Abacus Software Forth-64 Programming Language User's Guide

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For replacement.
First Printing, florch 1985
Printed in U.S.A. Translated by G . Dykema
CapyrightCCl1385 Abacus Software, Inc.
P.O. Box 7211
Grcnd Ropids, flI 93510
CopyrightCCl1905 DATA BECKER, GmbH
flerowingerstr. 30
9000 DusseldorF, W.Germnny
Table of Contents
.
1
Introduction
........................................... 1
............................................3
.........................4
............................ 6
................................ 7
3 . F o r t h e d i t o r ........................................... 9
3 . 1 G e n e r a l ............................................ 9
3 . 2 E d i t i n g i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h a s i m p l e e x a m p l e ......... 1 0
3 . 3 O v e r v i e w o f t h e e d i t i n g b u f f e r .................... 1 2
3 . 4 D e s c r i p t i o n o f e d i t o r commands .................... 1 3
3 . 4 . 1 S c r e e n commands ................................. 1 3
3 . 4 . 2 L i n e commands ................................... 1 4
3 . 4 . 3 C h a r a c t e r commands .............................. 1 5
3 . 4 . 4 E n d i n g t h e e d i t i n g .............................. 1 7
3 . 5 E d i t o r f u n c t i o n k e y s .............................. 1 8
3 . 6 N o t e s ............................................. 1 8
4 . P r o g r a m m i n g i n F o r t h .................................. 1 9
4 . 1 G e n e r a l ........................................... 1 9
4 . 2 The s t a c k ......................................... 20
4 . 3 E x a m p l e s .......................................... 2 1
5 . M u s i c w i t h t h e s o u n d v o c a b u l a r y ....................... 2 5
5 . 1 D e s c r i p t i o n s o f s o u n d commands .................... 2 5
5 . 2 A f i r s t c o m p o s i t i o n w i t h s o u n d .................... 27
6 . G r a p h i c s w i t h t h e g r a p h i c s v o c a b u l a r y ................. 29
6 . 1 L o - r e s ( w i t h e x a m p l e ) .............................2 9
6 . 2 H i - r e s ( w i t h e x a m p l e ) ............................. 30
6 . 3 D e s c r i p t i o n s o f g r a p h i c s commands ................. 35
7 . The F o r t h a s s e m b l e r ................................... 3 7
7 . 1 G e n e r a l ........................................... 3 7
7 . 2 The a s s e m b l e r v o c a b u l a r y .......................... 3 9
7 . 3 A s m a l l a s s e m b l e r p r o g r a m ......................... 4 1
8 . M i s c e l l a n e o u s ......................................... 4 3
A p p e n d i x 1 : Memory map ...................................44
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
General
F i r s t time u s i n g Forth-64
I n p u t from t h e t e r m i n a l
The s c r e e n f i l e SCR
.
w
Appendix 2:
The e n t i r e F o r t h v o c a b u l a r y
..................4 5
ABACUS Software
FORTE-64
1. Introduction
"Forth should be able to do what
languages can do--only more elegantly."
other
programming
This was the claim that Charles H. Moore made about the
language which he developed, Forth. As a matter of fact, the
steadily growing base of Forth enthusiasts seems never to
tire of producing examples illustrating how programs can be
realized faster and in less space (and often more elegantly)
than in other languages. For example, compilers are written
in Forth and also the famous turtle graphics in Logo have
been implemented in Forth--quickly and elegantly. Forth is
particularly well applied to the solution of real-time
problems since Forth is fast, compact, and efficient.
-
But Forth is not only a programming language but also
an operating system. With Forth, a complete system is
available to the user in which one can program, assemble,
and edit, with which one (in the caee of Forth-64) can do
graphics and make music, with which memory dumps and program
patches can be made, and in which desired extensions can be
made by the user which are then immediately resident in the
system. Forth consists of hundreds of words which all denote
a program of their own which is immediately executed when
called.
To be sure, Forth is not a language which is very easy
to underetand since it is quite different from all other
high-level languages. Normally, Forth uses only the stack as
an interface for parameter passing and performs no special
parameter checking. In addition, Forth uses what is called
Reverse Polish Notation or RPN for arithmetic. RPN can take
a while to get used to.
ABACUS Software
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ABACUS S o f t w a r e
2.1 Oeneral
Forth-64
is based
o n t h e FIG-FORTH s t a n d a r d o f
the
Forth
I n t e r e s t Group (FIG) o f San C a r l o s ,
California.
Naturally,
c u r r e n t v e r s i o n s o f F o r t h o f f e r many m o r e w o r d s ,
just
a s t h i s v e r s i o n o f f e r s s o m e t h r e e t i m e s a s many w o r d s
In addition,
i n its b a s i c vocabulary a s does t h e standard.
a l l of vocabulary of t h e second Forth standard,
F o r t h 79,
h a s been included i n t h i s Forth.
F u r t h e r m o r e , some w o r d s i n
t h e most r e c e n t g e n e r a t i o n o f F o r t h ,
Forth 83,
have been
included i n Forth-64.
U n f o r t u n a t e l y , some w o r d s i n F o r t h 8 3
h a v e d i f f e r e n t programs c o n n e c t e d w i t h them i n c o n t r a s t t o
e a r l i e r F o r t h s a n d some w o r d s h a v e b e e n renamed.
Where s u c h
a m b i g u i t i e s e x i s t s ( f o r example,
t h e w o r d s PICK a n d ROLL
h a v e a s l i g h t l y a l t e r e d f u n c t i o n , a n d t h e o l d w o r d 0= h a s
b e e n r e p l a c e d w i t h NOT i n F o r t h 8 3 ) ,
t h e o l d s y n t a x and
s e m a n t i c s h a v e been r e t a i n e d i n Forth-64.
I n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s t a n d a r d , F o r t h - 6 4 c o n t a i n s a number
o f v e r y u s e f u l w o r d s w i t h w h i c h t h e SID ( S o u n d
Interface
Device)
a n d VIC
(Video I n t e r f a c e C o n t r o l l e r )
can
be
a d d r e s s e d making i t e a s i e r t o u s e t h e s e d e v i c e s f o r g r a p h i c s
and sound.
'Y
Forth-64 n a t u r a l l y i n c l u d e s t h e s p e c i a l F o r t h a s s e m b l e r
w i t h which one can c r e a t e assembly language programs ( i n t h e
Forth n o t a t i o n ) , and Forth has an easy-to-use e d i t o r .
We a l s o h a v e n ' t f o r g o t t e n t h e w o r d s w i t h w h i c h o n e c a n
a d d r e s s e x t e r n a l d e v i c e s ( d i s k ) and p r o c e s s s t r i n g s ( s i m i l a r
t o BASIC),
a n d t h e many p r o g r a m m i n g a i d s s u c h a s t h e DUMP,
HELP, a n d TRACE c o m m a n d s .
Should t h e u s e r s t i l l r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l words f o r h i s
s p e c i a l needs,
t h e s e can b e d e f i n e d at any t i m e and are--as
any o t h e r F o r t h word--immediately a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e .
At
t h i s p o i n t we w i l l o n l y h i n t a t
the ability t o
assign s t r i n g s (Forth words) t o function keys o r any o t h e r
key.
F o r t h - 6 4 makes u s e o f t h e f u n c t i o n k e y s i t s e l f and h a s
assigned often-used
functions t o t h e function keys i n t h e
e d i t o r a n d even s t a n d a r d modes.
T h e HELP command d i s p l a y s
t h e c u r r e n t key assignments,
a l s o when t h e a s s i g n m e n t s h a v e
been changed by t h e u s e r .
fCI
One l a s t f e a t u r e o f F o r t h - - 6 4 i s t h e f a c t t h a t a l l o f
t h e examples g i v e n i n t h e u s e r ' s manual a r e a l s o i n c l u d e d on
the disk.
The programs a r e u s e f u l a n d c a n b e i m m e d i a t e l y
loaded, t r i e d o u t , and changed a s d e s i r e d .
ABACUS Software
FORTH-64
2.2 First time using Forth-64
The Forth distribution diskette contains 3 files:
-
GFORTH
FIG-FORTH64
- SCR
( The loader program)
( The Forth program)
( an included screen file)
Forth is loaded with: LOAD "GFORTH",8,1
.
NcT.'
szi
bt&C
$.+r+L
Forth-64 starts itself, meaning you don't have to type
RUN or some similar command after the program has loaded.
Forth-64 announces
message containing the
program name.
itself with the usual
initial
version, date of creation, and
The first commands which you can now give
things as VLIST, HELP, or .S
.
are
such
VLIST generates a list of all the words in the current
context and Forth vocabularies. The context dictionary may
be ASSEMBLER, EDITOR, GRAPHIC, SOUND, or FORTH itself. After
loading, the context vocabulary is Forth.
If the command listing produced by VLIST takes too long
for you, you can interrupt it by pressing the STOP key. This
is true of the most of the commands which take a while to
execute.
The command .S returns the condition of the stack. This
is hopefully empty immediately after loading Forth.
When you enter a number (such as 3 CR), and then take a
look at the stack, you will see this number there until
another Forth word such as CLEAR CR or . CR retrieves it.
Enter the command HELP. It shows you the current key
assignments. This produces an assignment of ASCII codes to
Forth words. Any word can be assigned to any key as desired
with the limitation that the assigned word not require any
values from the stack.
Perhaps you would like to make a small change in your
system. Let us assume that you do not like the color
combination on the screen.
Simply enter the following sentence:
BLUE BORDER
CYAN SCREEN
BROWN PEN CR
and everything looks much nicer, right?
Forget BASIC, forget POKEing values into addresses that
no human can remember!
YI
ABACUS Software
FORTH-64
In Forth-64, the color codes 0 to 9 are assigned to
constants--words. Write BLACK when you mean BLACK instead of
O!
You can even define a new word for your favorite
combination,
: FCN BLACK BORDER RED SCREEN WHITE PEN ; CR
color
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
FORTH-64
2.3 Input from the terminal
In Forth it w a s planned from the beginning t o h a v e t h e
input operate in t h e KEY mode, meaning that e a c h character
is accepted and processed as soon a s it is typed. T h i s
burdens Forth with a wholly unnecessary task w h i c h the
operating system performs all by itself w h e n t h e appropriate
routine is called.
Forth-64 does not process input in t h e
key mode. T h e input o f characters is d o n e in t h e s a m e w a y it
is done in BASIC, meaning that Forth does not "see" the line
until y o u send it a n edited line w i t h CR.
A small modification t o this input function has been
m a d e however ( w i t h t h e result o f greater convenience f o r t h e
ueer) :
The
first character t h e user enters after F o r t h
responds w i t h "OK" is checked to s e e i f it is contained in
an assignment table w h i c h creates a connection between input
characters and Forth functions. I f this is the case, then
t h i s function is performed and more input will b e expected
upon completion.
T h i s continues until a key is pressed which is not
contained in this table. In this c a s e the normal line input
routine is called and t h e character first entered is, of
course, retained.
An example o f a key assignment c a n be found in Section
5 - "Music with the sound vocabulary".
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
-
FORTH-64
2 . 4 T h e s c r e e n f i l e SCR
Sooner o r l a t e r i t w i l l no longer b e any fun t o e n t e r
y o u r l a r g e r programs by hand e a c h time.
You w a n t t o b e a b l e
t o write these t o a f i l e with t h e help of an e d i t o r i n order
t o b e a b l e t o l o a d t h e m a g a i n when r e q u i r e d .
Forth
recognizes only a single f i l e .
T h i s i s c a l l e d SCR i n F o r t h 64.
SCR is a r e l a t i v e f i l e w h i c h c a n b e o f a n y d e s i r e d
size,
p r e f e r a b l y o n i t s own d i s k .
F o r t h manages t h i s f i l e
virtually,
m e a n i n g t h a t you c a n a c c e s s random p l a c e s i n i t ,
page forwards and backwards,
and u s e them a s you would
memory i n t h e c o m p u t e r , w i t h o u t g i v i n g i t a n y t h o u g h t . F o r t h
t a k e s c a r e o f t h e i n p u t and o u t p u t t r a n s f e r by
itself.
You
n e e d o n l y i n f o r m t h e c o m p u t e r when y o u a r e d o n e w i t h a n
the
e d i t i n g s e s s i o n s o t h a t i t c a n make s u r e t h a t a l l o f
memory h a s b e e n s a v e d o n d i s k .
T h e w o r d DONE p e r f o r m s t h i s
operation.
The s c r e e n f i l e is d i v i d e d i n t o i n d i v i d u a l
logical
pages
(screens).
A page contains 16 l i n e s ,
each o f 64
characters.
A page is a l s o t h e l o g i c a l e n t i t y used
in
editing.
A s w e a l r e a d y s a i d , one can s e l e c t any page a t any
time,
l o o k a t i t a n d e d i t i t . Two s c r e e n s a r e a l w a y s
reserved f o r e r r o r messages i n Forth.
These a r e s c r e e n s 4
a n d 5.
When c r e a t i n g a new s c r e e n f i l e ,
do not forget t o
c o p y t h e s e p a g e s t o t h e new f i l e .
I f you d o n ' t d o t h i s you
w i l l n o t g e t a n y e r r o r m e s s a g e s when y o u e n c o u n t e r a n e r r o r .
W
B e f o r e y o u e d i t y o u r own p r o g r a m s ,
g e t o n e o f y o u r own
data disks f o r the sake of security.
This w i l l a l s o enable
y o u t o l e a r n a c o u p l e o f new F o r t h w o r d s :
-
insert original disk
- EMPTY-BUFFERS 4 L I S T 5 L I S T CLOSE-SCREEN CR
- i n s e r t new d i s k i n d r i v e
-
" N:disk
n a m e , i d N DOS CR
Note: The s p a c e s b e h i n d t h e " a r e r e l e v a n t .
T h i s command f o r m a t s t h e d i s k , e r a s i n g i t !
- CREATE-SCREEN CR
A s c r e e n f i l e w i t h 2200 s e n t e n c e s i s c r e a t e d a n d
s c r e e n s 4 and 5, which a r e i n t h e d i s k b u f f e r , a r e
copied t o t h e disk. It requires several minutes t o
create the f i l e .
'V
Now y o u h a v e a F o r t h d a t a d i s k w h i c h y o u c a n u s e r i g h t
away.
You c a n o f c o u r s e m a k e a s many d a t a d i s k s a s y o u l i k e
i n t h i s manner.
ABACUS Software
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ABACUS Software
3. Forth Editor
'v
One of the peculiarities of Forth is that the user
cannot divide his text and programs into files as desired
but must write these to a single virtual file called "SCR"
in Forth-64.
This virtual Forth storage is further divided
into screens (logical pages).
The user can select and work
with desired pages of this file.
Just as screens can be selected "at random" for
editing, these same screens can be compiled in any order,
determined either through references at the end of each page
or through a command page.
The processing entity is always such a screen!
The format of a Forth screen is standardized. It always
consists of 16 lines each of 64 characters. The maximum
number of screens depends on the amount of storage space
available on the disk.
An additional standard is that screens 4 and 5 must
contain error messages.
These screens should not
be
overwritten with programs or else no meaningful messages
will be given when an error occurs.
5 LIST
If you take a look at these screens (4 LIST
CR), you will see that some lines are empty. These lines can
be filled with error messages as the user sees fit.
Line 15 on page 4 has another special significance. It
should contain a brief text identifying the disk, perhaps
its contents and the date of creation. This line is
evaluated by the documenting words TRIAD and INDEX. The user
can receive its message with the command 15 MESSAGE CR.
The following example will give you a look into how
editing is done in Forth and how you you can change the disk
identification line. You can best learn about the many
possibilities not explained in the example here from the
description
of the EDITOR vocabulary in section 3 . 4 "Description of the editor commands".
ABACUS Software
3.2 Simple editing
We enter the following command to edit screen 4:
4 EDIT CR
Screen
displayed:
4 with the corresponding error messages will be
SCR X 4
0 P ( ERROR MESSAGES )
1 P EMPTY STACK !
2 P DICTIONARY FULL !
3 P HAS INCORRECT ADDRESS MODE
4 P ISN'T UNIQUE
5 P
6 P DISC RANGE ?
7 P FULL STACK !
8 P DISC ERROR !
9 P
10 P
11 P
12 P
13 P
14 P
15 P MASTER DISKETTE FORTH64
The line numbers are set from 0 to 15 and are not, as
in they are in BASIC, freely chosen. The P behind the line
number means PUT or PLACE and has the function that the text
behind it (separated by a space) will be written on the
corresponding line.
You may have noticed that the usual "OK" message is not
printed. This makes sense because you can now position the
cursor at the spot to be changed and make the appropriate
changes. By sending the P command with CR, the start of the
next line is not destroyed. You can then continue to edit as
usual.
If you do not want to move the cursor, you can also
write your lines directly, without using the pattern. If you
have screens which contain more than 7 lines with over 35
characters, the top lines will scroll away and you must edit
the first lines in this manner.
At this point you should be strongly advised to
alternate lines when writing Forth programs (with the
exception of lines 0 [contains screen information] and 15
[here it doesn't hurt anymore]).
Otherwise Forth programs
become very difficult to read and Forth programs which are
difficult to read become hard for even the author the
understand after a while.
w
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
-
FORTH-64
O n c e y o u have changed screen 4 according to your
tastes, s a v e the changes t o disk with t h e command SSAVE
(F7).
Y o u c a n get t o t h e next or previous screen w i t h t h e
commands + E D I T (Fl) and -EDIT (F2), accordingly. When you
This
a r e done editing,
enter t h e command D O N E (Fa).
implicates, a m o n g others, SSAVE, and even s a v e s a l l changes
in t h e disk buffer t o diak if y o u forget S S A V E at t h e end o f
editing a screen.
To s e e i f y o u r changes w e r e accepted, t a k e a look
t h e index o f s c r e e n s 4 and 5 w i t h t h e INDEX command:
at
4 5 INDEX C R
T h e comment lines o f s c r e e n s 4 and 5 a s w e l l a s t h e
identification line will b e displayed on t h e screen.
diak
For additional practice, y o u could d e f i n e y o u r favorite
screen color combination on a screen and then load t h i s
s c r e e n a f t e r y o u have loaded Forth from t h e distribution
diskette. S c r e e n s can b e loaded with t h e LOAD command. F o r
example:
10 LOAD CR
py
i f your program ie in screen 10.
If screen 10 w a s t h e last screen t o b e edited o r i f t h e
value 10 ie contained in t h e variable S C R , y o u need o n l y
press the R U N key on t h e computer. This k e y is assigned t h e
function ELOAD.
I f F o r t h discovers an error w h i l e loading a screen,
s u c h as a word it does not recognize, y o u need only enter
the word WHERE and t h e screen in question will b e displayed
f o r editing with a marker at the spot w h e r e t h e error
occurred.
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
3 . 3 Overview o f t h e e d i t o r b u f f e r
85A1
85F 1
Search Buffer PADF
8A39
A
FIND
DELETE
B
FS
(F)
(FS)
(DELI
8A40
Insert Buffer PAD1
4
INSERT
8640
f
FINDPELREBPS
(INS)
864 1
d
Hold Buffer PADH
1R
,
dl,,
#
I
V
V
Disk Buffer
~ o l d up
s to 80 lines
e . g. the current
screen
8F80
'
A l l b u f f e r s up t o PAD a r e u s e d o n l y b y t h e e d i t o r and
can b e used f o r o t h e r purposes.
They a r e e r a s e d w i t h EMPTYBUFFERS b e f o r e u s i n g t h e e d i t o r .
ABACUS Software
3.4 Description o f editor commands
3.4.1
SCREEN commande
The following commands operate on one or more screens.
EDIT
E
n -Selects the nth screen for editing. OK is
turned off. Internal cursor position is set
to the start of the 0th line (variable R # ) ,
the screen is displayed, and the cursor is
positioned on the first line.
Displayed
screens can be edited.
-The
current screen (number
displayed again (as with EDIT).
in
SCR)
is
+EDIT
-The next screen is displayed for editing
-EDIT
-The previous screen is displayed for editing.
WIPE
-The current screen is erased (only in the
disk buffer). After command E , a blank screen
is displayed.
w
SSAVE
-The current screen is saved on disk, assuming
it was changed.
SCRATCH
-The changes in the screen being edited are
made invalid in the disk buffer. The lastsaved
condition can be redisplayed
for
editing with the E command.
ABACUS Software
3.4.2
L i n e commande
C o m m a n d s w h i c h m a n i p u l a t e o n e o r m o r e e n t i r e lines.
P
i -P l a c e s t h e f o l l o w i n g text in t h e ith l i n e o f
t h e current screen.
T h e internal c u r a o r
position is c o n n e c t e d in s e r i e s t o t h e next
p a g e (important f o r searching).
i n -S p r e a d s t h e current s c r e e n at t h e ith l i n e b y
n lines. T h e lines behind n a r e lost.
i -Replaces t h e c u r r e n t line and t h e lines
following w i t h t h e c o n t e n t s o f PAD.
P A D can
be f i l l e d by t h e c o m m a n d s H o r XH.
i n -Inserts t h e c o n t e n t s o f P A D at t h e ith line.
T h e last lines o f t h e s c r e e n a r e lost.
i n -C o p i e s n lines
s c r e e n to PAD.
at l i n e i
of
the
current
i n -Erases n
screen.
at l i n e i
on
the
current
i n -D e l e t e s n lines at line i o n t h e
screen. Lines are placed in PAD.
current
lines
s i n - "External Hold." C o p i e s n lines at l i n e i of
S c r e e n s t o PAD. This a l l o w s y o u t o u s e
s e c t i o n s o f o t h e r s c r e e n s in t h e s c r e e n
currently b e i n g edited without having t o
select t h e s c r e e n from w h i c h t h e e x t r a c t i o n
is made.
ABACUS Software
FORTH-64
3.4.3 Character commands
'CI.
The following commands operate on individual characters
or on the internal cursor position R#. Search and delete
commands operate at the cursor position saved in R#. The
search and insert buffers are not initialized when the
editor is called in order to preserve their contents over
multiple editor calls. The appropriate parameters must
therefore be given for the first search or insert call.
TOP
-Sets the internal cursor position to 0 (line
0 , column 0).
i -Sets the internal cursor position to the
start of the ith line (line i, column 0).
! R#
n -Sets the cursor pointer to n.
+ !R#
n -Advances the cursor pointer n positions.
Writes the line to which the cursor pointer
points on the screen. The cursor position is
displayed
through reverse output of the
character in question.
-Erases the remainder
cursor position.
FIND
of the
line
at
the
-A search is made for the text, enclosed in
following
the
English
pound signs ( E ) ,
command, at the current cursor position. The
text is placed in the search buffer. The
delimiter can be found in the variable DELI
and can be changed as desired. If an empty
string is specified (for example: FIND EE
CR), the search buffer does not change. A
search will be made for the string last given
in
a search command.
If no delimiters
(English
pound signs) are found in
the
following string, the entire remainder of the
input line will be used as the target string.
W
INSERT
--
The text following the command and enclosed
in English pound signs is inserted at the
current cursor position. The text is also
placed in the insert buffer. The delimiter is
again in the variable DELI and can be changed
FORTH-64
ABACUS Software
as required. If an empty string is entered
(for example: INSERT EE CR), the contents of
the
insert buffer are not changed
and
existing contents are then used.
If no
delimiter is found in the text following the
command, the entire remainder of the input
line
is
inserted
(Beware
of
length
conflicts! )
The cursor is set back the number characters
found in the search buffer.
DELETE
-A search is made for the text following the
command and enclosed in English pound signs,
starting at the current cursor position, and
deleted if found. The text is placed in the
search buffer. The delimiter is found in the
variable DELI and can be changed as required.
The same applies for empty strings or those
not enclosed in delimiters as for FIND.
A search is made for the text following the
command, enclosed in English pound signs, and
if found, this text is replaced by the text
enclosed in the English pound signs following
the first. Both texts are placed in the
search and insert buffers, respectively. The
delimiter is once again found in the variable
DELI and can be changed if desired. The same
applies as with DELETE and INSERT for empty
strings or strings not enclosed in delimiters.
Example: FS ECATEDOGE
(FIND)
-Like FIND, but the text to be found is taken
from the search buffer. (FIND) is the actual
search routine for FIND and can be used for
multiple searches for the same target.
(INSERT)
-Like INSERT, but the text in
buffer is inserted. What was
(FIND) applies here too.
the insert
said about
(FS)
-Like FS, but the strings are taken from the
search and insert buffers.
(DELETE)
-Like DELETE, but the text is taken from
search buffer.
the
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
3.4.4 Ending the editing
DONE
-Switches t o t h e Forth vocabulary. The editing
m o d e is exited. First, however, lines which
w e r e not already s a v e d a r e written t o disk.
The OK message is reactivated and t h e editor
function keys are deactivated.
FORTH-64
ABACUS Software
3.5 Editor function keys
The function keys have special assignments in the Forth
editor. The assignments can be viewed through the HELP
command.
CHRS(x)
94
131
133
137
134
138
135
139
136
140
Key
Assignments
* .
SHIFT RUN:
F1:
F2:
F3 :
F4 :
F5 :
F6 :
F7 :
F8 :
8
.
E
ELOAD
+EDIT
-EDIT
(DELETE)
WIPE
(INSERT)
(FIND)
SSAVE
DONE
redisplays current screen
loads the last-edited screen
edit next screen
edit previous screen
delete current search target
erase current screen
inserts the current INSERT buffer
searches for current target
saves edited screen
ends editing
The function FS can be repeated as often desired by using F3
and F5. The search and insert buffers are also not cleared
when screens are changed so that a substitution using
function keys F1, F3, F5, and when done, F7, can be
performed, for example.
3.6 Notes
If you want to edit, but Forth does not accept the edit
commands entered, you have probably exited the editor. Enter
the command i EDIT CR or E CR.
ABACUS Software
FORTH-64
4. Programming in Forth
+
This Forth user's guide is not designed to teach Forth.
The user who wants to learn Forth and write more complex
Forth programs should get a good tutorial book on Forth.
Stgytigg Forth by Leo Brodie o f FORTH, Inc. is an excellent
book to start learning this unique language.
In
this chapter we will clarify only the
main
characteristics of Forth. We will include small example
programs which, in contrast to the programs in the following
chapters, are not contained on the program disk.
4.1 General
-
The Forth language consists of words, as does any other
language. Each o f these words corresponds, s o to speak, to a
command which has something to do with t h e program. All of
the words belonging to the basic Forth vocabulary are
described in the appendix to this guide. There a r e hundreds
of them for the user to become acquainted with. Some (like
HELP or VLIST) have been described in the previous chapters.
Most of the words must have yet to b e explained. Just
as you can't tell anyone "Write!" without telling him what
to write,
it is just as senseless to give Forth the
corresponding command
CR without telling it what should be
displayed on the screen.
.
.
CR, on the other hand, can be
The instruction 5
processed and Forth outputs the number 5 on the screen. It
should be noted that in Forth,
one first gives the
operand(s) and then the operator; therefore first the number
5 and then the instruction
'I.".
The same applies to arithmetic expressions. The sum of
the two numbers 7 and 1 2 is calculated in Forth through the
expression 7 12 + CR instead o f 7 + 12 = as usual.
Now w e must explain how Forth words know what they are
supposed to process. To do s o we must describe something
called the stack.
ABACUS Software
FORTE-64
4.2 The stack
In Forth, all programs communicate over a single
central location--the stack. Every Forth subroutine which
requires parameters gets these parameters from the stack.
The
user has the responsibility of making sure
the
appropriate
parameters are on the stack
before
the
subroutine is called. Otherwise the called word will get
some kind of garbage which can lead in the worst cases to a
A
Forth word can best be described by
system crash.
representing the logical flow of the function and in
addition, clarifying the input and output parameters.
+------+
+------+
:Stack :
:before: --- Description of the function ---
:Stack :
:after :
+------+
+------+
The Forth words in the appendix are also to be
understood in this manner.
Let us take a look at what
happens to the stack when adding two number 7 12 + CR.
7
(all number inputs are
placed on the stack)
(as above)
(Stack diagram: nl n2
--
sum)
:
19
+--------+
:
:old
:Contents:
+--------+
To output the results one writes:
(Stack diagram: n - - )
The stack is now in the condition that it was in before
the calculation.
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
4.3 Examples
W
We w i l l now i l l u s t r a t e t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f s o m e s h o r t
e x a m p l e s how o n e p r o g r a m s i n F o r t h . T h e f i r s t i s a k i n d o f a
l a n g u a g e t r a n s l a t o r w h i c h may b e t h o u g h t o f a s a n E n g l i s h German d i c t i o n a r y .
We n e e d o n l y t h e t w o r e l a t e d w o r d s
'.'"
and
s w s
a s well a s the definition delimiters required
for
e v e r y word, ' : ' and ' ; ' .
We d e f i n e :
: LOVE
." LIEBE
: I
.Ir
ICH
: QUEEN
."
KOENIGIN
: MARY
. " MARIA "
"
" ;
;
"
;
;
Note:
The s p a c e i s a n i m p o r t a n t d e l i m i t e r i n F o r t h . A t
least
one s p a c e must
s e p a r a t e e a c h F o r t h word
from
neighboring words
(a space is required a f t e r a
quotation
mark b e c a u s e i t i s a F o r t h w o r d ) .
w
You c a n now a s k f o r t h e t r a n s l a t i o n
of
any learned
w o r d . I f y o u t y p e QUEEN CR, F o r t h a n s w e r s w i t h KOENIGIN. You
will
can a l s o t r a n s l a t e sentences (though t h e t r a n s l a t i o n
o f t e n b e g r a m m a t i c a l l y w r o n g ) : I LOVE QUEEN MARY CR
T h e name
"dictionary" used t o d e s c r i b e t h e
list o f
F o r t h words t a k e s on a l i t e r a l meaning i n t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n .
N e x t we w a n t t o d e f i n e a w o r d c a l l e d ZSORT w h i c h s o r t s
two n u m b e r s a c c o r d i n g t o s i z e .
The s t a c k d i a g r a m l o o k s l i k e
this:
At
t h e e n d o f 2SORT t h e l a r g e r o f t h e t w o v a l u e s w i l l
b e a t t h e t o p o f t h e s t a c k . The word d e f i n i t i o n f o r t h i s is:
: 2SORT
STACK:
ZDUP
>
IF
SWAP
ENDIF
nl
nl
nl
nl
n2
n2 n l n2
n2 f
n2
n2 n l
The two v a l u e s n l a n d n2 must b e d u p l i c a t e d o n c e i n t h e
two
program b e c a u s e
t h e comparison o p e r a t o r ' > ' removes
v a l u e s from t h e s t a c k and l e a v e s a n i n d i c a t o r ' t r u e ' ( = 1 ) o r
' f a l s e ' ( = O ) d e p e n d i n g o n w h e t h e r n l > n2 o r n o t .
The word
I F removes t h e i n d i c a t o r from t h e s t a c k .
The b r a n c h between
"true".
I F a n d ENDIF i s o n l y e x e c u t e d i f t h e i n d i c a t o r w a s
FORTE-64
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
This branch exchanges t h e top two values on t h e stack.
We
will
use this word in our next
definition
(calculation o f the greatest common denominator [ G C D ] o f t w o
numbers).
The Euclidean algorithm for determining the G C D o f
positive integers is similar to t h e following:
two
- subtract the smaller o f the two numbers (let u s
say n2) from the larger, nl, until t h e result, n3,
of t h e subtraction is less than n2.
-
subtract the result n3 from n 2 until
result, n4, is less than n3, and s o on.
the
new
- end the procedure when the difference is 0.
number last subtracted is the GCD.
The
The stack diagram for t h e word GCD:
The word definition:
: GCD
nl n 2
BEGIN
2SORT
OVER
MOD
T h e loop will be repeated until
n o remainder o c c u r s from t h e
division
w e m a k e s u r e o f t h e right ordering
stack: n 2 nl n2
s m a l l large s m a l l
stack: n 2 n3
w
w e duplicate n 3 only if n 3 > 0
Case 1: n 3 > 0 , then stack: n 2 n3 n3
n2 0
else :
UNTIL
C a s e 1: n 2 n3 0
else : n 2 1
C a s e 1: n 2 n3
and back to repeat
else : n 2
,
The
there.
loop will b e exited at UNTIL i f a 0 is
not
found
The program is fast (about 10 times faster than an
equivalent BASIC program) and can b e used in any application
just a s any other Forth word.
w
ABACUS Software
FORTH-64
At the end of this chapter we will introduce a program
which adds two fractions and also reduces the result. This
example
will clearly illustrate the possibilities and
dangers which Forth offers.
The
stack
fractions is:
diagram
for
the
addition
program
for
nl dl n 2 d2 -- nsum dsum
in which n and d stand for numerator and denominator.
The Forth program:
: FRACTIONADD
DUP
5 ROLL
*
3 ROLL
4 PICK
*
+
-ROT
*
2DUP
GCD
DUP
-ROT
/
-ROT
/
SWAP
( N1 Dl N2 D 2 ---- NSUM DSUM)
N1 Dl N2 D2 D2
Dl N2 D2 D2 N1
Dl N2 D2 P1
Dl D2 P1 AA
Dl D2 P1 N2 Dl
Dl D2 P1 P2
Dl D2 NSUM
NSUM N1 N2
NSUM DSUM
NSUM DSUM NSUM DSUM
NSUM DSUM GCD
NSUM DSUM GCD GCD
NSUM GCD DSUM GCD
NSUM GCD (REDUCED DENOMINATOR)
(REDUCED DEN.) NSUM GCD
DENOMINATOR NUMERATOR
,
The program FRACTIONADD works, but it is difficult to
read and follow. Forth programs should not be written this
way.
Programs become more readable if one breaks the
problem down into smaller tasks and defines more words, such
as the following:
Function
Stack diagram
NUMERATOR
nl dl n2 d2 --- numerator
numerator=nl*d2+n2*dl
REDUCE
n d divisor --- num. reduced denom. reduced
The addition of fractions can then be formulated as follows:
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
: ADDFRAC
3 PICK
OVER
*
>R
NUMERATOR
R>
2DUP
GCD
REDUCE
n l d l n2 d2 d l
n l d l n2 d l d2
n l d l n2 d2 denominator
n l d l n2 d 2 (denom s a v e d o n r e t u r n
stack)
numerator
numerator denominator
num denom num denom
numerator denominator g c d
num r e d u c e d denom r e d u c e d
ABACUS Software
5. Music with the sound vocabulary
-
5.1 Description o f the sound corrande
Forth-64 contains a small vocabulary with which music
or at least tones can be created. The vocabulary is called
SOUND and contains the following words:
VOICE VOLUME ENVELOPE NOISE PULSE SAWTOOTH TRIANGLE and SID
Before you can call one of these words,
enter the command SOUND.
ENVELOPE
nl n2 n 3 n4 n5 --Definition of the waveform of the nlth voice
nl - voice
(1.. 3)
n 2 - attack
(1. .15)
n3 - decay
(1. - 1 5 )
n 4 - sustain
(1.. 15)
n5 - release
(1. - 1 5 )
VOICE
nl n2 n 3 n4 n5 n6 --Creation of a tone in the nlth voice
nl - voice
(1.. 3)
n 2 - frequency
(0.. 65535)
n3 - wave type
(17,33,65,129)
n 4 - key relationship low (0..255)
n5 - key relationship high (0..15)
The key relationship is relevant only
for wave type 65-PULSE
n6 - duration
(-32768..32767)
Duration of the created tone. A dummy delay
loop will be executed once per entity.
VOLUME
n --Define the volume level
NOISE
PULSE
SAWTOOTH
TRIANGLE
'Y
you must first
--- 129
The constant 129
creation o f noise.
(0..15)
is placed
on
the
stack
for
for
the
-- 33
The constant 33 is placed on the stack
creation of a tone with a sawtooth wave.
for
-- 17
The constant
17 is placed on the stack
creation of a tone with a triangle wave.
for
-- 65
The constant 65 is placed on the stack
creation of a tone with a square wave.
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
,ID
-- D400
The a d d r e s s o f t h e SID ( d e c i m a l 5 4 2 7 2 ) i s
on t h e s t a c k .
The command VOICE i s
waveform h a v e b e e n s e t .
t o be given a f t e r
the
placed
volume
and
w
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
6.2 A f i r a t c o r p o a i t i o n w i t h aound
With t h e worde j u s t d e s c r i b e d you can p l a y a few
on y o u r C-64:
tones
E n t e r t h e f o l l o w i n g commands:
1 5 VOLUME CR
1 9 3 0 8 ENVELOPE CR
(maximum v o l u m e f o r t h e new m u s i c )
( t h e s e a r e t h e s e t t i n g s recommended
f o r p i a n o i n t h e C64 u s e r ' s g u i d e )
and f i n a l l y
1 7 4 9 3 PULSE
2 5 5 1 2 0 0 0 VOICE CR
(create the def.
tone)
You now h e a r t h e f a m o u s c o n c e r t - p i t c h A !
I f y o u p l a y a r o u n d a b i t w i t h t h e s e t t i n g s f o r ENVELOPE
a n d VOICE, you w i l l n o t i c e a g r e a t e r o r l e e s e r c h a n g e i n t h e
t o n e ( a f t e r VOICE) i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e l a s t t o n e .
When you h a v e d i s c o v e r e d a c o m b i n a t i o n w h i c h you
t o k e e p , y o u e h o u l d d e f i n e i t a s a new word.
want
You c a n r e c o g n i z e t h r o u g h t h e s e e x a m p l e s how e a s y i t is
t o e x p e r i m e n t w i t h F o r t h a n d how F o r t h p r o g r a m s c a n b e
teeted as the individual parts are written.
T r y o u t t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d v o i c e s i n t h e s a m e way:
'V
2 0 1 5 240 0 ENVELOPE C R
a n d 3 9 6 1 0 0 1 0 ENVELOPE CR
I n t h e Commodore 6 4 U s e r ' s G u i d e , t h e s e c o n d s e t t i n g i n
c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e waveform TRIANGLE a n d t h e t h i r d s e t t i n g
in
c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h t h e w a v e f o r m SAWTOOTH a r e
valid
parameters
f o r organ and trumpet
sounds.
Your
own
e x p e r i m e n t s w i l l no d o u b t b r i n g you s t i l l c l o s e r t o t h i s
ideal.
FORTH-64
ABACUS Software
You can use the following program aa a starting point
to create a composition for piano, organ, and trumpet--a
combination seldom used today.
S C R # 15
0 P ( CHAMBER M U S I C #1, P I A N O , ORGAN, TRUMPET D E F I N I T I O N S )
1 P FORTH D E F I N I T I O N S DECIMAL
2 P
( ENVELOPE D E F I N I T I O N S )
3 P : PIANO
(
-- WAVE )
4 P
SOUND 1 9 3 50 8 ENVELOPE
5 P ;
6 P
(
-- WAVE)
SOUND 2 0 15 240 0 ENVELOPE
7 P : ORGAN
8 P
9 P ;
P
P : TRUMPET
(
-- WAVE)
P
SOUND 3 9 6 0 0 5 ENVELOPE
P ;
P
P
-->
( D E F I N I T I O N C O N T I N U E D ON NEXT P A G E )
10
11
12
13
14
15
S C R # 16
0 P ( CHAMBER M U S I C #2, PLAY )
1 P FORTH D E F I N I T I O N S DECIMAL
2 P : PLAY
( MAKE M U S I C )
3 P
15 VOLUME
( FULL VOLUME)
4 P
P I A N O ORGAN TRUMPET
( ENVELOPES)
5 P
BEGIN
6 P
3 RND 1+ ( RANDOM V O I C E )
7 P
CASE
8 P
1 OF 1 PULSE
ENDOF
9 P
2 O F 2 T R I A N G L E ENDOF
10 P
3 O F 3 SAWTOOTH ENDOF
11 P
ENDCASE
12 F
5000 RND 5000 + SWAP ( FREQUENCY)
13 P
240 5
( KEY R E L A T I O N S H I P )
14 P
16 RND 4 - 1000
VOICE
15 P
? T E R M I N A L U N T I L ; ( U N T I L S T O P KEY P R E S S E D )
*
Load this program with 15 LOAD CR and start it
command P L A Y .
It plays until you presa the
(probably quite soon).
with
STOP
the
key
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
6. Q r a p h i c s w i t h t h e g r a p h i c e v o c a b u l a r y
You c a n n o t o n l y m a k e m u s i c w i t h F o r t h - 6 4 , y o u c a n a l s o
c r e a t e p i c t u r e s and g r a p h i c s .
T h e GRAPHIC v o c a b u l a r y h e l p s
y o u w i t h t h i s i n h i - r e s w h i l e some w o r d s
i n t h e primary
vocabulary of Forth help i n lo-res.
You h a v e a l r e a d y b e c o m e a c q u a i n t e d w i t h s o m e w o r d s f o r
o u t p u t t i n g t o t h e s c r e e n i n c h a p t e r 2:
t h e c o l o r s and t h e
w o r d s BORDER, SCREEN, a n d PEN.
I f you want t o w r i t e a c h a r a c t e r a t a n c e r t a i n s p o t on
t h e s c r e e n o r y o u w a n t t o know w h a t c h a r a c t e r i s l o c a t e d
there,
y o u n e e d t h e w o r d s S ! a n d SB. B o t h w o r d s r e q u i r e t h e
s c r e e n c o o r d i n a t e s on t h e s t a c k i n t h e form ( l i n e , column):
SB
1 c - - a
y i e l d s t h e code of t h e c h a r a c t e r i n t h e l t h l i n e ,
c t h column
S!
a l c - w r i t e s ( p o k e s ) t h e c h a r a c t e r a i n l i n e 1, column
c on t h e s c r e e n
T h e f o l l o w i n g is a s m a l l p r o g r a m w h i c h
number g e n e r a t o r :
tests
the
random
SCR # 2 0
0 P ( RANDOM NUMBER TESTER ?RND )
1 P FORTH DEFINITIONS DECIMAL
2 P : ?RND
3 P
( INITIALIZE FIRST SCREEN)
4 P
1 0 2 4 1 0 0 0 ASCII 0 FILL
5 P
BEGIN
6 P
1 0 0 0 RND
( RANDOM 0 . 9 9 9 )
7 P
4 0 /MOD
( COLUMN, LINE)
8 P
SWAP
( EXCHANGE)
2DUP S@
( CHARACTER)
9 P
1 + -ROT
( ADD 1 )
10 P
11 P
S!
( SAVE)
12 P
?TERMINAL UNTIL
( UNTIL STOP I S PRESSED)
13 P ;
1 4 P
;S
15 P
You c a n l o a d t h i s p r o g r a m w i t h LOAD 2 0 a n d e x e c u t e i t
?RND CR
.
with
ABACUS Software
Better quality pictures can be created in the hi-res
mode. The words which you need to do this are found in the
GRAPHIC vocabulary which is described in its entirety in the
next section. Enter the word GRAPHIC CR before you enter any
graphics commands,
or Forth will not understand
the
following commands.
'd
You can see what the high-resolution screen looks like
before you have drawn something on it by entering the
command &HI-RES or simply by pressing the F3 key. The
picture which you see consists of many small, multi-colored
squares. Clear the screen with the command &CLEAR.
You must enter this command blindly (if you have not
switched back to the text mode [F4]), meaning that the
letters which you type will not appear on the screen. Your
input will be accepted and processed nevertheless.
The screen and writing colors can also be set in
hi-res mode (independent of the text screen), with
graphics words &PAPER and &INK. Enter:
GRAPHIC
YELLOW &PAPER
BLACK &INK
&CLEAR
the
the
CR
If you take a look at the graphics screen with F3,
see that it looks much nicer than before.
If you want to put a very small point in the
lower-left corner, enter the following instruction:
you will
extreme
w
(If Forth communicates its lack of understanding with the
?",
tell it that the word &S! is in the
message "&S!
GRAPHIC vocabulary--command GRAPHIC CR--otherwise Forth will
look in the SOUND vocabulary for the graphics words.)
Note that in high-resolution mode the origin (0,O) is
the in the lower left-hand corner and the coordinates in the
x-direction go up to 319 and up to 199 in the y-direction.
Another graphics word which you will probably use quite
often is &LINE. It draws or erases a line between two given
points, depending on whether or not the first parameter is
zero (if zero, the line is erased). Example: &HI-RES 1 10 10
50 50 &LINE CR
the
"
You can save your current graphics screen to disk with
command &SAVE or load it in with &LOAD, for example:
1ST PICTURE" 8 &SAVE
CR
w
ABACUS Software
FORTH-64
You can learn how t o paint with the cursor and function
keys in the following program.
L
SCR # 25
0 P ( PAINT PICTURE X1, PS, AMOVE )
1 P FORTH DEFINITIONS DECIMAL
2 P
3 P 1 VARIABLE P S
( PEN STATUS -1/0/1
1
4 P
( PEN ABSOLUTE MOVEMENT )
5 P
( COORDINATES XO, YO
)
6 P : AMOVE
(
-- )
7 P
GRAPHIC PS 8
8 P
o < o = IF
9 P
PS e
10 P
(XO) 8
11 P
(YO) e
12 P
&S !
13 P
END IF
14 P ; -->
15 P
SCR # 26
0 P ( PAINT PICTURE #3, RMOVE )
1 P FORTH DEFINITONS DECIMAL
2 P
(PEN AT DX,DY MOVE )
3 P : RMOVE
( DX,DY -- )
4 P
GRAPHIC
5 P
2 ?ENOUGH
6 P
(YO) +! (XO) + !
7 P
AMOVB
B P ;
9 P
-->
10 P
11 P
12 P
13 P
14 P
15 P
ABACUS Software
SCR # 2 7
0 P ( PAINT PICTURE # 3 , CURSER MOVEMENTS )
1 P FORTH DEFINITIONS DECIMAL
2 P
3 P
4 P : CRIGHT
1 0 RMOVE ;
5 P : CLEFT
-1 0 RMOVE ;
6 P : CUP
0
1 RMOVE ;
7 P : CDOWN
0 -1 RMOVE ;
8 P
9 P
-->
10 P
11 P
CHECK FOR DIAGONAL
12 P
MOVEMENT DEFINED
1 3 P : UPRIGHT
1 1 RMOVE ;
14 P
15 P
SCR # 2 8
0 P ( PAINT PICTURE # 4 , CHG-PS TOGGLEPIX )
1 P FORTH DEFINITIONS DECIMAL
2 P
( PEN STATUS CHANGES )
3 P
4 P : CHG-PS
5 P
PS @
6 P
0=
7 P
PS !
8 P ;
9 P
( PIXEL ERASE/SET )
1 0 P : TOGGLEPIX
11 P
GRAPHIC (XO) t3 (YO) @
12 P
2DUP &St3
13 P
O = -ROT
&S!
14 P ;
15 P
-->
SCR # 2 9
0 P ( PAINT PICTURE # 4 , PEN-UP
)
1 P FORTH DEFINITIONS DECIMAL
2 P
( PEN RAISED UP
3 P
: PEN-UP
4 P
5 P
-1 PS !
6 P
;
7 P
8 P
9 P
10 P
11 P
12 P
13 P
14 P
15 P
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
L,
FORTH-64
When y o u h a v e c o m p i l e d t h e s e s c r e e n s ( 2 5 LOAD c o m p i l e s
a l l o f them up t o s c r e e n 2 9 ,
o r t o s c r e e n 3 1 i f you c o m p i l e
t h e p r o g r a m s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n d i s k ) ,
you can p a i n t your
f i r s t p i c t u r e s b y command.
For example,
set the starting
p o s i t i o n of your p i c t u r e i n t h e middle of
the graphics
s c r e e n w i t h 1 6 0 (XO) ! 1 0 0 (YO) ! CR a n d t h e n u s e CRIGHT t o
move t o a p o s i t i o n t o t h e r i g h t , CUP t o move u p , e t c .
A new
p o i n t w i l l b e s e t o r e r a s e d a t t h e new l o c a t i o n d e p e n d i n g on
t h e v a l u e o f t h e v a r i a b l e PS.
I f PS h a s t h e v a l u e 0 ,
it
w o r k s l i k e a n e r a s e r , a n d i f PS i s 1, l i k e a w r i t i n g p e n a n d
i f PS = - 1 , n o t h i n g h a p p e n s - - t h e p e n i s o f f t h e p a p e r .
Drawing w i t h t h e s e
somewhat t i r e s o m e .
We
function keys using t h e
c h a p t e r 2.
To d o t h i s
PTABLE ) :
r e l a t i v e l y l o n g words is n a t u r a l l y
w i l l now d r a w w i t h t h e c u r s o r a n d
key assignment methods mentioned i n
we m u s t c r e a t e a t a b l e ( w e c a l l
it
SCR # 3 0
0 P ( PAINT PICTURE X6, PRETURN,PTABLE )
1 P FORTH DEFINITIONS DECTMAL
2 P : PRETURN
( SET LO-RES A N D STANDARD KEY TABLE )
3 P
GRAPHIC
4 P
&LO-RES FFTABLE TO .NKEY
5 P ;
-2 ALLOT
6 P 0 VARIABLE PTABLE
7 P 2 9 CAP CRIGHT
( ASSIGN CURSOR-RIGHT )
8 P 1 5 7 CAP CLEFT
( ASSIGN CURSOR-LEFT
)
9 P 1 4 5 CAP CUP
1 0 P 1 7 CAP CDOWN
11 P 1 3 3 CAP CHG-PS
( CHANGE PS I F F 1
1
1 2 P 1 3 4 CAP PEN-UP
( PEN UP
)
1 3 P 1 3 5 CAP TOGGLEPIX
1 4 P 1 3 6 CAP PRETURN
1 5 P 0 C.
-->
(END ENTERING OF KEY TABLE )
"v
SCR X 3 1
0 P ( PAINT PICTURE X7 OF 7 , PSTART )
1 P FORTH DEFINITIONS DECIMAL
2 P : PSTART
( START PAINT )
3 P
GRAPHIC
4 P
1 6 0 (XO) !
5 P
1 0 0 (YO) !
6 P
PTABLE TO .NKEY
7 P
&HI-RES
8 P ;
;S
9 P
10 P
11 P
FINISHED!
12 P
13 P
14 P
15 P
ABACUS Software
FORTH-64
C o m p i l e the screens (30 LOAD CR,unless you have already
compiled them with the 2 5 LOAD command),
enter t h e command
P S T A R T CR, and draw using the f o u r cursor keys.
Note:
If
you accidentally press a key to which a special function has
not been assigned, t h e key assignment is deactivated until
you press RETURN (see chapter 2).
wd
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
6.3 D e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e g r a p h i c s commands
&CLEAR
&HI-RES
--Clear t h e graphics screen.
--S w i t c h t o t h e HI-RES
mode.
&INK
n --Set plotting color.
&LINE
f x l y l x 2 y2 --D r a w / e r a s e a l i n e b e t w e e n x 1 , y l a n d x 2 , y 2 b a s e d on
the condition of the flag f .
&LO-RES
--Switch t o t h e lo-res
&LOAD
s t d e v --Load h i - r e s
f i l e st.
mode.
g r a p h i c s from d e v i c e
dev
(disk=8),
&PAINT
a d d r --I n i t i a l i z e a b y t e w i t h t h e p a p e r and pen c o l o r a t
a d d r e s s a d d r i n t h e g r a p h i c s memory.
&PAPER
b
S e t background c o l o r .
&SAVE
s t d e v --Save h i - r e s g r a p h i c s t o d e v i c e dev ( d i s k = 8 ) ,
s t . E x a m p l e : " PICTUREl" 8 &SAVE CR
'
U
---
.
file
&S8
x y --- f
R e t u r n t h e v a l u e o f t h e p i x e l a t x.y.
&S!
f x y --S e t (f=TRUE) o r e r a s e (f=FALSE) a p o i n t a t x . y .
(&ADD)
x y --- a d d r
Return t h e r e l a t i v e p i x e l address i n t h e graphics
memory f o r t h e c o o r d i n a t e s x a n d y .
(LECM)
--T u r n e x t e n d e d c o l o r mode o n .
-
(LCADD)
(&MASK)
x y
--- a d d r
Return t h e r e l a t i v e address of t h e coordinates
a n d y i n t h e c o l o r memory.
x --- m
R e t u r n t h e mask o f t h e x t h b i t o f a b y t e
g r a p h i c s memory.
in
x
the
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
( &MCM )
--Turn on m u l t i - c o l o r mode.
(&SBM)
--S e t s t a n d a r d b i t map.
(&SCM)
--Turn on s i n g l e - c o l o r mode.
--Return t o t e x t mode.
(DX)
--- addr
Temporary v a r i a b l e .
(DY)
--- addr
Temporary v a r i a b l e .
(XO)
--- addr
Temporary v a r i a b l e f o r x - c o o r d i n a t e
(YO
--- addr
Temporary v a r i a b l e f o r y - c o o r d i n a t e
SET-AREA
a d d r l addr2 --S e t a d d r e s s range f o r g r a p h i c mode i n VIC
a d d r l = c o l o r range, addr2=pixel range
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
7. T h e F o r t h Aeeerbler
7.1 General
'*r
Forth-64 contains a c o m p l e t e assembler. With this it is
poaaible to program particularly time-critical functions and
t o call t h e s e a s any other Forth word.
T h e user will not know (except through the speed with
w h i c h a particular function is performed), w h e t h e r a word
ia written in Forth or in assembler. The a s s e m b l e r need not
b e loaded separately--it is always available.
The Forth assembler naturally c o n t a i n s all o f the 6 5 0 2
commands.
In addition, it even makes a kind of structured
programming possible w i t h the help o f t h e words BEGIN,
AGAIN, UNTIL, IF, ELSE, and ENDIF. The w o r d s which return
the conditions for the correeponding conditionals are called
VS, > = , 0 < , 0 = , C S , and N O T a n d checking t h e individual bits
o f t h e status bytes.
-
There are s o m e deviations from normal assembly language
programming.
For example, all mnemonics a r e concluded w i t h
a c o m m a in order t o prevent n a m e conflicts w i t h o t h e r F o r t h
words.
T h e s a m e reverse-Poliah notation exiats in the
assembler, which means that the operand is written first
followed by the operator. A modifying term may c o n e between
the t w o ( f o r immediate, indexed, or indirect addressing).
S o m e simple commands are:
4 # LDA.
XSAVE STX,
5 0 ) JMP,
instead o f
LDA # 4
STX XSAVE
J M P (0050)
If assembler programs a r e t o b e called as Forth
a few things must b e taken into Consideration.
words,
- Forth uses the X-register aa a atack pointer. If
the assembly language program makes u s e of t h e Xregister in other w a y s , it must firat s a v e its
value.
The variable XSAVE is u s e d f o r this
purpose.
It must naturally be restored at t h e end
o f the assembly language program.
- S i n c e the stack s e r v e s aa an interface for
passing parameters, there are little aids for
proceaaing t h e information: the w o r d s BOT and SEC
for passing parameters and the j u m p labels PUSH,
PUSHO, PUT, PUTOA, and NEXT. T h e instructions BOT
LDA and BOT 1+ LDA return the t o p two b y t e s o n the
stack. The second element on the s t a c k c a n b e
obtained by indexing SEC instead of BOT.
ABACUS Software
FORTE-64
- Assembly language programs can also begin with
the word label. They are not then addressable
directly from Forth but can only be used as
subroutines from other assembly language programs.
- Finally, there are certain return points to
Forth to which a jump must be made with JMP at the
end of the assembly language program. If the stack
is not to be changed, one uses the symbolic
address NEXT, otherwise POP, PUSH, PUSHOA, or PUT
as required.
FORTH-64
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
7.2 The Aaeembler Vocabulary
T h i s list d o e s not d e s c r i b e all o f t h e actual assembler
mnemonics.
T h e i r exact m e a n i n g can b e found in a book about
6502 asaembly l a n g u a g e programming. All o f t h e s e commands
a r e recognized b y t h e F o r t h a s s e m b l e r p r o v i d e d a comma is
added a f t e r t h e mnemonic.
Example: J M P , INX,
...
T h e s t r u c t u r e d w o r d s BEGIN, AGAIN, UNTIL, IF, ELSE, and
ENDIF a r e s i m i l a r l y explained. T h e i r meanings a r e t h e s a m e
as t h o s e f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g Forth vocabulary.
T h i s leaves the Forth-specific a d d r e s s
well a s s o m e global a s s e m b l e r labels.
modifiers
as
IP
:
Address o f t h e I(nterpretive) P(ointer)
W
:
Address o f the c o d e f i e l d pointer
N
:
Address o f an 8-byte s c r a t c h a r e a
R
P o i n t e r t o t h e return s t a c k
XSAVE
:
Address o f t h e s a v e r e g i s t e r f o r X
UP
:
Address o f an 8-byte a r e a for t h e u s e r
parameters
.A
:
Denotes the accumulator a d d r e s s i n g m o d e
X
Immediate a d d r e s s i n g
1
Indirect a d d r e s s i n g
,x
,y
:
Indexed addressing
X)
)Y
:
Indirect indexed a d d r e s s i n g
BOT
:
Address of t h e low b y t e o f a 16-bit
quantity in ,X mode. T h e X-register
points to t h e current d a t a s t a c k in t h e
zero-page.
B O T I+
:
Address o f t h e h i g h byte o f a 16-bit
quantity in , X mode. T h e X-register
points to t h e current d a t a s t a c k in t h e
zero-page.
SEC
:
Address of t h e low b y t e o f t h e second
quantity on t h e d a t a stack.
SEC 1+
:
Address o f t h e h i g h b y t e o f t h e second
quantity on the d a t a s t a c k .
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
PUT
Address o f a r o u t i n e which r e p l a c e s t h e
high byte of t h e data stack with t h e
c o n t e n t s o f t h e a c c u m u l a t o r a n d t h e low
b y t e w i t h t h e t o p b y t e on t h e machine
s t a c k ; u s e d b y NEXT.
PUSH
L i k e PUT, b u t t h e w o r d i s p u s h e d o n t h e
stack
SETUP
Address o f a r o u t i n e which t r a n s f e r s
(pops) n 16-bit words from t h e e t a c k t o
t h e t e m p o r a r y a r e a N . T h e number n i s
expected i n t h e accumulator.
BINARY
:
Address o f a r o u t i n e which removes t h e
t o p word from t h e d a t a s t a c k a n d t h e n
e x e c u t e s PUT.
POP
A d d r e s s o f a r o u t i n e w h i c h remove8 a
word from t h e d a t a s t a c k .
POPTWO
L i k e POP, b u t r e m o v e s t w o w o r d e .
PUSHOA
NEXT
:
Lll
L i k e PUSH, b u t t h e h i g h b y t e i s n o t
t a k e n from t h e s t a c k b u t is set t o 0 .
Address of t h e i n n e r i n t e r p r e t e r . A l l
r o u t i n e s jump t o NEXT d i r e c t l y (NEXT
J M P , ) o r i n d i r e c t l y ( s u c h a s PUSH, PUT).
'd
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
FORTE-64
7 . 3 A S m a l l Aasembly L a n g u a g e P r o g r a m
u s e r knows o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t o r e d i r e c t
The C - 6 4
o u t p u t f r o m t h e s c r e e n t o some o t h e r d e v i c e w i t h t h e h e l p o f
t h e CMD command:
OPEN 4 , 4
CMD 4
An a s s e m b l y l a n g u a g e r o u t i n e i n F o r t h w h i c h
something l i k e t h i s could look l i k e t h e f o l l o w i n g :
does
SCR X 40
0 P ( S C R E E N O U T P U T TO P R I N T E R : CMD )
1 P FORTB D E F I N I T I O N S HEX
2 P CODE CMD
( S T A R T O F AN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM)
3 P
XSAVE S T X ,
( SAVE STACK P O I N T E R )
4 P
4 X LDA, TAX, 0 X LDY,
5 P
FFBA J S R .
( SETPAR )
6 P
0 X LDA, F F B D J S R , FFCO J S R ,
7 P
4 X LDX, F F C 9 J S R , ( CKOUT )
8 P
XSAVE LDX,
9 P
NEXTJMP,
1 0 P END-CODE
11 P
1 2 P CODE R E S E T
( RESET SCREEN)
13 P
XSAVE S T X , F F C C J S R , XSAVE LDX,
1 4 P NEXT J M P ,
1 5 P END-CODE DECIMAL
You c a n now r e d i r e c t o u t p u t f r o m t h e s c r e e n t o t h e
You c a n s e n d i t b a c k t o t h e
p r i n t e r w i t h t h e command CMD.
A r o u t i n e which o u t p u t s s c r e e n s f i r s t t o
s c r e e n w i t h RESET.
t h e s c r e e n and t h e n t o t h e p r i n t e r l o o k s l i k e t h i s :
U
SCR X 4 1
0 P ( P R I N T R O U T I N E : P R I N T , ANALOG TO L I S T )
1 P FORTH D E F I N I T I O N S DECIMAL
2 P : PRINT
( S C R -- )
3 P
RESET
4 P
DUP L I S T
( F I R S T TO S C R E E N )
5 P
CMD L I S T
( THEN P R I N T E R
)
6 P
RESET
7 P ;
8 P
;S
9 P
10 P
11 P
12 P
13 P
14 P
15 P
When y o u h a v e l o a d e d t h e w o r d P R I N T ,
you can p r i n t t h e
a b o v e FORTH s c r e e n w i t h t h e command: 4 1 P R I N T CR .
ABACUS Software
{This page left blank itentionally)
ABACUS Software
8. Miacellaneoua
A few suggestions when programming Forth:
-
Use short words.
- Use the words !CSP and ?CSP.
- Check at the beginning of each word to see if
enough space is left on the stack for the word to
function properly (word ?ENOUGH).
Most system
crashea result from stack overflow or underflow.
-
Execute
the BOOT parameters once you have
tested your new words and want to keep them. If
your system should crash later, then you can
recover
the complete system with RUN/STOP +
RESTORE and a bit of luck.
The BOOT parameter can be set as follows:
HERE FENCE !
HERE 28 +ORIGIN !
HERE 30 +ORIGIN !
LATEST 12 +ORIGIN !
( FENCE )
( DP
)
( TOP NFA)
If you have established a new vocabulary, you must
actualize it with the appropriate reference:
' vocabulary name
6 + 32 +ORIGIN
!
- The error message NO CHANNEL from the disk drive
can be removed with the command CLOSE-SCREEN. If
this doesn't work, the assigned channel must be
freed with a selective CLOSE.
- Forth words may never contain characters with an
ASCII value greater than 127, in particular no
upper-case letters in screen mode 2 of the C - 6 4
(upper/lower case mode).
."
This is text that works!", may
Strings such as
contain such characters without difficulty.
ABACUS Software
Appendix 1
Addresses
10
Memory Map
Data stack
Auxiliary variables
Processor stack
FORTH-Work space
Color Memory
PADF
'd
PADH
Disk Buffer
USER-variable
Bit-map Memory
All operating system routines are available
without limitation provided they do not access
the data stack in the zero page.
'*rS
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
Appendix 2
The F o r t h v o c a b u l a r y
+
The
following
l i s t i n c l u d e s o n l y words i n
the
dictionary
"FORTH".
Words
in the other vocabularies
EDITOR,
SOUND, GRAPHIC,
a n d ASSEMBLER h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n
d e s c r i b e d i n t h e i r own c h a p t e r s .
***
addr
b
C
d
f
ff
n
tf
u
st
Symbols used:
memory a d d r e s s
8 - b i t b y t e ( l e f t byte=O)
7 - b i t ASCII c h a r a c t e r ( r i g h t - j u s t i f i e d , msb=O)
32-bit (double precision) integer
logical indicator (flag), O=false, e l s e true
f a l s e f l a g (=O)
integer (16-bit)
t r u e f l a g (<>O)
unsigned 16-bit i n t e g e r
s t r i n g variable (corresponds t o n,b f o r address
and l e n g t h of a s t r i n g )
in the stack
I n some p l a c e s ,
numbers w i l l a p p e a r
diagram i n s t e a d o f t h e above symbols.
These a r e c o n s t a n t s
w h i c h a r e t o b e u s e d a s s y n o n y m s o f s y s t e m a d d r e s s i n t h e C6 4 . They a r e g i v e n i n h e x a d e c i m a l f o r m .
'*v
Upper-case
l e t t e r s on t h e r i g h t - h a n d
c e r t a i n a t t r i b u t e s of t h e d e f i n i t i o n :
P
U
side
indicate
p r e c e d e n c e b i t s e t ( d e f i n i t i o n is " i m m e d i a t e " )
user variable
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
n a d d r --S t o r e s t h e word n a t a d d r ( p r o n o u n c e d " s t o r e " ) .
! CSP
S t o r e s s t a c k p o i n t e r i n CSP ( c o r r e s p o n d s t o ?CSP).
I,
---
st
Places t h e
following t e x t concluded w i t h
a
q u o t a t i o n mark
i n t h e PAD b u f f e r
as a string
constant.
d l --- d 2
C r e a t e s t h e n e x t c h a r a c t e r f o r o u t p u t from a
double-length
integer.
The r e s u l t
d2 is t h e
q u o t i e n t o f t h e d i v i s i o n b y BASE.
Used b e t w e e n < #
and X> ( s e e a l s o #S).
d --- a d d r c o u n t
Ends t h e n u m e r i c c o n v e r s i o n f o r o u t p u t . The r e s u l t
on t h e s t a c k i s t h e a d d r e s s a n d l e n g t h ( i n b y t e s )
of t h e s t r i n g t o be printed.
Can b e d i r e c t l y
a c c e p t e d b y TYPE.
d l --- d 2
C r e a t e s ASCII t e x t i n t h e t e x t o u t p u t b u f f e r b y
u n t i l t h e d o u b l e word d 2 h a s t h e v a l u e
using X,
z e r o . Used b e t w e e n < # a n d # > .
s t 1 s t 2 --S t o r e s t r i n g st1 i n t h e s t r i n g v a r i a b l e s t 2 .
s t 1 s t 2 --- s t
C o n c a t e n a t i o n o f two s t r i n g s ; r e s u l t i n PAD.
s t n --- s t
Lengthens
the
characters).
string
st
by
the
word
n
(2
--- s t
Lengthens t h e s t r i n g s t by t h e c h a r a c t e r b .
st b
n s t --- s t
Y i e l d s t h e f i r s t n c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e s t r i n g st i n
PAD.
s t --- b
Returns c u r r e n t l e n g t h of a s t r i n g
n l n 2 s t
--- s t
Returns t h e c h a r a c t e r s n l t o n2 of t h e s t r i n g
( i n PAD).
st
--- n
R e t u r n s t h e maximum c h a r a c t e r l e n g t h o f t h e s t r i n g
variable st.
st
w
ABACUS Software
$RIGHT
FORTH-64
n st --- st
Returns all characters from the nth character
of the string st (in PAD).
$STR
d --- st
Converts d to a string (placed in PAD).
$VAL
st --- d
Converts a string to an integer d.
on
$VARIABLE b --Definition word, used in the form b $VARIABLE
cccc. A string variable with the maximum length b
is defined. Calling cccc places the address and
length of the current string on the stack.
---
pf a
P
Used in the form:
nnnn
The address of the parameter field of the word
nnnn is placed on the stack. The address is
compiled as a literal in a ' : ' definition.
P
Used in the form:
( cccc)
for writing comments which are closed on the
line with ) . A space must follow the " ( " .
'Cr
(."I
same
The run-time procedure which outputs the following
inline text on the output device. Called b y
.".
(+LOOP)
n --The run-time procedure through which +LOOP is
compiled; increments the loop counter b y n and
checks the exit condition (see +LOOP).
(ABORT)
an error if
contains
the
The
run-time
procedure compiled b y the
instruction; transfers the loop counter to
return stack (see DO).
DO
the
Called after
value -1.
WARNING
(DO)
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
(FIND)
addrl addr2 --- pfa b t f ; i f found
addrl addr2 --- f f
; i f not f o u n d
The dictionary is searched starting at t h e namefield address a d d r 2 for t h e s t r i n g at addrl.
If
t h e string is found, t h e a d d r e s s o f t h e parameter
field, t h e length b y t e o f t h e n a m e field, and t h e
t r u e indicator a r e all placed on t h e stack, e l s e
only t h e f a l s e indicator is left on t h e stack.
This word is called by -FIND and is normally used
only by t h e system.
(KEY)
--Run-time routine o f KEY.
Returns t h e c o d e o f
next-pressed key (without waiting for CR).
(LINE)
nl n 2 --- addr count
Returns t h e length and internal buffer address o f
line nl on s c r e e n n2.
(LOOP)
n --T h e run-time procedure compiled by t h e
LOOP
instruction; increments t h e loop c o u n t e r by 1 a n d
checks t h e exit condition (system routine).
( NUMBER)
dl addrl --- d 2 addr2
Converts t h e ASCII text at a d d r e s s addrl+l t o t h e
current base.
T h e n e w value is constructed in dl
a n d placed in d2.
addr2 is t h e n e w address o f t h e
first unconverted character.
Used by NUMBER.
(system routine)
the
(SETFPA)
chann dev --S e r v e s as label for assembler routines in o r d e r t o
set f i l e parameters (system routine).
(SETFNA)
st --Serves as label f o r assembler routines in o r d e r t o
pass a new f i l e n a m e t o t h e operating system.
*
nl n 2 --- prod
T h e result is t h e product o f t h e top
values.
two
4
'u#
stack
nl n 2 n3 --- n 4
n4=nl*n2/n3.
T h e 31-bit intermediate result n l S n 2
is divided by n3. T h e accuracy is t h e r e f o r e
n3 /
greater t h a n t h e s e q u e n c e nl n 2
*
nl n 2 n3 --- n 4 n 5
n5 is t h e quotient, n 4 t h e remainder o f t h e
operation nl*n2/n3. A 31-bit intermediate result
allows higher accuracy.
nl n 2 --- s um
nl and n 2 are added
w
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
n a d d r --n is added t o t h e v a l u e i n a d d r .
The r e s u l t
s t o r e d i n addr. (pronounced " p l u s s t o r e " )
is
a d d r l --- a d d r 2 f
Advances t h e d i s k b u f f e r a d d r e s s a d d r l t o t h e
a d d r 2 . The f l a g f h a s
address of the next buffer,
t h e v a l u e f a l s e i f addr2 is t h e b u f f e r which t h e
v a r i a b l e PREV r e f e r e n c e s .
n l --Used i n a
':'
d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e form:
n l +LOOP
The l o o p c o u n t e r is i n c r e m e n t e d o r d e c r e m e n t e d b y
n l a s appropriate.
The l o o p i s l e f t when t h e l o o p
c o u n t e r r e a c h e s o r exceeds t h e end v a l u e . I f n l is
negative,
t h e l o o p i s l e f t when t h e l o o p c o u n t e r
r e a c h e s o r goes under t h e end v a l u e .
DO
...
n --- a d d r
Y i e l d s t h e a d d r e s s ORIGIN+n.
The p a r a m e t e r s
t h e Forth bootstrap begin a t ORIGIN.
for
n --S a v e s n i n t h e n e x t word o f t h e d i c t i o n a r y .
d i c t i o n a r y p o i n t e r is i n c r e m e n t e d .
The
---
u
A user variable.
I t should c o n t a i n t h e a d d r e s s of
t h e r o u t i n e (KEY).
n l n2 --diff=nl-n2
diff
C o m p i l a t i o n o f t h e i n p u t from t h e d i s k
c o n t i n u e d on t h e n e x t p a g e .
will
P
be
--- n l
; i f nl=0
nl
n l --- n l n l ; i f n 1 < > 0
n l is d u p l i c a t e d i f i t i s n o t z e r o .
The u s u a l a p p l i c a t i o n i s a -DUP r i g h t b e f o r e a n I F
s o t h a t n o DROP i n s t r u c t i o n i s n e c e a s a r y i n t h e
ELSE p a r t .
n l n2 n 3 --- n 3 n l n 2
Rotates t h e top t h r e e stack elements i n
d i r e c t i o n o p p o s i t e t h a t i n w h i c h ROT w o r k s .
the
FORTH-64
ABACUS Software
-FIND
---
pfa b tf ; i f found
P
ff
; i f not found
The next string, delimited by spaces, in the input
is transferred to HERE. The CONTEXT vocabulary
and, if not found, the CURRENT vocabulary is
searched for an identical name header. If found,
the parameter field address, the count byte, and
the true flag are placed on the stack, else only
the false indicator.
---
-TRAILING addr nl --- addr n 2
The number of characters in a text
length nl is shortened by the number
found at the end.
r(Lg
string o f
of blanks
n --Outputs the value n in the current number BASE. A
space is printed after the output. (pronounced
"dot")
P
Used in the form:
" cccc"
Compiles the following string up to the delimiter
This string is printed at run time.
.
".
.LINE
.R
.S
line scr --The line, line,
terminal. Blanks
suppressed.
of screen scr is printed on the
at the end of the text are
nl n 2 --Outputs the number nl right-justified in a
of length n2.
field
--Writes
the
entire stack
contents
destroying them) to the output device.
nl n 2 --quot=nl/n2
(without
quot
/MOD
nl n2 --- rem quot
Integer division with remainder. The remainder has
the same sign as the dividend.
0 1 2 3
--- n
These often-used numbers are defined as constants
in the dictionary.
n --- f
Sets the flag true if n < O , else false.
n --- f
Sets the flag true if n=O, else false.
w
ABACUS Software
1+
nl --- n 2
Increments nl by 1.
lo*
nl --- n 2
Multiplies
nl
multiplication).
'*r
by
10
(fast
assembler
2!
d addr --Store double word at address addr.
2+
nl --- n 2
Increment nl by 2.
28
addr --- d
Copy double w o r d at address addr t o t h e stack.
PCONSTANT d --A definition word. Defined in t h e form d ZCONSTANT
cccc. When cccc is called, the double-precision
constant d is placed on t h e stack.
ZVARIABLE d --A definition word. Defined in the form d ZVARIABLE
cccc. When cccc is called, t h e address of t h e
variable which contains t h e double word is placed
on t h e stack.
%DROP
d --Removes two words from the stack.
PDUP
d --- d d
Duplicates a double word on the stack.
2SWAP
dl d 2 --- d 2 dl
Exchanges two double words on t h e stack.
*u
P
Used in a ' : ' definition in t h e form:
: cccc
;
Defines a n e w word in t h e dictionary which is
equivalent to t h e instructions represented h e r e
T h e definition is ended with ;
with " . . . ' I
T h e context vocabulary is set to t h e current
vocabulary; words whose precedence bit is set a r e
executed instead o f compiled.
.. .
.
.
P
T h e ' : ' definition a n d the compile mode a r e ended.
P
Used in order t o s t o p the compilation o f a screen
at any location.
nl n 2 --- f
S e t s t h e flag t o true if n l < n 2 , e l s e false.
FORTH-64
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
dl --- d 2
Starting
instruction o f
formatted
numerical
output:
<# #
#S S I G N # >
T h e d o u b l e word on t h e s t a c k is c o n v e r t e d , t h e
created text placed in PAD.
hd
C
Used in a ' : ' d e f i n i t i o n in t h e form:
: cccc <BUILDS
DOES>
;
When c c c c is called, a n e w high-level w o r d will b e
defined. T h e c a l l in t h e form:
cccc nnnn
c a u s e s t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s behind < B U I L D S t o b e
executed.
A n e w word w i t h t h e n a m e n n n n will b e
defined.
Run-time p r o c e d u r e s c a n b e w r i t t e n in high-level
c o d e with t h e < B U I L D S
D O E S > construction.
...
...
...
n b --S h i f t s t h e w o r d n left by b bits.
Can b e used f o r a fast m u l t i p l i c a t i o n b y 2.
nl n 2 --- f
S e t s t h e f l a g t r u e if n l = n 2 , o t h e r w i s e false.
nl n 2 --- f
S e t s t h e flag t r u e if n l > n 2 , o t h e r w i s e false.
WUP
nl n 2 n3 --Moves n 3 b y t e s at address nl f o r w a r d to a d d r e s s
n2. Ranges m a y overlap, in c o n t r a s t to CMOVE.
n --T h e t o p element o n t h e d a t a s t a c k ( T O S ) is f e t c h e d
and transferred t o t h e r e t u r n stack.
An R >
instruction
should
b e present
in t h e
same
definition.
n b --S h i f t s t h e word n right by b bits.
a d d r --Outputs the
format-free.
v a l u e in addr in t h e
current
base,
O u t p u t s a n error m e s s a g e if t h e s y s t e m is not
c o m p i l e mode.
in
w
O u t p u t s a n error m e s s a g e i f t h e s t a c k pointer d o e s
not a g r e e w i t h t h e value found in C S P ( s e e !CSP).
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
-
FORTH-64
?DISC
Checks t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e d i s k d r i v e and o u t p u t s
t h i s on t h e s c r e e n .
C a l l e d when t h e l i g h t on t h e
drive flashes.
?ENOUGH
n
---
c h e c k is made t o s e e i f a t l e a s t n
s t i l l b e s t o r e d on t h e s t a c k .
A
?ERROR
values
can
f n --Outputs t h e e r r o r message n i f t h e f l a g f is t r u e .
L i n e n f r o m SCRI4 i s p r i n t e d . n may a l s o b e l a r g e r
than
15,
resulting
i n l i n e s from t h e f o l l o w i n g
screens being printed.
?EXEC
Outputs an e r r o r message i f t h e system is n o t
e x e c u t e mode.
in
?LOADING
Outputs an e r r o r message
c u r r e n t l y g o i n g on.
?PAIRS
if
loading
is
not
n l n 2 --Outputs
an
e r r o r message i f
nl<>n2.
This
i n s t r u c t i o n checks t o s e e i f
two
structured
language elements belong together o r not.
?STACK
Outputs
occurs.
?TERMINAL
---
an
error
message i f
a
stack
overflow
f
A t e s t i s made t o s e e i f t h e RUN/STOP k e y i s b e i n g
A f a l s e f l a g i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s is n o t
pressed.
t h e case.
a d d r --- n
The c o n t e n t s
stack.
of address addr a r e placed
on
the
ABORT
I n i t i a l i z e s t h e two s t a c k s a n d sets t h e e x e c u t e
mode.
The c o m p u t e r u s e s s t a n d a r d i n p u t a n d o u t p u t
and o u t p u t s t h e s t a r t - u p message.
.
V
ABS
n --- u
The a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f n is g e n e r a t e d .
AGAIN
P
Used i n a ' : ' d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e f o r m :
BEGIN
AGAIN
J u m p s b a c k t o t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g BEGIN.
The s t a c k
remains unchanged.
The l o o p c a n o n l y b e e x i t e d
t h r o u g h t h e s e q u e n c e R> DROP
.. .
.
FORTH-64
ABACUS Software
ALLOT
n --The integer n is added to the dictionary pointer.
This instruction is used to reserve space in the
dictionary.
AND
nl n2 --- n3
Bit-wise logical AND.
ASCII
--Returns the ASCII value of the first character of
the following word. Example: ASCII A places 6 5 on
the stack.
--The number of bytes per disk
placed on the stack.
buffer
(=64) is
---
The number of disk buffers per screen (=16) is
placed on the stack. By definition, one screen is
1024 bytes large. It is then divided into 16 lines
of 64 characters each.
BACK
BASE
BEGIN
addr --The offset from HERE to addr for a backwards
is calculated and compiled into the next
space in the dictionary.
--- addr
User
variable
which
contains
conversion base for input/output.
U
current
--P
Used in a ' : ' definition in the form:
BEGIN
UNTIL
AGAIN
BEGIN
BEGIN
WHILE
.
REPEAT
BEGIN marks the start of a set of commands which
can be repeated. This point serves as a jump
destination for the corresponding UNTIL, AGAIN, or
REPEAT.
...
.. .
.. .
BL
the
jump
free
. .
---
The ASCII character BLANK is placed on the stack.
BLACK
BLANKS
---
0
Returns
black.
the
constant
0 as the color
addr nl --Overwrites nl bytes at addr with blanks.
value
for
'4
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
B LK
*
FORTH-64
--- a d d r
User v a r i a b l e .
C o n t a i n s t h e number o f t h e b l o c k
Zero i n d i c a t e s
w h i c h is c u r r e n t l y b e i n g c o m p i l e d .
i n p u t from t h e t e r m i n a l .
BLOAD
v a d d r a t n2 n 3 --B i n a r y l o a d o f a f i l e from d i s k .
v a d d r is t h e s t a r t a d d r e s s a t w h i c h t h e f i l e is t o
be loaded.
st denotes t h e filename.
n 2 a n d n 3 i n d i c a t e t h e c h a n n e l (0 o r 1 ) a n d t h e
d e v i c e number ( = a ) o f t h e f i l e t o b e l o a d e d . Note:
When u s i n g c h a n n e l 1, t h e f i l e i s p l a c e d a t t h e
o r i g i n a l address.
The v a l u e o f v a d d r i s t h e n
i r r e l e v a n t , b u t may n o t b e o m i t t e d .
BLOCK
n --- a d d r
P l a c e s o n t h e s t a c k t h e memory a d d r e s s a d d r o f t h e
b l o c k b u f f e r which c o n t a i n s b l o c k n. I f b l o c k n is
n o t c u r r e n t l y i n memory, i t w i l l b e w r i t t e n t o t h e
"oldest"
buffer.
If t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h i s b u f f e r
a r e m a r k e d f o r "UPDATE," i t s c o n t e n t s a r e f i r s t
w r i t t e n t o d i s k ( s e e BUFFER, R/W, UPDATE, FLUSH).
BLUE
---
6
Returns
blue.
b
the
constant
6 as the color
value
BMOVE
a d d r --Moves a s t r i n g f r o m PAD t o a d d r .
BORDER
b --S e t s t h e c o l o r o f t h e s c r e e n b o r d e r t o c o l o r b.
BROWN
---
for
9
Returns
brown.
the
constant
9 for the color
value
of
BSAVE
a d d r l a d d r 2 s t n 2 n3 --Binary save of a f i l e t o disk.
a d d r l and addr2 i n d i c a t e t h e r a n g e (from-to) which
is t o b e w r i t t e n t o t h e f i l e .
st denotes t h e filename.
n2 and n3 d e n o t e t h e c h a n n e l ( 0 o r 1 ) and d e v i c e
number ( = a ) o f t h e f i l e t o b e s a v e d .
BUFFER
n --- a d d r
Finds t h e next d i s k block b u f f e r and a s s i g n s i t t o
b l o c k n. I f t h e c u r r e n t c o n t e n t s o f t h e b u f f e r a r e
marked a s u p d a t e d ,
they w i l l f i r s t be written t o
t h e d i s k b e f o r e t h e next block is read.
The b l o c k
i s n o t r e a d f r o m t h e d i s k . The a d d r e s s r e t u r n e d o n
t h e s t a c k is t h e s t a r t a d d r e s s of t h e d a t a t o be
read.
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
b addr --Stores the byte b in t h e a d d r e s s addr.
b --Stores t h e
dictionary.
by 1.
CAP
b y t e b in t h e next f r e e s p a c e in t h e
T h e dictionary pointer is incremented
'df
b --Writes a three-byte entry of t h e form b ( 1 byte) n
( t h e C F A o f t h e following word) in t h e dictionary.
Required f o r key assignment, f o r example: 133 CAP
?DISC
.
CASE
n ---- n
C A S E and ENDCASE together w i t h O F and ENDOF o f f e r
the ability t o execute c a s e conditionals in Forth.
These words a r e used as in t h e following example:
CASE
nl
OF instruction f o r alternative 1 ENDOF
n2
O F instruction for alternative 2 ENDOF
...
nk
O F instruction f o r a l t e r n a t i v e k ENDOF
ENDCASE
Alternative i is then executed i f ni agrees w i t h
the value placed on t h e stack prior t o execution
of t h e C A S E instruction.
n is removed from t h e
s t a c k by ENDCASE.
C/L
--- n
Returns t h e number of characters per line (64).
C8
addr --- b
P l a c e s 8 bits o f addr on t h e s t a c k ( s e e B).
CFA
pfa --- cfa
Converts t h e parameter-field
field address.
address t o i t s code-
CIAl
--- DCOO
Returns t h e address o f t h e CIAl in the C-64.
CIA2
--- DDOO
Returns the address o f t h e C I A 2 in t h e C-64.
CLEAR
--Clears the stack.
CLIT
CLOSE
--- b
Exactly a s LIT, only w o r k s w i t h a b y t e instead o f
a word. C L I T executes faster than LIT.
n l n 2 --T h e device n 2 addressed over channel nl w i t h
is closed.
OPEN
w
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
--CLOSE-SCREEN
C l o s e s t h e f i l e SCR ( s e e OPEN-SCREEN).
CMOVE
a d d r l a d d r 2 n --T r a n s f e r s n b y t e s from a d d r e s s a d d r l t o a d d r e s s
addr2.
The t r a n s f e r i s d o n e f r o m t h e
lowest
a d d r e s s up,
meaning t h a t t h e f i r s t a d d r e s s is
a d d r l , t h e n a d d r l + l , and s o on.
COLD
The c o l d - s t a r t
procedure i n order t o i n i t i a l i z e
t h e system.
COLD c a n b e a c t i v a t e d f r o m t h e t e r m i n a l i n o r d e r
to
e r a s e u s e r programs and r e i n i t i a l i z e t h e
system.
COLORAREA
---
n
variable;
it c o n t a i n s t h e s t a r t of t h e
memory f o r g r a p h i c s .
color
A
COMBINE
b l b2 --- n
C o m b i n e s t h e two b y t e s b l ( l o w ) a n d b 2 ( h i g h ) i n t o
o n e word n .
COMPILE
C o m p i l e s t h e CFA
(code f i e l d a d d r e s s )
f o l l o w i n g word i n t o t h e n e x t f r e e s p a c e
dictionary.
L
of
in
the
the
CONSTANT
n --S e r v e s t o d e f i n e c o n s t a n t s . Used i n t h e f o r m
n CONSTANT c c c c
i n o r d e r t o d e f i n e a word c c c c w i t h t h e v a l u e n .
c c c c is then e q u i v a l e n t t o n.
CONTEXT
---
CONTROL
--- n
Returns
the
CONTROL c o d e o f
the
following
character.
T h i s c o r r e s p o n d s t o "Commodore ASCII"
code.
Example: CONTROL C p l a c e s 3 on t h e s t a c k .
COUNT
a d d r l --- a d d r 2 n
P l a c e s on t h e s t a c k t h e a d d r e s s a d d r 2 a n d t h e
number
of b y t e s n o f t h e t e x t which s t a r t s a t
addrl.
The t e x t m u s t b e o f t h e f o r m s u c h t h a t t h e
first
byte a t addrl contains the
l e n g t h of
t h e s t r i n g and t h e a c t u a l t e x t
starts a t the
second b y t e .
TYPE f o l l o w s COUNT i n
typical
applications.
addr
U
User v a r i a b l e .
Contains
the pointer
to
the
v o c a b u l a r y i n which s e a r c h e s f o r words w i l l s t a r t .
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
CR
Causes a l i n e f e e d a t t h e t e r m i n a l .
CREATE
A word w i t h w h i c h o n e c a n
c o n s t r u c t new F o r t h
w o r d s . For e x a m p l e :
CREATE c c c c
T h i s c r e a t e s a h e a d e r f o r t h e word t o b e d e f i n e d ,
cccc.
The a c t i o n s w h i c h t h i s w o r d i s t o e x e c u t e
m u s t b e c o m p i l e d i n t o t h e word w i t h COMPILE,
for
example.
is s e t .
The word c a n n o t
be
The smudge b i t
the
addressed ( i t w i l l not be recognized) u n t i l
smudge b i t i s c l e a r e d (command SMUDGE).
CREATE-SCREEN
Establishes a
f i l e SCR w i t h a
l e n g t h of
2200
s e n t e n c e s (137 r e c o r d s ) .
The m e s s a g e RECORD NOT
PRESENT c a n b e i g n o r e d h e r e .
In addition,
t h e s c r e e n s 4 and 5 ( e r r o r messages)
which s h o u l d b e i n t h e d i s k b u f f e r s
a r e copied
into the file.
CSP
CURRENT
---
addr
User v a r i a b l e .
U
Contains t h e stack pointer.
--- a d d r
User v a r i a b l e .
C o n t a i n s an i n d i r e c t r e f e r e n c e t o
t h e name f i e l d a d d r e s s o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n w h i c h was
j u s t d e f i n e d . ( s e e CONTEXT)
CYAN
--- 3
Returns t h e c o n s t a n t 3 a s t h e c o l o r code f o r cyan.
D+
d l d 2 --- dsum
Adds t h e d o u b l e w o r d s
dsum=dl+d2.
D +-
d l n -- d 2
The d o u b l e word d l c o n t a i n s t h e s i g n o f n .
D.
d --O u t p u t s a d o u b l e word t o t h e o u t p u t d e v i c e .
(pronounced "D-dot")
D.R
d n --O u t p u t s t h e d o u b l e word d a s a s i g n e d number i n an
n-character f i e l d .
DABS
d --- u
R e t u r n s t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f t h e d o u b l e word.
DECIMAL
S e t s t h e 1/0 conversion base t o 10.
ABACUS Software
DELI
FORTH-64
--A ueer variable which contains the delimiter used
by the FIND and INSERT routines of the editor.
Normally this is the English pound sign.
'u
DEPTH
--- b
Returns
stack.
the "depth" (number of elements)
of
the
DEFINITIONS
Used in the form:
cccc DEFINITIONS
Sete
the CURRENT vocabulary to the
CONTEXT
vocabulary. With this call, the CONTEXT vocabulary
ie set to cccc.
DIGIT
c nl --- n2 tf ;for valid conversion
;for invalid conversion
c nl --- ff
Converts the ASCII character c to its binary value
n2. The conversion is supplemented with a flag. If
the conversion is unsuccessful, only the flag is
given.
DLITERAL
d --- d
;run-time
P
During compilation, d is compiled as a literal.
When the definition is later executed, the value
is placed on the stack. Nothing happens at run
time.
DMINUS
dl --- d2
Reverses the sign of dl.
D0
nl n2 -; run-t ime
Used in a ' : ' definition in the form:
LOOP
DO
DO
+LOOP
At run-time the loop limit, nl, and the loop
index, n2, are removed from the stack and placed
on the return stack. After each pass through the
loop. n2 is incremented (by +1 for LOOP, by an
arbitrary number for LOOP+).
The limit and index
are removed from the return stack when the loop is
exited. nl and n2 are given at run time. The I
instruction within a loop places the current value
of the index on the stack. (see I, LOOP, +LOOP,
LEAVE).
...
...
DOES)
Defines the run-time behavior of a word
through <BUILDS
DOES>
...
w
DONE
defined
--Closes the editing session, writes all edited
acreens and takes care of the default assignment
of the function keys.
FORTH-64
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
DOS
s t --S e n d s a d i s k command t o d e v i c e n u m b e r 8.
Example:
"N:DISKETTE,Ol"
DOS.
The d i s k e t t e
device 8 w i l l be formatted (careful!).
in
---
addr
u
User v a r i a b l e . C o n t a i n s t h e a d d r e s s o f t h e p o i n t e r
which p o i n t s
t o the next
f r e e space
in
the
dictionary.
T h e v a l u e c a n b e r e a d w i t h HERE a n d
c a n b e c h a n g e d w i t h ALLOT.
DPL
U
User v a r i a b l e .
C o n t a i n s t h e number o f d i g i t s
t o
the right
of
t h e decimal point
i n a doublep r e c i s i o n number.
I t is a l s o used t o d e f i n e t h e
decimal point f o r formatted output.
The d e f a u l t
f o r s i n g l e - p r e c i s i o n n u m b e r s is -1.
DROP
n --n is removed from t h e s t a c k .
DUMP
a d d r l a d d r 2 --Dumps t h e memory r a n g e f r o m a d d r l t o a d d r 2 .
DUP
n
--- n n
Duplicates t h e top stack value.
E
--D i s p l a y s t h e s c r e e n l a s t e d i t e d ( t h e number i s
SCR)
.
EDIT
ELOAD
in
n --Displays screen n f o r editing;
n is p l a c e d
into
SCR.
T h e e d i t mode i s e n a b l e d a n d t h e f u n c t i o n
keys a r e reassigned.
--T h e p a g e l a s t e d i t e d ( n u m b e r i n SCR) i s l o a d e d .
ELSE
EMIT
' : ' d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e form:
Used i n a
IF
...
ELSE
c --Outputs
device.
the
ASCII
..
ENDIF
character
c
EMPTY-BUFFERS
Erases the e n t i r e disk buffer area.
on
the
output
Nd'
w
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
FORTH-64
ENCLOSE
a d d r l c --- a d d r l n l n2 n3
The s t r i n g
Used b y WORD t o s e p a r a t e a s t r i n g .
C
is t h e
delimiter.
The
begins
a t addrl.
parameters returned are:
1) addrl (as input)
2 ) n l -- t h e b y t e o f f s e t t o t h e f i r s t c h a r a c t e r
d i f f e r e n t from t h e d e l i m i t e r
3 ) n 2 -- t h e b y t e o f f s e t t o t h e f i r s t d e l i m i t e r
behind t h e s t r i n g
4 ) n 3 -- t h e b y t e o f f s e t t o t h e f i r s t c h a r a c t e r
different
from t h e d e l i m i t e r a f t e r t h e t e x t end d e l i m i t e r
is h a n d l e d a s a n
An ASCII z e r o i n t h e t e x t
absolute delimiter.
END
Synonym f o r UNTIL
ENDCASE
n --Used as t h e c l o s e t o a CASE s t a t e m e n t .
Gets t h e
q u a n t i t y t o b e c h e c k e d f r o m t h e s t a c k ( s e e CASE).
ENDIF
P
Used i n a ' : ' d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e f o r m :
ENDIF
IF
IF
ELSE
ENDIF
ENDIF i s t h e d e s t i n a t i o n o f a f o r w a r d jump f r o m I F
o r ELSE.
THEN i s a synonym f o r ENDIF ( s e e I F ,
ELSE).
...
...
P
...
ENDOF
Used
as
statement.
-
the
close
to
a
variant
in
a
P
CASE
ERASE
a d d r n --S e t s n memory w o r d s a t a d d r e s s a d d r t o z e r o .
ERROR
l i n e --- i n b l k
O u t p u t s e r r o r messages and f u n c t i o n s a s a system
restart.
The e x a c t e r r o r h a n d l i n g d e p e n d s on t h e
v a r i a b l e WARNING:
+1: Line n r e l a t i v e t o s c r e e n 4 i s o u t p u t
The l i n e d e t e r m i n e d by n may l i e o u t s i d e
s c r e e n 4.
0:
The v a l u e i s o u t p u t a s a n u m b e r .
-1: ABORT i s c a l l e d .
EXECUTE
a d d r --Addr i s t h e c o d e - f i e l d a d d r e s s o f t h e word t o
e x e c u t e d t h r o u g h EXECUTE.
EXPZ
b --- n
Fast routine f o r calculating 2 t o the
(where b is p o s i t i v e ) .
power
be
b
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
FORTE-64
EXPECT
a d d r c o u n t --T r a n s f e r s c o u n t c h a r a c t e r s from t h e t e r m i n a l
to
address addr.
A c a r r i a g e r e t u r n ends t h e t r a n s f e r
prematurely.
N u l l s a r e appended a t t h e end o f t h e
string.
FENCE
--- a d d r
User v a r i a b l e .
C o n t a i n s t h e a d d r e s s below which
FORGET h a s n o e f f e c t .
I f FORGET i s t o b e e n a b l e d
below t h i s a d d r e s s ,
t h e c o n t e n t s o f FENCE m u s t b e
changed.
FFTABLE
--Address o f t h e assignment t a b l e
f u n c t i o n keys.
FILL
FIRST
for
the
WV
Forth
a d d r q u a n b --F i l l s quan b y t e s a t a d d r e s s a d d r w i t h b y t e b .
--A constant.
Returns t h e address of t h e f i r s t d i s k
block buffer.
---
addr
User v a r i a b l e .
Contains
formatted output.
FTABLE
field
width
for
---
Pointer
table.
FLIP
the
to
the current function
key
assignment
'r,
n --- n
Exchanges t h e two b y t e s o f word n .
FLUSH
Can b e u s e d a t t h e e n d o f a n e d i t i n g s e s s i o n i n
order t o be s u r e t h a t a l l t e x t changes a r e saved
It
i s b e t t e r t o u s e DONE
for this
on d i s k .
purpose, though.
E
FORGET
Used i n t h e f o r m :
FORGET c c c c
A l l
of t h e d e f i n i t i o n s a f t e r and i n c l u d i n g
a r e d e l e t e d from t h e d i c t i o n a r y .
cccc
FORTH
P
The name o f
t h e Forth
language kernel.
The
i n s t r u c t i o n s e t s FORTH a s t h e CONTEXT v o c a b u l a r y .
GTEXT
n --The f o l l o w i n g t e x t ,
bounded by
d e f i n e d i n DELI, i s s a v e d a t n .
'*.)
the
delimiter
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
aREEN
--- 5
Constant f o r t h e color value o f green.
HELP
--Returns t h e f u n c t i o n key assignments.
b
HERE
--- a d d r
The n e x t f r e e a d d r e s s i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y is
on t h e s t a c k .
placed
HEX
S e t s t h e c o n v e r s i o n b a s e t o 16 ( h e x a d e c i m a l ) .
HLD
---
HOLD
C
addr
User v a r i a b l e w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h e l a s t c h a r a c t e r o f
a s t r i n g o f numerical output conversion.
---
Used b e t w e e n
character t o
conversion.
<#
the
a n d #>.
Transfers
t h e ASCII
s t r i n g for numerical output
--U s e d i n s i d e a DO
LOOP i n o r d e r t o p l a c e t h e
l o o p i n d e x on t h e s t a c k .
...
ID.
w
a d d r --O u t p u t s t h e n a m e o f t h e w o r d w i t h NFA a d d r .
f
--;r u n - t i m e
Used i n a ':' d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e form:
ENDIF
IF ( t f )
IF ( t f )
ELSE ( f f )
ENDIF
I f f is t r u e ,
t h e commands i m m e d i a t e l y b e h i n d I F
a jump is m a d e t o
a r e executed;
i f f is f a l s e ,
ELSE ( i f p r e s e n t ) o r ENDIF.
...
...
...
IMMEDIATE
This
Marks t h e l a s t - d e f i n e d w o r d as " i m m e d i a t e . "
means t h a t t h e word w i l l b e e x e c u t e d d u r i n g
compilation i n s t e a d o f being compiled.
The u s e r can f o r c e t h e c o m p i l a t i o n o f a n immediate
definition
through
a
preceding
[COMPILE]
instruction.
---
addr
User v a r i a b l e .
Contains the byte o f f s e t i n t h e
c u r r e n t i n p u t t e x t b u f f e r from which t h e next t e x t
w i l l be fetched.
T h e i n s t r u c t i o n WORDS u s e s a n d
changes t h e contents of IN.
FORTH-64
ABACUS Software
INDEX
INKCOLOR
nl n2 --Returns a kind of index of the screens nl to n2 by
writing the first line of each of the screens in
this range on the screen. In addition, the disk
information line, line 15 of screen 4 is also
printed.
--- n
A variable which contains the plotting color
graphics.
4
for
INTERPRET
The outer-most text interpreter which executes or
compiles input (from terminal or disk).
The
CONTEXT and CURRENT vocabularies are searched for
the name.
If the name is not found, the value is converted
in the current base. If a conversion error occurs,
the name is printed together with a "?".
LATEST
--- addr
The name-field address of the last-defined word in
the CURRENT vocabulary is placed on the stack.
LEAVE
Exits a DO loop at the next LOOP or +LOOP command.
LFA
LIMIT
pfa --- lfa
Converts
the
parameter-field address
definition to its link-field address.
of
a
w
---
A
constant.
Places the address which
lies
immediately above the last disk buffer address on
the stack.
LIST
n --Screen n (logical page n) is listed on
terminal. The variable SCR is not changed!
the
LIT
--LIT is inserted before a 16-bit literal when
compiling. When LIT is executed at run-time, it
places the value on the stack.
LITERAL
n --Used in compilation mode in order to
calculated value into the dictionary.
The intended application is:
compile
P
a
: xxx [ calculation ] LITERAL
Suspends
the
compilation mode,
performs
a
calculation, and compiles the calculated value
using LITERAL.
w
ABACUS Software
-
LOAD
LOOP
FORTH-64
n --Loads (interprets) screen n.
The
loading
can
be stopped
instruction.
with
the
;S
addr n --P
definition in the form:
Used in a I:'
DO
LOOP
and marks the end of a loop. The loop counter is
incremented by 1 and compared with the loop limit
n. The loop is left when the loop counter has
reached the upper limit n.
...
nl n2 --- d
The result d of nl*n2 is a double-precision word.
d nl --- n2 n3
n2 is the remainder, n3 the quotient of the
division d/nl. The remainder n2 has the aign of
the dividend.
udl u2 --- u3 ud4
A mixed-precision operation. The dividend udl and
the quotient are double-precision words.
The
divisor u2 and remainder u3 are 16-bit words.
~t MAX
MESSAGE
nl n2 --- max
The result is the maximum of nl and n2
"
---
Text line n relative to screen 4 is printed on the
output device. The line may lie outside of screen
4. If WARNING has the value 0 , only the value will
be printed.
'W
MIN
nl n2 --- min
The result is the minimum of nl and 02.
MINUS
nl --- n2
Negates nl.
MOD
nl n2 --- n3
n3 = nl modulo n2. n3 has the same sign as nl.
NFA
pfa --- nfa
Converts
the
parameter-field address
definition to its name-field address.
NKEY
of
a
--An alternative KEY function which reads
the
function table and then returns only the ASCII
value on the stack if the key pressed is not
contained in the function table.
ABACUS Software
NOK
--Turns Forth's OK message off.
NOP
--A routine w h i c h does nothing (dummy routine).
NOTABLE
--- addr
Variable w h i c h should contain the value 0 .
Its address is saved in t h e variable FTABLE if n o
function keys a r e assigned.
NUMBER
addr --- d
T h e string which begins in address addr and w h o s e
length is immediately before t h e text is converted
to a double-precision word based on t h e current
conversion base.
The placement of decimal point
( i f any) is stored in DPL. Otherwise the decimal
point has n o function. An error message will b e
given in t h e event o f a conversion error.
0K
--Turns Forth's
OPEN
"OK" message on.
st n 2 n 3 --A f i l e with filename st is opened on
over channel n3.
device
n2
OPEN-SCREEN --Opens file SCR (containing t h e screens).
Usually
need not b e given by t h e user because F o r t h
manages this f i l e by itself.
0R
n l n 2 --- or
The result is t h e logical ORing o f nl and n2.
ORANGE
--- 8
Returns
orange.
the
constant 8 a s t h e
color
OUT
---
OVER
nl n 2 -- n l n 2 n l
The second word on t h e stack is copied
t o p o f the stack.
value
for
addr
User variable. C o n t a i n s a v a l u e w h i c h is used and
changed by EMIT. The user can read o r c h a n g e t h e
value in order t o c r e a t e formatted output.
onto
the
PAD
--- addr
Returns t h e address o f t h e text output buffer.
PAPERCOLOR
--- n
A variable containing t h e color v a l u e o f t h e paper
for graphics.
ABACUS Software
PEN
PFA
w
PICK
b --Sets the text color to b.
nfa --- pfa
Converts a name-field address of a definition
its parameter-field address.
b --- n
Copies the bth element on the stack to the top of
the stack. Example: 1 PICK corresponds to DUP, 2
PICK corresponds to OVER, etc.
PIXELAREA --- n
A
variable which
graphics memory.
PREV
PURPLE
to
contains
the
start
of
the
---
addr
A variable which contains the address of the disk
block
buffer
last
addressed.
The
UPDATE
instruction references this buffer.
---
4
Returns
purple.
the
constant
4 as the color
value
for
QUERY
Reads a maximum of 80 characters from the terminal
until a carriage return is encountered. The text
is placed in the field whose address is in TIB. IN
is set to zero.
QUIT
Initializes the return stack, ends the compile
mode, and switches the system back to terminal
input.
R
--Copies the top word of the return stack to the
data stack without changing the former (Re in many
versions).
R#
RO
R/W
*v
---
addr
U
User variable. Used by the editor for the position
of the cursor.
--- addr
Variable
with
intialized.
which
the
return
stack
U
is
addr blk f --The input/output routine for a record. Addr is the
address of the block buffer to be transferred. Blk
is the number of the block and f is a flag, f=O
for output, f = l for input.
ABACUS Software
R>
---
Places the
data stack.
READ
top word of the return stack
addr count nl n2 --- f
count bytes are read from device n2 over
nl at address addr; error flag O=OK.
on
the
channel
RED
--- 2
Returns the constant 2 as color value for red.
REPEAT
P,C2
Used in a ' : ' definition in the form:
BEGIN
WHILE
REPEAT
At run-time this results in an unconditional jump
to the corresponding BEGIN.
...
...
RND
nl --- n2
Returns a random number in the range 0 to nl-1.
RNDNR
--A variable used for random number generation
RND
.
ROLL
ROT
with
b --Rotates the top b stack elements one position
down and puts the former bth element on top. ROLL
is a generalization of ROT (which is equivalent to
3 ROLL).
nl n2 n3 --- n2 n3 nl
Rotates the three top words on the stack.
RP !
Initializes the return stack pointer.
S!
w
bl b2 b3 --Writes the ASCII value bl in line b2, column b3 of
the text RAM (address 1024 ff.).
n --- d
The top stack word is converted to a double
precision value with the same sign and magnitude.
---
addr
U
Variable with which the data stack is initialized.
bl b2 --- b 3
Returns the ASCII value in text RAM at line
column b2.
bl,
**21
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
FORTE-64
SCOPY
n l n 2 --C o p i e s SCR n l ( i n t h e d i s k b u f f e r ) t o SCR n 2 o n
d i s k . The s c r e e n t o b e c o p i e d s h o u l d b e c o m p l e t e l y
contained i n t h e disk buffer.
T h i s word c a n b e
used t o copy s i n g l e s c r e e n s t o a n o t h e r d i s k i n
which t h e d i s k c a n b e changed by u s i n g t h e
to
instructions
CLOSE-SCREEN
a n d " I " DOS
i n i t i a l i z e t h e new d i s k e t t e .
SCR
--- a d d r
U
User v a r i a b l e . C o n t a i n s t h e c u r r e n t s c r e e n number.
SCREEN
b
SIGN
n d -- d
P l a c e s a n A S C I I "-" i n t h e t e x t o f a n u m e r i c a l
output conversion i f n is negative.
N i s removed
from t h e s t a c k .
May o n l y b e u s e d b e t w e e n < # a n d
#>.
--S e t s t h e background c o l o r t o c o l o r b
SMUDGE
Used i n a d e f i n i t i o n i n o r d e r t o complement
( l o g i c a l n o t ) t h e s m u d g e b i t i n t h e name f i e l d .
This p r e v e n t s an incomplete d e f i n i t i o n from b e i n g
found b e f o r e e r r o r - f r e e compilation.
SP!
'*rr
--- a d d r
Initializes the data stack pointer.
---
addr
The s t a c k p o i n t e r is p l a c e d on t h e s t a c k .
F o r e x a m p l e , t h e command s e q u e n c e :
1 2 SPB
produces t h e output:
2
2 1 0 K
. . .
SPACE
O u t p u t s a n ASCII b l a n k t o t h e o u t p u t d e v i c e .
SPACES
n --Outputs n blanks t o t h e output device.
SPLIT
n --- b l b 2
S p l i t s n i n t o low ( b l ) a n d h i g h b y t e s .
SREAD
n
---
Reads s c r e e n n i n t o t h e d i s k b u f f e r .
STATE
v
--- a d d r
U
User v a r i a b l e .
Contains a f l a g which
indicates
whether
t h e program is i n t h e compile o r run
state.
FORTH-64
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
SWAP
nl n 2 -- n 2 nl
Exchanges t h e t w o t o p words o f t h e etack.
TEXT
b --Reads the text up t o t h e next delimiter
entire line if necessary) into PAD.
b
(an
4
THEN
Synonym for ENDIF.
T IB
TOGGLE
---
addr
User variable.
Contains
Terminal Input Buffer.
the
address
U
the
of
addr b --T h e set bits o f b y t e b are complemented
location at addr.
in
the
TO.NKEY
b --S a v e s t h e address o f the key aesignment table b in
FTABLE and activates t h e alternative KEY function
NKEY.
TRACEON
--Turns on a very comprehensive t r a c e function.
Note: All following commands (including TRACEOFF)
must be entered character by c h a r a c t e r only and
must b e concluded with CR.
TRACEOFF
--Switches the trace m o d e off.
TRAVERSE
addrl n ---- a d d r 2
This instruction traverses a name field from one
end to the other. Addrl is either the address o f
t h e length byte o f a name field o r the address o f
the last character o f t h e name.
If n=l, the
transversal
is
done in ascending order
of
addresses,
whereas
if
n=-1,
a
descending
transversal is performed.
TRIAD
n --Lists screen n , n+l, and n+2 on t h e output device.
This output is well suited for documentation and
contains the output o f line 15, s c r e e n 4 a s
standard comment line.
TYPE
addr count --Outputs count characters at addr on
device.
U
*
ul u 2 --- u d
Absolute calculation.
Result
precision product ulSu2.
is
the
the
output
double-
4
ABACUS S o f t w a r e
FORTH-64
u d u l --- u 2 u 3
Absolute calculation.
U2 i s t h e r e m a i n d e r , u 3 t h e
q u o t i e n t o f t h e d i v i s i o n u d / u l . The d i v i d e n d ud is
double-precision.
u l u 2 --- f
is
S e t s t h e f l a g t r u e i f t h e a b s o l u t e number u l
s m a l l e r than t h e a b s o l u t e value o f u2,
otherwise
false.
U.
UNTIL
u --Output a sign-less
number on t h e o u t p u t d e v i c e .
f
--- ( r u n - t i m e )
Used i n a ':' d e f i n i t i o n i n t h e form:
BEGIN
UNTIL
T h e l o o p d e f i n e d t h r o u g h BEGIN
UNTIL i s l e f t
i f f=true.
...
...
UPDATE
M a r k s t h e l a s t - a d d r e s s e d b l o c k ( i n d i c a t e d b y PREV)
as c h a n g e d . T h i s b l o c k w i l l a u t o m a t i c a l l y b e s a v e d
t o d i s k when i t s b u f f e r i s r e q u i r e d b y a n o t h e r
block.
USE
---
addr
A v a r i a b l e which contains t h e address o f t h e block
buffer t o be used next.
USER
n --D e f i n i t i o n word, form
n USER c c c c
This instruction defines a variable cccc i n
the
USER a r e a ( s e e a p p e n d i x 1 ) .
N is t h e o f f s e t
from
t h e start o f t h i s area.
The u s e r c a n d e f i n e u s e r
The
v a r i a b l e s w i t h o f f s e t s f r o m 64 t o 1 2 7 .
v a r i a b l e i s i n i t i a l i z e d t o 0.
VARIABLE
E
A d e f i n i n g word o f t h e form:
n VARIABLE c c c c
cccc i s d e f i n e d a n d
When VARIABLE i s e x e c u t e d ,
l o a d e d w i t h n . When c c c c i s e x e c u t e d , t h e v a r i a b l e
a d d r e s s w i l l b e p l a c e d on t h e s t a c k .
The v a l u e o f
t h e v a r i a b l e can be obtained w i t h cccc @
.
VIC
VICCRl
u
---
DO00
A c o n s t a n t w h i c h r e t u r n s t h e a d d r e s s o f t h e VIC i n
t h e C64.
--- D O 1 1
A constant which r e t u r n s t h e address o f t h e first
c o n t r o l r e g i s t e r i n t h e VIC.
ABACUS Software
VICCRZ
--- DO16
A constant which returns the address of the second
control register in the VIC.
VIC-ADDPTR --- DO18
A constant which returns the address
address pointer register in the VIC.
of
the
VIC-BORDER --- DO14
A constant which returns the address of the
register which contains the border color of
screen.
VIC
the
VIC-BGO
--- DO 15
A constant which returns the address of the VIC
register which contains the (normal) background
color.
VIDEOAREA --- n
A variable which contains the address of the video
area (HEX 400).
VOC-LINK
--- addr
U
User variable.
Contains the address of
the
vocabulary last used. All vocabularies are chained
though these fields. A FORGET can therefore have
effect on multiple vocabularies.
VOCABULARY
E,L
A definition word. Used in the form:
VOCABULARY cccc IMMEDIATE
in order to define a new vocabulary cccc. A later
call of cccc makes it the CONTEXT vocabulary, the
first
vocabulary searched for
an
INTERPRET
instruction. The instruction sequence:
cccc DEFINITIONS
makes cccc the CURRENT vocabulary in which new
definitions will be placed. Vocabulary names are
by convention declared as immediate.
VLIST
Outputs
all
of the defined names
in
the
dictionary, starting with the CONTEXT vocabulary.
WARNING
---
WHERE
--WHERE is automatically initialized when an error
occurs while loading screens. The corresponding
screen is automatically displayed for editing.
addr
U
User variable. Contains a value for controlling
the system messages, where
1: error messages are output from disk screen 4
0: only error numbers are output
-1: (ABORT) is executed
W
d
ABACUS Software
WHILE
f
---
Used in a ' : ' definition in the form:
WHILE (tp)
REPEAT
BEGIN
During run-time, WHILE manages the course of the
program. If f is false, execution continues after
the REPEAT, otherwise the loop is executed again.
...
...
WHITE
--- 1
A color constant with the value 1.
WIDTH
---
WORD
addr
User variable. Contains the value
maximum length of a Forth word.
C
31
for
U
the
---
Reads the next string from input, up to delimiter
c. The string is placed at address HERE in the
form:
first byte: number of characters in string
second byte: the string
following: two blanks
The leading character c is ignored.
w
WRITE
addr nl n2 n3 --- f
nl bytes at address addr are sent over channel n2
to device n3; (f=O indicates OK).
XOR
nl n2 --- xor
Exclusive OR of nl and n2.
YELLOW
--- 7
A color constant with the value 7 .
[
P
Used in a ' : ' definition in the form:
: xxx [ words ] words ;
The
instructions following " [ " are
executed
instead of being compiled. The " [ " instruction
allows calculations or the handling of special
cases before compilation continues with the "1"
instruction (see LITERAL).
P
[COMPILE]
Used in a ' : ' definition in the form (example):
: xxx [COMPILE] FORTH
[COMPILE] forces compilation of an
immediate
definition which would otherwise be executed. In
this example, the vocabulary FORTH is called
during the execution of the instruction instead of
during the compilation.
The compilation suspended by a " [ " instruction
continued (see [ ) .
is
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