center of revolution.The typebarlink (8) is pulledby this movement,and the typebar(9) swingsup andstrikes the platen(10). Lastly, the key lever (1) andtypebar(9) arereturnedto normalpositionby the tensionof the sublever spring(7). SPACING MECI{A}IISM The spacing mechanism causes the caniage to move one ctraracterspacewhenthe spacebaris depressed.Referto Fig. 24. 45 32 ;e -n(d) PLATEN TYPEBAR lSTROW 2ND E< .! 0- r9i loo Y P E B A RR E TYPEBAR -/4.--\:'r /i l€t lBs l>o lclct c l c 9(! l': lo o. lE or Fig.2-2. This typing mechanism,f rom tre BrotherModel JP7, f urther illustrates typingmechanismprinciples(courtesyofErotherInternationalCorporation). Whenthe spacebar is depressed,the spacerod is moved in the directionof the arrow, escapecrankB moves,andthis movement is transmittedto the half spaceratchet,whichin turn movesthe carriage.Releasingthe spacebarcompletesthe spacing. To look at yet anotherrepresentative spacemechanism,refer to Fig. 2-5.Whenthe spacekey (1)is depressed, the spacelink (3a) (4), whichin turn pushesthe loose dog (5a), pushesa corurection whichpushesthe fixed dog (6a). This removesthe fixed dog (6) from the escapement wheel(7), andthe carriagemovesonespace. Finally, when the spacekey (1) is no longerdepressedby the operator,it-together with the spacelink (3)-is returnedto home positionby the tensionof spring(8). ESCAPEM El{TMECHAI{I SM The escapement mechanismcausesthe carriageto move one spacewhen a keybuttonis depressed(i.e., when a characteris typed).Referringto Fig. 2-6, whenthe characterkey is depressed, the escapecrank(rear-F-42) will be rotatedin the directionof the arrow, by an escape crank (front-F-40). The escape crank (rear-F-42) will shift the half spaceratchet(F-48) to the plate where F-48 is engagedwith the spaceratchetwheel (F-37), via escapecrank(rear- F-42). The half spaceratchet(F-48)will be pushedinto the insideof the addendumof the spaceratchet wheel (F-37).Meanwhile,the space ratchet (F-47) will be disengagedfrom F-37. In this condition,the carriagewill be shifteda halfspace,by the tensionof the springdrum. 46 IEE le* lss lt -d> t lolB.g ll (>! ;c lqE 16n IOo l5a laP l-sE ICo lE$ IEE leo IrH l -(/) IEE lE5 IE; leg l'd.9 | >\E IEE lf"E l:{ : t69 tir b 47 F-54(G)F-s(F) F-50 F-40 A-55 ( B )0 0 0 3 9r N . - 0 0 1 1 8 l N . F-37 F i g -2 ' 4 . T h i s s p a c i n qm e c h a n i s m , taken,,, |il:?:,;*:ws howipacins i" ""fo.npronir"*,r"rt;;;;ffi; lnternarionar F-48 and F-47 wirr return to the originarposition by spring action, while sirnurtaneously F-ao wirr return to its original position,andthe carriagewilishift anothe.harfspace.A fuil space shiftingof the carriagehasbeen accomplished. !i;i;},l|,l; mechanism orrheorvmpia Moder r-rtil, ll,::f ""'"s (A)0.066lN.-0.074lN. Frg.2-6. This escapementmechanismis f rom the servicemanual of the Brother ModetM- 1OO.The adjustmenttolerancesthat are shownhere willbe disqlssed rn a later chapter (courtesyof Brother lnternationalCorporation). To see anotherescapementmechanism,refer to Fig. 2'7. Whena keybuttonis depressed,the typebar(not shown)pushes the escapementdrive plate, whichmovesthe escapecrankA and is fromthe Brotherservicemanuallor mechanism Frg.2-7.Thisescapement if you readthe text carefully th6 BrotherModelJP7.lt's easyto understand Corporation). (courtesyof BrotherInternational 48 49 alsoescapecrankB, the harfspaceratchet andspaceratchet,which rernovesthe spaceratchetfromthe space ratchetwheel. For yet anotherescapement mechanism,see Fig. 2-g. when the key lever is depressed,the typebaris operatedin in" direction of the platen,andthenthe side iUl of the typebarprJu, the side f.a.21 Qil of the segmentuniversarbar. The tip of ih" bo,,o.n pr.t (ab)of the segmentuniversalpushes the connection (5),and then F-35 I F-33 c-3s I (- c-30 rrI-1- c-2 9 M-100, Fig.2-9.Thisbackspacemechanism takenfromthe is oftheBrother Erother (courtesy Corporation). ofBrother International manual service the setscrew(5a)of the connectionpushesthe loosedog (6) in the upper direction. The fixed dog (3) leaves the star wheel (1) in ;rccordance with themovementof the loosedog(6). The carriagemovesin the directionshownwith an arrow, by the force of the mainspring.Then the revolutionof the star wheel (l) is stopped by the loose dog (6), and the movernentof the carriagestops. Finally, when the key lever is no longer depressed,the typebaris returnedto homepositionby the sub-leverspringand universalspring (8). The loosedog (6) is releasedfrom the star wheel(1) by the loosedog spring(9), andthe carriagecompletes its movementin the direction shownwith the arrow, by spring by the tension.The revolutionof the star wheel(l) is discontinued fixeddog(3), andthe carriagestops. Incorporatedin this mechanismis a "silent return" feature, whichoperatesasfollows.The silent return (12)is pivotedon the wheel,held friction-tightagainstthe shaft(11) of the escapement wheelby a specialspring. Whenthe carriageis movedfrom left to right, the wheel(1) turns in the directionshownby the arrow (R), draggingthe silent return in the samedirection.The arm (12a)of the silent return pushesaway the fixed dog (3), which normally rides over the teeth of the wheel. Whenthe carriageresumesits normal forward movement, t}te silent return returns to horne positionby thehelpof the wheel. MECHANISM EACK SPACE Fig'2-8'Thisis theescapement mechanism o_f,"reorympiau*"*il* tromtheolympiaservicernanuar rcotirresioror-vrvrerA usA rNc.). 50 The backspacemcchanismcausesthe carriageto move back one space when the back space keybutton is depressedand released. Referring to Fig. 2-9, when the back space key is depressed,the backspacelever (C-30)pulls the backspacewire 51 (tt G) BACKSPACE KEYLEVER Corporation) International it more fully (ccurtesyof Brother Fig. 2-10. This is the back space mechanismol the Brother Model uP7. As always read the text to understand WHEEL SPACERATCHET BACK SPACEROD BACKSPACECRANK EFsErEs$e'a5aE$if ggggigrFgiraaii FFigei*aiguiF$s;$EiF' ssg$igiigf sssiae;e:ini+la$ i gFFEs:1. EEEEFEl$ iEE{EB Fig.2-11. This is the Otympfa ModelB-12 back space mechanasm,as shown in the Olympia service manual. By now it shoutd be evidentthat the carriage is literally pushed back through manual power as it works through the various levers and linkages, since the natural lendency ol the carnage is to move rightwardwith the tensionof the springdrum (courtesyof OLYMPIA USA lNC,). Whenthe last characteris typed,that is, whenthe last typing key prior to marginlockingis depressed,the margin stop (G-S2) pushes the carriage stopper (F-13) a half spaceto the left to activatethe marginreleasebarunit (C-23),whichis alsopushedto the left. The margin releasebar unit (C-23)is pivoted at (A), activatingthe ribbondrive crank(D-16) to the right, drawingthe (B) portionof the marginreleasebar unit (C-23)againstthe ribbon drive crank(D-16)at the momentthe key lever is released.As the key lever is released,the carriagemovestheremaininghalfspace. The (B) portionis sprunginto lockingposition,andthe key type is locked. Another marginstop mechanismis shownin Fig. 2-13. The typing key is depressed.The right margin stopper is pushed againstthe carriagestopper.The escapestopperis pushedin such 54 N rr) (, 55 (r LX l 2,ff zaE [lJ o(L gF= o F a zc. \ Ct r- lEg lI 9 Eo. C I | I -(Ec c- I E= I Ztc lo--O I | :o | =- I EEE E *q I =5 I I Qo o'- I I | a\'5 -z ,a( 6 t>9 lha) t-E6 olc06 olE 5> F; PE 6 F .Y ?i Y C) qg 93 (r oo- o F [U If it is necessaryto begina line of type aheadof the left-hand rrrrrgin,or finisha line of type pastthe right-handmargin,amargin s6 TU ( CE () MECHAT'II SM MARGIN RELEASE N-E (r z (, (r UJ CI a rnannerthat it swingsagainstthe half spaceratchet, makingit from the ratchet inrpossible for the half spaceratchetto disengage rvheei.The carriageis lockedsothattypingis no longerpossible. Yet anothermargin stop mechanismis shownin Fig. 2-14. The left marginstop(10)is set wherethe typingline shouldbegin, and the right marginstop (12) is set where the carriageshould stop-or the typing line shouldmaximallyend. Whenthe carriage n)ovestowardthis latter positionby actualtyping,the right margin >top(12a)touchesthe carriagestopper(5a),and,simultaneously, tlre stopper (5c) touchesthe back frame (20a). This stops the rnovement of the carriagestopper(5),andthecarriageis stopped. a ut (L zA ^ffi Hsfr a [U J Ha -tu 4d o o (r o UJ '\ _U or -5 ,tUt -J I O F CE IU bs 9o qlg o{ :e -o o IL o ;5 (oiy €o 88 TL J (o/o, t ? a;E a 6€E iEa $ao RH9 i eE c *.9 o)(v.6 :oq E E9 ocS s p; ;E€ Eco C'J F < TIJ T g'A (r> >\< N C= .(!v dE cit oo I irbg Frg 2- 14, This is the marginstop and marginreleasemechanismof the Olympia l',loOetA-te, taken from the Olympia service manual (courtesy ol OLYMPIA u s Ar N c . ) . 57 leleasemechanismcan be activated by depressingthe margin release keybutton (usuallymarked ,,MR"). The margin releise works as follows (see Fig. 2-13again).when the marginrelease key is depressed,the marginreleaserod movesin the direction of the arrow, causingthe carriagestopperto come off the margin stopper,at which time it returns in the directionA, allowing the escapestopperto comeback,whichin turn allowsthe escapement mechanismto function.It is possibleto type throughthepreset position. _ To study yet anothermargin releasemechanism,see Fig. 2-15. When the marginreleasekeybutton(l) is depressed, the margin link (3a) moves in the directionof the arrow to push the carriagestopper(5), andthus(5a)is releasedfrom the maigin stop SHIFT MECHANISII Frg.2- 16.This Brothershift mecfranism,laken f rom the Brotherservicemanual, is fairly typical of those mechanisms wttich shift the typebar Seclor; however, later in this book you will see mechanisrnstrat shiftthe carriageup and down. In orthercase the typebar strikes the platen on an arc of the curve ol the platen in such a manner that the slightly curved typeface hits the platen (courtesy of flrotherInternationalCorporation). tl}a). Whenthe typist releasesthe marginreleasekeybutton(1), the tensionof the spring (4) pulls the margin link (3) back, thus t€turningboth the marginlink (3)andmarginreleasekeybutton(1) to theiroriginalpositions. SHIFT MECHAIIISM F i g . 2 - 1 5 . H e r e , O l y m p i ae x p l a i n s more fully the operatron and principteof the rnargtn reiease mecha ntsrF_read the lext (courtesyof OLYMPIA USA tNC.). 58 raisesandlowers the typebarassembly, Theshiftmechanism 9o that the appropriateupper-or lower-casecharacterswill strike the platen, while the inappropriateoneswill not touchthe platen becausethey are eitheraboveor belowthe curvatureof the platen. See Fig. 2-16.Whenthe shift keybutton(the keybuttonto the right rn theillustration)is pusheddown,t}e shiftleverpivotsto pushthe shift operatingplate in the directionof the alTow,causingthe other end of the shift operatingplateto movedownwardin the direction r:f the arrow, thus lowering the sectorflate holdcr.This allows the uppercasecharactersto strike the platenwhena typing keybutton is depressed(notethat in Fig. 2-16,the mechanismis holdingthe typebarsin lower caseposition-that is, the shift keybuttonis not .rlepressed). In the context of this discussion,lower case means the c haracterson the lower half of the type head, which strike the piatenwhenthe typebarisup. Someservicemanualsrefer to this positionof the segmentas uppercase,presumablyon the premise thai the segmentis in the uppermostposition.However,common usage(andstrict definitionas well) wouldseemto dictatethat the 59 lower caseconditionis when the segmentis up, and iower case characters(asopposedto capitals,etc.)aretyped. To see anothershiftingmechanism,refer to Fig. 2-12. when the shifting keybutton (1) is pusheddown, ttre shift lever (3) rotates,its pivot point beingthe key lever shaft(c). This rotates the torsion bar (4), which is retainedat the left and right side framesby the shift center(6) andnut (7). Note that the torsionbar is connectedto the shift lever (3) by a torsionbarpart (4a),andalso to the segmenthangershaft(5) andsegmentbase(g) bv the torsion bar part (4b). Thus, since the segment (10) is mounted on the segment base (9), the segment base is lowered, placing the typebars in upper case position. when the typist no longer depressesthe shjft keybutton(1), the torsionbar (4) is returnedto its home positionby the tensionof shift spring(g); and rhe shift lever (3) andsegmentbase(9) are likewisereturnedto their home positions. tU E lJ- .i O = a SHIFT LOCK MECHAIIISM :f When it is necessaryto place the typebarassemblyin its lower position for continuousupper casetyping, the typist may depressa shift /oca(usuallymarkedlock) keybutton,which holds the segmentdown.SeeFig. 2-18.when the shiftrockbutton(2) is depressed,the tip of the shift lock lever (zz) is lockedat the shift lockfitting(21). The shift lockcanbe released,allowingthe segmentto return to its norrnalposition,asfollows(still referringto Fig. 2-18).when the shift button (l) is depressedslightly more than its locked position,the torsionbar (4b)is rotatedby just the pitch of "S" (see inset drawing)of the oval shapedhole (D) of the torsion bar part (4b).This causesthe shift lever (3) to lowerby the lengthof stroke s, thus releasingthe shift lock lever (22) fromthe shift lock fitting Q|). (L VERTICAI TITIE SPACINGMECHAIIIS }I vertical line spacingmeansthe vertical spacebetween lines, whichis standardized at l/6 inch(six linesto the inch)on standard typewriters. The distanceof vertical line spacingmay differ on special purposetypewriters.For example,on the rBMExecutiueproportionalspacer,the verticaldistancebetweensingle-spaced lines is 3/16 inch. 60 = 4a ' $\l t,.X t 'N/-.-.-z/ ,Z.\ '\ \' \\ o (, o E o E '-c c) E (') c tr E oi o o ci o- E a c F F* c\/ ; iI 61 On standard,manualtypewriters, line spacingis actually accomplished simultaneously with the return of the carriage,even though the carriage return is, strictly speaking,an operation independentof line spacing.However, the rever that is used to return the carriageservesthe dualpurposeof line spacelever. See Fig. 2-19.when the line spacelever is pushed,it movesagainstthe line spacelever plate, which moves the line spacepawl in the direction of the arrow, causingthe line spaceratchet wheel to rotate.Sincethe line spaceratchetwheelandplatenare integralto eachother, the platenrolls the appropriateamount,determinedby the number of teeth in the ratchet wheel. The paper, which is grippedbetweenthe platenandfeed rolls, movesa corresponding amount.In this particularmechanism,single-spacing, one-and-ahalf-spacingand double-spacing is determinedby which ratchet wheel tooth the pawl slides into, which is typist regulatedby moving the line spaceadjustingcam (see FiS. Z-20).This latter mechanismwill be explained more fully in the chapter on adjustments. To seeanotherverticalline spacingmechanism,refer to Fig. 2-27. tilhenthe line spacelever (l) is operated,the feedarm (3) is rotated by the line spacelink (z). The rine spacefeed pawl (4a) slides alongthe cam (6c) of the line spaceselector(6); thus, the feedpawl (4a)is engagedwith a tooth of the line spaceratchet(5). Sincethe line spaceratchetis integralto the platen,the platenis turned by an amountcorresponding to the travel of the pawl as it slides into a ratchettooth. The line spacingis restricted by the touchof the feed pawl (4), with a stopperpin (12). The line space Ieveris returnedto its homeposition bya spring(l l). PAPER FEEO Paper is fed throughthe typewriter when the platen turns, becausethe paperis grippedbetweenthe platenanda set of small feedrolls (the feedrolls are turnedby the rolling of the platen,not vice versa).SeeFig. 2-22. Whenthe platenis correctlyinstalled, and the paperreleaselever (not shown)is in normalposition,the platenandpaperfeedrollers arein spring-tensioned contact.Thus, whena pieceof paperis inserted,the backset of paperfeedroliers, whichare in contactwith the platen,catchesthe paperandrolls it towardthe front set of the paperfeedrollers. The paperfeedplate (the curved plate betweenthe feed rollers, in the illustration)is curvedupwardon the outfeedside in sucha manneras to deflect the paperupward,aroundthe platen.This is an extremelysimple 62 E o o q) c o '6 o o1J o =-c. o c J q) (D o q) o. o o o : E o) E q) E t f c (E q) .9 e o) a ol (I) dJ E o E: .oO *z \T I ,ll ie 6 tt) ;< ic F > ts> .eo co .9> CUl (tlq) -ct of oo tr() :c ao E 8 co np oo -C= h-c ai? ,E N; 69 [.: LIN E S P A C ELE V E R S P R IN GFORR OLLE R LIN ES P A C ELE V E RP LATE cARRTAGE StDEPLATE(L) Fig. 2- 19 Verticalline spacing is accomplishedwhen the handle (line space lever in the drawing)is pushed sidewaysto return the carriage.Study this illustrationand read the text lo understand how (courtesy of Brother InternatronalCorporation). LINESPACEPAWL L I N ES P A C EA D J U S T I N G -'' cAM L I N ES P A C EF E E D I N G PAWL STOPPER L I N E S P A C E R A T C H E TW H E E L S P R I N GF O R R O L L E R SPRING CAMHOLDING LINESPACEADJUSTING E -- $€ Brothst Model JP7 (cqrrte6y <'l singre,on+and-a-han,and dolble line spacing is accornplishedon tt*--",a" ;;.o-rra "t"-*t* Br-otherlnt€metionalCorporation). :,--.,rr= E - --; ::: ---- - mechanismandonethat is easyto work on (providedthat the platen is easilyremoved,whichis not alway the case). cARRI AGSI E DEcovER( L'H') PAPER MECHAIIISM RETEASE '[\e paper releasemechanismreleasesthe contact pressure between the platen and feed rolls, simultaneouslybacking the paperpanawayfrom the platen.This releasesthe paperandallows the typist to quickly remove the paperwithout the needfor turning the platen knob, and/or straightenthe paper,in caseit was rolled into the typewriter crookedly, witlout the need to remove and reinsert the paper.The mechanismis activatedthrougha lever on top of the typewriter (the lever is often unmarked).See Fig. 2-23. Whenthe paperreleaselever is movedin the directionof the arrow (towardthe typist in actualpractice),the paperpanis pushedaway from the platen. Since the movement of the paper pan is interconnectedto that of the paper feed rollers (the paper pan usuallyrests on the feed roll assembly),moving the paper pan downwardalso movesthe paperfeed rolls downward-away from the platen. In this condition,the paperis freedfrom the grip of the feed rolls, as well as from the drag betweenthe platen and paper pan. For a view of yet anotherpaperreleasemechanism,see Fig. 2-24. Normally (that is, whenthe mechanismis set to feed paper throughthe typewriter), the L-shaftarm (2a)pushesthe paperpan (7) towardthe platenside by the tensionof the spring(3). Whenthe paperreleaselever (1) is depressed,the releasepin (1b) pushesagainstthe L-shaftarm (2), causingthe L-shaft (2a)to move away from the paper pan (7). In the illustrated mechanism, depressingthe paperreleaselever (1) releasesthe paperbail scale arm (5-connected to 6, the paper bail) by pushingit up. This conveniencefeaturefacilitatesmovingor removingthe paper. FEED(ORTRAIISPORT) ITECIIAI{ISM RIBBO}I Tlteribbonfeedmechanrsrzcausestie ribbon to be fed through the typewriter onesmall incrementeachtime a characteris t1ped. When the ribbon has passed from one reel to another, the mechanismreverses the direction of the ribbon feed, so that it is fed back to the recently emptied reel. See Fig. 2-25. When a keybuttonis depressed,the bell crank will pushthe ribbon drive crank (D-16), which will push the ribbon feed pawl (right-D-40). The ribbonfeedwheel(right-E-2) is rotatedin the directionof the arrow by the ribbonfeed pawl (right-D-40). 66 otympiaModerB-12,taken lnech-an].smforthe @ng USAINC')' of OLYMPTA (courtesy servic"man'it Olympia the from 67 : d)- rAPERFEEDROLLER (Bl*)-:'. iR.t / / HOLDER - PAPERFEEDROLLER WRONG \'* -\- I PAPERFEEDROLLER \ PAPERFEED ROLLERHOLDER frotnthe Broher seruicemanual(courtesy o{ BrotherInternational of he BrotherM-lOO,taken Fig.2-22.This is the paperfeed mecfranism Corporation). MECHANISM PAPERRELEASE PAPER BELEASE_IEVEe SPRINGFORPAPERRELEASE LEVER C A R R I A GSEI D E PLATE(R) PAPERPAN PAPERRELEASE P A P E RP A N H O L D I N G S P R I N G( R ) CARRIAGE PAPER FEED ROLLER P A P E RP A N H O L D I N G S P R T N G( L ) Fig.2-23. Since lhe feed rolls ar€ connected to the_paperpan, mwing theiatter away from tha platen also mores the ro1s,and the paper will be froe to move around (cot.rrtesyo{ Brother lnternalional Corporation}. \6, \ \/. CLEARANCE \i/ t - I A Qa) CONDITION RELEASE is from the orympiaModerB-12,takenfrom the paperrereasemectranism Fig.2-z4.This r NC. ) . of oLYMPIAusA olympiaservicemanual(ca'rrtesy (D t I 5 o th og E - E .q) c o -o .E o c ] o o g \.# w CE LU (o LU I o J / IU v4\ Y N \ d+ {,/ 2^:." \ ,P Y z cf O \\ J J \ \\\l\ 6 - \ \ \ \ \\\s,|' .}) LU cl 3 o o t- E 8 = When the ribbonis woundall the way on the right reel, the eyelet(A) of the ribbonpulls (B) in the directionof the arrow, with (C)beingthe fulcrumof the motion.This causesthe ribbonreverse wire (E-12) to move in the direction of the arrow, moving (D) clockwiseon its fulcrum(E), throwingthe ribbonfeedpawl (D-40) ;rndstopperplate(E) out of meshwith the ribbonfeedwheel(E-2). As a result, the ribbontravel will be reversedandit will be wound to the left side. Yet anotherribbon feed mechanismis shown in Fig, 2-26. Whenthe key lever (f) is operated,the ribbonuniversalbar (2) pullsthe ribbonfeedlink (4) andalsothe ribbonfeed lever (3). By this pulling operation,the gear feed pawl (5) is engagedwith the ribbon ratchet gear (6), causingthe ribbon ratchet gear (6) to rotate.The directionof the ribbonwindingis reversedasfollows. When the eyelet hole (9a) of the ribbon tape (9) pulls the reverselever (8) inward, a changeof ribbon windingdirectionis rrutomatically made.Both reverselevers(left__8andright-7) are o G c G E O:. k.9 (/)(u bb -ce oo AC) d J ( ! -c FO E E vtr :E :.lJ o ;€ tro E6 B - L i N EF U L C F U M ?\> x(/) ;o E 3 o() --X xo E-o ,"o E! ;(! FE .c to(! NI cv{ .(D Ftg. 2-26. This Olympia ribbon feeclng mechanism, taken from the Olympia .',6rvice manual, shows how th6 ribbon is fed and revers€d (courtesy of tLO Ot-vr,lpre usA tNc.). t, ll retainedat certainpositionsby the reverselever pin (right-7a) and the reversering (10). The gear retainingpawl is mountedon the reverse lever (7) andis engagedwith the ribbonratchetgear(6) in order to preventrewinding.At the sametime, the ribbonfeed system on the oppositeside becomesfree, being pushedby the reversering (10). RIBBON tIFTMECHAIIISM Theibbon lift mechanrsrz causesthe ribbon to vibrate up and down, in synchronization with the actionsof the typebars,so that the type headscontacteitherthe upperor lowerhalf of the ribbon. Whenthe ribbonlift mechanismis disengaged, the ribbonwill not be lifted when a characteris typed, causingthe type headto miss the ribbon completelyas it strikes the platen.This enablesthe typist to type on a mimeographstencilwithoutthe ribbonactingas a barrier. Sincethe total heightof the ribbonlift is madevariable, one-half of a ribbon can serve one purpose (typing black, for instance),andthe lower halfanotherpurpose(typingred, or laying down a correctingsubstance,for instance).Thus, in typewriter terminology,"ribbon lift" and"color change"work in conjunction with each other. See Fig. 2-27.lVhen the typist operates(i.e., moves up or down) the color change lever, the motion is transmitted to the color changeselector, changingthe position of the RV wire againstthe RV operatingplate. The color change stopper moves and the lift and lifting positions of the ribbon are changed. For a view of yet another ribbon lift and color change mechanism,seeFig. 2-28.Whent}recolorselector(1) is operated, the cam lever (3) is rotated around the shaft (a) bv the color selectorlink (2).The camlever(3) is providedwith threecams(3a, 3b and 3c). Position3a correspondswith "red," position3b with "black," and3c with "stencil."The camlever (3) is retainedat the "color-selected"positionbythe color selectdetentspring(11). The mechanismworks when a keybuttonis pusheddown, as follows.As the key (10)is pusheddown,boththeribbonlift link (6) andribbonIift bar (7) arepulledby the ribbonuniversalbar (5).The ribbon lift crank (8) is rotated, making the shaft (4) the center of revolution,andthe vibrator(9) rises. Sincethe ribbonis threaded throughthe vibrator,the ribbonrises with it. The actualamountof ribbonlift is determinedas follows.The ribbonlift crank(8) is rotatedby the ribbonlift bar (7), beingguided by the cam lever (3). If the preset positionof the cam lever (3) is 74 C O L O R C H A N G EM E C H A N I S M 8VHOLOER -r----€Tlvraneronl ll lnreeoN ,':) ,,( LJ i P Ftv RVOPERATINGPLAIE UNIVERSALBAR 2\ / _l / wlgn cnalge sroPPER C O L O FC H A N G ET E V E R \ COLOHCHANGESELECTOR COLORCHANGELEVER HOLDINGSPRING Frg 2-?7. As explained in the text, "ribbon lift" means the distance of the up and down motion (vibration) of the ribbon during typing; and "color change" means varying that dislance so that certain portions ol the ribbon are used while other portions are missed. lf the color ciange selector is set for "stencil," tha ribbon vibrator is (generally) moved downward slightly, where it remains stationary, so rt is missed by the typebar (courtesy of Brother Inlemational Corporation). changedby the color selector(1), the revolvingangleof the ribbon lift crank (8) aroundthe shaft (4) varies. Thus, the degreeof lift of lhe ribbonvibrator(9) becomesvariable. TABUTATION MECHAIIISM Tlte tabulation mechanismmakes it possible to move the carriageleftward,in one continuous,freewheelingmovementto a preset position, where it will automaticallystop. The typist accomplishes this by presettingtab stopsand,thereafter,simply depressingthe tab button until the carriagereachesthe desired stop.SeeFig.2-29. Whenthe tabkey is pusheddown(in the arrow direction), the tab operating crank (F-3) is rotated througtr the 75 8-LINEFULCRUM Fig.2-28.Hereis yet ano0terviewof a ribbonliftandcolorcfrangemecfranism(corrtesyofOLyMplA USAlNC.), F-287 STOPPER G.42 tr-,^-k TAB EYI LEVER TABOPERATING Fig. 2-29.1tmay be a little ditfiqjtt to orient this tabulator mechanism to one in a machine,since only the essential parts areshown.However, a tab mechanism isfairlyeasilyexamined inthe mactrine(courtesyof Brother lntemationalCorporation). mediumof the tab operatingwire (front-F-2). The revolutionof the tab operatingcrank (F-3) rotatesthe taboperatingIner through the mediumof the tab operatingwire (rear-F-4). The revolution of the tab operatinglever shall first rotate the tab stopper to the arrow direction, andthe tip end of the tab stopperwill be engaged with the tab stop pawl (G-42).At the sametime the tab operating lever will pushthe spaceratchet(F-47)by its tip, disengaging F-47 from the spaceratchet wheel (F-37). When F-47 is disengaged from F-37, t}re carriage is free to move leftward, through the tension of the spring drum, until the tab stopper contacts with G-42. For a view of yet anothertabulationmechanism,see Fig. 2-30. When the tab key is pushed,the tab rod moves in the directionof the arrow, turningthe tab operatinglever, whichturns the tab stopper.The spaceratchet is disengaged from the space ratchetwheel.This allowsthe carriageto moveleftward,until the tabpawlhits the tabstopperandstops. Anothertabulatormechanism is shownin Fig. 2-31.Whenthe tab key (l) is depressed,the tabulatormainbar (5) is rotatedby the ) i ("), \o,., 'Fig.2-31. Fig.2-30. Thislab operatingmechanismis or.rlof the BrotherModel JP7 service manual. Be sure and make the distinction between tab operation and tab sat- clear (courtesy ol Brother I nternationalCorporation), 78 from ths olympia This is an olympiatab operatingmecfianism, selvicemanual.The fact that the drawingdifferssomewhatlrom that of the are radicallyclflerent doesnotmeanthatthemechanisms Brothermectranism for example,hereyor.rseethetabchips(14),whicharenotshownin the Brother illustrationsbut are presentin the actualmechanism(courtesyof OLYMPIA U S AI N C . ) . 79 movernentof the tabulatorlink (3). The rotationof the tab stopper lift crank (6), causedfrom the spring(g), resultsin the rise of the tabstopper(7). when the fixed dog (9) is rotated by the tabulatormain bar (5a),the fixed dog (g) is releasedfrom the escapement wheel(10). This releasesthe carriageandit movesleftwardunderthe tension of its spring.The tabchip(14),whichwaspresetfor tab l, touches thetab stopper(7). when the tab key (l) is releasedby the typist, the tab stopper (7) leavesthe tab chip (14),andthen the carriagemovesleftward. The return of the fixed dog (5a) to its home position causestle rotationof the escapementwheel(r0) to stop. The carriagestops at a position where the tab was originally set. In this particular mechanism,there is a brakingoperationon the carriage,which worksasfollowsThere is a brakeshoe(1la) gluedto the brakearm (ll). when the tabulatormain bar (5) is rotated,the brakeilm (ll) is rotated by the spring(12)andtouchesthecarriagerail, whichresultsin the stoppingof the carriage.Becauseof this mechanism,the carriage canbe releasedonly after both the tab stopper(7) and brake shoe (1la)areset. TABSET-CLEAR MECHAIIIS M The tab set-clearmechanismallows the typist to set tab stops at presetpositions,from an externalcontrol(namely,from the tab set-clearlever, which is usuallydistinctly separatefrom the tab keybutton itsel0. See Fig. Z-J2. To use this mechanism,the carriageshouldbe movedto the positionat whicha tab stop is to be set. This can be done by either tappingthe spacebar or using the carriagerelease control, until the carriageis in the correct place. The tab set lever (1) is thenmovedto set (+), andthis movementis transmitted through the linkagesto the tab set finger (s), which sets the tab chip (6), throughcontactwith Sa-also see the inset drawing.consecutivetab chipscanbe set by movingthe carriage to the desiredpresetpositionandmovingthe tabset lever ( 1) to set (+). when tab stops are no longer required for a given typing format, their presencebecomesa nuisance.They canbe removed or "cleared,"as follows (still referringto Fig.2-82). To clearan individualtab chip,the typist mustfirst tab to thatstop,The tab set lever (r) is moved to (-). when the carriagemovesleftward,the tabchip(6), whichwaspreviouslyset, is returnedto the individual 80 I @-# -@ ir etr (}-i o+I - i CLEAR t I t SET (+)sET (_) CLEAR SET Fig. 2-32. This is a tab set-clearmechanismof the Olympia Model B-12, astaken lrom the Olympia service manual. About the only thing this mechanism has in common wiin tne tab operating mecfranism is its contact with th€ tab cftips (6), whrch will d€t€fmino whare cariage witl stop when a tab koybutton is pushed (courtesyof OLYMPIA USA lNC.). Irome position by the tab set finger (5b-shown in the inset illustrationwith Fig. 2-32). The tab set lever is returned to an intermediate,or neutral, position through the tension of the torsion spring (7) when the typistreleasesit. CARRIAGE RELEASE The carriageis normallyheld in whateverpositionit happens to be in, tfuough the engagementof the teeth of the escapement rack with the ratchet wheel. Sinceit is desirableto occasionally rnove the carriage leftward from its locked position without the necessity of typing or using the spacingbar, a carriage release B1 -t q) lc uJ a IE ll c3 [U J t: UJ t: rr IE LrJ oE uJ tr.UJ cc-J ll -5c C) IB l9 lo lq) IE lp lb It t; lEg F t! I O F lss lEe fr\ (r loo lc- () c0 UJ U) lgE TL UJ zu) J IL tu loS E}IECHAIIISM PLATE}IRELEAS T\eplaten releasemechanismenablesthe typist to disengage the platen ratchetwheel, so the platencanbe turned freely. See Fig. 2-35. The platenknob (7), variableratchet(7-1) and platen shaft (8) are connected.The pushrod (5) is inserted into the push I(!I . L lF.. (D lq€ tr t - L l9 c0 ls: ul (t' IL(a l@o (r C a r r r a g eR e l e a s eM e c h a n i s m IFF rE l v o a5 mechanismallows the typist to move the carriageleftward, rather rapidly,by hand.SeeFig. 2-33.Whenthe carriagereleaselever is moved, the movementis transmittedto ttre spaceratchet, which from movesclockwise(in the directionof the arrow), disengaging the space ratchet wheel. The carriage is then free of the escapementto "freewheel" l eftward. Another carriagereleasemechanismis shown in Fig. 2-34. Whenthe carriagereleasebutton(1) is depressed,the rack bracket (4) is pushed by both the carriagerelease lever (2) and release lever pin (2a). The carriage rack (6) is releasedfrom the escape pinion gear (7), swinging at the fulcmm of rack bracket retaining screws(5 and8). The mechanismis returnedto its originalstatus by a releasespring(3). lo- F I,IJ I O tt -€ :x lo ;, lEt f- J C) B LrJ E UJ TU I oU) g6 t: EU $g OO Ee 5a 9E' -t oF t-.Y a;P 96 toEr : 82 Fig. 2-34. lf you study this drawing carelully, yorl will see a significantditlerence rn its principle ol operation, from that of lhe previous illustration; however, the end result is tha samo-the carriage is released (courtesy of OLYMPIA USA tNC.), 83 _m,L- D For the reasonslisted, andalso becausemanualtypewriters do not commanda high resalevalue, the purchaseof a manual typewriter as a "fixer-upper" is probablynot a good investment. However, an inexpensiveone would provide a good machinefor the novicerepairmanto work on. In later chaptersI will give repair andadjustmentinformationfor specificmanualtypewriter models. In the next chapterI will discussthe mechanismsgenerallyfound on electrictlpewriters. i Fig. 2-35. This is a cutaway illustrationol the platsn disengagingmechanism, which allows the platento be turned (by hand) in a freewheeiingmbtion. part (6) is the centraf button in the^plalel knob wtrich, when pushed, releases the plat€n (courlesyof OLYMPTAUSA tNC.). I button (6). The variable ratchet wheel (4) is engagedwith the variableratchet(7-l) bVa spring(3). The part indicatedwith (l) is the E-ring, and the part indicatedwith (5) pushesthe variable ratchetwheel(4), whichis releasedfrom thevariableratchet(z-1). Thus,the platenis freedto roll withoutthe dragof the ratchet. lr SU M M AR Y As you will remember,this chapterwasintendedsimptyasan overviewof the mechanisms foundon manuallyoperatedtypewriters. Generallyspeaking,there is little simiraritybetween these and the mechanismsof electric typewriters, the general exceptions being those mechanismsin which the moving of an external lever directly changesthe positionof an internalpart or Iever as, for example, the paper release, tab set-clear, margin stops, carriagereleaseandplatenrelease. Somepointsto rememberare: D The power to pull the carriageleftward is the tension of springdrum. fl Absolutelyuniformtypingimpressionsare almostimpossible to achieve on a manualtypewriter, since the density of impressionsdependsuponmusclecoordination. ! Since the carriage is always refurned (sratntncd,that is) backto the left-handmarginby arm power,most manualshavean irritatingway of movingaroundon the typingtable. 84 85 Chapter 4 Practical Tips fortheBeginning Repairman Typewriter If you havereadthefirst threechaptersof this book,it may be time for you to answerthe question:Justhowinaolued doI want to getin repairing typewiters?Speakingfrom the most practical viewpoint, you wouldneedsomequitespecialreasonsto equip yourselffor the sole purpose of doing the occasionalrepair job on your own typewriter. It is not inconceivable, however,that you might want to do the work yourself. You may depend heavily upon your typewriter in your own businessbut live in a remotearea, wherea call by a reliable servicemanis chancy in the first place, time-consumingin the secondplace and expensivein all cases, regardlessof how difficultor easythe repairproblemmight happen to be. Beyond repairingyour owntypewriter, youmay wish to start a part-time businessin typewriterrepair. With that goalin mind,it is but one more step to visualizing that part-time business expandinginto a full-time enterprise.No matter what your goals, there shouldbe someinformationin this chapterthatcanhelp you. TYPEWRITERS STICKY,DIRTY Typewriters are thoroughlylubricatedasthey comefrom the factory. Becauseof the natureandthoroughness of this lubrication, the typewriter canbe usedfor severalyearswithout the needfor further lubrication.That is all quite well, but it does raise one serious problem. Becauseno ongoingprogram of lubrication is 134 calledfor, and becauseconsumermachines(homemachines,as opposedto thoseusedin offices)tendto be storedfor longperiods (asin spareroomsor in areaswheretheair is dustyor grease-laden that wasthoroughlylubricatedin nearkitchenareas),the machine dust, lint and greaseresiduefrom the the beginningaccumulates air. Moreover, through long periods of non-use, the original coatingof lubricationgets gummyand sticky. The end result is a typewriter with no serious mechanicalproblems or misadjustments but one, nevertheless,that may have sticking typebars, typewriter, which needs erratic spacing,etc. This malfunctioning little more thana thoroughcleaningand lubrication,is often seen by the professionalrepairman.In fact, even if the customer problem,andthe repairman assumesthat thereis somemechanical caninitially neitherverify nor denythe problem,the repairmanwill routinelycieanandlubricatea machinebeforeattemptingto repair it. Thus, cleaningand lubricatingtypewritersis an extremely importantaspectof typewriterrepair. The professionalrepairmanmight arguethat, becauseof the equipment requirementsand amount of cleaning, rinsing and lubricating fluids necessary,a thorutgh cleaning, rinsing and Iubrication is beyond the "handyman"repairman'scapabiltiy. job of cleaningand However,apartfrom the thorough,professional lubing,there is an alternatemethodof bleaningandlubing,which mightget a stickingmachinebackin operation.I'll explainboththe thoroughand the alternate-or less than thorough-ways of cleaningandlubinga typewriter. THOROUGHTY CTEAiIIIIG AI'IDtUEINGA TYPEWRITER To thorougly clean a typewriter means to bring all the mechanicalparts of the nrachineinto contact with the cleaning agent.The simpiest-but not quitethe best-way to do this is to immerse the works of the machinein a vat (laundry tub, for example),containingthe cleaningagent,where it is allowedto soak,usually f.or12 to 24 hours. A more elaboratemethod is to steam-cleanthe machine.Professionally,this would be donein a steam-cleaning for cleaningtypewritmachineespecially designed ers. Other, more elaboratemethodsemploy hand spray guns, shorverheadmachines,etc- However,oneof the majorsuppliersof all kinds of typewriter cleaningequipment,tools, etc., the Ames Suppiy Company,recommendsa completeimmersion of the machine,with mechanicalagitation.The machinesuggestedfor this is the CLEAN-O-MATICModel500TA(Fig. -1). Whatever 135 I 1 I 3 g) o C' o o, N E W 2 . W A YA U T O M A T I C S A F E T YC O V E R _ S P F I N G L O A D E D F O R ' S O F T ' 'C L O S I N G .N O S E T T N G N O R E L E A S I N GJ U S TO P E NA N D o o M E L T SA T 16 5 " F F E V O L V I N GC A S P I S T O LG R ] P F T U S HN O Z Z L E W I T HF I E X I B L EN E O P F E N EH O S E ADJUSTABLE F O R L I G H TS P F A Y O F IS O L D S T F E A M I SOLIDFTANGESSTEEL WORKSHELF. B E C E S S E DC O N T R O LS W I T C H- L A R G EA M E E RS I G N A , L I G H T ' 2 B E M O V A E L ES L U D G E T R A Y SA N D F A C K R U G G ED I - i E A V YC O N S T F UC T I O N l6AND]4GAUGESTEEL ASY-TO.SERVICE M I C R OM E S HF I L T E F A B O V E L I O U I DL E V E LF I L T E F S L L S O L V E N TB E I N GC I R C U L A T E O 2 WAYCLEANINGACIION S E L E C T O RV A L V EP E R M I T S U S I N G B O T HC L E A N I N GA C T I O N S A T O N C EO F S I N G L YA S D E S I R E D I L T E RB Y - P A S S H Y O R O . J E TM A N I F O T D P O W E F F U LI TH P G F A Y M I T L SP U M P \B E V O L V I N GC A S T E F S O R A I NP L U G a o o J co J z o vG o -gP p -i v t l -FEa h6532 ---..i LL F l 0_ 5 >1.5 o ctF (<rO< 6 Y l -o 'd o. o T A -4I0O- -> J 3go F i g .4 - 1 . T h e i n i t i a cl a p i t a lo u t l a yf o r a n a g i t a t i n gc l e a n i n gt a n k i s r e l a t i v e l yh i g h , bul it will cut down dramaticallyon in-tank cleaning time (courtesy of Ames SupplyCompany). EquipmentRequirements The basicpiecesof equipmentnecessaryto thoroughly clean (and subsequentlyrinse and lubricate)a typewriter are an air compressor(FiS. 4-2), and a uat or cleaningmachine. Since cleaning,rinsing and lubingrequiresthree solutions,it would be helpfulto haveadditionalvats; however,one vat, equippedwith a drainplug anda provisionto savethe solutionsthat are reusable, woulddo the job, althoughit wouldbehighly inefficient.Youshould alsohavea basketin whichto immersethe typewriter. o .9 U) o o ,6 F o -A rn Ll-, I methodis used, a thoroughcleaningand lubingactually involves three steps:cleaning,rinsing and lubncating. E o t.lJ FOO Is L 66 o) ' F 3 o o (U .E tu o_ t-lJ L U JF N> v= 7J- ^0- X< trJ O )L UzU J 3 ,.i z l-: -t LU CO (1 -',A o-'S" d >ir=> O ()O o _+scoc sf o o c cq) o z E 5 I (D Fi (E0_ F\J ;u>o ooOJ 9A o-(D - Q a }E o< Cleaning, RinsingandlubricationSolutions li 6,Q oo € - (> i to As a cleaningsolution,Olympiarecommendsone consisting of 7 partsSoluasol#5 to I part LIX "12" Cleaner.Solvasol#5 is availablefrom SoconyMobile Oil Distributors,in S5-gallondrums product,especially to be addedto only.Lix "12" is a detergent-like whosemainofficeis spirits,available fromAmesSupplyCompany, cir = U-O 136 137 cx OU ni o rqo li NO 12-ACONCENTFATE MACHINECTEANEB N o 5 8 C -1 2 8 L r x F 1 2 A 1 G a t . 5Gal N o 5 8 C - 6 a 0 L r xi l 2 A N o 5 8 C . 3 0 L t xF 1 2 A 3 0 G a l N o 5 8 C , 5 5 L r xF 1 2 A 5 5 G a l No. l2-A CONCENTRATE Machine Cleaner ' ,l ,l I use the agitator cleaningmachine, immerse the machine and agitatefor 5 or 10 minutes.Whetheryou use the vat or agitating machine,when cleaningis complete,lift the rnachineup in the basketandlet the excessfluid drip backinto the tankso no fluid will be l ost. RinsingandLubricating Machine Gleaned theThoroughly After cleaning,the machineshouldbe thoroughlyrinsed to stop the cleaningaction. Use any of the previously mentioned rinsingsolutionsor hot water.If youusewater,the machineshould be thoroughlydried in an oven, as any drops of moisture in the workscancauserust. The last step is to place the machinein an oil bath, which consists of 10 parts of mineral spirits to 1 part Arnes oil. As mentionedpreviously,high-flashnapthamaybe substitutedfor the mineralspirits. The spirits will evaporate,lettingthe oil adhereto the machineandprovidinga good,deep-downoiling. A lubrication tank called the "3-L Safety LubricationTank" (see Fig. 4-4) is availablefrom AmesSupplyCompanyfor this purpose. Fig.4-3. Lix # 12A cleaneris to be used with and extendsthe use of cleaning f luid (courtesyof Ames SupplyCompany). 2537CurtissSt., DownersGrove,Illinois60515.Lix"12" Cleaner or S5-gallon 30-gallon five-gallon, in eitherone-gallon, is available amounts(Fig. -3). The lubricatingsoiutionis an oil bath, whichconsistsof l0 partsof mineralspiritsto I part of Amesoil (No. 34L-32-quart.946 liters, No. 34L-128-gallon-3.8 liters, No. 34L-640-5 gallons- 18.9liters),availablein bulk.The oil maybe mixedwith a high-flashnaptha,ratherthanthe mineralspirits. TheGleaning Process Beforeimmersingeither a manualor electrictypewriterin the various solutions, several steps should be taken to insure that certain parts of the machinedon't come into contact with the solutions.On either a manualor electric machineremove all the outsidecovers,the platen,the bailrollers,the papertableandfeed rubberparts. follersandanymiscellaneous On electric machines,also rernove the power roll, if it is After removingall these rubber,andall the electricalcomponents. items, blow out any loose, heavydirt from the machineto avoid gettingit in the solution. If you usethe soakingmethod,put the strippedmachinein the dip basketandimmerseit in the cleaningsolutionovernight.If you 138 NO.3-LSAFETY LUBRICATION TANK N O.2- RSAFEWRI NSETANK Fig, 44. Separate tanks for the hree sleps of cleaning,rinsingand oilang save time and make the work easier(courtesyof Ames SupplyCompany). 139 G IV INA GWP EW R IT ER A SUPERFI CIALCIEA}IIIIGAI{DLUBIIIG Between thorough cleaningsand oiling, minor sticking or bindingtroublesdueto dirt andgumaccumulation canoccur.While it may be untimelyor inconvenientto give the machinea thorough cleaning,you cancleanandrelubricatethe machinewith cleaners and lubricants-or combinations of both-supplied in pressurized containers(Fig. a-5). As with a thoroughcleaning,it is not advisableto get the agent usedfor cleaningthe metalpartsin contactwith rubberpartsof the machine.Therefore,it is betterto removeall the coversandparts mentioned previously including, in the case of the electric machine,the rubberpowerroll andelectricalcomponents. Carefullyremovedustanderaserresiduesfrom the interior of the machine.Cleanthe typefacescarefully,after putting a cloth under them, so that the soiledtype cleanerdoesn'tdrip on other 58" NO AVS. 175 O'L€F ARASS SPOIJT , € x r € M o s r o 9 ' : o v € A A L (A t A c H ' O vE F ^ L LS r Z €R € T F ^ C I€ O5 ' r CONI€NTSS OIL.MITV EISIEL€ ANORCFTLLBTE COT'ES FILLEO WtH AT'IACH€ O IUBE FiI€ II{S?RUUENT OIL PERMANENTLY S EALING CAP ." !ozu!E cAP^crrYovERr,'oz LEAx.PFoof NoN EREAXAELENCft.TIPPIIJG-CftEPECEBULBAIJDTUB€ PLASIIC I-EAX.PROff NO OANGER 5rr' FL€Xr8r€ Of OII IEAKIT{G SPOJr L€AX.Pf,OG 8Y UER€LY TOP O€PF€SSI'€ TH€ EEMNG OIL€R tN IOOL FOF HOS€ CASE HAAD. rO CEIOr ^AEAS TOP TH€ SPOUI IS AUTOilATICALLY 9." tMIO TXE S€ALEO AMESAOS CLEANER .IIIUERICANT CO[18INEO A l:\ tt A I lFl'**ll D l.+, l c u e m e n l le s + l l : \ I ll I I I C L E A NI€ R8 Is c I ll I ll I | | :--r'I Aos-o I DEGREASE. I@ ll I | lcueeruenl ll I ll I | Fig. 4-6. When spot-cilinga typewriter,it's importantlo get the oil at the problem point,not on the platen,feed rollsor power roll;an oilerwith a long spout will help in this task (coudesy of Ames Supply Company). 1 D I ;^-;;;;# "ii#.T.ALL PURPOSE OIt & CLEANER EE MACHINE OIL AOS N O N . F L U I OO I L stickingproblemsmaybe solved Fig.4-5.In betweenthoroughcleaning/oiling, cleanersandorlsin pressurized cans(courtesy throughthe use of combination of Ames SupplyCompany). 140 FEPLAC€S ^ PA€crsrcN TNSTFUYENT Z 'PLASTIC CONI^INEF parts. If the typefacesare quitedirty, don'ttry to use the blotting paperor "dough"for cleaning.Instead,usea liquidcleaningagent. Use the spraycleaner-or combination cleanerandoil-to do a job on the internal parts of t}e machine,following directions. Cleanthe keylevercomb slots carefullywith a dry brush. Do not lubricatethem. Don't use any of the all-purposeoils sold in hardwarestores for oiling a typewriter. Do try to oil all the parts, without over-oiling. In lieu of an overall lubricationas described,problemareas (suchas the escapement pinion,etc.) canbe oiled with the special oilers for machinelubrication, which have long, thin, flexible spouts(Fig. a-6).Use typewriteroil, beingsure no oil getson the platen,powerroll, feedrolls,bailrollers,etc. COSMETIC CtEAIIING Some professionalrepairmen seem to pay an inordinate arnountof attentionto the outwardcleanlinessof a typewriter. For this purpose,specialcleanersand polishersare available(Fig. 4-7). Be sure to use the correct cleanerand polisheron painted surfaces,keybuttons,clearplasticcardholders,etc., as the wrong solutions (such as denaturedalcohol, for instance)can cause fogging.Don't cleanthe plastickeybuttonstoo enthusiastically, as it is possibleto remove the characters.However, if this should happen,Ames SupplyCompanyprovideslacquersticks (Fig. -8) in variouscolors, which canbe rubbedinto the engravedlines to restore the lost characters-Typewriterscanbe given the reconditionedlook by paintingthe coverswith specialpaints(Fig. a-9). Paintovens(Fig. a-10)are usedto give the paintjob a professional look. ENGRAVER'SLACOUER STIK BRIGHTEN - ' UP - CARBIAGESCALES,TABULATOB849[9 ATpSEYEOARDS' RUliiNroEtlonnwo LINES.wlPE oFF EXcESS' COLORS: AVAILABLEINTHE FOLLOWING NO,15O-WWHITE NO.15O-BBLACK 119.159-YYELLOW N O .r 5 0 - R R E D Fig.4-8.Lacquerstick,whichcanberubbedinengraved|ines-torestore|os| when returning a type characters,can save explanationsand embarrassmenl ofAmesSupplyCompany)' (courtesy writerto thecustomer SELFSPRAY PAINTSANDLACOUERS sErEcTtilG T00ts Manyof the toolswhichyouhavein yourtoolboxwill be useful in working on typewriters.However, specialtools, which anticipate the specialneedsof the professionaltypewriter repairman, are providedfor the industry.The questionofwhetherto get tools in standardor metric sizes is difficult, but it can be solved by gettingboth. Thin wrenches(Fig. 4-11)are especiallyuseful,as are hex wrenchand socketsets (Fig. a-12). A few specialtoolsincludethefollowing: (Fig.a-13). tr Springhooks ! Typebartwisters(FiS.a-la). ONCEOVER T H E W O N O E RP O L T S H INSTANT OFF F O F W R I N K L EF I N I S H E S _ S M O O T HF I N I S H E S NO 56C-16 IN 14OZ AEROSOL S E L F - S P R A YC A N NO 12Op-16 NO 120P-128 1GALLON 16O2. Fig.4-7. For lypewriter cnsmetics, it's smart to use cleaners and polishes preparedlor the industry, as sorne products around the home or shop may mar thefinish or fog plasticparts (courtesyof Ames SupplyCompany). 142 1 2 3 / aO Z . C A N Fig. 4-9. The psychological value of 9 le* paint lob on a reconditioned "typewriter colors" tyiu,rnt"r is tremendorr] P"int. are available in a variety of (courtesy of AmesSupplyCompany). 143 A gl 5 s f o rf- o o q, FE i$ =3 lZ rC o € ct E' E-6 (q 66s LO 690 WRENCHES OROPFORGEO (rHtN) MM WRENCHES SAME AS THOSE SHOWN ABOVE DESCRIPTION OPEN END WRENCH 4MM x 5 5MM OPEN ENO WRENCH 6MM x 7MM OPEN END WRENCH 8MM x 9MM OPEN END WRENCH lOMM x l lMM BOX WRENCH 6MM x 7MM COMPLEIE SET IN HANoY KIT 600 60s 607 609 612 615 METRIC SIZES O P E NE N O W R E N C H% ' ' O F F S E T7 / 1 6 " O P E NE N D W B E N C H7 / 1 6 "O F F S E T% " OPEN END WRENCH5i 16" OFFSET%" O P E NE N D W R E N C HY r ' 'O F F S E T5 / I 6 " OPEN END WRENCH9/64" OFFSET7/32' OPEN END WRENCH3i 16''OFFSET9/64' B O X E N D W R E N C H9 / 6 4 ' ', 3 / 1 6 ' ' 8 0 x E N OW R E N C Hg i 6 { " - 7 t 3 2 " BOX END WRENCHvt" - 5116" C O M P L E T ES E T I N H A N O YK I I NO. 675 650 655 660 665 670 680 685 690 695 NO DESCRIPTION T O O L S. T Y P E W R I I E RW R E N C H E S a __-_:o) * 94*u &* j geF *[* F r € 3 igS ?f Eg= ;l; ra-i G T €Eq f-\ \ = i sE E33g=:-n-i."pS; ri s';ifi ;gi F 6[il gyu 5 q si 39 -qRulaUga s* 3 nF 8e5o-€3iIF 3 aE t."ailtuEsF.il q I HiFqq;E$iqE c,g- 15.tR ieaq*afia[** i3=es?E5ggi6 Fig. 4- 1 1. Just as auto manufacturers,typewritermanufaclurersbuild the machine aroundthe screws; lhin wrencheshelp get into these kinds of places (counesyof Ames SupplyCompany). q U' o rl *l PI FI .il 0) g -l :)l pf o f 3 o o o 0) = E o o. o f,.< R€ dil vq) UE lrg oo oo {o6o E-! e.6' 2. 1 ol url 3l Y l o = C o- € = YO 6q 26 \<l O(o oo f< tg p-= EE 9d. <9 9l >P. f5 o' 6l'r 8e No.B65SOCKET WRENCH SET 14.PIECE 1 /, 4 S '' QUARE DRIVE NO 685 6 PT. SOCKETS (Op e n i n gS i z e ): 3 1 1 6 " 7 1 3 21"1 4 " 9132"5116"11132" 3 1 9 " 7 1 1 61" 1 2 " 1OPT. SOCKETS (O p e n i n gSi z e ): 1 1 4 "5 1 1 6 " R EV ER SIB L E R AT C H E T 4-314" 2 ' ' EX T EN SION SPINNER/EXTENSION 5-314"( 1" x 3" handle,2-31 4" shaft) No.S5OATLEN HEXDRIVER UNIT 7 PieceKit Consistsof: No.850-C Amberyl handle with c l u tc h N o.850-1 H e x b i t 1 1 1 6x" 4 3 1 4 " N o .8 5 0 -2 H ex bi t51U " x4314" No.850-3 Hex bit 3132"x4314" No.850-4 Hex bit 118"x4 gl4" No.850-5 Hex bit 5132"x4314" N o .8 5 0 -6 H exbi t 3116"x4314" IN H AN D YP LA S TICC A S E Fig- 4-12 A varietyof good qualitytools will make your work a preasure (courtesy ofAmesSupptyCompany). 146 No.91 SPRI NGHO O KSET ,-J, Fig. 4-13. A spring hook may be your mosl often used tool (courtesy of Ames SupplyCompany). Keyleverbenders(Fig. -15). Ribboneyeletpliers(Fig.a-16). Link benders(Fis. 4-U). Ribbonvibratorarm benders(Fig. 4-18). pick(Fig.a-19). Segrnent (Fig.a-20). Type cleaningbrushes basictool kit, as supplied for a suggested Table 4-l see Also by AmesSupplyCompany. f, ! I t I D No, 152TYPEBARTWISTING(ROYAL) Forbendingor twistingtypebarsto bringintoproperposition. 1 / 1 6 s" l o t . Frg. 4-14. lf a typebar won't go thro.rghthe guide correctly,the solution may simplybetwisting it slightly(courtesyofAmes SupplyCompany). 147 N o ,5 K E Y L E V E B RE N D E R S N o .6 B I B B O NE Y E L E TP L I E R S Forapplyingeyeletsandhooks.6 5/8"long. F o rb e n d i n ga n da ri g n i nkge y revers, fratrevers andri nks.7 1r2,, long. Fj.g a 15- This speciartypewritertoot *n bend rsvers tinrG"ralignment (courtesy ofAmesSuppJy "no Compinyl. oEStGt{rf'f c A W0RKSH0P tf you begin thinking about a workshop,it forrows . armost iogicallythat you'll also be thinkingabout.o*" *.y ,o attract business.You'llarsobe wonderingwhetherto stressservice,i. e.. machinerepair, combineservice with the sares of ;.* ;;;.;l machines or stresssares.Evenif suchanoperation wereconducted from your home(asin a garage),you *orid probabry benefitfrom storefrontfrontage,even if at first the arei *.. only a praceto receiverepairjobs. Makingthe decisionof whetherto stressservice or sareswiil be an importantonein the longrun, because it wilr determinehow youplanto allocateyouravailable capitalbetweenresalestockand equipment.Il for example,a repair businesshas a real potential for expansion,it wourdnot be a viabrerong-range pt.n ,o set the repair shop in an area that is too small, or to invest money in equipmentthat wourd later prove inadequate. Moreover, rnost professionals adviseagainstmakingup homemade equipmentfrom randomparts, sinceworking the bugsout of sucha systemtakes too muchtirnefrom the moreprofitabieactivityorr.i*t repair. In the early stagesof pranning,it wourdie extremery herpfur to receiveadvicefrom professionais andpeoplein the industry.To that end, here is a quotefrom the *.r"nt Ames Supprycompany catalog: "Over the years, Ames Supply Company has helped thousandsof dearersto set up shopsor modernize therr ord ones. Ameswouldlike to herpyou to serectyour equipment andto supply information onanyproblemyoumighthave.,, 148 .61 @ No. 6-4 RIBEONEYELETDIES Replacement diesfor No. 6 Pliers Fig. 4- 16. With this tool you may avoid the task ol ordaing ribbons with eyelets (courtesyol Ames SupplyCompany). N o . 4 2L I N KB E N D E R Forbe ndinglinks,t ever s,et c. ,( 8" long.5/ 16"diam et er , 1l 16"slot . ) this tool-the linkbender (courtesy Fig.4-17. A comptetetools€tcant be withor.rt of Ames Supply Company). No. 44 RI BBO NVI BRATO RARM BENDERS (ROYAL) Usedin pairsforadjustingribbonvibratorarm. (5 t/4" long.) repairindqstrycan'tbe purchasedin Fig.4-18.Specialtoolsfor tha typewriter . yourlocalhardwarestore(courtesyof AmesSupply Cornpany) 149 Company). Supply olAmes loot Kit(courtesy Table4-t . A EasicTypewriter NO.93SEGMENT PICK 81 6 81-8 )g 6 A'216'8 A- I 16-3 Forcleaning typebarslotsinsegments. A-416-8 88f pickis alsoanessential Fig.4-19.Thesegment tool(counesy ofAmes Supply Company). See Fig. 4-2I f.ora suggestedfloor plan, as providedby the AmesSupplyCompany,for a storefrontandshop.Also, see Table 4-2 to understandwhat the numberedcomponentsof Fig. 4-21 represent and for a suggestedlist of shop and cleaning room accessories. SECURINGTECHiI I CAt I I{TORMATIOI{OI{TYPEWRITERS In later chaptersI will give step-by-stepdetailedinstructions for repairingspecificmodelsof certain brand-name typewriters. While it is a temptationto say that this specificinformationis all you will need to work on other brand,/models,it would be somethingof anoverstatementto sayit. The factis thatin all cases you shouldattemptto get the appropriateservicemanualsfrom the manufacturingor distributing firm. If you will need parts to completethe repair, you may get miscellaneous partsfrom Ames Supply Companyand specific parts from either Ames or the manufacturer.To do this, you will need the appropriateparts catalog. I N O .& - 1 4 T Y P EB R U S H T h r e e1 3 i 4 ' ' r o w s o3f i B , ' b r i s t l e s ( 4 t u t6t ,s,)t o n g . wood handle. ----_=- NO, B_I4_NS C u r v e d p l a s h c h a n d l e w i t h 1 / 2" n y l o n b r i s t l e s , 6 5 / 8 '' ---.--...-=----1n i"';;il ?::?:,?:Y:;"",risr es-rwo 3i4 I \ .-- .- rows,5 1.g. tong Fig.4-20.Don'tcriticizethetypicaluserfornotkeepingtypefaces ctean-just be preparedto do il yoursel{(courtesyof AmesSupplyCompany) . 150 883 16-512" | 14 7i3 7U 7 13 -150 351 3-54 356 357 1950 '955 349 34S 45 96 94 Scrowdflver 6'8lad€ 3/16 8'l Scrawdnver'B'Blade7t3?'Brl Scrrydrrvsr'6' Brade.9/6rt Brl Sctgwdrrvgt B Blade.58? Brt Pmkst Clre Sqewdnvgr ' 3 B acl€.3'3? Brl Blad€ t { &t Sc'gsdnv€r'g Phrllpsscr€u'dnvar'61r? L 3/ l6, Brl PhrllpsScresdhv€r-75/8 L 14 At PafallslFlatNossCunrrE p ters OPenThroal ComPpturd Laorage 5l 2'Trp Cuttrng Plt6.s - Jaw Srze 1'2' L X7r32'Vl.rl Ov6(allLs(9 Sho|l Na€dro NGe Ph€rs ' Lmg Handle I L Ssrraled Duck Wrnng Plss Biil Jaws 7 7ig..L '/Vl(rng& P,ck Up P re(s' Ss(ratod Jaws. Oo*el Prn JawS'!es closed ?7 15',1 X 1r?',W tlatOobt6'EndSpanner W.ench Sol One End 5o Orner ' Erd 75"An9l6 S zes l18 - 1/4 Motrc Dabl€'E.d Soann€. Wronch 56l _ l2 S,zes 3MM 1OMM sMM S€k€tw.ench 6MM Sockelwtsnch Sockotwrondr - 7MM Socksl wrsnch - 1/4 " Hat Openrng SmtetWrench-5i16'FiexQmtnq Olympi6 Add€r Mrlllmeler Wtonct Krl H€x XeY S€t Mrlhm€ler Srr€s 1 27MM ' 5MM Starrlard Hax KaYSet Srres 050' s,'3? CantsnngPlnctr- 1/4"xd' Ptn Onv,nq Punch - 1 {' X 4 WtO\ 1,16"pr Prlol Punch Krt - For Romoval Ol S p n n g d R o t l P r n s ,5 ' 2 6 5 1 i l € " t,*" 3,32' l/E' SPrtng Specral tBMSPrr^gHool LmdBd P u l l o r - ' l t 1 / 4 " L .3 / l 6 " D a Sorlne Hook E Scnbe. Bblsy-Slyls Frn€ Tip Twrezers5L Sg{rat ErtraLongTw3€z€rs ' 6d Trps 6 3/4 L Strarght Nos€ Locline Forc€Ps Needle Frlo Krt - | 2 Srzes No. 2 Cut 5 5/8"1 l-larldlc For Frl€3 Wot Ston€ . Frnai Coarse Cloanr{ Brush - For Inn€r Machrne Parls. t 3/8" Bnstl€s B-14-OS 815 3/4',w TypeBrush'(3) 1 114'Flows 3/E Bristles,6"L TYPogrush-9/16''EndTutls 5 116"L 'L 56l Scrsw Starler ' 6 Otler Small Magn€(rzerlDsmagrotjzer Ke€per Ssns - Srull Erass Hammer Mo{ianc s Hamm€( Rotractable Knrlo . Small Adlustabl€ Wrgndr ' 6' S69mml Prcl 7 PiocE Op6n EndMslnc Wrerch S€l-Siz€sr 5.sMM' | !MM I O Pr€ce Combnabm CF sd Qen €ndl8ox €nd wrmdt S€t 8 Pree Opon End Wr8nch Sot Parts Stofage Bor Parts Slo.ago Bor Cl6atrng Cloths (5) Ft'stArd Krt ncluded Ptatt Tml Cas6 Includsd l o o lx i t t t . 9 l E (r00t-c stllcluolo) GettingServiceManualsandParts IBM OtrerThan FromCompanies Catalogs Pleaseunderstandthat in givingthe followinginformationon typewriterfirms, I havenot personallybeenauthorizedto speakon behalfof these companies,You may correspondwith any of them onlyto haveyour requestdeniedor ignored.However'I do believe that an intelligentlywritten, conciseletter will draw the desired response.Yourbasicproblemwill be whetherto requesta service manualand parts catalogfor one specificmachine-in which case you wouldlogicallybe planningto serviceyour own machine-or a selectionof manualsand parts catalogsfor a variety of models manufacturedby the firm. In the former case, you will have to providethe modelnumberof your typewriter; in the latter case, yourrequestmaybe up for somediscussion,particularlyif it is the policyof the companyto establishfranchisedsen'icedealers. partsby In no caseis it advisableto try andorderbrand-name description laymen's a visualor simplyprovidingthecompanywith ' 1s1 i dr - OFFICE OR STORAGESPACE -]!_ '- ='= =+-, == == pad_timebusiness.oronelhal can F,g.4-21.perhapsthisshopplanand equipmentlayo|]lcan be modiliodto fit yourgarag€,ilyou'replanninga groti,(courtesyotAm€sSupplyCompany). MACHINES OF ELECTRONIC HANDLEREPAIR ISNOTEQUIPPEDTO THISSHOPLAYOUT o p H b R E P A I R REPAIR SHOP STOREFRONT ECONOMICAL SHOP LAYOUT AND EQUIPMENT [ll of the part; you will alwaysget a more favorable-andfasterresponse if you furnish the part number, as taken from an authorizedparts catalog,together with the correct name of the part. Alternatively,you may order parts from, or through,Ames Supply Company. Here is an excerpt from the current Ames catalog,explainingits policyonpartsordering. "The parts listed in the following section (the section mentionedis catalogpagesof miscellaneous items, only a few of which are listed by manufacturers'numbers)are some of the miscellaneous itemsandassortmentcarriedin stock.We stockand will continueto stockmanythousandsof availablemanufacturers' partsas well as manyhundredsof parts that are now obsoleteand nolongeravailablefrom the manufacturer. "Because our stock of parts is growing larger and more complexevery day, it is becomingmore difficultto publisha parts catalogof the items we stock as we have done in the past. Therefore,we do notpublisha partscatalog. "Since our stock numbersfor parts are the same as each part number,we suggestthat whenever individualmanufacturer's possibleyou usetheir catalogsandpartsnumberfor orderingfrom Ames branchesand agents.If you do not have a number senda sample or drawing of the part needed along with complete informationas to the serialnumberof the machine,make,model, pitch,color,etc.,andwe will fill in the partnumbersfor you. "[f you cannotobtain the manufacturer'sparts catalogyou need,pleaselet us knowandwe willtry to supplywhatyouwanton specialorder.We do not keepa currentlist for partscatalogsin our officesdue to their constantchangingin availabilityandprice. We willbe gladto obtainthis informationfor youuponyour requestif catalogsare needed." The end of the foregoingparagraphis the end of the Ames catalogquotation. F C 6 | t ! I C \ ;E While I may have mentionedthis before, it is important enoughto bearrepeating.Whennegotiatingwith manufacturers for service manualsand parts catalogs,you can assumethat two considerations will be uppermostin the mind of the recipientof your request.Do you intendto reproduce(asthroughcopyingon a copymachine)thesecompanypublications? Do you intend to use these catalogsand manualsto falsely representyourself as a factclry-authorized The answersto servicedealerof that company? 1g 1 ;a t'c! =3 d, 'tt E8 AE E.C EE E 3 ot t{ il tI .cr : =() EA t[ - j 95 F- q.E G.= o! ;CL E* : iEIF gH?tii il : s *iiel Ee * e eli lg fl '!l el, E 3 x, q^ UBY E t' 6 ! C 3;a T EII_ i 5 5 3 E a q iEl ili fCIl Ege <= ftHg Ht Hrers**Egg il il q I ! B I rt ril stl ll ta Q c ) 9 6 ( D r @ la N il IE I .!! I It l! ll ons lmportantGonsiderati ilt1 til ll l! t e 's *6 il sgEsif [ltlHslilitsl i, t$ T t.! ts ( 6 N _9 =! P . i! Hfl Rfl HEE; I .t heEEfit:Es il"-------oo l! s! E! = - 6 ( D N boththesequestionsare, of course,no. I wourdsuggestthat you makea straightforwardstatementto this effectin your initiat letter (notall companies are concerned aboutfranchised service/dealers, however,and this questionmay not alwaysarise). Finally, when correspondingwith or trying to get publicationsor parts from manufacturers, allowplentyof time for a response.which company executivedo you addresswhen making these specialrequests? Logicwould seemto dictatethat you corresponddirecily with the technicaldepartment;however, I usuailyiave better luck if I contactthe salesdepartment(addressthe salesmanagerby nameif possible-this informationis generallyavailablein tle current standardand PoorsDirectoryofAduertisezs, foundin the reference sectionof libraries). see the appendixfor a list of typewriter manufacturersand/or distributorsin the UnitedStates. GETTIIIG SERVICE MAiIUATS ATIDPARTS CATALOGS FROMIBM The policy of IBM in furnishingservice manuarsand parts catalogsis that IBM is willing to sell thesepublicationsto anyone requesting them. IBM does not establish franchised service dealers, and in fact controls the sares of its products quite stringently,throughfield representativescalled,,marketing i"presentatives."Accordingly,the only IBM-authorized rup.i, ."r_ vice is through IBM field repairmen,called representatives in "customerengineering. " what this meansin effectis that no onein your town may advertisehis own name,or firm name, as either an IBM sales or service representative;however, as a practicar matter,repairmencanbe andare trained,in independent training programs,to repair IBM typewriters. IBM phone numbers are listedin the yellow pagesof regionaror metrojoritanphone books. The nationwidetoll-freenumberfor IBM is gbo-63t--55g2, except in NewJersey,whereit is g00-3S2_4960. ldentifying0ld tBMTypewriters speakingof olderIBM typewriters,IBM servicemanuals and parts catalogs combine information for standard and Executiue rnachines.Both standardsand Executiveswere manufactured in IBM Models A, B, C and D (all of these models were typebar machines,incidentally).The informationon the nameplates of theseolder modelsdoes not alwaysclearrystate the model, in terms intelligible to the non-professional. Namepratesmay be foundin either (or both) of two places-on the bottom side of the machineandunderneaththe left-handplatenknob.There seemsto be no clear-cutway to determinewhich of thesenameplateswill providemodelinformation;however,oneor the other of them will containa serialnumber(don'tconfusea serialnumberwith patent numbers) . If you can'tfind any letter or numberclearlydesignatingthe modelof the IBM, provide the companywith the serial number, togetherwith thefollowingfacts: ! Whetherit is a standardor Executive. D The colorof the machine. D Whetherit usesa carbonor a fabricribbon. D The lengthof the platen,andthe lengthof the writing line. f The pitch. D The numberof characterson the keyboard. tr Whetheror not it hasa decimaltab system.A decimaltab systemdiffersfrom anordinarytabsystemin thata seriesof tabset buttonscanbe presetto enablethetypistto tabto a certaindecimal digit in a columnof dollarsandcentsfigures. With the foregoing information, together with the serial peopleshouldbe ableto number,the IBM customerengineering identifyyour machinemodel andtell you the appropriateservice rnanualandpartscatalogto use.They will eithersendit to youor referyouto the IBM personwhowill. A, B, C As a generalrule, the modelof the olderIBM stzuidard and D modelswill be foundon the nameplateunderneaththe left platenknob (you may have to move the carriagerightwardto see this plate),althoughit will be statedas acodenumber,ratherthan by a letter. Generally,this codenumberwill be to the left of and precedetheserialnumber.It is a two-digitnumber,asfollows: -The -The -The -The -The codenumber"10" istheblackmodel. codenumber"ll" is the ModelA (usuallygrey). codenum ber "12" is t heM odelB. codenumber"l3" is the ModelC. codenum ber"15" is t heM odelD. On some Executives,the model will be foundon a plastic the of themachine.[n someinstances, nameplate, on theunderside The ModelC Executive,whichhasan rnodelis clearlydesignated. 86-character keyboardand a carbonribbon,is the Model 41, for example.The samemachinewith a fabricribbonis a Model 45. Most of these particularmachineswere tan in color. Executives The clueto the rveremadewithl/32" and 1/36" unit escapements. 156 157 escapementpitch is supposedto be given in certain digits of the serialnumber.I won't attemptto tell you the codesinceI havenot foundit consistent.To figure out the escapementpitch yourself, youshouldunderstandthaton the machinewith the L/32" pitch, 10 three-unitcharacterswill occupy30/32"onthe paper. One factorthat may leadto someinconsistencyin Executive identification is that if and when machines are factoryreconditioned,the plate beneaththe left-handplatenknobmay be removed,and a new numberstampedinto the metal. Sometimes this number is accompaniedby the letter "R," to indicate reconditioned. With Executives,as with standards,be sure to includeas much informationabout platen length, kind of ribbon, etc., as possible. ldentifying RecentModellBMs In previouschaptersof this book I havegenerallyreferredto all single element machines as "single element" machines; however, IBM designatesthis kind of machine as either the "Selectric" (code 21), "Selectric II" (code 26) or "Correcting Selectric"(code26). IBM hasquite recentlymarketeda machine comparableto the SelectricII, with additionalfeatures,which is called"SelectricIII, " for whichI haveno codenumberinformation. The SelectricII and SelectricIII may use either the carbon ribbonor fabricribbon(thefabricribbonmachinesare codenumber 84, whichare the third andfourthdigitsof the serialnumber).Since the rnostnotablefeatureof the codingsysternon IBM Selectricsis inconsistency,I can only suggestthat you provide the following informationwhenrequestingservice manualsand parts catalogs: platen length and writing line length, whether the machineis a singleor dualpitch, the numberof characterson the keyboardand whether it uses the film ribbonand Tech III ribbon interchangeably. The older Selectricshad an SYz"writing line with an 11.0" platen. Other older Selectrics,as well as the newer correcting models, had 11" and 13" writing lines, with 13.5" and 1S.5" platens,respectively. Some professionalrepairmen recommendnot grinding a platenbecause,they say, it decreasesits diameter,causingthe type headto travel an incrementaldistancefartherbeforestriking the platen, therefore changingthe striking pressure. In sorne instances,decreasingthe diameterof the platenmayaffectthe way it contactsthe feed rolls and causepaper feedingproblems. However, I have never ftad any problemswith platensthat have beengroundonetime. Obviously, the superior way to reconditiona platen is to recoverit. Here are somefactsaboutplatenrecovering.The inner part of the platen is called its "core." Platen coresare designed throughmanufactureto take either a cushionrubber cover or a non-cushionrubber cover. Cushionplatenshave a rubber wall platenshavea wall thickness thicknessof over 3/76". Non-cushion of under3/16" (Fig. a-22). You cannorput a cushionrubber on a core,or vice-versa. non-cushion Platens,andthereforeplatencovers,are codedby hardness, with the hardnessselected by the following facts. CodeA is generallyusedfor oneto fourcopies,mostsuitableonportables,or for only limited numbersof carboncopies-a softplaten. CodeM is generallyused for four to eight copies.This is standardhardness for machinesthat require harderplatensthan CodeA-such as someIBMs, UnderwoodRhythmShift,certainSmithCoronas,and for eightto 12copies.Because RoyalMC. CodeEis generallyused of the hardness,it is only usedon machineswhereneeded.CodeS is generally used for more than 12 copies, or for typing on extremelyheavypaperor thin cardboard. AA havea rubberwall Generally, cushionplatens platens thickness over3116"andnon-arshion 3/16". under havea wallthickness REC0 il0t Tt0r{E0PTATEI{S Ames SupplyCompany,throughits branchcompanies,offers the service of,reconditioningplalens. One way that a platenmay be reconditioned is by grindingit; anotheris by recoveringit. 158 Fig a-22. Hecwering an otd, prttedplaten is a viable, relatively inexpensive {/wayout" for the customer.Ames SupplyCompany can provide you with more tnformationon this service(courtesyof Ames Supply Company). 159 stencil'Riteis generallyused for cutting stencils, offset masterandfluid masters.Theseare speciallytreated to resist the oils from the stencil.Stencil-Ritefeed rolls should be usedwith stencil-Riteplatens.The costof recoveringa platen is determined by its lengthin inches. For more information on reconditioningpratens, contact Ames supplycompany,whowiil arsoprovideylu with information o ns h i p p i n ge, tc . AOJUSTI ilGTHE PRESSU REOI{IT{OIVI DUAT TYPEBARS Many electrictypebarmachineshavea provision,in the form of separateadjustingscrews, to a-djustttre typing pressures of individualtypebars.on somemachinestherei. , .o* of adjusting screws,accessible afterremovingthe topcoverof the machine(on the OlympiaModel 35, for.*urnpl";. On other machines(notably IBMs) the screwsare accessibleat the underside of the machine (Fig. a-23)aftertippingthe machine back. At a given overail typing pressure, as determined by the calibratedsetting of the typing pressure rever found on most machines,thepressureof individuartypebarscanchange fromtime to time, with no apparentreason.Moreover, certain characters (seerninglythe "a s" and"gs" on someolder IBMs) seemto get out of adjustmentmorefrequentlythanothers. To makeindividuaradjustments,find the adjustment screws. Generally,the screwswill be numbered(thenumbers arenlton the screwsthemserves, but stampedintoa metarbarin closeproximity to the screws),with eachnumbercorresponding to a typebar.The number"l" correspondsto the typebaron the extreme reft endof theassembly,number"2" nextto;'r, " etc.After o.ienting yourself to the screwsandcorresponding typebars,dothefollowing: [J Roll a sheetof paperinto the machine.If you normaily use a backup sheet, or multipre sheets for carboncopies, roll the normallyusednumberof sheetsinto the machineso you'll endup w i thv i a b l ere s u l ts . D Setthepressurereguratorat thenormariyused setting. D Type everycharacter-both upperandrowercase-on the keyboard,to determinewhichneedsadjlstment. I Removethe paper(s),which wilt be used as a reference whenselectingscrewsto be adjusted, fromthetypewriter. D Roll fresh papersinto the typewriter. Gain access to the adjustment screws. 160 Fig. a-23. You are looking at the underside of an IBM Model A typebar typewriter. Nole the row of adjustment screws. Also note the bar above the screws, in whrch numbers, correspondingto lypebars, are stamped. Turning the individual screws will change the pressure with which lhe corresponding typebarstrikes the platen. D Lookingat your referencepaperto seewhichscrewsneed turning, tap the appropriatekeybuttonandnote the results.If the impression is too light, turn the screw counterclockwise,in quarter-turn increments,while tapping the keybutton until the impression is dark enough.If the impressionis too dark, or the typefaceis cuttingthe paper,follow the procedurementionedbut turn the screw clockwise. There are no locking nuts on the adjustmentscrews,so you'reall donewhenyou completethis last step. To judge your results accurately,be sure the typefacesare clean and the ribbon is fresh (in the case of a fabric ribbon, especially).In the caseof a carbonribbon,be sure it is of the right density, and that you are usingthe right kind of paper(alsocheck such"idiot factors"asthepositionof the multiplecopylever,etc.). If all lhe impressions light, perhapsthe machine are consistently needscleaningandoiling. REMOVI I{GTYPEWRITER COVERS There is no single set of instructionsthat can explainthe removal of covers of all machines.Sometimes,removingthe coverscanbe a majorchallenge.Coversalmostalwayscomeoff in 161 separatesegments.some are held on by screws with slotted heads,somewith phillipsheads,andsomewith hexheads.Some, suchas the coverof the IBM serectricII, aresimplyheld on by two lockinglevers.If coversare herdon by screws,it is helpful to have an assortmentof goodquality screwdrivers,andat least one that will hold a screwwhile removingor insertingit in a hard-to-get-to place(Fis. 4-2q. watch for springs,retainingwashers,spacers, washersand rubbergrommets.when removingcover segments, note how passageis made aroundand over external levers and keybuttonsso you can replacethem accordingly.covers that can actuallybe replacedever so slightly wrong canbe the underlying causeof vibrationnoiseswhenthe machineis running. STOCIONG At{ASSORTMEilT OFRIBBO}IS For exacting customers, the kind and quality of ribbon impressionsmay be crucialto their satisfaction,aswell as to their perceptionof the qualityof the repairjob you turn out. Apart from the kind andqualityof the ribbon,you'll be facedwith the problem of havingto supplyribbonfor the large variety of typewriters that youencounter.Hereare a few factsaboutfabricribbons. Coftont{ylonandSilk Ribbons cotton ribbonis consideredinferiorto eithernylonor si/ft,but doeshavethe characteristic-whichmay be anadvantage in some cases-of producinga blackerimpressionwith a lighter blow from the typebar.It might be preferredfor a manualtlpewriter, but the striking pressureof an electric machinewould wear it out about twiceasfastasit woulda nylonor silk ribbon. Nylon ribbon is consideredan exceilent ribbon, from the viewpoint of clarity, longevity and toughness.It gives an even impressionthroughoutits life, and the impressionis sharper and less feathery than that from a cotton ribbon. Nylon ribbon is availablein threedifferentgrades,for specificapplications. si/ft is also consideredan excellentribbon, which gives an even impressionthroughoutits life. The impressionis sharpand clear,but not asblackasthatof cotton. If you must stock ribbons conservatively,most customers would be satisfiedwith cotton and nylon. It would probably be helpfulif you were to explainthe characteristics of eacrr. Fabric ribbons are availableon spoolsand cartridgesto fit specificmachines.The spool or cartridgemust fit the machine. The ribbon itself musrbe of the correct width to feedthrough the 162 POSITIONINGSCR EWORIVER N o . H J J - 8 7 P O S I T I O N I N GS C R E W D R I V E R H6at tr6al€d 6xpanding st€olbits engag€ firmlyin sctowplot ^..-, by simptgWshing mobon. Afte( uss. bi!s at€ resto.ed by push" r _ ing r€loas9 rod thal €xl€nds b€yond knurlod handl€. Ovrrrll Lcttgtt titlVidb to. 9i 64', HJJ-87-8 HJJ-87-10 3/16'' ---- 8'', 10" on a whenworking screwdriver to havea positioning Fig.4-24.lt'sessential Cornpany). (carrtosy ofAmesSupply typewriter ribbongUideandnot so narrowas to losepart of the impression.[n somecasesthe ribbonmust be fitted with a hook for attachingto the take-upspool,as well asan eyelet to work in conjunctionwith the ribbon-reversingmechanism.The commonly encountered ribbonwidths for conventionaltypewriters are Vz"and9/ 16". System FabricRibbonl{umbering One fabric ribbonnumberingsystem,on ribbonssuppliedby Ames Supply Company,is codedfrom TWl throughTW37 (with someomissions),which includesribbonsto fit most fabricribbon typewriters. You wouldn'tneed all of these ribbonssincepart of them fit specialpurposemachines.Here is a list of ribbon that wouldbe most sought-after. I TW1 . A Yz"ribbonwith eyelets6" from eachend; fits Brother Standard;HermesStandardElectric and Portable;and Undenuood O/S andPortable. D TW2. AYz" ribbonwith eyeletVz"from the end; fitsNorse/ess Standardand Portable; RemingtonStandard,Electric, 17 and PortableN/S; andUnderwoodNo. 150CoreandElectricO/S. n TW3. AVz" ribbon with a 1" loop on outsideend; fits Royal andElectric. Standard D TW4. A Yz"ribbon; fits L. C. Smith Standard;Smith Corona StandardandElectricO/S, tr TWs. A Yz" ribbon; fits Underwood No. 150 Flange and Electric,N/S. Electric. D TW6. Ayz"ribbon:fitsR. C. Allen Standardand D TW7. Ar/2"ribbon;fitsRemingtonVisible. tl TlV8. A 9/16" ribbon on a toothed metal spool; fits IBM ModelsA andB. D TWg. A9/16" ribbonona plasticspool;fits IBM ModelsC and t). 1ffi D T Wf O . N o t l i s te d . tl Twr l- A g/LG"ribbonwith eyerets6" from eachend and a hookon the outsideendonly;fits RoyalElectricportableg/16,,utd RoyalUltronic g/LG". ! Twr2 . Avz" ribbonwith eyelets3" fromeachend:fits olivetti Standard ElectricandPortable. D T w r3 . A 9 /7 6 " ri b b o n i,s t hesameasTW l l but w i thouthook andeyelets;fits Adlerg/lG" andRoyalSg0,690,970and92l. D Twr4. A Yz" rtbbonwitheyelets6" from eachend:fits corona PortableNo. 3 Auto. D TWf 5. A Vz"ribbon;fits CoronaCorsairandCoronaPortable Skywriter. f) TWf 6. A 9/16" plasticcartridgeribbon;fits IBM Selectric Model072. f1 Tw17. A Yz" ribbon with eyelets 6" from each end; fits a CoronaPortable,No. 4,Jr. andprof. ! TwrS . A yz"ribbonwith eyeretss" fromeachend;fits a smith CoronaPortable, PortableElectric and Compact;and the Smith CoronaStandardandElectricN/S. D T W 1 9 . N o r l i s te d . tr Tw2o. Avz" ribbon;fits Remington portableo/S (to 1953). ! Twzl. A Yz"ribbon,sameasTwl with eyelets,but shorter; fi ts R o y a l Po rta b l e . a Tw22. A y2" ribbon,sameas TW1, but withouteyelets;fits Adler Standard, Electric N/s and portable; Facit standard, Electric, and PortableN/S; and olympia standard,Electric and Portable. I Tw23 - Avz" ribbon;fits AdlerStandard andElectrico/S: and FacitStandard,ElectricandportableO/S. a TW24. AYz" ribbon;fits CoronaportableNo.3 O/S. D T W 2 5 , T W 2 6 , T W2 7 , TW 28, TW zg, TW 30, TW3r. Thesefit specialpurposemachines. D TW32. At/z"ribbon;fitsRoyatite portable. tr TW33, TW34, TW3S, TW36, TW3Z. These fit purposemachines. Ribbonslisted abovewithouteyeretswork in the designated machinesbecausethose machinesdon't require an eyelet for ribbonreversing. MylarandPolyethylene Ribbons If a carbonribbonis listedas poiyethylene, it givesoff all its coatingin onestrike of the typehead.It mustbe usedon a machine 164 that advancesthe ribbononefull charactereachtime a characteris typed. If a ribbon is listed as Mylar (or reusableMylar), it is to be usedon a machinethat advancesthe ribbon only an incrementof a space. Potyethylenerrbbonsmakethinner, sharpercharactersthando Mylar iiuuonr. some typists establish preferencesfor either or MYlar. 'polyethylene Certainpolyethyleneribbonsproducean impressionthat can be lifted off the paperwith eithera sticky or dry correctiontapeor for lift-off tab. Correctiontapes are used on machinesdesigned will not machine the case them. Lift-off tabs are availablein the ' acceptthe tape. . Mylar impressionscannotbe lifted off the paper,but they can tapesare availablefor certain be coveredup. couer-upcorTection typewriters. Cover-upiabs are availablein casethe machinewill not acceptthe correctiontaPe' SYstem CarbonRibbonNumbering One carbonribbon numberingsystem codescarbonribbons from cR3 throughcR44 (with someomissions),asfollows: n CR3. A 5/16" x 4" (the latter numberis the diameterof the spoolof ribbon whenbrandnew)that fits IBM NlodelsA, B, c and D, andali machineslisted underCR4'Mylar ribbon' (after I CR4. A 5/16" x 4" polyethyleneribbon for Adler N/S Olivetti D; and C B, A, Models tnfr4 ZOS; t969); Facit; Hermes Editor 4, 5 and s14; olympia, except Model 35 (it won't fit the Model 35 becausethe diameterwhen new is too large to fit the machine;however, in a pinchpart of the ribboncanbe takenoff and discarded,to decreasethe diameterof the spool);Remington,after 1961;Royal,mostmodels;SmithCoronaandUnderwood' D CRs. Not listed. n cR6. A 9/16" x 235',polyethyleneribbon;fits IBM Model071, 711,713and715. i ncl ud ingNos. n cR7. A 9/16" polyethyleneplasticcartridgeribbon; fits IBM Selectric072. I CR8. 5/16" x 4" polyethyleneribbon, sameas CR4 but with optional cartridge;fits IBM Models C (late) and D; Remington ModelNo. 26; Royal441; andRoval660and662' [] cR8A. Samespool as cR4, but with optionalcartridgeand reversewound;fits Hermes705Land799,OlympiaElectric65and Remington100E. 165 I CRg. 5/16" x 4" polyethyleneribbon, same as CR4, but withoutplasticcentercore;fits RemingtonO/S. tr CRf O. l/2" x 440' polyethyleneribbonfits Olivetti Editor 2 and3. D CRI l. 9/16" Mylar ribbonin a plasticcartridge,is the sameas TW16,exceptTWl6 is fabric;fits IBM Selectric022. n CRfz. 5/16" x 3Yz" polyethyleneribbon; fits Adler O/S. HermesandOlympiaModel35. n CRf 3. 9/16" x 350'polyethyleneribbon;fits IBM Composer, a special"cold typesetting"machine. D CR L4. 5/16" x 3Vz"polyethyleneribbonwith twin reels; fits RoyalElectricModel 565,Royaltwin reels. D CR 15. 5/8" x 406' polyethylenecartridgeribbon; fits IBM SelectricII and SelectricIII. It is identifiedby the pink portion of ribbonat the end,calledthe "pink leader." D CRf 6. 5/8" x 290'reusableMylar ribbon(it is reusablein the sense that it is transportedthrough the machinein increments smallenoughto allow overlappingof the characters;however,it is neverreversedandreused);fits IBM SelectricII andSelectricIII. It is identifiedby the blue leader,which meansit canbe corrected with the cover-upcorrectiontapeor tab, [J CR17. A 5/16" nylon cartridge ribbon; fits the SCM Coronamatic. D CR18. 5/16" polyethylenecartridge ribbon; fits the SCM Coronamatic. ! CR19. 5/16" Re-Rite, cartridge ribbon; fits the SCM Coronamatic. ! CR2O. 5/8" x 405'correctablepolyethylenecartridgeribbon, with a yellow leaderindicatingthat it can be correctedwith the lift-off correctiontape CR21;fits Adler SE 1000-C/CD;Facit 1gS0 NS; Hermes 808 NS; IBM SelectricII and SelectricIII; Olympia SGE77; andRoyal5000-C/CD. n cR2oA. Similarto cR20but with s05'ofribbon.orangeleader indicatesthat it canbe correctedwith CRZl-B lift-offtape. ! cRzoB. Similarto andfits the samemachinesas cR20A, with minor, non-functionaldifferences in the construction of the cartridge.Canbe correctedwith CR21Blift-off tape. D cR2r. sticky lift-off correctiontape, usedwith cR20 ribbon; fits Adler sE 1000-c/cD; Facit 1850 NS: IBM Selectric II and SelectricIII; OlympiaSGE7T; andRoyal5000-C/CD. D CRzlA. Dry lift-off correctiontape;firs Adler SE 1000-C/CD; Facit 1850 NS; IBM SelectricII and SelectricIII: and Roval 166 when 5000-c/cD. To be used with cR20 correctablefilm ribbon, olympia and 808 Hermes usedon a foreignmademachine,except 77, SE D CR2 tB. Stickylift-off correctiontape,to be usedon Adler III; Selectric 1000-C/CD;Facii 1850NS; IBM SelectricII and film correctable cR20A Royal5000-c/cD. It is to be usedwith the ri bbon. D CR21C. Dry lift-off correctiontape;fits Adler SE 1000-c/cD; Iracit 1850NS: IBM SelectricII and SelectricIII; Royal 5000-C/ on c-D.To be usedwith the cR20A andcR20B ribbonswhenused 77' a foreignmachineexceptHermes808or Olympia A CR22. 9/16" x 23i' correctablepolyethyleneribbon;fits IBM tabs SelectricModel 071, including711,713 and 715. Lift-off included, IBM I CR23. 5/L6" by 4" correctablepolyethyleneribbon for Same cR4. N{odelsA, B, C andD, andothermachineslistedunder asCR4exceptthatit canbe correctedwith lift-offtabsincluded' J CR24. Not listed. Mylar [] CR25. Cover-up correction tape, for blue leader III' Selectric II and Selectric IBM on used be can It ribbons. n C R 26. Not list ed. fits tf cRz7. Cover-upcorrectiontape,for usewith cR15 ribbon; IBM SelectricII andSelectricIII. ribbonto be used polyethylene I CR28. 5/8" x 405'correctable SR101' Remington and III, Selectric II and on IBM Selectric Correctswith lift-offtapeor tabs,tabsincluded' ribbon; n CR28A . 7/8"x505' correctablepolyethylenecartridge III; Selectric and II Selectric IBM fits Facit 1850;Hermes808 OS; included' 13[5 Lift-off 200' MT and l0l SR and Remington tl CR28B. 5/8" x 505' correctable polyethylene cartridge ribbon;fitsFacit1850;Hermes808OS;lBMSelectriclland SR 101andMT 200' SelectricIII; andRemington g/L6" polyethylenecartridgeribx correctable 150' I CR29. corrects with lift-off tabs, yellow leader, by bon, identifiable (this is the same cartridge as 072 Selectric IBM fits included; TWl6, but with differentkindof ribbon)' Adler n CR3O. 9/16" x 2M'polyethylenecartridgeribbon;fits SE 1000andRoYal5000OS. tl CR31. 9/16" x 48' nyloncartridgeribbon;fits Adter SE 1000 andRoyal5000OS. I CR32. 9/16" x 264'correctablepolyethylenecartridgeribbon:fits Adler sE 1000andRoyal5000os. Lift-offtabsincluded' 167 tJ CR33. 9/16" x 2M'Mylar cartridgeribbon;fits Adler SE 1000 andRoyal5000OS. tr CR34. 5/8" x 405' polyethylenecartridgeribbon; fits IBM SelectricII ElectronicComposer. tr CR35. 5/16" x 4" cerrectablepolyethyleneribbon-is the sameas CR23,but with optionalcartridge,andwill fit the machines listedunderCR8. D CR35A. 5/16" x 4" correctablepolyethyleneribbon; fits Hermes705Land799 OlympiaElectric65; andRemingtoni00E. X CR36. Qume cartridge ribbon; this is a 1/4" by 300' multistrikeribbonwith blueleader. tr CR37. Dry lift-offtapeto fit Hermes808andOlympiaSGEZZ. D CR37A. Dry lift-off correctiontape to fit Hermes 808 and OlympiaSGE77. D CR38. 9/16" x 30' nylon cartridge ribbon; fits Olivetti Audicart5 and6. tr CR39. 5/8" x 394'polyethylene cartridgeribbon;fits Olivetti Lexikon90. tl CR4O.A cartridgenylonribbon;fits Olivetti Lexikon90. D CR4l. Dry lift-off correctiontape; fits Olivetti Lexikon and OlivettiLexikon90C. tr CR42. 5/8" x 394' correctablepolyethyleneribbon; fits OlivettiLexikon90C;andOlivettiLexikon92C. D CR43. 5/16" x |Yz-yardnylon cartridgeribbon; fits Olivetti Lexicart80 andOlivettiLexikon82/83. f CR44. 5/16" x 16.4-yardMylar ribbon that fits Olivetri Lexicart80 andOlivettiLexicart82/83. GIVIIIG A CUSTOMER A}I ESTIMATE The hourlyrate of typewriterrepairmenis higherthanthatof auto mechanics.At a time whenauto mechanicrates were about $19 an hour, typewnter repairmenchargedaround930 and IBM "customerengineers"chargedaround$40 to $45.Most repairmen also inform potential customersthat traveling to and from the repairjob requiresanextramileagefee. Somerepairmanavoidthis extrachargeby makingroutineweeklytrips to outlyingareas,with the understanding that a machinerepairedat the repairman'sshop will not be returneduntil the first subsequent routine trip after parts have arrived and the machinehas been repaired. N{ost repairmendo not providea loanermachinewhile the customeris waitingfor the repairto be completed; however,this practicedoes vary somewhatwith how urgentlythe machineis needed,andwrth thegoodwiil the repairman hopesto establish. 168 In most cases,if the repairmanis seeingthe machinefor the first time, and it is obviouslydirty, the original estimatewill the costof a thoroughcleaningandoiiing,at a flat rate,This rnr:lude from is rate $30 to $40 but will, obviously,vary with locationand tnflation. After taking on the commitment of keeping a machinein repair,andknowingthatthe machinehasbeenrecentlycleanedand oiied, most repairmen will try to make rninor repairs at the customer'slocation-especiallyin the caseof office machines. user of a small Generally,the repairmanwill ask the occasional pickup ivpewriter to bring it into the shopand savethe expenseof anddeliverY. In most cases,the cost of a clean/oil and"generaloverhaul" tthe generaloverhaulmay not amountto much,however,sincea thoroughcleaningandoilinggenerallysolvesa lot of problems)will alsoincludethe costof a newribbon,in the caseof a fabricribbon' However, installinga new carbonribbon (on a carbon ribbon nrachine,that is) will not improve the quality of typing from the unlessthe ribbonwasactuallypastits shelflife. They do rnachine. this becausethe quality of the ribbon is so intimately connected rvith what the customerperceivesas good performancefrom a typewriter. "Marking up" the wholesalecost of parts and supplies,to arrive at a retail figure, is an importantaspect of business. Throughoutbusinessin general,markuppercentagefiguresrange of the item from307oto around507o,with the costof transportation witlt Working <-rr other. way one passedon to the customer, percentagefigures can be tricky, and many merchantsuse a ,'handy-dandy"computer chart for this purpose. I prefer to understandthe formula, and then use an electroniccalculatorto maketheprocessquickandeasY. Here is an example.Supposeyou havedecidedthat 40vais a fair markupon a certainitem. This item costsyou $15,plus$1.50 [JPS charge to have the item sent to your shop, from Seattle, Washington.The customer cost of the item is arrived at by wbtracting 40%froml009o, anddividing the remainder(607o)into cost; thus, the wholesaleprice. Finally,addthe transportation = $25.00+ $1.59= $26.50.The retailprice of all partsand H with Suppliesshouldbe establishedin this manner,in accordance Whether bill. repair the markupyou decideon, andincludedin the thesechargesare actuallyexpressedor not dependsuponvarious 169 factors.For example,if you quotea flat ratefor a clean/oil,which includesa ribbonasa matterof routine,the costof the ribbonmay not be shownon the bill. Markupfigureson variousitems may vary, dependinguponsuchfactorsas how longan item is likely to be heldbeforesellingit, andwhetheror not it hasa shelflife.The generalrule beingthat the moreperishable an item is, the higher its markupto recoverpossiblelosses. If you charge going prices for repair work, includingthe normal markup on parts, you will be expectedto warrantyyour work. Some repair warrantiesare for 30 days; some are for 45 days. In order to attract business,some repairmenoffer service contractsunderwhich,for a statedannualfee, theyprovideservice for certain,listed machines.Currently,IBM is chargingabout$90 a yearto providesen'icefor the IBM SelectricII. Somerepairmen modeltheir servicecontractson the IBM contract.If you decideto write up service contracts,you will be selective abclutwhich brandsand models-and the age of the machine-they applyto. You should probably consult with an attorney to check legal ramificationsand the wording of the contract.In any case,the serial number of the coveredmachineshouldbe shown on the servicecontract. SUTIIMARY In this chapter I have attemptedto describe the most commonlyseen complaintsby professional repairmen.Theseare sticky, gummy machines,pitted or aged platens, and erratic pressureson electrictypebarmechanisms. Sometimes,ribbonor paperor a combinationof the two, can causeproblemswhichthe customermight perceiveas mechanical.For example,if a faded ribbon or hard paperproducesa dim impression,the user might thinkthe strikingpressureisn'tadequate. Just as with any other activity in life, you don't repair typewritersin a void. Somewherealongthe way you'll have to contactsomeoneto get parts,supplies,toolsor just information.[f the machineisn't one that is includedin the chaptersof this book that follow, I wouldhighlyrecommendthat youget the appropriate servicemanualsandparts catalogs.The former are necessaryfor an intelligent evaluationof any mechanicalproblems.The latter will give a nameand numberwhich you canrelate to your parts distributor-ratler thana visualdescriptionandmade-upnametherebyestablishing a viablerelationship with this unseenperson, uponwhomyouwill dependfor fast,dependable service. 170 The business aspects of starting up a typewriter repair businessmight be tough, becausecompetitionis ever-present. Most professionalrepairman rely heavily upon "commercial" accountS- t hat is, account s wit h businesses which uSe typewriters-rather than on consumeraccounts.If you don't see many commercial accountsin the offing, you might do well to rethink your start-up strategy and perhaps look for another location.In anycase,set up your shopto be aswell-equippedandto operateas efficientlyaspossible.You'llfind,evenat $30 to $45per hour, that you'll haveto work efficientlyto makeup for time taken in otheraspectsof the business-includingtalkingto customers. Appendix: Typewriter Manufacturers and/orDistributors Adler Business Machines 1600Route22 Union,NJ07083 Brother International Corp. Eight CorporatePl Piscataway,NJ08854 Faci t-A dd o, I nc. 66Field Point Rd. Greenwich,Conn.06830 Hermes Products.Inc. 1900Lower Road Linden,NJ07036 International Business Machines Corporation Old OrchardRd. Armonk,NY 105M Olivetti Corporation of America 500Park Avenue New York NY 10022 Olympia USA, Inc. P. O .Box22 Somerville,NJ08876 Royal Typewriter Co. 150New ParkAve. Hartford,Conn.06106 SCM Corporation 299 Park Ave. NewYor kNY10017 Sperry Remington P.O. Box 1000 BlueBell, PA19422 349 294 Platen parts, removing 131 1 4 , 4 1 P l a t e nr e l e a s e 40 knob 14 83 mechanism 164 Polyethylene rabbons L 86 92 Power roll Levers 20 35 Proportionalspacing Line space lever Lina space mecfianism 126, 286, 302 Line space 40R soloctor lever 139 Repeatspacemechanism1O7,291 Lubricating 135 Return clutch atypewriter 298 136 Returnjamming release Lubricationsolutions 299 Ribboncarlridgemectranism 126 M Ribbon color change mechanism 123, 13 271 Manualtypewriters 37 Ribbonfeed mecfianism Marginreleasekeybutton 66, 123 57,n0 moctranism Ribbonfeed/rsversemechanism 278 36 Ribbon liftmechanism setcontrolbunon 74,129 52,280 Ribbon tiftingmechanism stopmechanism 27i 114 Ribbon position control button stops 38 40 Multiplycopycontrollover 162 '164 Ribbons.conon Mylarribbons 163 fabric 196 fails to reverse i 194 feedmechanism 162 Nylonribbons 24 hetpfuttips 164 mylar 0 162 nylon Olympiatypewriter, problerns 28 1 98'215 adiustments 1O4 polyethyfene 176 cleaning 162 iirr<' 176 oiling 162 stocki ng an assortment 172-176 parts 23 lpewriier removingof 139 Rinsing 136 21!233 Rinsingsolutions cornpon€nts remwing of corers 21U233 Rolls,papertable-feed 31 K Keybuttons Keys Index 't2 Communications 1 3 6 Controlbunons 32 130 Correctionmechanism 162 E Cottonribbons 39 Backspacekaybutton 51,108,265 mechanism 0 ad Brothert)rPewriter, 87 Drivingmochanism 253 iustihgbetttension 'escaP-ementmecfianism 262 E 306 parts 87 24 Electricalsyslem itinringmecfianism 13 251 Eloclrictypewrilers iemovingco\rers ?2 252 Elite remoringmolor 179 nt,malfuncltons 262 Escapeme spacebtr mechanism 253 Escapementmoctrar$sm20' 46, 98, swttctmechanism 262 A Aircomprassor c Carbonribbons numb€ringsYstem Carriage Carriagerelease cohtrolbutton mechanism Carriagereturn controlbutton mechanism Cleaninga typewritor Cteaningprocess Cleaningsolutions Clearcohtrolbutton t 23 165 Fabricribbons 30 81,287 H 37 128,302 Hallspacemecfianism 112 Highyieldcorrectable film ribbon 34 25 I 135 138 IBMSelearicll, controls typewriters,old 136 36 lmpressionregulator 23,164! 105 25 41 156 39 romwingol mechanisms 213.. 233 On-otfcontrolbutton us P Paperbail Paperfeed mallunctoning mechanism release mechanism Paperpan Paper release lwer mechanism Paper table-feedrolls Parts catalogs Pica Pitcfr, ota typewriter Platen reconditroning Servicemanuals Shiftcontrolbuttons 32 Shiftlock.controlbuttons 62 186 282 127 31 31 40 66,280 31 '151 22 20 29 158 1 2 ,15 1 u 34 60 mechanism 59,100,268,295 Shift mechanism 162 Silk ribbons 16 Single element typewriter 107 Singlespace mechanism 32 Spacebar 262 m€chanism 106 Space mechanism 45 Spacing mechanism 193 Spacing problem 20 Spacing, proportional 282 Spring drurn 18 Standardtypewriter 87 Switci mechanism 351 350 T 36 Tab controlbutton 36 Tabset 188 Tab seUclearkey AO,122 Tab set-clear mecfianisrn 75 Tabulationmechanism 199 Tabutator 118,271 mechanism 25 Tecfrlllribbon 142 Tools 39 Touch conlrollever 14 Typebars 158 adjustingpressure 14 heads 190 mallunctioning 16 typ€writer 16 Typebasket Typewritercovers,remwing'161 23 Typewriter ribbons 135 Typewriters,cleaning 13 eleclric 352 lubricating manual o l dI B M pitch proportionalspacing secunnginformationon s i n g l es l e r n e n t slandard sticky & dirty typebar Typing mechanism Typing pressureregulation Y Variablelinespacer Verticallino spacingmechanism t35 13 tW 20 ?2 150 16 18 13. 16 44,8C 39 197 60 w Warning bell,adjustment Workshop,designing 29O 148 Edited by: Robert Ostrand€r
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