The Hewlett-Packard 3478A is a fully programmable HP-IB digital multimeter. It offers 3 1/2 to 5 1/2 digit resolution for measuring de volts, true RMS ac volts, 2- and 4-wire ohms, and de and RMS ac current. The 3478A offers de voltage performance from 100 nanovolt sensitivity up to 300 volts (full scale), true RMS capability up to 300 kHz, and resistance measurements from 100mO sensitivity to 30MO (full scale). Its de and true RMS ac current measuring capability is from 1~tA sensitivity up to 3A.
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IMPORTANT NOTICE
Most -hp- service offices in the United States are NOT authorized to service and repair 34 78A DMM's. Contact your local -hp- sales office for specific information on where to send the instrument for repair. Outside of the United States, repair service may be obtained at your local -hp- service center.
Any changes made in instruments manufactured after this print-
! ing will be found in a "Manual Changes" supplement supplied with this manual. Be sure to examine this supplement, if one exists for
I this manual, for any changes which apply to your instrument and record these changes in the manual. ·--
__j
I
I
To help mm1mize the possibility of electrical fire or shock hazards, do not expose this instrument to rain or excess moisture.
Printed: February 1983
©Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company
P.O. Box 301, Loveland, Colorado,
1981
80537 U.S.A
Manual Part No. 034 78-90005
Microfiche Part No. 03478-90055
Chapter
I.
Page
MEET THE 34 78A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How to Use This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Simplified Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5/6
! :
I :
I
I
Chapter
Page
II. USING THE 3478A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Detailed Operating Instructions . . . . . . . . . . 7
Operating Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
AUTOZERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
What is Autozero? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
How it Affects Measurements . . . . . . . 8
CALIBRATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
What is Electronic Calibration? . . . . . . 10
Calibrate Enable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0
CURRENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Measuring Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
DISPLAY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
How it is Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
User Generated Message . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
Changing the Number of Digits
Displayed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
Annunciators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
OPTIMIZING READING RATES . . . . . . . . 18
Why Optimize? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Your Signal Environment . . . . . . . . . . 18
Integration Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
Autozero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
Other Factors Influencing the
Reading Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
RANGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
What About Ranging? . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Reading the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Autorange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Manual Ranging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
REAR PANEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
What is on the Rear Panel? . . . . . . . . . 23
The Rear Panel Switches . . . . . . . . . . 23
RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . 25
Measuring Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
How Resistances are Measured . . . . . . 25
Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
TEST/RESET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
What it Does . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
TRIGGER MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
What is Triggering? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Trigger Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
VOLTAGEMEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . 32
Measuring Voltages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
VOLTMETER COMPLETE . . . . . . . . . . . 34
What is Voltmeter Complete? . . . . . . . 34
Using the Voltmeter Complete Pulse .. 34
Cr1apter
111
Hl:MU f
35
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ct-1apter
Ill.
Page
REMOTE PROGRAMMING (Cont'd) . . . . . . 35
Trying Out a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5
Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Sending Instructions to the 34 78A . . . . . . 37
Home Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Programming Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Receiving Data from the 34 78A . . . . . . . . 41
34 7 8A Bus Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
CLEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
LOCAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
LOCAL LOCKOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
REMOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
REQUIRE SERVICE (SRQ) . . . . . . . . . . . 46
How to use SRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Status Register and Status Byte . . . . . 4 7
Setting the SRQ Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
SPOLL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
TRIGGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Topics in Advanced Programming . . . . . . . 54
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS . . . . . 54
EXTENDED OHMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 dBm MEASUREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
MAXIMUM READING RATE . . . . . . . . . 57
STATUS BYTE COMMAND . . . . . . . . . . 58
34 78A Programming Commands . . . . . . . 59
Chapter
Page
IV. OPERATORS MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . 63
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Initial Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Preparation for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Environmental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 67
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Interface Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Fuse Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
In Case of Trouble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Warranty Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
How to Obtain Repair Service . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
Serial Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
General Shipping Instructions . . . . . . . . . . 7 4
Further Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5
1
Verification Program and Flow Chart . . . . . 76 j
APf-'l'NUIC!:'S
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
91 i
IJ
Figure
Page
2-1 . Current Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 11
2-20 Autorange Hysteresis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22
2-30 34 78A Rear Panel and Switches 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
2-40 Resistance Measurements 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27
2-50 Voltage Measurements 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
2-6. Using Voltmeter Complete 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34
3-1 0 Sending Instructions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7
3-20 Instruction Example 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38
3-3 0 Status Register 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7
3-40 Status Byte and SRQ Mask 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 7
3-50 Status Byte 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50
4-1. Power Cables 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65
4-20 Typical HP-IB System Interconnection 0 0 0 0 68
4-30 34 78A Address Codes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 69
A-1 0 HP-IB Connector 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 83
A-2. Interface Connection and Bus Structure 0 0 0 84
UST OF TABLES
TahiP
Page
2-1 0 Operating Characteristics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
2-20 34 78A Messages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
2-30 Annunciators 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17
2-4. Valid 34 78A Ranges 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21
2-50 Nominal currents through Unknown
Resistance 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5
2-60 Self Test Error Messages 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29
3-1 0 Home Commands 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 39
4-1 0 Accessories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63
4-20 Line Voltage Options 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 64
4-30 Specifications 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80
A-1 0 34 78A Device Capability 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87
A-20 HP-IB Worksheet 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 88 ii
Your new 34 78A is a fully programmable HP-IB
* digital multimeter. In an automatic test or on the bench, the 34 78A offers 3 1/2 to 5 1/2 digit resolution for measuring de volts, true RMS ac volts, 2- and 4- wire ohms, and de and RMS ac current. The 34 78A offers de voltage performance from 1 00 nanovolt sensitivity up to 300 volts (full scale), true RMS capability up to 300 kHz, and resistance measurements from 1
OO~tO sensitivity to 30MO (full scale). Its de and true RMS ac current measuring capability is from 1
~tA sensitivity up to 3A. The fast autorange capability of the 34 78A allows you to make measurements over a wide dynamic range without sacrificing throughput rates.
By selecting the number of digits displayed and using the autozero feature, the
34 78A allows you flexibility in measurement speed and accuracy. Up to 71 readings per second can be made \Nith the 34 78A in the 3 1/2 digit mode. The
34 78A has a fast trigger mode which lets you bypass the built-in settling time delay to make fast true RMS ac measurements in systems applications.
The alphanumeric Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) gives you measurement units as part of the reading for easy-to-read, unambiguous answers. The HP-IB talk, listen, remote, and SRQ status information is also available with LCD annunciators. The
SRQ button can be used to flag or interrupt your computer from the front panel of the 34 78A.
Other system features of the 34 7 8A include the Voltmeter Complete signal and
External Trigger input, both available on the rear panel, to synchronize with scanners or to other external devices. The switchable front/rear inputs let you easily connect to the 34 7 8A for either bench or systems operation. The systems package of the 34 78A offers convenient rack mounting in a system.
Furthermore, to lower your cost of ownership, the 34 78A is calibrated electronically, either manually from the front panel or remotely in an automatic calibration system. There are no internal adjustments and the calibration of all functions is done without the removal of covers. The self-test function verifies most of the internal circuitry of the 34 78A for an indication of the proper operation of the multimeter.
* HP-18 (Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus) is Hewlett-Packard's implementation of IEEE Standard
488-1978 and ANSI MC1.1.
This Operators Manual has been designed with you the operator in mind; to serve as a complete reference document for using the 34 78A as a solution to your measurement needs. It covers both bench use and remote programming.
Maintenance procedures, such as installation, were intentionally placed later in the manual -Chapter 4 - because this information is seldom referred to. If, however, you have just received your 34 78A you may want to read that information. A separate service manual for the 34 7 8A contains the information on calibration, performance testing, and service.
Familiarize yourself with the 34 7 8A by looking through this manual. The best way to feel at ease with the instrument is to sit down with this manual and the 34 7 8A and key in the examples shown. It won't take long to become familiar with the instrument and its many features.
The next four paragraphs describe the remaining chapters and appendix in this
Operators Manual. Read through these paragraphs to acquaint yourself with the organization of the manual prior to using your new -hp-Model 34 7 8A.
Chapter II begins where Chapter closes by discussing each function and feature of the 34 78A in much more detail. This chapter also covers topics such as optimizing reading rates, alternate triggering modes, the rear panel features, and the display. The topics are alphabetically arranged for easy reference. Most of the information in this chapter will prove to be very helpful when you are remote programming the 34 78A.
0 SENSE INPUT
12WIREI
~HI~
Joov::::::
MA<
~LO
A
3A/250V
FUSE
BREAK
-----~'CIRCUIT
HERE
DC OR AC
CURRENT
S1CE
2
10 ! TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
20
I
WITH TYPE 44007 THERMISTOR
30
I
-HP85 VERSION
40 OUTPUT 723 ;"F3R4N4Z1"
50
!
OUTPUT 723 ;"F4R4N4Z1"
60 Q3=.0000000941
70 02=.00023595
:::o
C!l
=. 001286
90
ENTER 723 ; B
100 Q4=LOG<B>
110
P=l/(Q1+04*<02+Q4,Q4*Q3)>-27
120
3. 16
DISP
P
130 GOTO 90
140 END
If your needs are in the area of remote programming the 34 7 SA, then Chapter
Ill is where you need to look for programming information. Numerous examples are given to enhance the programming discussion. At the end of this Chapter are several application program examples designed to solve frequently encountered measurement problems. Remember that you will want to read Chapter II prior to beginning Chapter Ill.
Operators maintenance information is found in Chapter IV. This chapter addresses installation procedures, a complete table of specifications, what to do if you suspect problems with the
34 78A, and many other items of special interest to the operator.
Most -hp- service offices in the United
States are NOT authorized to service and repair 34 78A DMM's. Notify your local -hp- sales office for specific information on where to send the instrument for repair.
3478A VERIFICATION PROCRA"
1. RE"OVE ALL IHSTRU"EHTS
FRO" THE BUS EXCEPT 3478R.
2. DO HOT PRESS RHY 3478R
KEYS DURING THIS TEST
UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO.
3. RE"OVE ALL INPUT CABLES
FRO" THE 3478A.
TEST PROGRESS IS SHOWN OH THE
DISPLAY, ERRORS ARE NOTED ON
THE PRINTER. PRESS
~COHT3
KEY
TO BECIH.
_~ i
o··
(:!l ..
f"' .. ;
!'""} t·,
'o r1
.,
OEV ICE A
ABLE TO TALK,
LISTEN AND CONTROL
-
- -
1-----<
~.
(e.
q. CALCULATOR
J
!I I
I
L
~
HP-18 is Hewlett-Packard's implementation of IEEE standard 488-1978
Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation. Appendix A provides a general description of the
HP-18 Interface. This information is c][)controller independent, but gives specific information about the 34 78A as it relates to HP-18.
3
Before applying ac power to the 34 78A, check the rear panel line voltage option label to be certain the instrument is set for the nominal line voltage in your area. If necessary, refer to the installation information in Chapter 4. As you press the line switch, carefully watch the display as the 34 78A goes through a complete internal self test and displays its HP-IB address.
The 34 78A displays "SELF TEST" during the period of time it is performing the tests. It will then display "SELF
TEST OK" or an appropriate error message upon completion of the Self
Test.
The message shown here affirms that the 34 78A is ready for measurements.
The factory preset HP-IB address for the
3478A is "23". This address may be easily changed to fit your system needs by means of five switches on the rear panel. The 34 78A may also be set for
TALK-ONLY, in which case the display would indicate: HPIB ADRS.T.O. Note, if the self test does not pass, this message would be replaced by an error message.
This entire process takes only a moment to complete. At this point the 34 78A is ready to use and is set to the following state:
Function:
Range:
Display:
Trigger:
Auto-zero:
DC Volts
Autorange on
5 1 /2 Digits of Display
Internal Trigger
On
Most 34 78A 's produced prior to January 1983 will not display "SELF TEST OK".
4
Even though the 34 78A went through its Self Test during Turn-on, let's go through it manually. As we do, carefully watch the display, especially the 12 annunciators along the bottom. Every segment in the display (except for the top dot in the colon) is turned on for as long as you hold the Self Test button down. When the button is released, the display will remain for approximately 2 seconds while the Self
Test is performed. The 3478A is then reset and returns to its turn-on state. A more complete description of the Self Test is found in Chapter II. Should any of the five elements of the self test fail, a message will be displayed identifying the general circuit area where the failure occurred. This can greatly reduce initial troubleshooting time.
press:
TEST/
RESET
D
~
~
NOTE
Most 3478A 's produced prior to January 1983 will turn on every display segment for the duration of the Self Test (approximately 2 seconds) regardless of how long the Self Test button is depressed.
The front panel of the 34 78A is designed for ease of use by logically grouping keys that are functionally related. This chapter is intended to provide a basic working knowledge of the 3478A in making typical measurements.
Use the first six keys along the top row to select the type of measurement you want to make.
B
DC Voltage
D
AC Voltage
EJ
DC Current
B
AC Current
2-Wire Ohms
(4
~RE]
4-Wire Ohms
~Jumb
The "SHIFTED" functions of the range keys are used to select alternate numbers of display digits. This feature is provided as a means to increase reading rates, but with a trade-off of noise rejection and resolution. Be sure to read DISPLAY and OP-
TIMIZING READING RATES in
Chapter II.
3
3 1/2 digit mode,
~ rate, least resolution and little noise rejection).
4
14 1 /2 digit mode.
5
5 1/2 digit mode, (best noise rejection, slowest reading rate)
1 2 character alphanttme;·ic display with 1 2 dedicated annunciators.
The display is read directly in engineering units, i.e., MV for milli-volts, MOHM for Meg-ohm resistance, etc.
[shift] pressed before another ke)' executes the function shown above that key.
lhese terminals are used for the voltmeter sense leads when making 4-wire ohms measurements.
ALON
... OFF
LINE
0
[ mv )
EJ
(a~~~ ( 4 ~tll] { nu )
[i!]
(Q]
@J
Q;J
EJ
D
00 B B
These are the
VI
2-wire ohms input, source current termi
30ov;:;:;
I
When this switch is panel input terminal~
If the switch is in, terminals are used.
3A/250V
FUSE
-~-------A
This is the Amps and is used with th terminal. (3 Amp fL
/
The range keys, as the name implies, are used to select the pro per range for the measurement.
Press any of the keys to select the manual range mode. Note the
M RNG annunciator in the display. The Auto/Man key will return the meter to autorange.
Pressing this key toggles between Auto and
Manual ranging.
Upranging.
Downranging.
These keys are used to select special operating features of the
3478A. The next two chapters provide a detailed explanation of these keys. The blue shift key allows for selecting the
"SHIFTED" functions of the bottom row of keys. You can always tell when you have pressed the
Shift key; the SHIFT annunciator will appear in the display. It will disappear when the ftmction is executed or shift is pressed again.
~
~ triggers itself for the fastest possible reading rate.
~----
k
1· ys
Autozero is a function that allows you to enable or disable the internal zero correction circuitry. Turning Autozero off increases the reading rate with a trade-off of long term stability.
~
~ the Single Triggar key causes the 34 7 8A to take one reading and wa1t for the next trigger impulse. This impulse can come from either the Single Trigger key or the External Trigger input (rear pan·e: BNC).
TestJReset performs an internal self test then resets the 34 78A to its turn-on state. Any errors in the self test are noted in the display.
The -hp- Model 34 7 8A Digital Multi meter is a very powerful bench instrument equally at home in the lab or production areas. In the first chapter you saw the very basic features of the 34 7 8A; in this chapter you will learn to use those features to solve your measurement needs. The detailed operating information in this chapter presents the most comprehensive instruction about all of the multi meter's functions. Whether you use your 34 7 8A as a stand alone bench instrument or coupled with a computer for a measurement system, the information in this chapter will prove invaluable.
The goal of this chapter is to provide easy to find answers to the vast majority of questions you may have about using your 34 78A. To this end, this chapter is divided into 1 2 major subject headings. Each subject presents the most comprehensive information about a particular feature or function of the 34 78A. At the end of most subjects will be a short list of HP-18 remote programming commands that pertain to that subject. For more information on remote programming, refer to
Chapter Ill.
The Operating Characteristics of the 34 78A are detailed in Table 2-1. This table is not the comprehensive table of specifications, but rather an abbreviated set. You will probably find that this table answers most of your questions about the capabilities of the multimeter without poring over several pages of specifications.
Should you ever need to refer to them, the complete Table of Specifications for the 34 78A is given in Chapter 4.
Table 2·1. Operating Characteristics
DC VOLTS 100 nanovolt resolution (30mv range) to 300V
Full Scale
Zin:
>
10
10
0, 30mV,300mV, and 3V range
10 MO ± 1%, 30V and 300V range
AC VOLTS 1JLV resolution (300mV range) to 300V full scale True RMS Responding, Crest Factor
=
4: 1 at full scale
Bandwidth: 20Hz to 1OOKHz (300KHz on 30V range)
Zin: 1 MO ± 1%, in parallel with 7 5pF
DC AMPS 11'A resolution (300mA range) to 3A full scale
Maximum Shunt Resistance
=
.30
Maximum Burden at Full Scale
=
<
900 mV
AC AMPS 1JLA resolution (300mA range) to 3A Full Scale
Maximum Shunt Resistance
=
.30
Maximum Burden at Full Scale
=
<
900mV
Bandwidth: 20Hz · 20kHz
OHMS 1 001'0 resolution (30 ohm range) to 30 megohms Full Scale
Open Circuit Voltage:
<
6.3V
Current through Rx: 300,3000, 3KO range -1 rnA
30KO range - 1 OOI'A
300KO range - 1 OI'A
3MO range - 1JLA
30MO range - 1 00 nA
7
The autozero key allows the user to selectively enable or disable the internal zeroing technique used in the 34 78A. Enabling autozero insures the user that any offset errors generated internal to the 34 78A are continuously nulled with each reading. This renders the most accuracy. There are, however, many applications where disabling the autozero is advantageous. With autozero off, the internal reading rate nearly doubles. This would be important in programmable applications where speed is critical. Furthermore, the 34 78A input circuitry remains in a completely static state with autozero off. This is useful when making measurements in extremely high impedance circuits where the internal switching transients of the
3478A may affect the reading accuracy. Of course, any range or function change that takes place with autozero off is automatically accompanied with an autozero update. The thermal stability of the measurement environment is the most important factor in deciding whether or not to turn autozero off. By simply keeping the temperature of the 34 78A at a fixed value, you can turn autozero off without adverse effects.
--~ --------··-·---~
----- ---------
!
Turn the 34 7 SA off, then on again. press:
D
AUTO
ZERO r ; ; l
~
Notice that the display is being updated more frequently, indicating a faster reading rate. Also notice that the AZ OFF annunciator is on in the display. The Autozero feature is now turned off. Pressing the key sequence again will turn Autozero back on.
Autozero is used to correct for small offsets (thermal, etc) in the DC input amplifier circuitry of the multimeter. With the Autozero feature enabled (Autozero is enabled at power turn-on) the 34 78A takes two measurements per reading: a
"zero" measurement and a measurement of the input voltage. The displayed reading is the algebraic difference between the two measurements. The 34 78A makes the zero measurement by disconnecting the multimeter's input terminals, and then shorting the internal input circuitry to circuit common. It then switches back for an input voltage measurement. All switching is internal and is automatic.
8
With autozero turned off, whenever a new function or range is selected the
34 78A immediately takes one final zero measurement and stores the results in its internal memory. Subsequent measurements of the input voltage subtract this one zero measurement to correct the reading. Since only the input voltage is measured, the reading rate almost doubles.
AC voltage and current measurements use different input circuitry than de voltage and current measurements. However, with autozero on, a zero measurement is made to null any errors in the A/D converter. Turning autozero off has the same effect as on de volts and current.
For 2-wire ohms measurements the autozero feature performs just as it does for
DC voltage measurements. Resistance measurements using the 4-wire mode require different considerations.
The zero measurement is normally made with the input amplifier shorted to circuit ground. In the 4-Wire ohms mode, the input amplifier is shorted to the 4-Wire
SENSE LO terminal for the zero measurement. With autozero "ON", the zero reading is updated for each measurement cycle. With autozero "OFF", the reading is not updated and may cause an ohms measurement error if the resistance of the test leads change. To prevent this error, a new zero reading should be taken by changing or updating the state of the 34 78A anytime test leads are changed.
~f;!j;~
SVSlEMS
ZO Turns autozero off
Z 1 Turns autozero on
9
One of the many features of the 34 78A is electronic calibration. This represents a totally new concept in Hewlett-Packard voltmeters. Before, voltmeters had to be removed from their mounting, have their covers removed, and mechanical adjustments made. Then the voltmeter had to be reassembled and installed. But now, calibration may be done by pressing a front panel button and there is absolutely no disassembly required. It is beyond the scope of this section to present the entire calibration procedure. For complete calibration information refer to the
34 78A Service Manual, -hp- part number 034 78-90001.
Briefly, Electronic Calibration is done by applying a known voltage (or resistance or current) to the voltmeter and telling it the exact value of that voltage. The voltmeter then takes ten readings and compares the average of those readings to the known value. A "CALIBRATION CONSTANT" is calculated to correct the reading to the known value and then stored in the voltmeter's memory. These
Calibration Constants are generated for each range and function of the meter. All subsequent measurements are corrected by the constants. The Calibration Constant memory is backed-up by a long life battery to maintain the constants when power is turned off.
On the front panel of the 34 78A is a small rotary switch labeled CAL. This switch, when rotated so that the slot is vertical, enables the calibration procedure of the 34 78A. This switch should not be turned except when qualified service trained personnel are to perform the calibration procedures. Enabling the CAL switch may cause loss of calibration if proper procedures are not followed carefully.
SYSTEMS
C Calibrate
(see the 34 78A Service Manual)
10
Your 34 78A has the capability of measuring DC or True RMS AC Currents up to 3 amps in two ranges. The current function is protected by a 3 Amp, 250V fuse. If the fuse opens, refer to Chapter IV before replacing. The illustration below shows the internal current shunt and fuse used in the 34 78A. The unknown current flowing through the current shunt produces a voltage which can then be measured.
Current inputs of greater than 1 amp may cause the current shunt to change value slightly due to self heating (somewhat like a thermistor). This may cause inaccuracies in the measurement. Sufficient time should be allowed for the circuitry to settle after the measurement is complete, before other critical current measurements are made.
B
Press the DC Amps key and select the appropriate range (or let the 34 78A autorange). When measuring currents, remove all other test leads from the 34 78A front panel. There are two ranges available for current measurements: the 300 milliamp range and the 3 amp range. Up to 10 microamps of noise may be seen on the 300 milliamp range.
Q
Measuring ac current is identical to de current, except that you use the AC Amps key to select the measurement function. The specified range of the AC ammeter is
30 milliamps to 3 amps. Lower accuracy readings down to 1 milliamp may be taken on the 300 milliamp range. Up to several hundred counts of residual offset may be seen on the 5% digit display with the input open.
0 SENSE l4 WIRE I
INPUT
12 WIRE I
-c':H!i~~
S'rSTfloiS
F5 Selects DC Current mode (also H5)
F6 Selects AC Current mode (also H6)
...!... BREAK
----""'CIRCUIT
HERE
Figure 2·1. Current
DC OR AC
CURRENT
SOURCE
~
Measurements
1 1
Another of the unique features of the 34 7 8A is the 1 2 character alphanumeric display with 1 2 dedicated annunciators. The alphanumeric display may be used in one of three modes: NORMAL, MESSAGE, or USER GENERATED MESSAGE. The annunciators are used to indicate the current state of the multimeter's features
(SAO, autozero, 2- or 4- wire ohms, etc.).
press:
D
TEST/
RESET
~
~
This puts the 34 78A in its SELF TEST mode. For now, just watch the display and notice the 1 2 characters in the display and the 1 2 annunciators.
In the NORMAL mode of operation the display is used to indicate the results of the measurement, whether de voltage or ohms, etc. The measurement is displayed in the 2nd through 7th characters in the display. The first digit displays the polarity
or -) of the reading. The measurement function (and, in some instances, an indication of range) is given in the last four characters of the display. The maximum display is 303099 with the decimal point appropriately placed for the range.
press:
This puts the meter in the de volts function, manual range mode. Note the
M RNG annunciator in the display. press:
[Q]oR@J
Press these keys several times and watch the display as the decimal point moves across, and as the display indicates MVDC for milli-volts DC, and then VDC for Volts DC. The display is always read directly. Do the same in the 2-wire ohms mode. Watch as the display indicates OHM, KOHM (kilohms) and MOHM (Meg-ohms).
12
If a reading is larger than a particular range can display, the display will indicate an
OVLD with the measurement function and decimal point still displayed.
If the A-D convertor is inoperative, the display will indicate "A-D TEST FAIL" or
"A-D LINK FAIL". The 34 7 8A will continue to try to make a reading, and if it succeeds, it will display the reading.
It was demonstrated in the last two paragraphs that the 34 7 8A is capable of displaying error messages. There are several other messages the 34 7 8A may display. For example:
press:
CAL
DB
The display should now indicate
"ENABLE CAL". This message indicates that the calibration switch must be set to the calibrate position before the instrument can be calibrated.
OR
ADRS
I
'----~-----------
DEJ
The display now shows the HP-IB address of the 34 78A.
These are two more examples of messages which the 34 78A may display. Other possible messages will fall into one of three categories:
Table 2·2. 3478A Messages
ERROR MESSAGES lsee Self Test)
U.C. RAM FAIL
The 34 7 SA has failed its internal RAM self test.
U.C. ROM FAIL
The 34 7 SA has failed its ROM self test, indicating an error in the ROM.
CAL RAM FAIL
An attempt to write to the calibration RAM during calibration was unsuccessful.
UNCALIBRATED
The CAL RAM has an incorrect checksum. The calibration of the 34 7SA is suspect.
1 3
A:D LINK FAIL
The internal processor is unable to communicate with the A/D convertor.
A:D SLOPE ERR
The A/D convertor is not able to converge upon a result properly.
A:D TEST FAIL
The A/D convertor has failed its self test.
CALIBRATION MESSAGE (see the 3478A Service Manual)
CALIBRATING
The CAL key has been pressed and a calibration is in progress.
CAL ABORTED
Either an invalid key was pressed, an overload was detected, or an A/D convertor error was detected. The calibration is aborted.
CAL FINISHED
A calibration cycle has been successfully completed.
ENABLE CAL
The CAL ENABLE switch must be turned to the CAL (vertical) position in order to do a calibration.
VALUE ERROR
The 34 78A is unable to calibrate to the requested value. This message would result if: a. b. c.
A zero calibration is attempted and the 3478A reads a raw value outside the range of
+
50000 to -40000 (assumes 5 1/2 digit mode)
A gain calibration is attempted with a negative applied voltage.
A gain calibration is attempted which is outside the range available, approximately d. e.
± 7% of full scale.
An AC voltage calibration is attempted and the applied voltage is not 3VAC.
A calibration is attempted via the bus with the "C" command, and a valid target number was not found in the display.
ACI VALUE ERR
At the end of an AC voltage calibration when the 34 78A attempted to compute the calibration constant for AC current, it computed a number outside of the allowed range.
This could be caused by an invalid calibration constant on either the 300mV DC range or the 3A DC range. The ac voltage calibration is valid however.
GENERAL USAGE MESSAGE
HPIB ADRSxx
This is the HP-IB address of the 34 78A. xx indicates the actual address of the the instrument (decimal) and may be altered by the address switches on the rear panel.
OVLD
This stands for overload and indicates that the input is too great for that particular range.
14
Under computer control the 34 78A can display your own user messages of up to
12 characters. Refer to Section Ill, Remote Programming, for more information on this.
:I
SYSTEMS
D2text
D3text
01
Places the message "text" into the display
Places "text" into display but the display is not updated.
Returns the 34 78A to NORMAL display.
1
I
I
When you are displaying measurement results (NORMAL mode), you also have a choice of the number of digits displayed, i.e., resolution of the reading. This not only has a great effect on the reading rate but also affects the Normal Mode Rejection (NMRi.
~----~-~----------~-~~~---~- -~--~-----~--~----~ ~-~
--
press:
3
D~
This puts the 34 78A into the 3 1/2 digit display mode. This mode has the fastest reading rate but the lowest resolution and little noise rejection.
The integration time in this mode is . 1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I power line cycle.
OR
4
This is the 4 1/2 digit display mode.
This mode provides 59 db NMR with an integration time of 1 power line cycle (16.66 mS at 60Hz, 20 mS at
50Hz).
OR
5
The 5 1/2 digit display mode provides the best resolution and greatest amount of noise rejection. In this mode, 1 0 readings are taken, each with 1 power line cycle integration time, and averaged together. This provides 80 db of noise rejection.
I
~---l
1 5
As mentioned above, changing the number of display digits does more than merely change the resolution of the multimeter. It actually changes the "INTEGRATION
TIME", which determines the reading rate. This in turn will greatly affect the Normal Mode Rejection (NMR) of the 34 78A. The 34 78A uses an integration type of
A/D converter. Integration is a process where the effects of line related noise are averaged to zero over the period of an integral number of power line cycles
(PLC's) during an A/D conversion. The integration time is not the same as the time for one measurement. The integration time is the time period, in PLC's, during which the input voltage is sampled by the voltmeter. At 4 1/2 digit display, the time required for one integration cycle is one PLC: 16.66 mS at 60Hz line frequency, 20 mS for 50Hz. The 34 78A determines the line frequency by the setting of the 50/60Hz switch on the rear panel. In the 3 1 /2 digit mode, the integration time is .1 PLC. Normal Mode Rejection (NMR)is the ability of a voltmeter to accurately measure de voltages in the presence of ac voltages at power line frequencies. The 34 78A has much better NMR at 4 1/2 digit display than it does at
3 1/2 digit display (59 db vs. Odb). The greatest amount of NMR is available from the 5 1/2 digit mode (80 db) where ten ( 1 0) readings are taken at 1 PLC integration time and averaged together.
~DESIGNED FOR~
:1:;1!1:
SYSTEMS
N3 Selects 3% digit display
N4 Selects 4% digit display
N5 Selects 5% digit display
16
The 12 display annunciators, located along the bottom of the display, are used to indicate the state of the 34 78A.
Indication Annunciator
SRQ The SRQ annunciator indicates that the 34 78A is trying to request service from the controller. Refer to Chapter Ill.
LSTN The LSTN (LISTEN) annunciator turns on when the 34 7 BA is addressed to listen via the HP-IB.
TLK The TLK annunciator means that the 34 7 BA has been addressed to talk via the
HP-IB.
RMT RMT indicates that the 34 78A is under bus control, that is, it is under remote operation. The front panel keyboard is inactive except for the LOCAL and SRQ keys (see LOCAL and LOCAL LOCKOUT in the next chapter).
MATH MATH is not used on the 34 7 SA.
AZ OFF The Autozero feature of the 3478A is disabled.
20 The 3478A is in the 2-wire ohms mode.
40 The 34 78A is in the 4-wire ohms mode.
M RNG This annunciator indicates that the 34 78A is in the manual ranging mode; autorange is inactive.
S TRIG Single trigger means that the internal trigger is disabled. The voltmeter idles until either an external trigger pulse is received, the single trigger key is pressed again, or a TRIGGER message is received over the Bus.
CAL The CAL annunciator will blink if the 34 78A requires calibration in the selected range and function.
SHIFT This annunciator indicates that the [SHIFT] key has been pressed, enabling the shifted functions. The annunciator will go off when either the function is executed or the [SHIFT] key is pressed again.
17
There are several reasons why you would want to opt1m1ze the rate at which readings are taken by the 34 7SA. Perhaps you are using a scanner to measure a large number of points where a faster reading rate would mean a better picture of what is happening at a single point in time. Or maybe you need to read fast so that you don't waste valuable computer time waiting for a measurement result.
Whatever your reason for optimizing reading rates, the 34 7 SA can solve many of these application problems. Your maximum reading rate with the 34 7 SA is influenced by several factors. These include the signal environment (line related and broadband noise, thermals, etc.), the desired accuracy, and convenience features such as autorange or autozero. The speed and timing of the A/D process is dependent upon a number of factors. The number of digits of resolution selected, whether or not the autozero feature is enabled, and the selected function determine how long it takes for the A/D to make a conversion. The reading speed is also affected by the value of the measured voltage (or current or resistance) and whether the display is turned on or off (HP-18 D3 command turns the display off, see Chapter 3).
The signal that you are trying to measure is subject to line related and broadband noise which can interfere with your measurement. The 34 7 SA works to reduce or reject this kind of noise by using a form of Analog to Digital (A/D) conversion called integration. Integration is a process where the effect of line related noise is averaged to zero over the period of an integral number of power line cycles
(PLC's) during an A/D conversion. The measure of the ability of the multimeter to measure de voltages in the presence of ac voltages (at power line frequencies) is called Normal Mode Rejection (NMR). The NMR of the 34 7SA is largely dependent upon the number of digits displayed. An important part of this process is to make certain that the 50/60 Hz line switch (S 1 on the rear panel) is set properly: up for
50Hz line frequency and down for 60 Hz.
Changing the number of digits of display does more than change the resolution of the reading. It actually changes the "INTEGRATION TIME" which determines the reading rate. The integration time is not the same as the time for one measurement, the integration time is the time period, in PLC's, during which the voltmeter samples the input voltage. At 4 1/2 digits of display, the time required for one integration period is one PLC: 1 6 2/3 mS at 60Hz line frequency or 20mS at 50Hz.
1
At 3 1/2 digits of display, the integration time is .1 PLC. Normal Mode Rejection
(NMR) is a measure of the ability of the voltmeter to accurately measure de voltages in the presence of ac voltages at power line frequencies. The 34 7 SA has much better NMR at the 4 1/2 digits of display (60 db) than at 3 1/2 digits (Odb) because of the integration times. At 5
1/2 digits of display, the 34 7 SA takes ten
( 1 0) readings from the 4 1/2 digit mode and averages them together. This provides the greatest amount of noise rejection (SOdb).
The thermal stability of the measurement environment is also a very important consideration. By simply keeping the temperature of the 34 7SA at a fixed value, you can nearly double your reading rate by turning autozero off, without adverse effects. Although the 34 7 SA is slightly less accurate, the faster reading rate may be worth it. In addition, any range or function change that takes place is automatically accompanied by an autozero update which removes any accumulated offsets. If the measurement environment is quiet enough to disregard
NMR then only accuracy and resolution are the measurement speed factors and autozero may be turned off.
ead1r1
1.
You can speed the reading rate by selecting a fixed range instead of allowing the multimeter to autorange every reading.
2. AC voltage measurements have a built-in 600mS settling time. Resistance measurements can be made as fast as DC voltage measurements except on the
3Mohm and 30Mohm ranges where a settling time (30mS and 300mS respectively) is needed for stable measurements. The T5 Fast Trigger command (HP-18) is the same as the T3 command except that the delay is omitted. If more than one reading is required because of autoranging, etc, the delay will occur normally.
3. Consider the time it takes to transfer data over the HP-18. For example, the
TRANSFER command is much faster than the ENTER command on the -hp- S5 computer.
4. The maximum possible reading rate is with 3 1/2 digits displayed, autozero off, any DC voltage function, 60 Hz power selected, manual range, display turned off (see HP-18 command D3), a positive voltage measured, and internal trigger selected.
1 9
The task of selecting the proper range on the 34 7 8A may be done either automatically by the multimeter, or manually with the front panel keys.
press:
Short the 34 7 8A' s input terminals.
Notice that the M RNG annunciator turns on in the display. This indicates that the meter is in the manual range mode. Pressing this key again returns the meter to the autorange mode. press:
( U lOR ( 0 l
Press each of these keys several times. Watch the decimal point as it moves across the display. Also notice the range annunciator in the display.
For example, if the meter is in the DC
Volts function, the display should indicate MVDC or VDC depending upon the range selected. Try this in the other measurement modes.
The display is always read directly and gives an indication of the range as a combination of decimal point and function display. Try connecting a variable de power supply to the multimeter. Make sure that the meter is in the DC volts function and autorange mode. As you adjust the power supply, watch the display. The display will momentarily go blank as the meter changes ranges. You might see a reading such as 4 7.21 5 MVDC. Reading the display directly, this would indicate a measurement of 47.215 milli-volts de (.047215 volts). It should be apparent that the multimeter is in the 300 milli-volt range; the reading is too large to be read on the 30 milli-volt range.
20
Table 2-4. Valid 3478A Ranges
Function
DC Volts
Ranges
30mV, 300mV
3V,30V,300V
AC Volts 300mV
3V,30V,300V
DC Current 300m A
3A
AC Current 300mA
3A
Resistance 30!2, 300!2
3K!l, 30K!l,300K!l
3Mn, 30Mn
Display Indication
MVDC
VDC
HP-18 Code
R-2,R-1
RO,R1 ,R2
MVAC
VAC
MADC
ADC
R-1
RO,R1 ,R2
R-1
RO
MAAC
AAC
OHM
KOHM
MOHM
R-1
RO
R1 ,R2
R3,R4,R5
R6,R7
If the multimeter is in the manual range mode, the display will indicate an OVLD when the input is greater than the particular range can handle. most sensitive range on any function.
R2 selects the
Autoranging on the 34 78A is done by taking readings in the 4 1/2 digit mode on successive ranges until it finds the proper range that will allow for a display between full scale (303099 counts) and approximately 9% of full scale (027000 counts).
:JU$1:
SYSTEMS
RA
Selects autorange mode
In the autorange mode, the multimeter will up range (go to a higher range) if the display reading exceeds (
±)
303099 counts or it will down range (go to the next lower range) if the display reading decreases below (
±)
027000 counts. This assumes a 5 1/2 digit mode. These numerical autorange points are irrespective of decimal point placement. The difference between the two points is called the autorange hysteresis and is illustrated in Figure 2-2 for DC Volts. Autoranging in other functions is similar.
21
#
27V
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
#
I
: 270mV "
I
I
I
#
I
I
27mV ":
I
I
..
I
I
I
~
30. lmV:
#
2. 7V
I
I
I
I.
I
301mv:
..
I
I
I
3. 01 v :
4
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3 0. 1 v
I
I
>
0
>
E
0 f"l
>
E
0
0 f"l
> f"l
>
0 f"l
" DOWNRANGE POINT
,. =
UPRANGE POINT
>X o<
0 :::E f"l
3478A-2-2
Figure 2-2. Autorange Hysteresis
~u:~)
(
0) ( 0)
The 34 78A is put in the manual range mode in one of three ways: pressing the
AUTO/MAN (Autorange/Manual range) key, which will cause the meter to maintain its present range; the UP-ARROW key, which will cause the meter to go to the next higher range; or the DOWN-ARROW key to go to a lower range. In any case, when the 34 78A is in the manual range mode, the M RNG annunciator is on in the display. Pressing the AUTO/MAN key restores autoranging.
The highest or lowest possible range depends on the function selected. For example, 30 mV is the lowest DC voltage range but 300mV is the lowest AC voltage range. If the 34 78A were set to the 30mV DC range and you pressed the AC
Volts key, the meter would default to the nearest valid range, i.e., 300mV. The meter will default to the nearest valid range when a function change is made.
See Table 2-4.
22
Figure 2-3 illustrates the rear panel of the 34 78A. The Rear Panel input terminals are selected by the F/R switch on the instrument front panel. There are two BNC connectors. One is for outputting a Voltmeter complete pulse at the end of an A/D conversion. The second BNC connector is used to input an external trigger pulse.
See VOLTMETER COMPLETE and TRIGGER for more information on these connectors. And of course there is the HP-IB connector.
Also on the rear panel of the 34 78A is a set of 8 switches. See Figure 2-3. These switches are "on", or in the " 1 " position when they are up. Switch number 1, farthest to the left, is the 50Hz/60Hz select switch. This switch should be in the up position if a power line with 50Hz frequency is being used, or down if a 60Hz power line is used. This switch changes the integration period (see OPTIMIZING
READING RATES) of the A/D converter so as to obtain the greatest AC NMR and
CMR rejection at the !ine frequency used. The reading rate is slightly slower when
50Hz is selected. This switch is read approximately once each minute and at power-on/reset.
Switch number 2 is not used.
Switch number 3 is used to select the Power-on SRO (PWR ON SRQ) feature.
When this feature is enabled, i.e., the switch is up, the 34 78A will generate an
SRQ (Request Service HP-IB message) whenever the power is lost and then returned, such as a momentary power blackout.
Switches 4 through 8 are used to select the HP-IB talk/listen address for the
34 78A. The factory preset positions for these switches are, from left to right: up, down, up, up, up for a selected address of "23". In order to select the talk-only mode, all five switches must be in the "on" or up position. For more information on the HP-IB address switches refer to Appendix A.
23
Rear Panel
External Trigger
Input
HP-18
Voltmeter
Complete
Output
[
• • ._PWR ON SAO
•0
•16•4• 1
'-ADRS...I
1-50Hz, 0-60Hz
Power Line
Opt1on Label
2·3.
24
The 34 78A is capable of measuring resistance from 30 milliohm to 30 Megohms in seven ranges. Resistance measurements may be made in either 2- or 4- wire ohms configuration. The illustrations in Figure 2-4 show how resistance measurements are made. A known current is supplied by the 34 78A and flows through the unknown resistance. The DC voltmeter measures the attendant voltage drop. The 34 78A is factory calibrated in the 4-wire ohms mode. If most or all of your resistance measurements will be made in the 2-wire ohms mode, the 34 78A may be recalibrated in the 2-wire ohms mode. See the 34 78A Service Manual. Resistances in excess of 30 Megohms may be measured using the extended ohms mode (remote operation only, see Chapter 3).
Resistances are measured by the 34 78A sourcing a known current through the unknown resistance. A de voltage measurement is made across the resistance.
The value of the resistance can then be determined (Ohm's Law, Resistance
Voltage/Current). Figure 2-4 shows the current source and the voltmeter connections for both 2- and 4- wire ohms measurements. Table 2-5 shows the nominal current through the unknown resistance for the individual ohms ranges. Variations in currents are compensated for by the calibration constants.
Table 2-5. Nominal Currents through Unknown Resistance
Range
30n
3oon
3Kn
30Kn
300Kn
3Mn
30Mfl
Current Through
Unknown
1mA
1mA
1mA
100uA
10uA
1uA
100nA
Maximum Open
Circuit Voltage
6.3
6.3
6.3
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8 v v v v v v v
There are two situations in which the 34 78A may indicate a negative (minus) resistance: either small negative voltages may exist on the circuit under test, or the inputs to the 4-WIRE SENSE and the INPUT leads are inverted from each other in the 4-wire ohms function.
In the 5% digit mode, the 34 78A may show 10 counts or more of noise on the
30 ohm and 30 Megohm ranges. If the 3% digit mode is used on the 30 Megohm range, special grounding and shielding may be required (due to the absence of AC normal mode rejection).
25
2
~RE)
The two wire ohms mode is used most commonly when the resistance of the test leads is not critical. Inaccurate results may occur when using the 2-wire ohms mode if the resistance of the test leads is very high, i.e., long test leads. Suppose you are making temperature measurements with a type 44004 thermistor. Refer to Figure 2-4. At 20°C, 40 feet of #24 A.W.G. copper wire has a resistance of
1.02 ohms. Two such wires would have a total resistance of 2.04 ohms. With a type 44004 thermistor this would result in an error of . 1%.
~DE"GNED >DR~
:1;1!1:
SYSTEMS
F3
Selects 2-wire ohms mode (also H3)
4
~RE)
The use of 4-wire ohms measurements alleviates the errors caused by the effects of test lead resistance. Figure 2-4 illustrates this point. The current through the thermistor is the same regardless of the lead resistance, and the voltmeter measures only the voltage across the thermistor, not across the combined lead resistance. The 4-wire resistance measurements are essential when highest accuracy is required, or where long lead lengths are present.
~OE»GNtP >OR~
:t:;eJ:
SYSTEMS
F4 Selects 4-wire ohms mode (also H4)
The extended ohms feature of the 34 78A is available only via the F7 remote programming command. With extended ohms, the 34 78A can be used to measure resistances in excess of 30 Mohms. When in the extended ohms mode, the
34 78A goes to the 30 Mohm range, 2-wire mode. An internal resistance of approximately 1 0 Mohms is placed in parallel with the input terminals. If this resistance is measured first and then your unknown resistor connected to the input terminals; the parallel combination can be measured and a calculation performed to determine the approximate value of the unknown resistance. The formula for the calculation is:
Rx
Ri
Ri
* Rt
Rt
26
Rx is the unknown resistance, Ri is the measured value of the internal 1 0 Mohm resistor and Rt is the measured value of the parallel combination. The test leads used should be very short, preferably a shielded twisted pair, to minimize noise pick up.
A program to make the necessary measurements, perform the calculations, and display the value of the unknown resistor is given in Chapter Ill.
F7 Selects the Extended Ohms function (also H7)
(2- wire mode)
0
SENSE
14 WIRE I
~HI
INPUT
30QV;;:;
MAX
LEAD RESISTANCE
1 02
28140
!TYPE 4404
THERMISTOR
AT 20°C)
ALLTERM
:!:500Vpk
MAX
...L
=
3A;:;;:
MAX
~
1.02
3A/250V
FUSE
MEASURED RESISTANCE
IS 2816.040 AN ERROR
OF .07%.
LEAD RESISTANCE
1.02
All TERM
! 500V pk
MAX
=
3A/250V
FUSE
"Internal to the 34 7 SA
2-WIRE OHMS MEASUREMENT 4-WIRE OHMS MEASUREMENT
Figure 2-4. Resistance Measurements
2814
27
1 . Always use the shortest possible test leads, especially at the higher resistance ranges. Ideally, the test leads should be a shielded, twisted pair to reduce noise pick-up.
2. For best results, especially at 3 1/2 digits display, the input LO terminal should be connected to the 3478A chassis (earth ground).
3. Additional settling time may be required when using the higher ohms ranges under program control. This is important if there is more than 200pF shunt capacitance connected externally as might be the case if you were using the
34 78A with a scanner. Theoretically, the settling time necessary is:
- RC*In(P/1 00)
Where R is the resistance being measured, C is equal to 620pF plus any external capacitance, and P is the desired percentage of step accuracy. For example, lets say we want to measure a 3.0 Mohm resistor through a scanner with 1200pF capacitance (High-to-Lo terminals). If a short was previously applied (short to 3.0
Mohms
step) and a .001% reading is desired, the settling time necessary is:
-(3*106)*(1200+620)*(10-12)*(1n(.001/100))
63mS
Since on the 3 Mohm range there is an internal delay of 30mS, an additional delay of 30 to 35 mS should be allowed. The 30 Mohm range has an internal delay of
300 mS.
28
The 34 7 SA self test performs several checks on the digital and A/D converter circuitry of the instrument. A failure in any of these four areas is indicated by an error message in the display. When the self test is complete, the 34 7SA resets to its turn-on state.
press:
U.C. RAM FAIL
U.C. ROM FAIL
UNCALIBRATED
A:D TEST FAIL
A:D LINK FAIL
D
TEST/
RESET
~
~
This initiates the functional tests of the digital circuitry in the 34 7SA. The SELF
TEST starts by turning every segment in the display on (except the top dot on the colon). These segments will remain on for as long as the Self Test button is held down. When the button is released, the display will remain for approximately 2 seconds as the self test is performed. It will then display "SELF
TEST OK" or an appropriate error message. If the self test passed the
HP-IB address will be displayed and the
34 7SA returns to its power-on state. If an error was detected, and the error message displayed, the HP-IB address will not be displayed but the 34 7SA will : attempt to operate normally.
---- ------------ _____ j
I
Table 2·6. Self Test Error Messages
This indicates that the micro-computer's internal RAM (not CAL RAM) has failed its self test.
The 34 78A internal ROM has failed its self test. This indicates an error in the
ROM.
The random access memory that contains the calibration constants has an incorrect checksum. The calibration of the 34 7 8A is suspect.
The A/D converter has failed its self test.
The microcomputer is unable to communicate with the A/D converter.
For all failures refer to the 34 7 SA Service Manual.
SYSTEMS
Use the HP-IB CLEAR command.
(See Chapter Ill)
29
Triggering is simply the process that causes the 34 78A to take a reading. There are three basic triggering modes available on the 34 78A. These three modes are described after we look at the trigger indicator.
The decimal point that is farthest right in the display will blink every time a reading is completed. If a colon or comma is placed there by a remote operation
(02 command, see Chapter Ill), the display will alternate between a comma and a colon.
In the internal trigger mode the 34 78A triggers itself to take readings at the maximum possible rate. This mode is automatically selected at instrument turn-on and after performing Self Test. A settling delay has been added before each A/D conversion in the ac volts and current and the two highest ohms ranges to ensure accurate readings.
~O<S>GNEOfOII~
#I
:II!
I:
SYSTEMS
T1 Selects the internal trigger mode
~
The single trigger mode allows you to manually trigger the voltmeter from its front panel. The first time you press the Single Trigger key the 34 7 8 will take one reading, display the results, and go to the single trigger mode. Subsequently, each time the key is pressed the multimeter will make one reading, display the result, and then sit idle, waiting for another trigger.
This sample and hold feature is useful when you're taking measurements in tight areas where the probe must not slip. What you do is this: press the Single Trigger key and position your finger to press the key again. You can then place the probe, press the Single Trigger key, and then remove the probe, all without taking your eyes off of the probe. With the probe safely removed, the measurement is still held on the display.
30
When the 34 78A is in the Single Trigger mode and you attempt to change ranges or change function, the left hand portion of the display will go blank (with the exception of the decimal point) until another trigger impulse is received.
#I =II:
SYSTEMS
T3 Selects the Single Trigger Mode
The external trigger mode is enabled by the single trigger key and is identical to the single trigger mode except that the triggering impulse is applied to a BNC connector on the rear panel of the 34 78A. The External Trigger input is TTL logic compatible or may be actuated by a simple switch closure. The 34 78A is triggered on the negative edge of the TTL pulse which must be a minimum of 1 OOnS duration. If a trigger pulse is received while a reading is in progress, the impulse is ignored.
~DfSfG•fD F(l"~
:J;al:
SYSTEMS
T2 Selects the External trigger mode
T 4 Selects the Trigger Hold Mode r - - -
T5 Fast Trigger. Same as T3 except that the settling delay is omitted on
AC Volts and current, and the two highest ohms ranges
i
From any trigger mode, readings may also be initiated by
I
the HP-18 GET command. External trigger is disabled by the
---- _j
I
I
T1, T3, T4, or T5 command.
31
Whether you use your 34 78A on the bench or as part of a sophisticated test system, probably most of your measurements will be voltage measurements. If you have special requirements in taking voltage measurements, be sure to read the sections on Optimizing Reading Rates, Display, Autozero, and Triggering modes. A complete
Table of Specifications is given in Chapter 4 of this manual.
EJ
DC voltages measured on the 3478A are both simple and straightforward. Press the
DC Voltage key and either select the appropriate range or allow the multimeter to autorange. Read the display directly (no multiplying the reading by the range, etc.) for the measured voltage. Up to 1 microvolt of noise may be seen on the 30 millivolt range.
F1 Selects the DC Volts mode (also H 1)
B
Like DC voltage measurements, AC measurements are very straightforward. Press the AC Voltage key and appropriate range key(s). The display is read directly for the measured voltage.
The 34 78A uses a True RMS to DC converter for AC voltage and current measurements. Unlike multimeters that use an average detector, the True RMS converter allows accurate measurement of voltages that are often noisy, nonperiodic or non-sinusoid. The RMS converter will accurately measure the True RMS value of sawtooth or triangle waveforms; squarewaves; or low repetition rate, high crest factor (ratio of peak to RMS) pulse trains.
32
RMS measurements are made by calculating the instantaneous square of the input signal, averaging it and taking the square root of the result. This provides a DC voltage that is proportional to the RMS value of the waveform. A DC voltage measurement is then made by the A/D converter.
It should be noted that the AC voltmeter accuracy is specified only for inputs greater than 10% of full scale. Hence the specified range is 30 millivolts to 300 volts. The
300 millivolt range is useful for lower accuracy readings down to 1 millivolt. Up to several hundred counts of residual offset may be seen on the 5
Yz
digit display with the input shorted.
F2 Selects the AC Volts mode (also H2) fl SENSE
14 WIRE I
~HI
INPUT
12 WIRE I
300V~
MAX
ALLTERM
~500Vpk
MAX
3A;::::;
MAX
A
~
...J....
=
3A/250V
FUSE
3478-2-5
Figure 2-5. Voltage Measurements
33
The Voltmeter Complete BNC connector on the rear panel of the 34 7SA provides a pulse at the completion of every
AID
cycle. This pulse is used to indicate that the 34 7 SA is ready to output an answer or be retriggered. The pulse is a negative going TTL compatible pulse of about
1~tS duration.
The following illustration shows one way to use the the Voltmeter Complete and
External Increment feature of the 34 7 SA in conjunction with the -hp- Model
3497 A Data Acquisition Control Unit. Once the connections are made, the 3497 A advances to the next channel with each Voltmeter Complete pulse.
Figure 2-6. Using Voltmeter Complete
34
In this chapter you will learn about remote programming your 34 78A over the
Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB) using a computer
I
controller. If you are not familiar with HP-IB or some of the terms used in this chapter, Appendix A contains a concise description of HP-IB. Be sure that you have read through or at least familiarized yourself with Chapter 2 of this manual before starting this chapter.
You will need to understand the operating characteristics of the 34 78A before you begin programming it.
The descriptions presented in this chapter are in general terms to optimize the flow of information regardless of the type of controller you are using. This means that both the inexperienced user as well as the experienced programmer will be programming the 34 7 8A efficiently and productively with minimum instruction time. There are, however many example programs given to enhance the discussion, most of which are given in an enhanced BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) programming language such as the Hewlett-Packard Model
-hp- 85 uses.
Before we actually begin the programming discussion, let's look at a simple example that displays your name on the 34 7 8A display If you have one of the controllers shown below, type in the commands as shown. Even if you don't have one of the controllers listed, read through this section anyway as it provides a basis for later discussions. Enter the command exactly as shown using your own name capital letters - in place of "your name" .
Computer
-hp- 9825
Type The Message: wrt 723,"
D2you~
_
Press:
---l
_r:'a~e"----~-~· -~EXECUT~~
-hp- 9835, 9845, 85 OUTPUT 723;" D2your name"
[EXECUTE]
(on the -hp- 85,
PRESS [END LINE])
1
J
I
35
Actually, any message of up to 1 2 characters may be displayed in this manner.
The command "D2your name" tells the 34 78A to display the message "your name" in its display; "D2" is called the "COMMAND CODE". The 34 78A cannot display lowercase letters, it displays unusual symbols instead. It can display, however, special characters such as
$,
%, &, #, etc. Try these characters in place of "your name".
At the end of this chapter are several blue pages that describes each of the program commands the 34 78A will respond to, and how they are used. As an added plus, at the back of the manual is a Command Quick Reference Guide that you can tear out and keep with your 34 78A .
ADRs press: The 34 7 8A will display its HP-IB ad-
BDEJ dress in the form: HPIB ADRS XX. XX represents the actual address which is factory preset to 23.
Each instrument that you connect to the interface bus has a unique "address", and the 34 7 8A is no different. The address provides a way for the controller to send or receive data from one instrument on the bus when actually there are several instruments connected together. In the previous example, where you displayed your name, we used the statement "OUTPUT 723". The "723" refers to the controller interface select code (isc) which is 7 and the 34 7 8A factory preset address which is 23. If you need to change the address of the 34 78A refer to the installation information in Chapter 4. All the examples in this chapter assume that the 34 78A will be addressed at 7 23 (which is also called the device select code, dsc).
When the controller tells a particular instrument to talk, i.e., send data over the Interface Bus, we say that the instrument has been "Addressed to Talk". Likewise, when the controller tells an instrument to listen, i.e., receive data or instructions from the Bus, the instrument is said to have been "Addressed to Listen". The
34 78A is capable of both talking and listening or it may be set to Talk-only, in which case it cannot listen to instructions or data coming over the Bus. There can be only one instrument addressed to talk on the Bus at any one time.
36
""" t
The Instruction Message is one specific form of an HP-18 Data message (see Appendix A). It is used to cause the 34 78A to change states, i.e., make an ac measurement instead of a de measurement, or perform a particular operation such as output status information, etc. Look at the blue pages at the end of this chapter. They describe each of the Instruction Messages the 34 78A will respond to and how they are used. An abbreviated table is given in the Command Quick
Reference Guide.
Look at Figure 3-1 . The instruction message may contain from one to three parts as shown: the Operation Mnemonic, Qualifier, and Data. The Operation Mnemonic is a single letter which is always used. The Qualifier and Data portion of the message are used as defined by the operation to be performed. An example of a command which requires only the operation mnemonic is the "S" command. A function or range command requires the mnemonic plus a qualifier, e.g., "F2" or
R -1. The "D2" or "D3" commands require the mnemonic "D", a qualifier (either
2 or 3), and data, which is the text to be displayed. The diagram also shows that instructions may be linked together forming a string of instructions. r c-o;:;,pute~ I
: Output
Lc.9~~~n::!
,'---~-«
Operation
Mnemonic
'-..c..:..c.~~=----"
Note 1 Note 2
Note
1.
The computer or controller output command as shown in the figure includes the HP-18 address of the instrument to which the Instruction Message is being directed, i.e., 723. It also includes any delimiters required by the computer language syntax. A delimiter is a character that is used either to separate one expression from another, or to terminate a list. Delimiters include semicolons, quotation marks, commas, spaces, etc. When linking instructions it is not necessary to add delimiters between instructions.
Note 2. Some computers and controllers generate a Carriage Return/Line Feed
(CR/LF) automatically as part of the output command. Check the output command syntax for your specific computer. The CR/LF is a delimiter that terminates a list.
The 3478A ignores the CR/LF except in the 02 or 03 commands.
Figure 3-1. Sending Instructions
37
Decide what you want the instrument to do and determine the appropriate Operation Mnemonic(s). For example, the Operation Mnemonic for function codes is F, the Mnemonic for range codes is R, etc. Specify the Qualifier and Data as necessary. Let's look at an example and break down the instruction message. To set the 34 78A to the DC Volts function and 30 volt range, the following message would be sent: interface 34 7 8A select code
OUTPUT
\ I
723; 11
address
F1
. - - - - - 2 instruction messages linked together
R1 11
L computer output
I
L_ sets range to 30 volt range
' - - - - - - - - s e t s function to DC volts command syntax
(F is mnemonic and 1 is qualifier). depends on the computer being used. See Note
1 above.
Figure 3·2. Instruction Example
As you can see from the example, more than one instruction may be sent to the
34 78A at one time; any number of instructions may be included in the command string. In the next section we will look at the HOME commands of the 34 78A.
Each HOME command is actually made up of several instructions. But for now, let's take another look at using multiple instructions.
We want to make an ac voltage measurement that we know to be between . 20 volts and 1 volt. We also want Autozero on and the measurement to be made in the 4 1/2 digit mode. What series of instructions will achieve this?
First, it is an ac voltage measurement, therefore instruction
II
F2 11 (Function 2 ) is used. We don't know exactly what range to use, so let's use the autorange feature,
II
RAil (Range Auto). The instruction for autozero on is
II
Z 1
11
(Zero 1 ), and for the 4 1/2 digit mode,
II
N4 11 (Number of digits 4 ). Our command string now looks like:
11 F2RAZ1N4
11
38
Since we know the voltage to be measured is small, let's set the 34 78A to a low range before we autorange. The instruction "R- 2" (_Bange - 2) will do this for us. Furthermore, if we want the meter to only take one reading we could add the instruction "T3" (lrigger mode
~
) to the end of the string. By adding it at the end, the meter is set up for the measurement before the reading is actually triggered. The complete string, along with the OUTPUT statement is:
OUTPUT 723; "F2R-2RAZ1 N4T3"
Instructions are implemented as they are received over the Bus. In other words, the 34 7 8A will go to the ac volts mode before it goes to the lowest range. It will go to the lowest range before autorange, it will autorange before turning autozero on, etc. The last thing it will do is trigger for the measurement.
A very important matter to keep in mind is to use the proper computer syntax.
Remember that the examples given in this chapter were written for a computer such as the -hp- 85F. Check your computer 1/0 manual for the correct syntax and in the examples given, use that syntax.
There is a series of eight preset commands conveniently provided in the 34 78A which greatly ease programming. These commands, called HOME commands, set the 34 7 8A to predetermined states as defined in Table 3-1 . In the sample program given earlier, we ended with a string of six commands which could actually be replaced with one HOME command, "H2".
Command
Table 3·1. Home Commands
Description
HO
HOME Command. The 34 78A is placed into the DC volts function (F1 ), autorange
(RA), trigger hold (T4), 4 1/2 digit display (N4), and autozero on (Z1 ). Any result ready to be output to the bus or display is erased. External trigger input is disabled.
This command is equal to: "F1 T4R- 2RAZ1 N4". The meter will wait for a trigger command such as T3 or T5.
H 1 Measure DC Volts. This function is the same as the HO command except that a single trigger occurs, and if the 34 7 8A is addressed to talk will output the reading.
This command is equivalent to: "F1R-2RAZ1N4T3"
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
Measure AC Volts. This command is the same as H 1 except that an AC Voltage measurement is taken. Equivalent to: "F2R- 2RAZ 1 N4T3"
Measure 2-Wire Ohms. Identical to H 1 except takes a 2-wire ohms measurement.
Measure 4-Wire Ohms. Identical to H 1 except takes a 4-wire ohms measurement.
Measure DC Current. Identical to H 1 except takes a DC Current measurement.
Measure AC Current. Identical to H 1 except takes an AC Current measurement.
Measure Extended Ohms. Identical to H 1 except take an extended ohms measurement.
39
You can use the HOME commands just as they are or combined with other commands. For example:
OUTPUT 723;
II
H1
II
would set the 34 78A to the DC Volts function and take one reading. If you want the 34 78A to be in the internal trigger mode you could send:
OUTPUT 723; "H1T1"
In order for "T1" to be in effect, it must follow the "H 1" command, otherwise the "H 1" command will put "T3" in effect.
When more than one command is sent to the 34 78A in one "OUTPUT" instruction statement, the commands are executed as they arrive. Therefore it is best to make the trigger statement the last statement in the command string so that the
34 78A will be set up for the measurement before it triggers. If you send the command "T3T1 ", the "T1" command is the last one received and will be in effect.
Instructions are sent to the 34 78A as a series of 7-bit ASCII characters (parity bit is ignored). All lowercase letters, spaces, commas, and semicolons are ignored and may be freely used to format commands for easy readability. All null characters, carriage return, line feed, form feed, and vertical and horizontal tab characters are also ignored. All other characters and sequences not explicitly allowed (see the
Command Table) will result in an error. Errors will be discussed later. For example, sending the message:
OUTPUT 723;" Function 1 Range 1" would be the same as:
OUTPUT 723;" F1 R1
II
When a multicharacter command is received, if a character is received which does not fit into the syntax of the command, the command will be aborted and an error will be generated. An attempt is made to process the character as if it were the first character of another command. For example, the command "FR3" will cause a syntax error but then go on to range 3 (that is, "R3"). See Require Service,
Status Register.
Commands which accept binary arguments (represented by x in the command table) and the D2 and D3 commands are exceptions to the above rules. Any of the 2 56 possible 8-bit bytes may be sent as a binary argument, any ASCII character greater than 31 (decimal) may be sent as part of a text message (see
Appendix B). Note, however, that lowercase alpha characters are not represented as alpha characters in the display.
40
The 34 78A has the ability to talk to the computer or other instruments, giving the results of measurements or status information. This is another specific form of the
HP-18 Data Message. The controller must tell or "address" the 34 78A to talk in order for it to send data.
Example. From the last section we saw how to make the voltmeter go to the DC
Volts function and 30V range. Now we will see how to read back the measured voltage.
(from the last section) 10 OUTPUT 723;"F1R1"
20 ENTER 723; A$
30 DISP A$
40 END
The 3478A is addressed to talk by the ENTER 723 command in the second line.
The measurement result is stored in the string variable A$ and displayed on the controller's display. Remember that the actual computer syntax used (i.e., ENTER,
OUTPUT, DISPLAY, etc.) is dependent on the computer that you are using and may be different than the examples given. You should refer to your computer's 1/0 programming manual.
Let's try another very simple example. You can use your controller to determine the setting of the 34 78A's Front /Rear switch. This is done by sending the program command "S" and then reading the output.
Enter the following program and run it.
10 OUTPUT 723;
II
S"
20 ENTER 723; S1
30 DISP S1
40 END
. If the value read back from the 34 78A (variable S 1 in the example shown) is "0" the rear panel terminals are selected. If the value is " 1" the front panel terminals are selected. Try this program with the switch in both positions. If the 34 78A is in the single trigger mode (S TRIG annunciator on) this program will not work.
Either press [LOCAL] [INT TRIG] keys or reset the voltmeter.
41
Messages are sent by the 34 78A as 1 3 bytes in the following formats:
Voltmeter Reading:
Overload:
± d.dddddE ± d CR LF
9.99999E
9 CR LF
The character "d" represents a single digit. If the 34 78A is in the 4 1/2 digit mode, the last digit returned before the "E" will be a "0". In the 3 1/2 digit mode the last 2 digits will be "0" 's.
So far we have seen how to program the 34 78A for specific operations and how to read back the data. But now it is time to move on and look at special HP-18 commands and advanced programming topics.
Many applications of the 34 78A, a simple data logger for example, may require that the instrument take readings and output them to some device such as a printer. All this is to be done without the aid of a controller. The 3478A's TALK
ONLY mode allows just that type of transaction to occur.
The 34 78A is set to the talk only mode by setting the 5 HP-18 address switches, on the 34 78A rear panel, to the "1" (up) position. Refer to Chapter 4. Measurement data is output after each completed reading. Function and range settings, etc., are done from the front panel keyboard.
The following topics, arranged in alphabetical order, deal with HP-18 commands
(see Appendix A) and the way the 34 78A responds to them. Refer to the
1/0 programming manual of your controller for specific information on syntax and actions taken by the HP-18 interface when sending the message. The examples given apply to the -hp- 85, 9835, 9845 computers, except where noted.
42
CLEAR 7 (device clear)
CLEAR 723 (selected device clear)
Upon receiving the CLEAR message, the 34 78A will be placed into its test/reset routine. The routine starts with the 34 78A performing its internal self test and reading its rear panel HP-18 address switches. Any errors in the self test will be noted in the voltmeter display and will cause the hardware error bit to be "set" in the status register and the appropriate bits to be set in the error register. If there are no errors, the HP-18 address will be displayed for approximately 2 seconds.
The power-on state for the 34 78A is: DC Volts function, Autorange, Internal Trigger, Autozero On, and 5 1/2 digit mode.
43
LOCAL 7
LOCAL 723
The LOCAL 723 message clears the 34 78A from the REMOTE operation mode and reenables front panel control. Pressing the front panel LOCAL key accomplishes the same thing, provided the key has not been disabled by the LOCAL
LOCKOUT Message. LOCAL 7 removes every instrument on interface 7 from the remote mode.
If the 34 78A is in Remote with Local Lockout set, the only way to return to front panel control is to either turn power off and then on again or execute the Clear
Lockout
I
Set Local (CLJSL) message. For many controllers this is the same as the
LOCAL command, i.e., LOCAL 7. The command LOCAL 7 takes all instruments out of Local Lockout that are on that bus. The command LOCAL 723 would return the 34 78A to front panel control but a subsequent REMOTE command (or OUT-
PUT 723) would return it to LOCAL LOCKOUT.
LOCAL LOCKOUT 7
The LOCAL LOCKOUT message locks out the 34 78A's front panel keys, including the LOCAL and SRQ keys. The lockout will remain in effect until it is cleared over the interface bus by sending the LOCAL message to the multimeter or cycling the
34 78A's power.
44
REMOTE 7
REMOTE 723
The REMOTE command is used to enable the 34 78A to switch from local front panel control to remote program control. The 34 7 8A must actually be addressed before it will go into its Remote state.
The Remote state for the 34 78A means that the front panel keyboard (except the
LOCAL and SRQ keys) is disabled. The REM annunciator in the display is turned on. The 34 78A remains in the same state after it receives the REMOTE command that it was in before receiving it. To disable the LOCAL and SRQ keys use the
LOCAL LOCKOUT command.
You will seldom find it necessary to execute the REMOTE command. The REMOTE message is independent of other HP-IB activity and is sent on a single Interface
Bus line called REN (see Appendix A). Some controllers set the REN line true at power-on, or when reset, which has the same effect as sending the Remote message with only the interface select code, i.e., REMOTE 7. Before any instrument will actually go into the Remote state it must be addressed. Therefore, when the 34 78A is first addressed, such as OUTPUT 723, it will actually go to the remote state.
45
Another important feature of the 34 7 SA is that you can program it to interrupt the controller when certain conditions are met. Of course, the controller must also be programmed to respond to the interrupt. The Require Service (SRQ) message is used to implement this and is independent of all other HP-IB activity. SRQ is sent on a single Interface Bus line called the SRQ line (see Appendix A). The 347SA
MUST BE PROGRAMMED for the interrupt before the interrupt will take place. The following list gives the possible causes of interrupt that the 34 7 SA can be programmed for.
1. Power-on/ Reset. The 34 7SA will interrupt the controller when the 34 7SA power is turned on, it received a Device CLEAR or Selected Device CLEAR, or the
34 7SA was reset.
2. CAL Failure. The 34 7SA will interrupt the controller if an attempted calibration failed.
3. Front Panel Keyboard. You can use the front panel SRQ key on the 347SA to interrupt the controller.
4. Hardware Error. If a hardware error occurs, the controller would be interrupted.
5. Syntax Error. If the controller sent an invalid instruction, the 34 7SA would interupt the controller.
6. Data Ready. The 34 7SA would interrupt the controller after each completed measurement.
When the Require Service message (SRQ) is sent, the computer must determine first which instrument is requesting service. This is done by conducting a SERIAL
POLL (SPOLL) of every device on the bus which is capable of requesting service.
When an instrument is polled, it responds by sending a "STATUS BYTE" which indicates whether it requested service, and if so, the nature of the request. If the
Status Byte for the instrument polled indicates that it was not requesting service, the computer would continue to poll the other instruments on the bus until the proper one is located. This, of course assumes that the controller has been programmed to respond to the SRQ interrupt.
46
The status register is used to monitor the six possible interrupt conditions. It is possible for one or more bits of the status register to be true without the 34 78A causing an interrupt. The interrupt will only occur when the SRQ mask has been set for particular conditions. Refer to Figure 3-3. If the SRQ mask is set for certain conditions and one or more of those conditions occur, bit 6 of the status register will go true (true being a " 1 "), the SRQ annunciator in the display will turn on, and the HP-IB SRQ message will be sent. The controller must be programmed to respond to the SRQ message.
The Status Byte is an 8-bit byte that may be used to determine the current status of the 3478A regardless of whether an interrupt (SRQ) has occurred. The Status
Byte comes from the status register and is output in response to a serial poll which is described in the next section.
Bit 7 power-on
Reset
Bit 6
SRQ
Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
Cal
Failed
Front
Panel
SRQ
Hardware
Error
Syntax
Error
F1gure 3·3. Status Reg1ster
N/A
(always 0)
Data
Ready
The SRQ mask can only be set to mask bits 0-5 on the Status Register. Default mask value is
00.
To set the mask first determine which conditions you want to interrupt the controller, e.g., data ready, calibration procedure failed, syntax error, etc. Determine the two digit octal code for those conditions. Then, output the
"M" instruction mnemonic followed by the octal code as the qualifier, that is:
"Mxx", where xx is the octal code. Think of the SRQ mask as a mask that sits over the lower six bits of the status register and masks out those conditions you don't want to cause an interrupt. Figure 3-4 shows the status register and the
SRQ mask set for bit 0, Data Ready.
=
01 (octal)
0
0 0 0
0
Figure 3·4. Status Byte and SRO Mask
47
Data Ready is a feature of the 34 7 SA that allows it to interrupt the controller after each completed measurement (data ready). This means that the controller doesn't waste valuable computing time waiting for measurement data but proceeds with its work until interrupted. To enable the data ready feature on the
34 7 SA, bit 0 on the SRO mask must be set. Remember that bit 0 will be true in the status register anytime data is ready but for the SRO to occur the mask must be set. The bit pattern for the mask would look like: bit #: 5 4 3
2
1 0 value:
0 0 0 0 0 1
\
I
I
\
I
I
0 1 01 is the octal representation
(see also Figure 3-4)
Consequently, we would use the command: OUTPUT
723; 11
M01 11 to set the mask for Data Ready. Therefore, whenever the 34 7SA has data ready it will interrupt the controller via the SRO line. The controller will only be interrupted if bit 0 is true, meaning that data is ready. Bits 1 through 5 will not interrupt the controller if they go true because the mask was not set for those bits. When data becomes ready, the SRO annunciator turns on in the display, and remains on, until the controller responds by doing a serial poll, executing the CLEAR command, outputting the
II
Kll instruction, or entering a measurement from the 34 7SA.
10
I
DATA READY EXAMPLE
20
I
-hp- 85 VERSION
30
I
3478A AT ADDRESS 723
40 OUTPUT 723 _; "I<M01"
50 ON INTR 7 GOSUB 1000
60 ENhBLE INTR 7;8
70
!
The bodY ot the Pro~ram ~o es here
990 END
1000 P=SPOLL<723)
1010 STATUS 7.1 ; A
1020 ENTER 723 ; R
1030 DISP R
1040 RETURN
Line
40
Description
Outputs the SRQ mask. The
II
Kll command clears the status register (except bit
0).
50
60
70-990
1000
1 01 0
Instructs the computer where to go (line
1 000) when an interrupt (SRQ) occurs on interface 7.
ENABLE INTR7;8 actually enables the
-hp-85 to respond to the SRQ. SRQ is octal code
II
register.
8 11
in the -hp85 control
These lines contain the main body of the program
This is the start of the interrupt subroutine. SPOLL returns the 34 7 8A status byte to variable
II
p~~.
It also resets bit 6, if it was set, of the status register.
The STATUS command reads and clears the -hp- 85 Status/Control register so that it can respond to the next interrupt.
1 020-1 040 Line 1 01 0 reads the data and resets bit 0 of the status register. Line 1 020 displays the data. Line 1030 returns program control to where the program was interrupted.
4S
The front panel SRQ feature of the 34 7 8A provides you with a way of manually interrupting the controller from the multimeter front panel. This feature is enabled by setting bit 4 of the SRQ mask, command "M20". Once this is done, pressing the 3478A front panel SRQ key causes the 3478A to request service (SRQ) from the controller. The SRQ annunciator turns on in the display until the controller responds by doing a serial poll (or the CLEAR command, or "K" instruction).
Line
40
50
10
!
FRONT PANEL SRQ EXAMPLE
20
I
-hp- 85 VERSION
30
!
3478A AT ADDRESS 723
40 OUTPUT 723 ;"KM20"
50 ON INTR
7
GOSUB 1000
60 ENABLE INTR 7;8
70
I
The bodY of the
Pro9ram 90 es here
990 END
1000 STATUS 7,1 ; A
1010 P=SPOLL<723)
1020 IF BIT<P,4) THEN DISP "SRQ
KEY PRESSED"
1030 RETURN
60
70-990
1000
1010
1020
1030
Description
The "M20" statement sets the 34 78A to respond to the front panel SRQ key. The
II
Kll clears the status register, except bit
0.
This tells the computer where to go (line
1 000) when an SRQ interrupt occurs.
ENABLE INTR actually allows the controller to respond to interrupts.
These lines contain the body of the program.
Line 1 000 is the beginning of the interrupt subroutine. The STATUS command reads and clears the -hp85 Status/ Control register so that it can respond to the next interrupt.
SPOLL returns 34 78A status byte to variable P. It also clears the status register.
Bit 4 of the status byte (P) is checked to make sure it is a
II
1
II •
If it is, the message
SRQ KEY PRESSED is displayed. If it isn't, then something else caused the interrupt.
This line returns program control to where it was interrupted.
49
P= SPOLL (723)
STATUS 723;P
(-hp- 85)
(-hp- 9835, 9845A/B)
Serial poll allows you to determine the current status of the 34 78A. When the
34 7 SA receives the serial poll message, it returns its status byte (status register).
Many controllers will display the byte as the sum of the values of the individual bits that are set. If bits 7 and 0 are set, for example, the value would be shown as 1 2 9 ( 1 2 9 = 1 2 8
1 ) . The 8 bits of the status byte and their respective values are shown in Figure 3-5, followed by a description of the bits.
Bit 7 power-on
Reset
Bit 6
SRQ
Bit 5 Bit 4
Cal
Failed
Front
Panel
SRQ
Bit 3
Hardware
Error
Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
Syntax
Error
N/A
Data
(always 0) Ready
Decimal
Value
Data Ready
Bit 0
128 64
32 16 8
Figure 3·5. Status Byte
4 2 1
When this bit is set to 1, it indicates that the 34 78A will output a reading if it is addressed to talk. This bit will return to 0 when the controller begins to accept the reading, or when some change in the programmed state of the 34 78A causes the reading to be no longer available.
Bit 1
Syntax Error
Bit 2
This bit is always 0.
When set to 1 this bit indicates that a command has been received over the HP-IB that is syntactically incorrect.
Hardware Error
Bit 3
This bit, when it is set to 1, indicates that a hardware error of some sort has occurred. This may be the failure of a self test routine, a problem with the AID converter, or a checksum error in the calibration RAM. More information can be obtained about the error by reading the 34 78A error register (see the B and E bus commands). The calibration RAM checksum is checked every time a reading is made.
50
Front Panel
Bit 4
SRQ When this bit is set to a 1 it indicates that the front panel
SRO button has been pressed.
Calibration Fail
Bit
5
This bit is used to indicate that an attempted calibration has failed. The bit will be set to 1 under this condition.
Service Request
Bit 6
This bit indicates that the
34
7 SA has requested service via the
SRO line. The bit is set to
1 whenever one of the events specified for bits
0 through
5 above occurs at the same time that the corresponding bit in the mask register is set. The bit is also set at power-on time if the PWR ON SRQ switch on the rear panel is turned on. This bit is reset by a serial poll.
Power-on Reset This bit is set to 1 when a power-on reset has occurred. If
Bit 7 switch 3 on the rear panel block of switches is set to the " 1 " or up position, bit
6 will be true and the SRQ message is sent.
Bit 7 will be cleared if a reset due to the HP-IB CLEAR command occurs or the TEST/RESET key is pressed. It is also cleared when the
34
7SA is Serial Polled.
All status register bits described above are reset by a Device Clear Message. Bits
2 through 7 are also reset by a serial poll if bit 6 was read as a 1 . If bit 6 is read as a 0, indicating that the 34 7SA was not generating an SRO, no bits are changed. See also the
K command in the Quick Reference Guide.
Try this simple exercise.
1. Reset the 34 7SA. This should be done by cycling the LINE switch. Without setting the SRO mask, perform a serial poll on the 34 7SA. Remember to check the command structure for the controller you are using. The status byte returned by the 34 7 SA should indicate that bits 0 and 7 are true. Many controllers will show a value of "129". Looking at Figure 3-5 we can see that the value 129 is equal to the sum of the decimal values of bits
0 and 7. Bit 7 is true because of the power-on/reset that occurred. Bit
0 indicates that a measurement has been made and data is ready. This step of the exercise simply serves to show that bits in the status register may be true without causing the Service Request message to be sent. Remember that when Service Request is sent, the SRO annunciator turns on.
51
2. Now turn the 34 78A off. On the rear panel find the bank of 8 switches and set switch 3, Power-on SRQ, to the up ( 1) position. When you turn the 34 78A back on, the SRQ annunciator should be on in the display. Now do a serial poll.
The status byte returned by the 34 7 8A shows a value of 193. This means that bits 7, 6, and 1 were true ( 128
64
1
193). Bit 6 is true because of the power-on SRQ condition. Bit 7 is true, as in the first step, because a power-on reset occured. Because the Power-on SRQ switch was "SET", when the 34 78A was turned on, it sent the Service Request message (SRQ) .After you do the serial poll, the SRQ annunciator will turn off.
3. Finally, turn the 34 78A off and return switch 3 to the down pos1t1on. Turn the 34 7 8A on, notice that the SRQ annunciator is not on, and send it the message "M01 ". M01 sets the SRQ mask for the data ready condition. In just a moment the SRQ annunciator will turn on in the display. Again do a serial poll.
The value returned should again be 1 93 (bits 7, 6, 1). This time the SRQ occurred because the SRQ Mask was set for bit 0, Data Ready. Do another Serial Poll and notice that the SRQ annunciator goes off momentarily until new data is available.
The value returned from this second Serial Poll is 65 because bit 7 was cleared by the first poll.
The previous section on Service Request gave two example programs demonstrating SRQ interrupts. Look at the second program, FRONT PANEL SRQ. Change line 70 to read: 70 GOTO 60 and run the program. Line 40 sets the SRQ mask to front panel SRQ. Line 1 000 performs a serial poll when, and only when, an SRQ condition occurs (i.e., when you press the 3478A SRQ key). Line 1010 looks at bit 4 of the Status Byte to verify that it was the front panel SRQ key that caused the interrupt.
52
TRIGGER 7
TRIGGER 723
If the 34 78A has been addressed to listen, the TRIGGER message (also known as
GET, for Group Execute Trigger) will trigger the multimeter for a new reading. If a reading is in progress at the time the TRIGGER message is received, the reading will be aborted and a new reading started. If a reading is in progress when the
TRIGGER message is received, there may be a delay (up to 1 /2 second) for the previous A/0 cycle to be aborted and the new reading to commence.
53
The following five programs illustrate the flexibility and measurement power of the
34 7 8A. The programs include using a thermistor to accurately measure temperature, achieving the maximum reading rate, using the 34 78A Status Bytes, and more. Although the programs were developed on an -hp- 8 5 desktop computer they may easily be modified to run on any other controller. In many cases, suggestions are made for modifying the programs to suit your individual needs.
The program shown in the following figure computes the temperature, in ° C, corresponding to the resistance of a thermistor. The program has been designed to work with thermistors exhibiting a 5.000 KO resistance at 25°C, such as a type
44007 {-hp- part number 0837-0164) or equivalent.
The program gives you the option of selecting either 2-wire or 4-wire ohms measurements to be made on the thermistor. As it stands, the program sets the
34 7 8A for a 2-wire measurement which gives suitable results if the thermistor is used at a temperature where its resistance is much greater than the resistance of the test ieads. For greatest accuracy from a thermistor, a 4-wire resistance measurement should be used. To change to a 4-wire resistance measurement, delete the exclamation mark from line 50. The program is useful over a temperature range of - 80 ° C to
1 50 ° C.
10
I
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
20
!
WITH TYPE 44007 THERMISTOR
30
I
-hp- 85 VERSION
40 OUTPUT 723 ;"F3R4N4Z1Tl"
50
I
OUTPUT 723 ;"F4R4N4Z1Tl"
60 Q3=.0000000941
?0 G!2= _ 00023595
80 Q1=.001286
90 ENTER ?23 ; B
100 Q4=LOG<B>
110 P=l/(Q1+Q4*<Q2+Q4*Q4*Q3))-27
3.
15
120 DISP P
130 GOTO 90
140 END
Lines
40-50
60-80
90
100-110
1 20
1 30
Description
Line 40 sets the 34 78A up for a 2-wire resistance measurement on the thermistor.
The 34 78A is also set to the 30 Kohm range, 4 1/2 digit display mode, Autozero on, and internal trigger. Line 50 is the same except the measurement function is
4-wire mode.
These three lines contain the conversion coefficients for the 44007 thermistor.
Line 90 enters the measured resistance from the 34 7 SA.
These two lines convert the measured resistance to a temperature.
The calculated temperature is displayed.
The GOTO 90 statement returns the program to line 90 for another resistance measurement.
54
The extended ohms feature is available only via the HP-18 F7 or H7 commands.
With extended ohms you can measure resistances above 30 Mohms. When in the
Extended Ohms mode, the 34 78A goes to the 30 Mohm range, 2wire mode. An internal resistance of approximately 1 0 Mohms is placed in parallel with the inputs. If this resistance is measured first and then the unknown resistor connected to the inputs, the parallel combination can be measured and a calculation performed to determine the approximate value of the unknown resistance. The formula for the calculation is:
Ri
*
Rt
Rx
Ri Rt
Rx is the unknown resistance, Ri is the measured value of the internal 1 0 Mohm resistor and Rt is the measured value of the parallel combination. The test leads should be a very short shielded twisted pair to not pick up radiated noise.
A program that will make the necessary measurements, perform the calculations, and display the value for the unknown resistor, is given in the following figure.
10 EXTENDED OHMS EXAMPLE
20
I
-hp- 85 VERSION
30 CLEAR
40 A1=723
50 OUTPUT A1 ;"D2 OPEN TERMS_"
60 ~ISP " EXTENDED OHMS EXAM
PLE" @ DISP
70 DISP "Extended ohms is a 2-w ir-e ohms"
80 DISP "measur-ement forresist
ar.ces ..
90 DISP "above 30 Mohms."@ DIS p
100 OISP "Open the 3478A inPut t erminals."@ DISP
110 OISP "PRESS [CONTJ TO BEGIN_
120 PAUSE
130 OUTPUT Al ;"H7"
140 ENTER A1 ; Rl
150 OUTPUT A1 ;"02ADO RESISTOR"
160 CLEAR @ DISP "Connect resist ance to
be"
170 DISP "measured to the 3478A inPut"
180 DISP "terminals_"
190 OISP @ DISP
II
PRESS [CO tHl''
200 PAUSE
210 OUTPUT Al ;"H7"
220 ENTER A1 ; R2
230 R3=Rl*R2/(Rl-R2)
240 OUTPUT Al ;"D2R=";R3/10..-...6
250 CLEAR @ DISP "THE RESISTANCE
IS: n;
R3/10..-...6;
"MOH~1S
_"
260 END
Lines
10-40
50-140
1 50-220
230
240
250
Description
These lines title the program, clear the
-hp-8 5 display and set the variable A 1 to
723 which is the HP-IB address of the
3478A.
These lines are used to make the measurement of the internal 1 0 Mohm resistor.
The actual measurement is made in line
130 and input to the -hp- 85 in line 140.
Line 50 displays a message on the 34 7 8A display to open the input terminals.
In this set of program lines, the measurement of the parallel resistor combination is made. Line 210 causes the 34 78A to take the measurement and line 220 inputs the measurement to the -hp- 85.
Line 230 uses the formula above to calculate the value of the unknown resistor.
The value of the resistor is displayed on the 34 78A display in this line. The value is read directly in Mohms.
In this line, the value of the resistor is displayed on the -hp- 8 5 display.
55
The dBm Program is used to calculate a power ratio using a 500 impedance as the reference. The dBm equation is: dBm
1 0
*
LOG[(X2/R)/ 1 mw] where X is the measured value, R is the impedance reference (50Q's) and 1 mw is the OdBm reference.
10
! dBm MEASUREMENT
20
I
-HP- 85 VERSION
30 OUTPUT 723 ;"H2T1"
40
ENTER 723 ; B
50 P=i0*L0G(8A2/50/.001)
60 OISP P
70
GOTO
40
80 END
40
50
60
70
Lines
30
Description
This line uses the H2 Home command to set the 34 78A to the ac volts mode. T1 is internal trigger.
The ac voltage measurement is input to the -hp8 5 in this line.
This line performs the dBm conversion.
Line 60 displays the dBm value on the
-hp-85.
This line causes the program to return to line 40 for another measurement.
56
The maximum possible reading rate is with 3 1/2 digits selected, autozero off, display off, manual ranging, the line frequency switch (34 78A rear panel) set to the 60Hz position, and positive de voltages, current and resistance measurements.
Remember though, there is a settling delay on the two highest ohms ranges.
The program in the following figure sets the 34 78A for these conditions with two exceptions. First, you must manually set the 50/60 Hz line switch to the 60Hz position. This switch is on the rear panel of the 34 78A. Second, the program sets the 3478A to the autorange mode. If you know the approximate value of the voltage to be measured you can change the "RA" command in line 50 to reflect an appropriate range.
30
40
50
The program accepts 1 00 readings from the 34 78A and stores them into a buffer
- 8$. When all the readings have been taken the readings are printed. With the
-hp- 85 computer, the 100 readings are accepted in approximately 1 .4 seconds.
10 ~ MAXIMUM READING RATE
20 ~ -hp- 85 VERSION
DII'1
B$[13081
IOBUFFER
B$
OUTPUT 723 ;"F1RAN3Z8D3"
60 TRANSFER 723 TO B$ FHS ; COU tH
1300
70 FOR 1=1 TO 1300 STEP 13
80 J=I+10
90 PRitH B$[I, Jl
100 ~~E>n I
110 END
Lines
30-40
50
60
70-80
90
1 00
Description
8$ is setup as an 1/0 Buffer to store 1300 bytes of data. The 34 78A outputs 13 bytes per reading in the form: ± d.dddddE ± d Cr LF. Therefore, for 100 readings the buffer must be dimensioned to 1 300.
The eight extra bytes are for overhead in the -hp- 85.
Line 50 programs the 34 78 to de volts, autorange on, 3 1/2 digit display mode, autozero off, display off. You may want to replace RA to reflect an appropriate range.
The TRANSFER statement is the fastest possible means to transfer data from the
34 78A (address 7 23) to the 1/0 buffer
8$. FHS is Fast Handshake. COUNT 1 300 means that only 1 300 bytes will be accepted.
These two lines set up two variables, I and
J, to pull out individual measurements from 8$. I is incremented in steps of 1 3 because the 34 7 8A sends 1 3 characters per reading. We are only concerned with the first 11 characters though (CR LF is ignored). Therefore, characters beyond I.
J is specified as 1 0
Line 90 prints an individual substring of
8$ specified by I and J.
Line 1 00 refers back to line 70 and increments I for the next reading.
57
There are 5 bytes, each 8 bit wide, which may be used to determine the current state of the 34 78A. If the multimeter is addressed to talk after reception of the
"B" command it will output the 5 bytes. The meaning of the individual bytes is given in the table of 34 78A programming commands.
The first of the following two programs demonstrates how to get the binary representation of the 5 bytes. The second program shows how the first three bits of the first byte may be used to indicate the measurement function the 34 78A is set to. Similar steps may be used on the remaining bits and the other 4 bytes.
10
I
BINARY STATUS EXAMPLE
20 -hp85 VERSION
30
!
3478A ADDRESS = 723
40 OUTPUT 723 ;"8"
59 ENTER 723 USING "5(18>" ; Bl
.. E2, B3, B4 .. B5
69 DISP "BYTE 1=";8IT<B1.7>;BIT
(81,6);BITCB1.5);BITCB1.4);8
IT<B1.3);BIT<B1.2);81T<B1.1)
;BIT<BL0)
70 DISP "BYTE 2=";BIT<B2,7>;BIT
<B2,6);8IT<B2.5);8ITCB2.4);8
IT<B2.3);BIT<B2,2);BIT<B2,1>
_;BIT<B2.0)
80 DISP "BYTE 3=";BIT<B3.7);BIT
<B3,6);8IT<B3.5);BITCB3.4);8
IT<B3.3);8IT<B3,2);BIT(83.1>
;EIT<B3.0)
90 DISP "BYTE 4=";BITCB4.7);8IT
<B4.6);BITCB4,5);BITCB4,4>;B
ITCB4,3>;BIT<B4.2>;BITCB4,1)
;81T(84.0)
100 DISP "BYTE 5=";BIT<B5.7);8IT
<B5.6);8IT<B5.5);BIT<B5.4);8
IT<B5.3);BIT<B5,2);BIT<B5.1)
; BITCB5. 0)
110 END
Lines
40
50
60-100
Status Bytes Program
Description
The 8 command instructs the 34 7 8A to output its five status bytes.
The five bytes are entered into variables
81 through 85.
Each line displays the individual bits of one byte.
10
I
3478A :;TATE PROGRAM
20
I
-hp-
85
• I ON
30
!
3478A ADDRESS =
723
40 F=0
,.
50 OUTPUT 723 _; "B"
69 ENTER 723 USING "5(18)"
;
81
70 IF BIT<BL7) THEN F=4
80 IF BIT<B1.6> THEN F=F+2
90 IF BIT<B1.5) THEN F=F+1
100 IF F=1 THEN G$="DC VOLTS"
118 IF F=2 THEN G$="AC \JOLTS"
120 IF F=3 THEN G$="2-WIRE OHMS"
130 IF F=4 THEN G$="4-WIRE OHMS"
140 IF F=5
158 IF F=6
168 IF F=7
THEN G$="DC AMPS"
THEN G$="AC AI'1PS"
THEN G$="EXTENDED OHM
S"
170 PRINT
180 PRINT "FUNCTION: ";G$
190 END
Lines
40
50-60
70-90
100-160
170-180
Measurement Function Program
Description
Line 40 sets up variable F.
As in the other program, these two lines call for the status bytes.
The three highest bits of byte 1 are tested and F is valued accordingly.
The value of F is tested and
G$ assigned.
The value of
G $ is printed.
58
Type
Measurement
Function
Command
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
DC Volts function
AC Volts function
2-wire ohms function
4-wire ohms function
DC Current function
AC Current function
Extended ohms function
Explanation
Range
R- 2
R- 1
RO
R 1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
RA
30mV DC range
300mV AC or DC range or the 300mA AC or DC range
3V AC or DC range or 3A AC or DC range
30V AC or DC range or the 30 ohm range
300V DC or AC range or the 300 ohm range
3K ohm range
30K ohm range
300K ohm range
3M ohm range
30M ohm range
I
Selects Autorange
An invalid range for a given function defaults to the most sensitive range if the range specified is too low, or the least sensitive range if the specified range is too high
Display
N3
N4
N5
Selects the 3 1/2 digit display. Fastest reading but little noise rejection .. 1 Power
Line Cycle integration.
Selects the 4 1/2 digit display. 1 PLC integration.
Selects the 5 1/2 digit display. Best resolution and greatest noise rejection. 10
PLC integration.
Trigger
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Internal trigger
External trigger. Any reading in progress is aborted, and the 34 78A waits for an external trigger pulse to occur. Triggering occurs on the negative going edge of the pulse. Readings may also be initiated by an HP-IB GET command.
Single Trigger. This causes a single measurement to commence. Further readings may be initiated by an HP-IB GET command, but not an external trigger pulse.
Trigger Hold. Any reading in progress is aborted and the 3478A remains idle. The
34 78A will still respond to an HP-IB GET command but not to an external trigger.
Fast Trigger. Fast Trigger works the same as T3, except that in AC Volts, AC
Current, or the two highest ohms range the initial settling delay is omitted. If more than one reading is necessary because of auto-ranging or if the DMM must change ranges or functions to perform the measurement, the delay will occur normally.
59
Type
Autozero
3478A Programming Commands (Cont'd)
Command
Explanation
ZO
Z
1
Autozero off
Autozero on
Write To
Display
D1 Return from D2 or D3 to NORMAL DISPLAY.
D2text The "D2" command places the message "text" into the 34 78A display. The message can contain any of the 64 ASCII characters from decimal 32 through
95, inclusive. The message may be as long as necessary to fill up the 12 characters in the display. Note that the period, comma, and semicolon go between characters. This command is terminated by any control character, such as a
<
CR
>.
If more than 12 characters are sent, the extra characters are ignored until a control character is received. If the terminating control character is anything but an HT, LF, VT, FF, or CR, it will result in a syntax error. This command also locks the display until an error occurs, a D 1 command is received, a device clear is received, or a front panel key is pressed.
D3text
Like the D2 command above, this places the message "text" into the display. It also turns off all dedicated annunciators and then stops updating the display. This command takes about 30mS to complete, after which the considerable overhead
of updating the di:spiay is bypassed (rneans a faster ieading iate). This enables the
34 78A to respond to commands more rapidly in certain conditions. If the display is not updated for about ten minutes, it will blank out completely. The display can be restored by pressing the "LOCAL" key, or by executing a D 1, D2, or D3 command.
Preset
Commands
HO
H 1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
Home command. This command places the 34 78A into the DC Volts function,
Auto-Range, Single Trigger state, 4 1/2 digit display, with Auto-Zero on. Any result ready to be output to the bus or display is erased. The external trigger input is disabled. This command is equivalent to "F1 T4R ~ 2RAZ 1 N4".
Measure DC Volts. This command causes one DC Voltage measurement to be made, following which an enter command from the controller will access the result. This command is like the HO command except that a trigger occurs. This command is equivalent to " F 1 R ~ 2RAZ 1 N4 T3" .
Measure AC Volts. Identical to H 1 except for the function.
Measure 2-wire Ohms. Identical to H 1 except for the function.
Measure 4-wire Ohms. Identical to H 1 except for the function.
Measure DC Current. Identical to H 1 except for the function.
Measure AC Current. Identical to H1 except for the function.
Measure Extended Ohms. Identical to H 1 except for the function
60
3478A Programming Commands (Cont'd)
Type
Binary Status
Command
B
Explanation
Binary Status. If the 34 78A is addressed to talk after reception of the "B" command, it will output five bytes which indicate its currently programmed state.
This command also clears the error register (byte 4). The meaning of the five bytes is:
Byte 1: Function, Range, and Number of Digits.
If Octal value of bits
7,6,5
=
1 then DC Volts
=
=
2 then AC Volts
3 then 2-wire Ohms
=
4 then 4-wire Ohms
=
5 then DC Current
=
6 then AC Current
=
7 then Extended Ohms
If Octal value of bits
4,3,2
=
1 then 30mV DC, 300mV AC, 30 ohm, 300mA
AC or DC, Extended Ohms
=
2 then 300mV DC, 3V AC, 300 ohm 3A AC or DC
=
3 then 3V DC, 30V AC, 3K ohm
=
4 then 30V DC, 300V AC, 30K ohm
=
5 then 300V DC, 300K ohm
=
=
6 then 3M ohm
7 then 30M ohm
IF Octal value of bits
1,0 =
=
=
1 then 5 1/2 digit mode
2 then 4 1/2 digit mode
3 then 3 1/2 digit mode
Byte 2: Status Bits
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
= Always zero
=
1 then External trigger enabled
= 1 then Cal RAM enabled
= 1 then Front/Rear switch is in the front position
=
1 then 34 78A is set up for 50Hz operation
= 1 then Auto-Zero is enabled
= 1 then Auto-Range is enabled
=
1 then Internal trigger is enabled
Byte 3: Serial Poll Mask (SRQ)
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
=
1 then PON SRQ switch was on the last time power was turned on or a device clear message was received
= Always zero
= 1 then SRQ if CAL procedure failed
=
1 then SRQ if keyboard SRQ is pressed
= 1 then SRQ if hardware error occurs
= 1 then SRQ if syntax error occurs
= not used
= 1 then SRQ as every reading is availabe to the bus
Type
Binary Status
(Cont'd)
Command
Explanation
Byte 4: Error Information
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit
5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Bit
2
Bit 1
Bit 0
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Always zero
Always zero
1 then There has been a failure in the A/D link
1 then The A/D has failed its internal Self Test
1 then There has been an A/D slope error
1 then The ROM self test has failed
1 then The RAM self test has failed
1 then This bit is set by the self test routine if any of the CAL RAM locations have bad checksums, or if a range with a bad checksum is selected.
K
E
Mxx
Byte 5: DAC Value
This byte will contain a value between 0 and 63 (decimal). This represents the setting of the internal Digital to Analog Converter (DAC), and is primarily for diagnostic purposes.
Clear the Serial Poll Register. This command clears bits 1-5 and 7 in the Serial
Poll Register. Bit 0 always represents the current status and is unaffected by this command. Bit 6 is either set ( 1) or cleared (0) depending upon the binary AND of bit 0 in the status register and the SRQ mask. Bit 6 is reset by a Serial Poll.
Error Register. This command enables the controller to read the 34 78A Error
Register. See Byte 4 in the "B" command above for an explanation of this register. Unlike the "B" command, the "E" command outputs the Error Register as two octal digits, followed by a CR, LF. The "E" command also clears the Error
Register.
Set the SRQ Mask to octal value xx. The parameter xx must be two digits exactly. Bits 0 through 5 of the binary representation of xx are used to set the appropriate mask bits.
S Return the Front/Rear switch position. If the 34 78A is addressed to talk after receiving the "S" command, it will output either a " 1" or a "0"
<
CR
>
<
LF
> depending on whether the front/rear switch was in the front or rear position, respectively. The position of the switch is read only when a reading is taken, and thus returns the position of the switch at time of the last reading.
Calibrate c
Calibrate. See the 34 78A Service Manual.
62
Your 34 78A Digital Multimeter was thoughtfully engineered for ease of use, accuracy, and perhaps most important, reliability. The instrument was carefully inspected before shipping and should be free of mechanical and electrical flaws and should be in proper electrical working condition.
The information in this chapter covers the initial setup and installation of the
3478A and should be read before the 3478A is installed for use. This chapter also includes the specification table, warranty information, instructions about what to do if you suspect the multimeter is malfunctioning, obtaining repair service, cleaning, etc.
Table 4-1 lists the available accessories for your 34 78A. These accessories are offered to help you maximize the usability and convenience of your 34 78A.
Accessory Number
Table 4·1. Accessories
Description
10023A
10631A
106318
10631C
10631D
11000A
11002A
11 003A
110968
34111A
34118A
Temperature Probe
HP-18 Cable, 1 Meter (39.37 inches)
HP-18 Cable, 2 Meters (78.74 inches)
HP-18 Cable, 4 Meters ( 1 57.48 inches)
HP-18 Cable, 0. 5 Meters ( 19.69 inches)
Test Leads, Dual banana both ends
Test Leads, Dual banana to dual alligator
Test Leads, Dual banana to probe and alligator
RF Probe
High Voltage Probe
Test Leads, banana to probes with safety guard rings
Front Handle Kit
Option 907
(5061-1088)
Option 908
(5061-0072)
Option 910
Rack Mounting Kit
Additional Operators Manual and Service
Manual, -hpPart Number 034 78-90000,
03478-90001
63
Your 34 78A was carefully inspected before it left the factory. It should be free of mars or scratches and in proper working order upon receipt. You should, however, inspect the instrument for any damage that may have occurred in transit. If the shipping container or cushioning material is damaged, it should be kept until the contents of the shipment have been checked for completeness and the instrument has been mechanically and electrically inspected. Procedures for checking the electrical performance of the 34 78A are given in the 34 78A SERVICE MANUAL (-hppart number 034 78-90001 ). If there is any mechanical damage or the contents are incomplete, or the instrument does not pass its performance tests, notify the nearest Hewlett-Packard office (a list of the -hp- Sales and Service Offices is located in the back of this manual). If the shipping container is damaged, or the cushioning material shows signs of stress, notify the carrier as well as the
Hewlett-Packard office. Save the shipping materials for the carrier.
The 34 78A Digital Multi meter requires a power source of 100, 120, 220, or 240
Vac (- 10%,
5%), 48 Hz to 440 Hz single phase. Maximum power consumption is 25 VA.
Refer to the rear panel of the 34 78A for the line voltage option label. Make certain that the option marked on the label is the same as the nominal line voltage for your area. Also check the left most switch (50/60Hz switch) for the proper setting, i.e., up for 50Hz and down for 60Hz. Table 4-2 lists the available power options.
Option No.
315
316
325
326
335
336
345
346
Table 4-2. Line Voltage Options line Voltage Frequency Power line Fuse
100
100
120
120
220
220
240
240
50
60
50
60
50
60
50
60
250 rnA
(·hp- part number
2110-0004)
250 rnA
250 rnA
250 rnA
125 rnA
(-hp- part number
211 0-0318).
125 rnA
125 rnA
.
125 rnA slo-blo fuse
64
CAUTION
Before connecting the multimeter to an ac power source, verify that the ac power source matches the power requirements of the multimeter as marked on the option label on the rear panel of the instrument. Only qualified service trained personnel are allowed to reconfigure the 3478A for the different line voltage options.
Figure 4-1 illustrates the different power cord configurations that are available to provide ac power to the 34 78A. The -hp-part number shown directly below the individual power plug drawing is the part number for the power cord set equipped with the appropriate mating plug for that receptacle. If the appropriate power cord is not included with the instrument, notify the nearest -hp- Sales and Service office.
250 v
OPERATION
250 v
OPERATION
250 v
OPERATION
250 v
OPERATION
PLUG": CEE7-V11
CABLE": HP 8120-1692
125 V · 6A" •
PLUG • NEMA 1-1 5P
CABLE": HP 8120·06B4
STD-B-4195 (Rev.)
PLUG": CEE22-Vi
CABLE": HP 8120-1860
250 v
OPERATION
250 v
OPERATION
PLUG •: DHCR 107
CABLE": HP 8120·2956
250 V · 6A" •
PLUG": SEV 1011.1959-24507
TYPE 12
CABLE": HP 8120·2104
125V-6A""
~~
~~~
PLUG": NZSS 198/AS C112
CABLE": HP 8120·0696
PLUG": BS 1363A
CABLE": HP 8120-1703
PLUG •: NEMA G-1 5P
CABLE": HP 8120-0698
• The number shown for the plug is the industry identifier for the plug only.
The nu!flber shown for the cable is an HP part number for a complete cable including the plug.
• • Ullisted for use in the United States of America
Figure 4·1. Power Cables
PLUG •: NEMA 5·15P
CABLE": HP 8120-1521
To minimize shock hazard, the instrument chassis and cabinet must be connected to an electrical ground. The instrument is equipped with a three-conductor ac power cable. The power cable must either be plugged into an approved threecontact electrical outlet or used with a three-contact to two-contact adapter with the grounding wire (green) firmly connected to an electrical ground (safety ground) at the power outlet. The power jack and mating plug of the supplied power cable meet International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) safety standards.
65
General safety precautions must be adhered to during all phases of operation of the 34 78A. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual, violates safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the instrument. Hewlett-Packard company assumes no liability for the customer's failure to comply with these requirements. This is a Safety Class 1 instrument.
Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers. Component replacement must be made by qualified maintenance personnel. Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes. Operation of any electrical instrument in such an environment constitutes a definite safety hazard.
Warnings or cautions precede any potentially dangerous procedures throughout this manual. Instructions contained in the warnings and cautions must be followed. Safety Symbols used on the instrument or in the manual include the following:
The WARNING sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure, practice, condition, or the like, which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or death to personnel.
The CAUTION sign denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, condition, or the like, which, if not correctly performed or adhered to could result in damage or destruction to all or part of the product.
The NOTE sign denotes important information. It calls attention to a procedure, practice, condition, or the like, which is essential to highlight.
Instruction Manual Symbol: the product will be marked with this symbol when it is necessary for the user to to refer to the instruction manual in order to protect against damage to the instrument.
Indicates dangerous voltage (terminals fed from the interior by voltage exceeding 1 000 volts must be so marked).
Alternating current.
Direct current.
66
When the 34 78A is calibrated, careful note should be taken of the ambient temperature. In order to meet and maintain the specifications listed in Table 4-3, the 34 78A should be operated within ± 5° C ( ± 9 ° F) of the calibration temperature, also called the reference temperature. As it comes from the factory, the 3478A should be operated within an ambient temperature range of 23°C
± 5 °C (73 ° F ± 9 ° F). The instrument may be operated within an ambient temperature range of 0°C to 55°C (+32°F to 131°F) but with reduced accuracy.
To prevent potential electrical or fire hazard, do not expose the multimeter to rain or moisture.
The specifications for the 34 78A are the performance characteristics of the instrument which are certified. These specifications are listed in Table 4-3, and are the performance standards or limits against which the multimeter is tested. Included in the table are some supplemental characteristics of the 34 78A and should be considered as additional and general information for you, the user. Because of the many operational capabilities of the 34 78A, exercise care when checking the instruments specifications.
Any changes in the specifications due to manufacturing changes, design, or traceability to the National Bureau of Standards will be covered in a manual change supplement.
The -hp- 3478A is compatible with the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB). HP-
IB is Hewlett-Packard's implementation of IEEE Std. 488-1978, "Standard Digital
Interface for Programmable Instrumentation." Refer to Appendix A for specific information regarding HP-IB.
67
The 34 78A's HP-IB connection is made by an HP-IB Interface cable to the 24 pin
HP-IB connector located on the rear panel. A typical interconnection of HP-IB is shown in Figure 4-2 in which system interconnection is made by three interface cables. The ends of the cables have both a male and a female connector to enable connections to other instruments and cables. As many as 1 5 instruments can be connected by the same interface bus. However, the maximum length of cable that can effectively be used to connect a group of instruments should not exceed 2 meters (6. 5 feet) times the number of instruments to be connected, or 20 meters
(65.6 feet) total, whichever is less.
Figure 4·2. Typical HP·IB System Interconnection
The HP-IB address of the 34 7 SA is determined by the setting of the five rightmost switches on the rear panel. These switches are read at power-on, whenever the ADRS key is pressed, or whenever an HP-IB CLEAR message is received over the bus. Turning on (up) all five switches selects the 34 78A Talk-Only mode. The
34 78A normally leaves the factory with the address switches set to decimal code
"23". The corresponding ASCII code is a listen address code of "7" and a talk code of "W". Refer to Figure 4-3 for the factory address switch setting.
The Amps terminal fuse is located physically inside the Amps (A) terminal on the multimeter front panel. To replace the fuse, first remove the cable from the Amps terminal and then turn the power off to the multimeter. Use the side slots on the
"A" terminal to rotate the terminal counterclockwise. The terminal and fuse will
68
protrude from the front panel. Remove the terminal and fuse, replace the fuse with a 3A/250V rated fuse, -hp- part number 2110-0003. Return the terminal and fuse to the front panel.
The power line fuse is located on the rear panel of the 34 7 SA in the lower right corner. To replace the fuse, turn the multimeter's power switch off and remove the power cord from the rear of the instrument. With a small flatblade screwdriver rotate the fuse terminal counterclockwise. Replace the fuse with the appropriate fuse as shown in Table 4-2. Reinstall the fuse and terminal and apply power.
3478A DVM
NOT USED
INSTRUMENT
ADDRESS
0
Shown at Factory
Default Address
(23). This number is called the
Primary Address.
1 =50Hz
0=60Hz
POWER-ON
SRQ
16 4
Select Codes can be any integer 1 thru 12. Primary
Addresses can be any integer 0 thru
30. 31 is not a valid HP-18 address.
ASCII Code
Listen
#
$
%
&
Character
Talk
-
~t
-
~
1
Address Switches
A4 A5 A6 A7 A8
~
r-r r -
5-bit
Decimal Code c
I o o o
1 1
D
E
I
0 0 1 0 0 o o
1 o
1
F [ 0 0 1 1 0
03
04
05
06
0 1 1 1 07 G
I
0
H
I
0
I
1
0 j
I
Q
1
1
1
0
0
Q
0
0
1
0
1
0
08
09
10
+
K
L
M
N
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
I
0
1
2
<
>
Talk Only
X 1 1 0 0 0 y 1 1 0 0 1 z
1 1 0 1 0
[ 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1 p 1 0 0 0 0
Q i
1 0 0 0 1
R 1 0 0 1 0 s
1 0 0 1 1
T u
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1 v
1 0 1 1 0
W 1 0 1 1 1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2 3 - Factory Default
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
69
If at any time you suspect that the 34 78A is malfunctioning, perform the self test as follows: press:
D
TEST/
RESET
~
~
This initiates the functional self test of the 34 78A. The self test starts by turning on every segment in the display (except the top dot on the colon) for about 2 seconds. Following this the self test actually begins with any discrepancies noted in the display. If there are no self test failures, the HP-18 address is displayed and the 34 78A returns to its power-on state. The following is a list of possible self test failures:
U.C. RAM FAIL This indicates the internal microcomputer (U.C.)
RAM (not CAL RAM) has failed its self test.
U.C. ROM FAIL The 34 78A has failed its internal ROM self test.
UNCALI8RATEO The RAM that contains the calibration constants has an incorrect checksum, the calibration of the
34 7 8A is suspect
A:O TEST FAIL
A:O LINK FAIL
The A/0 converter has failed its self test.
The microprocessor cannot communicate with the
A/0 converter.
If the Voltmeter self test fails, or the display is blank, or it will not respond to the front panel keys (34 78A not in REMOTE mode), turn the multimeter off and perform the following steps.
1. Remove the HP-18 connector, External Trigger, Voltmeter Complete and power cables.
2. Check the Line Voltage option marking on the rear panel of the 34 78A to ensure that it is set to the correct nominal line voltage in your area (i.e., 11 0,
120, 220, or 240 Vac).
3.
Ensure that the correct power line fuse is installed and that it is intact.
4. Check the AC power cord and plug it into the AC receptacle on the 34 78A.
70
5. Turn the 34 78A on. Watch the display. At turn-on the multi meter will display SELF TEST, then the HP-IB address, and then start taking readings in the de volts mode. If any part of the self test should fail an error message will be shown in the display instead of the HP-IB address.
6. If the display does not return or if the self test fails again, the 34 7 SA requires service. Notify your local -hp- Sales and Service Office for specific information on where to send the instrument for repair.
At the end of this chapter is a program that you can use to verify the operational readiness of the 34 78A. Although the program was written for the -hp- 85 computer, the attendant flowcharts may be used to convert the program to run on other computers. The program was not designed to troubleshoot the 34 78A but the information gathered by running the program can be a great help in troubleshooting.
Before running the program make certain that the 34 78A is the only instrument on the Bus. Remove the test leads and external trigger and VM complete cables. Follow the instructions given on the CRT.
Response: Press the "CONT" key
Response: If the address of the
3478A is 723, then just press the END LINE key. If the address is different, enter the new address ( 3 digits), and press END
LINE.
71
Response: Press the 34 78A SRQ key. The calculator will continue to beep every 1 0 seconds until the key is pressed.
Response: You will be asked to watch the 34 78A display as it completes the verification. The final
-hp-85 display indicates that all tests passed.
TESTING FOR PROGRAM CODES
PASSES ILLEGAL CODE TEST
WATCH 3478A DISPLAV
PASSES RANGE, FUijCTION,
AUTOZERO TEST
PASSES DISPLAV TEST
PASSES TRIGGER TEST
PASSES PRESET COMMANDS TEST
READINGS TEST PASSES
*
***
VERIFICATION COMPLETE
***
EHD OF VERIFICATION PROGRAM
*
Test 1. SELF TEST.
This test verifies that the 34 78A responds to the HP-18 CLEAR command and performs its internal self test.
Test 2. PROGRAM CODES.
The test starts by verifying that the 34 78A can send an SRQ and that the computer will respond to it. Next, an illegal code is sent to the 34 78A to be certain that it rejects it. Then, all possible combinations of autozero, function and range codes are sent to the 34 78A. In addition, all display modes, trigger modes and the preset commands are tested. Finally, two readings are taken. One from the the
300V de range that is checked to be sure there are no offsets. The second reading checks for an overload condition from the 2-wire ohms mode.
72
Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that this product met its published specifications at the time of shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration measurements are traceable to the United States National
Bureau of Standards, to the extent allowed by the Bureau's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
This Hewlett-Packard product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Hewlett-Packard Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.
For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by -hp-. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to -hp- and -hp- shall pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to -hp- from another country.
Hewlett-Packard warrants that its software and firmware designated by -hp- for use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or firmware will be uninterrupted or error free.
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product,or improper site preparation or maintenance.
NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HEWLETT-PACKARD
SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
73
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE
REMEDIES. HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, IN-
DIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER
BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.
Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for Hewlett-Packard products.
For any assistance, contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office. Addresses are provided in the back of this manual.
Most ·hp· service offices in the United States are NOT authorized to service and repair 3478A
DMM's. Contact your local ·hp· sales office for specific information on where to send the instru· ment for repair. This will substantially reduce turn-around time. You may have your
34 7 8A repaired by Hewlett-Packard anytime it needs service, whether it is under warranty or not. There is a charge for repairs after the one year warranty period.
A list of sales offices is conveniently provided in the back of this manual. Outside of the United States, repair service may be obtained at your local -hp- service center.
Each 34 78A multimeter carries its own serial number on a plate on the rear panel.
It is recommended that owners keep a separate record of this number. Should your unit be lost or stolen, the complete serial number is often necessary for tracing and recovery, as well as any insurance claims.
Should you ever need to ship your 34 78A, be sure it is packaged in a protective package (use the original shipping container and cushioning material) to avoid intransit damage. Such damage is not covered by the warranty. Hewlett-Packard suggests that you always insure shipments. Attach a tag to the instrument identifying the owner and indicating the service or repair needed. Include the model number and full serial number of the instrument. In any correspondence, identify the instrument by model number and full serial number.
74
Disconnect the 34 78A from its ac power source before cleaning. The multimeter can be cleaned with a soft cloth dampened either in clean water or in water containing a mild detergent. Do not use an excessively wet cloth, or allow water inside the instrument. Do not use any abrasive cleaners, especially on the display.
Do not press too hard on the display. The panel area surrounding the input terminals should not be touched because oils on the surface caused by finger prints may cause leakage paths and decrease the input impedance. To maintain the high input impedance of the multimeter, the input terminal area should be cleaned periodically with a cotton swab dipped in isopropyl alcohol.
75
·.i..··.i.··..;..•
-~· !
~0
50
CRT !S 1
~
PRINTER IS 2
GOSUB 120
I
INSTRUCTIONS
60
GOSUB
410 l
SELF TEST
70 GOSUB 720 i
PROGRAM CODES
:::
·~1
I
~::
P
(f'
D I
~:;p
:t i,)
E
F.:
I F
A T
0 t·4 c
C!t·1F' L E T E
J: l l
II
90
I
1 0 ~:::1 D I ~::; P " :t: E t·~
[I
0 F '·.' E F.: I F I C A
T
I 0 t·~
110
PF.:OGF:At·1 t"
EHL!
120 DI::;p
II
34?:::A '·.'ERIFICATIC!t·i
P R 0 G P A t·1" 1~
[!
I S F'
130 DE:P "
UMENTS
1.
F:Et'10' . ..'E ALL H4~::TF.'
E::<CEF'T
34
?::::A.
II
FROM
THE BUS
140
[I
I ~::F
II
3478A
THI~:;
TE::::T
11
2.
[10 t·lOT PRE~::::; At·i\'
KEYS
DURING
UtH I L It-~::;
TRUCTED
T
0 DO
SO. ''
1 6 c1
D I ::: P
II
CABLES
:::A.
II
3 . F.: E r·1 o '·..' E A L L I t·W u T
FF.:OM
THE 347
170
DI:::p
1
:::o
[!I ~:;p
II
TEST
F'POGPES~:; I::; ~:;HO~·J t·i Otl THE
II
19(1
[I
I ~:;F
II
[!I ·:;PLA'"( ·' ERPOF.:::; AF.:E t·~
OTED Ot·i
II
200
D I ~:w
II
THE PR I HTEP. PREss
[C:
0 t·4 T ] f<
E \'
II
210
DI~:;p
II
TO
E:EGit·l.
11
2 2 0 F' A
IJ'::
E
230 CLEAR
2 4
D
~=; P
II
L·J H A T I ::; A D D P E ::; ::;
T
H E
34 7::::8•;·"
:2 5 0
[I
I ·:; p
II
) II
I~
(
F A c
T 0 p y
A
[I [I
R E
~=;
[I
I ::;; p
I~
[I
I ::; p
II t::
~j[!
L I t·~
E] f::: E .....
II p
=
R E
~=;
7 2 3
260 [11=723
270
ON ERROR
GOTO
360
2 :::
(1
I t·l F' U T ::; 1 :t
2
9
0 I F ::; 1
$
300 D=D1
< >
II II
T H E
DI'._.I 100 t·~
[11
= '.}
A L ( ::; 1
$
::0
310 ABORTIO
0
320
IF
FP~Dl)<>O THEN
360
::no
IF 0<3 OF: D>lO THEt·~
.. ; ....
,,.1
340
IF
D1
~i
0
MOO
100>30 OP 01
MOD
THE t·l 3 6 0
350 GOT::1 400
360
OFF EF:F.:OR
370
CLEFW
3 ::::
~:::1
[I
I :::; p
II l l I t·H.
1 A L I
[I
I t·W
!_I
T l
:t:
II
390
I!'
[I
I ::; F'
~~
E: E E F'
::·4(1
4
~:::1
0 F: E T U F.: t·J
76
Lines 10-40
Program Title and Simple
Overhead.
Line 50
Go To Subroutine For Instructions. 3478A HP-IB
Address In Variable D1.
Line 60
Go To Subroutine For Self
Test.
Line 70
Go To Subroutine For Program Codes.
Lines 80, 90, 1 00
Display Verification Passed Message.
Display Error Message
And Abort Verification.
Display Failure Message
And Abort Verification.
347B-4F
4 1 0
I
[l'.}t·1
~:;
E L F T E
~::;r
420 CLEAP
,1
3 0
[i
I
~=;
F
II ·:;
E [_ F T E
~=; T
II
~40 SET TIMEOUT 0;10000
450 ON TIMEOUT D GOTO 630
I
NO A t·~ ~:; ~·J E P F F: 0 r·l
[I '·..' t·1
460 CLEAP
Dl
470
~·JAIT
2000
4 ::: 0 0 u
T
F'l_l
T
[I
1 ;
II
E
II
4 9 0 E rH E F: [11
500 OFF TIMEOUT
A
D
510 IF A=O THEN GOTO b~~
5 2 0 I F E: I T ( A .• f1 )
=
1 T H E t·~
[I
I ~=; F'
II
CAL F'At·1 FA I LURE
II
530 IF E:ITO::A .. 1 )=1 THEt·J DI~:;p
II
RAM FAILURE <NOT CAL RAM"
540 IF 8If(A .. 2)=1
THEt·~ [II::;F
II
F:or·1 FA I LUPE"
550 IF 8ITO::A .. 3)=1 THEt·~ DI~:;p
II
A . ~:;LOPE ERF.:OP"
560 IF BIT<A .. 4>=1 THEt·l oi~:;p"
A.···D ~:;ELF TE·:;T FAILUF:E"
570 IF 8IT<A .. 5)=1 THEH DI~:;p
II
LHH< FAILUPE
11
5 ::: 0 D I ~:; F'
590
[I
I ·:;p
II
~:;ELF TE~:::r FA I LED. ~:;EE
THE
II
600
[i
I ~::;p
II
34 ?:::A ~:;ER'.} ICE t·1AHUAL
II
Dr~:;p t:~ Dr~:;p
II
:t.:t: '·..'EF:IFICATIO
620 t·l
ABOF:TED l l "
D I
~:;p (~ ~:;TOP
630 CLEAP ~~BEEP~~ FRitH "THE DE
VICE AT ADDRESS "&VAL$([11)
640 PRitH "(IF At·f/) FAIL~:; TO f<:E~3 p 0 t·~
[I .
II
~~
[!
I
~=; p
65C1 PF: I NT
ED l l
11
" l l
~~
•._.IER IF
D I ~:;F·
I CAT I 0~~ ABORT
66(1 PR I tH 11 CHECK
F
OF: PROPER HP- I
E: A
[! [!
F: E ·:;
~=;
II
67~:::1 F'R ItH
II
AHD RUt·1 THE PROGI?At·1 A
1
::;A I t·J
II
6 ::: 0 ~:; T C! P
690 ' SELF TEST PASSES
700 D I
~:;p " l l ~:;ELF TE~:;T FA~:;~:;E~:; l l
II
710 RETUF.'t·J
Lines 41 0-450
Initialization. Set Interface
To Timeout If 34 7 SA
Does Not Respond In 1 0
Seconds.
Lines 630-6SO
Timeout Occurred. Instrument At Address D1 Failed To Respond.
Line 460
"Clear D1" Causes The
347SA To Do A Power-
On Reset.
Line 470
Wait 2 Seconds For
34 7 SA To Complete
Power-On Reset.
Lines 4SO, 490
Check 34 7SA Error
Register.
Lines 520-570
Check Bits In Error
Register And Display Appropriate Message.
Lines 590-620
SELF TEST Failed.
Verification Aborted.
Lines 690-71 0
SELF TEST Passes.
Display Message And
Return To Main Program.
3478-4F
77
72(1 I :::UE:F'OIJT I tlE FCIF: PF:C::;J;:At·l COD
E·:.
7.7:0 [:I·::F· "TE·::TitlG Ff;'OtH F'At·lEL
OH
·:::F·
7 4
(i
T
F'
T
~'J 1 ;
II
~:::
r·12 o u
750 ON TIMEP# 2,60000 GOTn
760
~~H-J
I rHP D
QnR
::;oro
::::20 - --
770 ENABLE !NTP [1;8
780 DISP @ OISP @ DISP "PPESS 34
?::::A FRUtH F'AtlEL ·:::F:C• f.E'/"
1,? t::
EEP
?90
l·!A IT
:~0(10
::::1:10 l·JA IT 5000
810 E:EEP
::::20 OFF
T
@
GOTU
7~0
I t·lEP#
2
830 STATUS 2.1 '
:::: 4 0 0
1_1
T
A r:·
!_!
T
~· 1 ' " E: "
: : : :1
0 E
f·l
i E F' [11
1_1 ·::
It·~
G
II
~·' 1
f:: '
!I
E: 2.
E:3
:::: 6
>C'
I F t:: I T • E: 3 . 4 . • T HE t l ;::
::<
0
:=:7(1 PF:ItH "FF:OriT PAtlEL :::.PI~' tHH
8
U tlO~·JLE.DGED"
-
::_: ::: 0 D ! ::_: F'
~~
[I
I ·::
P .. l l
;,r
E F'
I F I C A T I
~=~
r
ABORTED"
1_?
::::TOP
590 DISP
"tt
FF:ONT PANEL
·::ED lt:" :!! GCITO 340
SPQ
PA~
900 I SRQ KEY NOT PPESSEO
910 F'PltH "·::PI) fE'/ tlOT F'PE::::~:ED"
I!' PF: rtn
3<'::0 PF'ltlT
TED
"tti ' ..
'EF:IFICATIOt·l ABOF' n:*"
9?0 ·:::TOP
9 4 0
[1
I :::: p I!'
[1
I ·::: F' I!'
[I
I ::: p " T E :::: T It G
FOR PF·O ::; F' Ar·l CODE·:: "
950 OUTF'UT [11 '"Kt·104"
960 ON INTF:
0
GOTO 10?0
970 ENABLE INTF: 0;8
:?:::o ouTPUT D 1 .;
II
C
1
?
tl
1
I
LLEi:;HL
~-:~-~
~~u
DE
WAIT 1000
1
WAIT FOP SRD
1000 PF'INT "SENT ILLEGAL CODE AN
D ?4 7::::A"
1010 PF:ItH "ACCEPTED I T "
1 (121c1 D I ::::p " l l ' .
ED t l "
1
!' ·:::TOF'
I CAT I ON AE:OPT
1030 ·:::TATIY: [I. 1 ' A
1040 F·=·:;p·;=ILL • Dl •
1050 DISF' "
ODE TE:::.T"
PASSES ILLEGAl. r
1 0,; 0 D I ·:: F' I!! C:l I ::: P " ~·J A T C H ? 4 7 ::::A
[I
I
:::: F' L .A r' ''
~~
L·J
A I T 1 0 0 ('
1070 ON INTF:
[I
GOSUB 1510
10:::0 EtlAE:LE ItHF' [I_;:::
1090 E=1
1100 FOF: Z=0 TO
1110 FOF F=1 TO
E·::
1120 FOF: R=-3
1130 OUTPUT D1
TO
1 I AUTOZEF:O
7
I FUtlCTIOtl COD
7
I RANGE ~n[IFS
;"Z".Z."F"'F~~p~;
~:
1 1 4•C1 tl E :: T F:
1 1 5
(1 tl E :: T F
1160 tJE::T
1170
DI~:;P
Z
II
tlCT I :·Jtj.
F·A·:;·::.E·::: F'AtlGE. FU
AUTCIZEFJI TE
1180 FOP N=3 TO _
11:?0 E:=2
12l10 OUTPUT [11 '"F1PAtl'' 't1
1210 NE>:T tl
1220 E=3
1230 OUTPUT [11 ;"[11"
1240 OUTPUT 01 D2DISPLAY TES
T"
1 2 50
~·~
A I T r:,
0 0
120::(1 OUTF'UT 01 '"[!3[II':::PU'l'/ TE::::T"
1290
L·~H
I: :,00
[' l ::::p ,,
E::·T
;!
F~=~~·
T=
1 ru s
1300
1310
1320
133(1
E=4
OUTPIJT tn:::::T T
DISP "
D
1 _, "F 1 F:AD1 t·J'::, T "; T
PASSES TF:IGGER T
E::;T
11
1340 FOR H=7 TO
1
35~:1
E=S
0
STEP -1 i 3
6
0 •) U T F' U T D1 ' " H " . H
1370 tJE>:T H
13:::0 [!I ::::P " PA:::::::E:::: PRE:::ET CO t·H·l A t·W :::: T E ::: T "
1 ?90 OUTPUT D1 '" F 1
F:At~5T
1"
1400 ENTER [11 ; Z
1410 IF
Z;-
002 AND z;
002 THEN
144~:1
142•C1 F'P I ~H "ZEPO EF:POF.: Ot·l THE 30
1430 F'PINT "VERIFICATION NOT ABO
F:TED"
1440 OUTPUT [11 ;"F?F.:A"
1450 EtHER [11 ' 0
1460 IF 0{>9999990000 THEN F'F.:INT
"OHt·l tH "'.!EPIFICATIOtl t·lCIT ABOF.:TE
[Ill
1 4
7
0 0 U T F' U T D1 . " F 1 F.: Wl 5 T 1 "
1 4:::0
[I
I:::. f'' "
F.: E A [I I tl G ·:; T E ::: T F' A
·::::::E·:::"
1490 F'ETUF'ti
1500 I EO:::ROF-' ·:;UE:PO!JT I t·lE
1510 :=::TATU:::
[I.
1 _, A
1520 F·=·:::F'OLL ..- D1;
15?0 IF BITlP
2)
THEN PPINT "PRO
1540
GF:AM CODES TEST FAILED,"
F'F: I tH "::;:\'tHA:: EF:F.:OR " ·~ F'P I tH
1550 IF E=1 THEN PRINT "FUNCTION
CODE= F" 'F' "RAt·lGE CODE= P"
; F'; np.uTc!ZEF:I=I= z~~
.:
1560 IF E=2 THEtl F'P I tH
D I G I T ·:::
= t·l " . tj1
1 5 (' 0 IF
"D I::: F'LAY
E =? THE t~
F'
PItH "Dl ::. F' LA\'
COMMANDS FAILURE."
1580 IF E=4 THEN PRINT "TRIGGER c:
I=! t1 t·1 A t'l [I
=
T " ' T
1590 IF E=5 THEt·l PRitlT "F'PE:::ET C
0[1 = H";H
1 t~Lhc1
[I
I P
1_?
[I I ·:::p ti
"n:
'.!EP IF I CAT I 0
E:UF·TE[I .ll"
1610 ·::T F'
78
L1nes 900-930
SAO Key Not Pressed.
Something Else Caused
SAO. Verif1cat1on
Aborted.
Lines 990-1020
3478A Accepted Illegal
Syntax. Verification
Aborted
Lines 1060-1 380
Test Program Codes For:
Autozero, Range, Functions, Display, Tngger, and Home Commands.
FAIL
- - - - - - - - - -
Lines 1 070- 1 600
34 7 SA Generated Syntax
Error For Valid Syntax
Verification Aborted.
F/\ll
F/\ll
F/\ll
F/\ll
F/\lL lines 14 70-1490
Ver1f1cat10n
Complete
Return To Main Program. l478-4F
79
Table 4·3. Specifications
Input Characteristics:
Range
I
Maximum
Reeding
15Y, Digit)
30mV ±30.3099mV
300mV ±303.099mV
3 v
30 v
300 v
±3.03099 v
±30.3099 v
±303.099 v
I
5Y, Digit
Resolution
4Y, Digit
100nV
1,.V
10,.v
1oo,.v
1mV
Input Resistance:
30mV, 300mV,3V ranges:
>
10 1
Do
30V, 300V ranges: 1 OMO ± 1%
1,.V
10,.v
10o,.v
1mV
10mV
3Y, Digit
DC VOLTAGE
Auto-Zero Off:
15% digit) for a stable environment I± 1 ° C), for
<
24 hrs., add
11 0 counts to accuracy specification for 30mV range, 11 counts for 300mV and 30V ranges, 3 counts for 3V and 300V range.
1o,.v
1oo,.v
1mV
10mV
100mV
Temperature Coefficient:
0°C to (Cal. Temp. - 5°C),(Cal. Temp. +5° C) to 55°C
5% digit display, auto-zero ON
± 1% of reading + number of counts)/°C
Range Temperature Coefficient
Maximum Input Voltage: (non-destructive)
Hi to Lo: 303V rms or 450V peak
Hi or Lo to Earth Ground: ± 500V peak
Meesurament Accuracy:
± 1% of reading + number of counts)
Auto-zero ON
5Y, Digit Mode:
_ 1
Cal. Temp± 1"C
Cal. Temp. ±5"C
90
Day
1
1 Year
30mV
300mV
3 v
30 v
300 v
0.030 + 41
0.007 +
0.006 +
0.007 +
0.008 +
5
2
3
2
0.040 + 41
0.044 + 41
0.020 + 5
0.019 + 5
0.019 + 2
0.019 + 2
0.020 +
3
0.019 + 3
0.020 +
2 0.019 + 2
4Y, and 3Y, Digit Mode:
Accuracy is the same as 5% digit mode for % of reading; use
1 count for number of counts on all ranges except 30mV range use 4 counts.
The Cal. Temp. (Calibration Temperature) is the temperature of the environment where the 34 78A was calibrated. Calibration should be performed with the temperature of the environment between 20°C and 30°C.
30mV
300mV
3 v
30 v
300 v
0.0028 + 5
0.0005 + 0.5
0.0004 + 0.05
0.0006 + 0.5
0.0004 + 0.05
Noise Rejection:
In dB, with 1 kO imbalance in Lo lead. AC rejection for 50,
60Hz ± 0.1 %. Auto-zero ON. t
AC
ECMR Display
AC
DC
CMR
5% digits 140
4% digits
I
3% digitS
I
59 120
0
I
60
1
140
140
140
Maximum Reading Rates: (readings/sec)
First reading is correct within . 1 count of final value, when on correct range, triggered coincident with step input.
The reading rates are dependent on the speed of the controller being used.
Line Auto Resolution
_F!_e_q_u_e_nc_e _
_;_"_Z_er_o-+_3~-~~~~~~~!!
60Hz
Off
On
71
53 i
33
20
50Hz
Off
On
67
50
30
17
5Y, Digits
4.4
2.3
3.7
1.9
Input Characteristics:
__ Range_j
Maximum
Reeding
(5Y, Digit) 5Y, Digit
Resolution
~Digit
AC VOLTAGEitrue rms responding)
3Y, Digit
Measurement Accuracy:
± 1% of reading + number of counts)
Auto-zero ON. 5% digit display. Accuracy is specified for sinewave inputs only,
>
10% of full scale.
1 Year, Cal. Temp. ± 5°C
300mV
3 v
30 v
300 v
303.099mV
I
I
I
I
3.03099 v l
30.3099 v
I 303.099 v
Input Impedance:
1 MO ± 1% shunted by
<
60pF
1,.v
10,.v
1oo,.v
1mV l i 10,.v
I
1oo,.v
I
1mV
I
I
10mV
Maximum Input Voltage: (non-destructive)
Hi to Lo: 303Vrms or 450V peak
Hi or Lo to Earth Ground: ± 500V peak
10o,.v
1mV
10mV
100mV
Frequency
20Hz-50Hz
50Hz-100Hz
1OOHz- 20kHz
20kHz- 50kHz
50kHz- 1OOkHz
1OOkHz- 300kHz l
I
L 14 + 102
0.46 + 103
0.26 + 102
0.41 + 180
1 "05 + 825
10.1 + 3720
(30V range only)
1.18 + 102
0.5 + 102
0.33 + 102
0.55+180
1"26 + 825
80
AC VOLTAGE (true rms responding) (Cont'd)
Auto-Zero Off:
15Y, digits) for a stable environment I± 1 °C), for < 24 hrs., add 10 counts to accuracy specifications for all ranges.
Common Mode Rejection:
With 1 kO imbalance in Lo lead, > 70dB, de to 60Hz.
Temperature Coefficient:
0°C to (Cal. Temp. -5°C),(Cal. Temp. +5° C) to 55°C,
5
Y,
digit display, auto-zero ON.
For frequencies <20kHz, ±10.016% of reading+ 10 counts)/°C
For frequencies >20kHz, ±(0.04% of reading+ 10 counts)/°C
Maximum Reading Rates: (readings/sec)
First reading is correct within 70 counts of final value, when on correct range, triggered coincident with step input. Add 0.6 seconds for each range change.
Reading rates are the same as de volts using fast trigger IT5). Using Normal Trigger (T1, T2, T3):
Crest Factor:
> 4:1 at full scale.
For 50 or 60Hz operation, auto-zero ON or OFF.
3
Y,
or 4
Y,
digits: 1.4
5
y,
digits: 1 .0
Input Characteristics:
Range
Maximum
Reading
(5% Digit)
30 !]
30.3099 !]
300 !] 303.099 !]
3 k!] 3.03099 k!]
30 k!]
300 k!]
3M!]
30M!]
30.3099 k!]
303.099 k!]
3.03099M!J
30.3099M!]
5% Digit
Resolution
4% Digit
100 p!]
1 m!J
10m!]
100m!]
1 !]
10 !]
100 !]
1m!]
10m!]
100m!]
1 !]
10 !]
100 !]
1 k!]
RESISTANCE (2-wire !J, 4-wire !])
2-Wire Ohms Accuracy:
Same as 4-wire ohms, except add a maximum of 1 OOmfl offset. On the 3Mfl range add an additional offset of 0.0016% of reading. On the 30Mfl range add an additional offset of
0.0083% of reading.
3% Digit
10m!]
100m!]
1 !]
10 !]
100 !]
1 k!]
10 k!]
Auto-Zero Off:
(5Y, digit) for a stable environment(± 1 °C), for <24 hrs., add
110 counts to accuracy specification for 30fl range, 11 counts for 300fl, 3 counts for 3Kfl through 300Kfl ranges, 8 counts for 3Mfl range, and 33 counts for 30Mfl range.
Input Protection: (non-destructive)
Hi source to Lo source: ± 350V peak
Hi sense to Lo sense: ± 350V peak
Hi or Lo to Earth Ground: ± 500V peak
Temperature Coefficient: oac to (Cal. Temp. - 5°C),(Cal. Temp. +5° C) to 55°C
5
y,
digit display, auto-zero ON
± 1--% of reading
+ number of counts)/°C
Temperature Coefficient
Measurement Accuracy:
± (% of reading
+ number of counts)
Auto-zero ON. 4-wire ohms.
0.003
0.0009
0.0009
0.0021
0.021
+
5
+ .5
+
.05
+
.05
+
.05
5% Digit Mode:
30fl
30012
3k- 300kfl
3Mfl
30MI2
Range
30!]
300!]
3k- 300k!]
3M!]
30M!]
Cal. Temp ±
24 Hours
1 oc
90
Cal. Temp. ±5°C
Day 1 Year
0.023
0.0045
0.0035
0.0052
0.036
+ 35
+
4
+ 2
+
2
+
2
0.027
0.012
0.066
+ 41 0.034
+
41
+
5 0.017
+
5
0.011 + 2
0.016
+
2 i
0.011 + 2 0.016 + 2
+ 2 0.078
+
2
Current Through Unknown:
Range: 3012, 300D,3k!l, 30kl!, 300ki2,3MI!, 30Mfl
Current: 1 mA, 1 mA, 1 mA, 1 oo,,A, 1 o,,, 1
I'·
1 OOnA
Maximum Open Circuit Voltage:
6.5V
Maximum Reading Rates:
Same as de volts, except for 3Mfl and 30Mfl ranges. For 3M!l range, add 30ms; for 30Mn range, add 300ms per reading
Input Characteristics:
Maximum
Reading
(5% Digit)
±303.099mA
± 3.03099 A
Resolution
5% Digit 4% Digit
--+ ···-·------
1pA
I
101'-A
I
10pA
100pA
Maximum Input: (non-destructive)
3A from < 250V source; fuse protected
3% Digit
DC CURRENT
Measurement Accuracy:
± (% of reading
Auto-zero ON
+ number of counts)
100pA
1mA
Range
Cal. Temp. ±5°C
90 Days 1 Year
300mA
3A, < 1 A input
3A,
>
1 A input
0.11
0.14
1.0
+
40
+
6
+
3
0.15
0.17
1.0
+
40
+
6
+
30
81
Auto-Zero Off:
(5
y,
digit) for a stable environment ( ± 1 °C), for
DC CURRENT
(Cont'd)
<
24 hrs., add
11 0 counts to accuracy specification for 300mA range, 11 counts for 3A range.
Temperature Coefficient:
0°C to (Cal. Temp. - 5°C).(Cal. Temp. +5° C) to 55°C
5% digit display, auto-zero ON
± (% of reading + number of counts)/°C
Range
300mA
3 A
Maximum Burden at Full Scale:
1V
Maximum Reading Rates:
Same as de volts
Temperature Coefficient
0.012 + 5
0.012 + 0.5
Input Characteristics:
AC CURRENT
(true rms responding)
Auto-zero Off:
( 5% digits) for a stable environment ( ± 1 ° C), for add 1 0 counts to accuracy specification.
<
24 hrs.,
Maximum
Reading
I
Resolution
Range
1
!
(5% Digit)
300mA
1
303.099mA
i
l i
5% Digit 4% Digit 3% Digit
-------~-------~ --~------~------
3 A
1
3.03099 A
Maximum Input:
(non-destructive)
3A from
<
250V source; fuse protected
Measurement Accuracy:
± (% of reading + number of counts)
Auto-zero ON, 5% digit display, accuracy specified for sine· wave inputs only
>
1 0% of full scale.
1 YEAR, CAL. TEMP. ± 5°C
Temperature Coefficient:
0°C to (Cal. Temp. -5° C), (Cal. Temp. +5° C) to 55°C.
5% digits, auto-zero ON.
± (0.021% of reading+ 10 counts)/°C
Maximum Burden at Full Scale:
1V
Crest Factor:
>
4: i at fuii scaie
Maximum Reading Ratas:
Same as ac volts
Frequency
300mA
Ranges
3A
20Hz- 50Hz
50Hz-1OOHz
1OOHz-1kHz
1kHz-10kHz
1OkHz- 20kHz
1.54 + 163 2.24 + 163
.81 + 163 1.5 + 163
.81 + 163 1.5 + 163
.72 + 163 1.42 + 163
.86 + 163 1.56 + 163
GENERAL INFORMATION
Operating T amperature:
0 to 55°C
Humidity Range:
95% R.H., 0 to 40°C
Storage Temperature:
-40°C to 75°C
Warm-up Time:
1 hr. to meet all specifications.
Integration Time:
Number of Digits
5%
4%
3%
Line Frequency
50Hz 60Hz
200ms
20ms
2ms
166.7ms
16.67ms
1.667ms
Power:
AC Line 48- 440Hz; 86- 250V, (see configuration)
Maximum Power:
<
12 watts
Size:
1 02mm H x 21 5mm W x 356mm D
(4 in H x 8 in
W x 14 in
D)
Weight:
3Kg (6.5 lbs.)
82
This appendix contains a general description of the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus
{HP-IB). HP-IB is Hewlett-Packard's implementation of IEEE Standard 488-1978,
"Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation". The information is non-controller dependent but, where appropriate, is dependent on the 34 7 SA.
The Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus {HP-IB) is a carefully defined interface which simplifies the integration of various instruments, calculators, and computers into systems. The interface provides for messages in digital form to be transferred between two or more HP-IB compatible devices. A compatible device can be an instrument, calculator, computer, or peripheral device that is designed to be interfaced using the HP-IB.
The HP-IB is a parallel bus of 1 6 active signal lines grouped into three sets, according to function, to interconnect up to 1 5 instruments. Figure A-1 provides a pictorial view of the HP-IB connector and its pin designation. A diagram of the Interface Connections and Bus Structure is shown in Figure A-2.
PIN
12
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
16
5
17
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
13
14
15
LINE
D101
D102
D103
D104
D105
D106
D107
D108
E01
REN
DAV
NRFD
NDAC
IFC
SAO
ATN
SHIELD-CHASSIS GROUND
P/0 TWISTED PAIR WITH PIN 6
P/0 TWISTED PAIR WITH PIN 7
P/0 TWISTED PAIR WITH PIN 8
P/0 TWISTED PAIR WITH PIN 9
P/P TWISTED PAIR WITH PIN 10
P/0 TWISTED PAIR WITH PIN 11
ISOLATED DIGITAL GROUND
THESE PINS
ARE
INTERNALLY
GROUNDED
Figure A-1.
Connector
83
CAUTION
The 3478A contains metric threaded HP-18 cable mounting studs as opposed to English threads. Metric threaded -hp-
1 0631
A,
8, or C HP-18 cable lockscrews must be used to secure the cable to the instrument. Identification of the two types of mounting studs and lock screws is made by their color.
English threaded fasteners are colored silver and metric threaded fasteners are colored black. DO NOT mate silver and black fasteners to each other or the threads of either or both will be destroyed. Metric threaded HP-18 cable hardware illustrations and part numbers follow.
LOCKSCREW
1390-0360
LONG MOUNTING STUD
0380-0643
1
6.5mm
j_
SHORT MOUNTING STUD
0380-0644 i~mm
-
DE> ICE A
AB~E
TO
~A.._.:..,
LIS.EN AND CON~RO~
DE> ICE B
AB_t: TO TAU<
AND Ll STEN
DE \ I C~ C
1 e
q
S IGNt.L GENERATOR
ONLY ABLE TO TALK l8 s
G\t._ NES
I
CO', ~"0-
iHANJSHAr<EI- "<ES
----NOAC
IFC
- - - - A T N
- - - - - - - - SRO
- - - - - - R E N
-------EOI
Eight Signal lines, termed as DATA Lines, are in the first set. The Data Lines are used to transmit data in the form of coded messages. These messages are used to program the instrument function, transfer measurement data, coordinate instrument operation, and to manage the system. This allows you to set-up the instrument and read its measurement data. Input and Output of meaasges, in bit parallel byte serial form, are also transferred in the Data Lines. A 7-bit ASCII code normally represents each piece of data.
Data is transferred by means of an interlocking "handshake" technique which permits data transfer (asynchronously) at the rate of the slowest active device used in that particular transfer. The three DATA BYTE CONTROL lines coordinate the transfer and form the second set of lines.
The remaining five GENERAL INTERFACE MANAGEMENT lines are used to manage the devices on the HP-IB. This includes activating all connected devices at once, clearing the interface, and others. For a detailed description of the HP-IB lines, commands, internal operations, etc. refer to the HP-IB Abbreviated Description
Manual, -hp- part number 5955-2903. A condensed description is also available in the Condensed Description of the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus Manual, -hp- part number 59401-90090. The manuals are available through your local -hp- Sales and Service Office.
84
The following paragraphs define the terms and concepts used to describe HP-IB
(Bus) system operations.
a. Address: The characters sent by a controlling device to specify which device will send information on the HP-IB and which device(s) will receive that information. Addressing may also be accomplished by hardwiring a device to only send information or only receive information. b. Byte: A unit of information consisting of 8 binary digits (bits). c. Device: A unit that is compatible with the IEEE Standard 488-1978. d. Device Dependent: An action a device performs in response to information sent over the HP-IB. The action is characteristic of an individual device and may vary from device to device. e. Polling: This process typica!!y is used by a controller to locate a device that needs to interact with the controller. There are two types of polling, as follows:
1. Serial Poll: This method obtains one byte of operational information about an individual device in the system. The process must be repeated for each device from which information is desired.
2. Parallel Poll: This methods obtains information about a group of devices simultaneously. The 34 78A does not respond to a Parallel Poll.
Devices which communicate along the interface bus can be classified into three basic categories: a. Talker: Any device that is able to send information over the HP-IB when it has been addressed. Only one talker may be active at a time; usually the one that is currently directed to send data. All HP-IB type calculators and computers are generally talkers. b. Listener: Devices which receive information over the HP-IB, when they have been addressed. A device may or may not be both a talker and a listener.
Calculators and computers are generally both a talker and a listener (at different times).
85
c. Controller: The device that can specify which device(s) on the bus is a talker or listener. There can be two types of controllers, an Active Controller and a
System Controller. The Active Controller is the current controlling device. The
System Controller can, however, take control of the HP-IB even if it is not the Active Controller. There can also be only one Active Controller at a time, even if several controllers are on the Bus.
Different types of information can be passed over the HP-IB to one or more devices. Some of this inforamtion is in the form of messages, most of which can be separated into two parts. One part can be classified as the address portion specified by the controller and the information that comprises the messages. The second part can be classified as HP-IB management messages. These message are comprised of twelve messages and are called Bus messages. a. Data: The actual information (binary bytes) sent by a talker to one or more listener. The information (data) can either be in numeric form or a character string. b. Trigger: The Trigger message causes the listening device or devices to perform a device dependent action when addressed. c. Clear: The Clear message causes the listening device(s) or all the devices on the HP-IB to return to their predefined device-dependent state. d. Remote: This message causes the listening device(s) to switch from local front panel control to remote program control when addressed to listen. e. Local: This message clears the REMOTE message from the listening device(s) and returns the device(s) to local front panel control. f. Local Lockout: This message prevents a device operator from manually inhibiting remote program control. g. Clear Lockout and Set Local: With this message, all devices are removed from the local lockout mode and revert to local. The remote message is also cleared for all devices. h. Require Service: A device can send this message at any time to signify the device needs some type of interaction with the controller. This message is cleared by the device's STATUS BYTE message if the device no longer requires service.
86
i. Status Byte: A byte that represents the current status of a single device on the HP-IB. One bit indicates whether the device sent the require sevice message and the remaining seven bits indicate optional conditions defined by the device.
This byte is sent from the talking device in response to a "Serial Poll" operation performed by the controller. j.
Status Bit: A byte that represents the operational conditions of a group of devices on the HP-IB. Each device responds on a particular bit of the byte thus identifying a device dependent condition. This bit is typically sent by devices in response to a parallel poll operation. k. Pass Control: The bus management responsibility is transferred from the active controller to another controller by this message.
I. Abort: The system controller sends this message to unconditionally assume control of the HP-IB from the active controller. The message will terminate all bus communication but does not implement the CLEAR message.
The 34 78A interfaces to the HP-IB as defined by the IEEE Standard 488-1978.
The interface functional subset which the 34 78A implements is specified in Table
A-1.
TEO
L4
LEO
SR1
RL1
PPO
DC1
DT1 co
SH 1
AH 1
T5
Source Handshake complete capability
Acceptor Handshake complete capability
Basic talker, with serial poll, talk only mode, and unaddress with MLA.
No extended talker
Basic listener, unaddress when MT A
No extended listener
Service request complete capability
Remote-Local complete capability
No parallel poll capability
Device Clear complete capability
Device Trigger complete capability
No controller capability
87
The HP-18 worksheet (Table A-2) can be used to determine the HP-18 capabilities of the other HP-18 compatible instruments in a system. The sheet may be filled in with the bus message applicability for your controller and for each HP-18 device.
The bus capability for the 34 78A has already been filled in. Refer to your controller manual and the manual(s) of your other device(s) for their Bus Message capabilities. Once the sheet is filled out, you should then have the HP-18 capabilities of your device(s).
Table A·2 HP·IB Worksheet
Device
Message
INSTRUMENT
IDENTIFICATION
MODEL
AND
HP-IB
ADDRESS
DATA
TRIGGER
CLEAR
LOCAL
REMOTE
LOCAL
LOCKOUT
CLEAR LO &
SET LOCKOUT
REQUIRE
SERVICE
STATUS
BYTE
STATUS
BIT
PASS
CONTROL
ABORT
MODEL
3478A
LISTEN
YES
TALK
YES
5 BIT
VALUE 23
S & R
R
R
R
R
R
R s s
N
N
N
LISTEN
TALK
5 BIT
VALUE
S ~ SEND ONLY R ~ RECEIVE ONLY S & R ~ SEND AND RECEIVE
N ~ NOT IMPLEMENTED
88
The following eleven figures provide a description of the implementation of the Bus
Messages using the 34 78A. The codes used in the figures are:
X
T
True
Don't Care
=
False oct
=
Octal Code
Data Message (Controller to 3478A}.
To send Data from the controller to the 34 7 8A, first:
Trigger Message (from Controller to Device(s})
To send the_ TRIGGER Message !Group Execute Trigger):
ATN IIFC
T F
!
SRQ
I
REN
I
EOI
I
X
T
T i
Xthen:
Sent on Data Lines
Universal Unlisten u
7
Tl
L__
34 78A Listen Address
Controller Talk Address
Bus Management Lines
·-·--·--···-----------··--·~-
ATN
I
F i
F
I i
REN
I
EOI
---t-----r----
X I T I X
Sequence on Data Lines
Instrument
Program Codes
Data Message (3478A to Controller or Other
Device(s}.
T_o_s_e_[ld_[:)_a!_a_fro__rnth(l_~-1:7 ~,I\ to the controller, first: then:
ATN IFC 1 SRQ 1 REN EOI
T i
F ; X
X X
Sequence on Data Lines
? w
5
Universal Unlisten '·Controller Listen Address
34 78A Talk Address
Bus Management Lines
ATN i
IFC SRQ ' REN . EOI
F F
X X
I
X
Sent on Data Lines
Output DATA from 34 78A
EOI
X
Sent on Data Lines
?
U 7 oct010
TTT
--~
Universal Unlisten
1 i
L
Trigger Command
Controller Talk Address.J
L _
34 78A Listen Address
Remote Message
To Enter the REMOTE Mode:
~IJS _
~~~-rl ~cl!_ sRo
1
REN
1
Eo I
T F X T
I
X
Sent on Data Lines
7
Universal Unlisten
_J u
7 r
34 78A Listen Address
'----- Controller Talk Address
To Remain in the REMOTE Mode:
~Lis_r-,~Jij_l"l_a_!!_e_m~nt
_
ATN! IFC
.....___ i
SRO I REN
I
EOI l---
F : F I X X X
Local Message
To enter the LOCAL Mode:
_E3u~_r-,tl<l':!_<l9_erT1e_nt
Li[)e_s
ATN
1
IFC i SRQ j REN! EOI
-=r _, -
Sent on Data Lines
T
? U 7 oct001
--yo '
Universal Unlisten ;
Controller Talk Address--'
Go to Local instruction
•--- 3478A Listen Address
89
Clear Message
To send the CLEAR Message:
Bus Management Lines
ATN
T
IFC
F
SRQ REN
X X
EOI
X
Sent on Data Lines oct004
Clear Command
To send the CLEAR MESSAGE Only to the 34 78A:
Bus Management Lines
ATN IFC SRQ REN EOI
F F X T X
Sent on Data Lines
7
6 oct 004
Universal Unlisten
34 7 8A Listen Address
Clear Command
Status Byte Message
To Serial POLL the 3478A (obtain Status Byte):
Bus Management Lines
ATN IFC SRQ REN EOI
T
F X X F
Sent on Data Lines
? 6 oct030 W 5
Universal Unlisten
34 78A Listen Address
Serial Poll Enable
Controller Listen Address
34 78A Talk Address then:
Bus Management Lines
ATN IFC SRQ • REN EOI
F F X X F
Sent on Data Lines
34 78A Status Byte
*If SRQ was true, it will switch to the false state. and finally:
Bus Management Lines
ATN IFC SRO REN EOI
T F F X F
Sent on Data Lines oct 031
Serial Poll Disable
90
Require Service Message
To send REQUIRE SERVICE MESSAGE:
Bus Management Lines
ATN
X
IFC
X
SRO REN
T X
EOI
X
Local Lockout Message
To enable LOCAL LOCKOUT:
Bus Management Lines
ATN
T
IFC
F
SRQ REN
X T
EOI
F
Sent on Data Lines oct 021
Local Lockout instruction to maintain LOCAL LOCKOUT:
Bus Management Lines
A TN IFC SRO REN EOI
X X X T X
Clear Lockout}Set Local Message
To CLEAR LOCAL LOCKOUT and set LOCAL:
Bus Management Lines
ATN IFC SRQ REN
X X X T
EOI
X
Abort Message
To send the ABORT Message:
Bus Management Lines
ATN
X
IFC
T
SRO REN
X X
EOI
X
ASCII
Char.
NULL
EQUIVALENT FORMS
Binary Octal Dec.
00000000
000 0
SOH
STX
00000001
00000010
001
002
2
ETX
EOT
00000011
00000100
003
004
3
4
ENQ
00000101
005
006 6
ACK
00000110
BELL
00000111
007
BS
010 8
HT
00001000
00001001 011 9
LF
00001010
00001011
012 10
11
FF
013
014 12
CR so
00001100
00001101
00001110
015
016
13
14
Sl
00001111 017
15
00010000 020 16
OLE oc, 00010001 021 17
00010010 022 18
RS us
00010011
00010100
NAK
00010101
SYNC 00010110
ETB
CAN
00010111
00011000
EM
SUB
00011001
00011010
ESC
FS
GS
00011011
00011100
00011101
00011110
00011111
032
033
034
035
036
037
023
024
025
026
027
030
031
30
31
23
24
25
26
19
20
21
22
27
28
29
4
6
8
9
3
0
&
%
#
ASCII
Char.
space
EQUIVALENT FORMS
Binary Octal Dec.
00 1 00000
040 32
ASCII
Char.
@
EQUIVALENT FORMS
Binary Octal
Dec.
01000000 100 64
041 33 A
00100001
00100010
01000001 101 65
042 34 B c
01000010 102 66
00100011 043 35
01000011
103 67
044 36 D
00100100
01000100
104 68
045 37
00100101
01000101
105 69
00100110 046 38 106 70
01000110
01000111 00100111 047 39
40
G
107 71
00101000 050
051
H
01001000 110 72
00101001
41
01001001 111
112
73
74
00101010
00101011
052 42
01001010
01001011
+
053 43
44
K
113 75
00101100 054
055
01001100 114 76
00101101
00101110
45
M
01001101 115 77
056 46 N
01001110 116 78
00101111 057 47 0
01001111 117 79 p
00110000 060 48
01010000 120 80
Q
00110001
061 49
01010001 121 81
00110010
062 50 R s
00110011
00110100
063
064
51
01010010
01010011
122
123
82
83
00110101
00110110
00110111
00111000
00111001
065
066
067
070
071
52
53
54
55
56
57
X y
T u v w
01010100
01010101
01010110
01010111
01011000
01011001
124
125
126
127
130
131
84
85
86
87
88
89 z
00111010 072
073
58 01011010 132 90
00111011 59 01011011 133 91
0
<
>
00111100 074
00111101
00111110
00111111
075
076
077
61
62
63
01011100
01011101
01011110
01011111
134
135
136
137
92
93
94
95
ASCII
Char.
EQUIVALENT FORMS
Binary Octal Dec.
01100000 140 96
141
01100001
01100010
97
98
01100011
142
143 99 g
01100100
01100101
01100110
01100111
144 100
145 101
146 102
01101000
01101001
01101010
147 103
150 104
151 105
152 106
153 107
154 108
155 109
156 110
157 111
160 112
161 113
162 114
163 115
164 116
165 117
166 118
167
119
170 120
1
71 121
172 122
173 123
174 124
1
75 125
176 126
177 127 m w
01110111
01111000
01111001
01111010
01111011
01111100
01111101
01111110
DEL
01111111
01101011
01101100
01101101
01101110
01101111
01110000
01110001
01110010
01110011
01110100
01110101
01110110
' f {'
\,~) i
~-
Function Code
R-2 R-1 RO R1
R2
Range Code
RJ
R4
R5
R&
R7
RA
(Autorange)
DC Volts
AC Volts
F1
F2
2-W Ohm F3
4-W Ohm F4
DC Amps F5
AC Amps F6
Enhanced F7
Ohms
30mV 300mV 3V 30V 300V
*
*
*
* 300mV 3V 30V 300V
* * * 30!] 300!]
* *
30!] 300!]
300m A 3A
300mA 3A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
3KO 30KO
300k!]
3KO 30KO 300KO
+
+
+
+
3MO
3MO
+
+
+
+
30M!]
30M!]
+
+
Notes:
* indicates that the range code selects the lowest (most sensitive) range for that function
+ indicates that the range code selects the highest (least sensitive) range for that function
Other Program Codes:
Function
Mnemonic
N
T z
D
H
B c
K
E
Mxx
Qualifier Description Example
3.4,5 Selects the number of digits of N3 selects the 3 1/3 digit display display
1-5
0,1
Trigger mode; Internal External, T2 selects external trigger
Single, Hold, Fast
Autozero ZO turns Autozero off
Z 1 turns Autozero on
1-3 Display
D1 selects normal display
D2text prints message "text" on display.
0-7 Home (preset)
HO = F1 T4R-2RAZ1 N4
H1 = F1 R-2RAZ1 N4T3
H2 = F2R-2RAZ1 N4T3
H3 = F3R-2RAZ1 N4T3
H4 = F4R-2RAZ 1 N4 T3
H5 = F5R-2RAZ 1 N4 T3
H6= F6R-2RAZ1 N4T3
H7 = F7R-2RAZ1 N4T3
Output Binary status
Calibrate (see service manual)
Clear serial poll register read and clear error register
0 to 77 Set SAO mask to octal
(octal) value xx s
Return value of Front/Rear switch
Page
A
ABORT message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7,
91
AC current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
H
Hints, programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Home commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . see also Table
3-1, and Quick Reference
Guide
HP-18
Page
.
40
. 39
Annunciators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Autorange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,21 worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6,18
Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,10
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
CLEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,86,90
D
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,89 message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 dBm measurement program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
DC current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,12,20 digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,15 messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,2 9 normal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
LOCAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44,86,89
M
Manual ranging . .
Messages display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
HP-18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,89 self test. . . . . . .
4,13,29
N
F
Environment
Extended Ohms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,55
F
Four-wire ohms measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Front/rear switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
0
Operating characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 program for maximum rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 p
Programming Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
0
Qualifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7
95
INDEX (Cont'd)
Page
R
Range (ranging) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,20
Reading rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 program for maximum rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Rear panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,68
REMOTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,86,89
REQUIRE SERVICE (SRQ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,86,90
Repair Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Resistance measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2-wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4-wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 extended ohms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Safety considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
SENSE terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
SERIAL POLL (SPOLL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46-49,50
Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Signal environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Single trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7, 79·82
SRQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,46 key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Status byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,58,87,90
Status register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Page
T
Talk-only mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Temperature measurement program . . . . . . . . . 54
Test/reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,29
Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,53,86,89 external . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 internal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 single . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Trouble, in case of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Two-wire ohms measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
User generated messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5 v
Verification program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,74
Voltage measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Voltmeter complete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
96
SALES
SUPPORT OFFICES
Product Line Sales/Support Key
Key Product Line
A Analytical
CM Components
C Computer Systems
CP Computer Systems Primary Service Responsible Office (SRO)
CS Computer Systems Secondary SRO
Electronic Instruments & Measurement Systems
M Medical Products
MP Medical Products Primary SRO
MS Medical Products Secondary SRO
P Personal Computing Products
Sales only for specific product line
Support only for specific product line
Wae/ Pharmacy
P 0. Box 648
BAHRAIN
Tel 54886. 56123
Telex. 8550 WAEL GJ
M
BELGIUM
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Blvd de Ia Woluwe. I 00
Woluwedal
B-1200
BRUSSELS
Tel (02) 762-32-00
Telex 23-494 paloben bru
A,CM,CP.E.MP,P
IMPORTANT: These symbols designate general product line capability. They do not onsure sales or support availability for all products within a line, at all locations.
Contact your local sales office for information regarding locations where HP support is available for specific products.
HP distributors are printed 1n italics
ANGOLA
Telectra
Empresa Tecnica de Eqwpamentos
Electncos, S.A.R.L.
R Barbosa Rodngues. 4 1-1 D T
Caixa Postal 6487
LUANDA
Tel 35515,35516
A',E,M,P
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Office
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121 Wollongong Street
FYSHWICK, A.C.T. 2069
Tel: 804244
Telex 62650
Cable: HEWPAAD Canberra
A •. CM.CS,E,MS,P
BRAZIL
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Alameda Rio Negro. 750
ALPHA VILLE 06400 Baruen SP
Tel421-1311
Telex: 011 23602 HPBR-BR
Cable HEWPACK Sao Paulo
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard do Brasil l.e.C.
Ltd a.
Avenida Ep1tacio Pessoa, 4664
224 71 RIO DE JANEIRO-RJ
Tel 286-0237
Telex 021-21905 HPBR-BR
Cable: HEWPACK Rio de Jane1ro
A,CM,E,MS,P'
ARGENTINA
Hewleii-Packard Argentina S.A
Avenida Santa Fe 2035
Martinez 1640 BUENOS AIRES
Tel: 798-5735. 792-1293
Telex 122443 AA CIGY
Cable HEWPACKARG
A,E,CP,P
BIOtron SA.CiyM
Avemda Paseo Colon 221
9 P1so
1399 BUENOS AIRES
Tel. 30-4846, 30-1851. 30-8384
Telex. (33) 17595 BIONAR
Cable. BIOTRON Argent1na
M
Fate S.A. Electronic a
Bartolomeu Mitre 833
1036 BUENOS AIRES
Tel· 74-41011. 74-49277.
74-43459
Telex. 18137. 22754 p
AUSTRALIA
Adelaide, South Australia
Ply. Ltd.
Hewlelt-Packard Australia Pty.Lid.
153 Greenh1ll Road
PARKSIDE, S A 5063
Tel 272-5911
Telex 82536
Cable HEWPARD Adelatde
A •. CM.CS,E.MS.P
Brisbane, Queensland
Office
Hewlelt-Packard Australia Ply.Lid
5th Floor
Teachers Un.on Bu1ld.ng
495-499 Boundary Street
SPRING HILL, Queensland 4000
Tel 229- 1544
Telex 42133
Cable· HEWPARD Bnsbane
A,CM.CSE.MS P
Melbourne, Victoria Office
Hewlelt-Packard Australia Ply .Lid.
31-41 Joseph Street
BLACKBURN, Victoria 3 t 30
Tel: 89-6351
Telex. 31-024
Cable: HEWPARD Melbourne
A,CM,CP,E,MS,P
Perth, Western Australia
Office
Hewlelt-Packard Austalia Pty.Lid.
141 Stirling Highway
NEDLANDS, W.A. 6009
Tel: 386-5455
Telex 93859
Cable HEWPARD Perth
A,CM,CS,E,MS,P
Sydney, New South Wales
Office
Hewleii-Packard Australia Pty.Ltd
17-23 Talavera Road
NORTH RYDE, N.S.W. 2113
P 0 Box 308
Tel 887-1611
Telex 21561
Cable HEWPARD Sydney
A,CM.CP.E.MS.P
AUSTRIA
Hewlelt-Packard Ges m.b.h
Grottenhofstrasse 94
Verkaufsburo Graz
8052 GRAZ
Tel 21-5-66
Telex 32375
CM,C',E'
Hewlelt-Packard Ges.m.b.h
Weh!1strasse 29
P 0 Box 7
A 1205 VIENNA
Tel. (222) 35-'6-210
Telex 135823/135066
A CM,CP.E.MS.P
BAHRAIN
Green Salon
PO. Box 557
BAHRAIN
Tel. 5503
Telex 88419 p
BURUNDI
Typomeca S.PRL.
BP 553
BUJUMBURA
Tel 2659 p
CANADA
Alberta
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd.
210, 7220 F1sher Street S.E
CALGARY, Alberta T2H 2H8
Tel: (403) 253-2713
Telex 610-821-6141
A,CM,CP.E • ,MS,P •
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd
11620A- 1681h Street
EDMONTON, Alberta T5M 3T9
Tel (403) 452-3670
Telex 610-831-2431
A,CM.CP,E,MS,P'
British Columbia
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd
10691 Shellbndge Way
RICHMOND, B11!1Sh Columbia
V6X 2W7
Tel (604) 270-2277
Telex. 610-922-5059
A,CM,CP,E' ,MS,P •
Manitoba
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd
380-550 Century Street
WINNIPEG, Man.toba R3H OY I
Tel (204) 7866701
A,CM.CS.E.MS.P'
Nova Scotia
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd
P 0 Box 931
900 W1ndm111 Road
DARTMOUTH, Nova Scot1a B2Y 3Z6
Tel (902) 469-7820
Telex. 610-271-4482
CM,CP,E' .MS.P •
COLOMBIA
lnstrumentaci6n
H. A. Langebaek
& Kier S.A.
Aparlado Aereo 6287
BOGOTA 1, DE
Carrera 7 No. 48-75
BOGOTA, 2 DE
Tel 287-8877
Telex 44400
Cable. AARIS Bogota
A,CM.E,M.P
COSTA RICA
Clent!lica Costamcense S.A
A venida 2. Calle 5
San Pedro de Montes de Oca
Apartado 10159
SAN JOSE
Tel 24-38-20. 24-08-19
Telex 2367 GALGUR
Cable. GAL GUR
CME,M
CYPRUS
Telerexa Ltd
P 0 Box 4809
14C St8ssmos Avenue
NICOSIA
Tel. 45628
Telex 2894
E.M.P
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Hew/ell-Packard
Obchodm Zastup1telslvl v CSSR
Post schranka 27
CS-118 01 PRAHA 011
Tel 66-296
Telex 121353 IHC
Ontario
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd.
552 Newbold Street
LONDON, Ontario N6E 285
Tel (519) 686-9181
Telex 610-352-1201
A,CM,CS.E • .MS.P •
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd.
6877 Goreway Drive
MISSISSAUGA, Ontario L4 V I M8
Tel: (416) 678-9430
Telex. 610-492-4246
A,CM,CP.E,MP.P
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd
1020 Morrison Dnve
OTTAWA, Ontario K2H 8K7
Tel (613) 820-6483
Telex 610-563-1636
A,CM,CP,E • .MS,P •
Quebec
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd.
17500 South Service Road
Trans-Canada Highway
KIRKLAND, Quebec H9J 2M5
Tel (514) 697-4232
Telex 610-422-3022
A,CM,CP.E,MP.P"
CHILE
Jorge Calcagm y Cia. Ltda.
Arturo Burhle 065
Casilla 16475
SANTIAG09
Tel' 220222
Telex. JCALCAGNI
A,CM,E,M
Olympia (Chile) Ltd.
Rodrico de Araya t045
Cas!lla 256- V
SANTIAGO 21
Tel. 25-50-44
Telex. 40-565
C.P
DENMARK
Hewlett-Packard AJS
Datavej 52
OK -3460 BIRKEROD
Tel (02) 81-66-40
Telex 37 409 hpas dk
A,CM,CP.E,MS,P
Hewlett-Packard A/S
Navervej 1
OK -8600 SILKEBORG
Tel: (06) 82-71-66
Telex: 37409 hpas dk
CM.CS,E
ECUADOR
CYEDE Cia. Ltda.
P.O. Box 6423 CCI
A venida Elo y Alfaro 17 49
OUITO
Tel. 450-975, 243·052
Telex. 2548 CYEDE ED
Cable. CYEDE-Ouito
A,CM,E,P
Hospitalar S.A.
Casilla 3590
Robles 625
OUITO
Tel 545-250, 545-122
Cable.· HOSPITALAR-Ouilo
M
EGYPT
Samitro
Sami Amin Trading Office
18 AbdelAziz Gawish
ABOINE·CAIRO
Tel: 24-932 p lnlernational Engineering Associa/es
24 Hussein Hegazi Slreel
Kasr-ei-Aini
CAIRO
Tel· 23-829
Telex: 93830
E,M lnformatic For Compu/er Systems
22 Talaat Harb Street
CAIRO
Tel 759006
Telex. 93938 FRANK UN c
EL SALVADOR
IPESA
Boulevard de
los
Heroes
Edi/ic10 Sarah 1148
SAN SAL VAOOR
Tel. 252787
A,C,CM,E,P
FINLAND
Hewlett-Packard Oy
Revontulentie 7
SF -02100 ESPOO 10
Tel (90) 455-0211
Telex: 121563 hewpa sf
A,CM.CP.E,MS,P
FRANCE
Hewlett-Packard France
Le Ligoures
Bureau de Vente de
A1x-en-Provence
Place Ramee de Villeneuve
F -13090 AIHN·PROVENCE
Tel (421 59-41-02
Telex 410770F
A,CM.CS.E.MS,P'
SALES
SUPPORT OFFICES
PORTUGAL
Telectra-Empresa Tecmca de
Equipmentos Electncos S.a.r I
Rua Rodrigo da Fonseca 103
P 0. Box 2531
P-L/SBON 1
Tel (19) 68-6072
Telex 12598
A.C.E,P
Mundmter lntercamb10 Mund1al de Comerc10
S a.r.l
PO Box 2761
Avemda Antomo Augusto de Agwar
138
PLISBON
Tel (19! 53-21-31. 53-21-37
Telex 16691 munter p
M
PUERTO RICO
Hewlett-Packard Puerto Rrco
P
0
Box 4407
CAROLINA, Puerto Rrco 00630
Calle 272 Edrfrcro 203
Urb. Country Club
RIO PIEDRAS, Puerto Rrco 00924
Tel. (809) 762-7255
Telex 345 0514
A.CP
QATAR
Nasser Tradmg
&
Contractmg
PO Box 1563
DOHA
Tel. 22110
Telex. 4439 NASSER
M
SCJtecharabJa
P
0
Box 2750
I'QOHA
Tel 329515
Telex 4806 CMPARB p
ROMANIA
Hew/ell-Packard Reprezenlanla
Boulevard N!colae Balcescu 16
BUCURESTI
Tel 130725
Telex 10440
SAUDI ARABIA
Modern Electromc EstabliShment
P 0. Box 193
AL-KHOBAR
Tel. 44-678, 44-813
Telex 670136
Cable ELECT A AL KHOBAR
C.E.M,P
Modern Electromc Establishment
P
0
Box 1228. Baghdad1ah Street
JEDDAH
Tel 27 798
Telex 40 t035
Cable. ELEC TA JEODAH
C.E.M.P
Modern Etectromc Establishment
P
0
Bm 2728
RIYADH
Tel 62-596, 66-232
Telex 202049
C.EMP
SCOTLAND
Hewlett-Packard Ltd
Royal Bank Burldrngs
Swan Street
BRECHIN, Angus. Scotland
Tel 3101. 3102
CM.CS
Hewlett-Packard Ltd.
SOUTH OUEENSFERRY
West Lothran, EH30 9TG
GB-Scolland
Tel 10311 3311000
Telex 72682
A,CM.E.M
SINGAPORE
Hewlett-Packard Srngapore (Ply 1
Lid
P 0. Box 58 ~.lexandra Post Offrce
SINGAPORE, 9115
6th Floor. lnchcape House
450-452 Alexandra Road
SINGAPORE 0511
Tel 631788
Telex HPSGSO RS 34209
Cable HEWPACK, Srngapore
A,CP.E,MS,P
Hewlett-Packard Espanola S.A
Colonra Mrrasrerra
Edrfrcro Juban c/o Costa Brava 13,
E-MADRID 34
Tel 7348061.7341162
CM.CP
Hewlett-Packard Espanola S.A
Av Ram6n
y
CaJal 1-9
Edrficro Sevrlla 1.
E-SEVILLA 5
Tel 64 44 54. 64-44-58
Telex 72933
A,CM,CS,MS,P
Hewlett-Packard Espanola S.A
C/Ramon Gordrllo, 1 (Enllo 3)
E-VALENCIA 10
Tel361-1354, 361-1358
CM,CS,P
SOUTH AFRICA
Hewlett-Packard South Afrrca (Ply.)
Lid.
PO Box 120
Howard Place
Prne Park Center. Forest Drrve,
Prnelands
CAPE PROVINCE 7 450
Tel 53-7955, 53 7956, 53-7957
Telex 57-0006
A,CM,CS.E.MS.P
Hewlett-Packard South Afrrca (Ply )
Ltd
P
0
Box 37066
Overport
DURBAN 4067
Tel 28-4178, 28-4179, 28-4110
CM,CS
Hewlett-Packard South Afrrca (Ply )
Lid
P 0 Box 33345
Glenslanlra 0010 TRANSVAAL
1st Floor East
Constanlra Park Ridge Shopprng
Centre
Conslanlra Park
PRETORIA Tel 98-1126 or 98-1220
Telex: 32163
C.E
Hewlett-Packard South Afrrca (Ply.)
Ltd.
Daphny Street
Prrvale Bag Wendywood
SANDTON 2144
Tel802-5111, 802-5125
Telex 89-84782
Cable. HEWPACK Johannesburg
A,CM.CP.E.MS,P
SPAIN
Hewlett-Packard Espanola S.A c/Enlenza, 321
E-BARCELONA 29
Tel (3) 322-24-51,321-7354
Telex 52603 hpbee
A,CM,CP.E.MS,P
Hewlett-Packard Espanola S.A c/San Vrcenle SIN
Edrfrcro Albra II 7 B
E BILBAO 1
Tel. (944) 423-8306. 423-8206
A.CM.E.MS
Hewlett-Packard Espanola SA
Calle Jerez 3
E MADRID 16
Tel 458 2600
Telex 23515 hpe
A.CM.E.MP.P
SWEDEN
Hewlett-Packard Sverrge AB
Enighelsv~gen 3, Fack
P
0
Box 20502
S- 16120 BROMMA
Tel (08) 730-0550
Telex (854) 10721 MESSAGES
Cable. MEASUREMENTS
STOCKHOLM
A,CM,CP.E.MS,P
Hewlett-Packard Sverige AB
Sunnanvagen 14K
S-22226 LUND
Tel (46) 13-69-79
Telex (854) 10721 (via BROMMA office)
CM,CS
Hewlett-Packard Sverrge AB
Vastra Vrnlergalan 9
S-70344 OREBRO
Tel.
I
19) 10-48-80
Telex (854) 10721 (vra BROMMA office)
CM,CS
Hewlett-Packard Sverrge AB
Frmallisgalan 30
S-42132 V ASTRA-FROLUNDA
Tel. (031) 49-09-50
Telex (854) 10721 !vra BROMMA office)
CM,CS,E,P
SWITZERLAND
Hewlett-Packard (Schwerz) AG
Claraslrasse 12
CH-4058 BASLE
Tel (61) 33-5920
A,CM
Hewleii-Packard (Schwerz) AG
4 7 Avenue Blanc
CH-1202 GENEVA
Tel (0221 32 30 05, 32 48-00
CM,CP
Hewlett-Packard ISchwerz) AG
29 Chemrn Chateau Bloc
CH- 1219 LE LIGNON Geneva
Tel (0221 96 03-22
Telex 27333 hpag ch
Cable HEWPACKAG Geneva
A,CM.E.MS,P
Hewlett-Packard (Schwerz) AG zurcherslrasse 20
Allmend 2
CH-8967 WIDEN
Tel (57) 50-1 I 1
Telex 59933 hpag ch
Cable HPAG Cf1
A.CM.CP.E.MS.P
SYRIA
General Electromc Inc
Nun Basha-Ahnat Ebn Kays Street
PO Box 5781
DAMASCUS
Tel 33-24-87
Telex. 11215 IT/KAL
Cable. ELECTROBOR DAMASCUS
E
Sawah & Co.
Place Azme
Baile Pas tate 2308
DAMASCUS
Tel 16-367, 19-691. 14-268
Telex 11304 SA TACO SY
Cable. SA WAH, DAMASCUS
M
TAIWAN
Hewlett-Packard Far East Ltd.
Kaohsiung Branch
68-2, Chung Cheng 3rd Road
Shin Shrn, Chu
KAOHSIUNG
Tel 24-2318, 26-3253
CS,E,MS,P
Hewlett-Packard Far East Ltd.
Tarwan Branch
5th Floor
205 Tun Hwa North Road
TAIPEI
Tel:(02) 751-0404
Cable:HEWPACK Tarpei
A,CP,E,MS,P
Hewlett-Packard Far East Ltd
Tarchung Branch
#33, Cheng Yrh Street
10th Floor, Room 5
TAICHUNG
Tel 289274
lng L1h Tradmg Co.
3rd Floor 18, Po-la Road
TAIPEI
Tel'
Telex
Cable INGLIH TAIPEI
A
THAILAND
UN/MESA Co. Ltd.
Elcom Research Building
2538 Sukhumvil Ave.
Bangchak, BANGKOK
Tel' 393-2387, 393-0338
Telex. THB 1160, 82938, 81038
Cable. UN/MESA Bangkok
A.C,E,M
Bangkok Busmess Eqwpment Ltd.
515-6 OeJO Road
BANGKOK
Tel 234 8670, 234 8671,
234-8672
Cable BUSIOUIPT Bangkok p
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
Canbbean Telecoms Ltd.
P
0
Box 732
50! A Jermngham A venue
PORT-OF-SPAIN
Tel' 624-4213. 624-4214
A,CM.E.M.P
TUNISIA
T ums1e Etectron,que
3 t A venue de Ia Liberte
TUNIS
Tel 280· 144
E.P
Corema
1 ter. A v. de Carthage
TUNIS
Tel. 253-821
Telex 12319 CABAM TN
M
TURKEY
Teknim Company Ltd
Riza Sah Pehiev1
Caddesi No. 7
Kavaklidere, ANKARA
Tel. 275BOO
Telex. 42155
E
EMA, Muhendislik Kollektif Sirketi
Med1ha Eidem
Sokak 4116
YUksel Caddesi, ANKARA
Tel 17-56-22
Cable: Emalrade
M
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Emitac Ltd
PO Box 1641
SHARJAH
Te/:354121, 354123
Telex: 68136
E,M,P,C
UNITED KINGDOM see: GREAT BRITAIN
NORTHERN IRELAND
SCOTLAND
UNITED STATES
Alabama
Hewlett-Packard Co.
700 Century Park South
Suite 128
BIRMINGHAM, AL 35226
Tel (205)822-6802
CM,CS,MP
Hewleii-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 4207
8290 Whitesburg Drive, S.E.
HUNTSVILLE, AL 35802
Tel (205) 881-4591
CM,CP,E,M"
Alaska
Hewlett-Packard Co
1577 "C" Street. Suite 252
ANCHORAGE, AK 99510
Tel (206) 454-3971
CM,CS".
Arizona
Hewlett-Packard Co.
2336 East Magnolia Street
PHOENIX, AZ 85034
Tel (602) 273-8000
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
2424 East Aragon Road
TUCSON, AZ 85702
Tel (602) 889-4631
CM,CS.E.MS" •
Arkansas
Hewlett -Packard Co
P 0 Box 5646
Brady Stalron
LITTLE ROCK, AR 72215
Tel. (501) 376-1844, (501)
664-8773
CM,MS
UNITED STATES (Cont.) Hewlett-Packard Co.
California
Hewlett-Packard Co.
7621 Canoga Avenue
P 0 Box 13910
6177 Lake Ellenor Drive
ORLANDO, FL 32809
CANOGA PARK, CA 91304
Tel: (213) 702-8300
A,CM,CP,E,P
Tel: (305) 859-2900
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
1579 W. Shaw Avenue
FRESNO, CA 93771
Tel: (209) 224-0582
CM,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
6425 N. Pensacola Blvd.
Suite 4, Building 1
PENSACOLA, FL 32575
Tel: (904) 476-8422
A,CM,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
1430 East Orangethorpe
FULLERTON, CA 92631
Tel: (714) 870-1000
CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
110 South Hoover, Suite 120
Vanguard Bldg.
TAMPA, FL 33609
Tel: (813) 872-0900
A· ,CM,CS,E" ,M"
Hewlett-Packard Co.
5400 W. Rosecrans Boulevard
LAWNDALE, CA 90260
P.O. Box 92105
LOS ANGELES, CA 90009
Tel: (213) 970-7500
CM,CP,MP
Georgia
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 105005
2000 South Park Place
ATLANTA, GA 30339
Tel: (404) 955-1500
Telex: 810-766-4890
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
3939 Lankershim Blvd.
NORTH HOLLYWOOD, CA 91604
Tel: (213) 877-1282
Regional Headquarters
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Executive Park Suite 306
P.O. Box 816
AUGUSTA, GA 30907
Tel: (404) 736-0592
Hewlett-Packard Co.
3200 Hillview Avenue
PALO ALTO, CA 94304
Tel: (415) 857-8000
CM,CP,E
Hewlett-Packard Co.
646 W. North Market Boulevard
SACRAMENTO, CA 95834
Tel: (916) 929-7222
A • ,CM,CP,E,MS
CM,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 2103
1172 N. Davis Drive
WARNER ROBINS, GA 31098
Tel: (912) 922-0449
CM,E
Hawaii
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Hewlett-Packard Co.
9606 Aero Drive
P.O. Box 23333
SAN DIEGO, CA 92123
Tel: (714) 279-3200
CM,CP,E,MP
Kawaiahao Plaza, Suite 190
567 South King Street
HONOLULU, HI 96813
Tel: (808) 526-1555
A,CM,CS,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
3003 Scott Boulevard
SANTA CLARA, CA 95050
Tel: (408) 988-7000
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
454 Carlton Court
SO. SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94080
Tel: (415) 877-0772
CM,CP
Colorado
Hewlett-Packard Co.
24 Inverness Place, East
ENGLEWOOD, CO 80 112
Tel (303) 771-3455
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Connecticut
Hewlett-Packard Co.
4 7 Barnes Industrial Road South
P.O. Box 5007
WALLINGFORD, CT 06492
Tel: (203) 265-7801
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Idaho
Hewlett-Packard Co.
11311 Ch1nden Boulevard
BOISE, ID 83707
Tel: (208) 376-6000
CM,CS,M"
Illinois
Hewlett-Packard Co.
211 Prospect Road
BLOOMINGTON, IL 6170 1
Tel: (309) 663-0383
CM,CS,MS' •
Hewlett-Packard Co.
1100 31st Street
DOWNERS GROVE, IL 60515
Tel (312) 960-5760
CM,CP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
520 1 Tollview Drive
ROLLING MEADOWS, IL 60008
Tel: (312) 255-9800
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Florida
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 24210
2727 N.W. 62nd Street
FORT LAUDERDALE, FL 33309
Tel: (305) 973-2600
CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
4080 Woodcock Drive, # 132
Brownell Building
JACKSONVILLE, FL 32207
Tel: (904) 398-0663
CM,C".E",MS"
Indiana
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 50807
7301 No. Shadeland Avenue
INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46250
Tel: (317) 842-1000
A,CM,CS,E,MS
Iowa
Hewlett-Packard Co.
24 15 Heinz Road
IOWA CITY, lA 52240
Tel: (319) 351-1020
CM.CS,E' ,MS
SALES
SUPPORT OFFICES
Massachusetts
Hewlett-Packard Co.
32 Hartwell Avenue
LEXINGTON, MA 02173
Tel (617) 861-8960
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Michigan
Hewlett-Packard Co.
23855 Research Dr'1ve
FARMINGTON HILLS, Ml 48024
Tel (313) 476-6400
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
4326 Cascade Road S.E.
GRAND RAPIDS, Ml 49506
Tel: (616) 957-1970
CM,CS,MS
Minnesota
Hewlett-Packard Co.
2025 W. Larpenteur Ave.
ST. PAUL, MN 55113
Tel: (612) 644-1100
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Mississippi
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 5028
322 N. Mart Plaza
JACKSON, MS 39216
Tel: (601) 982-9363
CM,MS
Missouri
Hewlett-Packard Co.
11131 Colorado Avenue
KANSAS CITY, MO 64137
Tel (816) 763-8000
Telex: 910-771-2087
A,CM,CS,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
1024 Executive Parkway
ST. LOUIS, MO 6314 1
Tel (314) 878-0200
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Kansas
Hewlett-Packard Co.
1644 S. Rock
WICHITA, KA 67207
Tel (316) 265-5200
CM,CS
Kentucky
Hewlett-Packard Co.
10 170 Linn Station Road
Suite 525
LOUISVILLE, KY 40223
Tel: (502) 426-0100
A,CM,CS,MS
Louisiana
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 1449
3229 Williams Boulevard
KENNER, LA 70062
Tel: (504) 443-6201
A,CM,CS,E,MS
Maryland
Hewlett-Packard Co.
7121 Standard Dnve
HANOVER, MD 21076
Tel (301) 796-7700
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
2 Choke Cherry Road
ROCKVILLE, MD 20850
Tel: (301) 948-6370
Telex: 710-828-9685
A,CM,CP.E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
5605 Roanne Way
GREENSBORO, NC 27 409
Tel: (919) 852-1800
A,CM.CP,E,MS
Ohio
Hewlett-Packard Co.
9920 Carver Road
CINCINNATI, OH 45242
Tel: (513) 891-9870
CM,CP,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
16500 Sprague Road
CLEVELAND, OH 44 130
Tel (216) 243-7300
Telex: 810-423-9430
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
962 Crupper Ave.
COLUMBUS, OH 43229
Tel (614) 436-1041
CM,CP,E"
Hewlett-Packard Co.
330 Progress Rd.
DAYTON, OH 45449
Tel (513) 859-8202
A,CM,CP,E • ,MS
Oklahoma
Hewlett-Packard Co_
P.O. Box 366
1503 W_ Gore Blvd, Suite #2
LAWTON, OK 73502
Tel: (405) 248-4248 c
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P 0 Box 32008
304 N. Meridan Avenue, Suite A
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73107
Tel: (405) 946-9499
A • ,CM,CP,E • .MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Suite 121
9920 E. 42nd Street
TULSA, OK 7 4 145
Tel: (918) 665-3300
A"",CM,CS,M"
Oregon
Hewlett-Packard Co.
1500 Valley River Drive, Suite 330
EUGENE, OR 97 40 1
Tel (503) 683-8075 c
Hewlett-Packard Co.
9255 S. W. Pioneer Court
WILSONVILLE, OR 97070
Tel (503) 682-8000
A,CM,CP,E' ,MS
Pennsylvania
Hewlett-Packard Co.
1021 8th Avenue
King of Pruss1a Industrial Park
KING OF PRUSSIA, PA 19406
Tel (215) 265-7000
Telex: 510-660-2670
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
111 Zeta Drive
PIITSBURGH, PA 152 38
Tel (412) 782-0400
A,CM.CP,E,MP
South Carolina
Hewlett-Packard Co
P 0 Box 6442
6941-0 N. Trenholm Road
COLUMBIA, SC 29260
Tel (803) 782-6493
CM,CS.E.MS
Nebraska
Hewlett-Packard
710 1 Mercy Road
Suite 10 1, IBX Building
OMAHA, NE 68106
Tel (402) 392-0948
CM,MS
Nevada
Hewlett-Packard Co.
SUite D-130
5030 Parad1se Blvd
LAS VEGAS, NV 89119
Tel (702) 736-6610
CM,MS""
New Jersey
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Crystal Brook Profess1onal Building
Route 35
EATONTOWN, NJ 07724
Tel: (201) 542-1384
A • ,CM,C" ,E" ,P"
Hewlett-Packard Co.
W 120 Century Road
PARAMUS, NJ 07652
Tel: (201) 265-5000
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
60 New England Avenue West
PISCATAWAY, NJ 08854
Tel: (201) 981-1199
A,CM,CP,E
New Mexico
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P 0 Box 11634
11300 Lomas Blvd.,N.E.
ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87123
Tel: (505) 292-1330
Telex: 910-989-1185
CM,CP,E,MS
New York
Hewlett-Packard Co.
5 Computer Drive South
ALBANY, NY 12205
Tel (518) 458-1550
Telex: 710-444-4691
A,CM,CS,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
9600 Main Street
CLARENCE, NY 14031
Tel (716) 759-8621
Telex 710-523-1893
Hewlett-Packard Co.
200 Cross Keys Office
FAIRPORT, NY 14450
Tel (716) 223-9950
Telex 510-253-0092
CM,CP,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
No. 1 Pennsylvania Plaza
55th Floor
34th Street & 8th Avenue
NEW YORK, NY 10119
Tel (212) 971-0800
CM,CP,E' .M'
Hewlett-Packard Co.
5858 East Molloy Road
SYRACUSE NY 13211
Tel (315) 455-2486
A,CM,CS,E,MS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
3 Crossways Park West
WOODBURY, NY 11797
Tel (516) 921-0300
Telex 510-221-2183
A,CM,CP.E.MS
North Carolina
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P 0 Box 15579
2905 Guess Road (27705)
DURHAM, NC 27704
Tel (919) 471-8466
C,M
0
(h~
UNITED STATES (Cont.) Hewlett-Packard Co
P 0. Box 4786
South Carolina (Cont.)
3 t 10 Peters Creek Road, N.W.
Hewlett-Packard Co.
ROANOKE, VA 24015
814 Wade Hampton Blvd.
Tel (703) 563-2205
Suite 10
GREENVILLE, SC 29609
CM,CS,E" •
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Tel: (803) 232-0917 c P 0. Box 12778
5700 Thurston Avenue
Tennessee
Suite 111
Hewlett-Packard Co.
VIRGINIA BEACH, VA 23455
P.O. Box 22490
Tel: (804) 460-2471
224 Peters Road
CM,CS,MS
Suite 102
KNOXVILLE, TN 37922
Washington
Tel: (615) 691-2371
Hewlett-Packard Co.
A",CM,MS
15815 S.E. 37th Street
BELLEVUE, WA 98006
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Tel: (206) 643-4000
3070 Directors Row
A,CM,CP,E,MP
MEMPHIS, TN 38131
Tel: (90 1
I
346-8370
Hewlett-Packard Co.
A,CM,CS,MS
Suite A
708 North Argonne Road
Hewlett-Packard Co.
SPOKANE, WA 99206
Suite 103
Tel: (509) 922-7000
478 Craighead Street
CM,CS
NASHVILLE, TN 37204
Tel: (615) 383-9136
West Virginia
CM,MS""
Texas
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Suite 310W
7800 Shoalcreek Blvd.
AUSTIN, TX 78757
Tel: (512) 459-3143
Hewlett-Packard Co.
4604 MacCorkle Ave., S.E.
CHARLESTON, WV 25304
Tel: (304) 925-0492
A,CM,MS
Wisconsin
Hewlett-Packard Co.
CM,E
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Suite C-110
4 171 North Mesa
EL PASO, TX 79902
Tel: (915) 533-3555
CM,CS,E • ,MS • •
150 S. Sunny Slope Road
BROOKFIELD, WI 53005
Tel: (414) 784-8800
A,CM,CS,E • ,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
5020 Mark IV Park way
FORT WORTH, TX 76106
Tel: (817) 625-6361
CM,C"
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P.O. Box 42816
10535 Harwin Street
HOUSTON, TX 77036
Tel: (713) 776-6400
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
3309 67th Street
Suite 24
LUBBOCK, TX 794 13
Tel: (806) 799-4472
M
Hewlett-Packard Co
P 0. Box 1270
930 E. Campbell Ad.
RICHARDSON, TX 75081
Tel: (214) 231-6101
A,CM,CP,E,MP
Hewlett-Packard Co.
205 Billy Mitchell Road
SAN ANTONIO, TX 78226
Tel: (512) 434-8241
CM,CS,E,MS
Utah
Hewlett-Packard Co
3530 W. 2100 South Street
SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84119
Tel (801) 974-1700
A,CM,CP,E,MS
Virginia
Hewlett-Packard Co
P 0 Box 9669
2914 Hungary Spnng Road
RICHMOND, VA 23228
Tel (804) 285-3431
A,CM,CP,E,MS
YUGOSLAVIA
/skra-Commerce-Represenlallon of
Hew/ell-Packard
Sava Centar Oetegaclja 30
Milen/ija Popov1ca 9
11170 BEOGRAD
Tel 638-762
Telex. 12042, 12322 YU SAV CEN lskra-Commerce-RepresenlatJon of
Hew/ell-Packard
Koprska 46
61000
LJUBLJANA
Tel: 321674, 315879
Telex:
ZAMBIA
R. J. Tilbury (Zambia) Ltd.
P.O Box 2792
LUSAKA
Tel. 81243
A,E,M,P
ZIMBABWE
FJeld Technical Sales
45
Kelvin Road, North
PB 3458
SALISBURY
Tel:
C,E,M,P
FOR COUNTRIES AND
AREAS NOT LISTED:
CANADA
Ontario
Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd.
6877 Goreway Drive
MISSISAUGA, Ontario L4V 1M8
Tel: (416) 678-9430
Telex: 610-492-4246
EASTERN USA
Maryland
Hewlett-Packard Co.
4 Choke Cherry Road
Rockville, MD 20850
Tel: (301) 258-2000
URUGUAY
Pablo Ferrando S.A.C. e./.
Avemda //alia 2877
Casilla de Correa 370
MIDWESTERN USA
Illinois
MONTEVIDEO
Hewlett-Packard Co.
520 1 Tollv1ew Drive
Tel. 403102
ROLLING MEADOWS, IL 60008
Telex: 901 Public Booth Para Pablo
Tel (312) 255-9800
Ferrando 919520
Cable. RADIUM Montevideo
A,CM,E,M
SOUTHERN USA
Georgia
Guillermo Kraft del Uruguay SA
Avda. Liber/ador Brig. Gral.
Lavalle;a 2083
MONTEVIDEO
Tel: 234588, 234808, 208830
Telex.· 6245 ACTOUR UY p
Hewlett-Packard Co.
P 0 Box 105005
450 Interstate N. Park way
ATLANTA, GA 30339
Tel (404) 955-1500
WESTERN USA
U.S.S.R.
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Representative Office
Pokrovsky Blvd. 4/17 KV12
MOSCOW 101000 Tel 294-2024
Telex: 7825 HEWPACK SU
VENEZUELA
Hewlett-Packard de Venezuela C.A.
Apartado 50933
3A Transversal Los Auices Norte
Ed1f1cio Segre 2Y3
CARACAS 1071
Tel: 239-4133, 239-4777,
239-4244
Telex 25146 HEWPACK
Cable: HEWPACK Caracas
A,CP,E,MS,P
California
Hewlett-Packard Co.
3939 Lankersim Blvd.
LOS ANGELES, CA 91604
Tel (213) 877-1282
EUROPEAN AREAS NOT
LISTED, CONTACT
SWITZERLAND
Hewlett-Packard S.A.
7 Rue du Bo1s-du-Lan
CH- 1217 MEYRIN 2, Switzerland
Tel. (022) 83-81-11
Telex 27835 hpse
Cable: HEWPACKSA Geneve
EAST EUROPEAN AREAS
NOT LISTED, CONTACT
AUSTRIA
Hewlett-Packard Ges.m.b.h.
Wehlistrasse 29
P.O. Box 7
A-1205 VIENNA
Tel: (222) 35-16-210
Telex: 135823/135066
MEDITERRANEAN AND
MIDDLE EAST AREAS
NOT LISTED, CONTACT
GREECE
Hewlett-Packard S.A.
Mediterranean
& Middle East
Operations
35, Kolokotroni Street
Platia Kefallariou
GR-Kifissia, ATHENS, Greece
Tel: 808-0359, 808-0429
Telex: 21-6588
Cable: HEWPACKSA Athens
INTERNATIONAL AREAS
NOT LISTED, CONTACT
OTHER AREAS
Hewlett-Packard Co.
Intercontinental Headquarters
3495 Deer Creek Road
PALO ALTO, CA 94304
Tel: (415) 857-1501
Telex: 034-8300
Cable: HEWPACK
4/20/81
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