PowerQ4 and PowerQ4 Plus MI 2592 and MI 2792 Instruction manual

PowerQ4 and PowerQ4 Plus

MI 2592 and MI 2792

Instruction manual

Version 1.1, Code No. 20 751 782

Distributor:

Manufacturer:

METREL d.d.

Ljubljanska cesta 77

1354 Horjul

Slovenia web site: http://www.metrel.si

e-mail: [email protected]

Mark on your equipment certifies that this equipment meets the requirements of the EU

(European Union) concerning safety and interference causing equipment regulations

© 2011 METREL

No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without permission in writing from METREL.

2

MI 2592 PowerQ4 and MI 2792 PowerQ4 Plus

Table of contents

1 Introduction.............................................................................................................6

1.1 Main Features ...................................................................................................6

1.2 Safety considerations ........................................................................................7

1.3 Applicable standards .........................................................................................8

1.4 Abbreviations.....................................................................................................8

2 Description............................................................................................................12

2.1 Front panel ......................................................................................................12

2.2 Connector panel ..............................................................................................13

2.3 Bottom view.....................................................................................................14

2.4 Accessories .....................................................................................................14

2.4.1 Standard accessories...............................................................................14

2.4.2 Optional accessories ................................................................................15

3 Operating the instrument.....................................................................................16

3.1 Instrument Main Menu.....................................................................................17

3.1.1 Instrument main functions ........................................................................18

3.2 U, I, f menu......................................................................................................19

3.2.1 Meter ........................................................................................................19

3.2.2 Scope .......................................................................................................20

3.2.3 Trend........................................................................................................22

3.3 Power menu ....................................................................................................25

3.3.1 Meter ........................................................................................................25

3.3.2 Trend........................................................................................................26

3.4 Energy menu ...................................................................................................28

3.5 Harmonics / interharmonics menu...................................................................29

3.5.1 Meter ........................................................................................................29

3.5.2 Histogram (Bar)........................................................................................31

3.5.3 Trend........................................................................................................32

3.6 Flickermeter.....................................................................................................35

3.6.1 Meter ........................................................................................................35

3.6.2 Trend........................................................................................................36

3.7 Phase Diagram................................................................................................37

3.7.1 Phase diagram .........................................................................................37

3.7.2 Symmetry diagram ...................................................................................38

3.7.3 Symmetry trend........................................................................................39

3.8 Temperature....................................................................................................41

3.8.1 Meter ........................................................................................................41

3.8.2 Trend........................................................................................................41

3.9 General Recorder............................................................................................42

3.10 Waveform recorder..........................................................................................45

3.10.1 Setup........................................................................................................46

3.10.2 Capturing waveform .................................................................................47

3.10.3 Captured waveform ..................................................................................48

3.11 Inrush / Fast recorder ......................................................................................52

3.11.1 Setup........................................................................................................52

3.11.2 Capturing inrush.......................................................................................53

3.11.3 Captured inrush........................................................................................54

3.12 Transients recorder .........................................................................................56

3.12.1 Setup........................................................................................................56

3.12.2 Capturing transients .................................................................................57

3.12.3 Captured transients ..................................................................................58

3



3.13 Events table.....................................................................................................61

3.14 Alarms table ....................................................................................................65

3.15 Memory List.....................................................................................................66

3.15.1 Record......................................................................................................68

3.15.2 Waveform snapshoot ...............................................................................70

3.15.3 Waveform record......................................................................................71

3.15.4 Inrush/Fast logger ....................................................................................71

3.15.5 Transients record .....................................................................................71

3.16 Measurement Setup menu ..............................................................................71

3.16.1 Connection setup .....................................................................................72

3.16.2 Event setup ..............................................................................................74

3.16.3 Alarm setup ..............................................................................................74

3.16.4 Signalling setup........................................................................................76

3.17 General Setup menu .......................................................................................76

3.17.1 Communication ........................................................................................77

3.17.2 Time & Date .............................................................................................79

3.17.3 Language .................................................................................................79

3.17.4 Clear Memory...........................................................................................80

3.17.5 Instrument info .........................................................................................81

3.17.6 Lock/Unlock..............................................................................................81

4 Recording Practice and Instrument Connection ...............................................83

4.1 Measurement campaign ..................................................................................83

4.2 Connection setup ............................................................................................87

4.2.1 Connection to the LV Power Systems ......................................................87

4.2.2 Connection to the MV or HV Power System.............................................90

4.2.3 Current clamp selection and transformation ratio setting .........................91

4.2.4 Temperature probe connection ................................................................95

4.2.5 GPS time synchronization device connection ..........................................96

4.2.6 GPRS modem connection........................................................................97

4.3 Number of measured parameters and connection type relationship ...............98

5 Theory and internal operation ...........................................................................102

5.1 Measurement methods..................................................................................102

5.1.1 Measurement aggregation over time intervals .......................................102

5.1.2 Voltage measurement (magnitude of supply voltage) ............................102

5.1.3 Current measurement (magnitude of supply current) .............................103

5.1.4 Frequency measurement .......................................................................103

5.1.5 Phase power measurements..................................................................104

5.1.6 Total power measurements....................................................................104

5.1.7 Energy....................................................................................................105

5.1.8 Harmonics and interharmonics...............................................................106

5.1.9 Signallling...............................................................................................107

5.1.10 Flicker.....................................................................................................108

5.1.11 Voltage and current unbalance ..............................................................109

5.1.12 Voltage events .......................................................................................110

5.1.13 Alarms ....................................................................................................112

5.1.14 Data aggregation in GENERAL RECORDING .......................................113

5.1.15 Waveform snapshoot .............................................................................117

5.1.16 Waveform record....................................................................................117

5.1.17 Transient recorder ..................................................................................118

5.1.18 Inrush/Fast recorder ...............................................................................118

4



5.2 EN 50160 Standard Overview .......................................................................120

5.2.1 Power frequency ....................................................................................120

5.2.2 Supply voltage variations .......................................................................121

5.2.3 Voltage dips (Indicative values)..............................................................121

5.2.4 Short interruptions of the supply voltage ................................................121

5.2.5 Long interruptions of the supply voltage.................................................121

5.2.6 Supply voltage unbalance ......................................................................121

5.2.7 THD voltage and harmonics...................................................................121

5.2.8 Interharmonic voltage.............................................................................122

5.2.9 Mains signalling on the supply voltage ...................................................122

5.2.10 Flicker severity .......................................................................................122

5.2.11 PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus recorder setting for EN 50160 survey ...........122

6 Technical specifications ....................................................................................124

6.1 General specifications ...................................................................................124

6.2 Measurements...............................................................................................124

6.2.1 General description ................................................................................124

6.2.2 Phase Voltages ......................................................................................125

6.2.3 Line voltages ..........................................................................................126

6.2.4 Current ...................................................................................................126

6.2.5 Frequency ..............................................................................................127

6.2.6 Flickermeter ...........................................................................................127

6.2.7 Power .....................................................................................................127

6.2.8 Power factor (Pf) ....................................................................................128

6.2.9 Displacement factor (Cos φ)...................................................................128

6.2.10 Energy....................................................................................................128

6.2.11 Voltage harmonics and THD ..................................................................129

6.2.12 Current harmonics and THD ..................................................................129

6.2.13 Voltage interharmonics...........................................................................129

6.2.14 Current interharmonics...........................................................................129

6.2.15 Signalling................................................................................................130

6.2.16 Unbalance ..............................................................................................130

6.2.17 Time and duration uncertainty................................................................130

6.2.18 Temperature...........................................................................................130

6.3 Recorders......................................................................................................131

6.3.1 General recorder ....................................................................................131

6.3.2 Waveform recorder.................................................................................131

6.3.3 Inrush/fast recorder ................................................................................131

6.3.4 Waveform snapshoot .............................................................................132

6.3.5 Transients recorder ................................................................................132

6.4 Standards compliance ...................................................................................132

6.4.1 Compliance to the IEC 61557-12 ...........................................................132

6.4.2 Compliance to the to the IEC 61000-4-30 ..............................................134

7 Maintenance........................................................................................................135

7.1 Inserting batteries into the instrument ...........................................................135

7.2 Batteries ........................................................................................................136

7.3 Power supply considerations.........................................................................137

7.4 Cleaning ........................................................................................................137

7.5 Periodic calibration ........................................................................................137

7.6 Service ..........................................................................................................137

7.7 Troubleshooting.............................................................................................137

5


Introduction

1 Introduction

PowerQ4 and PowerQ4 Plus are handheld multifunction instruments for power quality analysis and energy efficiency measurements.

Figure 1.1: Instrument PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus

1.1 Main Features

 4 voltage channels with wide measurement range: 0 ÷ 1000 Vrms, CAT III / 1000

V.

 4 current channels with support for automatic clamp recognition and “on instrument” range selection

1

.

 Compliance with power quality standard IEC 61000-4-30 Class S/A. Predefined recorder profile for EN 50160 survey.

 Simultaneous 8 channels - 16bit AD conversion for accurate power measurements (minimal phase shift error).

 Simple to use and powerful recorder with 8 MB of memory and possibility to record 524 different power quality signatures.

 Interharmonics and mains signalling measuring and recording.

2

1

only with Metrel »Smart clamps«

2

PowerQ4 Plus only

6


Introduction

1

 Powerful troubleshooting tools: transient

1

, inrush/fast, and waveform recorder

1

.

 Voltage events and user defined alarms capture.

 15 hour of autonomous (battery) supply.

 PowerView v2.0 is a companion PC Software which provides easiest way to download, view and analyze measured data or print. o PowerView v2.0 analyzer exposes a simple but powerful interface for downloading instrument data and getting quick, intuitive and descriptive analysis. Interface has been organized to allow quick selection of data using a Windows Explorer-like tree view. o User can easily download recorded data, and organize it into multiple sites with many sub-sites or locations. o Generate charts, tables and graphs for your power quality data analyzing, and create professional printed reports. o Export or copy / paste data to other applications (e.g. spreadsheet) for further analysis. o Multiple data records can be displayed and analyzed simultaneously.

Merge different logging data into one measurement, synchronize data recorded with different instruments with time offsets, split logging data into multiple measurements, or extract data of interest.

1.2 Safety considerations

To ensure operator safety while using the PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus instruments and to minimize the risk of damage to the instrument, please note the following general warnings:

The instrument has been designed to ensure maximum operator safety. Usage in a way other than specified in this manual may increase the risk of harm to the operator!

Do not use the instrument and/or any accessories if there is any damage visible!

The instrument contains no user serviceable parts. Only an authorized dealer can carry out service or adjustment!

All normal safety precautions have to be taken in order to avoid risk of electric shock when working on electrical installations!

Only use approved accessories which are available from your distributor!

Instrument contains rechargeable NiMh batteries. The batteries should only be replaced with the same type as defined on the battery placement label or in this manual. Do not use standard batteries while power supply adapter/charger is connected, otherwise they may explode!

Hazardous voltages exist inside the instrument. Disconnect all test leads,

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

7


Introduction

remove the power supply cable and switch off the instrument before removing battery compartment cover.

In hot (> 40 °C) environment the battery holder screw might reach maximum allowed temperature for metal part of handle. In such environment it is advisable not to touch the battery cover during or immediately after the charging.

Maximum voltage between any phase and neutral input is 1000 V

RMS voltage between phases is 1730 V

RMS

.

. Maximum

Always short unused voltage inputs (L1, L2, L3, GND) with neutral (N) input to prevent measurement errors and false event triggering due to noise coupling.

1.3 Applicable standards

The PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus are designed and tested in accordance with the following standards:

Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)

EN 61326-2-2: 2006

Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use.

 Emission: Class A equipment (for industrial purposes)

 Immunity for equipment intended for use in industrial locations

Safety (LVD)

EN 61010-1: 2001

Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use

Measurements methods

IEC 61000-4-30: 2008 Class S Testing and measurement techniques – Power quality measurement methods

IEC 61557-12: 2007 Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures – Part 12: Performance measuring and monitoring devices (PMD)

IEC 61000-4-7: 2002 + A1:

2008 Class II

General guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements and instrumentation

IEC 61000-4-15 : 2010 Flickermeter – Functional and design specifications

EN 50160 : 2010 Voltage characteristics of electricity supplied by public distribution networks

Note about EN and IEC standards:

Text of this manual contains references to European standards. All standards of EN

6XXXX (e.g. EN 61010) series are equivalent to IEC standards with the same number

(e.g. IEC 61010) and differ only in amended parts required by European harmonization procedure.

1.4 Abbreviations

In this document following symbols and abbreviations are used:

8


Introduction

i

i

0

I

+

Cf

I f, freq

Current crest factor, including Cf

Ip

(phase p current crest factor) and Cf

IN

(neutral current crest factor). See 5.1.3 for definition.

Cf

U

Voltage crest factor, including Cf

Upg

(phase p to phase g voltage crest factor) and Cf

Up

(phase p to neutral voltage crest factor). See 5.1.2 for

definition.

Cos



,

DPF eQ i+

, eQ c+ eQ i-

, eQ c-

,

Displacement factor including Cos

 p

/ DPF p

(phase p displacement

factor). See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.

eP

+

, eP

-

Active energy including eP p

(phase p energy) and eP tot

(total energy).

Minus sign indicates generated energy and plus sign, indicate consumed

energy. See 5.1.7 for definition.

Reactive energy including eQ p

(phase p energy) and eQ tot

(total energy).

Minus sign indicates generated energy and plus sign, indicate consumed energy. Inductive reactive energy character is marked with “i” and

capacitive reactive energy character is marked with “c”. See 5.1.7 for

definition.

eS

+

, eS

-

Apparent energy. Minus sign indicates generated energy and plus sign,

indicate consumed energy. See 5.1.7 for definition.

Frequency, including freq

U12

(voltage frequency on U

12 frequency on U

1 definition.

and freq

I1

(current frequency on I

1

), freq

U1

(voltage

). See 5.1.4 for

Negative sequence current ratio (%). See 5.1.11 for definition.

Zero sequence current ratio (%). See 5.1.11 for definition.

I

-

Positive sequence current component on three phase systems. See

5.1.11 for definition.

Negative sequence current component on three phase systems. See


I

0

Zero sequence current components on three phase systems. See 5.1.11

for definition.

I

½Rms

I

Fnd

Ih n

Iih n

I

Nom

I

Pk

RMS current measured over each half period , including I p ½ Rms current), I

N½Rms

(neutral RMS current)

(phase p

Fundamental RMS current Ih

1

(on 1 st fundamental RMS current) and I

NFnd

harmonics), including I pFnd

(phase p

(neutral RMS fundamental current).

See 5.1.8 for definition

n th

current RMS harmonic component including I p h n

(phase p; n th current harmonic component) and I

N h n

component). See 5.1.8 for definition

(neutral n th

RMS

RMS current harmonic n th

current RMS interharmonic component including I p ih n

(phase p; n th

RMS current interharmonic component) and I

N h n

(neutral n

interharmonic component). See 5.1.8 for definition

th

RMS current

Nominal current. Current of clamp-on current sensor for 1 Vrms at output

Peak current, including I pPk

(phase p current) including I

NPk

(neutral peak current)

9


Introduction

I

Rms

RMS current, including I pRms

(phase p current), I

NRms

See 5.1.3 for definition.

(neutral RMS current).



P, P

+

, P

-

Active power including P p

(phase p active power) and P tot

(total active power). Minus sign indicates generated power and plus / no sign, indicate

consumed power. See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.

p, pg

Indices. Annotation for parameter on phase p: [1, 2, 3] or phase-to-phase pg: [12, 23, 31]

PF, PF i+

,

PF c+

, PF i-

,

PF c-

Power factor including PF p

(phase p power factor vector) and PF tot

(total power factor vector). Minus sign indicates generated power and plus sign, indicate consumed power. Inductive power factor character is marked with

“i” and capacitive power factor character is marked with “c”.

P

P lt st

Note: PF = Cos

 when upper harmonics are not present. See 5.1.5 and


Long term flicker (2 hours) including P ltpg

(phase p to phase g long term voltage flicker) and P ltp

(phase p to neutral long term voltage flicker). See


Short term flicker (10 minutes) including P stpg

(phase p to phase g short term voltage flicker) and P stp

(phase p to neutral voltage flicker). See 5.1.9

for definition.

P st1min



Q, Q

Q ci+

,

Q c+

, Q i-

,

Reactive power including Q p

(phase p reactive power) and Q tot

(total reactive power). Minus sign indicates generated power and plus sign, indicate consumed power. Inductive reactive character is marked with “i”

and capacitive reactive character is marked with “c”. See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6

for definition.

S, S

+

, S

-

Apparent power including S p

(phase p apparent power) and S tot

(total

apparent power). See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition. Minus sign indicates

apparent power during generation and plus sign indicate apparent power

during consumption. See 5.1.5 and 5.1.6 for definition.

THD

I

Short term flicker (1 minutes) including P st1minpg

(phase p to phase g short term voltage flicker) and P st1minp

(phase p to neutral voltage flicker). See


THD

U u

u

0

Total harmonic distortion current related to fundamental, including THD

Ip

(phase p current THD) and THD

IN definition

(neutral current THD). See 5.1.8 for

total harmonic distortion voltage related to fundamental, including THD

Upg

(phase p to phase g voltage THD) and THD

Up

THD). See 5.1.11 for definition.

(phase p to neutral voltage

Negative sequence voltage ratio (%). See 5.1.11 for definition.

Zero sequence voltage ratio (%). See 5.1.11 for definition.

U, U

Rms

U

+

RMS voltage, including U pg

(phase p to phase g voltage) and U p

(phase p

to neutral voltage). See 5.1.2 for definition.

Positive sequence voltage component on three phase systems. See


10


U

-

U

U

U

0

Dip

Fnd

Uh

Uih

U

U

U

U

U

U

Int

N

Nom

Pk

N

Rms(1/2)

Swell

Sig

Introduction

Negative sequence voltage component on three phase systems. See


Zero sequence voltage component on three phase systems. See 5.1.11

for definition.

Minimal U

Rms(1/2)

voltage measured during dip occurrence

Fundamental RMS voltage (Uh

1 on 1 st

harmonics), including U pgFnd

(phase p to phase g fundamental RMS voltage) and U pFnd

(phase p to neutral

fundamental RMS voltage). See 5.1.8 for definition

n th

voltage RMS harmonic component including U pg voltage n voltage n th th h

N

(phase p to phase g

RMS harmonic component) and U p h

N

(phase p to neutral

RMS harmonic component). See 5.1.8 for definition.

n th

voltage RMS interharmonic component including U pg phase g voltage n th ih

N neutral voltage n

(phase p to

RMS interharmonic component) and U p ih

N

(phase p to th

RMS interharmonic component). See 5.1.8 for

definition.

Minimal U

Rms(1/2)

voltage measured during interrupt occurrence

Nominal voltage, normally a voltage by which network is designated or identified

Peak voltage, including U pgPk p to neutral voltage)

(phase p to phase g voltage) and U pPk

(phase

RMS voltage refreshed each half-cycle, including U pgRms(1/2) phase g half-cycle voltage) and U

voltage) See 5.1.12 for definition.

pRms

(1/2)

(phase p to

(phase p to neutral half-cycle

Maximal U

Rms(1/2)

voltage measured during swell occurrence

Mains signalling RMS voltage. Signalling is a burst of signals, often applied at a non-harmonic frequency, that remotely control equipment.

See 5.2.9 for details

11


2 Description

2.1 Front panel

Description

1

7

4

5

3

2

6

Figure 2.1: Front panel

Front panel layout:

1. LCD

Graphic display with LED backlight, 320 x 200 pixels.

2. F1 – F4

Function keys.

3. ARROW keys

Move cursor and select parameters.

4. ENTER key

Confirms new settings, step into submenu.

5. ESC key

Exits any procedure, exit from submenu.

6. LIGHT key

7. ON-OFF key

LCD backlight on/off (backlight automatically turns off after 15 minutes if no key action occurs).

If the LIGHT key is pressed for more then 1.5 seconds,

CONTRAST menu is displayed. Contrast can be adjusted with the LEFT and RIGHT keys.

Turns on/off the instrument.

12


2.2 Connector panel

1

IN I3 C I2 B I1 A

L3C

N

B L2

L1 A

2

Description

Warning!

 Use safety test leads only!

 Max. permissible voltage between voltage input terminals and ground is 1000 V

RMS

!

Figure 2.2: Top connector panel

Top connector panel layout:

1 Clamp-on current transformers (I

1

2 Voltage (L

1

, L

2

, L

3

, I

2

, I

3

, I

N

) input terminals.

, N, GND) input terminals.

3

1

Figure 2.3: Side connector panel

Side connector panel layout:

1 External power socket.

2 PS-2 – RS-232/GPS serial connector.

3 USB/GPRS – Connector.

2

13


2.3 Bottom view

1

Description

3

1

Figure 2.4: Bottom view

2

Bottom view layout:

1. Battery compartment.

2. Battery compartment screw (unscrew to replace the batteries).

3. Serial number label.

2.4 Accessories

2.4.1 Standard accessories

Table 2.1: PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus standard accessories

Description

Flexible current clamp 3000 A / 300 A / 30 A (A 1227)

Temperature probe (A 1354)

Test probe, red

Test probe (CAT II), red

Test probe (CAT II), black

Crocodile clip, red

Crocodile clip, black

Crocodile clip, green

Voltage measurement cable, red

3

1

1

3

2

3

1

Peaces

4

1

14


Voltage measurement cable, black

Voltage measurement cable, green

USB cable

RS232 cable

12 V / 1.2 A Power supply adapter

NiMH rechargeable battery, type HR 6 (AA)

Soft carrying bag

Instruction manual for PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus

Compact disk contest – related to PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus

 PC software PowerView v2.0 with instruction manual

 Handbook ”Modern Power Quality Measurement Techniques”

1

1

1

6

1

1

1

1

Description

2.4.2 Optional accessories

Table 2.2: PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus optional accessories

Ord. code

Description

A 1020 Small soft carrying bag

A 1033 Current clamp 1000 A / 1 V

A 1037 Current transformer 5 A / 1 V

A 1039 Connection cable for current clamp

A 1069 Mini current clamp 100 A / 1 V

A 1122 Mini current clamp 5 A / 1 V

A 1179 3-phase flexible current clamps

2000 A / 200 A / 20 A

S 2014 Safety fuse adapters

S 2015 Safety flat clamps

A 1281 Current clamp 5 A / 100 A / 1000 A

A 1355 GPS Receiver

1

A 1356 GPRS Modem

1

1

PowerQ4 Plus option only

15


Operating the instrument

3 Operating the instrument

This section describes how to operate the instrument. The instrument front panel consists of a graphic LCD display and keypad. Measured data and instrument status are shown on the display. Basic display symbols and keys description is shown on figure bellow.

Battery status:

·

Animated icon – indicate battery charging

·

Static icon – Indicate charge level

GPS status

(Optional)

GPRS status

(Optional)

Current time and date

Indicate that supply adapter is connected to the instrument

Function keys:

It's functions depends on active screen

Enter:

Select procedure

Cursor keys:

·

Move

·

Zoom

·

Scroll

Escape:

Exit any procedure

Backlight On/Off

Power On/Off

PowerQ4 Plus

Press & Hold for contrast adjustment

Figure 3.1: Display symbols and keys description

During measurement campaign various screens can be displayed. Most screens share common labels and symbols. These are shown on figure bellow.

16



Current time

Screen Name

Displayed range

First sample time-stamp

Options for function keys

(F1 – F4)

Recorder status:

Recording

Not recording

Busy

Hold

Last sample time-stamp

Figure 3.2: Common display symbols and labels during measurement campaign

3.1 Instrument Main Menu

After powering on the instrument the “MAIN MENU” is displayed. From this menu all instrument functions can be selected.

Figure 3.3: “MAIN MENU”

Table 3.1: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations

Battery status

 Animated icon – indicate battery charging

 Static icon – Indicate charge level

Indicate that charger is connected to the instrument

GPS module status (Optional accessory A 1355)

GPS module detected but reporting invalid time and position data

(searching for satellites or too weak satellite signal)

GPS time valid – valid satellite GPS time signal)

GPRS modem status (Optional accessory A 1356)

GPRS is in initialization mode (see section 4.2.6 for details)

17



GPRS modem is ready to receive user call (see section 4.2.6 for

details)

GPRS communication is in progress (see section 4.2.6 for details)

Current time and date

Table 3.2: Keys functions

Select function from the “MAIN MENU”.

Enter selected function.

3.1.1 Instrument main functions

By pressing ENTER function, user can select one of four menu subgroup of function:

 Measurements – set of basic measurement screens,

 Recorder – setup and view of various recording,

 Measurement Setup –parameterization of measurement parameters/procedures,

 General Setup – configuring or checking of other instrument parameters.

List of all submenu are presented on following figure.

Figure 3.4: Measurements menu Figure 3.5: Recorders menu

Figure 3.6: Measurement setup menu Figure 3.7: General setup menu

18



3.2 U, I, f menu

All important voltage, current and frequency parameters can be observed in the “U, I, f” menu. Measurements results can be viewed in a tabular (METER) or a graphical form

(SCOPE, TREND). TREND view is active only in RECORDING mode. See section 3.9

for details.

3.2.1 Meter

By entering U, I, f menu, the U, I, f – METER tabular screen is shown (see figure

below).

Figure 3.8: U, I, f meter table screens

In those screens on-line voltage and current measurements are shown. Descriptions of symbol and abbreviations used in this menu are shown in table bellow.


RMS

THD

CF

PEAK

MAX ½

MIN ½ f

Show currently displayed channel.

Current recorder status

RECORDER is active

RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory)

RECORDER is not active

Current instrument time

True effective value U

Rms

and I

Rms

Total harmonic distortion THD

U

and THD

I

Crest factor Cf

U

and Cf

I

Peak value U

Pk

and I

Pk

Maximal U

Rms(1/2)

voltage and maximal I

½Rms

current, measured after

RESET (key: F2)

Minimal U

Rms(1/2) voltage and minimal I

½Rms

current, measured after

RESET (key: F2)

Frequency on reference channel

19



Note: In case of AD converter overloading current and voltage value will be displayed with inverted color 250.4 V .

Note: If phase current and voltage value are not within 10% ÷ 150% of the range, their values will be displayed with inverted color 250.4 V .


Waveform snapshoot:

Hold measurement on display

Save held measurement into memory

Reset MAX ½ and MIN ½ values (U

Rms(1/2) and I

½Rms

)

Show frequency trend

(available only during recording)

Show measurements for phase L1



Show measurements for neutral channel

Summary of all phases measurements

Show phase-to-phase voltages measurements

Switch to METER view.

Switch to SCOPE view

Switch to TREND view (available only during recording)

Return to the “MEASUREMENTS” menu screen.

3.2.2 Scope

Various combinations of voltage and current waveforms are displayed.

Figure 3.9: Voltage waveform Figure 3.10: Current waveform

20



Figure 3.11: Voltage and current waveform (single mode)

Figure 3.12: Voltage and current waveform (dual mode)


Up p: [1..3, N]

Thd f p: [1..3, N]

Upg p,g: [1, 2, 3]

Ip


RECORDER is active




True effective value of phase voltage:

U

1Rms

, U

2Rms

, U

3Rms

, U

NRms

True effective value of phase-to-phase (line) voltage:

U

12Rms

, U

23Rms

, U

31Rms

True effective value of current:

I

1Rms

, I

2Rms

, I

3Rms

, I

NRms

Total harmonic distortion for displayed quantity (THD

U

or THD

I

)



Waveform snapshoot:



Select which waveforms to show:

Show voltage waveform

Show current waveform

Show voltage and current waveform (single graph)

Show voltage and current waveform (dual graph)

Select between phase, neutral, all-phases and line view:

Show waveforms for phase L1

21





Show waveforms for neutral channel

Summary of all phases waveforms

Switch to METER view



Select which waveform to zoom (only in U/I or U+I)

Set vertical zoom

Set horizontal zoom

Exit from “HOLD” screen without saving.


3.2.3 Trend

While RECORDER is active, TREND view is available (see section 3.9 for instructions

how to start recorder).

Voltage and current trends

Current and voltage trends can be observed by cycling function key F4 (METER-

SCOPE-TREND).

Figure 3.13: Voltage trend Figure 3.14: Voltage and current trend (single mode)

22



Figure 3.15: Voltage and current trend (dual mode)

Figure 3.16: Trends of all currents


Up, Upg p: [1..3; N]

Ip p: [1..3, N]

Current recorder status:

RECORDER is active

RECORDER is busy (retrieving data from memory).


Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of phase voltage

U pRms or line voltage U pgRms for last recorded time interval (IP)

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of current I pRms for last recorded time interval (IP)

Current RECORDER time (Days hours:min.:sec.)

Maximal and minimal recorded voltage

Maximal and minimal recorded current


Zoom in

Zoom out

Select between the following options:

Show voltage trend

Show current trend

Show voltage and current trend (single mode)

Show voltage and current trend (dual mode)

Select between phase, neutral, all-phases and view:

Show trend for phase L1



Show trend for neutral channel

23


Summary of all phases trends



Switch to TREND view



Frequency trend

Frequency trend can be seen from METER screen by pressing function key F2.

Figure 3.17: U, I, f frequency trend screen


f


RECORDER is active



Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of frequency at synchronization channel for last recorded time interval (IP)


Maximal and minimal frequency on displayed graph


Zoom in

Zoom out

Return to METER view


24



3.3 Power menu

In POWER menu instrument show measured power parameters. Results can be seen in a tabular (METER) or a graphical form (TREND). TREND view is active only while

RECORDER is active. See section 3.9 for instructions how to start recorder. In order to

fully understand meanings of particular power parameter see sections 5.1.5 and 5.1.6.

3.3.1 Meter

By entering POWER menu from Measurements menu the POWER – METER tabular screen is shown (see figure below). METER screen show power, voltage and current signatures.

Figure 3.18: Power measurements summary

Figure 3.19: Detailed Power measurements at phase L1

Description of symbols and abbreviations used in METER screens are shown in table bellow.




RECORDER is active


P, Q, S



Instantaneous active (P), reactive (Q) and apparent (S) power

PF, DPF Instantaneous power factor (PF) and displacement power factor (cos φ)

U True effective value U

Rms

I

RMS

THD

CF

True effective value I

Crest factor Cf

U

Rms

and Cf

I


Rms

and I

Rms


U

and THD

I

25



Waveform snapshoot:










Switch to METER view (available only during recording)


Exit from “HOLD” screen without saving


3.3.2 Trend

During active recording TREND view is available (see section 3.9 for instructions how to

start RECORDER).

Figure 3.20: Power trend screen


Mot

Gen

Pp±, Pt± p: [1..3]


RECORDER is active


Show selected power mode:

Consumed power data (+) are shown

Generated power data (-) are shown


Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed (P

P

2

+

, P

3

+

, P tot

+

) or generated (P

1 recorded time interval (IP)

-

, P

2

-

, P

3

-

, P tot

-

1

+

,

) active power for last

26



Qip±, Qit±

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed (Q i1

+

Q i2

+

, Q i3

+

, Q power (Q i1

± itot

+

, Q i2

) or generated (Q

±

, Q i3

±

, Q itot

± i1

-

, Q i2

-

, Q i3

-

, Q itot

-

,

) reactive inductive

) for last recorded time interval (IP) p: [1..3]

Qcp±, Qct± p: [1..3]

Sp±, St±

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed (Q

Q c2

+

, Q c3

+

, Q ctot

+

) or generated (Q capacitive power (Q interval (IP) c1

±

, Q c2

±

, Q c3

± c1

-

, Q

, Q ctot

± c2

-

, Q c3

-

, Q ctot

c1

+

,

) reactive

) for last recorded time

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of consumed apparent power (S

(S

1

-

, S

2

-

, S

3

-

, S tot

-

1

+

, S

2

+

, S

3

+

, S tot

+

) or generated apparent power

) for last recorded time interval (IP) p: [1..3]

PFip±, PFit± p: [1..3]

PFcp±, PFt± p: [1..3]

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of inductive power factor (1

PF i2

-

, PF st

quadrant: PF i3

-

, PF itot

i1

+

, PF i2

+

, PF i3

+

, PF itot

+

and 3 rd

) for last recorded time interval (IP)

quadrant: PF i1

-

,

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of capacitive power factor (4

PF c1

-

, PF th

quadrant: PF c2

-

, PF c3

-

, PF ctot

c1

+

, PF c2

+

, PF c3

+

, PF ctot

+

and 2 nd

quadrant:

) for last recorded time interval (IP)


Maximal and minimal recorded quantity


Zoom in

Zoom out

Toggle between consumed or generated power parameters view:

Press &

Hold

Select between trending various parameters:

Active power

Reactive inductive power

Reactive capacitive power

Apparent power

Inductive power factor

Capacitive power factor

Inductive displacement factor (cos φ)

Capacitive displacement factor (cos φ)

Select between single phase, all-phases and total trend graph

Power parameters for phase L1

27





Power parameters L1, L2 and L3 on the same graph

Total power parameters




3.4 Energy menu

Instrument shows status of energy counters in energy menu. Results can be seen in a tabular (METER) form. For representing data in graph (TREND) form, download data to

PC and use software PowerView v2.0. Energy measurement is active only if

RECORDER is active. See section 3.9 for instructions how to start RECORDER. In

order to fully understand meanings of particular energy parameter see section 5.1.7.

The meter screens are shown on figures bellow.

Figure 3.21: Energy counters screen


eP- eQ+ eQ-


RECORDER is active




1

+

, eP

2

+

, eP

3

+

) or total (eP tot

+

) active energy

Generated phase (eP

1

-

, eP

2

-

, eP

3

-

) or total (eP tot

-

) active energy

Consumed phase (eQ

1

+

, eQ

2

+

, eQ

3

+

) or total (eQ tot

+

) reactive energy

Note: eQ+ is two quadrant measurement. For separate measurements

(eQ i

+

, eQ c

-

) download data to PC and use software PowerView v2.0 in order to observe results.

Generated phase (eQ

1

-

, eQ

2

-

, eQ

3

-

) or total (eQ tot

-

) reactive energy

Note: eQ- is two quadrant measurement. For four quadrant measurement

28



Pp, Pt p: [1..3]

Qp, Qt p: [1..3]

(eQ i

-

, eQ c

+

) download data to PC and use software PowerView v2.0 in order to observe results.

Instantaneous phase active power (P

Instantaneous reactive power (Q

Start Recorder start time and date

Duration Current RECORDER time

1

, Q

2

1

, P

2

, P

3

, Q

3

, Q tot

) or total P tot

active power

) or total Q tot

reactive power

Table 3.16: K ys functio ns

Select between single phase and total energy meter

Energy parameters for phase L1



Summary for all phases energy

Energy parameters for Totals

Toggle between time interval:

Show energy registers for last interval

Show energy registers for current interval

Show energy registers for whole record


Harmonics presents voltage and current signals as a sum of sinusoids of power frequency and its integer multiples. Power frequency is called fundamental frequency.

Sinusoidal wave with frequency k times higher than fundamental (k is an integer) is called harmonic wave and is denoted with amplitude and a phase shift (phase angle) to a fundamental frequency signal. If a signal decomposition with Fourier transformation results with presence of a frequency that is not integer multiple of fundamental, this frequency is called interharmonic frequen cy and component with such frequency is called interharmonic. See 5.1.8 for details.

3.5.1 Meter

By entering HARMONICS menu from MEASUREMENTS menu the HARMONICS –

METER tabular screen is shown (see figure below) . In this screens voltage and current harmonics or interharmonics and THD are shown.

1

Interharmonics measurement are available only in PowerQ4 Plus

29



Figure 3.22: Harmonics and interharmonics meter table

Description of symbols and abbreviations used in METER screens are shown in table bellow.


RMS

THD hn n: 0..50



RECORDER is active





Rms

and I

Rms

Total harmonic / interharmonic distortion THD

U

and THD

I n-th harmonic / interharmonic voltage Uh n

or current Ih n

component


Waveform snapshoot:



Toggle harmonics / interharmonics measurement view

Press &

Hold

Represent harmonics / interharmonics as % of first harmonic

RMS value

Represent values in RMS quantities (Volts, Ampere)

Select between single phase, neutral, all-phases and line harmonics / interharmonics view

30



Harmonics / interharmonics components for phase L1



Harmonics / interharmonics components for neutral channel

Summary of components on all phases

Harmonics / interharmonic components for phase-to-phase voltages


Switch to BAR view


Shift through harmonic / interharmonic components



3.5.2 Histogram (Bar)

Bar screen displays dual bar graphs. The upper bar graph shows voltage harmonics and the lower bar graph shows current harmonics.

Figure 3.23: Harmonics histogram screens

Description of symbols and abbreviations used in BAR screens are shown in table bellow.


Up, Un p:1..3


RECORDER is active

RECORDER is busy (saving data to memory)



Show selected harmonic / interharmonic component

True effective phase or line voltage U

Rms

31


True effective phase current I

Rms

Ip, In p:1..3

ThdU

ThdI hn/ihn n: 0..50

Total voltage harmonic distortion THD

U

Total current harmonic distortion THD

Ih n

/ iIh n

I


n-th voltage or current harmonic / interharmonic component Uh n

/iUh n

or


Waveform snapshoot:



Select between single phases, neutral, harmonics bars






Switch to BAR view


Toggle cursor between voltage and current histogram

Scale displayed histogram by amplitude

Scroll cursor to select single harmonic / interharmonic bar



3.5.3 Trend

During active RECORDER, TREND view is available (see section 3.9 for instructions

how to start RECORDER). Voltage and current harmonics / interharmonics components can be observed by cycling function key F4 (METER-BAR-TREND).

32



Figure 3.24: Harmonics and interharmonics trends screens



RECORDER is active



Uh/Uih

Ih/Iih

THD

U for selected phase

THD

I for selected phase

Maximal ( ) and average ( ) value for selected n-th voltage harmonic

/ interharmonic component for selected phase

Maximal ( ) and average ( )value of selected n-th current harmonic / interharmonic component for selected phase


Maximal ( ) and minimal ( ) recorded quantity


Zoom in

Zoom out

Select:

Max. 3 harmonics / interharmonics for observing trend

Harmonics/interharmonics units: o % of first harmonics /interharmonics, o absolute units (Volts/Ampere)

Press &

Hold

33



Select between trending various parameters. By default these are:

Total harmonic distortion for selected phase (THDU p

)

3 rd

harmonics / interharmonics for selected phase (U p h

3

)

5 th


5

)

7 th


7

)

Select between single phase, neutral, all-phases and line harmonics view

Harmonics / interharmonics components for phase L1 (U

1 h n

)


2 h n

)


3 h n

)


(U

N h n

)


Switch to BAR view



Selection of harmonics / interharmonics for observing trend

Max. 3 harmonics / interharmonics can be selected. Press and hold F2 key in TREND screen and a spreadsheet for selection will open. Note that only recorded harmonics /

interharmonics can be selected. For setting recording parameters see section 3.9


Select or deselect harmonics / interharmonics in a spreadsheet

Cursor keys (for moving trough a spreadsheet)

Confirms selection of harmonics / interharmonics for observing trend.

Cancels selection of harmonics / interharmonics for observing trend without changes.

34



3.6 Flickermeter

Flickermeter measures the human perception of the effect of amplitude modulation on the mains voltage powering a light bulb. In Flickermeter menu instrument shows measured flicker parameters. Results can be seen in a tabular (METER) or a graphical

form (TREND) - which is active only while RECORDER is active. See section 3.9 for

instructions how to start recording. In order to understand meanings of particular

parameter see section 5.1.9.

3.6.1 Meter

By entering FLICKERMETER menu from MEASUREMENTS menu the

FLICKERMETER tabular screen is shown (see figure below).

Figure 3.25: Flickermeter table screen

Description of symbols and abbreviations used in METER screen is shown in table bellow.


Urms

Pst

Plt


RECORDER is active





Rms

(1 min) flicker P st1min

Short term (10 min) flicker P st

Long term flicker (2h) P st

Inverted colors represent that measurement is not valid (in case of voltage overrange, voltage dips, low voltage, etc.)


Waveform snapshoot:



35







3.6.2 Trend

During active recording TREND view is available (see section 3.9 for instructions how to

start recording). Flicker parameters can be observed by cycling function key F4

(METER -TREND).

Figure 3.26: Flicker meter trend screen.


pstmp

p: [1..3] pstp

p: [1..3] pltp

p: [1..3]


RECORDER is active



Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of 1-minute short term flicker P st1min

U

12

, U

23

, U

31

for phase voltages U

1

, U

2

, U

3

or line voltages

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of 10-minutes short term flicker P

U

12

, U

23

, U

31 st for phase voltages U

1

, U

2

, U

3 or line voltages

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of 2-hours long term flicker P lt in phase voltages U

1

, U

2

, U

3

or line voltages U

12

,

U

23

, U

31


Maximal and minimal recorded flicker

Table 3.27: Keys function

Zoom in

Zoom out


Show 10 min short term flicker P st

36



Show long term flicker P lt

Show 1 min short term flicker P st1min

Select between trending various parameters:

Show selected flicker trends for phase 1



Show selected flicker trends for all phase (average only)


Switch to TREND view


3.7 Phase Diagram

Phase diagram graphically represent fundamental voltages, currents and phase angles of the network. This view is strongly recommended for checking instrument connection before measurement. Note that most measurement issues arise from wrongly

connected instrument (see 4.1 for recommended measuring practice). On phase

diagram instrument shows:

 Graphical presentation of voltage and current phase vectors of the measured system,

 Unbalance of the measured system.

3.7.1 Phase diagram

By entering PHASE DIAGRAM menu from MEASUREMENTS menu following screen is shown (see figure below).

Figure 3.27: Phase diagram screen.



RECORDER is active



37




U1, U2, U3 Fundamental voltages U

1Fnd

, U

2Fnd

, U

3Fnd

I1, I2, I3 Fundamental currents I

1Fnd

, I

2Fnd

, I

3Fnd

DPF Displacement factor (cos φ) for particular phase:

DPF

1,

DPF

2

, DPF

3

Indicate current and voltage scaling.

Value represents current or voltage value at the top of the graph (top horizontal line).


Waveform snapshoot:



Selects voltage for scaling (with cursors)

Selects current for scaling (with cursors)

Switch to phase diagram

Switch to symmetry diagram


Show details about the selected event.

Scale displayed diagram by amplitude.


Back to the “MEASUREMENTS” menu.

3.7.2 Symmetry diagram

Symmetry diagram represent current and voltage symmetry or unbalance of the measuring system. Unbalance arises when RMS values or phase angles between consecutive phases are not equal. Diagram is shown on figure bellow.

Figure 3.28: Symmetry diagram screen

38



U0

I0

U+

I+

U-

I- symU- symI- symU+ symI-



RECORDER is active




Zero sequence voltage component U

0

Zero sequence current component I

0

Positive sequence voltage component U

+

Positive sequence current component I

+

Negative sequence voltage component U

-

Negative sequence current component I

-

Negative sequence voltage ratio u

-

Negative sequence current ratio i

-

Zero sequence voltage ratio u

0

Zero sequence current ratio i

0

Indicate current and voltage scaling. Value represents current or voltage value at the top of the graph (top horizontal line).


Waveform snapshoot:

 Hold measurement on display

 Save held measurement into memory

Toggle u

-

/u

0 cursors) voltages and select voltage for scaling (with

Toggle i

cursors)

/i

0

currents and select currents for scaling (with




Scale displayed diagram by amplitude.

Back to the “MEASUREMENTS” menu.

3.7.3 Symmetry trend

During active recording SYMETRY TREND view is available (see section 3.9 for

instructions how to start RECORDER).

39



Figure 3.29: Symmetry trend screen


Usym-

Usym0

Isym-


RECORDER is active



Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of negative sequence voltage ratio u- for last recorded time interval (IP)

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of zero sequence voltage ratio u

0 for last recorded time interval (IP)

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of negative sequence current ratio i- for last recorded time interval (IP)

( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) value of zero sequence current ratio i

0 for last recorded time interval (IP)


Maximal ( ) and minimal ( ) recorded quantity


Zoom in

Zoom out

Negative sequence voltage ratio view

Zero sequence voltage ratio view

Negative sequence current ratio view

Zero sequence current ratio view




Back to the “MEASUREMENTS” menu screen.

40



3.8 Temperature

PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus instruments are capable of measuring and recording temperature. Temperature is expressed in both units, Celsius and Fahrenheit degrees.

See following sections for instructions how to start recording. In order to learn how to

set up neutral clamp input with the temperature sensor, see section 4.2.4.

3.8.1 Meter

Figure 3.30: Temperature meter screen


Current recorder status is

 Instrument is busy. (saving data to memory)

 Instrument is not in recording mode





3.8.2 Trend

Temperature measurement trend can be viewed only during the recording in progress.

Records containing temperature measurement can be viewed by using PC software

PowerView v2.0.

41



Figure 3.31: Temperature trend screen


Temp:


 Instrument

 Instrument is busy (saving data to memory)


Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) temperature value for last recorded time interval (IP)


Maximal and minimal temperature value on displayed graph


Zoom in

Zoom out

Toggle temperature scale (Celsius / Fahrenheit degrees)



3.9 General Recorder

PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus has ability to record measured data in the background. In

RECORDER menu user can customize recorder parameters in order to meet his criteria about type, duration, and the number of signals for the recording campaign. By entering

“RECORDER” menu, following screen is shown:

42



Figure 3.32: Basic recorder setup screen

In following table description of recorder settings is given:

Table 3.38: Recorder settings description

Record Type

Select type of recording. Following options are available and can be set by using configuration menu:

 Record (user defined)

 Voltage quality (according to EN 50160)

Interval

Select recorder aggregation interval. For each time interval minimal, average and maximal value will be recorded (for each signal). The smaller the interval is, more measurements will be used for the same record duration.

Note: The instrument automatically changes the duration in case there is not enough memory for the desired interval and duration.

Note: EN 50160 record type stores only average values per interval.

Select signals to record. See 4.2.5 for detail channel list.

Signals

 U, I, f – select voltage, current and freq. parameters for recording.

 Power & Energy – select power and energy parameters for recording.

 Flickers – select flicker parameters for recording.

 Sym – select unbalance parameters for recording.

43



 Harmonics – select which voltage and current harmonics you want to include in the record.

Memory type

User can choose: o First and last voltage and current harmonic to record; o Select even, odd or all harmonics components for recording.

 Interharmonics – select which voltage and current interharmonics you want to include in the record.

Note:

If only harmonics or interharmonics are selected, user can select up to the 50 th

harmonic / interharmonic component. In the case of combined harmonics and interharmonics selection user can choose up to the 25 th harmonic / interharmonic component for recording.

Select recorder memory type:

 Linear – normal recorder, which start and stop in accordance to user settings.

 Circular – when recorded data exceeds free memory, oldest data in the current recording will be overwritten with the newest. Amount of recorded aggregation intervals is limited by free flash memory before recording start.

Select the duration of the record.

Duration

Include active events

Include active alarms

Start time

Note: If the set duration time is longer than memory allows it, it will be automatically shortened.

Select whether you want to include active events in record.

Select whether you want to include active alarms in record.

Define start time of recording:

 Manual, pressing function key F1

 Add predefined start time, when recorder should start

44



Start the recorder

Stop the recorder

Open configuration sub menu.


Possible options are:

 “EN50160” – predefined configuration for EN 50160 survey.

 Configuration 1 - user defined configuration.

 Configuration 2 - user defined configuration.

 “Default configuration” – factory defaults.

Note: EN 50160 configuration records only average values for defined time period.

Note: EN 50160 by default records voltage parameters only.

Current, power and other dependent quantities are not recorded nor shown in trend graphs by default. Using

SIGNALS menu user can add power or currents channels and perform EN 50160 and power measurement simultaneously.

Load the selected configuration (active in configuration sub menu).

Save the changes to the selected configuration (active in configuration sub menu).

Enter the selected submenu.

Select parameter / change value.


Back to the previous menu.

3.10 Waveform recorder

1

Waveform recording is a powerful tool for troubleshooting and capturing current and voltage waveforms. Waveform method saves a defined number of periods of selected voltage and current signals on a trigger occurrence. Each recording consists of pretrigger buffer (before trigger occur) and store buffer (after trigger occured).

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

45



3.10.1 Setup

By entering “WAVEFORM RECORDER” from the “RECORDERS” menu screen the

“WAVEFORM RECORDER” setup screen is shown.

Figure 3.33: Waveform recorder setup screen.


Select logging signals:

Signals

Trigger source

Store buffer

Pretrigger buffer

Store mode

Trigger source set up:

 Manual - triggered by a F1 - TRIG key;

 Events – triggered by voltage event;

 Alarms – triggered by alarm activation;

 Events & Alarms – Voltage or alarm event triggers recording.

Note: actual trigger settings can be set in voltage events

and alarm configuration

Number of periods to be recorded.

Pre – trigger buffer length (number of periods).

Store mode setup:

 Single – waveform recording ends after first trigger;

 Continuous – consecutive waveform recording until user stop the measurement or instrument runs out of storage memory. Every consecutive waveform recording will be treated as a separate record.


Start waveform recorder.

Stop waveform recording.

Note:

If user forces waveform recorder to stop no data is recorded. Data recording occurs only when trigger is activated.

Manually generate trigger condition (Active only if Manual trigger is selected and recording is in progress).

Selecting and deselecting signals for waveform recording in

46



the SIGNALS dialog box.

Switch to SCOPE view.

If SIGNALS dialog box is open, scroll through all channels.

If “Trigger source” is selected, change Trigger source.

If SIGNALS dialog box is open, scroll through all channels.

If “Store buffer” is selected, change Store buffer size.

If “Pre – trigger length” is selected, change pre – trigger buffer size.

Open SIGNALS dialog box (if “Signals” is selected). In this dialog box the individual signals can be selected for recording.

Return to the “RECORDERS” menu screen or close the SIGNALS dialog box (if the dialog box is open).

3.10.2 Capturing waveform

Following screen opens when a user starts the waveform recorder.

Figure 3.34: Waveform recorder capture screen.


Current instrument status:

Up

Upg p,g: [1, 2, 3]

Ip p: [1..3, N]

Thd f p: [1..3, N]

 Instrument is recording (beep indicates that trigger limit has been reached.

 Instrument is busy (saving data to memory).



U

1Rms

, U

2Rms

, U

3Rms

, U

NRms


U

12Rms

, U

23Rms

, U

31Rms


I

1Rms

, I

2Rms

, I

3Rms

, I

NRms

Total harmonic distortion for displayed quantity (THD


U

or THD

I

)


Manually generate trigger condition (Active only if Manual trigger is selected and recording is in progress).

47




Show voltage waveform;

Show current waveform ;

Show voltage and current waveform (single mode);

Show voltage and current waveform (dual mode).


 Show waveforms for phase L1;



 Show waveforms for neutral channel;

 Summary of all phases waveforms;

 Show phase-to-phase voltages.



Select which waveform to zoom (only in U/I or U+I).

Set vertical zoom.

Set horizontal zoom.

Return to the “WAVEFORM RECORDER” setup screen.

3.10.3 Captured waveform

Captured waveform can be viewed from the Memory list menu. Following views are available for the waveform record:

 U,I,f meter table screen,

 U,I,f

 U,I,f RMS trend screen.

Figure 3.35: Captured waveform meter screen

Table 3.44: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations – METER


48


RMS

THD

CF

PEAK

MAX 1/2

MIN 1/2 f


Show record number in MEMORY LIST.

Current instrument time.


Rms(10)

and I

Rms(10).


U

and THD

I.

Crest factor Cf

U

and Cf

I.

Peak value U

Pk

and I

Pk.

I

Maximal U

Rms(1/2)

voltage U

Rms(1/2)Max

and maximal I

½Rms

current,

½RmsMax

measured from last RESET (key: F2).

Minimal U

Rms(1/2) voltage U

Rms(1/2)Min

and minimal I

½Rms measured from last RESET (key: F2).

current I

½RmsMin

,

Frequency on reference channel.

Table 3.45: Keys functions - METER




Show measurements for neutral channel







Figure 3.36: Captured waveform scope screen

Table 3.46: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations - SCOPE



U1, U2, U3,

Un, U12,

U23, U31

True effective value of voltage – U

Rms(10).

49



I1, I2, I3, In

Thd

True effective value of current – I


U

Rms(10).

and THD

I.

f Frequency on reference channel.

Time scale at beginning and the end of the scope screen

Voltage/current scale and the top/bottom of the scope screen

Cursor position time.

Table 3.47: Keys functions - SCOPE

Zoom in.

Zoom out.

Select between the following signals:


Show current waveform;

Show voltage and current waveform in single graph;

Show voltage and current waveform in two separate graph.

Show measurement for phase L1



Show measurement for neutral channel



Switch to RMS TREND view.

Select which waveform to zoom vertically (only in U/I or U+I graphs).

Set vertical zoom.

Move cursor position.


Figure 3.37: Captured waveform RMS trend screen

50



Table 3.48: Instrument screen symbols and abbreviations - TREND

Current recorder status;

 Instrument

 Instrument is busy (retrieving data from memory);

U1, U2, U3,

UN, U12,

U23, U31

 Instrument is not in recording mode.



Rms(10).

I1, I2, I3, IN True effective value of current – I

Rms(10).

Thd f


U

and THD

I.


Cursor position time.

Table 3.49: Keys functions - TREND

Zoom in.

Zoom out.



Show current waveform.







Switch to tabular METER view.

Toggle cursor assignment between waveform scope and RMS trend.

Set vertical zoom (Only if cursor assigned to waveform scope).



51



3.11 Inrush / Fast recorder

High inrush currents of motors can cause breakers to trip or fuses to open. Maximum expected current during the inrush might be 6 to 14 times greater than the full load current of the motor.

This function is based on a principle of logging data exceeding the set (trigger) level with positive, negative or both slopes on a current or voltage input.

When trigger occurs, data capturing begins. Instrument record until Duration time has ben reach. According to the Pretrigger lengh parameter, instrument also record data before trigger has occurred.

3.11.1 Setup

By selecting the “INRUSH/FAST RECORDER” from the “RECORDERS” menu screen the “INRUSH Recorder Setup” screen is shown (see figure below).

Figure 3.38: Inrush recorder setup screen


Interval

Logging interval setup (from 10 ms to 200 ms).

Select logging signals:

Signals

Trigger Trigger set up:

 Current input for trigger source

 Trigger level at which inrush logging will start

 Trigger slope direction (FALL, RISE, BOTH).

Duration

Pretrigger length

Total logging time in seconds.

Adjusting length of the logging part prior to trigger condition occurrence.

52


Store mode


Store mode setup:

 Single – single inrush logging;

 Continuous – consecutive inrush logging until user stop or instrument runs out of storage memory. Every consecutive inrush logging will be treated as a separate record.


Start the inrush logger.

Toggle between voltage and current trigger signal selection

(Only in “Trigger” dialog window).

Note:

If user forces inrush logging to stop no data is recorded.

Logging of data only occurs when trigger is activated.

Toggle between ON (selected) and OFF (deselected) for recording in SIGNAL dialog.

Toggle between ON (selected) and OFF (deselected) for triggering in TRIGGER dialog.

Select “Interval”, “Signals”, “Trigger”, “Duration”, “Pretregger length or

“Store mode” on the “INRUSH LOGGER” setup screen.

If in “Signals” dialog, scroll between voltage and current values.

If in “Trigger” dialog, scroll between trigger source, trigger level and trigger slope.

If “Interval” is selected, change interval period.

If “Signals” dialog is open, scroll through all channels.

If “Trigger” dialog is open, scroll through trigger sources / change trigger level / change trigger slope.

Open SIGNALS dialog box (if “Signals” is selected). In this dialog box the individual signals can be selected for logging.

Open TRIGGER dialog box (if “Trigger” is selected). In this dialog box the trigger channels can be selected, level and slope of the trigger signal can be defined for triggering.

Return to the “RECORDERS” menu screen or close the “Signals” or

“Trigger” dialog box (if dialog box is open).

3.11.2 Capturing inrush

Following screen opens when a user starts the inrush logger.

Figure 3.39: Inrush logger capture screen

53




U1..UN

I1..IN

Thd f

Trig


 Instrument is waiting (trigger conditions are not met);

 Instrument is recording (beep indicates that trigger limit has been reached.


True effective voltage value U

Rms(10).

True effective current value U

Rms(10).


U

or THD

I.


Settled trigger value.

Represent current (voltage) value at the top of the graph (horizontal line between graph and table values).


Stop the inrush logger.

Note:

If user forces inrush logging to stop no data is recorded.

Logging of data only occurs when trigger is activated.

Toggle between voltage and current channel.

Show U rms(1/2)

voltage trend graph.

Show I

½Rms

current trend graph.

Select between phases.

Show graph and parameters for phase L1.



Show graph and parameters for neutral channel.

Return to the “RECORDERS” menu screen.

3.11.3 Captured inrush

Captured inrush can be viewed from the Memory list menu. The recorded signal trace can be scrolled through and reviewed with a cursor. Data are displayed in graphical

(logger histogram) and in numeric (interval data) form.

The following values can be displayed in the data fields:

 Minimum, maximum and average data of the interval selected with the cursor,

 Time relative to the trigger-event time.

Complete trace of selected signal can be viewed on the histogram. The cursor is positioned to the selected interval and can be scrolled over all intervals. All results are saved to the instrument memory. Signals are auto scaled.

54



Figure 3.40: Captured inrush


Trig

U1..UN

I1..IN

Instrument loading data from memory.



Indicate position of the cursor at the graph.

True effective voltage value U

Rms(10)

at cursor point.

True effective current value I

Rms(10) at cursor point.

Settled trigger value.

Maximal and minimal (current/voltage) value on graph.

Date and time at the current cursor position.

Time relative to the trigger event occurrence.


Zoom in.

Zoom out.

Toggle between voltage and current channel:

Show U rms(1/2)

voltage trend graph;

Show I

½Rms

current trend graph;

Show voltage U rms(1/2)

and current I

½Rms

trend in single graph;

Show voltage U rms(1/2) graphs.

and current I

½Rms

trend in two separate







Show frequency trend.

Show voltage/current trend

Select between scopes.

55



Scroll the cursor along logged data.

Return to the “INRUSH LOGGER” setup screen.

3.12 Transients recorder

1

Transient is a term for short, highly damped momentary voltage or current disturbance. A transient recording is recording with the 25 kHz sampling rate. The principle of measurement is similar to waveform recording, but with a 10 times higher sampling rate (1024 samples per period). In contrary to inrush or waveform recording, where recording is triggered based on rms values, trigger in transient recorder is based on sample value.

3.12.1 Setup

Figure 3.41: Transients setup screen


Trigger value:

Trigger (dV)

Trigger type

Store buffer

Pretrigger buffer

Store mode

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

Trigger type set up:

 Manual trigger – user can manually generate a trigger event.

 dV – voltage rate of change that triggers transients recorder.

Number of signal periods to be recorded.

Number of signal periods that user wants to record prior to the trigger condition occurrence.

Store mode setup:

 Single – single transient recording

 Continuous – consecutive transients recording

56



until user stop or instrument runs out of storage memory. Every consecutive transients recording will be treated as a separate record.


Start transient recorder.

Stop transient recorder.

Note:

If user forces transients recorder to stop no data is recorded. Data recording occurs only when trigger is activated.

Manually generate trigger condition (Active only if Manual trigger selected and recording in progress).

Switch to SCOPE view (Active only if recording in progress).



Return to the “RECORDERS” menu screen or “MEMORY

LIST” screen.

3.12.2 Capturing transients

Figure 3.42: Transients capture screen


Up p: [1..3, N]

Upg p,g: [1, 2, 3]

Ip

Current instrument status:

 Instrument

 Instrument is recording (beep indicates that trigger limit has been reached);

 Instrument is busy (saving data to memory).



U

1Rms

, U

2Rms

, U

3Rms

, U

NRms


U

12Rms

, U

23Rms

, U

31Rms


57



p: [1..3, N] I

1Rms

, I

2Rms

, I

3Rms

, I

NRms


Voltage scale and the top/bottom of the scope screen


Manually generate trigger condition (Active only if Manual trigger selected and recording is in progress).



Show current waveform;

Show voltage and current waveform (single mode);

Show voltage and current waveform (dual mode).





 Show waveforms for neutral channel;

 Summary of all phases waveforms;

 Show phase-to-phase voltages.

Select which waveform to zoom (only in U/I or U+I).

Set vertical zoom.

Set horizontal zoom.

Return to the “TRANSIENTS SETUP” screen.

3.12.3 Captured transients

Captured transients records can be viewed from the Memory list through two different screens:

 U, I, f scope screen and

 U, I, f RMS trend screen.

Trigger occurrence is marked with the dotted line on both screens.

Figure 3.43: Captured transients scope screen

58




U1, U2, U3,

UN, U12,

U23, U31




Rms(10).


Rms(10).

THDp Total distortion of phase voltage:

THD

U1

, THD

U2

, THD

U3

, THD

UN

THDpg p,g: [1, 2, 3] f

Total distortion of phase to phase voltage:

THD

U12

, THD

U23

, THD

U31


Time at cursor position.




Zoom in.

Zoom out.


Show voltage waveform.

Show current waveform.

Show voltage and current waveform in single graph.

Show voltage and current waveform in two separate graphs.

Select between single phase, neutral and all-phases waveform graphs.


Show transient for phase L1



Show transient for neutral channel


Switch to RMS TREND view.

Select which waveform to zoom vertically (only in U/I or U+I graphs).

Set vertical zoom.



59



Figure 3.44: Captured transients RMS trend screen


U1, U2, U3,

UN, U12,

U23, U31




Rms(10).


Rms(10).

THDp Total distortion of phase voltage:

THDpg p,g: [1, 2, 3]

THD

U1

, THD

U2

, THD

U3

, THD

UN

Total distortion of phase to phase voltage:

THD

U12

, THD

U23

, THD

U31 f Frequency on reference channel.

Time at cursor position.




Zoom in.

Zoom out.



Show current waveform ;





Show transient for neutral channel



60



Toggle cursor assignment between transients scope and RMS trend.

Set vertical zoom (Only if cursor assigned to transients scope).



3.13 Events table

In this table captured voltage dips, swells and interrupts are shown. Note that events appear in the table after finishing, when voltage return to the normal value. All events can be grouped or separated by phase. This is toggled by pressing function key F1.

Group view

In this view voltage event are grouped according to IEC 61000-4-30 (see section 5.1.12

for details). Table where events are summarized is shown bellow. Each line in table represents one event, described by event number, event start time and duration and level. Additionally in colon “T” event characteristics are shown (see table bellow for details).

Figure 3.45: Voltage events in group view screen

By pressing “Enter” on particular events we can examine its details. Event is split on phase events sorted by start time. Colon “T” shows transition from one event state to another (see table bellow for details).

Figure 3.46: Voltage events group view screen

61



Date

No.

L

Start

T

Level



RECORDER is active



Date when selected event has occurred

Unified event number (ID)

Indicate phase or phase-to-phase voltage where event has occurred:

1 – event on phase U

1


2


3

12 – event on voltage U

12


23


31

Note: this indication is shown only in event details, since one grouped event can have many phase events.

Event start time (when first U

Rms(1/2)

) value cross threshold.

Indicates type of event or transition:

D – Dip

I – Interrupt

S – Swell

N → D Transition from normal state to dip

N → S Transition from normal state to swell

D → I Transition from dip to interrupt

Minimal or maximal value in event U

Dip

, U

Int

, U

Swell


Group view is shown. Press to switch on “PHASE” view.

Phase view is shown. Press to switch on “GROUP” view.

Show event summary (by types and phases):

Back to Group view.

Show details about the selected event.

62



Select event.

Exit from detailed view of an event.

Back to the “RECORDERS” menu screen.

Phase view

In this view voltage events are separated by phases. This is convenient view for troubleshooting. Additionally user can use filters in order to observe only particular type of event on a specific phase. Captured events are shown in a table, where each line contains one phase event. Each event has an event number, event start time, duration and level. Additionally in colon “T” type of event is shown (see table bellow for details).

Figure 3.47: Voltage events screens

You can also see details of each individual voltage event and statistics of all events.

Statistics show count registers for each individual event type by phase.


Date

No.

L


RECORDER is active



Date when selected event has occurred

Unified event number (ID)



1


2

63


Start

T

Level



3


12


23


31

Event start time (when first U

Rms(1/2)

) value cross threshold.

Indicates type of event or transition:

D – Dip

I – Interrupt

S – Swell

Minimal or maximal value in event U

Dip

, U

Int

, U

Swell


Group view is shown. Press to switch on “PHASE” view.

Phase view is shown. Press to switch on “GROUP” view.

Filter events by type:

Show all events

Show dips only

Show interrupts only

Show swells only

Filter events by phase:

Show only events on phase 1



Show all events

Show event summary (by types and phases):

Back to Group view.

Show details about the selected event:

64



Select event.

Exit from detailed view of an event.

Back to the “RECORDER” menu screen.

3.14 Alarms table

This menu shows list of alarms which went off. Alarms are displayed in a table, where each row represents an alarm. Each alarm is associated with a start time, phase, type,

slope, min/max value and duration (see 3.16.3 for alarm setup and 5.1.13 for alarm

measurement details).

Figure 3.48: Alarms list screen


Date

Start

L


RECORDER is active



Date when selected alarm has occurred

Selected alarm start time (when first U

Rms

value cross threshold)


1 – alarm on phase L

1


2


3

12 – alarm on line L

12


23


31

65


Slope

Level


Indicates alarms transition:

 Rise – parameter has over-crossed threshold

 Fall – parameter has under-crossed threshold

Minimal or maximal parameter value during alarm occurrence


Filter alarms according to the following parameters:

All alarms

Voltage alarms

Power alarms

Flicker alarms

Unbalance alarms

Harmonics alarms

Interharmonics alarms

Signalling alarms

Filter alarms according to phase on which they occurred:

Show only alarms on phase 1



Show only alarms on neutral channel

Show only alarms on chanels which are not channel dependent

Show all alarms

Show active alarm list. List includes alarms which has started, but not finished yet. Notation used in this table is same as described in this section.

Select an alarm

Exit from the “Active alarms list” screen.

Back to the “RECORDER” menu screen.

3.15 Memory List

Using this menu user can view and browse through saved records. By entering this menu, information about last record is shown.

66



Figure 3.49: Memory list screen



RECORDER is active




Record No

Selected record number, for which details are shown.

Type

Indicate type of record, which can be one of following:

 inrush logging,

 waveform snapshoot,

Signals

Start

End

Number of recorded signals.

Record start time.

Record stop time.

Size (kB)

Record size in kilobytes (kB).

Saved records

Total number of records in memory.


VIEW

CLEAR

CLRALL

View details of currently selected record.

Clear all saved records.

Browse through records (next or previous record).

Clear the last record. In order to clear complete memory, delete records one by one.

Returns to the “RECORDERS” menu screen.

67



3.15.1 Record

This type of record is made by RECORDER. Record front page is similar to the

RECORDER menu, as shown on figure bellow.

Figure 3.50: Front page of Record in MEMORY LIST menu

Table 3.72: Recorder settings description

Record type: RECORD

Interval: 1s

Signals: 173

(max, min, avg)



Indicator that record type is made by GENERAL

RECORDER.

Show interval used for GENERAL RECORDER.

Show number of signals in record.

Memory type: Linear

Show how memory is organized.

Duration: 00h 05m 12s

Show duration of record.

Include active events: 4 Show number of captured events.

Include active alarms: 0 Show number of captured alarms.

Start time

Show record start time.


Switch to the CHANNELS SETUP menu screen.

User can observe particular signal group by pressing on

key (VIEW).

68



Select parameter (only in CHANNELS SETUP menu).

Back to the previous menu.

By pressing in CHANNELS SETUP menu TREND screen will appear.

TREND type depends on the position of a cursor. Typical screen is shown on figure bellow.

Figure 3.51: Viewing recorder U,I,f TREND data




Indicate position of the cursor at the graph.

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) recorded value of phase voltage U pRms

or line voltage U pgRms for time interval selected by cursor.

Up, Upg:

Ip:

Maximal ( ), average ( ) and minimal ( ) recorded value of current

I pRms

for time interval selected by cursor.

Time position of cursor regarding to the record start time.

Maximal and minimal Up/Upg on displayed graph;

Maximal and minimal Ip on displayed graph.

Time clock at position of cursor.

69




Zoom in.

Zoom out.


Show voltage trend;

Show current trend;

Show voltage and current trend in single graph;

Show voltage and current trend in two separate graphs.







Show frequency trend.

Select which waveform to zoom (only in U/I or U+I trends).

Scroll the cursor along logged data.

Return to the “CHANNELS SETUP” menu screen.

Note: Other recorded data (power, harmonics, etc.) has similar manipulation principle as described in table above.

3.15.2 Waveform snapshoot

This type of record can be made by using Hold → Save procedure. Its front page is similar to the screen where it was recorded, as shown on figure bellow.

Figure 3.52: Front page of Normal record in MEMORY LIST menu

For screen symbols and key functions see corresponding METER, SCOPE, BAR graph,

PHASE DIAG. description given in appropriate sections (U, I, f; Power, etc..).

70



3.15.3 Waveform record

1

This type of record is made by Waveform recorder. For details regarding manipulation

and data observing see section Captured waveform3.10.3

3.15.4 Inrush/Fast logger

This type of record is made by Inrush logger. For details regarding manipulation and

data observing see section 3.11.3.

3.15.5 Transients record

2

This type of record is made by Transient recorder. For details regarding manipulation

and data observing see section 3.12.3.

3.16 Measurement Setup menu

From the “MEASUREMENT SETUP” menu measurement parameters can be reviewed, configured and saved.

Figure 3.53: MEASUREMENT SETUP menu

Table 3.76: Description of setup options

Connection setup

Event setup

Alarm setup

Signalling setup

3

Setup measurement parameters.

Setup event parameters.

Setup alarm parameters.

Setup signalling parameters


Select function from the “SETUP” menu.

Enter the selected item.

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

2

PowerQ4 Plus only

3

PowerQ4 Plus only

71


Back to the “MAIN MENU” screen.

3.16.1 Connection setup


Figure 3.54: “CONNECTION SETUP” screen

Table 3.78: Description of Connection setup

Nominal range

Voltage ratio

Ph. Curr. Clamps

Nominal voltage range. Select voltage range according to the nominal network voltage.

1W and 4W 3W

50 ÷ 110V (L-N)

110 ÷ 240V (L-N)

86÷190 V (L-L)

190÷415 V (L-L)

240 ÷ 1000 V (L-N) 415÷1730 V (L-L)

Note: Instrument can accurate measure at least 50% higher than selected nominal voltage.

Scaling factor for voltage transducer.

Use this factor if external voltage transformers or dividers should be taken into account. All readings

are then related to the primary voltage. See 4.2.2 for

connection details.

Note: scale factor can be set only when the lowest

Voltage range is selected!

Note: Maximum value is limited to 4000.

Select phase clamps for phase current measurements.

Note: For Smart clamps (A 1227, A 1281) always select “Smart clamps”.

Note: See section 4.2.3 for details regarding further

clamps settings.

N. Curr. Clams

Select clamps for neutral current measurements.

Note: For Smart clamps (A 1227, A 1281) always select “Smart type clamps”.

72



Note: See section 4.2.3 for details regarding further

clamps settings.

Connection

1W 4W 3W

Synchronization

Method of connecting the instrument to multi phase

systems (see 4.2.1 for details).

 1W: 1-phase 2-wire system;

 3W: 3-phase 3-wire system;

 4W: 3-phase 4-wire system.

Synchronization channel. This channel is used for instrument synchronization to the network frequency.

Also a frequency measurement is performed on that channel. Depending on Connection user can select:

 1W: U1 or I1.

 3W: U12, or I1.

 4W: U1, I1.

Select system frequency.

System frequency

Default parameters

Set factory default. These are:

Nominal range: 110 ÷ 240V (L-N);

Voltage ratio: 1:1;

Phase current clamps: Smart Clamps;

Neutral current clamps: Smart Clamps;

Connection: 4W;

Synchronization: U1

System frequency: 50 Hz.


Change selected parameter value.

Select Connection setup parameter.

Enter into submenu.

Confirm Default parameters.

Back to the “MEASUREMENT SETUP” menu screen.

73



3.16.2 Event setup

In this menu you can setup voltage events and their parameters. See 5.1.12 for further

details regarding measurement methods. Captured events can be observed through

EVENTS TABLE menu. See 3.13 for details.

Figure 3.55: Voltage events setup screen.

Table 3.80: Description of Voltage event setup

Nominal voltage

Swell

Dip

Interrupt

Capture Events

Set nominal voltage.

Set swell threshold value.

Set dip threshold value.

Set interrupt threshold value.

Enable or disable event capturing.

Note: Enable events only if you want to capture it without recording. In case you want observe events only during recording use option:

Include active events: On in GENERAL RECORDER menu.

Note: In case of Connection type: 1W, it is recommended to connect unused voltage inputs to N voltage input in order to avoid false triggering.


Change value.

Select Voltage events setup parameter.


3.16.3 Alarm setup

You can define up to 10 different alarms, based on any measurement quantity which is

measured by instrument. See 5.1.13 for further details regarding measurement

methods. Captured events can be observed through ALARMS TABLE menu. See 3.14

for details.

74



Figure 3.56: Alarms setup screen.

Table 3.82: Description of Alarms setup

1 st

column

(f, P+ on figure above)

2 nd

column

(Tot on figure above)

3 rd

column

( “>” on figure above)

4

5 th th

column

column

Select alarm from measurement group and then measurement itself.

Select phases for alarms capturing

 L1 – alarms on phase L

1

;


2

;


3

;

 LN – alarms on phase N;

 L12 – alarms on line L

12

;

 L23 – alarms on line L

23

;

 L31 – alarm on line L

31

;

 ALL – alarms on any phase;

 Tot – alarms on power totals or non phase measurements (frequency, unbalance).

Select triggering method:

< – trigger when measured quantity is lower than threshold

(FALL);

> – trigger when measured quantity is higher than threshold

(RISE);

Threshold value.

Minimal alarm duration. Trigger only if threshold is crossed for a defined period of time.

Note: It is recommended that for flicker measurement, recorder is set to 10 min.


Clear selected alarm.

Clear all alarms.

Disable or enable alarms.

Note: Enable alarms only if you want to capture alarms without recording. In case you want observe alarms only during recording use option Include active alarms: On in

RECORDER menu.

75



Enter or exit a sub menu to set an alarm.

Cursor keys. Select parameter.

Cursor keys. Select parameter or change value.

Confirm setting of an alarm


3.16.4 Signalling setup

1

Mains Signalling is classified in four groups:

 ripple control systems (110 Hz to 3000 Hz);

 medium-frequency power-line carrier systems (3kHz – 20kHz);

 radio-frequency power-line carrier systems (20kHz – 148.5kHz);

 mains-mark

User can define two different signalling frequencies. Signals can be used as a source

for the user defined alarm and can also be included in recording. See section 3.16.3 to

learn how to set up alarms. See section 3.7.3 for instructions how to start recording.

Figure 3.57: Signalling setup screen.


Change frequency value.

Switch between Signal 1 / Signal 2.


3.17 General Setup menu

From the “GENERAL SETUP” menu communication parameters, real clock time, language can be reviewed, configured and saved.

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

76



Figure 3.58: GENERAL SETUP menu

Table 3.85: Description of General setup options

Communication

Time & Date

Language

Clear Memory

Instrument info

Lock/Unlock

Setup communication baud rate and source.

Set time and date.

Select language.

Clear instrument memories.

Information about the instrument.

Lock instrument to prevent unauthorized access.


Select function from the “GENERAL SETUP” menu.

Enter the selected item.

Back to the “MAIN MENU” screen.

3.17.1 Communication

Communication port (RS232, USB, or GPRS) and communication speed can be set in this menu.

Figure 3.59: Communication setup screen

77



Table 3.87: Description of Communication setup options

Source:

Baud rate:

GPRS*:

Select RS-232, USB or GPRS communication port.

Select port speed.

Show status of GPRS communication. GPRS is enabled only after INIT sequence was successfully applied.

Number*:

PIN*:

Secret key*:

Phone number of GPRS modem. Phone number is defined with SIM card.

SIM Card PIN code. Optional parameter which should be entered only if it was activated on SIM card.

Key number which assure additional protection of communication link. Same number should be entered later in

PowerView v2.0, before connection establishment.

APN username, provided by mobile operator.

Username*:

Password*:

APN*:

APN password, provided by mobile operator.

Access point name. Unique identifier that allows connection to the network, provided by mobile operator.

* Settings needed for GPRS communication are shown in section 4.2.6 (optional

accessory A 1356). For further information refer to A 1356 GPRS Modem User manual.


INIT

Initialize GPRS modem. See section 4.2.6 for details.

Change communication source (RS – 232, USB)

Change communication speed from 2400 baud to 115200 baud for

RS232 and from 2400 baud to 921600 baud for USB.

Move cursor position during procedure of entering GPRS modem parameters.

Cursor keys. Select parameter.

Switch between characters and numbers during procedure of entering

GPRS parameters.

Edit selected parameter of GPRS modem.

Back to the “GENERAL SETUP” menu screen.

78


3.17.2 Time & Date

Time and date can be set in this menu.


Figure 3.60: Set time & date screen


Select between the following parameters: hour, minute, second, day, month or year.

Change value of the selected item.

Return to the “GENERAL SETUP” menu screen.

Note: PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus has the ability to synchronize its system time clock with

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC time) provided by externally connected GPS module.

In that case only hours (time zone) can be adjusted. In order to use this functionality,

see 4.2.5.

3.17.3 Language

Different languages can be selected in this menu.

Figure 3.61: Language setup screen

79




Select language.

Confirm the selected language.


3.17.4 Clear Memory

Use this menu in order to clear different instrument memory. User can select one of following items to clear:

Figure 3.62: Clear menu screen

Table 3.91: Description of Clear menu options

Events:

Alarms:

Records:

Clear Voltage EVENTS table.

Clear ALARMS table.

Clear all stored records.


Select option to clear.

Confirm to clear.


80



3.17.5 Instrument info

Basic information concerning the instrument can be viewed in this menu: company, user data, serial number, firmware version and hardware version.

Figure 3.63: Instrument info screen



3.17.6 Lock/Unlock

PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus has the ability to prevent unauthorized access to all important instrument functionality by simply locking the instrument. There are several reasons for instrument locking, especially if instrument is left for a longer period at an unsupervised measurement spot. Some reasons are: prevention of unintentional stopping of record, changing of instrument or measurement setup, etc. Although instrument lock prevent unauthorized changing of instrument working mode, it does not prevent non-destructive operation as displaying current measurement values or trends.

User locks the instrument by entering secret lock code in the Lock/Unlock screen.

Figure 3.64: Lock/Unlock screen

81




Select digit

Change value of the selected digit

Set / Confirm lock code.


Following table shows how locking impacts instrument functionality.

Table 3.95: Locked instrument functionality

MEASUREMENT SETUP No access

GENERAL SETUP No access except to Lock/Unlock menu

A warning message appears if user tries to enter restricted instrument functions. By pressing ENTER during the warning message appearance, the LOCK/UNLOCK screen will be entered where the instrument can be unlocked by entering the previously entered lock code.

Figure 3.65: Locked instrument warning message

Note: In case user forget unlock code, general unlock code “120371” can be used to unlock the instrument.

82

MI 2592 PowerQ4 and MI 2792 PowerQ4 Plus Recording Practice and Instrument Connection

4 Recording Practice and Instrument

Connection

In following section recommended measurement and recording practice is described.

4.1 Measurement campaign

Power quality measurements are specific type of measurements, which can last many days, and mostly they are performed only once. Usually recording campaign is performed to:

 Statistically analyze some points in the network.

 Troubleshoot malfunctioning device or machine

Since measurements are mostly performed only once, it is very important to properly set measuring equipment. Measuring with wrong setting can lead to false or useless measurement results. Therefore instrument and user should be fully prepared before measurement begins.

In this section recommended recorder procedure is shown. We recommend to strictly follow guidelines in order to avoid common problems and measurement mistakes.

Figure bellow shortly summarizes recommended measurement practice. Each step is then described in details.

Note: PC software PowerView v2.0 has the ability to correct (after measurement is done):

 wrong real-time settings,

 wrong current and voltage scaling factor.

False instrument connection (messed wiring, opposite clamp direction), can’t be fixed afterwards.

83


Start

·

·

·

Step 1:

Time & Date setup

Recharge batteries

Clear memory

Step 2:

Step 2.1:

·

·

·

Prepare instrument for new measurement, before going to measuring site. Check:

Is it time and date correct?

Are batteries in good condition?

Is it Memory List empty? If it is not, download all data from previous measurements and release storage for new measurement.

· Conn.Type(4W,3W,1W)

· Sync channel:U1 | I1 | U12

· Freqency: 50 Hz | 60 Hz

Step 2.2:

Setup PowerQ according to the measurement point nominal voltage, currents, load type.

Optionally enable events or alarms and define parameter thresholds.

·

· Voltage range

Voltage ratio

Step 2.3:

·

· Clamp type

Clamp ratio

Step 2.4: [Optional]

·

·

·

Step 3:

Phase diagram

U,I,f meter screen

Power meter screen

·

·

·

· Nominal voltage

Thresholds


· Define alarm and its parameters


Sig. Freq. 1

Sig. Freq. 2

Double check Measurement setup using Phase diagram, and various scope and metering screens

Using power metering check if power is flowing in right direction

(power should be positive for load and negative for generator measurements)

·

·

Step 4:

Preform measuremement

Save waveform snapshoots

·

·

·

·

Step 6:

Stop recorder

Power off instrument

Remove wiring

Analyze recorderd data with instrument (Memory List,

Event and Alarm tables)

·

·

Step 5: [Optional]

Select recorder type and signals for recording

Define recording start time, duration and interval and trigger settings.

Start Recording

·

·

·

·

Step 7:

Download data

Analyse data

Create report

Export to Excel or Word

Figure 4.1: Recommended measurement practice

84


Step 1: Instrument setup

On site measurements can be very stressful, and therefore it is good practice to prepare measurement equipment in an office. Preparation of PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus include following steps:

 Visually check instrument and accessories.

Warning: Don’t use visually damaged equipment!

 Always use batteries that are in good condition and fully charge them before you leave.

Note: Keep your batteries in good condition. In problematic PQ environment where dips and interrupts frequently occurs instrument power supply fully depends on batteries!

 Download all previous records from instrument and clear the memory. (See

section 3.10 for instruction regarding memory clearing)

 Set instrument time and date. (See section 0 for instruction regarding time and

date settings)

Step 2: Measurement setup

Measurement setup adjustment is performed on measured site, after we find out details regarding nominal voltage, currents, type of wiring etc.

Step 2.1: Synchronization and wiring

 Connect current clamps and voltage tips to the “Device under measurement”

(See section 4.2 for details).

 Select proper type of connection in “Connection setup” menu (See section 3.16.1

for details).

 Select synchronization channel. Synchronization to voltage is recommended, unless measurement is performed on highly distorted loads, such as PWM drives. In that case current synchronization can be more appropriate. (See

section 3.16.1 for details).

 Select System frequency. System frequency is default mains system frequency.

Setting this parameter is recommended if user measure signalling or flickers.

Step 2.2: Voltage range and ratio

 Select proper voltage range according to the network nominal voltage.

Note: For 4W and 1W measurement all voltages are specified as phase-toneutral (L-N). For 3W measurements all voltages are specifies as phase-tophase (L-L)

Note: Instrument assures proper measurement up to 150 % of chosen nominal voltage.

 In case of indirect voltage measurement, select voltage range: 50 V ÷ 110 V and

select “Voltage ratio” according to transducer ratio. (See section 3.16.1 for

details).

Step 2.3: Current clamps setup

 Using “Current Clamps” menu, select proper clamps (see sections 3.16.1 for

details).

 Select proper clamps parameters according to the type of connection (see

section 4.2.3 for details).

85


Step 2.4: Event setup (optional)

Use this step only if voltage events are object of concern. Select nominal voltage and

threshold values for: dip, swell and interrupts (see sections 3.16.2 and 3.13 for details).

Note: Enable events in EVENT SETUP only if you want to capture events, without

RECORDER assistance.

Step 2.5: Alarm setup (optional)

Use this step only if you would like only to check if some quantities cross some

predefined boundaries (see sections 3.14 and 3.16.3 for details).

Note: Enable alarms capture only if want to capture alarms, without assistance of

RECORDER.

Step 2.6: Signalling setup (optional)

Use this step only if you are interested in measuring mains signalling voltage.

Step 3: Inspection

After setup instrument and measurement is finished, user need to recheck if everything is connected and configured properly. Following steps are recommended.

 Using PHASE DIAGRAM menu check if voltage and current phase sequence is right regarding to the system. Additionally check if current has right direction.

 Using U, I, f menu check if voltage and current value has proper value.

 Additionally check voltage and current THD.

Note: Excessive THD can indicate that too small range was chosen!

Note: In case of AD converter overloading current and voltage value will be displayed with inverted color 250.4 V .

Note: If phase current or voltage value are not within 10% ÷ 150% of the range, their values will be displayed with inverted color 0.4 V .

 Using POWER menu check signs and indices of active, reactive power and power factor.

If any of these steps give you suspicious measurement results, return to Step 2 and double check measurement parameters.

Step 4: On-line measurement

Instrument is now ready for measurement. Observe on line parameters of voltage, current, power, harmonics, etc. according to the measurement protocol or customer issues.

Note: Use waveform snapshots to capture important measurement. Waveform snapshoot capture all power quality signatures at once (voltage, current, power, harmonics, flickers).

Step 5: Recorder setup and recording

Using RECORDERS menu select type of recording and configure recording parameters such as:

 Recorder Signals included in recording

 Time Interval for data aggregation (IP) duration

 Recording start time (optional)

86


 Include events and alarms capture if necessary

After setting recorder, recording can be started. (see section 3.9 for recorder details).

Note: Recording usually last few days. Assure that instrument during recording session is not reachable to the unauthorized persons. If necessary use LOCK functionality

described in section 3.17.6.

Step 6: Measurement conclusion

Before leaving measurement site we need to

 Preliminary evaluate recorded data using TREND screens. recorder

 Assure that we record and measure everything we needed.

Step 7: Report generation (PowerView v2.0)

Download records using PC software PowerView v2.0 and perform analysis. See

PowerView v2.0 manual for details.

4.2 Connection setup

4.2.1 Connection to the LV Power Systems

This instrument can be connected to the 3-phase and single phase network.

The actual connection scheme has to be defined in CONNECTION SETUP menu (see

Figure below).

Figure 4.2: Connection setup menu

When connecting the instrument it is essential that both current and voltage connections are correct. In particular the following rules have to be observed:

Clamp-on current clamp-on transformers

 The arrow marked on the clamp-on current transformer should point in the direction of current flow, from supply to load.

 If the clamp-on current transformer is connected in reverse the measured power in that phase would normally appear negative.

Phase relationships

 The clamp-on current transformer connected to current input connector I

1

has to measure the current in the phase line to which the voltage probe from L

1 connected.

is

87


3-phase 4-wire system

In order to select this connection scheme, choose following connection on the instrument:

Figure 4.3: Choosing 3-phase 4-wire system on instrument

Instrument should be connected to the network according to figure bellow:

LN L3 C L2 B L1 A

L3C

N

B L2

L1 A

Figure 4.4: 3-phase 4-wire system



88



Instrument should be connected to the network according to figure bellow.

LN L3 C L2 B L1 A

L3C

N

B L2

L1 A





89



LN L3 C L2 B L1 A

L3C

N

B L2

L1 A


Note: In case of events capturing, it is recommended to connect unused voltage inputs to N voltage input.

4.2.2 Connection to the MV or HV Power System

In systems where voltage is measured at the secondary side of a voltage transformer

(say 11 kV / 110 V), the instrument voltage range should be set to 50÷110 V and scaling factor of that voltage transformer ratio has to be entered in order to ensure correct measurement. In the next figure settings for this particular example is shown.

Figure 4.9: Voltage ratio for 11kV/110kV transformer example


90


Figure 4.10: Connecting instrument to the existing current transformers in medium voltage system

4.2.3 Current clamp selection and transformation ratio setting

Clamp selection can be explained by two typical use cases: direct current

measurement and indirect current measurement. In next section recommended practice for both cases is shown.

Direct current measurement with clamp-on current transformer

In this type of measurement load/generator current is measured directly with one of clap-on current transformer. Current to voltage conversion is performed directly by the clamps.

Direct current measurement can be performed by any clamp-on current transformer. We particularly recommend Smart clamps: flex clamps A 1227 and iron clamps A 1281.

Also older Metrel clamp models A 1033 (1000A), A1069 (100A), A1120 (3000A), A1099

(3000A), etc. can be used.

In the case of large loads there can be few parallel feeders which can’t be embraced by single clamps. In this case we can measure current only through one feeder as shown on figure bellow.

91


Figure 4.11: Parallel feeding of large load

Example: 2700 A current load is fed by 3 equal parallel cables. In order to measure current we can embrace only one cable with clamps, and select:

Measuring on wires: 3 in clamp menu. Instrument will assume that we measure only third part of current.

Note: During setup current range can be observed by “Current range: 100%

(3000 A)” row.

Indirect current measurement

Indirect current measurement with primary current transducer is assumed if user selects

5A current clamps: A 1122 or A 1037. Load current is that case measured indirectly through additional primary current transformer.

In example if we have 100A of primary current flowing through primary transformer with ratio 600A:5A, settings are shown in following figure.

92


100A load feeding

100 A

Load

Current Transformer:

600A : 5A

Current clamps:

A1122 (5A/1V)

Measuring Setup:

I Range: 100%

Measuring setup:

Current transformer:

Prim: 600

Sec: 5

PowerQ4 display:

Irms = 100 A

Figure 4.12: Current clamps selection for indirect current measurement

Over-dimensioned current transformer

Installed current transformers on the field are usually over-dimensioned for “possibility to add new loads in future”. In that case current in primary transformer can be less than

10% of rated transformer current. For such cases it is recommended to select 10% current range as shown on figure bellow.

Figure 4.13: Selecting 10% of current clamps range

Note that if we want to perform direct current measure with 5 A clamps, primary transformer ratio should be set to 5 A : 5 A.

WARNING !

 The secondary winding of a current transformer must not be open when it is on a live

circuit.

 An open secondary circuit can result in dangerously high voltage across the terminals.

93


Automatic current clamps recognition

Metrel developed Smart current clamps product family in order to simplify current clamps selection and settings. Smart clamps are multi-range switch-less current clamps automatically recognized by instrument. In order to activate smart clamp recognition, the following procedure should be followed for the first time:

1. Turn on instrument

2. Connect clamps (for example A 1227) into PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus

3. Enter: Measurement Setup  Connection setup  Ph./N. Curr. Clamps menu

4. Select: Smart clamps

5. Clamps type will be automatically recognized by the instrument.

6. User should then select clamp range and confirm settings

Figure 4.14: Automatically recognised clamps setup

Instrument will remember clamps setting for the next time. Therefore, user only need to:

1. Plug clamps into the instrument

2. Turn on the instrument

Instrument will recognize clamps automatically and set up ranges as was settled on measurement before. If clamps were disconnected following pop up will appear on the screen.

Figure 4.15: Automatically recognised clamps status

Clamps Status menu indicate that there is an inconsistence between current clamp defined in Clamps Setup menu and clamps present at the moment. For example, figure above show that in setup no clamp were defined (X), but at the moment there are clamps present on I1 current channel.

94


Table 4.1: Clamp status screen symbols and abbreviations

Setup

Show clamps, which were connected during clamp setup in Measurement setupConnection SetupPh./N. Curr. clamps

 X: clamps on present current channel are missing

 I1/I2/I3/In: clamps were present and defined during setup

 Ts: temperature probe was present and defined during setup

Online

Show clamps which are connected to the instrument at the moment:

 X: clamps on present current channel are missing

 I1/I2/I3/In: clamps are present at the moment

 Ts: temperature probe is present at the moment

Note: Do not disconnect smart clamps during recording or measurement. Clamps range will be reset if clamps are plugged out of the instrument.

4.2.4 Temperature probe connection

Temperature measurement is performed using smart temperature probe connected to the neutral current input channel IN. In order to activate smart clamp recognition, following procedure should be followed for the first time:

1. Turn on instrument

2. Connect temperature probe into PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus neutral current input

3. Enter: Measurement setup  Connection setup  N. Curr. clamps

4. Select: Smart clamps

5. Temperature probe will be automatically recognized by the instrument.

6. User should then confirm settings

Figure 4.16: Automatically recognized temperature probe setup

Instrument will remember settings for the next time. Therefore, user only need to:

1. Plug temperature probe into the instrument

2. Turn on the instrument

Instrument will recognize temperature probe automatically. Following pop up window will appear on the screen if temperature probe was connected or disconnected.

95


Figure 4.17: Detected temperature probe pop up window

4.2.5 GPS time synchronization device connection

1

PowerQ4 Plus has the ability to synchronize its system time clock with Coordinated

Universal Time (UTC time) provided by externally connected GPS module (optional accessory - A 1355). In order to be able to use this particular functionality, USB port must be selected as the primary communication port. Once this is done, GPS module can be attached to the PS/2 communication port. PowerQ4 Plus distinguishes two different states regarding GPS module functionality.

Table 4.2: GPS functionality

GPS module detected, position not valid or no satellite GPS signal reception.

GPS module detected, satellite GPS signal reception, date and time valid and synchronized, synchronization pulses active

Once an initial position fix is obtained, instrument will demand from the user to set the correct time zone (see figure below).

Figure 4.18: Set time zone screen.


Set time zone

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

96


Exit

When the time zone is set, PowerQ4 Plus will synchronize its system time clock and internal RTC clock with the received UTC time. GPS module also provides the instrument with extremely accurate synchronization pulses every second (PPS – Pulse

Per Second) for synchronization purposes in case of lost satellite reception.

Note: GPS synchronization should be done before starting measurements.

For detailed information please check user manual of A 1355 GPS Receiver.

4.2.6 GPRS modem connection

1

PowerQ4 Plus can be remotely controlled through GPRS modem (optional accessory -

A 1356). In order to establish remote connection with instrument through PC software

PowerView v2.0, communication parameters should be configured. Figure bellow show

COMMUNICATION menu in GENERAL SETUP.

Figure 4.19: GPRS connection setup screen

Following parameters should be entered in order to establish GPRS communication:

Table 4.4: GPRS setup parameters

Secret key Required

Enter this parameter if it if your SIM card request. If you don’t disable PIN code on your SIM card, put SIM Card into you mobile phone and disable it.

Enter number code (for example 3-digits). User need to store this number, as will be later asked by PowerView v2.0, during connection procedure

Username Required

establish internet connection.

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

97


After entering parameters user should connect PowerQ4 Plus and modem with attached cable and activate initialization ( INIT ) by pressing on function key . New window will appear on screen and GPRS test will start.

Figure 4.20: GPRS test screen

Modem status can be also observed on instrument Main Menu, as shown on figure bellow.

Figure 4.21: “MAIN MENU”

Table 4.5: GPRS modem symbols

GPS module status (Optional accessory A 1355)

GPS module detected but reporting invalid time and position data

(searching for satellites or too weak satellite signal)

GPS time valid – valid satellite GPS time signal)

GPRS modem status (Optional accessory A 1356)

GPRS is in initialization mode (see section 4.2.6 for details)

GPRS modem is ready to receive user call (see section 4.2.6 for

details)

GPRS communication is in progress (see section 4.2.6 for details)

For detailed information please check user manual of A 1356 GPRS Modem.

4.3 Number of measured parameters and connection type relationship

Parameters which PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus displays and measures, mainly depends on network type, defined in CONNECTION SETUP menu, Connection type. In example

98

MI 2592 PowerQ4 and MI 2792 PowerQ4 Plus Recording Practice and Instrument Connection if user choose single phase connection system, only measurements relate to single phase system will be present. Table bellows show dependencies between measurement parameters and type of network.

Table 4.6: Quantities measured by instrument

Value 1W 3W

Connection type

4W

RMS

U

1rms

U

Nrms

THD

THD

U1

THD

UN

Cf

CfU

1

CfU

N

U

12rms

U

23rms

U

31rms

THD

U12

THD

U23

THD

U31

CfU

12

CfU

31

CfU

23

U

1rms

THD

U

U1

THD

U31

2rms

U

U

12rms

U

23rms

THD

3rms

U2

U

RMS

I

1rms

I

Nrms

I

1rms

I

2rms

I

3rms

I

1rms

I

2rms

I

3rms

I

Nrms

Nrms

U

31rms

THD

CfU

1

CfU

2

CfU

3

CfU

N

CfU

12

CfU

23

CfU

31

U3

THD

UN

THD

U12

THD

U23

THD

THD

I1

THD

IN

Cf

THD

THD

I1

I3

THD

I2

THD

I1

THD

I2

THD

CfI

1

CfI

N

CfI

1

CfI

2

CfI

3

CfI

1

CfI

2

CfI

3

CfI

N

I3

THD

IN

freq

freqU

1

P

Q

freqI

1



P

1



Q

1

S

PF

DPF

freqU

12 freqI

1



P tot



Q tot

S

1

S tot



PF

1



DPF

1



PF tot freqU

1 freqI

1



P

1



P

2



P

3



P tot



Q

1



Q

2



Q

3



Q tot

S

1

S

2

S

3

S tot



PF

1



PF

2



PF

3



PF tot



DPF

1



DPF

2



DPF

3



DPF tot

Pst

(1min)

Pst

Pst

1min1

Pst

1min12

Pst

1min23

Pst

1min31

Pst

1min1

Pst

1min 2

Pst

1

Pst

12

Pst

23

Pst

31

Pst

1

Pst

2

Pst

3

Pst

1min 3

Plt

%

Plt

1

Plt

12

Plt

23

Plt

31

Plt

1

Plt

2

Plt

3

- u

i

- u

0 i

0 u

i

-

RMS

U

+

U

-

I

+

I

-

U

+

I

+

I

U

-

I

0

-

U

0

Uh

1÷50

U

1 h

1÷50

U

N h

1÷50

U

12 h

1÷50

U

23 h

1÷50

U

31 h

1÷50

U

1 h

1÷50

U

2 h

1÷50

U

3 h

1÷50

U

N h

1÷50

Ih

1÷50

Uih

1-50

I

1

U

U h

1

1÷50 ih

N ih

I

N h

1÷50

1÷50

1÷50

I

I

1 h

1÷50

I

2 h

1÷50

3 h

1÷50

U

12 ih

1÷50

U

23 ih

1÷50

U

31 ih

1÷50

I

1

U h

1

1÷50 ih

I

2 h

1÷50

1÷50

U

2 ih

I

3 h

1÷50

1÷50

U

3 ih

I

N h

1÷50

1÷50

U

N ih

1÷50

Iih

1-50

I

1 ih

1÷50

I

1 ih

1÷50

I

2 ih

1÷50

I

1 ih

1÷50

I

2 ih

1÷50

I

3 ih

1÷50

I

N ih

1÷50

I

N ih

1÷50

I

3 ih

1÷50

Note: Frequency measurement depends on synchronization (reference) channel, which can be voltage or current.

99


In the same manner recording quantities are related to connection type too. When user selects Signals in RECORDER menu, channels selected for recording are chosen according to the Connection type, according to the next table.

100


Table 4.7: Quantities recorder by instrument

Value

1-phase

Voltage

Current

RMS

THD

CF

RMS

3W 4W

Recording Practice and Instrument Connection

U

1Rms

U

NRms

U

12Rms

U

23Rms

U

31Rms

U

1Rms

U

2Rms

U

3Rms

U

NRms

U

12Rms

U

23Rms

U

31Rms

THD

U1

THD

UN

THD

U12

THD

U23

THD

U31

THD

U1

THD

U2

THD

U3

THD

UN

THD

U12

THD

U23

THD

U31

CfU

1

CfU

N

CfU

12

CfU

23

CfU

31

CfU

1

CfU

2

CfU

3

CfU

N

CfU

12

CfU

23

CfU

31

I

1rms

I

Nrms

I

1rms

I

2rms

I

3rms

I

1rms

I

2rms

I

3rms

I

Nrms

Power

Energy

Power factor

Flicker

THD

CF

Frequency f

THD

I1

THD

IN

THD

I1

THD

I2

THD

I3

THD

I1

THD

I2

THD

I3

THD

IN

CfI

1

CfI

N

CfI

1

CfI

2

CfI

3

CfI

1

CfI

2

CfI

3

CfI

N freqU

1

| freqI

1 freqU

12

| freqI

1

freqU

1

| freqI

1

P

Q

S eP eQ eS

Pf

DPF

1



P P

1



Q

1

i



Q

1

c



S

1



S

1



Q eP eP

1



eQ

1

i



eQ

1

i



eQ eQ

1

1

c c





DPF

1

i



DPF

1

i



1

i eS

1



eS

1



PF

1

i



PF

1

i



PF

PF

1

1

c c







DPF

DPF

1

1

Q

1

c



c



c



P P tot



tot

Q i



tot

Q c tot



-

i

Q tot



S



tot

S



tot eP eP tot



tot eQ i



eQ tot c tot



eQ i



eQ tot c tot



eS



tot eS



tot

PF i



PF tot c tot



c

Q tot



PF i tot



PF c tot



P P

1



Q

1

i



Q

1

c



P

2



P

Q i

1



2



P

3



Q

1

c



P

3



Q i

2



P tot



Q c

2



tot

Q i

2



Q

2

c



Q

3

1



S



2

S



2

S



3

S



3

S



tot eP eP eQ

1

eQ i



1

i



1



eP

2



eQ

1

c



eQ

1

c



eQ eQ i i eP

2

2





2



eP eQ

2

c



eQ

2

c

3





eP

3



eQ

3

i



eQ

3

i



S



tot eP



tot eQ eQ c

3

c

3





eP



tot eQ eQ i



tot i



tot i



Q

3

c



eQ c tot c eQ tot





Q i

3



Q

3

c



eS

1



eS

1



eS

2



eS



2

PF

1

PF

1

i i





PF

1

PF

1

c c





PF

2

PF

2

i i





eS

PF

2

c



PF

2

c



3



eS



3

PF

3

PF

3

i i





eS



tot

PF

PF

3

3

c c





eS



tot

PF tot i i

PF tot





DPF

1

i



DPF

1

i



DPF

1

c



DPF

1

c



DPF

2

i



DPF

2

i



DPF

2

c



DPF

2

c



DPF

3

i



DPF

3

i



PF c



tot

PF c



tot

DPF

3

c



DPF

3

c



Pst (1min)

Pst

1min1

Pst

1min12

Pst

1min23

Pst

1min31

Pst

1min1

Pst

1min2

Pst

1min3

Pst (10min) Pst

1

Pst

12

Pst

23

Pst

31

Pst

1

Pst

2

Pst

3 i

Q tot



c



Q tot i

Q tot



c

Q tot



Plt (2h)

Unbalance

Harmonics

%

Uh

1÷50

Plt Plt Plt Plt

- u

- - i

U

1 h

1÷50

U

N h

1÷50

U

12 h

1÷50

U

23 h

1÷50

U

31 h

1÷50 u i u i

U h U

2 h

1÷50

U

3 h

1÷50

U

N h

1÷50

Ih

1÷50

Uih

1÷50

Iih

1÷50

I h I h I h I h I h I h I h I h I h

U ih

1÷50

U ih

1÷50

U ih

1÷50

U ih

1÷50

U

31 ih

1÷50

U ih

1÷50

U ih

1÷50

U ih

1÷50

U

N ih

1÷50

I ih

1÷50

I ih

1÷50

I ih I ih I ih

1÷50

I ih I ih I ih I ih

1÷50

101


Theory and internal operation

5 Theory and internal operation

This section contains basic theory of measuring functions and technical information of the internal operation of the PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus instrument, including descriptions of measuring methods and logging principles.

5.1 Measurement methods

5.1.1 Measurement aggregation over time intervals

Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 4.4)

The basic measurement time interval for:

 Voltage

 Current

 Active, reactive and apparent power

 Harmonics

 Unbalance is a 10-cycle time interval. The 10-cycle measurement is resynchronized on each

Interval tick according to the IEC 61000-4-30 Class S. Measurement methods are based on the digital sampling of the input signals, synchronised to the fundamental frequency. Each input (4 voltages and 4 currents) is simultaneously sampled 1024 times in 10 cycles.

5.1.2 Voltage measurement (magnitude of supply voltage)


All voltage measurements represent RMS values of 1024 samples of the voltage magnitude over a 10-cycle time interval. Every 10 interval is contiguous, and not overlapping with adjacent 10 intervals.

Figure 5.1: Phase and Phase-to-phase (line) voltage

Voltage values are measured according to the following equation:

Phase voltage:

U p



1

1024

j

1024





1

u p

2

j

[V], p: 1,2,3,N

(1)

102



Line voltage:

Upg



1

1024

j

1024





1

(

u p j



u g j

)

2

[V], pg: 12,23,31

(2)

Phase voltage crest factor:

Cf

Up



U pPk

U p

, p: 1,2,3,N

(3)

Line voltage crest factor:

Cf

Upg



U pgPk

U pg

, pg: 12, 23, 31

(4)

The instrument has internally 3 voltage measurement ranges. Middle voltage (MV) and high voltage (HV) systems can be measured on lowest voltage range with assistance of voltage transformers. Its voltage factor should be entered into Voltage ratio: 1:1 variable in CONNECTION SETUP menu.

5.1.3 Current measurement (magnitude of supply current)

Standard compliance: Class S (Section A.6.3)

All current measurements represent RMS values of the 1024 samples of current magnitude over a 10-cycle time interval. Each 10-cycle interval is contiguous and nonoverlapping.

Current values are measured according to the following equation:

Phase current:

I p



1

1024

1024



j



1

I p

2

j

[A]

,

p: 1,2,3,N

(5)

Phase current crest factor:

Ip cr



Ip

max

, p: 1,2,3,N

(6)

Ip

The instrument has internally two current ranges: 10% and 100% range of nominal transducer current. Additionally Smart current clamps models offer few measuring ranges and automatic detection.

5.1.4 Frequency measurement


During RECORDING with aggregation time Interval: ≥10 sec frequency reading is obtained every 10 s. As power frequency may not be exactly 50 Hz within the 10 s time clock interval, the number of cycles may not be an integer number. The fundamental frequency output is the ratio of the number of integral cycles counted during the 10 s time clock interval, divided by the cumulative duration of the integer cycles. Harmonics and interharmonics are attenuated with 2-pole low pass filter in order to minimize the effects of multiple zero crossings.

The measurement time intervals are non-overlapping. Individual cycles that overlap the

10 s time clock are discarded. Each 10 s interval begin on an absolute 10 s time clock,

with uncertainty as specified in section 6.2.17.

103



For RECORDING with aggregation time Interval: <10 sec and on-line measurements, frequency reading is obtained from 10 cycles, in order to decrease instrument response time. The frequency is ratio of 10 cycles, divided by the duration of the integer cycles.

Frequency measurement is performed on chosen Synchronization channel, in

CONNECTION SETUP menu.

5.1.5 Phase power measurements

Standard compliance: IEEE STD 1459-2000 (Section 3.2.2.1; 3.2.2.2)

Apparent and reactive power, power factor and displacement power factor (Cos φ) are calculated according to the following equations:

Phase apparent power:

S p



U p



I p

[VA], p: 1,2,3

(8)

Phase reactive power:

Q p



Sign

(

Q p

)



S

2

p



P p

2

(9)

Sign of reactive power:

Sign

(

Q p

)









1

1 ,

,





p p









0

0

0

0



180

0



180

0





p: 1,2,3

(10)

Phase power factor:

PF p



P

S p p

, p: 1,2,3

(11)

Cos φ (DPF):

Cos



p



Cos



u p



Cos



i p

, p: 1,2,3

(12)

5.1.6 Total power measurements

Standard compliance: IEEE STD 1459-2000 (Section 3.2.2.2; 3.2.2.6)

IEC

Total active, reactive and apparent power and total power factor are calculated according to the following equation:

Total active power:

Pt



P

1



P

2



P

3 [W], (13)

Total reactive power (vector):

Qt



Q

1



Q

2



Q

3 [VAr],

(14)

Total apparent power (vector):

St





Pt

2



Qt

2



[VA],

(15)

104


Total power factor (vector):

PFtot



Pt

St

.


(16)

Figure 5.2: Vector representation of total power calculus

5.1.7 Energy

Standard compliance: IEC 61557-12 (Annex A)

Energy counters are linked to RECORDER functionality. Energy counters measure energy only when RECORDER is active. After power off/on procedure and before start of recording, all counters are cleared.

Instrument use 4-quadrant measurement technique which use two active energy counters (eP

+

, eP

-

) and two reactive (eQ

+

, eQ

-

), as shown on bellow.

Le ad

Le ad

La g

La g

Figure 5.3: Energy counters and quadrant relationship

Instrument has 3 different counters sets:

1. Total counters TOT EN are intended for measuring energy over a complete recording. When recorder starts it sums the energy to existent state of the counters.

105



2. Last integration period LST.IP

counter measures energy during recording over last interval. It is calculated at end of each interval.

3. Current integration period CUR.IP

counter measures energy during recording over current time interval.

5.1.8 Harmonics and interharmonics

Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A and S (Section 5.7)

Calculation called fast Fourier transformation (FFT) is used to translate AD converted input signal to sinusoidal components. The following equation describes relation between input signal and its frequency presentation.

Voltage harmonics and THD

U

FFT

Uhn t

1 2 3 4 5 6 50 n

10 periods

I

Current harmonics and THD

Ihn

FFT

t

1 2 3 4 5 6 50 n

10 periods

Figure 5.4: Current and voltage harmonics u

(

t

)



c

0



512

k





1

c k

sin

k

10



2



f

1

t





k

f

1

– frequency of signal fundamental (in example: 50 Hz) c

0

– DC component

(17) k – ordinal number (order of the spectral line) related to the frequency basis

f

C

1



1

T

N

T

N

– is the width (or duration) of the time window (T

N

= N*T

1

; T

1

=1/f

1

). Time window is that time span of a time function over which the Fourier transformation is performed. c k

– is the amplitude of the component with frequency

f

Ck

 k

– is the phase of the component c k

U c,k

– is the RMS value of component c k



k

10

f

1

106



Phase voltage and current harmonics are calculated as RMS value of harmonic subgroup (sg): square root of the sum of the squares of the RMS value of a harmonic and the two spectral components immediately adjacent to it. n-th voltage harmonic:

U p h n



k

1



 

1

U

2

C

, ( 10



n

)



k

p: 1,2,3

(18) n-th current harmonic:

I p h n



k

1



 

1

I

2

C

, ( 10



n



k

)

p: 1,2,3 (19)

Total harmonic distortion is calculated as ratio of the RMS value of the harmonic subgroups to the RMS value of the subgroup associated with the fundamental:

2

Total voltage harmonic distortion:

THD

U p



n

40





2

U p h n

U p h

1

, p: 1,2,3

(20)

2

Total current harmonic distortion:

THD

Ip



40



n



2

I p h n

I p h

1

, p: 1,2,3

(21)

Spectral component between two harmonic subgroups are used for interharmonics assessment. Voltage and current interharmonic subgroup of n-th order is calculated using RSS (root sum square) principle: n-th voltage interharmonic:

U p ih n



8



k



2

U

2

C

,( 10



n

)



k

p: 1,2,3

(22) n-th current interharmonic:

I p ih n



8



k



2

I

2

C

,( 10



n



k

)

p: 1,2,3 (23)

Figure 5.5: Illustration of harmonics / interharmonics subgroup for 50 Hz supply

5.1.9 Signallling

Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A (Section 5.10)

107



Signalling voltage is calculated on a FFT spectrum of a 10-cycle interval. Value of mains signalling voltage is measured as:

 RMS value of a single frequency bin if signalling frequency is equal to spectral bin frequency, or

 RSS value of four neighboring frequency bins if signalling frequency differs from the power system bin frequency (for example, a ripple control signal with frequency value of 218,1 Hz in a 50 Hz power system is measured based on the

RMS values of 210, 215, 220 and 225 Hz bins).

Mains signalling value calculated every 10 cycle interval are used in alarm and recording procedures. However, for EN50160 recording, results are aggregated additionally on a 3s intervals. Those values are used for confronting with limits defined in standard.

5.1.10 Flicker


Flicker is a visual sensation caused by unsteadiness of a light. The level of the sensation depends on the frequency and magnitude of the lighting change and on the observer.

Change of a lighting flux can be correlated to a voltage envelope on figure bellow.

¸¸

voltage(V)

400

300

200

100

0

-100

-200

-300

-400

0 0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

time (s)

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Figure 5.6: Voltage fluctuation

Flickers are measured in accordance with standard IEC 61000-4-15 “Flicker meterfunctional and design specifications”. It defines the transform function based on a

230V/60W lamp-eye-brain chain response. That function is a base for flicker meter implementation and is presented on figure bellow.

108



Figure 5.7: Curve of equal severity (Pst=1) for rectangular voltage changes on LV power supply systems

P stp1min

– is a short flicker estimation based on 1-minute interval. It is calculated as running average and is used to get quick preview of 10 minutes.

P stp

– short term flicker is calculated according to IEC 61000-4-15

P ltp

– long term flicker is calculated according to the following equation:

P ltp



3

i

N





1

Pst i

3

N

p: 1,2,3

(24)

5.1.11 Voltage and current unbalance

Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A (Section 5.7.1)

The supply voltage unbalance is evaluated using the method of symmetrical components. In addition to the positive sequence component U conditions there also exists negative sequence component U

-

+

, under unbalanced

and zero sequence component U

0

. These quantities are calculated according to the following equations:



U



U



U

0











1

3

1

3

1

3

(

(



U



U

(



U

1

1

1







a



U a



U

2

2



2



U

2





U a



3

2

)

U



,



a U

3

3

)

) ,

(25)

109



where

a



1



1

j

3



1

e j

120

0

.

2 2

For unbalance calculus, instrument use the fundamental component of the voltage input signals (U

1

, U

2

, U

3

), measured over a 10-cycle time interval.

The negative sequence ratio u

-

, expressed as a percentage, is evaluated by:

u



U



The zero sequence ratio u

0

(%)







100

U

, expressed as a percentage, is evaluated by:

(26)

0

U

0

u

(%)







100

U

Note: In 3W systems zero sequence components U

0

(27) and I

0 are by definition zero.

The supply current unbalance is evaluated in same fashion.

5.1.12 Voltage events

Voltage dips (U

Dip

), swells (U

Swell

), minimum (U

Rms(1/2)Min measurement method

) and maximum (U

Rms(1/2)Max

)

Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A& S (Section 5.4.1)

The basic measurement for event is U

Rms(1/2)

.

U

Rms(1/2) is value of the RMS voltage measured over 1 cycle, commencing at a fundamental zero crossing and refreshed each half-cycle.

The cycle duration for U

Rms(1/2)

depends on the frequency, which is determined by the last 10-cycle frequency measurement. The U

Rms(1/2)

value includes, by definition, harmonics, interharmonics, mains signalling voltage, etc.

Voltage dip

Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class S (Section 5.4.2)

The dip threshold is a percentage of Nominal voltage defined in EVENT SETUP menu.

The dip threshold can be set by the user according to the use. Instrument event evaluation depends on Connection type:

 On single-phase systems, a voltage dip begins when the U

Rms(1/2) below the dip threshold, and ends when the U

the dip threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage (see Figure 5.8)

 On three-phase systems two different evaluation techniques can be used for evaluation simultaneously:

Rms(1/2)

voltage falls

voltage is equal to or above o a dip begins when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage of one or more channels is below the dip threshold and ends when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage on all measured channels is equal to or above the dip threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage. o a voltage dip begins when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage of one channel falls below the dip threshold, and ends when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage is equal to or above the dip threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage, on the same phase.

A voltage dip is characterized by a pair of data: residual voltage U

Dip

and dip duration:

 U

Dip

is the residual voltage, the lowest U

Rms(1/2) value measured on any channel during the dip.

 The start time of a dip is time stamped with the time of the start of the U

Rms(1/2)

of the channel that initiated the event, and the end time of the dip is time stamped

110



with the time of the end of the U

Rms(1/2)

that ended the event, as defined by the threshold.

 The duration of a voltage dip is the time difference between the start time and the end time of the voltage dip.

Figure 5.8 Voltage events definition

Voltage swell


The swell threshold is a percentage of nominal voltage defined in Voltage events setup menu. The swell threshold can be set by the user according to the use. Instrument permits swell evaluation:

 on single-phase systems, a voltage swell begins when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage rises above the swell threshold, and ends when the U

Rms

voltage is equal to or bellow

the swell threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage (see Figure 5.8),

 on three-phase systems two different evaluation techniques can be used for evaluation simultaneously: o A swell begins when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage of one or more channels is above the swell threshold and ends when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage on all measured channels is equal to or bellow the swell threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage. o A swell begins when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage of one channel rises above the swell threshold, and ends when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage is equal to or bellow the swell threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage, on the same phase.

A voltage swell is characterized by a pair of data: maximum swell voltage magnitude, and duration:

111



 U

Swell

– maximum swell magnitude voltage is the largest U

Rms(1/2)

value measured on any channel during the swell.

 The start time of a swell is time stamped with the time of the start of the U

Rms(1/2) of the channel that initiated the event and the end time of the swell is time stamped with the time of the end of the U

Rms(1/2)


 The duration of a voltage swell is the time difference between the beginning and the end of the swell.

Voltage interrupt

Standard compliance: IEC 61000-4-30 Class A & S (Section 5.5)

Measuring method for voltage interruptions detection is same as for dips and swells, and is described in previous sections.

The interrupt threshold is a percentage of nominal voltage defined in Voltage events setup menu. The interrupt threshold can be set by the user according to the use.

Instrument permits interrupt evaluation:

 On single-phase systems, a voltage interruption begins when the U

Rms(1/2) falls below the voltage interruption threshold and ends when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage

value is equal to, or greater than, the voltage interruption threshold plus the hysteresis

(see Figure 5.8),

 on polyphase systems two different evaluation techniques can be used for evaluation simultaneously: o a voltage interruption begins when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltages of all channels fall below the voltage interruption threshold and ends when the U

Rms(1/2) voltage on any one channel is equal to, or greater than, the voltage interruption threshold plus the hysteresis. o a voltage interrupt begins when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage of one channel fall below the interrupt threshold, and ends when the U

Rms(1/2)

voltage is equal to or above the interrupt threshold plus the 2% of hysteresis voltage, on the same phase.

A voltage interrupt is characterized by a pair of data: minimal interrupt voltage magnitude, and duration:

 U

Int

– minimum interrupt magnitude voltage is the lowers U

Rms(1/2)

value measured on any channel during the interrupt.

 The start time of a interrupt is time stamped with the time of the start of the

of the channel that initiated the event, and the end time of the interrupt is U

Rms(1/2) time stamped with the time of the end of the U

Rms(1/2)


 The duration of a voltage dip is the time difference between the start time and the end time of the voltage dip.

5.1.13 Alarms

Generally alarm can be seen as an event on arbitrary quantity. Alarms are defined in

alarm table (see section 3.16.3 for alarm table setup). The basic measurement time

interval for: voltage, current, active, reactive and apparent power, harmonics and unbalance alarms is a 10-cycle time interval. Flicker alarms are evaluated according to the flicker algorithm (Pst

1min

>1min, Pst > 10min, Plt > 10min).

112



Each alarm has attributes described in table bellow. Alarm occurs when 10-cycle measured value on phases defined as Phase, cross Threshold value according to defined Trigger slope, minimally for Minimal duration value.

Table 5.1: Alarm definition parameters

Quantity  Voltage

 Current

 Frequency

 Active, reactive and apparent power

 Harmonics and interharmonics

 Unbalance

 Flickers

 Signalling

Phase

Trigger slope

Threshold value

L1, L2, L3, L12, L23, L31, All, Tot

< - Fall , > - Rise

[Number]

Minimal duration

200ms ÷ 10min

Each captured alarm is described by the following parameters:

Table 5.2: Alarm signatures

Date

Start

Phase

Level

Duration

Date when selected alarm has occurred

Alarm start time - when first value cross threshold.

Phase on which alarm occurred

Minimal or maximal value in alarm

Alarm duration.

5.1.14 Data aggregation in GENERAL RECORDING


Time aggregation period (IP) during recording is defined with parameter Interval: x min in RECORDER menu.

A new recording interval commence after previous interval run out, at the beginning of the next 10 cycle time interval. The data for the IP time interval are aggregated from 10cycle time intervals, according to the figure bellow. The aggregated interval is tagged with the absolute time. The time tag is the time at the conclusion of the interval. There is no gap or overlap, during recording, as illustrated on figure below.

113



Figure 5.9: Synchronization and aggregation of 10 cycle intervals

For each aggregation interval instrument computes average value for measured quantity. Depending from the quantity, this can be RMS (root means square) or arithmetical average. Equations for both averages are shown below.

RMS average

A

RMS



1

N j

N





1

A

2

j

(28)

Where:

A

RMS

– quantity average over given aggregation interval

A – 10-cycle quantity value

N – number of 10 cycles measurements per aggregation interval.

Arithmetic average:

A avg



1

N j

N





1

A j

Where:

A avg

– quantity average over given aggregation interval

A – 10-cycle quantity value

N – number of 10 cycles measurements per aggregation interval.

In the next table averaging method for each quantity is specified:

(29)

Table 5.3: Data aggregation methods

Group

Voltage

Current

Frequency

Power

Value Aggregation method

U

Rms

RMS

THD

U

RMS

U cf

Arithmetic

I

Rms

RMS

THD

I

RMS

I cf

Arithmetic f Arithmetic

P Arithmetic

114



Q Arithmetic

S Arithmetic

PF Arithmetic

DPF (cos φ) Arithmetic

U

+

U

U

-

0 u-

RMS

RMS

RMS

RMS

Symmetry

I u0 RMS

+

RMS

I

I

-

0

RMS

RMS i- RMS i0 RMS

Harmonics

Interharmonics

Uh

1÷50

RMS

Ih

1÷50

RMS

Uh

1÷50

RMS

Ih

1÷50

RMS

Signalling U

Sig

RMS

Parameter which will be recorded during recording session depends on Connection and

Synchronization channel, as shown in Table 4.7. For each parameter:

 minimum,

 average,

 maximum, average, value is recorded per time-interval.

Note: In EN 50160 recording only average values are stored. In order to perform

EN50160 recording with minimum and maximum values, use general type of recording and later convert it into EN50160 type of record by using Powerview v2.0 software.

An active average value is calculated upon the same principle (arithmetic or RMS) as average value, but taking in account just measurements with “active” attribute set:

RMS active average

A

RMSact



1

M j

M





1

A j

2

;

M



N

(30)

Where:

A

RMSact

– quantity average over active part of given aggregation interval,

A – 10-cycle quantity value marked as “active”,

M – number of 10 cycles measurements with active value.

Arithmetic active average:

A avgact



1

M j

M





1

A j

;

M



N

(31)

Where:

A avgact

– quantity average over active part of given aggregation interval,

A – 10-cycle quantity value in “active” part of interval,

M – number of 10 cycles measurements with active value.

115



Active attribute for particular quantity is set if:

 Phase/line RMS value is greater than lower limit of a measuring range (details in technical specification): voltage and current effective value, harmonics and THD, voltage flicker.

 Type of a load coincides with two- or four-quadrant area (details in Power and

energy recording): active, reactive and apparent power, power factor and displacement power factor.

Frequency and unbalance measurement are always considered as active values for recording.

Table below show number of signals for each parameter group in RECORDER.

Table 5.4: Total number of recorded quantities

U,I,f

Power &

Energy

Flicker

Symmetry

Harmonics

Interharmonics

Total

1W

13 quantities

52 values per interval

16 quantities


3 quantities


3W

20 quantities

80 values per interval.

12 quantities


9 quantities


4W

35 quantities

140 values per interval.

60 quantities


9 quantities


–

202 quantities

800

202 quantities

800

2 quantities


303 quantities


303 quantities


4 quantities

16 values per interva

416 quantities


416 quantities


235 347 524

Power and energy recording

Active power is divided into two parts: import (positive-motor) and export (negativegenerator). Reactive power and power factor are divided into four parts: positive inductive (+i), positive capacitive (+c), negative inductive (-i) and negative capacitive (c).

Motor/generator and inductive/capacitive phase/polarity diagram is shown on figure below:

116



P

+

= 0

P

-

Q

Q

Q

Q

Pf

Pf

Pf

= P i

i

+ i

i

+ c

+ c

-

= 0

= 0 x

= na c

+ c

-

= 0

= Q

= na x

= na

Pf = Pf x ePpos = 0 ePneg = P x eQpos = Q x eQneg = 0

* t

* t

GENERATOR MODE

TYPE

Capacitive generator

90'

MOTOR MODE

TYPE

Inductive load

180'

P

+

= 0

P

-

= P x

Q

Q

Q

Q

Pf

Pf

Pf

Pf i

i

+

= Q c

+ c

c

+ c

i

i

+

= 0

= 0

= 0

= na

= Pf x x

= na

= na ePpos = 0 ePneg = P x

* t

GENERATOR MODE

TYPE

Inductive generator eQpos = 0 eQneg = Q x

* t

270'

MOTOR MODE

TYPE

Capacitive load

Figure 5.10: Motor/generator and inductive/capacitive phase/polarity diagram

P

+

= P x

P

Q

Q

Q

Q

Pf

Pf

Pf

Pf

i

-

= 0 i

+

= 0 c

+ c

c

+ c

i

i

+

= Q

= 0

= 0 x

= Pf

= na x

= na

= na ePpos = P ePneg = 0 x

* t eQpos = Q x

* t eQneg = 0

0'

P

+

= P x

P

Q

Q

Q

Q

Pf

Pf

Pf

Pf

c

= 0 i

i

+ c

+ c

-

+ i

i

+ c

-

= 0

= 0

= Q

= 0

= na

= na x

= Pf

= na x ePpos = P x ePneg = 0

* t eQpos = 0 eQneg = Q x

* t


During measurement campaign PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus has the ability to take waveform snapshot. This is particularly useful for storing temporary characteristics or network behavior. Snapshot stores all network signatures and samples of 10 cycles.

Using MEMORY LIST function (see 3.10) or with PowerView v2.0 software, user can

observe stored data.

5.1.16 Waveform record

Waveform record is consisted of a configurable number of consecutive Waveform snapshoots. Waveform recorder starts when the preset trigger occurs. Storage buffer is divided into pre-trigger and post-trigger buffers. Pre and post-trigger buffers are composed of waveform snapshoots taken before and after trigger occurrence. Several trigger sources are possible:

 Manual trigger - user manually triggers waveform recording.

 Voltage events – instrument start waveform recorder when voltage event occur.

 Alarms – instrument start waveform recorder when alarm from alarm list is detected.

117



 Voltage events and alarms - start waveform recorder when either voltage event or alarm occur

User can perform single or continuous waveform recordings. In continuous waveform recording, PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus will automatically initialize next waveform recording upon completion of the previous one. That means that the following recording will be initialized only when the first one is being completely saved to the instrument data memory.

Note: Saving to the instrument data memory induces “dead time” between contonous waveform records. Dead time is proportional to record duration and number of selected recording signals, and usually takes few seconds.

5.1.17 Transient recorder

Transient record function is similar to waveform recorder: it stores a selectable set of pre- and post-trigger samples on trigger activation, with 10 times higher sampling rate.

Recorder use envelope triggering. Trigger is activated if difference between two consecutive periods of input voltage signals, is greater than given limit.

Transient recorder stores one cycle of mains signal.

Figure 5.11: Transients trigger detection

Note: Saving to the instrument data memory induces dead time between consecutive transient records. Dead time is proportional to record duration and number of selected recording signals, and usually takes few seconds.

5.1.18 Inrush/Fast recorder

Inrush/Fast recorder is intended for analysis of voltage and current fluctuations during start of motor or other high power consumers. For current I

½Rms

value (half cycle period

RMS current refreshed each half cycle) is measured, while for voltage U

Rms(1/2)

values

(one cycle RMS voltage refreshed each half cycle) is measured for each interval. If user choose 10ms interval in INrrush/Fast recorder menu, then this measured values for half cycle will be also stored in record. If user choose larger interval 20ms, 100ms or 200ms, instrument average 2, 10 or 20 measurements and use it for further actions (triggering, recording). Inrush/Fast recorder starts when the preset trigger occurs.

118


Measured signal


Inrush, fluctuation or other event

U or I t

U or I

Inrush logger

I

½Rms or

Trigger Level

Slope: t

Figure 5.12: Inrush (waveform and RMS)

Storage buffer is divided into pre-buffer (measured values before trigger point) and postbuffer (measured values after trigger point).

Triggering t t

Input: I

1

, I

2

, I

3

, I

N

U1, U2, U3, U

N

- trigger channels

Level: predefined TRMS value

Slope: rise / fall / both

Pre-buffer and post-buffer pre-buff.

Total buffer post-buff.

Start logging

Trigger point

Stop logging

Pre-buffer: 0 to (Total buffer – 1)

Pre-buffer is treated as negative time

Figure 5.13: Inrush triggering

119



User can choose to perform single or continuous inrush loggings. If continuous inrush logging is performed, PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus will automatically initialize next inrush logging upon completion of the previous one. Two initial consecutive inrush loggings can be performed without “dead time” in between. The third inrush logging will be initialized only when the first one is being completely saved to the instrument data memory. Dead time is proportional to record duration and number of selected recording signals, and usually takes few seconds.

Note: Interval and triggering threshold are dependent. If user select Interval: 10ms, then instrument will trigger if value crosses the threshold for half cycle. If user select

Interval: 200ms, then at least 20 successive half-cycle measurements, should cross the trigger value prior triggering.

5.2 EN 50160 Standard Overview

EN 50160 standard defines, describes and specifies the main characteristics of the voltage at a network user’s supply terminals in public low voltage and medium voltage distribution networks under normal operating conditions. This standard describe the limits or values within which the voltage characteristics can be expected to remain over the whole of the public distribution network and do not describe the average situation usually experienced by an individual network user. An overview of EN 50160 limits are presented on table bellow.

Table 5.5: EN 50160 standard overview

Supply voltage phenomenon limits

Power frequency

49.5 ÷ 50.5 Hz

47.0 ÷ 52.0 Hz

Meas.

Interval

10 s

Supply voltage variations,

U

Nom

230V ± 10%

230V

+10%

-15%

10 min

Flicker severity Plt

Plt ≤ 1 2 h

Voltage Dips (≤1min)

Short Interruptions

(≤ 3min)

Accidental long interruptions

(> 3min)

Voltage unbalance u-

10 to 1000 times 10 ms

(under 85% of

U

Nom

)

10 ÷ 100 times

(under 1% of U

Nom

)

10 ms

10 ÷ 50 times

(under 1% of U

Nom

0 ÷ 2 %, occasionally 3%

)

10 ms

10 min

Total harm. distortion, THD

U

8%

Harmonic Voltages, Uh n

Mains signalling

See Figure 5.15

10 min

10 min

2 s

Monitoring

Period

1 Week

Acceptance

Percentage

99,5%

100%

95%

1 Week

100%

95% 1 Week

1 Year

100%

1 Year

1 Year

1 Week

1 Week

1 Week

1 Day

100%

100%

95%

95%

95%

99%

5.2.1 Power frequency

The nominal frequency of the supply voltage shall be 50 Hz, for systems with synchronous connection to an interconnected system. Under normal operating conditions the mean value of the fundamental frequency measured over 10 s shall be within a range of:

120



50 Hz ± 1 % (49,5 Hz .. 50,5 Hz) during 99,5 % of a year;

50 Hz + 4 % / - 6 % (i.e. 47 Hz .. 52 Hz) during 100 % of the time.

5.2.2 Supply voltage variations

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week 95 % of the 10 min mean U

Rms

values of the supply voltage shall be within the range of U

Nom

± 10 %, and all

U

Rms

values of the supply voltage shall be within the range of U

Nom

+ 10 % / - 15 %.

5.2.3 Voltage dips (Indicative values)

Under normal operating conditions the expected number of voltage dips in a year may be from up to a few tens to up to one thousand. The majority of voltage dips have duration less than 1 s and a retained voltage greater than 40 %. However, voltage dips with greater depth and duration can occur infrequently. In some areas voltage dips with a retained voltage between 85 % and 90 % of U

Nom can occur very frequently as a result of the switching of loads in network users’ installations.

5.2.4 Short interruptions of the supply voltage

Under normal operating conditions the annual occurrence of short interruptions of the supply voltage ranges from up to a few tens to up to several hundreds. The duration of approximately 70 % of the short interruptions may be less than one second.

5.2.5 Long interruptions of the supply voltage

Under normal operating conditions the annual frequency of accidental voltage interruptions longer than three minutes may be less than 10 or up to 50 depending on the area.

5.2.6 Supply voltage unbalance

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean RMS values of the negative phase sequence component (fundamental) of the supply voltage shall be within the range 0 % to 2 % of the positive phase sequence component (fundamental). In some areas with partly single phase or two-phase connected network users’ installations, unbalances up to about 3 % at three-phase supply terminals occur.

5.2.7 THD voltage and harmonics

Under normal operating conditions, during each period of one week, 95 % of the 10 min mean values of each individual harmonic voltage shall be less or equal to the value given in table bellow.

Moreover, THD

U

values of the supply voltage (including all harmonics up to the order

40) shall be less than or equal to 8 %.

Table 5.6: Values of individual harmonic voltages at the supply

Odd harmonics

Not Multiples of 3

Order h Relative voltage (U

N

)

5

7

6,0 %

5,0 %

Multiples of 3

Order h

3

9

Relative voltage (U

5,0 %

1,5 %

N

)

Even harmonics

Order h Relative

2

4

voltage (U

2,0 %

1,0 %

N

)

121


11

13

3,5 %

3,0 %

15

21

0,5 %

0,5 %

17 2,0

19 1,5

23 1,5

25 1,5


6..24 0,5 %

5.2.8 Interharmonic voltage

The level of interharmonics is increasing due to the development of frequency converters and similar control equipment. Levels are under consideration, pending more experience. In certain cases interharmonics, even at low levels, give rise to flicker (see

5.2.10), or cause interference in ripple control systems.

5.2.9 Mains signalling on the supply voltage

In some countries the public distribution networks may be used by the public supplier for the transmission of signals. Over 99 % of a day the 3 s mean of signal voltages shall be less than or equal to the values given in the following figure.

Figure 5.14: Mains Signalling voltage level limits according to EN50160

5.2.10 Flicker severity

Under normal operating conditions, in any period of one week the long term flicker severity caused by voltage fluctuation should be P lt

≤ 1 for 95 % of the time.

5.2.11 PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus recorder setting for EN 50160 survey

PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus are able to perform EN 50160 surveys on all values described in previous sections. In order to simplify procedure, PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus has predefined recorder configuration (EN510160) for it. By default all current parameters (RMS, THD, etc.) are also included in survey, which can provide additional survey informations. Additionally, during voltage quality survey user can simultaneously record other parameters too, such as power, energy and current harmonics.

122



In order to collect voltage events during recording, Include voltage events option in

recorder should be enabled. See section 3.16.2 for voltage events settings.

Figure 5.15: Predefined EN50160 recorder configuration

After recording is finished, EN 50160 survey is performed on PowerView v2.0 software.

See PowerView v2.0 manual or details.

Note: In EN 50160 recording only average values are stored.

123


Technical specifications

6 Technical specifications

6.1 General specifications

Working temperature range:

Storage temperature range:

Max. humidity:

-10

C ÷ +50 C

-20

C ÷ +70 C

95 % RH (0

C ÷ 40 C), non-condensing

Pollution degree:

<

Over voltage category:

Protection degree:

Dimensions:

Weight (without accessories):

Display:

2 double insulation

CAT IV / 600 V; CAT III / 1000 V

IP 42

(220 x 115 x 90) mm

0.65 kg

Memory:

Batteries:

Graphic liquid crystal display (LCD) with backlight,

320 x 200 dots.

8 MB Flash

6 x 1.2 V NiMh rechargeable batteries type HR 6 (AA)

Provide full operation for up to 15 hours*

External DC supply:

Maximum power consumption:

Battery charging time:

Communication:

12 V, 1.2 A min

150 mA – without batteries

1 A – while charging batteries

4 hours *

USB 1.0

Standard USB Type B

2400 baud ÷ 921600 baud

RS232

8 pin PS/2 – type

2400 baud ÷ 115200 baud

* The charging time and the operating hours are given for batteries with a nominal capacity of 2500mAh

6.2 Measurements

Note: In order to get resolution and accuracy specified in this section, measuring data should be observed by PowerView v2.0 (Waveform Snapshoot or On-Line View).

PowerQ4 / PowerQ4 Plus display resolution is reduced due to screen space constraints and enhanced visibility of presented measurements (larger screen fonts and space between measurements).

6.2.1 General description

Max. input voltage (Phase – Neutral):

Max. input voltage (Phase – Phase):

Phase - Neutral input impedance:

Phase – Phase input impedance:

AD converter

Reference temperature

Temperature influence

1000 V

RMS

1730 V

RMS

6 MΩ

6 MΩ

16 bit 8 channels, simultaneous sampling

23

°

C ± 2 °C

60 ppm/

°

C

124



NOTE: Instrument has 3 voltage ranges. Range has to be chosen according to the network nominal voltage, according to the table bellow.

Nominal phase voltage: U

Nom

Recommended Voltage range

50 V ÷ 110 V

110 V ÷ 240 V

Voltage Range 1: 50 V ÷ 110 V (L-N)

Voltage Range 2: 110 V ÷ 240 V (L-N)

240 V ÷ 1000 V Voltage Range 3: 240 V ÷ 1000 V (L-N)

Nominal phase-to-phase voltage: Recommended Voltage range

U

Nom

86 V ÷ 190 V

190 V ÷ 415 V

Voltage Range 1: 86 V ÷ 190 V (L-L)

Voltage Range 2: 190 V ÷ 415 V (L-L)

415 V ÷ 1730 V Voltage Range 3: 240 V ÷ 1730 V (L-L)

NOTE: Assure that all voltage clips are connected during measurement and logging period. Unconnected voltage clips are susceptible to EMI and can trigger false events. It is advisable to short them with instrument neutral voltage input.

6.2.2 Phase Voltages

U pRms

, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N]

Measuring range

Range 1: 20.00 V

RMS

÷ 150.00 V

RMS

Range 2: 50.0 V

RMS

÷ 360.0 V

RMS

Range 3: 200.0 V

RMS

÷ 1500.0 V

RMS

Resolution Accuracy Crest factor

100 mV

± 0.2 %



U

RMS min 1.5

U pRms(1/2)

p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 20.00 V

RMS

÷ 150.00 V

RMS

Range 2: 50.00 V

RMS

÷ 360.00 V

RMS

Range 3: 200.00 V

RMS

÷ 1500.00 V

RMS


10 mV

± 0.5 %



U

RMS min 1.5

Cf

Up

, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC

Measuring range Resolution

1.00 ÷ 2.50 0.01 ± 5 % ·

Cf

U

U pPk

: p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 20.0 V ÷ 255.0 Vpk

Range 2: 50.0 V ÷ 510.0 Vpk

Range 3: 200.0 V ÷ 2250.0 Vpk

Resolution

100 mV

Accuracy

± 0.5 % ·

U

Pk

± 0.5 % ·

U

Pk

± 0.5 % ·

U

Pk

125


6.2.3 Line voltages

U pgRms

, pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 20.0 V

RMS

÷ 260.0 V

RMS

Range 2: 47.0 V

RMS

Range 3: 346.0 V

÷ 622.0 V

RMS

RMS

÷ 2600.0 V

RMS

U pRms(1/2)

pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 20.00 V

RMS

÷ 260.00 V

RMS

Range 2: 47.00 V

RMS

÷ 622.00 V

RMS

Range 3: 346.00 V

RMS

÷ 2600.00 V

RMS



100 mV

± 0.25 % ·

U

RMS min 1.5


10 mV

± 0.5 % ·

U

RMS min 1.5

Cf

Upg

, pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC


1.00 ÷ 2.50 0.01 ± 5 % · Cf

U

U pgPk

, pg: [12, 23, 31], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 20.0 V ÷ 442.0 Vpk

Range 2: 47.0 V ÷ 884.0 Vpk

Range 3: 346.0 V ÷ 3700.0 Vpk

6.2.4 Current

Input impedance: 100 kΩ

Resolution Accuracy

100 mV ± 0.5 % · U

Pk

I pRms

, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 50.0 mV

RMS

÷ 200.0 mV

RMS

Range 2: 50.0 mV

RMS

÷ 2.0000 V

RMS

Resolution Accuracy

100

U

RMS

– RMS voltage measured on current input

V

±0.25 % · U

RMS

±0.25 % · U

RMS

Crest factor min 1.5

Peak value I pPk,

I

NPk

, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 50.0 mV ÷ 280.0 mV

Pk

Range 2: 50.0 mV ÷ 3.0000 V

Pk

U

Pk

– Peak voltage measured on current input

Resolution

100

V

I p½ Rms

, p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC

Measuring range

Range 1: 20.0 mV

RMS

÷ 200.0 mV

RMS

Range 2: 20.0 mV

RMS

÷ 2.0000 V

RMS

Resolution Accuracy

100

V

U

RMS

– RMS (½) voltage measured on current input

± 1 % · U

RMS

± 1 % · U

RMS

Accuracy

± 2 % · U

Pk

± 2 % · U

Pk

Crest factor min 1.5

Crest factor Cf

Ip p: [1, 2, 3, 4, N], AC+DC


126


1.00 ÷ 10.00


0.01 ± 5 % · Cf

I

Current accuracy with clamps

Measurement accessory Measuring range

A 1281

1000 A

100 A

5 A

0.5 A

100

A ÷

1200

A

10 A ÷ 175 A

0.5 A ÷ 10 A

A 1227

3000 A

300 A

30 A

50 mA ÷ 1 A

300 A ÷ 6000 A

30 A ÷ 600 A

3 A ÷ 60 A

A 1033

A 1122

1000 A

5 A

20 A ÷ 1000 A

100 mA ÷ 5 A

  e r t a i n t y

2



Overall current accuracy

±1.4 %

 I

±0.4 %

 I

±0.4 %

 I

±0.4 %

 I

RMS

RMS

RMS

RMS

±1.5 %

 I

±1.5 %

 I

±1.5 %

 I

RMS

RMS

RMS

±1.3 %

 I

±1.3 %

 I

RMS

RMS

C l a m p U n c e r t a i n t y

2

6.2.5 Frequency


10.000 Hz ÷ 70.000 Hz 2 mHz ± 10 mHz

6.2.6 Flickermeter

Fl. Type Measuring range Resolution

P lt1min

P

P st lt

0.400 ÷ 4.000

0.400 ÷ 4.000

0.400 ÷ 4.000

0.001

± 5 %



P lt1min

± 5 %

 P

± 5 %

 P st lt

* Guaranteed only in 49 Hz ÷ 51 Hz frequency range.

6.2.7 Power

Excluding clamps

With A 1227

Flex clamps 3000A

With A 1281

Multirange clamps 100 A

With A 1033

1000 A

Excluding clamps

With A 1227

Flex clamps

With A 1281


With A 1033

1000 A

(W, VAr, VA)

0.000 k ÷ 999.9 M

0.000 k ÷ 999.9k

0.000 k ÷ 999.9k

000.0 k ÷ 999.9 k

0.000 k ÷ 999.9 M

0.000 k ÷ 999.9k

0.000 k ÷ 999.9k

000.0 k ÷ 999.9 k

127

4 digits

4 digits

±0.5 %

 P

±1.8 %

 P

±0.8 %

 P

±1.6 %

 P

±0.5 %

 Q

±1.8 %

 Q

±0.8 %

 Q

±1.6 %

 Q



Excluding clamps 0.000 k ÷ 999.9 M

With A 1227

Flex clamps

With A 1281


0.000 k ÷ 999.9k

0.000 k ÷ 999.9k

4 digits

With A 1033

1000 A

000.0 k ÷ 999.9 k

*Accuracy values are valid if cos φ

**Accuracy values are valid if sin φ



0.80, I



10 % I



0.50, I



10 % I

***Accuracy values are valid if cos φ



0.50, I



Nom

and U

Nom

and U

10 % I





Nom

and U

80 % U

80 % U

Nom

Nom



80 % U

Nom

6.2.8 Power factor (Pf)

Measuring range

-1.00 ÷ 1.00

±0.5 %

 S

±1.8 %

 S

±0.8 %

 S

±1.6 %

 S

Resolution Accuracy

0.01 ± 0.02

6.2.9 Displacement factor (Cos φ)

Measuring range

0.00 ÷ 1.00

6.2.10 Energy

Resolution Accuracy

0.01 ± 0.02

(kWh, kVArh, kVAh)

Excluding clamps

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

With A 1227

Flex clamps

With A 1281

Multirange clamps

100

With A 1033

1000 A

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

Excluding clamps

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

With A 1227

Flex clamps

With A 1281

Multirange clamps

100

With A 1033

1000 A

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

Excluding clamps

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

With A 1227

Flex clamps

With A 1281

Multirange clamps

100

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

12 digits

±0.5 %

 eP

±1.8 %

 eP

±0.8 %

 eP

±1.6 %

 eP

±0.5 %

 eQ

±1.8 %

 eQ

12 digits

12 digits

±0.8 %

 eP

±1.6 %

 eQ

±0.5 %

 eS

±1.8 %

 eS

±0.8 %

 eP

128



With A 1033

1000 A

000,000,000.001 ÷ 999,999,999.999

*Accuracy values are valid if cos φ



0.80, I



10 % I

**Accuracy values are valid if sin φ



0.50, I



10 % I

***Accuracy values are valid if cos φ



0.50, I



Nom

and U



80 % U

Nom

Nom

and U



80 % U

Nom

10 % I

Nom

and U



80 % U

Nom

±1.6 %

 eS

6.2.11 Voltage harmonics and THD

Measuring range Resolution Accuracy

3 % U

Uh

N

Nom

< 3 % U

Nom

10

< Uh

N

< 20 % U

Nom

10 mV

± 5 %

 Uh

N

U

Nom

: nominal voltage (RMS)

Uh

N

N

: measured harmonic voltage

: harmonic component 1 st

÷ 50 th

Measuring range

U

Nom

0 % U

Nom

< THD

U

< 20 % U

Nom


Resolution Accuracy

0.1 % ± 0.3

6.2.12 Current harmonics and THD

Measuring range

Ih

N

< 10 % I

N om

10 % I

N om

< Ih

N

< 100 %

I

N om

Ih

N

N

: measured harmonic current

: harmonic component 1 st

÷ 50 th

Measuring range

0 % I

N om

< THD

I

< 100 % I

N om

100 % I

N om

< THD

I

< 200 % I

N om

I

N om

6.2.13 Voltage interharmonics

1

Measuring range

Uih

N

< 3 % U

Nom

3 % U

Nom

< Uih

N

< 20 % U

Nom

U

Nom


Uih

N

: measured harmonic voltage

N

: interharmonic component 1 st

÷ 50 th

6.2.14 Current interharmonics

2

Measuring range

Ih

N

< 10 % I

N om

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

2

PowerQ4 Plus only

129

Resolution Accuracy

10 mV

± 5 %

 Ih

N

Resolution Accuracy

0.1 %

0.1 %

± 0.6

± 1.5

Resolution Accuracy

10 mV

± 5 %

 Uih

N

Resolution Accuracy


10 % I

N om

< Ih

N

< 100 %

I

N om

Iih

N

N

: measured interharmonic current

: interharmonic component 1 st

÷ 50 th


10 mV

± 5 %

 Iih

N

6.2.15 Signalling

1


1 % U

N om

< U

Sig

3 % U

N om

< U

Sig

< 3 % U

N om

< 20 % U

Nom

10

Sig

N om

U

N om

U

Sig

: Nominal current (RMS)

: Measured signalling voltage

6.2.16 Unbalance

Unbalance range u u

-

0 i i

-

0

0.5 % ÷ 5.0 %

0.0 % ÷ 17 %

Resolution Accuracy

0.1 %

± 0.15 %

 u

-(0)

0.1 %

± 1 %

 i

-(0)

6.2.17 Time and duration uncertainty

Real time clock (RTC) uncertainty

Operating range

-20

C ÷ 70 C

0

C ÷ 40 C

Accuracy

± 3.5 ppm 0.3 s/day

± 2.0 ppm 0.17 s/day

Event duration and recorder time-stamp and uncertainty

Range

Event Duration 30 ms ÷ 7 days 1 ms  1 cycle

6.2.18 Temperature


-10.0

C ÷ 85.0 C ±

-20.0

C ÷ -10.0 C and 85.0 C ÷ 125.0 C

0.1

C

± 2.0

C

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

130



6.3 Recorders

6.3.1 General recorder

Sampling 5 readings per second, continuous sampling per channel. All channels are sampled simultaneously. Sampling frequency is continuously synchronized with main frequency.

Recording time From 30 min with 1 second display resolution up to 99 days with 1 hour display resolution.

Recording type Linear – start and stop in accordance to user settings.

Circular – when recorded data exceeds free memory, oldest data in the current recording are overwritten with the new one.

Recording quantities

1 ÷ 524 parameters can be recorded. For each parameter minimum, maximal average and active average value is stored.

Resolution

Duration

Resolution

Duration

Events

Alarms

Trigger

For default recorder settings (179 signals selected for recording)

1 s 3 s 5 s 10 s 1 min 2 min

1 hr

5 min

4 hrs

10 min

7 hrs

15 min

15 hrs

30 min

3 days

60 min

18 days 37 days 56 days 99 days 99 days

7 days

Up to 1000 voltage events signatures can be stored into record

Up to 1000 alarms signatures can be stored into record

Start time or manual

6.3.2 Waveform recorder

1

Sampling 102.4 samples per cycle period, continuous sampling per channel. All channels are sampled simultaneously. Sampling frequency is continuously synchronized with mains frequency.

Recording time From 10 cycle period to 3770 cycle periods

Recording type Single – waveform recording ends after first trigger.

Continuous – consecutive waveform recording until user stops the measurement or instrument runs out of storage memory.


Waveform samples of: U

1

, U

2

, U

3

, U

N

, (U

12

, U

23

, U

31

), I

1

, I

2

, I

3

, I

N

For 50 Hz mains frequency

No. of signals

1 2 4 8

Duration 75 sec 38 sec 19 sec 9 sec

Trigger: Voltage event, alarms defined in alarm table or manual

6.3.3 Inrush/fast recorder

2

Sampling 1 reading per half-cycle ÷ 1 reading per 10-cycles

(for 50 Hz mains frequency: 5 to 100 readings per second)

All channels are sampled simultaneously. Sampling frequency is continuously synchronized with mains frequency.

Recording time From 1 s ÷ 3 min

Recording type Single – inrush recording ends after first trigger

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

2

PowerQ4 Plus only

131




Continuous – consecutive inrush recording until user stops the measurement or instrument runs out of storage memory.

U

1Rms(1/2)

, U

U

31Rms(1/2)

), I

2Rms(1/2)

, U

3Rms(1/2)

, U

1½Rms

, I

3½Rms

, I

NRms(1/2)

, (U

N½Rms

12Rms(1/2)

, U

, I

2½Rms

For 50 Hz mains frequency

23Rms(1/2)

,

No. of signals

1 2 4 8

Duration 686 s 514 s 343 s 205 s

Trigger Percent of nominal voltage or current range (rise, fall or both edges)


Sampling 102.4 samples per cycle. All channels are sampled simultaneously.

Recording time 10 cycle period



Trigger: Manual

1

, U

2

, U

3

, U

N

, (U

12

, U

23

, U

31

Signatures are calculated from samples afterwards.

), I

1

, I

2

, I

3

, I

N

6.3.5 Transients recorder

1

Sampling 1024 samples per cycle. All channels are sampled simultaneously.

Recording time From 1 ÷ 47 cycle period


Trigger:


1

, U

2

, U

3

, U

N

, (U

12

, U

23

, U

31

), I

1

, I

2

, I

3

, I

N

Calculated for all channels: U

RMS

, I

RMS

, THD

U

, THD

I

Manual, dV - for detail see section 5.1.17

6.4 Standards compliance

6.4.1 Compliance to the IEC 61557-12

General and essential characteristic

Power quality assessment function -S

Classification according to 4.3

Temperature

Humidity + altitude

SD

SS

Indirect current and direct voltage measurement

Indirect current and indirect voltage measurement

K50

Standard

Measurement characteristic

Function symbols Class according to IEC 61557-12

P 1

Measuring range

5 % ÷ 200% I

(1)

Nom

Measuring method

IEC 61000-4-30 Class

1

PowerQ4 Plus only

132


Q

S eP eQ

1

1

1

2

5 % ÷ 200% I

Nom

(1)

5 % ÷ 200% I

Nom

(1)

5 % ÷ 200% I

(1)

Nom

5 % ÷ 200% I

(1)

Nom


eS

PF f

I, I

Nom

1

0.5

0.02

0.5

5 % ÷ 200% I

Nom

(1)

- 1 ÷ 1

10 Hz ÷ 70 Hz

5 % I

Nom

÷ 200 %

I

Nom

S

S

U

P st

,P lt

U dip,

U swl

U int u

-

, u

Uh n

0

THD u

0.2

5

1

0.5

0.2

1

1

20 V ÷ 1000 V

0.4 ÷ 4

5 V ÷ 1500 V

0 V ÷ 100 V

S

S

S

A

0.5 % ÷ 17 % A

0 % ÷ 20 % U

Nom

S

0 % ÷ 20 % U

Nom

S

Ih n

1 0 % ÷ 100 % I

Nom

A

THD i

2 0 % ÷ 100 % I

Nom

A

(1) - Measurement range depends on current sensor. However according to the IEC

61557-12, if current sensor has I

Nom is: 2 % I

Nom

÷ 200 % I

Nom

.

defined as I

Nom

= k · A/V, then measurement range

133


6.4.2 Compliance to the to the IEC 61000-4-30


IEC 61000-4-30 Section and

Parameter

5.1 Frequency

PowerQ4

Plus

Parameter

5.2 Magnitude of the Supply U

Rms

5.3 Flicker

5.4 Dips and Swells

5.5 Interruptions

5.7 Unbalance

5.8 Voltage Harmonics

5.9 Voltage Interharmonics freq

P

U st

Dip,

U

Swell duration

U

Int duration u

-

, u

0

Uh

Uih

N

N

Class

S

S

S

A

Measurement

Method -

IEC 61000-4-

30 Section

5.1.1

5.2.1

5.3.1

S 5.4.1

S 5.4.1

5.7.1

S

Uncertainty Measuring range

(1)

Influence

Quantity range

(2)

Aggregation

Method

(3)

± 10 mHz

± 5 %

(4)

10 Hz ÷ 70 Hz

0.4 ÷ 4.0

40 Hz ÷ 70 Hz

0 ÷ 10

Arithmetic

± 0.5 % U

Nom

10 % ÷ 150 % U

Nom

10 % ÷ 150 % U

Nom

RMS

IEC 61000-4-

15

± 0.5 %

± 1 cycle

> 10 % U

Nom

1.5 cycle ÷ 7 days

– –

± 0.5 %

± 1 cycle

± 0.15 %

IEC 61000-4-7

Class II

IEC 61000-4-7

Class II

± 5 % U

Sig

± 0.5 %

< 150 % U

Nom

1.5 cycle ÷ 7 days

0.5 % ÷ 5 %

0 % ÷ 20 % U

0 % ÷ 20 % U

3 % ÷ 15 % U

2 % ÷ 200 % I

Nom

Nom

Nom

Nom

– –

0 % ÷ 5 %

0 % ÷ 20 % U

0 % ÷ 20 % U

0 % ÷ 20 % U

Nom

Nom

Nom

RMS

RMS

RMS

RMS

2 % ÷ 200 % I

Nom

RMS

± 1 % 2 % ÷ 200 % I

Nom

– –

5.10 Mains signalling voltage U

Sig

A.6.3 Magnitude of the current I

Rms

A.6.4 Inrush current I

½Rms

S

S

S

5.10.2

A.6.3.1

A.6.4.1

A.6.5 Harmonic currents

Ih n

A

IEC 61000-4-7

Class II

0 % ÷ 200 % I

Nom

0 % ÷ 200 % I

Nom

RMS

A.6.6 Interharmonic currents

Iih n

IEC 61000-4-7

Class II

0 % ÷ 200 % I

Nom

0 % ÷ 200 % I

Nom

RMS

(1) The instrument meets the uncertainty requirements for signals within the measuring range.

(2) The instrument tolerates signals in the influence quantity range without shifting the measurement of other parameters out of their uncertainty requirement, and without instrument damage.

(3) RMS aggregation according to the IEC 61000-4-30 section 4.4 and 4.5, Arithmetic according to the section 5.1.14 in this manual.

(4) Guaranteed only in 49 ÷ 51Hz frequency range

134


Maintenance

7 Maintenance

7.1 Inserting batteries into the instrument

1. Make sure that the power supply adapter/charger and measurement leads are disconnected and the instrument is switched off.

2. Insert batteries as shown in figure bellow (insert batteries correctly, otherwise the instrument will not operate and the batteries could be discharged or damaged).

Figure 7.1: Battery placement

3. Turn the display side of the instrument lower than the battery holder (see

figure below) and put the cover on the batteries.

Figure 7.2: Closing the battery holder

4. Screw the cover on the instrument.

If the instrument is not going to be used for a long period of time remove all batteries from the battery holder. The enclosed batteries can supply the instrument for approx.

15 hours.

Warnings!

 When battery cells have to be replaced, turn off the instrument before

opening battery compartment cover.

135


Maintenance

 Hazardous voltages exist inside the instrument. Disconnect all test leads

and remove the power supply cable before removing battery compartment cover.

 Use only power supply adapter/charger delivered from manufacturer or

distributor of the equipment to avoid possible fire or electric shock.

 Rechargeable NiMh batteries type HR 6 (size AA) are recommended. The

charging time and the operating hours are given for batteries with a nominal capacity of 2500 mAh.

 Do not use standard batteries while power supply adapter/charger is

connected, otherwise they may explode!

 Do not mix batteries of different types, brands, ages, or charge levels.

 When charging batteries for the first time, make sure to charge batteries for

at least 24 hours before switching on the instrument.

7.2 Batteries

Instrument contains rechargeable NiMh batteries. These batteries should only be replaced with the same type as defined on the battery placement label or in this manual.

If it is necessary to replace batteries, all six have to be replaced. Ensure that the batteries are inserted with the correct polarity; incorrect polarity can damage the batteries and/or the instrument.

Precautions on charging new batteries or batteries unused for a longer period

Unpredictable chemical processes can occur during charging new batteries or batteries that were unused for a longer period of time (more than 3 months). NiMH and NiCd batteries are affected to a various degree (sometimes called as memory effect). As a result the instrument operation time can be significantly reduced at the initial charging/discharging cycles.

Therefore it is recommended:

 To completely charge the batteries

 To completely discharge the batteries (can be performed with normal working with the instrument).

 Repeating the charge/discharge cycle for at least two times (four cycles are recommended).

When using external intelligent battery chargers one complete discharging /charging cycle is performed automatically.

After performing this procedure a normal battery capacity is restored. The operation time of the instrument now meets the data in the technical specifications.

Notes

The charger in the instrument is a pack cell charger. This means that the batteries are connected in series during the charging so all batteries have to be in similar state

(similarly charged, same type and age).

Even one deteriorated battery (or just of another type) can cause an improper charging of the entire battery pack (heating of the battery pack, significantly decreased operation time).

If no improvement is achieved after performing several charging/discharging cycles the state of individual batteries should be determined (by comparing battery voltages,

136


Maintenance

checking them in a cell charger etc). It is very likely that only some of the batteries are deteriorated.

The effects described above should not be mixed with normal battery capacity decrease over time. All charging batteries lose some of their capacity when repeatedly charged/discharged. The actual decrease of capacity versus number of charging cycles depends on battery type and is provided in the technical specification of batteries provided by battery manufacturer.

7.3 Power supply considerations

Warnings

 Use only charger supplied by manufacturer.

 Disconnect power supply adapter if you use standard (non-rechargeable)

batteries.

When using the original power supply adapter/charger the instrument is fully operational immediately after switching it on. The batteries are charged at the same time, nominal charging time is 4 hours.

The batteries are charged whenever the power supply adapter/charger is connected to the instrument. Inbuilt protection circuit controls the charging procedure and assure maximal battery lifetime.

If the instrument is left without batteries and charger for more than 2 minutes, time and date settings are reset.

7.4 Cleaning

To clean the surface of the instrument use a soft cloth slightly moistened with soapy water or alcohol. Then leave the instrument to dry totally before use.

Warnings

 Do not use liquids based on petrol or hydrocarbons!

 Do not spill cleaning liquid over the instrument!

7.5 Periodic calibration

To ensure correct measurement, it is essential that the instrument is regularly calibrated. If used continuously on a daily basis, a six-month calibration period is recommended, otherwise annual calibration is sufficient.

7.6 Service

For repairs under or out of warranty please contact your distributor for further information.

7.7 Troubleshooting

If Esc button is pressed when switching on the instrument, the instrument will not start.

You have to remove batteries and put them back. After that the instrument starts normally.

137


Manufacturer address:

METREL d.d.

Ljubljanska 77,

SI-1354 Horjul,

Slovenia

Tel: +(386) 1 75 58 200

Fax: +(386) 1 75 49 095

Email: [email protected] http://www.metrel.si

Maintenance

138


Maintenance

139

PowerQ4 and PowerQ4 Plus MI 2592 and MI 2792 Instruction manual

PowerQ4 and PowerQ4 Plus

Instruction manual

1 Introduction

2 Description

3 Operating the instrument

4 Recording Practice and Instrument

Connection

5 Theory and internal operation

6 Technical specifications

6.4.2 Compliance to the to the IEC 61000-4-30

7 Maintenance

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