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SylvaWare
NBASIC Version 1.5.2
User Manual
NBASIC User Manual
November 2007
This document describes the features and operation of NBASIC. It includes a detailed description of NBASIC statements and functions, as well as information about NBASIC program development.
Revision/Update Information:
Software Version:
This manual supersedes the NBASIC User Manual,
Versions 1.1, 1.2, 1.2.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.5.1.
NBASIC Version 1.5.2 (Shareware)
NBASIC Version 1.5.2
SylvaWare
Evans, Georgia
Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 SylvaWare
NBASIC and the NBASIC logo are copyrights of SylvaWare.
All other product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies.
SylvaWare shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. The information in this document is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind and is subject to change without notice. The warranties for SylvaWare products are set forth in the express limited warranty statements accompanying such products. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty.
Contents
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Preface
Intended Audience
This manual is intended for all users of NBASIC.
Document Structure
This manual is divided into two parts, each of which is subdivided into several chapters.
Part I describes the operation of NBASIC.
Chapter 1 provides an overview of NBASIC.
Chapter 2 describes getting started with NBASIC.
Chapter 3 describes the following details of NBASIC:
- File System
- Printers
Chapter 4 describes the user interface of NBASIC.
Chapter 5 introduces programming with NBASIC.
Chapter 6 provides how-to information on NBASIC.
Part II provides a reference for NBASIC.
Chapter 7 describes the statements in NBASIC.
Chapter 8 describes the functions in NBASIC.
Chapter 9 describes the operators in NBASIC.
Chapter 10 describes the control and editing keys in NBASIC.
Chapter 11 describes the error codes in NBASIC.
Related Documents
The following documents are relevant to NBASIC:
NBASIC Setup Guide
NBASIC Statement Reference
NBASIC Function Reference
For additional information about NBASIC, access the following World Wide Web address: http://sylvaware.home.mindspring.com
Reader’s Comments
SylvaWare welcomes your comments on this manual. Please send comments to the following address:
Internet: [email protected]
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Conventions
The following conventions are used in this manual:
Ctrl+x A sequence such as Ctrl+x indicates that you must hold down the key labeled Ctrl while you press another key.
ENTER
|
[ ]
{ }
bold text
italic text
Monospace text numbers
In examples; a key name enclosed in a box indicates a key on the keyboard.
In statement and function descriptions, brackets indicate optional choices. You can choose the item or not. Do not type the brackets as part of the statement or function.
In statement and function descriptions, vertical bars separate choices within braces; at least one choice is required. Do not type the vertical bars as part of the statement or function.
In statement and function descriptions, braces indicate required choices; you must choose one of the items listed. Do not type the braces as part of the statement or function.
This typeface represents a statement or function.
Italic text indicates arguments or parameters to statements or functions. It also indicates a variable name or user-defined function.
Monospace type indicates code examples and screen displays.
All numbers in text are assumed to be decimal unless otherwise noted. Non-decimal radixes-binary, octal, or hexadecimal-are explicitly indicated.
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Part I
NBASIC Operation
Part I provides an overview of the features and operation of NBASIC. It includes an introduction to using NBASIC and a user interface guide. Part I also contains an introduction to programming with NBASIC.
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1
Overview
1.1 Introduction
NBASIC is a BASIC interpreter designed to mimic the operation of 8/16bit microcomputers of the early 1980’s like the Tandy Color Computer®, Apple ][e®,
Commodore 64®, Texas Instruments TI-99/4A®, and others. The operating system that also included the BASIC interpreter was usually stored in ROM and started immediately upon boot up.
NBASIC works much the same way and is essentially a small operating system that handles memory management, input/output, file management, and command processing.
The interface to the operating system is through the BASIC interpreter. To control
NBASIC you enter commands in the form of BASIC statements. NBASIC interprets the command and performs the requested operation.
1.2 Versions
NBASIC is available in two versions, shareware and standard. The shareware version is free and does not include some of the features found in the standard version such as graphics, printing, advanced editing, debugging, and configuration options.
All programs written with the shareware version of NBASIC will run on the standard version. Programs written with the standard version of NBASIC will run on the shareware version if statements and functions found only in the standard version are not used.
1.3 What’s New
Multi-line edit capability
The EDIT statement has been updated to allow multiple lines to be edited.
Direct file input and output
Load and save strings directly to and from files.
File and volume information
Get detailed information about any file or volume.
Find text in program
Search for text in a program.
Decision functions
There are several new functions to perform conditional data selection.
String functions
There are several new functions to manipulate string data.
Additional statements and functions
Many new statements and functions have been added and documented.
New PEEKs and POKEs
Many new peeks and pokes have been added and documented.
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1.4 History
Version 1.5.2 (Release 10)
ARC statement.
DLOAD and DSAVE statements.
FIND statement.
BEGINSWITH and ENDSWITH functions.
BREAK function.
CDN and CHN functions.
CHOOSE and CHOOSE$ functions.
COMP and COMPI functions.
EMPTY function.
ENCLOSE$ function.
EVAL function.
EXTRACT$ and REMAIN$ functions.
FILEINFO$ and VOLINFO$ functions.
FINDONEOF function.
FLOOR function.
HYPOT function.
IIF and IIF$ functions.
MATCH function.
MOD function.
PCOL and PROW functions.
SPAN and CSPAN functions.
SQUEEZE$ function.
SWITCH and SWITCH$ functions.
Updated
EDIT statement.
RENAME statement.
UNLOAD statement.
CHR$ function.
LTRIM$, RTRIM$ and TRIM$ functions.
MAX and MIN functions.
Fixed a bug to correctly initialize runtime to enable the CREATE statement.
Version 1.5.1 (Release 9)
CREATE statement.
FONT statement.
FORMAT statement.
FRAME statement.
FRE statement.
LINES statement.
LOADC and SAVEC statements.
OLD statement.
PUSH statement.
RUNR statement.
SPLITNAME statement.
COMPRESS$ function.
COPYSIGN function.
DOLLAR$ function.
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DTR function.
FONT function.
INYN$ function.
MAKENAME$ function.
PROMPT$ function.
QUOTE$ function
RTD function.
SELECT function.
SET$ function.
Shortcuts
CREATE statement (CR.).
Fixed a bug to correctly parse file name extensions.
Fixed a bug to correctly output text to print zones.
Version 1.5 (Release 8)
APPEND statement.
ATTACH and DETACH statements.
NOINVERSE statement.
NOREVERSE statement.
RENUMBER statement.
REVERSE statement.
UNNUM statement.
BUFSIZ function.
VARPTR and VARPTR$ functions.
Wildcards
APPEND statement.
ATTRIB statement.
COPY statement.
KILL statement.
MOVE statement.
RENAME statement.
Shortcuts
APPEND statement (A.).
ATTRIB statement (AT.).
BACKUP statement (B.).
COPY statement (C.).
KILL statement (K.).
HELP statement (H.).
LOAD statement (L.).
MOVE statement (M.).
MERGE statement (ME.).
RENAME statement (R.).
SAVE statement (S.).
VOLUME statement (V.).
Tandy/Radio Shack Color Computer 3 compatibility
HCIRCLE statement.
HCLS statement.
HCOLOR statement.
HDRAW statement.
HGET and HPUT statements.
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HLINE statement.
HPAINT statement.
HSET and HRESET statements.
ERLIN function.
ERNO function.
NBASIC includes Tandy/Radio Shack Color Computer 3 graphics commands that are compatible with Super Extended Color BASIC in syntax only and are provided for ease of porting Color Computer 3 programs to NBASIC. The commands are implemented using the NBASIC graphics system and DO NOT provide hardware compatibility with the Tandy/Radio Shack Color Computer 3.
Commodore 64 compatibility
CLR statement.
CMD statement.
CONCAT statement.
Texas Instruments TI-99/4a compatibility
DISPLAY statement.
BASICA compatibility
RETURN statement.
SYSTEM statement.
SADD function.
The DRAW statement has been updated with additional commands.
The LOG statement has been changed to buffer output to the log file.
The interpreter now recognizes 2 double quotes in a string as a single double quote.
Added a PEEK to check if a file is attached to screen output.
Added a POKE to flush the log file.
Added a POKE to enable/disable the renumbering of only numbered lines.
Fixed a bug to correctly get the name of the default printer on startup.
Fixed a bug in the CHKUL statement to correctly check partially numbered programs.
Fixed a bug in the DIR statement to correctly use wildcards.
Fixed a bug in file and log output to write partial buffer if buffer causes file to exceed maximum size.
Version 1.4 (Release 7)
ASAVE and BSAVE statements.
AT statement.
BKOFF and BKON statements.
DIRR statement.
LOCK and UNLOCK statements.
POP statement.
QUIT statement.
SCREEN BACKUP and SCREEN RESTORE statements.
SELECT statement.
COLOR function.
COPYRIGHT$ function.
CSRLIN function.
LOWER$ and UPPER$ functions.
LSET$ and RSET$ functions.
PPOINT function.
RCP function.
SCREEN function.
SPLITNAME$ function.
Apple ][e compatibility
CATALOG statement.
COLOR statement.
GR statement.
HCOLOR statement.
HGR statement.
HGR2 statement.
HLIN and VLIN statements.
HPLOT statement.
HTAB and VTAB statements.
INVERSE statement.
NORMAL statement.
NOTRACE statement.
PLOT statement.
TEXT statement.
SCRN function.
NBASIC includes Apple ][e graphics commands that are compatible with
AppleSoft BASIC in syntax only and are provided for ease of porting Apple programs to NBASIC. The commands are implemented using the NBASIC graphics system and DO NOT provide hardware compatibility with the Apple ][e.
The AppleSoft commands GR, HGR and HGR2 have the same graphics resolution (as provided by NBASIC) and internally call the NBASIC statement
GRAPH ON. The AppleSoft commands HLIN, VLIN, PLOT, HPLOT, COLOR and HCOLOR are available regardless if GR, HGR or HGR2 are used and use the NBASIC graphics extents.
Texas Instruments TI-99/4a compatibility
BYE statement.
CALL CLEAR, CALL SCREEN and CALL VCHAR statements.
CON statement.
CONTINUE statement.
DELETE statement.
NUMBER statement.
RESEQUENCE statement.
TRACE statement.
UNBREAK statement.
UNTRACE statement.
CHRS$ function.
SEG$ function.
The LOG statement has been changed to use "log" as the default extension.
The LSET and RSET statements have been changed to use string array variables.
Improved the REMARK statement to detect which case to use when inserting the
REM statement.
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Changed the RND function so that RND(1) returns a number between 0 and 1.
Fixed a bug in the AUTO ON statement to correctly find the next line number.
Fixed a bug in the BREAK and NOBREAK statements to correctly use labels.
Fixed a bug in the CHAIN statement to correctly back up the program and to use labels.
Fixed a bug in the CHAIN, LOAD and RUN statements to correctly report an error if the program cannot be loaded or run.
Fixed a bug in the DUMP and LOAD statements to check the log file size.
Fixed a bug in the LOG statement to write the file buffer up to the maximum file size.
Fixed a bug in the STEP debugging statement to correctly step over
IF/THEN/ELSE/END IF statements.
Version 1.3 (Release 6)
REMARK and UNREMARK statements.
SWAP statement.
TYPE statement.
Added a POKE to restore a program erased by NEW.
Fixed a bug in the LOAD and LOADR statements to confirm load only once.
Supports Windows XP control styles.
Version 1.2.1 (Release 5)
USING$ function.
ISNEG and ISPOS functions.
Version 1.2 (Release 4)
LINE EDIT statement.
OPTION BASE and OPTION EXPLICIT statements.
PCP and PRINTERS statements.
KILL # statement.
PAUSE statement.
$PRINT and $XREF statements.
LBOUND, UBOUND, SIZE and MAXSIZE functions.
CTRL$ and SHIFT$ functions.
IS0 and ISEMPTY$ functions.
MAX and MIN functions.
MAXLEN function.
The LET statement has been updated to allow multiple variables in assignments and multiple assignments.
The DEL, LIST, CHKIO, CHKSW, CHKSYN, CHKUL, PROFILE, BREAK and
NOBREAK statements have been extended to support multiple line sequences.
The LOAD and CHAIN statements have been improved when executing in program mode to check if the current program is modified before loading another program.
Always Confirm New option in Editor tab (Options dialog box).
OEM and international character sets supported.
Added a PEEK that returns the zone width.
Fixed a bug in the LOG statement to check the log file size.
Fixed a bug in the ROUND function to correctly round numbers with fractions ending in 5.
Fixed a bug in the parser to correctly reset references when a syntax error is found.
Fixed a bug in the screen and printer drivers to correctly display text with fonts that have variable width characters.
Version 1.1 (Release 3)
LLIST statement.
OPEN PRINTER statement.
CLOSE PRINTER statement.
LPRINT and LPRINT USING statements.
PRINTER and PRINTER? statements.
LPOS function.
PRINTER$ function.
PRINT, PRINT USING, and WRITE statements updated to use printer file number (-
2).
APPEND, COPY, and MOVE editing statements
FILES statement.
HOME statement.
NAME statement.
REOPEN statement.
REWIND statement.
TRUNCATE statement.
UNLOAD statement.
ACCESS function.
ATTRIB$ function.
ESC$ and NUL$ functions.
FILEMODE, FILEMODE$, and FILENAME$ functions.
FRE function.
GETALNUM$, GETALPHA$, GETDIGIT$, and GETYN$ functions.
MAXNUM and MINNUM functions.
OPEN function.
POS function.
TWOPI function.
Added a PEEK that returns the number of printer columns.
Added a PEEK that indicates if a printer is open.
Added a PEEK that indicates if a printer is available.
Added a POKE to perform a formfeed or linefeed on the printer.
Fixed a bug to return to text mode when a program error occurs while in graphics mode.
Fixed a bug in the LOF function to correctly return the number of records in a file opened for random access.
Fixed a bug that does not report a log not open error when logging is off.
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Version 1.0.1 (Release 2)
Added a PEEK that indicates a program is being run as the startup program specified in the startup options dialog.
Added a POKE that tells the KILL statement to use the recycle bin.
Fixed a bug in the parser to correctly parse the COLOR function when used in a
PRINT statement.
Fixed a bug in the EXEC &HDA83 call to correctly change the case of compiled data statements.
Version 1.0 (Release 1)
Initial release.
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Getting Started
2.1 Starting NBASIC
To begin using NBASIC, click on the Windows taskbar Start button, select Programs and then select NBASIC.
The NBASIC application window is divided into several elements. The frame allows you to resize the main window. The status bar provides information about the state of
NBASIC. Inside the main window is the BASIC screen and may have a border if the main window is larger.
When you start NBASIC, you should see something similar to the following:
NBASIC Version 1.5.2
Copyright (C) 1998-2007 SylvaWare
All rights reserved
Ready
This displays information about what version of NBASIC you are using. Ready is a prompt that NBASIC uses to tell you that it is ready to accept input. A blinking square cursor indicates where the next character typed will be inserted.
2.2 Entering Commands
Statements are run in one of two modes, immediate or program. Immediate mode refers to statements entered when NBASIC is at the Ready prompt. In immediate mode anything you type followed by pressing the ENTER key will be executed by NBASIC.
Program mode refers to statements that are entered with a preceding line number and added as part of a program. These statements are executed when the RUN statement is used to run the program.
You can enter NBASIC statements in immediate mode and they will be executed immediately. Enter the NBASIC statement
CLS
and press the ENTER key. It does not matter if you use upper or lower case, NBASIC is not case sensitive. The BASIC screen is cleared and the Ready prompt displayed at the top of the screen. The CLS statement clears the screen. If you make a mistake entering the command, ?Syntax error will be displayed followed by what caused the error. NBASIC is telling you that it did not understand what you typed. Retype the command and press ENTER.
Enter the statement
PRINT 2+2 and press the ENTER key. NBASIC displays
4 followed by the Ready prompt on the next line. The PRINT statement prints information to the screen. In this example, the information given to PRINT is two numbers with a + between them. NBASIC adds the two numbers together and gives the result (4) to
PRINT, which displays it on the screen. You can use NBASIC as a calculator using +, -,
* (multiplication) and / (division).
Enter the statement PRINT “2+2” including the quotation marks and press the ENTER key. NBASIC displays 2+2 and then the Ready Prompt. Anything in quotation marks is considered a string and is printed literally.
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2.3 Editing Statements
Use the EDIT statement to edit lines in a program. Type EDIT followed by the line number of the line to edit and press the ENTER key. Use the editing keys to make changes to the line. Press the ENTER key to save changes or the BREAK key to discard changes.
2.4 Writing Programs
To begin writing a program, delete any program currently in memory. Type NEW and press the ENTER key (if you want to keep any program currently in memory, be sure to save it before typing NEW).
In this example, the program will prompt for a name and then print a greeting based on the time of day. Use the input statement to prompt for a name and to read the name entered from the keyboard.
Enter the following program line at the Ready prompt and press the ENTER key:
10 INPUT "Name";N$
Line 10 uses the INPUT statement to print a prompt ("Name") followed by a question mark (?) and to read the name into the string variable N$. The name will be used in printing the greeting.
Enter the next line:
20 LET H=HOUR(NOW)
Line 20 gets the current time using the NOW function, then the hour of the time returned by the NOW function using the HOUR function, and assigns the hour value to the numeric variable H. The hour will be used to determine what time of day it is and the appropriate greeting to print.
Enter the following lines:
30 IF H<12 THEN PRINT "Good morning ";N$
40 IF H>=12 AND H<18 THEN PRINT "Good afternoon ";N$
50 IF H>=18 THEN PRINT "Good evening ";N$
Line 30 checks the hour in the variable H if it is before noon and if so prints the greeting
"Good morning" followed by the name in the variable N$ entered in line 10. Line 40 checks if the hour is after noon and before 6PM (time uses 24hour clock) and if so prints the greeting "Good afternoon" followed by the name. Line 50 checks if the hour as after
6PM and if so prints the greeting "Good evening" followed by the name.
Enter the next line:
60 END
Line 60 ends the program.
To run the program, use the RUN statement. Type RUN and press the ENTER key. The program will run beginning with line 10 which will display "Name?" followed by a blinking
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cursor. Enter your name and press the ENTER key. One of the three greetings in lines
30 through 50 will be displayed. The program will then end and the Ready prompt displayed.
If any syntax errors occur in the program, they will need to be corrected. To correct a line, use the EDIT statement. Type EDIT followed by the line containing the error and press the ENTER key. Use the editing keys to make changes in the line and press the
ENTER key to save the changes.
Notice in the status bar that MOD is displayed, this indicates the current program has been modified and has not been saved.
2.5 Saving Programs
Saving a program stores the program on disk so that it is not lost when you exit NBASIC and allows you to retrieve the program later.
To save a program, use the SAVE statement. A name must be given to each program, which is used to identify the program on the volume where it is saved. Type SAVE
"GREETING" and press the ENTER key. This will save the program as
"GREETING.NBA" on the default volume in binary format. If no extension is specified in the file name, ".NBA" is used. To save the program on a volume other than the default volume include the volume as part of the file name (e.g. "HOME:GREETING"). You can also specify any extension. By convention ".NBA" is used for programs saved in
NBASIC's binary format and is used as the default extension by other statements. A program can also be saved in ASCII format, which is a standard text file that can be edited by other programs. To save a program in ASCII format append ,A to the end of the SAVE statement after the file name. Type SAVE "GREETING.TXT",A and press the ENTER key. This will save the program as "GREETING.TXT" on the default volume in ASCII format. Once the program has been saved the modified indicator (MOD) on the status bar is cleared indicating that the current program has not been modified.
Use the DIR statement to get a list of files on the volume. Type DIR and press the
ENTER key. If you saved the program in the example you should see the program listed.
2.6 Loading Programs
Loading a program retrieves a program that was previously saved from disk.
To load a program, use the LOAD statement. A name must be included to identify which program to load. Type LOAD "GREETING" and press the ENTER key. This will load the program "GREETING.NBA" from the default volume. If no extension is specified in the file name, ".NBA" is used. To load the program from a volume other than the default volume include the volume as part of the file name (e.g. "HOME:GREETING"). You do not need to tell the LOAD statement what format the program is saved in as it can load programs in binary or ASCII format, which it determines from the file itself. The LOAD statement replaces any program in memory with the one from disk so make sure you save any program you are working on before loading another.
2.7 Running Programs
Running a program executes the statements in the program.
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To run a program, use the RUN statement. Type RUN and press the ENTER key. The current program will begin executing at the lowest numbered line. The CMD indicator on the status bar will change to PRG indicating a program is running. To stop a program that is running press the BREAK key (Ctrl+Break). If the BREAK key has been disabled in the program by the BREAK statement, you can stop the program by selecting Reset from the context menu. You can also stop a program from running by using the STOP statement. Insert the STOP statement anywhere in the program where you wish it to stop. You can continue running the program using the CONT statement if the program was stopped by the BREAK key or a STOP statement. Execution of the program will continue with the statement where the program was stopped. If an END statement is executed in a program the program will end. A program will also end if there are no more lines in the program to be executed.
2.8 Exiting NBASIC
You can exit NBASIC in a number of ways. In immediate mode use the EXIT statement.
Type EXIT and press the ENTER key. You can also use the standard Windows controls for closing NBASIC.
If the current program in NBASIC has been modified and has not been saved, NBASIC will prompt you with the following message:
To save the program, select Yes and you will be prompted to save the program. If you do not want to save the program select No and NBASIC closes without saving the program. To return to NBASIC without closing, select Cancel.
If you try to close NBASIC while a program is running, NBASIC will prompt you with the following message:
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To continue closing NBASIC, select Yes. If the program is modified and has not been saved, you will lose the changes you have made to the program. Select No to cancel closing and to return to NBASIC.
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Details
3.1 File System
NBASIC’s file system also mimics the file systems of early microcomputers, which usually had one or two floppy disk drives. Each floppy disk contained files that were referenced by the disk drive number. There was no hierarchical arrangement of files meaning that there were no directories or folders. NBASIC references its files by using volumes, which are mapped to directories or folders on the host computer’s file system. Volumes are managed through the Volumes dialog box.
A file has three components in its file name: a volume, the name, and an extension and has the format volume:name.ext. The volume is separated from the file name using a colon. The extension follows a period.
The volume specifies in which NBASIC volume the file is stored. If the volume is not specified in the file name the default volume is used.
The name of the file can be any valid Windows file name.
The extension is used to indicate what type of information may be in the file. Some common extensions are "dat" for data and "txt" for text. NBASIC programs saved in binary format typically use the extension "nba" while programs saved in ascii format use
"bas". The extension may be omitted in many NBASIC statements that operate on files.
For example, the LOAD statement, which is used to load programs, uses the extension
"nba" if it is not specified in the file name. To load a program with another extension, you must specify the extension in the name of the program file you wish to load.
To get a list of files stored in a volume use the DIR statement. Type DIR with no argument to list all of the files on the default volume. To list the files on another volume type DIR "volume:" where volume is the name of the volume (note the colon). You can also use wildcards. Type DIR "*.nba" to list all the files with the extension "nba".
To get a list of volumes use the VOLUMES statement.
To change the default volume, use the VOLUME statement. Type VOLUME "volume" to change the default volume to volume. The default volume is displayed in the NBASIC status bar.
3.2 Printers
NBASIC can use any printer installed on the host operating system and provides a line printer interface independent of the type of printer being used.
When a printer is opened, NBASIC creates a print job and all output to the printer is sent to the Windows print spooler. Then, when the printer is closed, NBASIC ends the print job and the Windows print spooler begins printing the document. NBASIC will report out of memory or disk space errors returned by the print spooler during spooling, however, once the printer is closed in NBASIC, the print spooler will report any errors encountered printing the document.
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When the print spooler begins to print the document, the main NBASIC window will momentarily lose the input focus.
The LLIST and OPEN PRINTER statements use the most recent printer set by the
PRINTER or PRINTER? statements or if not set, the current printer specified in the Print
Setup... or Print... dialogs.
To set the current printer, use the PRINTER statement and specify the name of the printer (as it appears in the Windows printer list). Use PRINTER="" to use the current printer specified in the Print Setup... or Print... dialogs.
To print the printer currently being used, use the PCP statement. To list the currently available printers, use the PRINTERS statement.
Print jobs created by the OPEN PRINTER statement are listed in the print manager with the document name "NBASIC". Print jobs created by the LLIST statement appear in the print manager with the document name "LLIST" followed by the line numbers if specified.
NBASIC will print to a printer even if it is turned off, as the print spooler manages the actual printing and will report the errors.
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User Interface
4.1 Context Menu
The context menu provides access to the NBASIC application menu. To access the context menu right click with the mouse anywhere within the NBASIC client window.
If NBASIC is at the command prompt, the following context menu is displayed:
Otherwise, if NBASIC is executing a program or immediate statement the following context menu is displayed:
Context menu options:
Print Setup...
Print...
Volumes...
Font...
Resize
Reset
Help Topics
About...
Changes the printer and printing options.
Prints the current program.
Manages NBASIC volumes.
Changes the NBASIC font size.
Resizes the window to fit the BASIC screen.
Resets NBASIC.
Lists Help topics.
Displays program information, version number, and copyright.
4.2 Volumes Dialog
Use this dialog box to add, remove, and edit NBASIC volumes. To access the Volumes dialog right click with the mouse anywhere within the NBASIC client window, then select
Volumes... from the context menu.
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NBASIC uses volumes to store program files and data. Each volume is mapped to a
Windows folder. You can create as many volumes as you need to organize your files. A volume can consist of up to sixteen alphanumeric characters. Volumes cannot be nested; they are not hierarchical like Windows folders. NBASIC maintains a default volume and is displayed on the status bar. When specifying a file with no volume, the default volume is used. Volumes can also be read-only. NBASIC cannot create, modify, or remove files on read-only volumes. Volumes can be mapped to the same Windows folder; any changes to one volume are reflected in other volumes mapped to the same
Windows folder.
The NBASIC volumes and the mapped Windows folders are shown in the list. An open folder icon indicates the default volume. A folder icon with a red circle and line through it indicates a read-only volume. A red folder icon indicates that the mapped Windows folder does not exist. Click on Properties to change the volume's folder.
It is recommended that you create volumes that map to folders in the same folder where you installed NBASIC and that you give the volume the same name as the folder you are mapping.
If you rename or move a folder that is mapped to a volume, remember to update the volume's properties.
The Volumes dialog has the following options:
Add...
Adds a new volume and maps a Windows folder to it.
Remove
Removes the selected volume and deletes the mapping to the Windows folder.
NBASIC will no longer have access to the files in the Windows folder mapped to this volume.
Make Default
Makes the selected volume the default volume.
Properties...
Edits the properties of the selected volume including the volume name, the mapped
Windows folder, the default and read-only attributes.
Close
Closes the Volumes dialog box.
Help
Displays help for the Volumes dialog box.
4.3 Add Dialog (Volumes)
Use this dialog to add a new volume and map a Windows folder to it.
To display this dialog, click Add... in the Volumes dialog.
The Add dialog has the following options:
Volume:
Enter the name of the volume to create. Volume names are limited to sixteen alphanumeric characters.
Folder
Enter the Windows folder to map to the volume.
Browse...
Browses for and selects a Windows folder to map to the volume.
Default
Specifies if the volume is to be the default volume. If checked the volume will be the default volume.
Read Only
Specifies if the volume is to be read-only. If checked the volume will be read-only.
Files in read-only volumes cannot be modified or deleted and new files cannot be created.
OK
Closes the dialog box and creates the volume and maps the Windows folder to the volume.
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Close
Closes the dialog box without creating the volume.
Help
Displays help for the Add dialog box.
4.4 Properties Dialog (Volumes)
Use this dialog to change an existing volume’s properties.
To display this dialog, click Properties... in the Volumes dialog.
36
The Properties dialog has the following options:
Volume:
Edit the name of the volume.
Folder
Change the Windows folder to map to the volume.
Browse...
Browses for and selects a Windows folder to map to the volume.
Default
Specifies if the volume is to be the default volume. If checked the volume will be the default volume.
Read Only
Specifies if the volume is to be read-only. If checked the volume will be read-only.
Files in read-only volumes cannot be modified or deleted and new files cannot be created.
OK
Closes the dialog box and saves the volume’s new properties.
Close
Closes the dialog box without changing the volume’s properties.
Help
Displays help for the Properties dialog box.
4.5 Options Dialog
Use this dialog box to configure NBASIC environment options. To access the Options dialog right click with the mouse anywhere within the NBASIC client window, then select
Options... from the context menu.
There are three tabs available:
Font
Use this tab to change the text font and size.
The Font tab has the following options:
Font:
Lists the available fonts. Select the font from the drop-down list.
Size:
Lists the available font sizes. Type the font size in the box or select it from the drop down list.
Sample
Displays an example of the selected font options.
Resize Window
Specifies if the window is to be resized to fit the NBASIC screen. If checked the
NBASIC application window will be resized so that the NBASIC screen fits exactly within the window.
Editor
Use this tab to change the prompt displayed in the editor.
37
The Editor tab has the following options:
Prompt:
Enter the prompt to be displayed by NBASIC.
Reset
Resets the prompt to the original default prompt.
Always Confirm New
Specifies if the NEW statement is always confirmed. If checked a prompt is displayed to confirm the execution of the NEW statement. Clicking Yes at the prompt executes the NEW statement erasing the current program; clicking No does not execute the NEW statement. This option can be used to prevent the accidental deletion of the current program.
Startup
Use this tab to change the startup text foreground and background colors, message, and program.
38
Foreground:
Specifies the default startup foreground color. Select the color from the dropdown list.
Note: This does not change the current foreground color.
Background:
Specifies the default startup background color. Select the color from the dropdown list.
Note: this does not change the current background color.
Message:
Specifies a message to be displayed after startup. Enter a message up to eighty characters.
Program:
Specifies a NBASIC program to run after startup. Enter a NBASIC program or click ... to select one.
Tip: Always include the volume name because the default volume may change.
...
Selects a NBASIC program.
4.6 Status Bar
The status bar displays information about the current state of the NBASIC environment.
INS
MOD
PAUSE
BRK
TRC
CNFRM
SECURE
LOG
PROF
DBG
AUTO
CAP
NUM
SCRL
Status Bar indicators:
VOLUME
CMD
Displays the default volume.
Displays CMD if NBASIC is at the command prompt,
EDT if executing the EDIT statement,
PRG if executing a program or
IMM if executing an immediate statement.
Displays INS if in insert mode or OVR if in overstrike mode.
Displays MOD if the current program has been modified.
Displays PAUSE if the PAUSE key is pressed.
Displays BRK if BREAK key trapping is on (BREAK).
Displays TRC if tracing is on (TRACE).
Displays CNFRM if confirmation is on (CONFIRM).
Displays SECURE if secure mode is on (SECURE).
Displays LOG if logging is on (LOG).
Displays PROF if profiling is on (PROFILE).
Displays DBG if debugging is on (DEBUG).
Displays AUTO if automatic line numbering is on (AUTO).
Displays CAP if Caps Lock is on.
Displays NUM if Num Lock is on.
Displays SCRL if Scroll Lock is on.
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5
Programming Guide
5.1 Arrays
Arrays are variables that contain more than one value.
Array names can be up to thirty-one (31) characters, may contain letters or digits but must begin with a letter and are case insensitive. Array names ending with a dollar sign
($) are string arrays and arrays that do not end in a dollar sign are numeric. Array names cannot begin with the names of statements or built-in functions.
Arrays are created when they are first used but must be specified with less then three (3) dimensions and ten (10) elements per dimension. To create arrays with larger numbers of elements and dimensions, use the DIM or REDIM statements.
If the OPTION
EXPLICIT statement has been specified in a program, arrays are not automatically created and must be created with the DIM statement.
When arrays are created, the first element of the array is at index 0. To change the base of the array to 1, use the OPTION BASE statement.
Numeric arrays are initialized to zero (0) while string arrays are initialized to an empty string.
To access the elements of an array, specify the index or indices of the element in parentheses.
To clear an array to its default values for each element, use the CLEAR statement. To delete an array variable, use the ERASE statement.
5.2 Branching
Execution of a program usually proceeds sequentially from line to line. To branch to another line, use the GOTO statement. To conditionally execute statements or branch to another line, use the IF statement.
The following example program prompts for a number between 1 and 10 and then prints whether or not the number is odd or even:
10 INPUT "Enter a number between 1 and 10 or 0 to quit"; N
20 IF N=0 THEN 80
30 IF N<1 OR N>10 THEN 10
40 IF N MOD 2=0 THEN 70
50 PRINT N;" is odd"
60 GOTO 80
70 PRINT N;" is even"
80 END
In line 20, if the value in the variable N (input in line 10) is 0, the program branches to line
80, which ends the program. In line 30, if the value in N is less than 1 or greater than 10 then the program branches to line 10 to reenter a number. In line 40, if the modulus of
41
the value in N and 2 is 0 then the number is even and the program branches to line 70 otherwise the program continues with line 50 before branching to line 80 skipping line 70.
5.3 Character Sets
Text in other languages can be displayed by using different character sets. To select a character set, poke one of the following values into location 29538:
0
161
162
177
178
186
204
238
255
ANSI (default)
Greek
Turkish
Hebrew
Arabic
Baltic
Russian
East Europe
OEM
To make sure the character set was successfully changed, compare the value returned by PEEK(29538) to the character set specified in the POKE statement.
On startup, the character set is set to ANSI (0).
The following example program displays the Russian word for hello:
10 POKE 29538,204
20 IF PEEK(29538)<>204 THEN PRINT "204 Not Available": END
30 PRINT
CHR$(239);CHR$(240);CHR$(232);CHR$(226);CHR$(229);CHR$(242)
40 POKE 29538,0
50 END
Line 10 selects the Russian character set. Line 20 checks if the character set was successfully changed. Line 30 prints the Russian word for hello. Line 40 selects the default ANSI character set.
To select a character set on the printer, poke one of the above values into location 46966
(Note: the printer must be opened before the character set can be changed).
5.4 Data
Information can be added to a program using DATA statements. A DATA statement contains numeric or string values separated by commas that are read using the READ statement. The READ statement reads the values in the DATA statements into variables. When all of the data in the DATA statements has been read by the READ statement, a subsequent READ statement will cause an "Out of data" error. To read the data again, use the RESTORE statement. The RESTORE statement resets the location where the READ statement begins reading data.
The following example program uses data statements, which contain the months of the year and the number of days in each month (Note: February has 29 days in a leap year).
The program reads the data and prints out the list.
10 DATA "January",31,"February",28,"March",31
20 DATA "April",30,"May",31,"June",30
30 DATA "July",31,"August",31,"September",30
42
40 DATA "October",31,"November",30,"December",31
50 FOR I=1 TO 12
60 READ M$,D
70 PRINT M$;" has";D;" days"
80 NEXT I
90 END
The data values are contained in lines 10 through 40. The FOR loop in line 50 specifies the number of times to read data (twelve (12) in this case). Line 60 reads two (2) data values placing the first value, a string, in the string variable M$ and the second value, a number, in the numeric variable D. Line 70 prints the values. Line 80 increments the loop variable I and repeats the loop if it has not reached the end value specified in the
FOR statement in line 50 or ends the loop and continues with the next statement if it has.
Line 90 ends the program.
Several methods can be used to determine when all the data has been read. The number of data values may be specified in the program as in the above example. A terminal value can be used in the DATA statements such as -1 for numeric values or an empty string ("") for string values. Also, the number of data elements can be specified in the DATA statement.
5.5 Data Types
Data can be of two types, numeric or string. A numeric data type represents a number in the range 1.7E-307 to 1.7E+308 with 15 digits of precision. A string represents a set of characters with a maximum length of 65,535.
Numbers are specified in decimal format and can optionally contain an exponent. A leading + or - sign can be included (+ is optional for positive numbers). Exponents can also be positive or negative.
Examples of number:
10
121.654
1.765E2
0.4
-48.5
Numbers can also be specified in hexadecimal, octal and binary formats. These numbers are whole numbers (integers) in the range 0 to 4,294,967,295. Hexadecimal numbers begin with &H and may contain up to eight hexadecimal digits (0-9,A-F). Octal numbers begin with &O and may contain up to eleven octal digits (0-7). Binary numbers begin with &B and may contain up to thirty-two binary digits (0 or 1).
Examples:
&H1F (31)
&O37 (31)
&B11111 (31)
Strings are specified using double quotes. The string "" is an empty string (contains no characters).
Examples of strings:
“Hello"
"ABC"
"100"
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"a"
""
""""
5.6 Date and Time
To get the current date and time use the NOW function. The NOW function returns a number that represents the date and time when the function was called. This number is used with other functions that provide date and time information.
To change the time value, use the ADJUST function. The ADJUST function can adjust the time by any number of seconds. Use a positive number to adjust the time forward or a negative number to adjust the time backwards.
To create a time value, use the MKTIME function. Specify the year, month and day and optionally the hour, minute and second and the MKTIME function returns a time value representing this date and time.
To get the date as "MM-DD-YYYY" or the time as "HH:MM:SS", use the DATE$ or TIME$ functions.
To get the year, month or day from the time value use the YEAR, MONTH, or DAY functions and to get the hour, minute and second use the HOUR, MINUTE, or SECOND functions.
5.7 Debugging
Removing problems in a program is called debugging. There are several statements to help in debugging. Use the TRACE statement to print the lines of a program as it executes. To stop at a specific line in a program, edit the line where the program should stop and insert a STOP statement. The STOP statement causes the program to exit but all of the program's information is kept. To continue the program, use the CONT statement. The CONT statement restarts the program where it was stopped. If any changes are made to the program, the program will have to be restarted using the RUN statement.
More advanced debugging statements allow the program to be executed one statement at a time, which makes program execution easier to follow than with the TRACE statement. Use the STEP statement to execute the next statement. After the statement is executed the line containing the next statement to be executed is printed with the statement in brackets. Breakpoints can be set in the program using the BREAK statement so that when execution reaches the line containing the breakpoint, the program will stop as if a STOP statement were executed. To continue from the breakpoint use the CONT or STEP statements. To clear a breakpoint, use the
NOBREAK statement. The ASSERT statement can be used to check conditions in a program if the condition is not true the program will stop. In order for breakpoints and assertions to be active use the DEBUG statement. Debug mode can be turned on or off and is useful to run the program without stopping at breakpoints or assertions.
5.8 Errors
Errors that occur in a program will stop execution of the current program if not handled.
Use the ON ERROR statement to trap errors. When an error occurs in a program execution is transferred to the line specified in the ON ERROR statement. The number of the error that occurred can be obtained using the ERN function or the line where the
44
error occurred using the ERL function. Use the ERR$ function to get a description of the error. To return to the program from the error handler use the RESUME statement. The
RESUME statement can retry the statement that caused the error, resume execution after the statement that caused the error or resume execution to a specific line. The ON
ERROR statement can be used to disable error trapping by specifying 0 as the line number.
The following example program sets an error handler before writing a file:
10 ON ERROR GOTO 80
20 OPEN "TEST.DAT" FOR OUTPUT AS #1
30 FOR N=1 TO 10
40 PRINT #1,N
50 NEXT N
60 CLOSE #1
70 END
80 PRINT "Error: ";ERR$(ERN);" in line";ERL: RESUME NEXT
Line 10 sets the error handler to line 80. Lines 20 through 60 open a file, write the numbers 1 through 10 to the file and then close the file. If any errors occur in these lines, execution is transferred to line 80, which prints a description of the error and the line where the error occurred before resuming the program with the next statement after the statement that caused the error. If no errors occur, the programs ends in line 70.
5.9 Expressions
An expression is a sequence of operators and operands that are used to compute a value. The result of an expression is either a numeric or string value.
Expressions are evaluated according to the precedence and grouping of the operators in the expression.
For example, in the expression 4+2*3, multiplication (*) has a higher precedence than addition (+) and is evaluated first. So the result of this expression is 10. Grouping uses parentheses to specify how operators are evaluated. For example, in the expression
(4+2)*3, (4+2) is evaluated first because of grouping. So the result of this expression is
18.
An operand can be a numeric or string literal, constant, variable, function, user defined function or another expression.
A type mismatch error occurs if the wrong data type is used with an operator, statement or function.
5.10 Files
A file is the basic unit of storage and is kept on a storage medium such as disk or tape.
Files are organized in groups called volumes.
To access the contents of a file, the file must be open. To open a file, use the OPEN statement. A file can be opened for sequential input or output, or for random access.
When a file is opened for output, a new file is created or if the file already exists, it is truncated. Data written to the file is appended to the end of the file. A file opened for input must already exist. Data is read from the file starting at the beginning of the file. To write data to a file, use the PRINT, PRINT USING, or WRITE statements. To read data from a file, use the INPUT or LINE INPUT statements or the INPUT$ function. To check
45
46 when the end of file has been reached, use the EOF function. When finished using a file, it should be closed. To close a file, use the CLOSE statement.
Data is read from and written to the file's buffer. The file buffer is used to temporarily hold the data to minimize disk access and therefore increases the speed of file input and output. When writing to a file and the buffer becomes full, the buffer is written to disk and emptied. When reading from a file and the buffer is empty, data is read from disk into the buffer. The buffer size may be specified in the OPEN statement.
When a file is opened for random access, data can be both read from and written to the file in the form of records. The size of the record is specified in the OPEN statement as the buffer size. A record can have one (1) or more fields. To define a record's fields within the file, use the FIELD statement. The record (buffer) size of the file must be at least the size of all the fields defined in the FIELD statement. A field is a string of a specified size that contains either string or numeric data. A numeric field must always be defined with a size of eight (8). To write to a field, use the LSET or RSET statements then use the PUT statement to write the record to disk. To read from a field, use the GET statement to read a record from disk and then use the name of the field to access the field's data. Use the MKN$ and CVN functions to convert numeric data to and from a binary string for use in fields.
The following example program demonstrates sequential input and output. The program writes numbers to a file, then reads the numbers from the file and prints them.
10 OPEN "TEST.DAT" FOR OUTPUT AS #1
20 FOR I=1 TO 10
30 PRINT #1,I
40 NEXT I
50 CLOSE #1
60 OPEN "TEST.DAT" FOR INPUT AS #1
70 INPUT #1,I
80 PRINT I
90 IF NOT EOF(1) THEN 70
100 CLOSE #1
110 END
Line 10 opens the file "TEST.DAT" in the default volume for output as file number 1.
Lines 20 and 40 contain a FOR loop which counts from 1 to 10 using the numeric variable I. Line 30 prints the number in the variable I to the file (file number 1). Line 50 closes the file. Line 60 opens the file for input. Line 70 inputs a single numeric value from the file and assigns it to the numeric variable I. Line 80 prints the number in the variable I. Line 90 checks if the end of file has been reached and if not goes to line 70 to input another value. If the end of file has been reached program execution continues with line 100. Line 100 closes the file. Line 110 ends the program.
The following example demonstrates a random mode file. The program writes information to a file, reads the file and formats the information in a table.
10 DATA "A-Sciences Corp.",234.59
20 DATA "Data Enterprises",1088.21
30 DATA "NBA Systems",298.44
40 DATA "TRR Inc.",541.65
50 DATA "",0
60 OPEN "INVOICES.DAT" FOR RANDOM AS #1 LEN=28
70 FIELD #1,20 AS AA$,8 AS BB$
80 R=1
90 READ A$,B
100 IF A$="" THEN 140
110 LSET AA$=A$: LSET BB$=MKN$(B)
120 PUT #1,R
130 R=R+1: GOTO 90
140 PRINT "Account" TAB(21) "Balance"
150 PRINT STRING$("-",20);" ";STRING$("-",10)
160 R=1
170 GET #1,R: IF EOF(1) THEN 200
180 PRINT USING "\
190 R=R+1: GOTO 170
200 CLOSE #1
210 END
\ $$####,.##";AA$,CVN(BB$)
Lines 10 through 50 contain the data to be written to the file. Line 60 opens the file
"INVOICES.DAT" as a random mode file with a record length of 28. Line 70 divides the file buffer into fields. The first field (AA$) will contain the account name and up to twenty
(20) characters. The second field (BB$) will contain the account balance and is 8 characters in length (all numeric fields must be 8 characters in length). The record length of the file in the OPEN statement must be at least the size of all the field lengths combined. Line 80 sets the numeric variable R to 1, which is used for the record number
(record numbers begin at 1). Line 90 reads the account name into the string variable A$ and the balance into the numeric variable B. Line 100 checks if all the data has been read using the special marker in line 50, an empty string. Line 110 copies the data in the variables to the file buffer. The LSET statement left justifies the string in the string variable A$ into the field variable AA$. Numeric values have to be converted to binary strings before copying to a field variable because all field variables are strings (of fixed size). A field that is to contain a numeric value must be 8 characters in length. To convert a numeric value to a binary string, use the MKN$ function. Line 120 writes the file buffer to the record number contained in the numeric variable R. Line 130 increments the record number in the variable R and goes to line 90 to read the next account information.
Line 100 branches to line 140 if the end of data marker is read. Lines 140 and 150 print column headers for the account information. Line 160 sets the record number to 1, the record number of the first record in the file. Line 170 gets the record from the file into the field variables (AA$ and BB$). If the end of file has been reached the program branches to line 200. Line 180 prints the formatted account information. Line 190 increments the record number and goes to line 170 to get the next record. Line 200 closes the file. Line
210 ends the program.
To list the files in a volume, use the DIR statement. To delete a file, use the KILL statement.
To copy a file, use the COPY statement. To move a file, use the MOVE statement. To rename a file, use the RENAME statement.
5.11 Functions
Functions can be used where an expression is allowed. To call a function, specify the function's name and any arguments the function requires. Functions always return a value unless an error occurs. Function names are case insensitive.
Function names that end with a dollar sign ($) return a string and functions that do not end with a dollar sign return a number. If a function does not accept any arguments do not include the opening and closing parentheses in the function call.
47
5.12 Graphics
The graphics screen size varies due to the display resolution and the current font selected. Graphics programs should determine the screen size and adjust the display of graphics output accordingly. To get the screen width and height in pixels, use the
PSCRW and PSCRH functions. The pixels are numbered 0 to the maximum size minus
1. Therefore, if the PSCRW function returned 800 as the width of the graphics screen in pixels, the pixels are numbered 0 to 799.
Before graphics can be drawn, graphics must be turned on and initialized. To begin drawing graphics, use the GRAPH statement. Text and graphics can be mixed on the same screen.
To set a pixel with a specific color, use the PSET or PRESET statements. To clear the graphics screen, use the PCLS statement. To set the graphics foreground and background colors, use the PCOLOR statement. To draw lines, rectangles, and circles, use the LINE and CIRCLE statements. To print text anywhere on the graphics screen, use the PPRINT statement.
The following example program displays a circle, 100 pixels in diameter, in the center of the screen:
10 GRAPH ON
20 PCLS
30 CIRCLE (PSCRW/2,PSCRH/2),50
40 WAIT 2000
50 GRAPH OFF
60 END
The program first turns graphics on (line 10) then clears the graphics screen (line 20), draws the circle (line 30), waits for two (2) seconds (line 40), turns graphics off (line 50) and ends (line 60).
5.13 Keyboard
The keyboard is used for user input. Use the INPUT statement to prompt for input and to read the data into variables. Use the INPUT$ function to read a specific number of characters. Use the LINE INPUT statement to read a single line of data.
5.14 Limits
Numeric range: 1.7E-307 to 1.7E+308
Maximum string length:
Maximum variable name length:
Maximum user defined function name length:
Maximum label name length:
Maximum constant name length:
Maximum array dimensions:
Maximum array dimensions if unspecified:
65535 characters
31 characters
31 characters
31 characters
31 characters
10
3
48
Maximum array size per dimension:
Maximum array size all dimensions:
Minimum user defined function arguments:
Maximum user defined function arguments:
Maximum number of lines in a program:
Maximum number of variables in a program:
Maximum number of user defined functions in a program:
Maximum number of labels in a program:
Maximum number of constants in a program:
Maximum number of nested FOR loops:
Maximum number of GOSUB calls:
Maximum volume name length:
Maximum number of volumes:
Maximum size of sequential or random access file:
Maximum number of open files:
Maximum file buffer length:
Maximum number of fields in a random access file buffer:
Maximum size of a log file:
Maximum number of files in a volume:
65536
16777216
0
10
65535
Available memory
Available memory
1 per line
Available memory
Available memory
Available memory
15 characters
Available memory and disk space
2GB
255
32768
128
2GB
Available disk space
Maximum NBASIC line length: 255
5.15 Logging
Logging is useful in recording the output of a program or an NBASIC session to a file.
Everything that is output to the screen or input from the keyboard is written to the log file.
To open a log file, use the LOG statement. Once the log file is open, recording to the log file begins. You can stop recording using LOG OFF, to begin recording again use LOG
ON
. To close the log file use LOG STOP.
5.16 Loops
Repeating one or more of statements is called a loop. One way to repeat a group of statements is to use the GOTO statement to branch to the beginning of the statement group. An IF statement can be used to determine when the loop terminates and then branch to a line outside the loop.
To repeat a group of statements a specific number of times, use the FOR and NEXT statements. A FOR loop initializes a numeric variable to a beginning value, and either increments or decrements the variable until an ending value is reached (note: a FOR loop is always executed at least once).
49
The following example program waits for a key to be pressed before printing the numbers
1 through 10:
10 PRINT "Press a key to continue"
20 LET K$=INKEY$: IF K$="" THEN 20
30 FOR N=1 TO 10
40 PRINT N
50 NEXT N
60 END
Line 20 contains a loop then checks for a key press and if no key has been pressed loops back to line 20 to check again. The loop is repeated until a key is pressed.
Lines 30 through 50 contain a FOR loop. Line 30 begins the loop, setting the numeric variable N to 1. Line 40 prints the value of the variable N. Line 50 increments the variable N by 1 and tests if it is above the end value specified in line 30. If the value in N is not above the end value of the loop, the NEXT statement repeats the statements after the FOR statement in line 30 otherwise execution continues with the statement after the
NEXT statement.
5.17 Printing
Programs can print text to a printer.
In order to send output to a printer, the printer must be opened. To open a printer, use the OPEN PRINTER statement. The OPEN PRINTER statement opens the printer set by the PRINTER statement or if no printer has been set, the current printer specified in the
Print Setup or Print dialogs. The PRINTER? statement can be used to set the printer by allowing the printer to be selected from a list of installed printers. To send output to the printer, use the LPRINT or LPRINT USING statements. Output can also be sent to the printer using other print statements by using the file number -2. To get the current print position (column), use the LPOS function. To close the printer and finish printing, use the
CLOSE PRINTER statement.
The following example program prints a simple message on the printer:
10 PRINT "Printing version information..."
20 PRINTER?: REM select a printer
30 OPEN PRINTER
40 LPRINT "Version information: ";VER$;
50 LPRINT ", Release ";STR$(PEEK(36))
60 CLOSE PRINTER
70 END
Line 20 displays a dialog to select the printer to use as the current printer. Line 30 opens the printer. Lines 40 and 50 send output to the printer. Line 60 closes the printer, finishes printing and ends the print job.
5.18 Programs
NBASIC programs consist of lines identified by line numbers. Each program line may contain one (1) or more statements. Line numbers start at 1 and may continue up to
65535. Typically, line numbers in a program begin with 10 with each succeeding line incremented by 10 (20,30,40...). This convention makes it easy to add lines to a program without renumbering.
50
A program line is referenced by its line number (e.g. GOTO 50, EDIT 80) and may also include a label. A label is a unique name with an asterisk (*) preceding it and can be used instead of a line number in the program.
When a program is run, execution of the program begins with the lowest numbered line and proceeds sequentially to higher numbered lines or to lines specified by the program using a branch statement (IF, GOTO, etc).
To delete the current program from memory, use the NEW statement. Note that once the program has been deleted it cannot be recovered unless it has been saved to disk.
To save a program to disk, use the SAVE statement. A program can be saved as a binary or ASCII file. An ASCII file contains only the source code of the program while a binary file contains the compiled version of the program. To load a program from disk use the LOAD statement.
To renumber a program, use the RENUM statement. To view a program, use the LIST statement. To edit a line, use the EDIT statement. To delete a line or lines, use the DEL statement or type the line number at the ready prompt and press enter.
A running program can be interrupted using the BREAK key or paused using the PAUSE key.
5.19 Screen
The standard NBASIC text screen is 80 columns wide numbered 0 through 79 and 25 rows high numbered 0 through 24. NBASIC can display sixteen colors numbered 0 through 15.
The cursor can be turned on or off using the CURSOR statement. Input statements always display the cursor. The position of the cursor also indicates where output will be printed. To set the cursor or print location, use the LOCATE statement. To clear the entire screen, use the CLS statement. To get the current position of the cursor, use the
ROW and COLUMN functions.
To change the foreground and background colors, use the COLOR statement.
To print to the screen, use the PRINT or PRINT USING statements.
Output is wrapped to the next line if it extends beyond the right edge of the screen and is scrolled if it extends beyond the last line.
NBASIC Colors
Black
Dark Red
Dark Green
Dark Yellow
Dark Blue
Dark Magenta
Dark Cyan
Light Gray
Medium Gray
Red
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
51
Green
Yellow
Blue
Magenta
Cyan
White
10
11
12
13
14
15
5.20 Sound
Programs may use sound in several ways. The BEEP statement plays the standard beep on the computer's speakers. The SOUND statement can play a sound with a frequency in the range of 37Hz to 32,767Hz for the specified number of milliseconds.
5.21 Statements
Statements can be entered in immediate mode or as part of a program. To enter a statement type the statement’s name and any parameters the statement requires. Each statement has syntax rules specifying how the statement can be entered and what parameters are allowed. If a statement is entered incorrectly a syntax error occurs indicating that the statement was entered incorrectly. The statement must be corrected before it can be executed. Statement names are case insensitive. Multiple statements can be entered in a single line if a colon separates them.
5.22 Subroutines
Subroutines are groups of statements that perform a useful task that needs to be repeated. Subroutines are called using the GOSUB statement. To return from a subroutine use the RETURN statement.
For example, the subroutine in the following program is called using GOSUB 100 in line
20. The subroutine prints a string and then returns to the calling program by RETURN in line 110.
10 FOR I=1 to 10
20 GOSUB 100
30 NEXT I
40 END
100 PRINT STR$(I)+ ":"+STRING$("*",I)
110 RETURN
A subroutine can contain any number of lines within the limits of the program and must contain at least one RETURN statement.
Subroutines can use the variables already defined in a program. There is no parameter passing mechanism with this type of subroutine.
5.23 Timers
NBASIC provides several types of timers that can be used in your programs.
The most common use for a timer is to pause execution of a program for a specified amount of time. The WAIT statement can be used for this purpose. The WAIT statement pauses until the specified amount of time elapses. For example, the statement
WAIT 2000 pauses until 2000 milliseconds (2 seconds) have elapsed before continuing.
52
Another common use for a timer is to time an event. The TIMER function returns the current value of the timer in milliseconds. The following example program determines the time (milliseconds) required to count from 1 to 100:
10 S=TIMER
20 FOR I=1 TO 100: NEXT I
30 E=TIMER
40 PRINT "TIME:";E-S;" MILLISECONDS"
50 END
The program first gets the starting timer value, counts from 1 to 100 in a loop, and then gets the ending timer value. The difference in the start and end timer values is displayed.
The timer is set to 0 when NBASIC starts. To reset the timer use the TIMER statement.
For example, the statement TIMER=0 resets the timer to 0.
A timer can also interrupt a program at a specified interval, transferring control to a timer handler. The ON TIMER statement is used to setup a timer. Specify the timer interval in milliseconds and the line number or label of the timer handler. In the timer handler, use the RESUME statement to return control to the program.
5.24 User defined functions
You can define your own functions in NBASIC using the DEF FN statement. A userdefined function must be defined and the program line containing the definition must be executed before it can be used. User-defined functions must be given a name. The name must start with a letter and can be up to thirty-one (31) characters in length and is case insensitive. User-defined functions can accept up to ten (10) arguments and return a single numeric result.
The following user-defined function defines a function named DOUBLE accepting a single numeric argument named X which will compute the expression X*2:
10 DEF FNDOUBLE(X)=X*2
The arguments in a function definition must be valid variable names. In this example, X is used as the argument name. If there is a variable X defined elsewhere in the program it cannot be accessed within the function definition. X is used in the function definition to refer to the argument of the function not the global variable X. Other variable names can be used in the function definition as long as there is no argument defined in the function with the same name.
To call the function, use the FN function. The following example calls the function
DOUBLE:
20 LET A=FNDOUBLE(5)
The user-defined function DOUBLE is called with an argument of 5. NBASIC looks up the function name and substitutes 5 for the argument X. The result of X*2, in this case 10
(5*2), is returned as the result and assigned to the variable A. Any numeric expression can be passed as the argument. If a string value is passed as the argument, a Type mismatch error occurs.
A user-defined function can be defined without any parameters. For example,
53
10 DEF FNHALFPI=1.5707963267949
defines a function that returns a constant value (Pi/2).
Functions can be defined with multiple arguments, for example,
10 DEF FNAVG(X,Y)=(X+Y)/2 defines a function that accepts two numeric arguments X and Y. The function computes the average of the two numbers.
User defined functions can also accept string parameters. For example,
10 DEF FNCNTRSTR(S$,W)=(W-LEN(S$))/2 defines a function that accepts a string argument S$ and a numeric argument W.
User defined functions can include other user-defined functions in the definition provided that they have already been defined. User defined functions cannot be called recursively, which means they cannot reference themselves in their own definition.
5.25 Variables
Variables contain the data a program is using and can be either numeric or string.
Variable names can be up to thirty-one (31) characters, may contain letters or digits but must begin with a letter and are case insensitive. Variables names ending with a dollar sign ($) are string variables and variables that do not end in a dollar sign are numeric.
Variable names cannot begin with the names of statements or built-in functions.
Variables are created when they are first used. Numeric variables are initialized to zero
(0) while string variables are initialized to an empty string.
The single letter numeric variables named A-Z are statically allocated by the system and are always available and faster then normally allocated variables.
To delete all variables, use the INIT statement.
54
6
How To
6.1 Access The Context Menu
To access the context menu, close any dialogs that may be open in NBASIC. Right click the mouse anywhere within the NBASIC window client area. The context menu will be displayed where you clicked the mouse. Use the mouse or keyboard to select options from the menu.
6.2 Create A Volume
To create a new volume, you map a Windows folder to a NBASIC volume name. Rightclick the mouse anywhere within the NBASIC client window to display the context menu
(in command mode). Select Volumes... in the menu to display the Volumes dialog. Click on the Add.. button to display the Add dialog. Enter the name of the volume up to fifteen characters (only letters and numbers are allowed). Enter the name of the Windows folder to map to the volume or click Browse.. to browse for a Windows folder. If you want the volume to be the default volume select the Default check box. If you want the volume to be read-only select the Read Only check box. Read only volumes do not allow files to be created, modified, renamed or deleted. Click on OK to create the new volume. The new volume will be displayed in the list. Click on Close to close the Volumes dialog box.
6.3 Get Help
There are a number of ways to get help while using NBASIC.
You can press the F1 key at anytime to display a list of help topics from which to choose from.
Or you can right-click anywhere within the NBASIC client window to display the context menu and select Help Topics to display the help table of contents or index.
All of the dialogs used in NBASIC have context help by clicking on the question mark (?) at the top right corner of the dialog, which can be used to display help about each control in the dialog. You can also get an overview of the entire dialog by clicking the Help button.
You can also use the HELP statement. Type HELP and press the ENTER key to get a list of help topics or type HELP followed by a topic you wish to get help on in quotes. For example, typing HELP "cls" and pressing the ENTER key displays all help topics that match "cls". Select the help topic you want help on from the list.
6.4 Load A Program
To load an existing program, use the LOAD statement.
In immediate mode, type LOAD followed by the name of the program to load enclosed in double quotes and press the ENTER key. If the program is located in a volume that is not the default volume, include the volume name as part of the file name.
55
For example, LOAD "HELLO.BAS" loads the program HELLO.BAS from the default volume. LOAD "GAMES:CARD.BAS" loads the program CARD.BAS from the volume
GAMES.
To run the program immediately use ,R after the file name (e.g. LOAD "HELLO.BAS",R).
6.5 Print A Program
To print the current program, right click the mouse in the NBASIC client window to display the context menu. Select Print... from the context menu. Select the printer and print options and click OK.
To print specific lines in the current program, use the LLIST statement.
6.6 Save A Program
To save the current program, use the SAVE statement.
In immediate mode, type SAVE followed by the name of the program to load enclosed in double quotes and press the ENTER key. If the program is to be saved on a volume that is not the default volume, include the volume name as part of the file name. The SAVE statement will overwrite an existing file with the same name.
For example, SAVE "HELLO.BAS" saves the program HELLO.BAS on the default volume. SAVE "GAMES:CARD.BAS" saves the program CARD.BAS on the volume
GAMES.
To save the file as ASCII use ,A after the file name (e.g. SAVE "HELLO.BAS",A).
56
Part II
NBASIC Reference
Part II provides a reference for the statements and functions available in NBASIC. It includes a list of error codes that may be encountered in using NBASIC. Part II also contains a reference for control and editing keys used in NBASIC.
57
7
Statements
7.1 $COLOR Statement (meta-command)
Restores the default foreground and background colors when a program ends.
$COLOR
Remarks
If the $COLOR statement is placed in a program, when the program ends (or stops), the default foreground and background colors are restored.
The $COLOR statement can be specified anywhere in the program.
Mode
Program only
7.2 $PRINT Statement
Prints the current program.
Remarks
The $PRINT statement performs the same function as selecting Print... from the context menu.
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
LLIST
7.3 $XREF Statement
Cross-references the current program.
$XREF
Remarks
The $XREF statement lists each line that is referenced in the program and the lines containing the reference.
Mode
Immediate only
59
7.4 * Statement
Defines a label.
*label
Parameters
label
Name of label.
Remarks
Labels can be used anywhere a line number is used.
The label definition must be the first statement in the line and only one label definition is permitted. Label names can be up to 31 characters and must begin with a letter.
Examples
10 *BEGIN: CLS
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
GOTO, GOSUB
7.5 ABOUT Statement
Displays program information, version number, and copyright.
ABOUT
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
VER
7.6 APPEND Statement (standard version only)
Appends a file to another file.
APPEND filespec1 TO filespec2
- or -
A. filespec1 TO filespec2 (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec1
Name of existing file.
60
filespec2
Name of new or existing file.
Remarks
The APPEND statement can be used to append an existing file to another file.
The filespec and filespec2 parameters may contain the wildcard characters * and ?.
(Version 1.5 or later)
Examples
APPEND "TEST.DAT" TO "CONFIG.DAT"
APPEND "PROGRAMS:TEST.DAT" TO "DATA:TEST.DAT"
APPEND "*.LOG" TO "HISTORY.TXT"
APPEND "*.TXT" TO "*.DOC"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
COPY, MOVE, RENAME
7.7 APPEND Statement, editing (standard version only)
Appends a line in the current program to another line.
APPEND line1 TO line2[,{E | D | ED}]
- or -
A. line1 TO line2[,{E | D | ED}] (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
line1
Line number of line to append.
line2
Line number of destination line.
Remarks
The APPEND statement appends an existing line in the current program to another existing line.
Use ,E to edit the destination line and/or ,D to delete the line being appended.
Examples
APPEND 80 TO 70
APPEND 150 TO 140,E
APPEND 150 TO 140,ED
APPEND 205 TO 200,D
Mode
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Immediate only
See Also
COPY, MOVE, SWAP
7.8 ARC Statement (standard version only)
Draws an arc.
ARC (x,y),radius[,[color][,[start][,[end][,[aspect][,F]]]]]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of center of circle.
y
Y coordinate of center of circle.
radius
Radius of arc.
color
Color of arc.
start
Starting angle of arc in radians.
end
Ending angle of arc in radians.
aspect
Ratio of length of y-axis to length of x-axis used to draw ellipses.
Remarks
The ARC statement can be used to draw circles, ellipses, and arcs. To draw a circle
aspect must be 1 or omitted. To draw ellipses aspect can be less than 1 for ellipses stretched on the x-axis or greater than 1 for ellipses stretched on the y-axis. To draw arcs specify the start and end angles.
Use ,F to fill in a circle.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If start is omitted the default is 0. If end is omitted the default is 0. if aspect is omitted the default is 1.
Graphics must be turned on to draw circles.
The ARC statement is equivalent to the CIRCLE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
ARC (100,100),50
ARC (200,200),10,5,,,,F
ARC (150,150),100,,,,2
62
ARC (150,150),100,,,,.5
ARC (50,50),25,,.785,3.142
Mode
Program only
See Also
CIRCLE
7.9 ASAVE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Saves a program.
ASAVE filespec
Parameters
filespec
File name of program to save.
Remarks
The ASAVE statement can be used to save the current program. The program is saved in ASCII format. By convention, programs in ASCII format have an extension of "bas".
The default extension for the ASAVE statement if not specified in the filespec is
"nba".
Examples
ASAVE "ANALYZE"
ASAVE "PROGRAMS:COUNT.BAS"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
BSAVE, LOAD, SAVE
7.10 ASSERT Statement (standard version only)
Conditionally stops the current program.
ASSERT condition[,message]
Parameters
condition
Expression that evaluates to true or false.
message
String to display if condition is false.
63
Remarks
The ASSERT statement can be used to verify conditions in a program being tested.
If condition is false, the program is stopped and message is displayed.
Debugging must be turned on for asserts to stop execution.
Examples
ASSERT ITEMS>100
ASSERT INDEX<>0,"INDEX IS ZERO!"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DEBUG
7.11 AT Statement
Moves the cursor to a specified position on the screen.
AT row,column
Parameters
row
Row where cursor is to be moved.
column
Column where cursor is to be moved.
Remarks
The screen has 25 rows numbered 0 through 24 and 80 columns numbered 0 through 79.
The AT statement is equivalent to the LOCATE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
AT 10,0
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
LOCATE
7.12 ATTACH Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Attaches screen output to a file.
ATTACH {#file | LPRINT}
64
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2) to attach.
Remarks
The ATTACH statement causes screen output to be copied to a file or printer.
Only one file can be attached at a time.
Examples
ATTACH #1
ATTACH LPRINT
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DETACH, OPEN
7.13 ATTRIB Statement
Displays or changes the read-only attribute of a file.
ATTRIB filespec
- or -
AT. filespec (Version 1.5 or later)
- or -
ATTRIB {+ | -}R filespec
- or -
AT. {+ | -}R filespec (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec
File name of file whose read-only attribute will be displayed or changed.
Remarks
The ATTRIB statement can be used to display the read-only attribute of a file. If +R or -R is specified the read-only attribute is either added or removed.
The default extension for the ATTRIB statement if not specified in the filespec is
"nba".
The filespec parameters may contain the wildcard characters * and ?. (Version 1.5 or later)
Examples
65
ATTRIB "TEST.DAT"
ATTRIB +R "TEST.DAT"
ATTRIB -R "TEST.DAT"
ATTRIB "*.DAT"
ATTRIB +R "*.TXT"
Mode
Immediate only (first form), Immediate or Program (second form)
See Also
ATTRIB$
7.14 AUTO Statement (standard version only)
Turns automatic line numbering on or off.
AUTO ON[,increment]
- or -
AUTO OFF
Parameters
increment
Increment for each new line number.
Remarks
The AUTO statement can be used to automatically generate line numbers when entering a program. After each line is entered, the line number is incremented by
increment and is automatically entered as part of the next line. If a line already exists with this line number, a new line number is not automatically generated.
If increment is omitted the default is 10.
Examples
AUTO ON
AUTO ON,10
AUTO OFF
Mode
Immediate only
7.15 BACKUP Statement
Copies files in a volume to another volume.
BACKUP volume1 TO volume2
- or -
B. volume1 TO volume2 (Version 1.5 or later)
66
Parameters
volume1
Volume to copy files from.
volume2
Volume to copy files to.
Remarks
The BACKUP statement can be used to backup all the files in a volume to another volume.
Example
BACKUP "DATA" TO "ARCHIVE"
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.16 BEEP Statement
Generates a beep sound from the computer’s speakers.
BEEP
Remarks
The sound generated depends on the host operating system's sound settings.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
SOUND
7.17 BKOFF Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Turns trapping of the BREAK key off.
BKOFF
Remarks
Pressing the BREAK key will stop the current program or statement. If trapping is turned off, the BREAK key is ignored.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
BKON, ON BREAK
67
7.18 BKON Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Turns trapping of the BREAK key on.
BKON
Remarks
Pressing the BREAK key will stop the current program or statement. If trapping is turned off, the BREAK key is ignored.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
BKOFF, ON BREAK
7.19 BOX Statement (standard version only)
Draws a box.
BOX (x1,y1)-(x2,y2)[,[color][,F]]
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of corner of box.
y1
Y coordinate of corner of box.
x2
X coordinate of opposite corner of box.
y2
Y coordinate of opposite corner of box.
color
Color of box.
Remarks
The BOX statement can be used to draw boxes. A box is a rectangle specified by the corner coordinates (x1,y1) and the opposite corner coordinates (x2,y2).
Use ,F to fill in the box.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color.
Graphics must be turned on to draw boxes.
Examples
BOX (10,10)-(100,100)
BOX (20,20)-(40,40),5
BOX (25,25)-(30,30),8,F
68
Mode
Program only
See Also
CHORD, CIRCLE, DRAW, GRAPH, LINE, PAINT, PCOLOR, PIE
7.20 BREAK Statement
Turns trapping of the BREAK key on or off.
BREAK {ON | OFF}
Remarks
Pressing the BREAK key will stop the current program or statement. If trapping is turned off, the BREAK key is ignored.
Examples
BREAK ON
BREAK OFF
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
BKOFF, BKON, ON BREAK
7.21 BREAK Statement, debugging (standard version only)
Lists or sets breakpoints.
BREAK
- or -
BREAK line[,line]...
- or -
BREAK [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number or label where breakpoint is to be set.
Remarks
The BREAK statement can be used to set breakpoints in a program being tested.
When a line that has a breakpoint set is executed, the program stops at that line and control is returned to immediate mode.
BREAK with no parameters lists all breakpoints.
69
The CONT statement can be used to continue execution after a breakpoint stops a program.
Debugging must be turned on for breakpoints to stop execution.
Examples
BREAK
BREAK 100,150
BREAK 200,*REDO
BREAK -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Program only (first form), Immediate or Program (second form)
See Also
DEBUG, NOBREAK
7.22 BSAVE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Saves a program.
BSAVE filespec
Parameters
filespec
File name of program to save.
Remarks
The BSAVE statement can be used to save the current program. The program is saved in NBASIC binary format. By convention, programs in binary format have an extension of "nba".
The default extension for the BSAVE statement if not specified in the filespec is
"nba".
Examples
BSAVE "ANALYZE"
BSAVE "PROGRAMS:COUNT.NBA"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ASAVE, LOAD, SAVE
70
7.23 BYE Statement
Exits NBASIC.
BYE
Remarks
The BYE statement exits NBASIC and prompts to save the current program if modified.
The BYE statement is equivalent to the EXIT statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
EXIT
7.24 CALL CLEAR Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Clears the screen.
CALL CLEAR
Remarks
The CALL CLEAR statement clears the screen using the current background color and sets the cursor position to 0,0.
The CALL CLEAR statement is equivalent to the CLS statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CALL SCREEN, CLS
7.25 CALL SCREEN Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Sets the screen display color.
CALL SCREEN(color)
Parameters
color
Background text color.
Remarks
71
The CALL SCREEN statement sets the background text color, clears the screen and sets the cursor position to 0,0.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CALL CLEAR, CALL VCHAR
7.26 CALL VCHAR Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Displays a character
CALL VCHAR(row,column,characer[,repeat])
Parameters
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
character
Character to display
repeat
Number of characters to display.
Remarks
The CALL VCHAR statement displays a character in one or more rows.
If repeat is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
CALL VCHAR(0,0,"*")
CALL VCHAR(0,0,"#",25)
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CALL CLEAR, CALL SCREEN
7.27 CATALOG Statement (Version 1.1 or later)
Lists files on a volume.
CAT[ALOG]
Remarks
The CATALOG statement lists the files on a volume and information about each file.
72
Examples
CATALOG
CAT
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
DIR
7.28 CHAIN Statement
Transfers control from the current program to another program.
CHAIN filespec
- or -
CHAIN filespec,line
Parameters
filespec
File name of program to transfer control to.
line
Line number or label where execution is to start.
Remarks
The CHAIN statement transfers control to the specified program without initializing variables or closing open files.
The default extension for the CHAIN statement if not specified in the filespec is "nba".
Examples
CHAIN "ANALYZE"
CHAIN "CAPTURE.BAS",100
CHAIN "PROGRAMS:SORT.BAS",*START
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
RUN
7.29 CHKIO Statement
Checks for lines in the current program that contain file input/output statements.
CHKIO [line][-[line]]
73
- or -
CHKIO [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to check.
Remarks
The CHKIO statement is useful to check programs downloaded from the Internet for statements that may delete or overwrite files.
If line is omitted all lines are checked.
Examples
CHKIO
CHKIO 100
CHKIO 10-
CHKIO 10-100
CHKIO -100
CHKIO -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
7.30 CHKSW Statement (standard version only)
Checks for lines in the current program that contain non-shareware statements or functions.
CHKSW [line][-[line]]
- or -
CHKSW [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to check.
Remarks
The CHKSW statement is useful to check if programs can run on the shareware release of NBASIC since some statements and functions (e.g. graphics) are only available in the standard release.
If line is omitted all lines are checked.
Examples
CHKSW
CHKSW 100
CHKSW 10-
CHKSW 10-100
74
CHKSW -100
CHKSW -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
7.31 CHKSYN Statement (standard version only)
Checks for lines in the current program that contain syntax errors.
CHKSYN [line][-[line]]
- or -
CHKSYN [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to check.
Remarks
The CHKSYN statement is useful to check programs for syntax errors that may not be found by running the program.
If line is omitted all lines are checked.
Examples
CHKSYN
CHKSYN 100
CHKSYN 10-
CHKSYN 10-100
CHKSYN -100
CHKSYN -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
7.32 CHKUL Statement (standard version only)
Checks for lines in the current program that contain undefined line numbers.
CHKUL [line][-[line]]
- or -
CHKUL [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to check.
Remarks
75
The CHKUL statement is useful to check programs for undefined line numbers that may not be found by running the program.
If line is omitted all lines are checked.
Examples
CHKUL
CHKUL 100
CHKUL 10-
CHKUL 10-100
CHKUL -100
CHKUL -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
7.33 CHORD Statement (standard version only)
Draws a chord.
CHORD (x,y),radius[,[color][,[start][,[end][,[aspect][,F]]]]]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of center of chord.
y
Y coordinate of center of chord.
radius
Radius of chord.
color
Color of chord.
start
Starting angle of chord in radians.
end
Ending angle of chord in radians.
aspect
Ratio of length of y-axis to length of x-axis used to draw elliptical chords.
Remarks
The CHORD statement can be used to draw a chord of a circle or ellipse. A chord is an arc specified by the start and end angles with the endpoints connected.
Use ,F to fill in the chord.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If start is omitted the default is 0. If end is omitted the default is 0. if aspect is omitted the default is 1.
76
Graphics must be turned on to draw chords.
Examples
CHORD (50,50),25,,.785,3.142
CHORD (100,100),50,5,,2.356,,F
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, CIRCLE, DRAW, GRAPH, LINE, PAINT, PCOLOR, PIE
7.34 CIRCLE Statement (standard version only)
Draws a circle.
CIRCLE (x,y),radius[,[color][,[start][,[end][,[aspect][,F]]]]]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of center of circle.
y
Y coordinate of center of circle.
radius
Radius of circle.
color
Color of circle.
start
Starting angle of arc in radians.
end
Ending angle of arc in radians.
aspect
Ratio of length of y-axis to length of x-axis used to draw ellipses.
Remarks
The CIRCLE statement can be used to draw circles, ellipses, and arcs. To draw a circle aspect must be 1 or omitted. To draw ellipses aspect can be less than 1 for ellipses stretched on the x-axis or greater than 1 for ellipses stretched on the y-axis.
To draw arcs specify the start and end angles.
Use ,F to fill in the circle.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If start is omitted the default is 0. If end is omitted the default is 0. if aspect is omitted the default is 1.
Graphics must be turned on to draw circles.
77
Examples
CIRCLE (100,100),50
CIRCLE (200,200),10,5,,,,F
CIRCLE (150,150),100,,,,2
CIRCLE (150,150),100,,,,.5
CIRCLE (50,50),25,,.785,3.142
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, CHORD, DRAW, GRAPH, LINE, PAINT, PCOLOR, PIE
7.35 CLEAR Statement
Clears one or more array variables.
CLEAR
- or -
CLEAR variable[,variable]...
Parameters
variable
Array variable to clear.
Remarks
The CLEAR statement resets all elements of numeric array variables to 0 and string array variables to "".
CLEAR with no parameters clears all array variables.
Examples
CLEAR
CLEAR ENTRIES,USERS$
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ERASE
7.36 CLOSE Statement
Closes one or more open files or the printer.
CLOSE
- or -
78
CLOSE #file[,#file]...
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2) to close.
Remarks
The CLOSE statement writes any remaining data in the file buffer to the file and closes the file.
CLOSE with no parameters closes all open files.
CLOSE #-2 ends the print job and closes the printer.
Examples
CLOSE
CLOSE #1
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN, RESET, UNLOAD
7.37 CLOSE PRINTER Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Closes the printer.
CLOSE PRINTER
Remarks
The CLOSE PRINTER statement ends the print job and closes the printer.
Mode
Program only
See Also
OPEN PRINTER
7.38 CLR Statement
Clears a row or clears variables.
CLR row[,[column][,[columns][,rows]]]
- or -
CLR (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
79
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns to clear.
rows
Number of rows to clear.
Remarks
The CLR statement clears a number of rows and columns using the current background color and sets the cursor position to row,column.
If column is omitted the default is 0. if columns is omitted the default is the last column. If rows is omitted the default is 1.
CLR with no parameters resets numeric variables to 0, string variables to "" and deletes numeric and string array variables.
Examples
CLR 5
CLR 1,0,5,2
CLR 0,,10
CLR
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CLS
7.39 CLS Statement
Clears the screen.
CLS
Remarks
The CLS statement clears the screen using the current background color and sets the cursor position to 0,0.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CLR
80
7.40 CMD Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Copies screen output to a file.
CMD file[,expression]
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2) to copy output to.
expression
Data to copy to file.
Remarks
The CMD statement causes screen output to be copied to a file or printer and prints the value of expression to the file or printer specified.
Use PRINT #file to stop screen output from being copied.
The CMD statement is similar to the ATTACH statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
CMD 1
CMD 1,"Test Data"
PRINT #1
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ATTACH, OPEN, PRINT
7.41 COLOR Statement
Sets the screen display colors.
COLOR foreground[,background]
Parameters
foreground
Foreground text color.
background
Background text color.
Remarks
The COLOR statement can be used to set the foreground and background text colors.
If background is omitted the background color is not changed.
81
Examples
COLOR 12
COLOR 0,10
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INVERSE, COLOR
7.42 COLOR Statement, graphics (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Sets the graphics foreground color.
COLOR=foreground
Parameters
foreground
Foreground graphics color.
Remarks
The COLOR statement can be used to set the foreground graphics colors.
Graphics must be turned on to set the graphics colors.
The COLOR statement is similar to the PCOLOR statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
COLOR=4
Mode
Program only
See Also
HCOLOR, PCOLOR
7.43 CONCAT Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Appends a file to another file.
CONCAT filespec1 TO filespec2
Parameters
filespec1
Name of existing file.
filespec2
Name of new or existing file.
82
Remarks
The CONCAT statement can be used to append an existing file to another file.
The CONCAT statement is equivalent to the APPEND statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
CONCAT "TEST.DAT" TO "CONFIG.DAT"
CONCAT "PROGRAMS:TEST.DAT" TO "DATA:TEST.DAT"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
APPEND
7.44 CONFIRM Statement
Turns confirmation of statements that may erase data on or off.
CONFIRM {ON | OFF}
Remarks
If confirmation is turned on, statements that may erase or overwrite data display a prompt allowing the operation to continue or be cancelled.
Only statements that are executed in immediate mode will display a prompt.
Mode
Immediate only
Examples
CONFIRM ON
CONFIRM OFF
See Also
SECURE
7.45 CONT Statement
Continues execution of the current program after a break.
CONT
Remarks
The CONT statement can be used to continue a program that has been stopped with the BREAK key, a STOP statement or a breakpoint (standard version only).
83
If any changes are made to the program after a break, the CONT statement cannot continue execution. The program will have to be restarted using the RUN statement.
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
RUN, STOP
7.46 CONTINUE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Continues execution of the current program after a break.
CON[TINUE]
Remarks
The CONTINUE statement can be used to continue a program that has been stopped with the BREAK key, a STOP statement or a breakpoint (standard version only).
If any changes are made to the program after a break, the CONTINUE statement cannot continue execution. The program will have to be restarted using the RUN statement.
The CONTINUE statement is equivalent to the CONT statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Immediate only
Examples
CONTINUE
CON
See Also
CONT
7.47 COPY Statement
Copies a file to another file.
COPY filespec1 TO filespec2
- or -
C. filespec1 TO filespec2 (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec1
Name of existing file.
filespec2
84
Name of new file.
Remarks
The COPY statement can be used to copy an existing file to another file or volume.
The filespec and filespec2 parameters may contain the wildcard characters * and ?.
(Version 1.5 or later)
Examples
COPY "TEST.DAT" TO "CONFIG.DAT"
COPY "PROGRAMS:TEST.DAT" TO "DATA:TEST.DAT"
COPY "*.DOC" TO "TEMP:"
COPY "*.TXT" TO "*.DOC"
COPY "*.LOG" TO "HISTORY.TXT"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
APPEND, MOVE, RENAME
7.48 COPY Statement, editing (standard version only)
Copies a line in the current program to another line.
COPY line1 TO line2[,E]
- or -
C. line1 TO line2[,E] (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
line1
Line number of line to copy.
line2
Line number of destination line.
Remarks
The COPY statement copies an existing line in the current program to another line.
The destination line is overwritten if it already exists. Line numbers in the destination line that refer to the line being copied are automatically changed to the destination line number.
Use ,E to edit the destination line.
Examples
COPY 10 TO 50
COPY 20 TO 100,E
Mode
85
Immediate only
See Also
APPEND, MOVE, SWAP
7.49 CREATE Statement
Creates a file.
CREATE filespec
- or -
CR. filespec (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec
Name of file to create.
Remarks
The CREATE statement creates an empty file. If the file exists it is truncated to 0 length.
The default extension for the CREATE statement if not specified in the filespec is
"dat".
Examples
CREATE "TEST.DAT"
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.50 CURSOR Statement
Turns the cursor on or off.
CURSOR {ON | OFF}
Examples
CURSOR ON
CURSOR OFF
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
LOCATE
86
7.51 DATA Statement
Specifies values to be read by subsequent READ statements.
DATA value[,value]...
Parameters
value
A numeric or string constant.
Remarks
String constants that contain commas (,), colons (:), leading or trailing spaces should be enclosed in quotation marks (" ").
DATA statements can be placed anywhere within a program except after a REM statement.
Examples
DATA 1,2,3,A,B,C
DATA "Hello, world!",1000
DATA &H1F,&O377,&B1001
DATA -1.2345E10,9.876E-12
Mode
Program only
See Also
READ, RESTORE
7.52 DEBUG Statement (standard version only)
Turns debugging on or off.
DEBUG {ON | OFF}
Remarks
The DEBUG statement can be used to enable or disable debugging when a program is run. After setting breakpoints turn debugging on. When the program reaches a breakpoint, it will stop. To run the program without stopping at breakpoints turn debugging off rather than clearing breakpoints.
Examples
DEBUG ON
DEBUG OFF
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ASSERT, BREAK, STEP
87
7.53 DEC Statement (standard version only)
Decrements one or more numeric variables by 1.
DEC variable[,variable]...
Parameters
variable
Numeric variable to decrement.
Examples
DEC A
DEC ITEMS,USERS
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INC
7.54 DEF FN Statement
Defines a function.
DEF FN function[(parameterlist)]=expression
Parameters
function
Name of function.
parameterlist
One or more arguments.
expression
Return value of function.
Remarks
The DEF FN statement can be used to create a user-defined numeric function. The user-defined function can have up to ten parameters in the parameter list. The parameters can be numeric or string.
The expression must evaluate to a numeric value. If expression contains other userdefined functions, they must be defined prior to the DEF FN statement that calls them.
Examples
DEF FN DOUBLE(X)=X*2
DEF FN E=2.718281828459
DEF FN CENTER(A$)=(80-LEN(A$))/2
DEF FN AVG2(X,Y)=(X+Y)/2
88
Mode
Program only
See Also
FN
7.55 DEL Statement
Deletes lines from the current program.
DEL {line[-line] | -line}
- or -
DEL {line[-line] | -line}[,{line[-line] | -line}]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to delete.
Examples
DEL 100
DEL 10-90
DEL -200
DEL -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
7.56 DELETE Statement
Deletes a record from a file.
DELETE #file,record
Parameters
file
File number of open random access file.
record
Record number of record to delete.
Remarks
The DELETE statement deletes a record from a random access file, moves subsequent records down, and truncates the file.
Example
DELETE #1,5
Mode
89
Immediate, Program
See Also
INSERT, OPEN
7.57 DETACH Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Detaches screen output to a file.
DETACH {#file | LPRINT}
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2) to detach.
Remarks
The DETACH statement stops screen output from being copied to a file or a printer.
Examples
DETACH #1
DETACH LPRINT
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ATTACH, OPEN
7.58 DIM Statement
Declares an array.
DIM array(subscripts)[,array(subscripts)]...
Parameters
array
Name of array.
subscripts
Dimensions of array.
Remarks
An array may have up to ten dimensions and 65536 elements per dimension
(including element 0). However, the maximum size of the array including all dimensions cannot exceed 16777216 elements. The maximum size of the array is also constrained by available memory.
Elements of numeric arrays are initialized to 0 and elements of string arrays are initialized to "".
90
If OPTION BASE 1 is specified, array elements begin at index 1 not 0.
Examples
DIM A(20,20)
DIM B$(100),C(5,20)
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ERASE, OPTION BASE, OPTION EXPLICIT, REDIM
7.59 DIR Statement
Lists files on a volume.
DIR [filespec]
Parameters
filespec
Files to list.
Remarks
The DIR statement lists the files on a volume and information about each file.
The filespec parameter may contain the wildcard characters * and ?. If the filespec contains only a volume name the colon (:) must be included. If the filespec does not include a volume name, the default volume is used.
If filespec is omitted, files on the default volume are listed.
Examples
DIR
DIR "TEST.*"
DIR "*.DAT"
DIR "EXAMPLES:"
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
VOLUME, VOLUMES
7.60 DIRR Statement
Lists built-in programs.
DIRR
Mode
91
Immediate only
See Also
LOADR, RUNR
7.61 DISPLAY Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Writes output to the screen.
DISPLAY [expression] [{, | ; | SPC(spaces) | TAB(column)} [expression]]...
Parameters
expression
Data to print.
spaces
Number of spaces to output.
column
Column where output is to start.
Remarks
A , (comma) starts printing at the next print zone. Print zones are 10 characters wide. A ; starts printing immediately after the last value printed. SPC prints a specified number of spaces. TAB starts printing at the specified column.
If any delimiters (, | ; | SPC | TAB) are not specified as the last item in the print statement a carriage return is printed erasing the rest of the line and moving the print position to the beginning of the next line.
The DISPLAY statement is similar to the PRINT statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
DISPLAY
DISPLAY "HELLO"
DISPLAY "ABC","123"
DISPLAY 100;" APPLES"
DISPLAY "TOTAL:" SPC(5) T
DISPLAY #1, "ITEMS:";I
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
7.62 DLOAD Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Loads a string from a file.
DLOAD filespec,variable
92
Parameters
filespec
Name of file to load string from.
variable
Variable to load file into.
Remarks
The DLOAD statement can be used to load the contents of a file into a string variable.
The maximum file size that can be loaded is limited to the maximum string length which is 65535 characters.
The default extension for the DLOAD statement if not specified in the filespec is
"dat".
Examples
DLOAD "NAMES.TXT",N$
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DSAVE
7.63 DRAW Statement (standard version only)
Draws objects.
DRAW command
Parameters
command
String containing draw commands.
Remarks
Draw commands:
D[n]
E[n]
F[n]
G[n]
H[n]
L[n]
M[{+ | -}]x,y
R[n]
U[n]
[B]
Moves graphics cursor down n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor up and right n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor down and right n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor down and left n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor up and left n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor left n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor to point x,y. If x is preceded by + or -, moves relative to the current graphics point.
Moves graphics cursor right n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor up n pixels.
Optional prefix that moves graphics cursor without drawing.
93
[N]
An
Cn
Sn
Pf,b color b.
Xv$
{; | space}
Optional prefix that draws and returns graphics cursor to original position.
Sets the drawing angle (0-3) (Version 1.4 or later).
Sets the drawing color (0-15).
Sets the drawing scale (1-255) (Version 1.4 or later).
Paints a graphics area using color f. Painting stops at border
Draws a substring (Version 1.4 or later).
Separates drawing commands.
The drawing angle rotates the object in increments of 90 degrees.
To draw a substring use the VARPTR$ function to get the address of the string variable containing the substring draw.
Graphics must be turned on to draw objects.
Examples
DRAW "M200,200;D50;R50;U50;L50;BM225,225;P10,0"
A$="D50;R50;U50;L50;"
DRAW "M200,200;X"+VARPTR$(A$)+"BM225,225;P10,0"
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, CHORD, CIRCLE, GRAPH, LINE, PAINT, PCOLOR, PIE, VARPTR$
7.64 DSAVE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Saves a string to a file.
DSAVE filespec,string
Parameters
filespec
Name of file to save string to.
string
String to save.
Remarks
The DSAVE statement can be used to save a string to a file.
The longest string that can be saved is limited by the maximum string length which is
65535 characters.
The default extension for the DSAVE statement if not specified in the filespec is "dat".
Examples
DSAVE "NAMES.TXT",N$
94
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DLOAD
7.65 DUMP Statement
Displays the contents of a file.
DUMP filespec[,format]
Parameters
filespec
Name of file to dump.
format
Format of display.
Remarks
The format parameter may be A (ascii), O (octal) or D (decimal).
If format is omitted, the default is hexadecimal.
Examples
DUMP "TEST.DAT"
DUMP "TEST.DAT",A
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
TYPE
7.66 EDIT Statement
Edits a line in the current program.
EDIT line
- or -
EDIT {line[-line] | -line}[,{line[-line] | -line}]... (Version 1.4 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to edit.
Example
EDIT 100
95
EDIT 10-90
EDIT -200
EDIT -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
7.67 END Statement
Ends a program.
END
Remarks
The END statement ends the currently executing program or immediate mode command line, closes all open files and closes the printer.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
STOP
7.68 ERASE Statement
Deletes one or more array variables.
ERASE
- or -
ERASE variable[,variable]...
Parameters
variable
Array variable to erase.
Remarks
The ERASE statement deletes an array variable and all of its elements. The array variable can subsequently be used in a DIM statement.
ERASE with no parameters deletes all array variables.
Examples
ERASE
ERASE ENTRIES,USERS$
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
96
CLEAR, DIM
7.69 ERROR Statement
Simulates an occurrence of an error.
ERROR error
Parameters
error
Error number.
Remarks
The ERROR statement can be used to test error handling within a program or to issue user defined errors. User defined errors are in the range of 128 to 255.
Examples
ERROR 24
ERROR 128
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ERL, ERR, ERR$, ON ERROR
7.70 EXEC Statement
Executes an internal routine.
EXEC address
Parameters
address
Address of internal routine.
Examples
EXEC &H9305
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
PEEK, POKE
7.71 EXIT Statement
Exits NBASIC.
97
EXIT
Remarks
The EXIT statement exits NBASIC and prompts to save the current program if modified.
Mode
Immediate only
7.72 FIELD Statement
Allocates space for variables in a random access file buffer.
FIELD #file,width AS variable[,width AS variable]...
Parameters
file
File number of open random access file.
width
Number of characters in field.
variable
String variable that identifies the field and contains field data.
Remarks
If multiple random access files are open at the same time, specify different field variables for each file. Do not use field variables in other assignment statements other than LSET and RSET, the variable will no longer identify the field.
If numeric values will be stored in a field in binary format, the field must be allocated with a width of 8. Use the MKN$ function to convert a number to a binary string before storing the data in a field.
Example
FIELD #1,8 AS ID$,32 AS USER$,12 AS PHONE$
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
GET, LSET, OPEN, PUT, RSET, CVN, MKN$
7.73 FILES Statement
Lists files on a volume.
FILES [filespec]
Parameters
98
filespec
Files to list.
Remarks
The FILES statement lists the files on a volume and information about each file.
The filespec parameter may contain the wildcard characters * and ?. If the filespec contains only a volume name the colon (:) must be included. If the filespec does not include a volume name, the default volume is used.
If filespec is omitted, files on the default volume are listed.
The FILES statement is equivalent to the DIR statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
FILES
FILES "TEST.*"
FILES "*.DAT"
FILES "EXAMPLES:"
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
DIR
7.74 FILL Statement (standard version only)
Fills a row with a character.
FILL char,row[,[column][,[columns][,rows]]]
Parameters
char
Character to fill row with.
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns to fill.
rows
Number of rows to fill.
Remarks
The FILL statement fills a number of rows and columns with the specified character using the current foreground and background colors.
99
If column is omitted the default is 0. if columns is omitted the default is the last column. If rows is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
FILL "*",5
FILL "@",1,0,5,2
FILL "+",0,,10
FILL ">",10,5,1,8
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.75 FIND Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Finds a string in the current program.
FIND {line[-line] | -line}
- or -
FIND {line[-line] | -line}[,{line[-line] | -line}]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
string
String to find.
line
Line number of line to search in.
Remarks
The FIND statement searches for string in the current program. If a match is found, the line containing the string is displayed with each occurrence highlighted.
The search is not case sensitive.
If line is omitted the entire current program is searched.
Example
FIND "INPUT"
FIND "PRINT",100-200
FIND "A=",-100,1000-2000
Mode
Immediate only
7.76 FONT Statement (standard version only)
Changes the font size.
FONT size[,R]
Parameters
100
size
Size of font (in points).
Remarks
The FONT statement changes the size of the screen font to the size specified and clears the screen.
Use ,R to resize the NBASIC window.
Examples
FONT 10
FONT 12,R
Mode
Immediate only
7.77 FOR Statement
Repeats a block of statements a specified number of times.
FOR counter=start TO end [STEP increment]
Parameters
counter
Numeric variable used as loop counter.
start
Initial value of counter.
end
Final value of counter.
increment
Amount counter is changed each time through the loop.
Remarks
Each FOR statement must have a matching NEXT statement.
If STEP increment is omitted the default is 1. To decrement a counter specify a negative increment.
NOTE: A FOR loop is always executed at least once regardless of the end and
increment values.
Examples
FOR I=1 TO 10
FOR J=2 TO 100 STEP 2
FOR K=10 TO 1 STEP -1
Mode
Immediate, Program
101
See Also
NEXT
7.78 FORMAT Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Formats the current program.
FORMAT {[NO]CAP | [NO]LET}
Remarks
The FORMAT statement changes a program to upper (CAP) or lower (NOCAP) case or the LET statement to show (LET) or hide (NOLET) the LET keyword.
Examples
FORMAT CAP
FORMAT NOCAP
FORMAT LET
FORMAT NOLET
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
LET
7.79 FRAME Statement
Draws a frame.
FRAME row,column,columns,rows[,[style][,color]]
Parameters
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns.
rows
Number of rows.
style
Style of frame.
color
Color of frame.
Remarks
102
The FRAME statement draws a frame columns wide and rows high beginning at
row,column. The style of the frame can be either block (0) or line (1). The interior of the frame is cleared using the current background text color.
If style is omitted the default is 0. If color is omitted the default is the current foreground text color.
Examples
FRAME 1,2,76,10
FRAME 1,2,76,10,1
FRAME 1,2,76,10,1,12
FRAME 1,2,76,10,,12
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.80 FRE Statement
Initializes the run-time environment.
FRE
Remarks
The FRE statement is equivalent to the INIT statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INIT
7.81 GET Statement
Reads a record from a random access file into a file buffer.
GET #file,record
Parameters
file
File number of open random access file.
record
Record number of record to get.
Example
GET #1,1
Mode
Immediate, Program
103
See Also
FIELD, LSET, OPEN, PUT, RSET
7.82 GET Statement, graphics (standard version only)
Captures a graphics screen image.
GET (x1,y1)-(x2,y2),variable
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of corner of graphics image.
y1
Y coordinate of corner of graphics image.
x2
X coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
y2
Y coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
variable
Array variable where image is stored.
Remarks
Each pixel in the image requires one element of array storage. The size of the array can be found by using the equation (x2-x1+1) * (y2-y1+1), where (x1,y1) is the upper left corner of the image and (x2,y2) is the lower right corner.
Graphics must be turned on to capture images.
Examples
GET (10,10)-(20,20),IMAGE1
Mode
Program only
See Also
GRAPH, PUT
7.83 GOSUB Statement
Transfers control of the current program to a subroutine.
GOSUB line
Parameters
line
Line number or label of subroutine.
104
Remarks
The GOSUB statement transfers control to the specified subroutine. Use the
RETURN statement to return from the subroutine.
Examples
GOSUB 100
GOSUB *START
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
GOTO, ON GOSUB, POP, PUSH, RETURN
7.84 GOTO Statement
Transfers control of the current program to a specified line.
GOTO line
Parameters
line
Line number or label of line.
Examples
GOTO 100
GOTO *START
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
GOSUB, ON GOTO
7.85 GOTO TIMER Statement
Transfers control of the current program to the timer event handling routine.
GOTO TIMER
Remarks
The GOTO TIMER statement transfers control to the timer handler just as if an actual timer event had occurred. The timer handler must be set using the ON TIMER statement. Control will be returned to the current program as specified by the
RESUME statement in the timer handler.
Example
GOTO TIMER
105
Mode
Program
See Also
ON TIMER, RESUME
7.86 GR Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Turns graphics on.
GR
Remarks
In order to draw graphics on the screen graphics must be enabled.
The GR statement is equivalent to the GRAPH ON statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Program only
See Also
GRAPH, HGR, HGR2, TEXT
7.87 GRAPH Statement (standard version only)
Turns graphics on or off.
GRAPH {[ON] | OFF}
Remarks
In order to draw graphics on the screen graphics must be enabled.
Examples
GRAPH
GRAPH ON
GRAPH OFF
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, CHORD, CIRCLE, DRAW, GET, LINE, PAINT, PCLR, PCLS, PCOLOR,
PFONT, PIE, POINT, PPRINT, PRESET, PSET, PUT
7.88 HCIRCLE Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Draws a circle.
106
HCIRCLE (x,y),radius[,[color][,[start][,[end][,[aspect][,F]]]]]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of center of circle.
y
Y coordinate of center of circle.
radius
Radius of circle.
color
Color of circle.
start
Starting angle of arc in radians.
end
Ending angle of arc in radians.
aspect
Ratio of length of y-axis to length of x-axis used to draw ellipses.
Remarks
The HCIRCLE statement can be used to draw circles, ellipses, and arcs. To draw a circle aspect must be 1 or omitted. To draw ellipses aspect can be less than 1 for ellipses stretched on the x-axis or greater than 1 for ellipses stretched on the y-axis.
To draw arcs specify the start and end angles.
Use ,F to fill in the circle.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If start is omitted the default is 0. If end is omitted the default is 0. if aspect is omitted the default is 1.
Graphics must be turned on to draw circles.
The HCIRCLE statement is equivalent to the CIRCLE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HCIRCLE (100,100),50
HCIRCLE (200,200),10,5,,,,F
HCIRCLE (150,150),100,,,,2
HCIRCLE (150,150),100,,,,.5
HCIRCLE (50,50),25,,.785,3.142
Mode
Program only
See Also
CIRCLE, GRAPH, HCLS, HCOLOR, HDRAW, HLINE, HPAINT
107
7.89 HCLS Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Clears the graphics screen.
HCLS [color]
Parameters
color
Color to clear screen with.
Remarks
The HCLS statement clears the graphics screen with color and sets the graphics background color to color.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to clear the graphics screen.
The HCLS statement is equivalent to the PCLS statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HCLS
HCLS 7
Mode
Program only
See Also
HCOLOR, PCLS
7.90 HCOLOR Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Sets the graphics foreground color.
HCOLOR=foreground
- or -
HCOLOR foreground[,background] (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Parameters
foreground
Foreground graphics color.
background
Background graphics color.
Remarks
The HCOLOR statement can be used to set the foreground graphics colors.
108
Graphics must be turned on to set the graphics colors.
The HCOLOR statement is similar to the PCOLOR statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HCOLOR=4
HCOLOR 4
HCOLOR 7,10
Mode
Program only
See Also
COLOR, PCOLOR
7.91 HDRAW Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Draws objects.
HDRAW command
Parameters
command
String containing draw commands.
Remarks
Draw commands:
D[n]
E[n]
F[n]
G[n]
H[n]
L[n]
M[{+ | -}]x,y
R[n]
U[n]
[B]
[N]
An
Cn
Sn
Pf,b color b.
Xv$
{; | space}
Moves graphics cursor down n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor up and right n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor down and right n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor down and left n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor up and left n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor left n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor to point x,y. If x is preceded by + or -, moves relative to the current graphics point.
Moves graphics cursor right n pixels.
Moves graphics cursor up n pixels.
Optional prefix that moves graphics cursor without drawing.
Optional prefix that draws and returns graphics cursor to original position.
Sets the drawing angle (0-3).
Sets the drawing color (0-15).
Sets the drawing scale (1-255).
Paints a graphics area using color f. Painting stops at border
Draws a substring.
Separates drawing commands.
The drawing angle rotates the object in increments of 90 degrees.
109
To draw a substring use the VARPTR$ function to get the address of the string variable containing the substring draw.
Graphics must be turned on to draw objects.
The HDRAW statement is equivalent to the DRAW statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HDRAW "M200,200;D50;R50;U50;L50;BM225,225;P10,0"
A$="D50;R50;U50;L50;"
HDRAW "M200,200;X"+VARPTR$(A$)+"BM225,225;P10,0"
Mode
Program only
See Also
DRAW, VARPTR$
7.92 HELP Statement
Displays help.
HELP [topic]
- or -
H. [topic] (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
topic
Topic to display help for.
Remarks
If topic exists in the help file, it is displayed. If more than one match is found then the help index is displayed.
If topic is omitted the default help topic is displayed.
Examples
HELP
HELP "RUN"
Mode
Immediate only
7.93 HGET Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Captures a graphics screen image.
HGET (x1,y1)-(x2,y2),variable
110
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of corner of graphics image.
y1
Y coordinate of corner of graphics image.
x2
X coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
y2
Y coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
variable
Array variable where image is stored.
Remarks
Each pixel in the image requires one element of array storage. The size of the array can be found by using the equation (x2-x1+1) * (y2-y1+1), where (x1,y1) is the upper left corner of the image and (x2,y2) is the lower right corner.
Graphics must be turned on to capture images.
The HGET statement is equivalent to the GET statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HGET (10,10)-(20,20),IMAGE1
Mode
Program only
See Also
GRAPH, GET, HPUT
7.94 HGR Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Turns graphics on.
HGR
Remarks
In order to draw graphics on the screen graphics must be enabled.
The HGR statement is equivalent to the GRAPH ON statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Program only
See Also
111
GR, GRAPH, HGR2, TEXT
7.95 HGR2 Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Turns graphics on.
HGR2
Remarks
In order to draw graphics on the screen graphics must be enabled.
The HGR2 statement is equivalent to the GRAPH ON statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Program only
See Also
GR, GRAPH, HGR, TEXT
7.96 HLIN Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Draws a horizontal line.
HLIN x1,x2 AT y
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of start of line.
x1
X coordinate of end of line.
y
Y coordinate of line.
Remarks
The HLIN statement draws a line from the point (x1,y) to the point (x2,y) using the current graphics foreground color.
The HLIN statement is similar to the LINE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Graphics must be turned on to draw lines.
Examples
HLIN 10,100 AT 100
Mode
Program only
See Also
112
COLOR, GR, LINE, VLIN
7.97 HLINE Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Draws a line.
HLINE (x1,y1)-(x2,y2)[,[color][,B[F]]]
- or -
HLINE -(x2,y2)[,[color][,B[F]]]
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of starting point of line.
y1
Y coordinate of starting point of line.
x2
X coordinate of end point of line.
y2
Y coordinate of end point of line.
color
Color of line.
Remarks
The LINE statement can be used to draw lines or boxes. Form 1 draws a line from the point (x1,y1) to the point (x2,y2). Form 2 draws a line from the current graphics point to the point (x2,y2).
Use ,B to draw a box. Use F to fill in the box.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color.
Graphics must be turned on to draw lines.
The HLINE statement is equivalent to the LINE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HLINE (10,10)-(100,100)
HLINE (20,20)-(50,50),10
HLINE (200,200)-(250,250),,B
HLINE (220,220)-(230,230),12,BF
HLINE -(300,300)
HLINE -(100,100),5
HLINE -(80,80),2,BF
Mode
Program only
113
See Also
GRAPH, LINE
7.98 HOME Statement
Clears the screen.
HOME
Remarks
The HOME statement clears the screen using the current background color and sets the cursor position to 0,0.
The HOME statement is equivalent to the CLS statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CLS
7.99 HPAINT Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Fills a graphics area with a color.
HPAINT (x,y)[,[color][,border]]
Parameters
x
X coordinate where painting begins.
y
Y coordinate where painting begins.
color
Color to paint.
border
Color of border where painting stops.
Remarks
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If border is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to paint a graphics area.
The HPAINT statement is equivalent to the PAINT statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
114
HPAINT (100,100)
HPAINT (50,50),7
HPAINT (200,50),5,7
Mode
Program only
See Also
GRAPH, PAINT
7.100 HPLOT Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Draws a point or one or more lines.
HPLOT x,y
- or -
HPLOT x1,y1 [TO x2,y2]...
- or -
HPLOT TO x1,y1 [TO x2,y2]...
Parameters
x
X coordinate of point.
y
Y coordinate of point.
x1
X coordinate of starting point of line.
y1 x2
Y coordinate of starting point of line.
X coordinate of end point or line.
y2
Y coordinate of end point of line.
Remarks
The HPLOT statement draws a point or one or more lines at the specified coordinates using the current graphics foreground color.
If no starting point is specified the line is drawn from the current graphics point.
The HPLOT statement is similar to the PSET and LINE statements and is provided for compatibility.
Graphics must be turned on to draw points.
Examples
HPLOT 50,50
115
HPLOT 50,50 TO 100,100
HPLOT 50,50 TO 100,100 TO 10,10
HPLOT TO 50,50
HPLOT TO 50,50 TO 100,100 TO 10,10
Mode
Program only
See Also
COLOR, GR, LINE, PLOT, PSET
7.101 HPUT Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Displays a graphics screen image.
HPUT (x1,y1)-(x2,y2),variable[,{AND | OR | PSET | PRESET | XOR}]
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of corner of graphics image.
y1
Y coordinate of corner of graphics image.
x2
X coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
y2
Y coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
variable
Array variable where image is stored.
Remarks
Each pixel in the image requires one element of array storage. The size of the array can be found by using the equation (x2-x1+1) * (y2-y1+1), where (x1,y1) is the upper left corner of the image and (x2,y2) is the lower right corner.
AND mergers the stored image with the graphics screen.
OR superimposes the stored image on the graphics screen.
PSET draws stored image erasing the graphics screen.
PRESET draws stored image in reverse colors erasing the graphics screen.
XOR draws a stored image or erases a previously drawn image while preserving the background.
Graphics must be turned on to display images.
The HPUT statement is equivalent to the PUT statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HPUT (110,110)-(120,120),IMAGE1
HPUT (210,210)-(220,220),IMAGE1,PSET
116
Mode
Program only
See Also
HGET, GRAPH, PUT
7.102 HRESET Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Draws a point.
HRESET (x,y)[,color]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of point.
y
Y coordinate of point.
color
Color of point.
Remarks
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to draw points.
The HRESET statement is equivalent to the PRESET statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HRESET (50,50)
HRESET (100,100),5
Mode
Program only
See Also
GRAPH, HSET, PRESET
7.103 HSCROLL Statement (standard version only)
Scrolls columns left or right.
HSCROLL row,column,columns,rows[,horizontal]
Parameters
row
Starting row.
117
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns to scroll.
rows
Number of rows to scroll.
horizontal
Number of columns by which to scroll.
Remarks
The HSCROLL statement scrolls text within a rectangular region length columns by
height rows starting at row,column, horizontal columns. If horizontal is positive the region is scrolled to the right, if negative to the left. The text is scrolled within the rectangle with columns to the right or left overwritten and new columns filled with spaces.
If horizontal is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
HSCROLL 0,0,80,25
HSCROLL 0,0,80,25,-1
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
VSCROLL
7.104 HSET Statement (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Draws a point.
HSET (x,y)[,color]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of point.
y
Y coordinate of point.
color
Color of point.
Remarks
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color.
Graphics must be turned on to draw points.
118
The HSET statement is equivalent to the PSET statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HSET (50,50)
HSET (100,100),5
Mode
Program only
See Also
GRAPH, HRESET, PSET
7.105 HTAB Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Moves the cursor to a specified position on the screen.
HTAB column
Parameters
column
Column where cursor is to be moved.
Remarks
The HTAB statement only changes the column position of the cursor.
The screen has 80 columns numbered 0 through 79.
The HTAB statement is similar to the LOCATE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
HTAB 10
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
LOCATE, VTAB
7.106 IF Statement
Executes one or more statements depending on specified conditions.
IF condition THEN {line | statement[:statement]...} [ELSE {line | statement[:statement]...}]
[END IF]
- or -
IF condition GOTO line [ELSE {line | statement[:statement]...}] [END IF]
119
- or -
IF condition GOSUB line [ELSE {line | statement[:statement]...}] [END IF]
Parameters
condition
Expression that evaluates to true or false.
line
Line number or label of line.
statement
NBASIC statement.
Remarks
If condition is true, execution continues with the THEN, GOTO, or GOSUB clauses otherwise execution continues with the ELSE clause if specified.
The END IF clause ends the IF statement otherwise execution continues with statements following the THEN or ELSE clauses. It is useful when multiple statements are on the same line.
Examples
IF A<>0 THEN 100
IF N$="" THEN 50 ELSE 80
IF I/2>10 THEN I=I+1 ELSE I=0: GOTO 50 END IF
IF C>=100 GOTO 200
IF B(I)=0 GOSUB 100
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ON GOTO, ON GOSUB
7.107 INC Statement (standard version only)
Increments one or more numeric variables by 1.
INC variable[,variable]...
Parameters
variable
Numeric variable to increment.
Examples
INC A
INC ITEMS,USERS
Mode
Immediate, Program
120
See Also
DEC
7.108 INIT Statement
Initializes the run-time environment.
INIT
Remarks
The INIT statement deletes keystrokes in the type ahead buffer, deletes all variables, sets static variables to 0, and resets the FILE$ and VOLUME$ functions.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
NEW
7.109 INPUT Statement
Reads input from the keyboard or a file.
INPUT [;] [prompt{; | ,}] variable[,variable]...
- or -
INPUT #file,variable[,variable]...
Parameters
prompt
String displayed before data is entered. A semicolon after prompt appends a question mark (?) to the prompt string.
variable
Variable in which data read from keyboard or file is stored.
file
File number of open file.
Remarks
For keyboard input, a semicolon (;) immediately after INPUT keeps the cursor on the same line after the ENTER key is pressed.
Examples
INPUT C,N
INPUT "NAME"; N$
INPUT "NAME: ", N$
INPUT ; "TOTAL"; T
INPUT #1,N,A$
121
Mode
Program only
See Also
INPUT$, LINE INPUT, OPEN
7.110 INSERT Statement
Inserts a record in a file.
INSERT #file,record
Parameters
file
File number of open random access file.
record
Record number of record to insert.
Remarks
The INSERT statement extends a random access file, moves records up, and inserts a new record.
Example
INSERT #1,5
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DELETE, OPEN
7.111 INVERSE Statement
Turns inverse on or off.
INVERSE {ON | OFF}
- or -
INVERSE (Version 1.4 or later)
Remarks
The INVERSE statement reverses the foreground and background colors.
Examples
INVERSE ON
INVERSE OFF
Mode
122
Immediate, Program
See Also
COLOR
7.112 INVERT Statement
Inverts a row.
INVERT row[,[column][,[columns][,rows]]]
Parameters
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns to invert.
rows
Number of rows to invert.
Remarks
The INVERT statement inverts a number of rows and columns using the current foreground and background colors.
If column is omitted the default is 0. if columns is omitted the default is the last column. If rows is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
INVERT 5
INVERT 1,0,5,2
INVERT 0,,10
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.113 KILL Statement
Deletes a file.
KILL filespec
- or -
K. filespec (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec
Name of file to delete.
123
Remarks
The KILL statement permanently deletes a file from a volume.
The default extension for the KILL statement if not specified in the filespec is "nba".
The filespec parameters may contain the wildcard characters * and ?. (Version 1.5 or later)
Examples
KILL "TEST.DAT"
KILL "DATA:NAMES.IDX"
KILL "*.TXT"
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.114 KILL # Statement (Version 1.1 or later)
Closes and deletes an open file.
KILL #file
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2) to kill.
Remarks
The KILL # statement writes any remaining data in the file buffer to the file, closes the file and deletes it.
KILL #-2 stops the print job and closes the printer.
Examples
KILL #1
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN, RESET, UNLOAD
7.115 LEFT$ Statement (standard version only)
Assigns part of a string variable to another string.
LEFT$(variable[,length])=expression
Parameters
variable
String variable to assign string to.
124
length
Length of substring.
expression
String to assign.
Remarks
The LEFT$ statement replaces the left length characters in variable with characters from expression.
If length is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
LEFT$(A$,4)="TEST"
LEFT$(B$)="0"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
MID$, RIGHT$
7.116 LET Statement
Assigns the value of an expression to a variable.
[LET] variable=expression
- or -
[LET] variable[,variable]...=expression[,variable[,variable]...=expression]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
variable
Variable to assign value to.
expression
Value to assign to variable.
Examples
A=A+1
LET B=SQR(10)
LET N$="TEST"
A,B=1
LET A=1,B=2
Mode
Immediate, Program
125
7.117 LINE Statement (standard version only)
Draws a line.
LINE (x1,y1)-(x2,y2)[,[color][,B[F]]]
- or -
LINE -(x2,y2)[,[color][,B[F]]]
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of starting point of line.
y1
Y coordinate of starting point of line.
x2
X coordinate of end point of line.
y2
Y coordinate of end point of line.
color
Color of line.
Remarks
The LINE statement can be used to draw lines or boxes. Form 1 draws a line from the point (x1,y1) to the point (x2,y2). Form 2 draws a line from the current graphics point to the point (x2,y2).
Use ,B to draw a box. Use F to fill in the box.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color.
Graphics must be turned on to draw lines.
Examples
LINE (10,10)-(100,100)
LINE (20,20)-(50,50),10
LINE (200,200)-(250,250),,B
LINE (220,220)-(230,230),12,BF
LINE -(300,300)
LINE -(100,100),5
LINE -(80,80),2,BF
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, CHORD, CIRCLE, DRAW, GRAPH, PAINT, PCOLOR, PIE
126
7.118 LINE EDIT Statement (Version 1.2 or later)
Edits a string.
LINE EDIT[(string)] [prompt{; | ,}] variable
Parameters
string
String to be edited.
prompt
String displayed before data is entered. A semicolon after prompt appends a question mark (?) to the prompt string.
variable
Variable in which the data read from keyboard or file is stored.
Remarks
The LINE EDIT statement reads all characters up to a carriage return.
If string is omitted the default is an empty string.
Examples
LINE EDIT "Greeting"; A$
LINE EDIT(N$) "Name: ", N$
Mode
Program only
See Also
INPUT, LINE INPUT
7.119 LINE INPUT Statement
Reads input from the keyboard or a file.
LINE INPUT [prompt{; | ,}] variable
- or -
LINE INPUT #file,variable
Parameters
prompt
String displayed before data is entered. A semicolon after prompt appends a question mark (?) to the prompt string.
variable
Variable in which the data read from keyboard or file is stored.
file
File number of open file.
127
Remarks
The LINE INPUT statement reads all characters up to a carriage return.
Examples
LINE INPUT A$
LINE INPUT "NAME"; N$
LINE INPUT "NAME: ", N$
LINE INPUT #1,A$
Mode
Program only
See Also
INPUT, OPEN
7.120 LINES Statement
Displays the number of lines in the current program.
LINES
Mode
Immediate only
7.121 LIST Statement
Displays lines in the current program.
LIST [line][-[line]]
- or -
LIST [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to display.
Remarks
If line is omitted all lines are displayed.
Examples
LIST
LIST 100
LIST 10-
LIST 10-100
LIST -100
LIST -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
128
Immediate only
7.122 LLIST Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Prints lines in the current program to the printer.
LLIST [line][-[line]]
Parameters
line
Line number of line to printed.
Remarks
If line is omitted all lines are printed.
Examples
LLIST
LLIST 100
LLIST 10-
LLIST 10-100
LLIST -100
Mode
Immediate only
7.123 LOAD Statement
Loads a program.
LOAD filespec[,R]
- or -
L. filespec[,R] (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec
File name of program to load.
Remarks
The LOAD statement can be used to load a BASIC program. The new program replaces the current program. The program can be in NBASIC binary or ASCII format.
Programs in ASCII format that do not have line numbers may also be loaded. The lines are appended to the program as they occur in the file. If lines include line numbers, they are inserted in order and subsequent lines replace any duplicates.
Use ,R to run the program immediately.
The default extension for the LOAD statement if not specified in the filespec is "nba".
129
Examples
LOAD "ANALYZE.BAS"
LOAD "PROGRAMS:COUNT.NBA",R
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ASAVE, BSAVE, SAVE
7.124 LOADC Statement
Loads a program from the Windows clipboard.
LOADC[,R]
Remarks
The LOADC statement can be used to load a BASIC program from the Windows clipboard. The new program replaces the current program. The program on the clipboard must be ASCII text.
Programs in ASCII format that do not have line numbers may also be loaded. The lines are appended to the program as they occur in the file. If lines include line numbers, they are inserted in order and subsequent lines replace any duplicates.
Use ,R to run the program immediately.
Examples
LOADC
LOADC,R
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
SAVEC
7.125 LOADR Statement
Loads a built-in program.
LOADR program[,R]
Parameters
program
Name of program to load.
Remarks
Use ,R to run the program immediately.
130
Examples
LOADR "WELCOME"
LOADR "WELCOME",R
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
DIRR, RUNR
7.126 LOCATE Statement
Moves the cursor to a specified position on the screen.
LOCATE row,column
Parameters
row
Row where cursor is to be moved.
column
Column where cursor is to be moved.
Remarks
The screen has 25 rows numbered 0 through 24 and 80 columns numbered 0 through 79.
Examples
LOCATE 10,0
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.127 LOCK Statement
Locks the screen.
LOCK #0
Remarks
The LOCK statement locks the screen and does not display changes to the screen immediately. Use the UNLOCK statement to unlock the screen and display the changes.
Mode
Program only
See Also
UNLOCK
131
7.128 LOG Statement (standard version only)
Opens a file and begins logging screen output to the log file or turns logging on or off or stops logging and closes the log file.
LOG [TO] filespec[,A]
- or -
LOG {ON | OFF | STOP}
Parameters
filespec
Name of log file.
Remarks
The LOG statement can be used record output from a program to a file. Form 1 opens the log file and turns logging on. Logging can be turned off and on at any time. When logging is stopped, the log file is closed and must be opened again.
The default extension for the LOG statement if not specified in the filespec is "log".
Use ,A to append to the log file.
Examples
LOG TO "OUTPUT.TXT"
LOG "OUTPUT.TXT",A
LOG ON
LOG OFF
LOG STOP
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
LOG$
7.129 LPRINT Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Writes output to the printer.
LPRINT [expression] [{, | ; | SPC(spaces) | TAB(column)} [expression]]...
Parameters
expression
Data to print.
spaces
Number of spaces to output.
column
132
Column where output is to start.
Remarks
A , (comma) starts printing at the next print zone. Print zones are 10 characters wide. A ; starts printing immediately after the last value printed. SPC prints a specified number of spaces. TAB starts printing at the specified column.
If any delimiters (, | ; | SPC | TAB) are not specified as the last item in the print statement a carriage return is printed moving the print position to the beginning of the next line.
Examples
LPRINT
LPRINT "HELLO"
LPRINT "ABC","123"
LPRINT 100;" APPLES"
LPRINT "TOTAL:" SPC(5) T
LPRINT "ITEMS:";I
Mode
Program only
See Also
LPRINT USING, OPEN PRINTER, LPOS
7.130 LPRINT USING Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Writes output to the printer.
LPRINT USING format; expression[,expression]...[;]
Parameters
format
Format string.
expression
Data to print.
Remarks
The format string consists of characters that specify how numbers and strings are formatted.
Numeric format characters:
# Digit position.
,
.
Decimal point position.
Placed left of the decimal point, prints a comma in every third position.
+
-
Sign position.
Placed after digit, prints trailing sign for negative numbers.
^^^^ Prints in scientific notation (exponential) format.
$$ Prints leading $.
**
**$
Fills leading spaces with *.
Fills leading spaces with * and prints leading $.
133
String format characters:
!
&
\ \
Prints entire string.
Prints only the first character of a string.
Prints first n characters of a string where n is the number of spaces between the slashes + 2.
Other format characters:
_ Prints the following character as a literal.
If ; is not specified as the last item in the print statement a carriage return is printed moving the print position to the beginning of the next line.
Examples
LPRINT USING "TOTAL: #####"; 1000
LPRINT USING "#####,.##"; 1000.21
LPRINT USING "####-"; -123
LPRINT USING "$$###.##"; 121.95
LPRINT USING "**###.##"; 121.95
LPRINT USING "**$##.##"; 121.95
LPRINT USING "**$####,.##-"; -1021.95
LPRINT USING "&"; "TEST STRING"
LPRINT USING "\ \"; "TEST STRING"
LPRINT USING "!"; "TEST STRING"
LPRINT USING "_###"; 5
Mode
Program only
See Also
LPRINT, OPEN PRINTER, LPOS
7.131 LSET Statement
Left justifies data in the field variable and moves the data into the file buffer or in a string variable.
LSET variable=expression
Parameters
variable
String variable to assign value to.
expression
Value to assign to variable.
Examples
LSET B$=S$
LSET N$="TEST"
Mode
Immediate, Program
134
See Also
FIELD, RSET
7.132 MERGE Statement
Merges a program with the current program.
MERGE filespec[,new[,increment]]
- or -
ME. filespec[,new[,increment]] (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec
File name of program to merge.
new
Starting line number where program should be merged and renumbered.
increment
Increment for renumbering merged program.
Remarks
The MERGE statement can be used to merge a BASIC program with the current program. The program can be in NBASIC binary or ASCII format.
A line in the merged program replaces a line in the current program having the same line number.
The default extension for the MERGE statement if not specified in the filespec is
"nba".
Examples
MERGE "HEADER"
MERGE "PROGRAMS:SUBS.BAS",1000
MERGE "DATA.BAS",5000,5
Mode
Immediate only
7.133 MID$ Statement
Assigns part of a string variable to another string.
MID$(variable,start[,length])=expression
Parameters
variable
String variable to assign string to.
start
135
Starting index.
length
Length of substring.
expression
String to assign.
Remarks
The MID$ statement replaces length characters in variable beginning at index start with characters from expression.
If length is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
MID$(A$,5,4)="TEST"
MID$(B$,1)="0"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
LEFT$, RIGHT$
7.134 MOVE Statement
Moves a file to another file or volume.
MOVE filespec1 TO filespec2
- or -
M. filespec1 TO filespec2 (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec1
Name of existing file.
filespec2
Name of new file.
Remarks
The MOVE statement can be used to move an existing file to another file or volume.
The filespec and filespec2 parameters may contain the wildcard characters * and ?.
(Version 1.5 or later)
Examples
MOVE "TEST.DAT" TO "CONFIG.DAT"
MOVE "PROGRAMS:TEST.DAT" TO "DATA:TEST.DAT"
MOVE "*.DOC" TO "TEMP:"
MOVE "*.TXT" TO "*.DOC"
136
MOVE "*.LOG" TO "HISTORY.TXT"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
APPEND, COPY, RENAME
7.135 MOVE Statement, editing (standard version only)
Moves a line in the current program to another line.
MOVE line1 TO line2[,E]
- or -
M. line1 TO line2[,E] (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
line1
Line number of line to move.
line2
Line number of destination line.
Remarks
The MOVE statement moves an existing line in the current program to another line.
The destination line is overwritten if it already exists. Line numbers in the current program that refer to the line being moved are automatically changed to the destination line number.
Use ,E to edit the destination line.
Examples
MOVE 10 TO 50
MOVE 20 TO 100,E
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
APPEND, COPY, SWAP
7.136 NAME Statement
Renames a file.
NAME filespec1 AS filespec2
Parameters
filespec1
137
Name of existing file.
filespec2
New name of file.
Remarks
The NAME statement cannot change the volume where the file is stored, only the name and extension of the file can be changed.
The NAME statement is equivalent to the RENAME statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
NAME "TEST.DAT" AS "CONFIG.DAT"
NAME "PROGRAMS:TEST.DAT" AS "PROGRAMS:INDEX.DAT"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
RENAME
7.137 NEW Statement
Erases the current program.
NEW
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INIT
7.138 NEXT Statement
Increments and tests the variable in a FOR loop.
NEXT [counter[,counter]...]
Parameters
counter
Numeric variable used as loop counter.
Remarks
The NEXT statement is used to increment and test the variable in a FOR loop and exit the loop if the counter has reached the end value.
138
If counter is omitted the counter in the most recent FOR loop is incremented. If multiple counters are specified place the counter of the most recent FOR loop first followed by the next most recent.
Examples
FOR I=1 TO 10: NEXT
FOR I=1 TO 10: NEXT I
FOR I=1 TO 10: FOR J=I TO 10: NEXT J,I 'Equivalent to NEXT J:
NEXT I
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
FOR
7.139 NOBREAK Statement (standard version only)
Clears breakpoints.
NOBREAK
- or -
NOBREAK line[,line]...
- or -
NOBREAK [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number or label where breakpoint is to be cleared.
Remarks
The NOBREAK statement can be used to clear breakpoints set by BREAK.
NOBREAK with no parameters clears all breakpoints.
Examples
NOBREAK
NOBREAK 100,150
NOBREAK 200,*REDO
NOBREAK -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
BREAK
139
7.140 NOINVERSE Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Turns inverse off.
NOINVERSE
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INVERSE
7.141 NOREVERSE Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Turns inverse off.
NOREVERSE
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INVERSE
7.142 NORMAL Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Turns inverse off.
NORMAL
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INVERSE
7.143 NOTRACE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Disables tracing of program.
NOTRACE
Mode
Immediate, Program
Remarks
The NOTRACE statement is equivalent to the TROFF statement and is provided for compatibility.
140
See Also
TRACE, TROFF
7.144 NUMBER Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Turns automatic line numbering on.
NUM[BER] [initial[,increment]]...
Parameters
initial
Starting line number.
increment
Increment for each new line number.
Remarks
The NUMBER statement can be used to automatically generate line numbers when entering a program. After each line is entered, the line number is incremented by increment and is automatically entered as part of the next line. If a line already exists with this line number, a new line number is not automatically generated.
If initial is omitted the default is 100. If increment is omitted the default is 10.
The NUMBER statement is similar to the AUTO statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
NUMBER
NUMBER 1000
NUMBER 10,5
NUM
NUM 1000
NUM 10,5
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
AUTO
7.145 OLD Statement
Loads a program or restores a program.
OLD filespec
- or -
OLD (Version 1.3 or later)
Parameters
141
filespec
File name of program to load.
Remarks
The OLD statement can be used to load a BASIC program. The new program replaces the current program. The program can be in NBASIC binary or ASCII format.
Programs in ASCII format that do not have line numbers may also be loaded. The lines are appended to the program as they occur in the file. If lines include line numbers, they are inserted in order and subsequent lines replace any duplicates.
The default extension for the OLD statement if not specified in the filespec is "nba".
The OLD statement can also be used to restore a program erased by the NEW statement. A program cannot be restored if the current program has been modified.
Examples
OLD "ANALYZE.BAS"
OLD "PROGRAMS:COUNT.NBA"
OLD
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
LOAD, NEW
7.146 ON BREAK Statement
Enables BREAK key trapping and when the BREAK key is pressed transfers control to a
BREAK key handling routine or suspends BREAK key trapping.
ON BREAK GOTO line
- or -
ON BREAK GOTO 0
Parameters
line
Line number or label of first line of handling routine.
Remarks
If BREAK key trapping is enabled, the ON BREAK statement branches to a subroutine whenever the BREAK key is pressed.
Use the RESUME statement to return from the subroutine.
Examples
ON BREAK GOTO 1000
142
ON BREAK GOTO *HANDLER
ON BREAK GOTO 0
Mode
Program only
See Also
BREAK, RESUME
7.147 ON ERROR Statement
Enables error handling and when a run-time error occurs transfers control to an error handling routine or resumes execution or suspends error handling.
ON ERROR GOTO line
- or -
ON ERROR RESUME NEXT
- or -
ON ERROR GOTO 0
Parameters
line
Line number or label of first line of handling routine.
Remarks
The ON ERROR RESUME NEXT statement does not branch to a handling subroutine, it resumes execution with the next statement following the statement that caused the error.
Use the RESUME statement to return from the subroutine.
Examples
ON ERROR GOTO 1000
ON ERROR GOTO *HANDLER
ON ERROR RESUME NEXT
ON BREAK GOTO 0
Mode
Program only
See Also
ERL, ERR, ERR$, RESUME
7.148 ON GOSUB Statement
Transfers control of the current program to one of several subroutines based on the value of an expression.
143
ON expression GOSUB line[,line]...
Parameters
expression
Expression that evaluates to a number in the range 0 to 255.
line
Line number or label of subroutine.
Remarks
If the value of expression is 1, the program branches to the first line specified; if
expression is 2, it branches to the second line, and so on.
Use the RETURN statement to return from the subroutine.
Examples
ON INDEX GOSUB 100,200
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
IF, GOSUB, ON GOTO, RETURN
7.149 ON GOTO Statement
Transfers control of the current program to one of several lines based on the value of an expression.
ON expression GOTO line[,line]...
Parameters
expression
Expression that evaluates to a number in the range 0 to 255.
line
Line number or label of line.
Remarks
If the value of expression is 1, the program branches to the first line specified; if
expression is 2, it branches to the second line, and so on.
Examples
ON INDEX GOTO 100,200
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
IF, GOTO, ON GOSUB
144
7.150 ON TIMER Statement
Enables timer event trapping and when a timer event occurs transfers control to a timer event handling routine or suspends timer event trapping.
ON TIMER[(interval)] GOTO line
- or -
ON TIMER GOTO 0
Parameters
interval
Timer event interval in milliseconds.
line
Line number or label of first line of handling routine.
Remarks
If timer event trapping is enabled, the ON TIMER statement branches to a subroutine whenever the specified number of milliseconds has elapsed.
Use the RESUME statement to return from the subroutine.
If interval is omitted the default is 1000 milliseconds (1 second).
Examples
ON TIMER GOTO 1000
ON TIMER(5000) GOTO *HANDLER
ON TIMER GOTO 0
Mode
Program only
See Also
GOTO TIMER, RESUME, TIMER
7.151 OPEN Statement
Opens a file.
OPEN filespec FOR {APPEND | INPUT | OUTPUT | RANDOM} AS #file [LEN=length]
- or -
OPEN mode,#file,filespec[,length]
Parameters
filespec
Name of file to open.
file
145
File number that identifies open file.
length
For random access files, record length; for sequential files, characters buffered.
mode
File mode.
Remarks
APPEND opens the file for sequential output and positions the file pointer to the end of the file. Output to the file extends (appends to) the file.
INPUT opens the file for sequential input.
OUTPUT opens the file for sequential output.
RANDOM opens the file for random access.
If length is omitted the default is 128 for random access files and 512 for sequential files.
The default extension for the OPEN statement if not specified in the filespec is "dat".
The file mode is a string specifying the file open mode; "A" for append, "I" for input,
"O" for output, or "R" for random.
Examples
OPEN "CONFIG.DAT" FOR INPUT AS #1
OPEN "TEST.DAT" FOR OUTPUT AS #2 LEN=100
OPEN "I",#1,"CONFIG.DAT"
OPEN "O",#2,"TEST.DAT",100
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CLOSE, DELETE, FIELD, GET, INPUT, INSERT, LINE INPUT, PUT, REOPEN,
RESET, REWIND, TRUNCATE, UNLOAD, WRITE
7.152 OPEN PRINTER Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Opens a printer.
OPEN PRINTER
Remarks
The OPEN PRINTER statement opens the most recent printer set by using the
PRINTER or PRINTER? statements or if not set, the current printer as specified in the Print Setup or Print dialogs and starts a print job.
Mode
Program only
146
See Also
CLOSE PRINTER, LPRINT, LPRINT USING, PRINTER, PRINTER?, LPOS
7.153 OPTION BASE Statement (Version 1.2 or later)
Specifies the base index of arrays.
OPEN BASE {0 | 1}
Remarks
If OPTION BASE 1 is specified in a program, the first element in an array dimension is in location 1. If no base is set or OPTION BASE 0 is specified, the first element in an array dimension is in location 0.
The OPTION BASE statement must be specified before any arrays are created in a program.
Examples
OPTION BASE 0
OPTION BASE 1
Mode
Program only
See Also
DIM, OPTION EXPLICIT, REDIM, LBOUND, MAXSIZE, SIZE, UBOUND
7.154 OPTION EXPLICIT Statement (Version 1.2 or later)
Specifies that arrays must be explicitly created.
OPEN EXPLICIT
Remarks
If OPTION EXPLICIT is specified in a program, all arrays must be explicitly created using the DIM or REDIM statements.
The OPTION EXPLICIT statement must be specified before any arrays are created in a program.
Mode
Program only
See Also
DIM, OPTION BASE, REDIM
147
7.155 PAINT Statement (standard version only)
Fills a graphics area with a color.
PAINT (x,y)[,[color][,border]]
Parameters
x
X coordinate where painting begins.
y
Y coordinate where painting begins.
color
Color to paint.
border
Color of border where painting stops.
Remarks
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If border is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to paint a graphics area.
Examples
PAINT (100,100)
PAINT (50,50),7
PAINT (200,50),5,7
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, CHORD, CIRCLE, DRAW, GRAPH, LINE, PIE, PCOLOR
7.156 PAUSE Statement
Pauses a program.
PAUSE [duration]
Parameters
duration
Number of milliseconds to pause.
Remarks
The PAUSE statement pauses a program for the duration specified or until a key is pressed.
If duration is omitted the default is 1000 milliseconds.
148
Examples
PAUSE
PAUSE 2000
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
WAIT
7.157 PCLR Statement (standard version only)
Clears a rectangular area of the graphics screen.
PCLR (x1,y1)-(x2,y2)[,color]
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of corner of rectangle.
y1
Y coordinate of corner of rectangle.
x2
X coordinate of opposite corner of rectangle.
y2
Y coordinate of opposite corner of rectangle.
color
Color to clear rectangle with.
Remarks
The PCLR statement clears a rectangular area of the graphics screen with color and sets the graphics background color to color.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to clear the graphics screen.
Examples
PCLR (100,100)-(200,200)
PCLR (100,100)-(200,200),1
Mode
Program only
See Also
PCLS, PCOLOR
149
7.158 PCLS Statement (standard version only)
Clears the graphics screen.
PCLS [color]
Parameters
color
Color to clear screen with.
Remarks
The PCLS statement clears the graphics screen with color and sets the graphics background color to color.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to clear the graphics screen.
Examples
PCLS
PCLS 7
Mode
Program only
See Also
PCLR, PCOLOR
7.159 PCOLOR Statement (standard version only)
Sets the graphics colors.
PCOLOR foreground[,background]
Parameters
foreground
Foreground graphics color.
background
Background graphics color.
Remarks
The PCOLOR statement can be used to set the foreground and background graphics colors.
If background is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to set the graphics colors.
Examples
150
PCOLOR 4
PCOLOR 7,10
Mode
Program only
See Also
PCLR, PCLS
7.160 PCP Statement (Version 1.2 or later, standard version only)
Displays the current printer.
PCP
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
PRINTER
7.161 PFONT Statement (standard version only)
Changes the graphics font size.
PFONT size
Parameters
size
Size of graphics font.
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to set the graphics font size.
Examples
PFONT 8
Mode
Program only
See Also
PPRINT
7.162 PIE Statement (standard version only)
Draws a pie.
PIE (x,y),radius[,[color][,[start][,[end][,[aspect][,F]]]]]
151
Parameters
x
X coordinate of center of pie.
y
Y coordinate of center of pie.
radius
Radius of pie.
color
Color of pie.
start
Starting angle of pie in radians.
end
Ending angle of pie in radians.
aspect
Ratio of length of y-axis to length of x-axis used to draw elliptical pies.
Remarks
The PIE statement can be used to draw a pie of a circle or ellipse. A pie is an arc specified by the start and end angles with the endpoints connected to the center point.
Use ,F to fill in the pie.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If start is omitted the default is 0. If end is omitted the default is 0. if aspect is omitted the default is 1.
Graphics must be turned on to draw pies.
Examples
PIE (50,50),25,,.785,3.142
PIE (100,100),50,5,,2.356,,F
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, CHORD, CIRCLE, DRAW, GRAPH, LINE, PAINT, PCOLOR
7.163 PLOT Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Draws a point.
PLOT x,y
Parameters
x
152
X coordinate of point.
y
Y coordinate of point.
Remarks
The PLOT statement draws a point at the specified coordinates using the current graphics foreground color.
The PLOT statement is similar to the PSET statement and is provided for compatibility.
Graphics must be turned on to draw points.
Examples
PLOT 50,50
Mode
Program only
See Also
COLOR, GR, HPLOT, PSET
7.164 POKE Statement
Writes a byte value to a memory location.
POKE address,value
Parameters
address
Address of memory location.
value
Value to write to memory location.
Examples
POKE 1994,5
POKE 1994,255
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
EXEC, PEEK
7.165 POP Statement
Removes a return address from the call stack.
POP
153
Remarks
The POP statement removes the most recent return address placed on the call stack by a GOSUB statement.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
GOSUB, PUSH, RETURN
7.166 PPRINT Statement (standard version only)
Writes output to the graphics screen.
PPRINT (x,y)[,[color][,[mode][,[angle][,[horizontal][,vertical]]]]]; [expression] [{, | ; |
SPC(spaces)} [expression]]...
Parameters
x
X coordinate where output is to begin.
y
Y coordinate where output is to begin.
color
Text color.
mode
Background mode, 0 for opaque or 1 for transparent.
angle
Text angle, 0 - 0 degrees, 1 - 90 degrees, 2 - 180 degrees, 3 - 270 degrees.
horizontal
Horizontal alignment, 0 - left, 1 - center, 2 - right.
vertical
Vertical alignment, 0 - top, 1 - center, 2 - bottom.
expression
Data to print.
spaces
Number of spaces to output.
Remarks
A , (comma) or a ; starts printing immediately after the last value printed. SPC prints a specified number of spaces.
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If mode is omitted the default is 0 (opaque). If angle is omitted the default is 0. If horizontal is omitted the default is 0 (left). If vertical is omitted the default is 0 (top).
154
PPRINT does not print a carriage return.
Graphics must be turned on to print to the graphics screen.
Examples
PPRINT (10,10),5; "COUNT"
PPRINT (10,25),5,,3; "ITEM"
Mode
Program only
See Also
PPRINT USING
7.167 PPRINT USING Statement (standard version only)
Writes output to the graphics screen.
PPRINT (x,y)[,[color][,[mode][,[angle][,[horizontal][,vertical]]]]]; USING format;
expression[,expression]...
Parameters
x
X coordinate where output is to begin.
y
Y coordinate where output is to begin.
color
Text color.
mode
Background mode, 0 for opaque or 1 for transparent.
angle
Text angle, 0 - 0 degrees, 1 - 90 degrees, 2 - 180 degrees, 3 - 270 degrees.
horizontal
Horizontal alignment, 0 - left, 1 - center, 2 - right.
vertical
Vertical alignment, 0 - top, 1 - center, 2 - bottom.
format
Format string.
expression
Data to print.
Remarks
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color. If mode is omitted the default is 0 (opaque). If angle is omitted the default is 0. If horizontal is omitted the default is 0 (left). If vertical is omitted the default is 0 (top).
155
The format string consists of characters that specify how numbers and strings are formatted.
Numeric format characters:
# Digit position.
.
Decimal point position.
,
+
Placed left of the decimal point, prints a comma in every third position.
Sign position.
-
Placed after digit, prints trailing sign for negative numbers.
^^^^ Prints in scientific notation (exponential) format.
$$
**
**$
Prints leading $.
Fills leading spaces with *.
Fills leading spaces with * and prints leading $.
String format characters:
& Prints entire string.
!
\ \
Prints only the first character of a string.
Prints first n characters of a string where n is the number of spaces between the slashes + 2.
Other format characters:
_ Prints the following character as a literal.
PPRINT USING does not print a carriage return.
Graphics must be turned on to print to the graphics screen.
Examples
PPRINT (100,10),5; USING "$$###.##"; 121.25
Mode
Program only
See Also
PPRINT
7.168 PRESET Statement (standard version only)
Draws a point.
PRESET (x,y)[,color]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of point.
y
Y coordinate of point.
color
Color of point.
Remarks
156
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics background color.
Graphics must be turned on to draw points.
Examples
PRESET (50,50)
PRESET (100,100),5
Mode
Program only
See Also
BOX, GRAPH, LINE, PAINT, PCOLOR, POINT, PSET
7.169 PRINT Statement
Writes output to the screen, a file or the printer.
{PRINT | ?} [#file,] [expression] [{, | ; | SPC(spaces) | TAB(column)} [expression]]...
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2).
expression
Data to print.
spaces
Number of spaces to output.
column
Column where output is to start.
Remarks
A , (comma) starts printing at the next print zone. Print zones are 10 characters wide. A ; starts printing immediately after the last value printed. SPC prints a specified number of spaces. TAB starts printing at the specified column.
If any delimiters (, | ; | SPC | TAB) are not specified as the last item in the print statement a carriage return is printed erasing the rest of the line and moving the print position to the beginning of the next line.
Use PRINT #-2 to write output to the printer.
Examples
PRINT "HELLO"
PRINT "ABC","123"
PRINT 100;" APPLES"
PRINT "TOTAL:" SPC(5) T
PRINT #1, "ITEMS:";I
Mode
157
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN, PRINT USING, WRITE
7.170 PRINT USING Statement
Writes output to the screen, a file or the printer.
{PRINT | ?} [#file,] USING format; expression[,expression]...[;]
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2).
format
Format string.
expression
Data to print.
Remarks
The format string consists of characters that specify how numbers and strings are formatted.
Numeric format characters:
# Digit position.
.
Decimal point position.
,
+
Placed left of the decimal point, prints a comma in every third position.
Sign position.
-
Placed after digit, prints trailing sign for negative numbers.
^^^^ Prints in scientific notation (exponential) format.
$$ Prints leading $.
**
**$
Fills leading spaces with *.
Fills leading spaces with * and prints leading $.
String format characters:
& Prints entire string.
!
\ \
Prints only the first character of a string.
Prints first n characters of a string where n is the number of spaces between the slashes + 2.
Other format characters:
_ Prints the following character as a literal.
If ; is not specified as the last item in the print statement a carriage return is printed erasing the rest of the line and moving the print position to the beginning of the next line.
Use PRINT #-2 to write output to the printer.
Examples
PRINT USING "TOTAL: #####"; 1000
158
PRINT USING "#####,.##"; 1000.21
PRINT USING "####-"; -123
PRINT USING "$$###.##"; 121.95
PRINT USING "**###.##"; 121.95
PRINT USING "**$##.##"; 121.95
PRINT USING "**$####,.##-"; -1021.95
PRINT USING "&"; "TEST STRING"
PRINT USING "\ \"; "TEST STRING"
PRINT USING "!"; "TEST STRING"
PRINT USING "_###"; 5
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN, PRINT, WRITE
7.171 PRINTER Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Sets the current printer.
PRINTER=printer
Parameters
printer
Name of the printer to set as the current printer.
Remarks
The PRINTER statement sets the current printer used by the LLIST and OPEN
PRINTER statements. The name of the printer must match a printer installed on the host operating system.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN PRINTER, PRINTER?
7.172 PRINTER? Statement (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Sets the current printer.
PRINTER?
Remarks
The PRINTER? statement sets the current printer by selecting the printer from a list of available printers installed on the host operating system.
Mode
Immediate, Program
159
See Also
OPEN PRINTER, PRINTER
7.173 PRINTERS Statement (Version 1.2 or later, standard version only)
Lists available printers.
PRINTERS
Remarks
The PRINTERS statement lists the available printers installed on the host operating system.
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
OPEN PRINTER, PRINTER
7.174 PROFILE Statement (standard version only)
Displays the execution profile of the current program or turns profiling on or off.
PROFILE [line][-[line]]
- or -
PROFILE [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]... (Version 1.2 or later)
- or -
PROFILE {ON | OFF}
Parameters
line
Line number of line whose profile will be displayed.
Remarks
If line is omitted the profiles for all lines are displayed.
Examples
PROFILE
PROFILE 100
PROFILE 10-
PROFILE 10-100
PROFILE -100
PROFILE ON
PROFILE OFF
Mode
160
Immediate only (first form), Immediate or Program (second form)
7.175 PROMPT Statement (standard version only)
Changes the prompt.
PROMPT prompt
Parameters
prompt
New prompt string.
Remarks
The PROMPT statement can be used to change the prompt displayed by the editor.
Use "" as the prompt string to return to the default prompt.
Examples
PROMPT "OK"
PROMPT ""
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.176 PSET Statement (standard version only)
Draws a point.
PSET (x,y)[,color]
Parameters
x
X coordinate of point.
y
Y coordinate of point.
color
Color of point.
Remarks
If color is omitted the default is the current graphics foreground color.
Graphics must be turned on to draw points.
Examples
PSET (50,50)
PSET (100,100),5
Mode
Program only
161
See Also
BOX, GRAPH, LINE, PAINT, PCOLOR, POINT, PRESET
7.177 PUSH Statement
Places a return address on the call stack.
PUSH [line]
Parameters
line
Line number or label of return point.
Remarks
The PUSH statement places the return address of the location specified on the call stack for a RETURN statement.
If line is omitted the address of the statement immediately following the PUSH statement is used (if there is no statement after PUSH, the return address points to the end of the line).
Examples
PUSH
PUSH 100
PUSH *START
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
GOSUB, POP, RETURN
7.178 PUT Statement
Writes a random access buffer to a file.
PUT #file,record
Parameters
file
File number of open random access file.
record
Record number of record to write.
Example
PUT #1,1
Mode
Immediate, Program
162
See Also
FIELD, GET, LSET, OPEN, RSET
7.179 PUT Statement, graphics (standard version only)
Displays a graphics screen image.
PUT (x1,y1)-(x2,y2),variable[,{AND | OR | PSET | PRESET | XOR}]
Parameters
x1
X coordinate of corner of graphics image.
y1
Y coordinate of corner of graphics image.
x2
X coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
y2
Y coordinate of opposite corner of graphics image.
variable
Array variable where image is stored.
Remarks
Each pixel in the image requires one element of array storage. The size of the array can be found by using the equation (x2-x1+1) * (y2-y1+1), where (x1,y1) is the upper left corner of the image and (x2,y2) is the lower right corner.
AND mergers the stored image with the graphics screen.
OR superimposes the stored image on the graphics screen.
PSET draws stored image erasing the graphics screen.
PRESET draws stored image in reverse colors erasing the graphics screen.
XOR draws a stored image or erases a previously drawn image while preserving the background.
Graphics must be turned on to display images.
Examples
PUT (110,110)-(120,120),IMAGE1
PUT (210,210)-(220,220),IMAGE1,PSET
Mode
Program only
See Also
GET, GRAPH
163
7.180 QUIT Statement
Exits NBASIC.
QUIT
Remarks
The QUIT statement exits NBASIC and prompts to save the current program if modified.
The QUIT statement is equivalent to the EXIT statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
EXIT
7.181 RANDOMIZE Statement
Initializes the random number generator.
RANDOMIZE
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.182 READ Statement
Reads values from a DATA statement and assigns them to variables.
READ variable[,variable]...
Parameters
variable
Variable to which data values are assigned.
Examples
READ ITEM
READ USER$,AGE
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DATA, RESTORE
164
7.183 REDIM Statement
Declares an array.
REDIM [PRESERVE] array(subscripts)[,array(subscripts)]...
Parameters
array
Name of array.
subscripts
Dimensions of array.
Remarks
The REDIM statement cannot change the number of dimensions only the size of each dimension. The size of each dimension can be increased or decreased.
If PRESERVE is specified, the existing elements of the array are not initialized.
An array may have up to ten dimensions and 65536 elements per dimension
(including element 0). However, the maximum size of the array including all dimensions cannot exceed 16777216 elements. The maximum size of the array is also constrained by available memory.
Elements of numeric arrays are initialized to 0 and elements of string arrays are initialized to "".
If OPTION BASE 1 is specified, array elements begin at index 1 not 0.
Examples
REDIM PRESERVE A(50,50)
REDIM B$(10),C(10,20)
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DIM, ERASE, OPTION BASE, OPTION EXPLICIT
7.184 REM Statement
Allows remarks to be inserted into a program.
REM [remark]
- or -
' [remark]
Parameters
remark
Text of remark.
165
Remarks
Any text after REM or ' is ignored when the program runs.
A remark may be placed after a statement if it is preceded by the single-quote (') form of REM or if REM is preceded by a colon (:).
Examples
REM This is a comment
' This is also a comment
PRINT "TEST": REM This is a comment after a print statement
PRINT "TEST" ' This is also a comment after a print statement
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.185 REMARK Statement (standard version only)
Remarks (comments) lines in the current program.
REMARK {line[-line] | -line}
- or -
REMARK {line[-line] | -line}[,{line[-line] | -line}]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to remark.
Remarks
The REMARK statement adds the REM statement to the beginning of the specified lines, which makes the lines comments and prevents them from being executed.
Examples
REMARK 100
REMARK 10-90
REMARK -200
REMARK -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
UNREMARK
7.186 RENAME Statement
Renames a file.
RENAME filespec1 TO filespec2
166
- or -
RENAME filespec1 {AS | TO} filespec2 (Version 1.4 or later)
- or -
R. filespec1 {AS | TO} filespec2 (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec1
Name of existing file.
filespec2
New name of file.
Remarks
The RENAME statement cannot change the volume where the file is stored, only the name and extension of the file can be changed.
The filespec and filespec2 parameters may contain the wildcard characters * and ?.
(Version 1.5 or later)
Examples
RENAME "TEST.DAT" TO "CONFIG.DAT"
RENAME "PROGRAMS:TEST.DAT" TO "PROGRAMS:INDEX.DAT"
RENAME "*.TXT" TO "*.DOC"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
APPEND, COPY, MOVE
7.187 RENUM Statement
Renumbers lines in the current program.
RENUM [new[,[start][,increment]]]
Parameters
new
New line number of first line that is renumbered.
start
Line number of line where renumbering is to start.
increment
Increment for next new line number.
Remarks
If new is omitted the default is 10. If start is omitted the default is the first line in the current program. If increment is omitted the default is 10.
167
Examples
RENUM
RENUM 10
RENUM 100,50
RENUM 100,50,1
RENUM 10,,5
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
UNNUM
7.188 RENUMBER Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Renumbers lines in the current program.
RENUMBER [new[,[start][,increment]]]
Parameters
new
New line number of first line that is renumbered.
start
Line number of line where renumbering is to start.
increment
Increment for next new line number.
Remarks
If new is omitted the default is 10. If start is omitted the default is the first line in the current program. If increment is omitted the default is 10.
The RENUMBER statement is equivalent to the RENUM statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
RENUMBER
RENUMBER 10
RENUMBER 100,50
RENUMBER 100,50,1
RENUMBER 10,,5
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
RENUM
168
7.189 REOPEN Statement
Reopens a file in a different mode.
REOPEN #file FOR {APPEND | INPUT | OUTPUT | RANDOM}
- or -
REOPEN mode,#file
Parameters
file
File number that identifies open file.
mode
File mode.
Remarks
The REOPEN statement closes the file and then reopens the file with the same file name, buffer length, and file number as specified in the OPEN statement that originally opened the file.
APPEND opens the file for sequential output and positions the file pointer to the end of the file. Output to the file extends (appends to) the file.
INPUT opens the file for sequential input.
OUTPUT opens the file for sequential output.
RANDOM opens the file for random access.
The file mode is a string specifying the file open mode; "A" for append, "I" for input,
"O" for output, or "R" for random.
Examples
REOPEN #1 FOR INPUT
REOPEN "I",#1
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN
7.190 RESEQUENCE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Renumbers lines in the current program.
RES[EQUENCE] [[initial][,increment]]]
Parameters
initial
169
Line number of line where renumbering is to start.
increment
Increment for next new line number.
Remarks
If initial is omitted the default is 100. If increment is omitted the default is 10.
The RESEQUENCE statement is similar to the RENUM statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
RESEQUENCE
RESEQUENCE 10
RESEQUENCE 100,50
RESEQUENCE ,50
RES
RES 10
RES 100,50
RES ,1
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
RENUM
7.191 RESET Statement
Closes all open files.
RESET
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CLOSE, OPEN
7.192 RESTORE Statement
Allows READ to reread values specified in DATA statements.
RESTORE [line]
Parameters
line
Line number or label of line containing data.
Remarks
170
If line is omitted the READ statement reads data from the first line in the current program that contains a DATA statement.
Examples
RESTORE
RESTORE 10
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
DATA, READ
7.193 RESUME Statement
Resumes program execution after a break, error, or timer handling routine.
RESUME [0]
- or -
RESUME line
- or -
RESUME NEXT
Parameters
line
Line number or label of line where execution is to resume.
Remarks
The RESUME [0] statement resumes execution with the statement that was interrupted by the handling routine. The RESUME line statement resumes execution with the specified line. The RESUME NEXT statement resumes execution with the next statement following the statement that was interrupted by the handling routine.
Examples
RESUME
RESUME 0
RESUME 100
RESUME *START
RESUME NEXT
Mode
Program only
See Also
ON BREAK, ON ERROR, ON TIMER
171
7.194 RETURN Statement
Returns from a subroutine.
RETURN
- or -
RETURN line (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number or label of line to return to.
Examples
RETURN
RETURN 100
RETURN *START
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
GOSUB, ON GOSUB, POP, PUSH
7.195 REVERSE Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Turns inverse on or off.
REVERSE {[ON] | OFF}
Remarks
The REVERSE statement reverses the foreground and background colors.
The REVERSE statement is equivalent to the INVERSE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
REVERSE
REVERSE ON
REVERSE OFF
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
INVERSE
172
7.196 REWIND Statement
Rewinds one or more open files.
REWIND
- or -
REWIND #file[,#file]...
Parameters
file
File number of open file to rewind.
Remarks
The REWIND statement writes any data in the file buffer to the file and rewinds the file to the beginning. Input from files opened for input access will begin reading from the beginning of the file and output to files opened for output or append access will begin writing starting at the beginning of the file, overwriting existing file contents.
The end of file for input access files may be set if the file is empty.
REWIND with no parameters rewinds all open files.
Examples
REWIND
REWIND #1
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN
7.197 RIGHT$ Statement (standard version only)
Assigns part of a string variable to another string.
RIGHT$(variable[,length])=expression
Parameters
variable
String variable to assign string to.
length
Length of substring.
expression
String to assign.
Remarks
The RIGHT$ statement replaces the right length characters in variable with characters from expression.
173
If length is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
RIGHT$(A$,4)="TEST"
RIGHT$(B$)="0"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
MID$, RIGHT$
7.198 RSET Statement
Right justifies data in the field variable and moves the data into the file buffer or in a string variable.
RSET variable=expression
Parameters
variable
Variable to assign value to.
expression
Value to assign to variable.
Examples
RSET B$=S$
RSET N$="TEST"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
FIELD, LSET
7.199 RUN Statement
Runs the current program or a specified program.
RUN [line]
- or -
RUN filespec
Parameters
line
Line number or label of line to start execution.
174
filespec
File name of program to load and run.
Remarks
The RUN statement clears program memory and closes all open files before running the program.
If line is omitted execution begins with the lowest numbered line.
The default extension for the RUN statement if not specified in the filespec is "nba".
Examples
RUN
RUN 100
RUN "ANALYZE.BAS"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CHAIN
7.200 RUNR Statement
Runs a built-in program.
RUNR program
Parameters
program
Name of program to load and run.
Remarks
The RUNR statement clears program memory and closes all open files before running the program.
Examples
RUNR "WELCOME"
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
DIRR, LOADR
7.201 SAVE Statement
Saves a program.
SAVE filespec[,A]
175
- or -
S. filespec[,A] (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
filespec
File name of program to save.
Remarks
The SAVE statement can be used to save the current program. The program can be saved in NBASIC binary or ASCII format. By convention, programs in binary format have an extension of "nba" and ASCII format programs have an extension of "bas".
Use ,A to save the program in ASCII format.
The default extension for the SAVE statement if not specified in the filespec is "nba".
Examples
SAVE "ANALYZE"
SAVE "PROGRAMS:COUNT.BAS",A
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ASAVE, BSAVE, LOAD
7.202 SAVEC Statement
Saves a program to the Windows clipboard.
SAVEC
Remarks
The SAVEC statement can be used to save the current program to the Windows clipboard. The program is saved in ASCII format.
Examples
SAVEC
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
LOADC
176
7.203 SCREEN BACKUP Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Saves the screen.
SCREEN [BACKUP] row,column,columns,rows[,[foreground][,background]]
Parameters
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns to fill.
rows
Number of rows to fill.
foreground
Foreground color of saved screen.
background
Background color of saved screen.
Remarks
The SCREEN BACKUP statement saves a specified number of rows and columns beginning at row,column, sets the foreground and background colors to the colors specified and clears the saved part of the screen. Up to 255 screens can be saved.
Use the SCREEN RESTORE statement to restore a screen.
If foreground is omitted the current foreground text color is used. If background is omitted the current background text color is used.
Examples
SCREEN BACKUP 20,5,40,15
SCREEN BACKUP 20,5,40,15,7
SCREEN BACKUP 20,5,40,15,7,10
SCREEN BACKUP 20,5,40,15,,10
SCREEN 20,5,40,15
Mode
Program only
See Also
SCREEN RESTORE, SCREEN
7.204 SCREEN RESTORE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Restores the screen.
SCREEN [RESTORE] [screen]
177
Parameters
screen
Screen to restore.
Remarks
The SCREEN RESTORE statement restores a screen saved by the SCREEN
BACKUP statement.
To restore the last screen saved, use -1. To restore the last two screens, use -2. To restore all screens, omit screen or specify 0. To restore a specific screen, use the id of the screen returned by the SCREEN function (all screens backed up after this screen will also be restored).
If screen is omitted all screens are restored.
Examples
SCREEN RESTORE -1
SCREEN RESTORE
SCREEN –2
SCREEN RESTORE 4
Mode
Program only
See Also
SCREEN BACKUP, SCREEN
7.205 SECURE Statement
Turns secure mode on or off.
SECURE {ON | OFF}
Remarks
When secure mode is on, statements in a program that may erase or delete files display a prompt allowing the user to abort, retry or ignore the statement. If the statement is aborted, a break at the line containing the statement occurs. If the statement is ignored, the statement is not executed and the program continues with the next statement. Select retry to execute the statement.
The SECURE statement is useful to find potentially destructive statements before they are executed, safely allowing further investigation of unfamiliar programs.
Examples
SECURE ON
SECURE OFF
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
178
CONFIRM
7.206 SELECT Statement (Version 1.3 or later)
Changes the character set.
SELECT character-set
Parameters
character-set
Character set to change to.
Remarks
The SELECT statement changes the current character set used to display text on the screen.
To select a character set, specify one of the following values in the SELECT statement:
0
161
162
177
178
186
204
238
255
ANSI
Greek
Turkish
Hebrew
Arabic
Baltic
Russian
East Europe
OEM
To make sure the character set was successfully changed, compare the value returned by PEEK(29538) to the character set specified in the SELECT statement.
On startup, the character set is set to ANSI (0).
Examples
SELECT 255
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
SELECT
7.207 SOUND Statement
Generates a sound through the computer’s speaker.
SOUND frequency,duration
Parameters
frequency
179
Frequency in hertz of sound.
duration
Number of milliseconds to generate sound.
Remarks
The frequency range is 37Hz to 32,767Hz.
The SOUND statement works only on Windows NT/2000 or greater host operating systems. On Windows 95/98 the default sound event is played (similar to BEEP).
Examples
SOUND 750,100
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
BEEP
7.208 SPLITNAME Statement (standard version only)
Splits a file specification.
SPLITNAME filespec,[volume][,[name][,extension]]
Parameters
filespec
Name of file.
volume
Variable in which the volume is stored.
name
Variable in which the name is stored.
extension
Variable in which the extension is stored.
Remarks
The SPLITNAME statement splits a file specification into the volume, filename and extension and stores each component into the respective variable if specified.
If the volume, name or extension variables are omitted that component is not stored.
Examples
SPLITNAME "EXAMPLES:DATA.NBA",V$,N$,E$
Mode
Immediate, Program
180
See Also
MAKENAME$, SPLITNAME$
7.209 STEP Statement, debugging (standard version only)
Advances execution of the current program to the next statement or line or to a specified line.
STEP
- or -
STEP NEXT
- or -
STEP line
Parameters
line
Line number of line where program execution will stop.
Remarks
The STEP statement can be used to step through the execution of a program being tested. After the program advances, the program stops, and control is returned to immediate mode.
The first form executes the program and stops at the next statement. The second form executes the program and stops at the next line. The third form executes the program and stops at a specified line number.
The CONT statement can be used to continue execution after a breakpoint stops a program.
Debugging must be turned on to step program execution.
Examples
STEP
STEP NEXT
STEP 200
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
DEBUG
7.210 STOP Statement
Stops a program.
STOP
181
Remarks
The STOP statement stops the currently executing program or immediate mode command.
The CONT statement can be used to continue execution after a program stops.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
END
7.211 SWAP Statement (standard version only)
Swaps the contents of a variable with another variable of the same type.
SWAP variable1,variable2
Parameters
variable1
Any variable.
variable2
Any variable with same type as variable1.
Examples
SWAP A,B
SWAP T,ITEMS(1)
SWAP N$,USER$
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.212 SWAP Statement, editing (standard version only)
Swaps a line in the current program with another line.
SWAP line1,line2
Parameters
line1
Line number of first line to swap.
line2
Line number of second line to swap.
Examples
SWAP 10,20
Mode
182
Immediate only
See Also
APPEND, COPY, MOVE
7.213 SYSTEM Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Ends a program.
SYSTEM
Remarks
The SYSTEM statement ends the currently executing program or immediate mode command line, closes all open files and closes the printer.
The SYSTEM statement is equivalent to the END statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
STOP
7.214 TEXT Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Turns graphics off.
TEXT
Remarks
The TEXT statement is equivalent to the GRAPH OFF statement and is provided for compatibility.
Mode
Program only
See Also
GR, GRAPH, HGR, HGR2
7.215 TIMER Statement
Enables, disables or suspends timer event trapping or sets the value of the timer.
TIMER {ON | OFF | STOP}
- or -
TIMER=timer
183
Parameters
timer
New value of timer in milliseconds.
Remarks
The first form enables, disables, or suspends timer event trapping. The second form sets the value of the timer. The timer begins at 0 and represents the elapsed time in milliseconds since NBASIC was started.
Examples
TIMER ON
TIMER OFF
TIMER STOP
TIMER=0
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ON TIMER
7.216 TRACE Statement
Turns tracing of program on or off.
TRACE {ON | OFF}
- or -
TRACE (Version 1.4 or later)
Examples
TRACE ON
TRACE OFF
TRACE
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
TROFF, TRON
7.217 TROFF Statement
Disables tracing of program.
TROFF
Mode
Immediate, Program
184
See Also
TRACE, TRON
7.218 TRON Statement
Enables tracing of program.
TRON
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
TRACE, TROFF
7.219 TRUNCATE Statement
Truncates one or more open files to zero length.
TRUNCATE
- or -
TRUNCATE #file[,#file]...
Parameters
file
File number of open file to truncate.
Remarks
The TRUNCATE statement sets the length of a file to 0, discarding the file’s contents.
Files opened for INPUT cannot be truncated.
TRUNCATE with no parameters truncates all open files.
Examples
TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE #1
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN
7.220 TYPE Statement (standard version only)
Displays the contents of a file.
185
TYPE filespec
Parameters
filespec
Name of file to type.
Remarks
The TYPE statement displays the file contents as ASCII.
Examples
TYPE "LIST.TXT"
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
DUMP
7.221 UNBREAK Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Clears breakpoints.
UNBREAK
- or -
UNBREAK line[,line]...
- or -
UNBREAK [line][-[line]][,[line][-[line]]]...
Parameters
line
Line number or label where breakpoint is to be cleared.
Remarks
The UNBREAK statement can be used to clear breakpoints set by BREAK.
UNBREAK with no parameters clears all breakpoints.
The UNBREAK statement is equivalent to the NOBREAK statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
UNBREAK
UNBREAK 100,150
UNBREAK 200,*REDO
UNBREAK -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
186
Immediate, Program
See Also
BREAK, NOBREAK
7.222 UNLOAD Statement
Closes all open files on a specified volume.
UNLOAD volume
- or -
UNLOAD [volume] (Version 1.4 or later)
Parameters
volume
Volume on which all open files will be closed.
Remarks
The UNLOAD statement writes any remaining data in the file buffer to the file and closes the file. All open files on the specified volume are closed.
If volume is omitted, all open files on the default volume are closed.
Examples
UNLOAD "HOME"
UNLOAD
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
CLOSE, OPEN
7.223 UNLOCK Statement
Unlocks the screen.
UNLOCK #0
Remarks
The UNLOCK statement unlocks the screen and displays changes to the screen made after the LOCK statement.
Mode
Program only
See Also
LOCK
187
7.224 UNNUM Statement (Version 1.5 or later)
Unnumbers lines in the current program.
UNNUM
Remarks
The UNNUM statement removes line numbers of lines that are not referenced in the current program.
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
RENUM
7.225 UNREMARK Statement (standard version only)
Unremarks (uncomments) lines in the current program.
UNREMARK {line[-line] | -line}
- or -
UNREMARK {line[-line] | -line}[,{line[-line] | -line}]... (Version 1.2 or later)
Parameters
line
Line number of line to unremark.
Remarks
The UNREMARK statement removes the REM statement from the beginning of the specified lines, which allows the lines to be executed.
Examples
UNREMARK 100
UNREMARK 10-90
UNREMARK -200
UNREMARK -10,20,50-100,900-
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
REMARK
7.226 UNTRACE Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Disables tracing of program.
188
UNTRACE
Mode
Immediate, Program
Remarks
The UNTRACE statement is equivalent to the TROFF statement and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
TRACE, TROFF
7.227 VER Statement
Displays version number.
VER
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
ABOUT
7.228 VLIN Statement (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Draws a vertical line.
VLIN y1,y2 AT x
Parameters
y1
Y coordinate of start of line.
y1
Y coordinate of end of line.
x
X coordinate of line.
Remarks
The VLIN statement draws a line from the point (x,y1) to the point (x,y2) using the current graphics foreground color.
The VLIN statement is similar to the LINE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Graphics must be turned on to draw lines.
Examples
VLIN 10,20 AT 10
189
Mode
Program only
See Also
COLOR, GR, HLIN, LINE
7.229 VOLINI Statement
Deletes all files on a volume.
VOLINI volume
Parameters
volume
Volume to initialize.
Remarks
NOTE: This permanently deletes all files from the volume.
Examples
VOLINI "TEMP"
Mode
Immediate, Program
7.230 VOLUME Statement
Makes a specified volume the default volume.
VOLUME volume
- or -
V. volume (Version 1.5 or later)
Parameters
volume
Volume to make the default volume.
Remarks
NOTE: If the volume is omitted from a file name the default volume is used.
Examples
VOLUME "EXAMPLES"
Mode
Immediate, Program
190
See Also
DIR, VOLUMES
7.231 VOLUMES Statement
Displays the current mapped volumes.
VOLUMES
Mode
Immediate only
See Also
DIR, VOLUME
7.232 VSCROLL Statement (standard version only)
Scrolls rows up or down.
VSCROLL row,column,columns,rows[,vertical]
Parameters
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns to scroll.
rows
Number of rows to scroll.
vertical
Number of rows by which to scroll.
Remarks
The VSCROLL statement scrolls text within a rectangular region length columns by
height rows starting at row,column, vertical rows. If vertical is positive the region is scrolled up, if negative down. The text is scrolled within the rectangle with rows above or below overwritten and new rows filled with spaces.
If vertical is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
VSCROLL 0,0,80,25
VSCROLL 0,0,80,25,-1
Mode
Immediate, Program
191
See Also
HSCROLL
7.233 VTAB Statement (Version 1.4 or later)
Moves the cursor to a specified position on the screen.
VTAB row
Parameters
row
Row where cursor is to be moved.
Remarks
The VTAB statement only changes the row position of the cursor.
The screen has 25 rows numbered 0 through 24.
The VTAB statement is similar to the LOCATE statement and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
VTAB 10
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
HTAB, LOCATE
7.234 WAIT Statement
Pauses a program.
WAIT [duration]
Parameters
duration
Number of milliseconds to pause.
Remarks
If duration is omitted the default is 1000 milliseconds.
Examples
WAIT
WAIT 2000
Mode
Immediate, Program
192
See Also
PAUSE
7.235 WRITE Statement
Writes output to the screen, a file or the printer.
WRITE [#file,] expression[,expression]...
Parameters
file
File number of open file or printer (-2).
expression
Data to print.
Remarks
The WRITE statement inserts commas between items and quotation marks around strings, which can be read by the INPUT statement.
Use WRITE #-2 to write output to the printer.
Examples
WRITE "ABC",123
WRITE #1, 1000,"TEST"
Mode
Immediate, Program
See Also
OPEN, PRINT
193
8
Functions
8.1 ABS Function
Returns the absolute value of a number.
ABS(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose absolute value will be returned.
Examples
ABS(10)
ABS(-10) returns 10 returns 10
See Also
SGN
8.2 ACCESS Function
Determines if a file is accessible in a given mode.
ACCESS(filename,mode)
Arguments
filename
Name of file to check.
mode
Mode of file to check access for.
Remarks
The ACCESS function determines if a file can be opened with the specified mode.
The mode argument can be one of the following:
-1 checks for existence only
2
3
0
1 checks if the file can be opened for append checks if the file can be opened for input checks if the file can be opened for output checks if the file can be opened for random
Examples
ACCESS("HOME:ACCOUNT.DAT",3) returns -1 (true) if the file
HOME:ACCOUNT.DAT can be opened in random mode, otherwise returns 0
(false).
195
See Also
OPEN, EXISTS
8.3 ACOS Function
Returns the arccosine of a number.
ACOS(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose arccosine will be returned.
Remarks
The ACOS function returns the angle in radians whose cosine is number (-1 <=
number <= 1).
Examples
ACOS(0) returns 1.5707963267949
ACOS(1) returns 0
See Also
COS
8.4 ADJUST Function
Adjusts a time value.
ADJUST(time,seconds)
Arguments
time
Time value to be adjusted.
seconds
Number of seconds by which to adjust time.
Remarks
The ADJUST function can be used to adjust a time value a specified number of seconds. The value of seconds can be positive to adjust forward or negative to adjust backward.
Examples
ADJUST(NOW,10)
ADJUST(NOW,-10) returns the current time + 10 seconds returns the current time - 10 seconds
See Also
NOW
196
8.5 AFTER$ Function (standard version only)
Returns part of a string.
AFTER$(string,index)
Arguments
string
String from which part will be returned.
index
Index after which part to be returned starts.
Examples
AFTER$("ABC123",3) returns "123"
See Also
BEFORE$
8.6 ALNUM Function
Determines if a character is alphanumeric.
ALNUM(character)
Arguments
character
Character to check.
Remarks
The ALNUM function checks if a character is alphanumeric (A-Z, a-z, 0-9).
Examples
ALNUM("A")
ALNUM("1")
ALNUM("$") returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ALPHA, CNTRL, DIGIT, HEX, LOWER, PRINT, UPPER
8.7 ALPHA Function
Determines if a character is alphabetic.
ALPHA(character)
Arguments
character
Character to check.
197
Remarks
The ALPHA function checks if a character is alphabetic (A-Z, a-z).
Examples
ALPHA("A")
ALPHA("1")
ALPHA("$") returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ALNUM, CNTRL, DIGIT, HEX, LOWER, PRINT, UPPER
8.8 ASC Function
Returns the ordinal value of a character.
ASC(character)
Arguments
character
Character whose ordinal value will be returned.
Remarks
The ASC function is equivalent to the ORD function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
ASC("A")
ASC("1")
ASC("$") returns 65 returns 49 returns 36
See Also
ORD
8.9 ASIN Function
Returns the arcsine of a number.
ASIN(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose arcsine will be returned.
Remarks
The ASIN function returns the angle in radians whose sine is number (-1 <= number
<= 1).
Examples
ASIN(0) returns 0
198
ASIN(1) returns 1.5707963267949
See Also
SIN
8.10 ATN Function
Returns the arctangent of a number.
ATN(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose arctangent will be returned.
Remarks
The ATN function returns the angle in radians whose tangent is number.
Examples
ATN(0)
ATN(1) returns 0 returns 0.463647609000806
See Also
TAN
8.11 ATTRIB$ Function
Returns the read-only attribute of a file.
ATTRIB$(filename)
Arguments
filename
Name of file to whose read-only attribute will be returned.
Examples
ATTRIB$("EXAMPLES:DATA.NBA") returns "R" if the file
EXAMPLES:DATA.NBA is read-only, otherwise returns "".
See Also
ATTRIB
8.12 BEFORE$ Function (standard version only)
Returns part of a string.
BEFORE$(string,index)
199
Arguments
string
String from which part will be returned.
index
Index before which part to be returned ends.
Examples
BEFORE$("ABC123",3) returns "AB"
See Also
AFTER$
8.13 BEGINSWITH Function (Version 1.2 or later, standard version only)
Determines if a string begins with another string.
BEGINSWITH(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to check.
string2
String to compare to beginning.
Remarks
The BEGINSWITH function is case sensitive.
Examples
BEGINSWITH("ABCDEF","ABC")
BEGINSWITH("ABCDEF","abc") returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ENDSWITH
8.14 BIN$ Function
Returns a string representing the binary value of a number.
BIN$(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose binary string representation will be returned.
Examples
BIN$(35) returns "100011"
See Also
200
HEX$, OCT$, STR$
8.15 BREAK Function (standard version only)
Returns the index of the first occurrence of any character from a string in another string.
BREAK(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to search.
string2
Characters to search for.
Remarks
The BREAK function searches string1 for characters in string2 and returns the index of the first character found.
Examples
BREAK("ABCDEF","CD")
returns 3
8.16 BUFSIZ Function (Version 1.5 or later)
Returns the buffer length of an open file.
BUFSIZ(file)
Arguments
file
Number of open file whose buffer length will be returned.
Remarks
The buffer length of a file is specified in the OPEN statement.
Examples
BUFSIZ(1) returns the buffer length
See Also
OPEN
8.17 CBR Function
Returns the cube root of a number.
CBR(number)
Arguments
number
201
Number whose cube root will be returned.
Examples
CBR(27)
CBR(-27)
See Also
CUBE, SQR returns 3 returns -3
8.18 CBRT Function
Returns the cube root of a number.
CBRT(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose cube root will be returned.
Remarks
The CBRT function is equivalent to the CBR function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
CBRT(27)
CBRT(-27) returns 3 returns -3
See Also
CBR
8.19 CDN Function
Converts a decimal digit to a number.
CDN(character)
Arguments
character
Decimal digit to convert.
Remarks
The CDN function converts a string containing a decimal digit (0-9) to a number.
Examples
CDN("1") returns 1
See Also
CHN
202
8.20 CEIL Function
Returns the ceiling of a number.
CEIL(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose ceiling will be returned.
Remarks
The CEIL function returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to
number.
Examples
CEIL(1.8)
CEIL(-1.8) returns 2 returns -1
See Also
INT
8.21 CENTER$ Function (standard version only)
Returns a string centered in a specified number of spaces.
CENTER$(string,length[,pad])
Arguments
string
String which to center.
length
Number of spaces in which string will be centered.
pad
Character to pad centered string with.
Remarks
If pad is omitted the default is a space.
Examples
CENTER$("TEST",10)
CENTER$("TEST",10,"*") returns " TEST " returns "***TEST***"
8.22 CHANGE$ Function (standard version only)
Changes each occurrence of a string within another string to another string.
CHANGE$(string1,string2,string3)
203
Arguments
string1
String in which to search.
string2
String to change.
string3
New string.
Examples
CHANGE$("ABC123","ABC","XYZ")
See Also
REMOVE$
returns "XYZ123"
8.23 CHARS$ Function (standard version only)
Returns a string containing every character (&H00-&HFF).
CHARS$
8.24 CHN Function
Converts a hexadecimal digit to a number.
CHN(character)
Arguments
character
Hexadecimal digit to convert.
Remarks
The CHN function converts a string containing a hexadecimal digit (0-9,A-F) to a number.
Examples
CHN("1")
CHN("A")
CHN("f") returns 1 returns 10 returns 15
See Also
CDN
8.25 CHOOSE Function (standard version only)
Selects a number.
CHOOSE(index,number[,number]...)
204
Arguments
index
Index of number to select.
number
List of numbers to select from.
Remarks
The CHOOSE function selects a number at a specified index in a list. The list index begins at 1 and the list can contain one or more numbers.
Examples
CHOOSE(2,10,20,30) returns 20
See Also
CHOOSE$, SWITCH, SWITCH$
8.26 CHOOSE$ Function (standard version only)
Selects a string.
CHOOSE$(index,string[,string]...)
Arguments
index
Index of string to select.
stringr
List of strings to select from.
Remarks
The CHOOSE$ function selects a string at a specified index in a list. The list index begins at 1 and the list can contain one or more strings.
Examples
CHOOSE$(2,"A","B","C") returns "B"
See Also
CHOOSE$, SWITCH, SWITCH$
8.27 CHR$ Function
Returns a string containing the character associated with a character code.
CHR$(number)
- or -
CHR$(number[,number]...) (Version 1.4 or later)
Arguments
205
number
Number whose character association will be returned.
Examples
CHR$(65) returns "A"
See Also
ORD
8.28 CHRS$ Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Returns a string containing the character associated with a character code.
CHRS$(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose character association will be returned.
Remarks
The CHRS$ function is equivalent to the CHR$ function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
CHRS$(65) returns "A"
See Also
ORD
8.29 CLEAN$ Function (standard version only)
Removes all non-printable characters from a string.
CLEAN$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be cleaned.
Remarks
The CLEAN$ function removes control characters (&H00-&H1F,&H7F) from a string.
8.30 CNTRL Function
Determines if a character is a control character.
CNTRL(character)
Arguments
206
character
Character to check.
Remarks
The CNTRL function checks if a character is a control character (&H00-&H1F,&H7F).
Examples
CNTRL("A")
CNTRL("1")
CNTRL(CHR$(&H10)) returns 0 (false) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
See Also
ALNUM, ALPHA, DIGIT, HEX, LOWER, PRINT, UPPER
8.31 COLOR Function
Returns the current text color.
COLOR[(color)]
Arguments
color
Specifies which text color to return.
Remarks
If color is greater than or equal to 0, the current foreground text color is returned, otherwise the current background text color is returned.
If color is omitted, the current foreground text color is returned.
Examples
COLOR
COLOR(-1) returns the current foreground text color returns the current background text color
See Also
COLOR
8.32 COLUMN Function
Returns the column position of the cursor.
COLUMN
See Also
ROW
207
8.33 COMB Function
Returns the number of combinations.
COMB(n,k)
Arguments
n
Number of objects.
k
Number of objects in each set.
Remarks
The COMB function calculates the number of combinations of n objects taken k at a time (n!/k!(n-k)!).
Examples
COMB(5,2) returns 10
See Also
PERM
8.34 COMP Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Compares numbers or strings.
COMP(value1,value2)
Arguments
value1
First value to compare.
value2
Second value to compare.
Remarks
The COMP function returns 0 if the values are identical, 1 if value1 is greater than
value2 or -1 if value1 is less than value2.
String comparisons are case sensitive.
Examples
COMP("abc","def")
COMP("A","A")
COMP(2,1)
See Also
COMPI
returns -1 returns 0 returns 1
208
8.35 COMPI Function (Version 1.5.2 or later)
Compares numbers or strings.
COMPI(value1,value2)
Arguments
value1
First value to compare.
value2
Second value to compare.
Remarks
The COMPI function returns 0 if the values are identical, 1 if value1 is greater than
value2 or -1 if value1 is less than value2.
Numeric comparisons are absolute and string comparisons are case insensitive.
Examples
COMPI("abc","def")
COMPI("A","a")
COMPI(2,-2) returns -1 returns 0 returns 1
See Also
COMP
8.36 COMPRESS$ Function
Trims spaces from the left and right of a string and compresses duplicate spaces to a single space.
COMPRESS$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be compressed.
Examples
COMPRESS$(" A B C ")
See Also
LTRIM$, RTRIM$, TRIM$
8.37 COPYRIGHT$ Function
Returns the copyright information.
COPYRIGHT$
returns "A B C"
209
8.38 COPYSIGN Function
Returns one value with the sign of another.
COPYSIGN(number1,number2)
Arguments
number1
Value to return.
number2
Value of sign.
Examples
COPYSIGN(10,-1)
COPYSIGN(-5,1)
COPYSIGN(2,1) returns -10 returns 5 returns 2
8.39 COS Function
Returns the cosine of an angle.
COS(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose cosine will be returned.
Examples
COS(0)
COS(PI/4) returns 1 returns 0.707106781186548
See Also
ACOS, COSH, SIN
8.40 COSH Function
Returns the hyperbolic cosine of an angle.
COSH(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose hyperbolic cosine will be returned.
Examples
COSH(PI) returns 11.5919532755215
See Also
210
COS, SINH
8.41 COT Function
Returns the cotangent of an angle.
COT(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose cotangent will be returned.
Remarks
The COT function returns the cotangent (1/tan(angle)) of angle.
Examples
COT(PI/4) returns 1
See Also
TAN
8.42 COUNT Function
Counts the occurrences of a string within another string.
COUNT(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String in which to search.
string2
String whose number of occurrences in the first string will be returned.
Examples
COUNT("A STRING","RING")
COUNT("A STRING","CUP")
returns 1 returns 0
8.43 CSC Function
Returns the cosecant of an angle.
CSC(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose cosecant will be returned.
Remarks
The CSC function returns the cosecant (1/sin(angle)) of angle.
211
Examples
CSC(PI/2) returns 1
See Also
SEC
8.44 CSPAN Function (standard version only)
Returns the length of a substring beginning a string not containing characters in another string.
CSPAN(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to search.
string2
Characters to search for.
Examples
CSPAN("ABABCDCD","CD")
See Also
SPAN
8.45 CSRLIN Function
Returns the row position of the cursor.
returns 4
CSRLIN
Remarks
The CSRLIN function is equivalent to the ROW function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
ROW
8.46 CTIME$ Function
Returns a string containing the date and time of a time value.
CTIME$(time)
Arguments
time
Time value whose date and time will be returned.
212
Examples
CTIME$(12672412248)
See Also
NOW
returns "Mon Jul 29 10:30:48 2002"
8.47 CTRL$ Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Returns the CTRL key.
CTRL$
Remarks
The CTRL$ function returns a string containing the character codes for the CTRL key
(&H00, &H11).
8.48 CUBE Function
Returns the cube of a number.
CUBE(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose cube will be returned.
Examples
CUBE(3)
CUBE(-3) returns 27 returns -27
See Also
CBR
8.49 CVN Function
Converts a binary string to a number.
CVN(string)
Arguments
string
Binary string to convert.
Remarks
The CVN function converts a binary string created with the MKN$ function to a number.
See Also
MKN$
213
8.50 DATE Function
Returns the current date as a number in the form YYYYDDD.
DATE
See Also
DATE$
8.51 DATE$ Function
Returns the date as a string in the form MM-DD-YYYY.
DATE$[(time)]
Arguments
time
Time value whose date will be returned.
Remarks
If time is omitted the current date is returned.
Examples
DATE$(MKTIME(2002,7,24)) returns "07-24-2002"
See Also
DATE, TIME$
8.52 DAY Function
Returns the day of the month from a time value.
DAY(time)
Arguments
time
Time value whose day of the month will be returned.
Examples
DAY(MKTIME(2002,7,24)) returns 24
See Also
HOUR, MINUTE, MONTH, SECOND, WEEKDAY, YEAR
8.53 DAYNAME$ Function
Returns the day name from a time value.
214
DAYNAME$(day[,format])
Arguments
day
Day of week whose name will be returned.
format
Format of day name.
Remarks
If format is omitted the long name of the day is returned. If format is non-zero the short name of the day is returned.
Examples
DAYNAME$(1)
DAYNAME$(1,1) returns "Monday" returns "Mon"
See Also
MONTHNAME$
8.54 DEBUG Function (standard version only)
Determines if debug mode is on or off.
DEBUG
Remarks
The DEBUG function returns -1 (true) if debug mode is on, 0 (false) otherwise.
See Also
DEBUG
8.55 DEC Function
Converts a string to a number.
DEC(string[,base])
Arguments
string
String to convert.
base
Base of number.
Remarks
The DEC function can convert strings from base 2 (binary), base 8 (octal), base 10
(decimal), and base 16 (hexadecimal).
If base is omitted the default is 10 (decimal).
215
Examples
DEC("100")
DEC("100",2)
DEC("100",8)
DEC("100",10)
DEC("100",16) returns 100 returns 4 returns 64 returns 100 returns 256
See Also
BIN$, HEX$, OCT$, STR$, VAL
8.56 DEFAULT Function
Determines if a volume is the default.
DEFAULT(volume)
Arguments
volume
Volume to check.
Examples
DEFAULT("HOME") returns -1 (true) if HOME is the default volume, otherwise returns 0 (false).
See Also
MAPPED, READONLY
8.57 DEG Function
Converts radians to degrees.
DEG(radians)
Arguments
radians
Radians whose value in degrees will be returned.
Examples
DEG(PI) returns 180
See Also
RAD
8.58 DELETE$ Function (standard version only)
Deletes part of a string.
DELETE$(string,index,length)
216
Arguments
string
String from which part will be deleted.
index
Start of substring to delete.
length
Number of characters in substring to delete.
Examples
DELETE$("ABC123",3,2) returns "AB23"
See Also
INSERT$, REPLACE$
8.59 DIGIT Function
Determines if a character is numeric digit.
DIGIT(character)
Arguments
character
Character to check.
Remarks
The DIGIT function checks if a character is a numeric digit (0-9).
Examples
DIGIT("A")
DIGIT("1")
DIGIT("$") returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ALNUM, ALPHA, CNTRL, HEX, LOWER, PRINT, UPPER
8.60 DOLLAR$ Function (standard version only)
Formats a number as currency.
DOLLAR$(amount[,decimals])
Arguments
amount
Number to be formatted.
decimals
Number of decimal places.
217
Remarks
The DOLLAR$ function rounds the number to the specified number of decimal places.
If decimals is omitted the default is 2.
Examples
DOLLAR$(123.45)
DOLLAR$(123.45,4)
DOLLAR$(123.45,0)
DOLLAR$(123.45,-1) returns "$123.45" returns "$123.4500" returns "$123" returns "$120"
See Also
USING$
8.61 DTR Function
Converts degrees to radians.
DTR(degrees)
Arguments
degrees
Degrees whose value in radians will be returned.
Remarks
The DTR function is equivalent to the RAD function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
DTR(180) returns 3.14159265358979
See Also
RAD
8.62 EDIT$ Function (standard version only)
Returns the result of editing a string.
EDIT$(length,string)
Arguments
length
Number of characters to read.
string
String to be edited.
Remarks
218
The EDIT$ function is similar to the INPUT$ function but initializes the input with
string.
See Also
INPUT$
8.63 EMPTY Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Checks for 0 or empty string.
EMPTY(expression)
Arguments
expression
Value to check.
Remarks
The EMPTY function returns TRUE (-1) if the expression evaluates to 0 or an empty string or FALSE (0) otherwise.
Examples
EMPTY(0)
EMPTY(1)
EMPTY("")
EMPTY("A") returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
8.64 ENCLOSE$ Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Encloses a string.
ENCLOSE$(string[,characters])
Arguments
string
String to be enclosed.
characters
Characters to enclose string with (2).
Remarks
The ENCLOSE$ function encloses a string with the characters specified.
if characters is omitted the default is double quotes ("""").
The ENCLOSE$ function is equivalent to the QUOTE$ function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
ENCLOSE$("hello") returns ""hello""
219
ENCLOSE$("abcd","[]")
See Also
QUOTE$ returns "[abcd]"
8.65 ENDSWITH Function (Version 1.2 or later, standard version only)
Determines if a string ends with another string.
ENDSWITH(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to check.
string2
String to compare to end.
Remarks
The ENDSWITH function is case sensitive.
Examples
ENDSWITH("ABCDEF","DEF")
ENDSWITH("ABCDEF","def") returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
BEGINSWITH
8.66 EOF Function
Returns the end of file status of an open file.
EOF(file)
Arguments
file
Number of open file whose end of file status will be returned.
Examples
EOF(1) returns -1 if end of file, 0 otherwise.
See Also
LOC, LOF, REC
8.67 ERL Function
Returns the number of the line where the last error occurred.
ERL
220
See Also
ERR, ERR$
8.68 ERLIN Function (Version 1.5 or later)
Returns the number of the line where the last error occurred.
ERLIN
Remarks
The ERLIN function is equivalent to the ERL and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
ERL
8.69 ERN Function
Returns the error number of the last error to occur.
ERN
Remarks
The ERN function is equivalent to the ERR function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
ERR
8.70 ERNO Function (Version 1.5 or later)
Returns the error number of the last error to occur.
ERNO
Remarks
The ERNO function is equivalent to the ERR function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
ERR
8.71 ERR Function
Returns the error number of the last error to occur.
ERR
See Also
ERL, ERR$
221
8.72 ERR$ Function
Returns the description of an error code.
ERR$(error)
Arguments
error
Error code whose description will be returned.
Examples
ERR$(16) returns "File not found"
See Also
ERL, ERR
8.73 ESC$ Function
Returns the ESCAPE character (decimal 27).
ESC$
8.74 EVAL Function (standard version only)
Evaluates an expression and returns the result.
EVAL(expression)
Arguments
expression
Expression to evaluate.
Remarks
The EVAL function evaluates a string containing a valid expression and returns the result. The expression must evaluate to a numeric value and can contain numbers, operators, built-in functions, user-defined functions, and variables.
Examples
EVAL("1+2")
EVAL("SQRT(9)*2")
EVAL("LEN(""TEST"")") returns 3 returns 6 returns 4
8.75 EVEN Function (standard version only)
Determines if a number is even.
EVEN(number)
Arguments
222
number
Number to check.
Examples
EVEN(2)
EVEN(3) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ODD
8.76 EXISTS Function
Determines if a file exists.
EXISTS(filename)
Arguments
filename
Name of file to check.
Examples
EXISTS("EXAMPLES:DATA.NBA") returns -1 (true) if the file
EXAMPLES:DATA.NBA exists, otherwise returns 0 (false).
See Also
ACCESS
8.77 EXP Function
Returns the natural exponential of a number.
EXP(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose natural exponential will be returned.
Remarks
The EXP function returns the natural exponential (e
number
) of number.
Examples
EXP(2) returns 7.38905609893068
See Also
EXP2, EXP10
223
8.78 EXP2 Function
Returns the base 2 exponential of a number.
EXP2(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose base 2 exponential will be returned.
Remarks
The EXP2 function returns the base 2 exponential (2
number
) of number.
Examples
EXP2(2) returns 4
See Also
EXP, EXP10
8.79 EXP10 Function
Returns the base 10 exponential of a number.
EXP10(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose base 10 exponential will be returned.
Remarks
The EXP10 function returns the base 10 exponential (10
number
) of number.
Examples
EXP10(2) returns 100
See Also
EXP, EXP2
8.80 EXTRACT$ Function (standard version only)
Returns part of a string before the first occurrence of another string.
EXTRACT$(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String from which a part will be returned.
string2
224
String after which the part to be returned ends.
Examples
EXTRACT$("ABCDEF","CD")
returns "AB"
See Also
REMAIN$
8.81 FACT Function (standard version only)
Calculates the factorial of a number.
FACT(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose factorial will be returned.
Remarks
The FACT function returns the factorial (number * (number - 1) * ... * 1) of number.
Examples
FACT(3)
FACT(4) returns 6 returns 24
8.82 FALSE Function
Returns false (0).
FALSE
See Also
TRUE
8.83 FILE$ Function
Enumerates files on a volume.
FILE$(filespec,control)
Arguments
filespec
Files to enumerate.
control
Determines what file will be returned.
Remarks
If control is 0 file enumeration is initialized and the name of the first file is returned.
Specify an empty string for filespec and 1 for control to return the next file name. An
225
empty string is returned when there are no more files. The files are returned in no particular order.
Examples
FILE$("EXAMPLES:*.BAS",0) returns the first file name matching
EXAMPLES:*.BAS or an empty string if no matching files found.
FILE$("",1) returns the next matching file or an empty string if no more matching files found.
8.84 FILEINFO$ Function (standard version only)
Returns file information.
FILEINFO$(filespec)
Arguments
filespec
Name of file to return information for.
Remarks
The FILEINFO$ function returns the file information for the specified file. The return string is the same format used by the default format of the DIR statement (except the file size does not contain commas). The information includes the 8.3 name of the file
(first 8 characters), a space, the 8.3 extension (3 characters), a space, the file size
(14 characters, right justified), a space, the modification date and time (mm/dd/yyyy hh:mmpm), a space and the long file name.
If filespec does not exist an empty string is returned.
Examples
FILEINFO$("EXAMPLES:NONUM.BAS") returns "NONUM BAS
10/15/2003 8:56pm nonum.bas"
See Also
DIR, FILE$, VOLINFO$
224
8.85 FILEMODE Function
Returns the mode of an open file.
FILEMODE(file)
Arguments
file
Number of open file whose mode will be returned.
Remarks
The FILEMODE function returns 0 for append, 1 for input, 2 for output, or 3 for random.
226
See Also
FILEMODE$
8.86 FILEMODE$ Function
Returns the mode of an open file.
FILEMODE$(file)
Arguments
file
Number of open file whose mode will be returned.
Remarks
The FILEMODE$ function returns "A" for append, "I" for input, "O" for output, or "R" for random.
See Also
FILEMODE
8.87 FILENAME$ Function
Returns the file name of an open file.
FILENAME$(file)
Arguments
file
Number of open file whose file name will be returned.
Remarks
The FILENAME$ function returns the file name of the file including the volume.
+
See Also
OPEN
8.88 FIND Function (standard version only)
Finds the position of a character within a string.
FIND(string,character[,index])
Arguments
string
String in which to search.
character
Character to search for.
index
227
Position where search is to begin.
Remarks
If character is not found 0 is returned.
If index is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
FIND("A STRING","S")
FIND("A STRING","S",4) returns 3 returns 0
See Also
RFIND
8.89 FINDONEOF Function (standard version only)
Returns the index of the first occurrence of any character from a string in another string.
FINDONEOF(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to search.
string2
Characters to search for.
Remarks
The FINDONEOF function searches string1 for characters in string2 and returns the index of the first character found.
The FINDONEOF function is equivalent to the BREAK function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
FINDONEOF("ABCDEF","CD")
returns 3
See Also
BREAK
8.90 FIX Function
Returns the integer or whole part of a number.
FIX(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose integer part will be returned.
228
Remarks
The FIX function is equivalent to the IP function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
FIX(2.1)
See Also
IP
returns 2
8.91 FLOOR Function
Returns the floor of a number.
FLOOR(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose floor will be returned.
Remarks
The FLOOR function returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to number.
The FLOOR function is equivalent to the INT function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
FLOOR(1.8)
FLOOR(-1.8) returns 1 returns -2
See Also
INT
8.92 FN Function
Calls a user-defined function and returns the result.
FN function[(argumentlist)]
Arguments
function
Name of function.
argumentlist
One or more arguments.
Remarks
The FN calls a function defined with the DEF FN statement. The number of arguments must match the number of parameters in the function definition.
Examples
229
DEF FN DOUBLE(X)=X*2
FN DOUBLE(2) returns 4
See Also
DEF
8.93 FONT Function
Returns the current text font size.
FONT
8.94 FP Function
Returns the fractional part of a number.
FP(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose fractional part will be returned.
Examples
FP(2.1) returns 0.1
See Also
IP
8.95 FRE Function
Returns the amount of free memory or string space.
FRE(expression)
Arguments
expression
Specifies which value to return.
Remarks
The FRE function returns the amount of free memory if the result of the expression is numeric or the amount of free string space if the result of the expression is a string.
The FRE function is equivalent to the MEM function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
MEM
230
8.96 FREE Function
Returns the amount of free space on a volume.
FREE(volume)
Arguments
volume
Volume whose free space will be returned.
Remarks
The FREE function returns the amount of free space in bytes on the specified volume.
8.97 FREEFILE Function
Returns the next free file number.
FREEFILE
8.98 FULLNAME$ Function
Returns the full file name of a file.
FULLNAME$(filename[,extension])
Arguments
filename
Name of file whose full file name will be returned.
extension
Extension to append to file if not included in file name.
Remarks
The FULLNAME$ function creates a string containing the volume, file name and extension of a file. If the volume is not included in filename the default volume is used. If the extension is not included in filename extension is used.
If extension is omitted the default is "dat".
8.99 GET$ Function
Inputs a single character from the keyboard.
GET$
Remarks
The GET$ function displays the cursor and waits for a character to be entered from the keyboard. The character is echoed to the screen and is immediately returned without requiring the ENTER key to be pressed.
231
See Also
GETALNUM$, GETALPHA$, GETDIGIT$, GETYN$
8.100 GETALNUM$ Function (standard version only)
Inputs a single alphanumeric character from the keyboard.
GETALNUM$
Remarks
The GETALNUM$ function displays the cursor and waits for an alphanumeric character (a-z, A-Z, or 0-9) to be entered from the keyboard. The character is echoed to the screen and is immediately returned without requiring the ENTER key to be pressed.
Characters returned by the GETALNUM$ function are upper case.
See Also
GET$, GETALPHA$, GETDIGIT$, GETYN$
8.101 GETALPHA$ Function (standard version only)
Inputs a single alphabetic character from the keyboard.
GETALPHA$
Remarks
The GETALPHA$ function displays the cursor and waits for an alphabetic character
(a-z or A-Z) to be entered from the keyboard. The character is echoed to the screen and is immediately returned without requiring the ENTER key to be pressed.
Characters returned by the GETALPHA$ function are upper case.
See Also
GET$, GETALNUM$, GETDIGIT$, GETYN$
8.102 GETDIGIT$ Function (standard version only)
Inputs a single numeric character from the keyboard.
GETDIGIT$
Remarks
The GETDIGIT$ function displays the cursor and waits for a numeric character (0-9) to be entered from the keyboard. The character is echoed to the screen and is immediately returned without requiring the ENTER key to be pressed.
See Also
GET$, GETALNUM$, GETALPHA$, GETYN$
232
8.103 GETYN$ Function (standard version only)
Inputs a single Y or N character from the keyboard.
GETYN$
Remarks
The GETYN$ function displays the cursor and waits for a Y or N character to be entered from the keyboard. The character is echoed to the screen and is immediately returned without requiring the ENTER key to be pressed.
Characters returned by the GETYN$ function are upper case.
See Also
GET$, GETALNUM$, GETALPHA$, GETDIGIT$
8.104 HEX Function
Determines if a character is a hexadecimal digit.
HEX(character)
Arguments
character
Character to check.
Remarks
The HEX function checks if a character is a hexadecimal digit (A-F,a-f,0-9).
Examples
HEX("A")
HEX("1")
HEX("$") returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ALNUM, ALPHA, CNTRL, DIGIT, HEX, LOWER, PRINT, UPPER
8.105 HEX$ Function
Returns a string representing the hexadecimal value of a number.
HEX$(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose hexadecimal string representation will be returned.
Examples
HEX$(35) returns "23"
233
See Also
BIN$, OCT$, STR$
8.106 HOUR Function
Returns the hour from a time value.
HOUR(time)
Arguments
time
Time value whose hour will be returned.
Examples
HOUR(MKTIME(2002,7,24,11,28,45)) returns 11
See Also
DAY, MINUTE, MONTH, SECOND, WEEKDAY, YEAR
8.107 HPOINT Function (Version 1.5 or later, standard version only)
Returns the color of a graphics pixel.
HPOINT(x,y)
Arguments
x
X coordinate of pixel.
y
Y coordinate of pixel.
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to get the color of a pixel.
The HPOINT function is equivalent to the POINT function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
GRAPH, HRESET, HSET, POINT
8.108 HYPOT Function
Returns the hypotenuse.
HYPOT(a,b)
Arguments
a,b
234
Length of sides of right triangle.
Remarks
The HYPOT function calculates the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle given the length of the two sides a and b (the square root of a
2
+ b
2
).
Examples
HYPOT(3,4) returns 5
8.109 IIF Function (standard version only)
Returns a number based on a condition.
IIF(condition,number1,number2)
Arguments
condition
Condition to check.
number1
Number to return if condition is true.
number2
Number to return if condition is false.
Examples
IIF(1<=2,0,100)
IIF("A"="B",1,2) returns 0 returns 2
See Also
IIF$
8.110 IIF$ Function (standard version only)
Returns a string based on a condition.
IIF$(condition,string1,string2)
Arguments
condition
Condition to check.
string1
String to return if condition is true.
string2
String to return if condition is false.
Examples
IIF$(1<=2,"A","B")
IIF$("A"="B","EQUAL","NOT EQUAL") returns "A" returns "NOT EQUAL"
235
See Also
IIF
8.111 INKEY$ Function
Returns a string corresponding to a key press.
INKEY$
Remarks
The INKEY$ function does not wait for a key to be pressed. If no key has been pressed, an empty string ("") is returned.
See Also
INYN$, WAITKEY$
8.112 INPUT$ Function
Reads input from the keyboard or a file.
INPUT$(length[,file])
Arguments
length
Number of characters to read.
file
File number of open file.
Remarks
If file is omitted the default is the keyboard.
See Also
EDIT$, INPUT, OPEN
8.113 INSERT$ Function (standard version only)
Inserts a string into another string.
INSERT$(string1,index,string2)
Arguments
string1
String in which second string will be inserted.
index
Index in first string where second string will be inserted.
string2
String to be inserted.
236
Examples
INSERT$("ABC123",4,"XYZ") returns "ABCXYZ123"
See Also
DELETE$, REPLACE$
8.114 INSTR Function
Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string within another string.
INSTR([start,]string1,string2)
Arguments
start
Index at which to start search.
string1
String in which to search.
string2
String whose position in the first string will be returned.
Remarks
If string2 is not found 0 is returned. If start is omitted the search starts at the beginning of the string.
Examples
INSTR("A STRING","RING")
INSTR("A STRING","CUP")
INSTR(2,"TESTING","T") returns 5 returns 0 returns 4
8.115 INSTRREV Function
Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string within another string from the end.
INSTRREV(string1,string2[,start])
Arguments
string1
String in which to search.
string2
String whose position in the first string will be returned.
start
Index at which to start search.
Remarks
If string2 is not found 0 is returned. If start is omitted the search starts at the end of the string.
237
Examples
INSTRREV("A STRING","RING")
INSTRREV("A STRING","CUP")
INSTRREV("TESTING","T",2)
8.116 INT Function
Returns the floor of a number.
returns 5 returns 0 returns 1
INT(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose floor will be returned.
Remarks
The INT function returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to number.
Examples
INT(1.8)
INT(-1.8) returns 1 returns -2
See Also
CEIL
8.117 INV Function
Returns the inverse of a number.
INV(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose inverse will be returned.
Remarks
The INV function returns the inverse (1/number) of number.
Examples
INV(2)
INV(0.5) returns 0.5
returns 2
8.118 INYN$ Function (standard version only)
Returns a string corresponding to a key press.
INYN$
238
Remarks
The INYN$ waits for the Y or N keys to be pressed and returns "Y" or "N" respectively.
See Also
INKEY$, WAITKEY$
8.119 IP Function
Returns the integer or whole part of a number.
IP(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose integer part will be returned.
Examples
IP(2.1) returns 2
See Also
FP
8.120 IS0 Function (Version 1.1 or later)
Replaces 0 with the specified value.
IS0(number1,number2)
Arguments
number1
Number to be checked.
number2
Number to return if number1 is 0.
Remarks
The IS0 function returns number1 if it is not 0, otherwise returns number2.
Examples
IS0(5,1)
IS0(0,1) returns 5 returns 1
See Also
ISEMPTY$, ISNEG, ISPOS
239
8.121 ISEMPTY$ Function (Version 1.1 or later)
Replaces an empty string with the specified value.
ISEMPTY$(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to be checked.
string2
String to return if string1 is an empty string.
Remarks
The ISEMPTY$ function returns string1 if it is not an empty string, otherwise returns
string2.
Examples
ISEMPTY$("ABC","123")
ISEMPTY$("","123") returns "ABC" returns "123"
See Also
IS0, ISNEG, ISPOS
8.122 ISNEG Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Replaces a negative value with the specified value.
ISNEG(number1,number2)
Arguments
number1
Number to be checked.
number2
Number to return if number1 is negative.
Remarks
The ISNEG function returns number1 if it is not negative, otherwise returns number2.
Examples
ISNEG(-5,1)
ISNEG(0,1) returns 1 returns 0
See Also
IS0, ISEMPTY$, ISPOS
240
8.123 ISPOS Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Replaces a positive value with the specified value.
ISPOS(number1,number2)
Arguments
number1
Number to be checked.
number2
Number to return if number1 is positive.
Remarks
The ISPOS function returns number1 if it is not positive, otherwise returns number2.
Examples
ISPOS(5,1)
ISPOS(0,1) returns 1 returns 1
See Also
IS0, ISEMPTY$, ISNEG
8.124 LBOUND Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Returns the lower bound (index) of a dimension in an array variable.
LBOUND(array[,dimension])
Arguments
array
Name of numeric or string array variable.
dimension
Dimension of array whose lower bound will be returned.
Remarks
The lower bound (base index) of a dimension depends on the OPTION BASE setting when the array is created.
If dimension is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
LBOUND(A) returns 0 (If OPTION BASE is not set or OPTION BASE 0 is specified)
See Also
OPTION BASE, MAXSIZE, SIZE, UBOUND
241
8.125 LCASE$ Function
Converts a string to lower case.
LCASE$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be converted to lower case.
Examples
LCASE$("ABC123") returns "abc123"
See Also
UCASE$
8.126 LEAPYEAR Function
Determines if a year is a leap year.
LEAPYEAR(year)
Arguments
year
Year to check.
Examples
LEAPYEAR(2002)
LEAPYEAR(2000) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
8.127 LEFT$ Function
Returns the specified number of leftmost characters in a string.
LEFT$(string[,length])
Arguments
string
String whose leftmost characters will be returned.
length
Number of characters to return.
Remarks
If length is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
LEFT$("ABC123")
LEFT$("ABC123",3) returns "A" returns "ABC"
242
See Also
MID$, RIGHT$
8.128 LEN Function
Returns the length of a string.
LEN(string)
Arguments
string
String whose length will be returned.
Examples
LEN("HELLO") returns 5
8.129 LOC Function
Returns the location of the file pointer of an open file.
LOC(file)
Arguments
file
Number of file whose file pointer location will be returned.
Remarks
The LOC function returns the current record of an open random access file or the file pointer location of an open sequential file.
See Also
EOF, LOF, REC
8.130 LOF Function
Returns the length of an open file.
LOF(file)
Arguments
file
Number of file whose length will be returned.
Remarks
The LOF function returns the length in bytes of an open file.
See Also
EOF, LOC, REC
243
8.131 LOG Function
Returns the natural logarithm of a number.
LOG(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose natural logarithm will be returned.
Remarks
The LOG function returns the natural logarithm (x) of a number where number=e
x
(number > 0).
Examples
LOG(7.38905609893068) returns 2
See Also
LOG2, LOG10
8.132 LOG$ Function (standard version only)
Returns the file name of the log file if open.
LOG$
See Also
LOG
8.133 LOG2 Function
Returns the base 2 logarithm of a number.
LOG2(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose base 2 logarithm will be returned.
Remarks
The LOG2 function returns the base 2 logarithm (x) of a number where number=2
x
(number > 0).
Examples
LOG2(4) returns 2
See Also
LOG, LOG10
244
8.134 LOG10 Function
Returns the base 10 logarithm of a number.
LOG10(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose base 10 logarithm will be returned.
Remarks
The LOG10 function returns the base 10 logarithm (x) of a number where
number=10
x
(number > 0).
Examples
LOG10(100) returns 2
See Also
LOG, LOG2
8.135 LOWER Function
Determines if a character is lowercase.
LOWER(character)
Arguments
character
Character to check.
Examples
LOWER("A")
LOWER("a") returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
See Also
ALPHA, CNTRL, DIGIT, HEX, PRINT, UPPER
8.136 LOWER$ Function
Converts a string to lower case.
LOWER$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be converted to lower case.
Remarks
245
The LOWER$ function is equivalent to the LCASE$ function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
LOWER$("ABC123") returns "abc123"
See Also
LCASE$, UPPER$
8.137 LPAD$ Function (standard version only)
Pads a string on the left.
LPAD$(string,length[,pad])
Arguments
string
String which to pad.
length
Desired length of padded string.
pad
Character to pad string with.
Remarks
If pad is omitted the default is a space.
Examples
LPAD$("TEST",10)
LPAD$("TEST",10,"*") returns " TEST" returns "******TEST"
See Also
RPAD$
8.138 LPOS Function (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Returns the current print position.
LPOS
See Also
LPRINT, LPRINT USING, OPEN PRINTER
8.139 LSET$ Function (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Left justifies a string.
LSET$(string,length[,pad])
246
Arguments
string
String which to justify.
length
Desired length of justified string.
pad
Character to pad string with.
Remarks
If pad is omitted the default is a space.
The LSET$ function is equivalent to the LPAD$ function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
LSET$("TEST",10)
LSET$("TEST",10,"*") returns " TEST" returns "******TEST"
See Also
LPAD$, RSET$
8.140 LTRIM$ Function
Trims spaces from the left of a string.
LTRIM$(string)
- or -
LTRIM$(string[,character]) (Version 1.4 or later)
Arguments
string
String to be trimmed.
character
Character to trim.
Remarks
If character is omitted the default is a space.
Examples
LTRIM$(" ABC ")
LTRIM$("##ABC##","#") returns "abc " returns "abc##"
See Also
COMPRESS$, RTRIM$, TRIM$
247
8.141 MAKENAME$ Function
Makes a filename.
MAKENAME$([volume],name[,[extension][,replace]])
Arguments
volume
Volume.
name
Filename.
extension
Extension.
replace
Whether or not to replace the volume and extension.
Remarks
The MAKENAME$ function combines a volume, file name and extension into a file specification. If replace is 1 (TRUE), the volume and extension will be replaced in the
name if present with the specified volume and extension.
If volume is omitted the default is the default volume. If extension is omitted the default is "DAT". If replace is omitted the default is 0 (FALSE).
Examples
MAKENAME$("HOME","TEST") returns "HOME:TEST.DAT"
MAKENAME$("WORK","ACCTS","REG") returns "WORK:ACCTS.REG"
MAKENAME$("EXAMPLES","DATA:LIST.DAT","WRK",1) returns
"EXAMPLES:LIST.WRK"
See Also
SPLITNAME, SPLITNAME$
8.142 MAPPED Function
Determines if a volume is mapped (exists).
MAPPED(volume)
Arguments
volume
Volume to check.
Examples
MAPPED("EXAMPLES") returns -1 (true) if EXAMPLES is mapped, otherwise returns 0 (false).
See Also
DEFAULT, READONLY
248
8.143 MATCH Function (Version 1.5 or later)
Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string within another string.
MATCH([start,]string1,string2)
Arguments
start
Index at which to start search.
string1
String in which to search.
string2
String whose position in the first string will be returned.
Remarks
If string2 is not found 0 is returned. If start is omitted the search starts at the beginning of the string.
The MATCH function is equivalent to the INSTR function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
MATCH("A STRING","RING")
MATCH("A STRING","CUP")
MATCH(2,"TESTING","T") returns 5 returns 0 returns 4
See Also
INSTR
8.144 MAX Function
Returns the maximum of two or more numbers.
MAX(number1,number2)
- or -
MAX(number[,number]...) (Version 1.4 or later)
Arguments
number1
First number to check.
number2
Second number to check.
number
Number to check.
Examples
249
MAX(5,1)
MAX(5,1,2)
See Also
MIN
returns 5 returns 5
8.145 MAXLEN Function
Returns the maximum length of a string variable.
MAXLEN(variable)
Arguments
variable
String variable whose maximum length will be returned.
Remarks
The MAXLEN function can also be used to get the width of a field variable used in a
FIELD statement.
Examples
MAXLEN(A$)
See Also
FIELD
returns 65535
8.146 MAXNUM Function
Returns the largest finite positive number.
MAXNUM
See Also
MINNUM
8.147 MAXSIZE Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Returns the total number of elements of all dimensions in an array variable.
MAXSIZE(array)
Arguments
array
Name of numeric or string array variable.
Remarks
The number of elements in an array is specified when the array is created either automatically or using the DIM statement and depends on the OPTION BASE setting.
250
Examples
MAXSIZE(A) returns 11 (If the array A is created either automatically or using
DIM A(10) and OPTION BASE is not set or OPTION BASE 0 is specified)
See Also
DIM, OPTION BASE, LBOUND, SIZE, UBOUND
8.148 MEM Function
Returns the amount of free memory.
MEM
8.149 MID$ Function
Returns part of a string.
MID$(string,index[,length])
Arguments
string
String from which substring will be returned.
index
Start of substring to return.
length
Number of characters in substring to return.
Remarks
If length is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
MID$("ABC123",3)
MID$("ABC123",3,2) returns "C" returns "C1"
See Also
LEFT$, RIGHT$
8.150 MIN Function
Returns the minimum of two or more numbers.
MIN(number1,number2)
- or -
MIN(number[,number]...) (Version 1.4 or later)
Arguments
251
number1
First number to check.
number2
Second number to check.
number
Number to check.
Examples
MIN(5,1)
MIN(5,1,2) returns 1 returns 1
See Also
MAX
8.151 MINNUM Function
Returns the smallest finite positive number.
MINNUM
See Also
MAXNUM
8.152 MINUTE Function
Returns the minute from a time value.
MINUTE(time)
Arguments
time
Time value whose minute will be returned.
Examples
MINUTE(MKTIME(2002,7,24,11,28,45))
See Also
DAY, HOUR, MONTH, SECOND, WEEKDAY, YEAR returns 28
8.153 MKKEY$ Function
Creates a string representing a key.
MKKEY$(key[,[control][,shift]])
Arguments
key
Key whose string representation will be returned.
252
control
Specifies if CTRL key is pressed.
shift
Specifies if SHIFT key is pressed.
Remarks
The MKKEY$ function does not perform any key translations. For example
MKKEY$("A",1) returns CTRL+A not CTRLA (1).
If control is omitted the default is false (0). If shift is omitted the default is false (0).
Examples
MKKEY$(CHR$(0)+CHR$(35),1)
MKKEY$(CHR$(0)+CHR$(35),,1) returns a string representing
CTRL+END returns a string representing
SHIFT+END
8.154 MKN$ Function
Converts a number to a binary string.
MKN$(number)
Arguments
number
Number to convert.
Remarks
The MKN$ function converts a number to a binary string to be assigned to a field variable.
See Also
CVN
8.155 MKTIME Function
Creates a time value.
MKTIME(year,month,day[,hour[,minute[,second]]])
Arguments
year
Year for time value.
month
Month for time value.
day
Day of the month for time value.
253
hour
Hour for time value.
minute
Minute for time value.
second
Second for time value.
Remarks
The MKTIME function creates a time value from individual date and time values.
If all the time values (hour, minute, and second) are omitted the default time is
00:00:00 AM. If minute is omitted the default is 0. If second is omitted the default is
0.
Examples
MKTIME(2002,7,24)
MKTIME(2002,7,24,11,28,45) returns 12671942400 returns 12671983725
8.156 MOD Function
Returns the modulus of two numbers.
MOD(number1,number2)
Arguments
number1
Dividend.
number2
Divisor.
Remarks
The MOD function divides one number by another number and returns the remainder. The numbers are rounded to integers before dividing.
Examples
MOD(5,2)
MOD(9.8,2.1) returns 1 returns 0
See Also
MOD (operator)
8.157 MONTH Function
Returns the month from a time value.
MONTH(time)
Arguments
254
time
Time value whose month will be returned.
Examples
MONTH(MKTIME(2002,7,24)) returns 7
See Also
DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, WEEKDAY, YEAR
8.158 MONTHNAME$ Function
Returns the month name from a time value.
MONTHNAME$(month[,format])
Arguments
month
Month of year whose name will be returned.
format
Format of day name.
Remarks
If format is omitted the long name of the month is returned. If format is non-zero the short name of the month is returned.
Examples
MONTHNAME$(1)
MONTHNAME$(1,1) returns "January" returns "Jan"
See Also
DAYNAME$
8.159 NOW Function
Returns the current time value.
NOW
See Also
ADJUST
8.160 NUL$ Function
Returns the NULL character (decimal 0).
NUL$
255
8.161 OCT$ Function
Returns a string representing the octal value of a number.
OCT$(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose octal string representation will be returned.
Examples
OCT$(35) returns "43"
See Also
BIN$, HEX$, STR$
8.162 ODD Function (standard version only)
Determines if a number is odd.
ODD(number)
Arguments
number
Number to check.
Examples
ODD(2)
ODD(3) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
See Also
EVEN
8.163 OPEN Function
Determines if a file or the printer is open.
OPEN(file)
Arguments
file
Number of file or printer (-2) to check.
Remarks
Use OPEN(-2) to check if the printer is open.
Examples
OPEN(1) returns -1 if the file is open, 0 otherwise.
256
See Also
OPEN
8.164 ORD Function
Returns the ordinal value of a character.
ORD(character)
Arguments
character
Character whose ordinal value will be returned.
Examples
ORD("A")
ORD("1")
ORD("$")
See Also
CHR$
returns 65 returns 49 returns 36
8.165 PCOL Function (Version 1.5.2 or later, standard version only)
Returns the graphics coordinate of a text column.
PCOL(column)
Arguments
column
Text column.
Remarks
The PCOL function returns the x coordinate on the graphics screen of a column on the text screen.
Graphics must be turned on to get graphics coordinate of a column.
See Also
PROW
8.166 PEEK Function
Returns the value at a memory location.
PEEK(address)
Arguments
address
Address of memory location whose value will be returned.
257
Examples
PEEK(39038) returns 8 (default tab size)
See Also
EXEC, POKE
8.167 PERM Function
Returns the number of permutations.
PERM(n,k)
Arguments
n
Number of objects.
k
Number of objects in each set.
Remarks
The PERM function calculates the number of permutations of n objects taken k at a time (n!/(n-k)!).
Examples
PERM(5,2) returns 20
See Also
COMB
8.168 PFONT Function (standard version only)
Returns the current graphics font size.
PFONT
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to get the graphics font size.
8.169 PI Function
Returns the value of Pi (
).
PI
8.170 POINT Function (standard version only)
Returns the color of a graphics pixel.
POINT(x,y)
258
Arguments
x
X coordinate of pixel.
y
Y coordinate of pixel.
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to get the color of a pixel.
See Also
GRAPH, PRESET, PSET
8.171 POS Function
Returns the current position of the cursor.
POS[(position)]
Arguments
position
Specifies which position of the cursor to return.
Remarks
If position is greater than or equal to 0, the current column is returned, otherwise the current row is returned.
If position is omitted, the current column is returned.
The POS function is equivalent to the COLUMN and ROW functions and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
POS returns the current column position of the cursor
POS(-1) returns the current row position of the cursor
See Also
COLUMN, ROW
8.172 PPOINT Function (standard version only)
Returns the color of a graphics pixel.
PPOINT(x,y)
Arguments
x
X coordinate of pixel.
259
y
Y coordinate of pixel.
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to get the color of a pixel.
The PPOINT function is equivalent to the POINT function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
POINT
8.173 PRINT Function
Determines if a character is a printable character.
PRINT(character)
Arguments
character
Character to check.
Remarks
The PRINT function checks if a character is a printable character (&H20-&H7E).
Examples
PRINT("A")
PRINT("1")
PRINT(CHR$(&H10)) returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ALNUM, ALPHA, CNTRL, DIGIT, HEX, LOWER, UPPER
8.174 PRINTER$ Function (Version 1.1 or later, standard version only)
Returns the name of the current printer.
PRINTER$
Remarks
The PRINTER$ function returns the name of the most recent printer set using the
PRINTER statement or if not set, the name of the printer as specified in the Print
Setup or Print dialogs.
See Also
OPEN PRINTER
260
8.175 PROMPT$ Function (standard version only)
Returns the prompt.
PROMPT$
8.176 PROPER$ Function (standard version only)
Capitalizes a string.
PROPER$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be capitalized.
Remarks
The PROPER$ function capitalizes the first character in the string and every character that does not follow a letter.
Examples
PROPER$("abc123def") returns "Abc123Def"
8.177 PROW Function (standard version only)
Returns the graphics coordinate of a text row.
PROW(row)
Arguments
row
Text row.
Remarks
The PROW function returns the y coordinate on the graphics screen of a row on the text screen.
Graphics must be turned on to get graphics coordinate of a row.
See Also
PCOL
8.178 PSCRH Function (standard version only)
Returns the height (pixels) of the graphics screen.
PSCRH
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to get the graphics screen height.
261
See Also
PSCRW
8.179 PSCRW Function (standard version only)
Returns the width (pixels) of the graphics screen.
PSCRW
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to get the graphics screen width.
See Also
PSCRH
8.180 QUOTE$ Function
Quotes a string.
QUOTE$(string[,quotes])
Arguments
string
String to be quoted.
quotes
Characters to use as quotes (2).
Remarks
The QUOTE$ function encloses a string with the quote characters specified.
if quotes is omitted the default is double quotes ("""").
Examples
QUOTE$("hello")
QUOTE$("abcd","[]") returns ""hello"" returns "[abcd]"
8.181 RAD Function
Converts degrees to radians.
RAD(degrees)
Arguments
degrees
Degrees whose value in radians will be returned.
Examples
RAD(180) returns 3.14159265358979
262
See Also
DEG
8.182 RCP Function
Returns the inverse of a number.
RCP(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose inverse will be returned.
Remarks
The RCP function returns the inverse (1/number) of number.
The RCP function is equivalent to the INV function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
RCP(2)
RCP(0.5) returns 0.5
returns 2
See Also
INV
8.183 READONLY Function
Determines if a volume is read-only.
READONLY(volume)
Arguments
volume
Volume to check.
Examples
READONLY("EXAMPLES") returns -1 (true) if EXAMPLES is read-only, otherwise returns 0 (false).
See Also
DEFAULT, MAPPED
8.184 REC Function
Returns the number of records in an open random access file.
REC(file)
263
Arguments
file
Number of file whose record count will be returned.
See Also
EOF, LOC, LOF
8.185 REMAIN$ Function (standard version only)
Returns part of a string after the first occurrence of another string.
REMAIN$(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String from which a part will be returned.
string2
String before which the part to be returned begins.
Examples
REMAIN$("ABCDEF","CD")
returns "EF"
See Also
EXTRACT$
8.186 REMAINDER Function
Returns the remainder of dividing one number by another number.
REMAINDER(number1,number2)
Arguments
number1
Number to be divided.
number2
Number to divide by.
Remarks
The REMAINDER function divides number1 by number2 and returns the remainder after a non-fractional number of divisions.
Examples
REMAINDER(11.5,1.25) returns 0.25
8.187 REMOVE$ Function (standard version only)
Removes each occurrence of a string from another string.
264
REMOVE$(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String from which to remove a string.
string2
String to remove.
Examples
REMOVE$("ABC123","ABC") returns "123"
See Also
CHANGE$
8.188 REPEAT$ Function
Returns a string repeated a specified number of times.
REPEAT$(string,repeat)
Arguments
string
String to be repeated.
repeat
Number of times to repeat the string.
Examples
REPEAT$("ABC",2) returns "ABCABC"
See Also
STRING$
8.189 REPLACE$ Function (standard version only)
Replaces part of a string with another string.
REPLACE$(string1,index,string2)
Arguments
string1
String in which replacement will occur.
index
Index in first string where replacement will begin.
string2
Replacement string.
Examples
265
REPLACE$("ABC123",4,"XYZ")
See Also
DELETE$, REPLACE$ returns "ABCXYZ"
8.190 RET$ Function
Returns the CARRIAGE RETURN character (decimal 13).
RET$
8.191 REVERSE$ Function
Reverses a string.
REVERSE$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be reversed.
Examples
REVERSE$("ABC123") returns "321CBA"
8.192 RFIND Function (standard version only)
Finds the position of a character within a string.
RFIND(string,character[,index])
Arguments
string
String in which to search.
character
Character to search for.
index
Position where search is to begin.
Remarks
The RFIND function performs a reverse search from the end of the string (or index if specified) to the beginning.
If character is not found 0 is returned.
If index is omitted the default is the end of the string.
Examples
RFIND("A STRING","R")
RFIND("A STRING","R",3) returns 5 returns 0
266
See Also
FIND
8.193 RIGHT$ Function
Returns the specified number of rightmost characters in a string.
RIGHT$(string[,length])
Arguments
string
String whose rightmost characters will be returned.
length
Number of characters to return.
Remarks
If length is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
RIGHT$("ABC123")
RIGHT$("ABC123",3) returns "3" returns "123"
See Also
LEFT$, MID$
8.194 RND Function
Returns a random number.
RND(number)
Arguments
number
Specifies the range of the random number to be returned.
Remarks
The RND function returns a random number between 0 and 1 if number is 0 or 1 or from 1 to number if number is > 1.
Examples
RND(0) returns a random number between 0 and 1.
RND(1) returns a random number between 0 and 1.
RND(10) returns a random number between 1 and 10.
8.195 ROUND Function
Rounds a number.
267
ROUND(number,digits)
Arguments
number
Number to be rounded.
digits
Number of digits after the decimal point.
Examples
ROUND(1.23456,0)
ROUND(1.23456,2)
ROUND(1.23456,3) returns 1 returns 1.23
returns 1.235
See Also
TRUNCATE
8.196 ROW Function
Returns the row position of the cursor.
ROW
See Also
COLUMN
8.197 RPAD$ Function (standard version only)
Pads a string on the right.
RPAD$(string,length[,pad])
Arguments
string
String which to pad.
length
Desired length of padded string.
pad
Character to pad string with.
Remarks
If pad is omitted the default is a space.
Examples
RPAD$("TEST",10)
RPAD$("TEST",10,"*") returns "TEST " returns "TEST******"
See Also
268
LPAD$
8.198 RSET$ Function (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Right justifies a string.
RSET$(string,length[,pad])
Arguments
string
String which to justify.
length
Desired length of justified string.
pad
Character to pad string with.
Remarks
If pad is omitted the default is a space.
The RSET$ function is equivalent to the RPAD$ function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
RSET$("TEST",10)
RSET$("TEST",10,"*") returns "TEST " returns "TEST******"
See Also
LSET$, RPAD$
8.199 RTD Function
Converts radians to degrees.
RTD(radians)
Arguments
radians
Radians whose value in degrees will be returned.
Remarks
The RTD function is equivalent to the DEG function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
RTD(PI) returns 180
See Also
DEG
269
8.200 RTRIM$ Function
Trims spaces from the right of a string.
RTRIM$(string)
- or -
RTRIM$(string[,character]) (Version 1.4 or later)
Arguments
string
String to be trimmed.
character
Character to trim.
Remarks
If character is omitted the default is a space.
Examples
RTRIM$(" ABC ")
RTRIM$("##ABC##","#") returns " abc" returns "##abc"
See Also
COMPRESS$, LTRIM$, TRIM$
8.201 SADD Function (Version 1.5 or later)
Returns the address of a string variable.
SADD(variable)
Arguments
variable
The string variable whose address is to be returned.
Remarks
The SADD function returns a number that identifies the location in memory of the specified variable.
The SADD function is similar to the VARPTR function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
SADD(NM$) returns the address of the string variable NM$
See Also
VARPTR
270
8.202 SCREEN Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Saves the screen.
SCREEN(row,column,columns,rows[,[foreground][,background]])
Parameters
row
Starting row.
column
Starting column.
columns
Number of columns to fill.
rows
Number of rows to fill.
foreground
Foreground color of saved screen.
background
Background color of saved screen.
Remarks
The SCREEN function saves a specified number of rows and columns of the screen beginning at row,column, sets the foreground and background colors to the colors specified and clears the saved part of the screen. Up to 255 screens can be saved.
Use the SCREEN RESTORE statement to restore a screen.
The SCREEN function returns a number identifying the saved screen, which can be used in the SCREEN RESTORE statement to restore the saved screen.
If foreground is omitted the current foreground text color is used. If background is omitted the current background text color is used.
Examples
SCREEN(20,5,40,15)
SCREEN(20,5,40,15,7)
SCREEN(20,5,40,15,7,10)
SCREEN(20,5,40,15,,10) returns screen id returns screen id returns screen id returns screen id
Mode
Program only
See Also
SCREEN BACKUP, SCREEN RESTORE
8.203 SCRH Function
Returns the height (rows) of the screen.
271
SCRH
See Also
SCRW
8.204 SCRN Function (Version 1.4 or later, standard version only)
Returns the color of a graphics pixel.
SCRN(x,y)
Arguments
x
X coordinate of pixel.
y
Y coordinate of pixel.
Remarks
Graphics must be turned on to get the color of a pixel.
The SCRN function is equivalent to the POINT function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
POINT
8.205 SCRW Function
Returns the width (columns) of the screen.
SCRW
See Also
SCRH
8.206 SEC Function
Returns the secant of an angle.
SEC(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose secant will be returned.
Remarks
The SEC function returns the secant (1/cos(angle)) of angle.
Examples
272
SEC(0)
See Also
CSC
returns 1
8.207 SECOND Function
Returns the second from a time value.
SECOND(time)
Arguments
time
Time value whose second will be returned.
Examples
SECOND(MKTIME(2002,7,24,11,28,45))
See Also
DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, MONTH, WEEKDAY, YEAR
8.208 SEG$ Function
Returns part of a string.
returns 45
SEG$(string,index[,length])
Arguments
string
String from which substring will be returned.
index
Start of substring to return.
length
Number of characters in substring to return.
Remarks
The SEG$ function is equivalent to the MID$ function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
SEG$("ABC123",3)
SEG$("ABC123",3,2) returns "C" returns "C1"
See Also
MID$
273
8.209 SELECT Function (Version 1.3 or later)
Changes the character set.
SELECT(character-set)
Arguments
character-set
Character set to select.
Remarks
The SELECT function changes the current character set used to display text on the screen.
To select a character set, specify one of the following values in the SELECT function.
0
161
162
177
178
186
204
238
255
ANSI
Greek
Turkish
Hebrew
Arabic
Baltic
Russian
East Europe
OEM
To make sure the character set was successfully changed, compare the value returned by the SELECT function to the character set specified in the function call
(e.g. IF SELECT(255)=255 THEN ...)
On startup, the character set is set to ANSI (0).
Examples
SELECT(255) returns 255 if the character set was changed, otherwise returns the previous character-set
See Also
SELECT
8.210 SET$ Function
Sets characters in a string to a character.
SET$(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to be set.
string2
Character to set string to.
274
Remarks
The SET$ function sets all the characters in a string to the specified character.
Examples
SET$("1234","*") returns "****"
8.211 SGN Function
Returns the sign of a number.
SGN(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose sign will be returned.
Examples
SGN(1)
SGN(0)
SGN(-1) returns 1 returns 0 returns -1
See Also
ABS
8.212 SHIFT$ Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Returns the SHIFT key.
SHIFT$
Remarks
The SHIFT$ function returns a string containing the character codes for the SHIFT key (&H00, &H10).
8.213 SIN Function
Returns the sine of an angle.
SIN(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose sine will be returned.
Examples
SIN(0)
SIN(PI/4) returns 0 returns 0.707106781186548
See Also
275
ASIN, COS, SINH
8.214 SINH Function
Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
SINH(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose hyperbolic sine will be returned.
Examples
SINH(PI) returns 11.5487393572577
See Also
COSH, SIN
8.215 SIZE Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Returns the number of elements of a dimension in an array variable.
SIZE(array[,dimension])
Arguments
array
Name of numeric or string array variable.
dimension
Dimension of array whose number of elements will be returned.
Remarks
The number of elements in a dimension is specified when the array is created either automatically or using the DIM statement and depends on the OPTION BASE setting.
If dimension is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
SIZE(A) returns 11 (If the array A is created either automatically or using
DIM A(10) and OPTION BASE is not set or OPTION BASE 0 is specified)
See Also
DIM, OPTION BASE, LBOUND, MAXSIZE, UBOUND
8.216 SPACE$ Function
Returns a string containing a specified number of spaces.
276
SPACE$(spaces)
Arguments
spaces
Number of spaces in string.
Examples
SPACE$(10) returns "
8.217 SPAN Function (standard version only)
"
Returns the length of a substring beginning a string containing characters in another string.
SPAN(string1,string2)
Arguments
string1
String to search.
string2
Characters to search for.
Examples
SPAN("ABABCDCD","ABC")
See Also
CSPAN
returns 5
8.218 SPLITNAME$ Function (Version 1.1 or later)
Returns part of a file name.
SPLITNAME$(filename[,part])
Arguments
filename
Name of file.
part
Part of filename to return.
Remarks
The SPLITNAME$ function returns the volume if part is -1, the name if part is 0 or the extension if part is 1.
If part is omitted the default is 0 (volume).
Examples
SPLITNAME$("EXAMPLES:TEST.DAT") returns "TEST"
277
SPLITNAME$("EXAMPLES:TEST.DAT",-1)
SPLITNAME$("EXAMPLES:TEST.DAT",0)
SPLITNAME$("EXAMPLES:TEST.DAT",1)
See Also
SPLITNAME, MAKENAME$
8.219 SQR Function
Returns the square root of a number.
SQR(number) returns "EXAMPLES" returns "TEST" returns "DAT"
Arguments
number
Number whose square root will be returned.
Examples
SQR(9) returns 3
See Also
CBR
8.220 SQRT Function
Returns the square root of a number.
SQRT(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose square root will be returned.
Remarks
The SQRT function is equivalent to the SQR function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
SQRT(9) returns 3
See Also
SQR
8.221 SQUEEZE$ Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Trims spaces from the left and right of a string and compresses duplicate spaces to a single space.
SQUEEZE$(string)
278
Arguments
string
String to be squeezed.
Examples
SQUEEZE$(" A B C ") returns "A B C"
Remarks
The SQUEEZE$ function is equivalent to the COMPRESS$ function and is provided for compatibility.
See Also
COMPRESS$
8.222 STR$ Function
Returns a string representing the decimal value of a number.
STR$(number)
Arguments
number
Number whose decimal string representation will be returned.
Examples
STR$(35) returns "35"
See Also
BIN$, HEX$, OCT$
8.223 STRING$ Function
Returns a string of a specified number of characters.
STRING$(character,length)
Arguments
character
Character to repeat.
length
Number of characters to return.
Examples
STRING$("A",4) returns "AAAA"
See Also
REPEAT$
279
8.224 SWITCH Function (standard version only)
Selects a number.
SWITCH(condition,number[,condition,number]...)
Arguments
condition
Determines what number to select.
number
Number to select if condition is true.
Remarks
The SWITCH function conditionally selects a number from a list. The first condition that evaluates to true (-1) in the list specifies the number to select. At least one
condition must evaluate to true (-1). The conditions are evaluated in the order that they appear in the list.
To provide a default value, include at the end of the list the values TRUE (-1) and the default number to select.
Examples
SWITCH(1>2,10,5=5,20,"A"<"B",30)
SWITCH(1>2,10,5<>5,20,"A">"B",30,TRUE,0) returns 20 returns 0
See Also
CHOOSE, CHOOSE$, SWITCH$
8.225 SWITCH$ Function (standard version only)
Selects a string.
SWITCH$(condition,string[,condition,string]...)
Arguments
condition
Determines what string to select.
string
String to select if condition is true.
Remarks
The SWITCH$ function conditionally selects a string from a list. The first condition that evaluates to true (-1) in the list specifies the string to select. At least one
condition must evaluate to true (-1). The conditions are evaluated in the order that they appear in the list.
To provide a default value, include at the end of the list the values TRUE (-1) and the default string to select.
Examples
280
SWITCH$(1>2,"A",5=5,"B","A"<"B","C")
SWITCH$(1>2,"A",5<>5,"B","A">"B","C",TRUE,"")
See Also
CHOOSE, CHOOSE$, SWITCH
8.226 TAN Function
Returns the tangent of an angle.
TAN(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose tangent will be returned.
Examples
TAN(PI/4) returns 0.999999999999999
See Also
COT, ATN
8.227 TANH Function
Returns the hyperbolic tangent of an angle.
TANH(angle)
Arguments
angle
Angle in radians whose hyperbolic tangent will be returned.
Examples
TANH(PI) returns 0.99627207622075
See Also
TAN
8.228 TEMPNAME$ Function
Returns a unique temporary file name for a specified volume.
TEMPNAME$(volume,extension)
Arguments
volume
Volume on which to check for a unique temporary file name.
extension
returns "B" returns ""
281
Extension of temporary file name.
Remarks
The TEMPNAME$ function creates a unique file name for the specified volume and should be used for temporary files which will be deleted or renamed. The file names returned are of the form "dddddddd.ext" where d is a numeric digit (0-9).
If extension is omitted the default is "tmp".
Examples
TEMPNAME$("HOME")
TEMPNAME$("HOME","DAT") returns "HOME:00000001.tmp" returns "HOME:00000002.DAT"
8.229 TIME Function
Returns the number of seconds since midnight.
TIME
8.230 TIME$ Function
Returns the current time as a string in the form HH:MM:SS.
TIME$[(time)]
Arguments
time
Time value whose time will be returned.
Remarks
If time is omitted the current time is returned.
Examples
TIME$(MKTIME(2002,7,24,11,28,45))
See Also
DATE$
8.231 TIMER Function
Returns the value of the timer.
TIMER
returns "11:28:45"
8.232 TRIM$ Function
Trims spaces from the left and right of a string.
TRIM$(string)
- or -
282
TRIM$(string[,character]) (Version 1.4 or later)
Arguments
string
String to be trimmed.
character
Character to trim.
Remarks
If character is omitted the default is a space.
Examples
TRIM$(" ABC ")
TRIM$("##ABC##","#") returns "abc" returns "abc"
See Also
COMPRESS$, LTRIM$, RTRIM$
8.233 TRUE Function
Returns true (-1).
TRUE
See Also
FALSE
8.234 TRUNCATE Function
Truncates a number.
TRUNCATE(number,digits)
Arguments
number
Number to be truncated.
digits
Number of digits after the decimal point.
Examples
TRUNCATE(1.23456,0) returns 1
TRUNCATE(1.23456,2) returns 1.23
TRUNCATE(1.23456,3) returns 1.234
See Also
ROUND
283
8.235 TWOPI Function
Returns the value of 2 * Pi (
).
TWOPI
8.236 UBOUND Function (Version 1.2 or later)
Returns the upper bound (index) of a dimension in an array variable.
UBOUND(array[,dimension])
Arguments
array
Name of numeric or string array variable.
dimension
Dimension of array whose upper bound will be returned.
Remarks
The upper bound of a dimension is specified when the array is created either automatically or using the DIM statement.
If dimension is omitted the default is 1.
Examples
UBOUND(A) returns 10 (If the array A is created either automatically or using
DIM A(10)
)
See Also
DIM, OPTION BASE, LBOUND, MAXSIZE, SIZE
8.237 UCASE$ Function
Converts a string to upper case.
UCASE$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be converted to upper case.
Examples
UCASE$("abc123") returns "ABC123"
See Also
LCASE$
284
8.238 UPPER Function
Determines if a character is uppercase.
UPPER(character)
Arguments
character
Character to check.
Examples
UPPER("A")
UPPER("a") returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
See Also
ALPHA, CNTRL, DIGIT, HEX, LOWER, PRINT
8.239 UPPER$ Function
Converts a string to upper case.
UPPER$(string)
Arguments
string
String to be converted to upper case.
Remarks
The UPPER$ function is equivalent to the UCASE$ function and is provided for compatibility.
Examples
UPPER$("abc123") returns "ABC123"
See Also
LOWER$, UCASE$
8.240 USING$ Function
Formats values.
USING$(format,expression[,expression]...)
Arguments
format
Format string.
expression
Data to format.
285
Remarks
The USING$ function returns a string containing the formatted values.
The format string consists of characters that specify how numbers and strings are formatted.
Numeric format characters:
# Digit position.
,
.
+
-
Decimal point position.
Placed left of the decimal point, prints a comma in every third position.
Sign position.
Placed after digit, prints trailing sign for negative numbers.
^^^^ Prints in scientific notation (exponential) format.
$$ Prints leading $.
** Fills leading spaces with *.
**$ Fills leading spaces with * and prints leading $.
String format characters:
& Prints entire string.
!
Prints only the first character of a string.
\ \ Prints first n characters of a string where n is the number of spaces between the slashes + 2.
Other format characters:
_ Prints the following character as a literal.
Examples
USING$("TOTAL: #####",1000)
USING$("#####,.##",1000.21)
USING$("####-",-123)
USING$("$$###.##",121.95)
USING$("**###.##",121.95)
USING$("**$##.##",121.95)
USING$("**$####,.##-",-1021.95)
USING$("&","TEST STRING")
USING$("\ \","TEST STRING")
USING$("!","TEST STRING")
USING$("_###",5) returns "TOTAL: 1000" returns " 1,000.21" returns " 123-" returns " $121.95" returns "**121.95" returns "*$121.95" returns "**$1,021.95-" returns "TEST STRING" returns "TEST" returns "T" returns "# 5"
See Also
PRINT USING, DOLLAR$
8.241 VAL Function
Converts a string to a number.
VAL(string)
Arguments
string
String to convert.
286
Examples
VAL("100")
VAL("-0.75") returns 100 returns -0.75
See Also
DEC, STR$
8.242 VARPTR Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Returns the address of a variable.
VARPTR(variable)
Arguments
variable
The variable whose address is to be returned.
Remarks
The VARPTR function returns a number that identifies the location in memory of the specified variable.
Examples
VARPTR(CNT)
VARPTR(NM$) returns the address of the numeric variable CNT returns the address of the string variable NM$
See Also
VARPTR$
8.243 VARPTR$ Function (Version 1.4 or later)
Returns the address of a variable.
VARPTR$(variable)
Arguments
variable
The variable whose address is to be returned.
Remarks
The VARPTR$ function returns a string that identifies the location in memory of the specified variable.
Examples
VARPTR$(CNT)
VARPTR$(NM$) returns the address of the numeric variable CNT returns the address of the string variable NM$
See Also
287
VARPTR
8.244 VER$ Function
Returns the version number information.
VER$
8.245 VERIFY Function
Verifies a file name.
VERIFY(filename)
Arguments
filename
File name to verify.
Remarks
The VERIFY function only checks that a file name is of the proper format. It does not check that the volume or file exists or that the file can be opened.
Examples
VERIFY("DATA:CONFIG.DAT")
VERIFY("TEST")
VERIFY("*.TXT") returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
8.246 VOLINFO$ Function (standard version only)
Returns volume information.
VOLINFO$(filespec)
Arguments
volume
Volume to return information for.
Remarks
The VOLINFO$ function returns the volume information for the specified volume.
The return string is the same format used by the default format of the VOLUMES statement. The information includes the name of the volume (first 15 characters), a space, default indicator ("*" if default, space if not), read-only indicator ("R" if readonly, space if not) and mapped indicator ("!" if NOT mapped, space if mapped).
If volume does not exist an empty string is returned.
Examples
VOLINFO$("HOME")
See Also
returns "HOME "
288
VOLUMES, FILEINFO$, VOLUME$
8.247 VOLUME$ Function
Returns the default volume or enumerates mapped volumes.
VOLUME$[(control)]
Arguments
control
Determines what volume will be returned.
Remarks
If control is omitted or -1 the default volume is returned. If control is 0 volume enumeration is initialized and the first volume is returned. Specify 1 for control to return the next volume. An empty string is returned when there are no more volumes. The volumes are returned in no particular order. If control is 2, a string containing all volumes separated by a comma is returned.
Examples
VOLUME$(0)
VOLUME$(1) returns the first volume.
returns the next volume or an empty string if no more volumes.
See Also
VOLUMES
8.248 VOLUMES Function
Returns the number of mapped volumes.
VOLUMES
See Also
VOLUME$
8.249 WAITKEY$ Function (standard version only)
Returns a string corresponding to a key press.
WAITKEY$
Remarks
The WAITKEY$ function waits for a key to be pressed.
See Also
INKEY$, INYN$
289
8.250 WEEKDAY Function
Returns the weekday from a time value.
WEEKDAY(time)
Arguments
time
Time value whose weekday will be returned.
Remarks
The WEEKDAY function returns the day of the week as a number based on the following:
0 - Sunday
1 - Monday
2 - Tuesday
3 - Wednesday
4 - Thursday
5 - Friday
6 - Saturday
Examples
WEEKDAY(MKTIME(2002,7,24)) returns 3
See Also
DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, MONTH, SECOND, YEAR
8.251 YEAR Function
Returns the year from a time value.
YEAR(time)
Arguments
time
Time value whose year will be returned.
Examples
YEAR(MKTIME(2002,7,24)) returns 2002
See Also
DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, MONTH, SECOND, WEEKDAY
290
9.1 Algebraic Operators
9.1.1 * Operator
Multiplies two numbers.
number1 * number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be multiplied.
Examples
2 * 2 returns 4
9.1.2 + Operator
Adds two numbers.
number1 + number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be added.
Examples
1 + 2 returns 3
9.1.3 - Operator
Subtracts two numbers or negates a number.
number1 - number2
- or -
-number
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be added.
number
Number to be negated.
Examples
9
Operators
291
292
4 - 2
- 2
9.1.4 / Operator
Divides two numbers.
returns 2 returns -2
number1 / number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be divided.
Examples
8 / 2 returns 4
9.1.5 \ Operator
Divides two numbers.
number1 \ number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be divided.
Remarks
The \ operator rounds the two numbers to integers, divides them and returns the integer result.
Examples
9.8 \ 2.1
returns 5
9.1.6 ^ Operator
Raises a number to the power of an exponent.
number ^ exponent
Arguments
number
Numbers to be raised to a power.
exponent
Exponent used as power.
Examples
3 ^ 2 returns 9
9.1.7 DIV Operator
Divides one number by another number and returns the integer result.
number1 DIV number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be divided.
Remarks
The DIV operator divides the two numbers and returns only the whole (integer) part of the quotient.
Examples
9.8 DIV 2.1
returns 4
9.1.8 MOD Operator
Divides one number by another number and returns the remainder.
number1 MOD number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be divided.
Remarks
The MOD operator rounds the numbers to integers before dividing.
Examples
9.8 MOD 2.1
returns 0
9.2 Comparative Operators
9.2.1 < Operator
Compares two numbers or strings to determine if the first is less than the second.
number1 < number2
- or -
string1 < string2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be compared.
string1, string2
Strings to be compared.
293
294
Remarks
The < operator returns TRUE (-1) if the first argument is less than the second or
FALSE (0) otherwise. String comparisons use ANSI collating.
Examples
2 < 3
4 < 1
5 < 5 returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false) returns 0 (false)
"A" < "B"
"D" < "C"
"E" < "E" returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false) returns 0 (false)
9.2.2 <= Operator
Compares two numbers or strings to determine if the first is less than or equal to the second.
number1 <= number2
- or -
string1 <= string2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be compared.
string1, string2
Strings to be compared.
Remarks
The <= operator returns TRUE (-1) if the first argument is less than or equal to the second or FALSE (0) otherwise. String comparisons use ANSI collating.
Examples
2 <= 3
4 <= 1
5 <= 5 returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
"A" <= "B"
"D" <= "C"
"E" <= "E" returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
9.2.3 <> Operator
Compares two numbers or strings to determine if the first is not equal to the second.
number1 <> number2
- or -
string1 <> string2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be compared.
string1, string2
Strings to be compared.
Remarks
The <> operator returns TRUE (-1) if the first argument is not equal to the second or
FALSE (0) otherwise. String comparisons use ANSI collating.
Examples
2 <> 3
4 <> 1
5 <> 5 returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
"A" <> "B"
"D" <> "C"
"E" <> "E" returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
9.2.4 = Operator
Compares two numbers or strings to determine if the first is equal to the second.
number1 = number2
- or -
string1 = string2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be compared.
string1, string2
Strings to be compared.
Remarks
The = operator returns TRUE (-1) if the first argument is equal to the second or
FALSE (0) otherwise. String comparisons use ANSI collating.
Examples
2 = 3
4 = 1
5 = 5 returns 0 (false) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
"A" = "B"
"D" = "C"
"E" = "E" returns 0 (false) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true)
295
296
9.2.5 > Operator
Compares two numbers or strings to determine if the first is greater than the second.
number1 > number2
- or -
string1 > string2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be compared.
string1, string2
Strings to be compared.
Remarks
The > operator returns TRUE (-1) if the first argument is greater than the second or
FALSE (0) otherwise. String comparisons use ANSI collating.
Examples
2 > 3
4 > 1
5 > 5 returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
"A" > "B"
"D" > "C"
"E" > "E" returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false)
9.2.6 >= Operator
Compares two numbers or strings to determine if the first is greater than or equal to the second.
number1 >= number2
- or -
string1 >= string2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be compared.
string1, string2
Strings to be compared.
Remarks
The >= operator returns TRUE (-1) if the first argument is greater than or equal to the second or FALSE (0) otherwise. String comparisons use ANSI collating.
Examples
2 >= 3
4 >= 1
5 >= 5
"A" >= "B"
"D" >= "C"
"E" >= "E" returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true) returns 0 (false) returns -1 (true) returns -1 (true)
9.3 Concatenation Operators
9.3.1 & Operator
Concatenates two strings.
string1 & string2
Arguments
string1, string2
Strings to be concatenated.
Examples
"ABC" & "DEF" returns "ABCDEF"
9.3.2 + Operator
Concatenates two strings.
string1 + string2
Arguments
string1, string2
Strings to be concatenated.
Examples
"ABC" + "DEF" returns "ABCDEF"
9.4 Logical Operators
9.4.1 AND Operator
Performs a conjunction operation.
number1 AND number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be tested.
Remarks
The AND operator rounds the numbers to integers before performing the operation.
Logical operators perform bit-wise operations, Boolean operations or tests on
297
298 multiple relations for making a decision. If the expressions evaluate to 0 or -1 the result is 0 or -1. Using values other than 0 for false and -1 for true may produce unexpected results.
The AND operator returns a result based on the following truth table:
number1
T
T
F
F
number2
T
F
T
F
AND
T
F
F
F
9.4.2 EQV Operator
Performs an equivalence operation.
number1 EQV number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be tested.
Remarks
The EQV operator rounds the numbers to integers before performing the operation.
Logical operators perform bit-wise operations, Boolean operations or tests on multiple relations for making a decision. If the expressions evaluate to 0 or -1 the result is 0 or -1. Using values other than 0 for false and -1 for true may produce unexpected results.
The EQV operator returns a result based on the following truth table:
number1
F
F
T
T
number2
T
F
T
F
EQV
F
T
T
F
9.4.3 IMP Operator
Performs an implication operation.
number1 IMP number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be tested.
Remarks
The IMP operator rounds the numbers to integers before performing the operation.
Logical operators perform bit-wise operations, Boolean operations or tests on multiple relations for making a decision. If the expressions evaluate to 0 or -1 the result is 0 or -1. Using values other than 0 for false and -1 for true may produce unexpected results.
The IMP operator returns a result based on the following truth table:
number1
T
T
F
F
number2
T
F
T
F
IMP
T
F
T
T
9.4.4 NOT Operator
Performs a bit-wise complement (1's compliment) operation.
NOT number
Argument
number
Number to be complimented.
Remarks
The NOT operator rounds the number to an integer before performing the operation.
Logical operators perform bit-wise operations, Boolean operations or tests on multiple relations for making a decision. If the expression evaluates to 0 or -1 the result is 0 or -1. Using values other than 0 for false and -1 for true may produce unexpected results.
The NOT operator returns a result based on the following truth table:
number
T
F
NOT
F
T
9.4.5 OR Operator
Performs a disjunction (inclusive "or") operation.
number1 OR number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be tested.
Remarks
The OR operator rounds the numbers to integers before performing the operation.
Logical operators perform bit-wise operations, Boolean operations or tests on multiple relations for making a decision. If the expressions evaluate to 0 or -1 the result is 0 or -1. Using values other than 0 for false and -1 for true may produce unexpected results.
The OR operator returns a result based on the following truth table:
number1
T
number2
T
OR
T
299
T
F
F
F
T
F
9.4.6 XOR Operator
Performs an exclusive "or" operation.
T
T
F
number1 XOR number2
Arguments
number1,number2
Numbers to be tested.
Remarks
The XOR operator rounds the numbers to integers before performing the operation.
Logical operators perform bit-wise operations, Boolean operations or tests on multiple relations for making a decision. If the expressions evaluate to 0 or -1 the result is 0 or -1. Using values other than 0 for false and -1 for true may produce unexpected results.
The XOR operator returns a result based on the following truth table:
number1
F
F
T
T
Number2
T
F
T
F
XOR
T
F
F
T
9.5 Precedence
Operators are shown from highest to lowest precedence.
^
-
*, /
\
DIV, MOD
+, -
+ or &
=, <>, <, >, <=, >=
NOT
AND
OR, XOR
EQV, IMP
Exponentiation
Negation
Multiplication, Division
Integer Division
Integer Quotient, Modulus
Addition, Subtraction
String Concatenation
Comparison
Logical NOT
Logical AND
Logical OR, Exclusive OR
Equivalence, Implication
300
10
Control and Editing Keys
10.1 Control Keys
ENTER
INSERT
BREAK
ESC
PAUSE
F1
F5
F6
SHIFT+F6
F8
F9
SHIFT+F9
F10
CTRL+SHIFT+F10
F12
CAPS LOCK
NUM LOCK
SCROLL LOCK
10.2 Editing Keys
LEFT
CTRL+LEFT
RIGHT
CTRL+RIGHT
DELETE
CTRL+DELETE
In Command (CMD) mode, executes the command, otherwise ends input and returns the buffer
Toggles insert/replace mode
In Command (CMD) mode, ignores characters in buffer, in Edit
(EDT) mode stops editing and ignores any changes made to the buffer, otherwise stops execution of a statement or program. The
BREAK key is CTRL+PAUSE/BREAK.
In Edit (EDT) mode, stops editing and ignores any changes made to the buffer, otherwise deletes all characters in the buffer
Pauses execution of a statement or program
Displays NBASIC help or context help for controls in dialogs
Runs the current program (Command (CMD) mode only)
Steps to the next statement (Standard version only)
Steps to the next line (Standard version only)
Edits the immediate or program statement that caused the last error. (Version 1.4 or later)
Recalls the previous command (Command (CMD) mode only).
Pressing F9 in succession will recall previous commands from the command history buffer (Scrolls backward)
Recalls the next command (Command (CMD) mode only).
Pressing SHIFT+F9 in succession will recall the command next in the command history buffer (Scrolls forward)
Displays the NBASIC system menu
Centers the NBASIC window
Clears the screen (Command (CMD) mode only)
Toggles caps lock
Toggles num lock
Toggles scroll lock
Moves cursor left one character
In Command (CMD) or Edit (EDT) modes, moves cursor to beginning of statement, otherwise moves cursor to beginning of buffer
Moves cursor right one character
In Command (CMD) or Edit (EDT) modes, moves cursor to beginning of next statement, otherwise moves cursor to end of buffer
Deletes character under cursor
Deletes all characters in buffer
301
302
HOME
CTRL+HOME
END
CTRL+END
UP
DOWN
BACKSPACE
TAB
SHIFT+TAB
Moves cursor to beginning of buffer
Deletes characters from cursor to beginning of buffer
Moves cursor to end of buffer
Deletes characters from cursor to end of buffer
Moves cursor up one line or to beginning of buffer if only one line
Moves cursor down one line or to end of buffer if only one line
Deletes character to left of cursor
Inserts spaces
Removes spaces
41
42
43
44
37
38
39
40
33
34
35
36
29
30
31
32
45
46
47
48
49
25
26
27
28
21
22
23
24
17
18
19
20
13
14
15
16
9
10
11
12
7
8
5
6
Error
3
4
1
2
Description
Access denied
Already dimensioned
Already open
Bad record number
Bad subscript
Command error
Const redefined
Cannot continue
/0 error
Duplicate label
ELSE without matching IF
END IF without matching IF
FIELD overflow
Bad file
File mode error
File not found
File not open
Function call error
Illegal constant definition
Input past end of file
Internal error
Invalid file name
Invalid volume
I/O error
Line too long
Log not open
Volume's mapped folder no longer exists
Maximum file size exceeded
Merge error
Mode error
NEXT without matching FOR
No printer connected
Not supported
Out of data
Out of memory
Overflow error
Renumber error
Resource not found
RESUME without ON
RETURN without GOSUB
Unable to start NBASIC
String too long
Syntax error
System error
Unable to create timer
Timer not set
Type mismatch
Undefined constant
Undefined function
11
Error Codes
303
304
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Undefined label
Undefined line
Underflow error
Unexpected end of file
Volume full
Volume does not exist
Unable to open clipboard
Printer already open
Printer error
Printer not open
Appendix A
Hints and Tips
BASIC
Add a ; (semi-colon) after the arguments in a PRINT statement if you do not have to move to the next line, this is faster because no newline is performed.
To input a single character and wait for the ENTER key to be pressed, use
INPUT$(1)
.
To setup a one shot timer, place TIMER STOP or ON TIMER GOTO 0 in the timer handler.
To stop a program that has BREAK set to off, Right click on the NBASIC screen and select Reset from the context menu.
To check for commands that cannot be executed in the shareware version of
NBASIC, use the CHKSW statement.
To keep track of field widths for strings in PRINT USING statements, use string formats like "/2345/" (the beginning and ending /'s count).
NBASIC can load ASCII programs with no line numbers; lines are added to the program in order that they appear in the file.
Before adding line numbers to a program that does not contain line numbers, renumber the program.
Programming
To execute shareware or standard version specific commands, check the value at
PEEK(23) to determine version (e.g. IF PEEK(23)=0 THEN DEC A ELSE A=A-
1)
.
To execute version specific commands, check the value at PEEK(36) to determine version. PEEK(36) returns the release number of NBASIC (1-Version 1.0, 2-Version
1.0.1, 3-Version 1.1, 4-Version 1.2, 5-Version 1.2.1, 6-Version 1.3, 7-Version 1.4, 8-
Version 1.5, 9-Version 1.5.1, 10-Version 1.5.2). New commands in the online help and reference guides include the minimum version information.
305
Appendix B
System Requirements
NBASIC requires Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT 4.0 or later,
Windows 2000, Windows XP or Windows Vista. It will not run on Windows 3.x or
Windows NT 3.1 or 3.5.
Version 4.71 or later of the Windows Common Control library is required. This Library is part of Windows 98, Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.0, and is available as a separate download from the Microsoft web site. The library is not required for Windows 2000 or later.
306
Appendix C
Installing/Uninstalling NBASIC
Installing NBASIC
To install NBASIC from the internet/e-mail distribution package, find the file from the location where it was saved, and double click it.
To install NBASIC from the distribution disks, insert the Setup disk and choose Run from the Start menu, type a:setup, and press the ENTER key. Follow the directions in the
Setup program.
It is strongly recommended that you accept the installation default settings.
Uninstalling NBASIC
Activate the Control Panel, double click Add/Remove Programs, and double click on the
NBASIC list box entry.
307
Appendix D
Support
For support, send e-mail to [email protected].
When reporting a problem, please include the following information:
1.
Is the problem reproducible? If so, how? If possible, send a program to demonstrate the problem.
2.
What version of Windows are you running (Windows 95, Window NT 4.0,
Windows 2000, etc)?
3.
What version of NBASIC are you running (to see what version of NBASIC you have, choose About... from the context menu by right-clicking with the mouse or type ABOUT at the command prompt)?
4.
If a dialog box with an error message was displayed, please include the full text of the dialog box, including the text in the title bar.
You can press F1 at any time while NBASIC is active to get help or type HELP at the command prompt.
Visit us online for more information on NBASIC: http://sylvaware.home.mindspring.com.
308
$
$COLOR Statement .................................. 59
$PRINT Statement .................................... 59
$XREF Statement ..................................... 59
*
* Statement ............................................... 60
A
ABOUT Statement .................................... 60
ABS Function .......................................... 195
ACCESS Function................................... 195
ACOS Function ....................................... 196
Add Dialog (Volumes) ............................... 35
ADJUST Function ............................. 44, 196
AFTER$ Function.................................... 197
Algebraic Operators ................................ 291
ALNUM Function ..................................... 197
ALPHA Function...................................... 197
AND Operator ......................................... 297
APPEND Statement, editing ..................... 61
APPEND Statement, files.......................... 60
ARC Statement ......................................... 62
Arrays ........................................................ 41
ASAVE Statement..................................... 63
ASC Function .......................................... 198
ASIN Function ......................................... 198
ASSERT Statement ............................ 44, 63
AT Statement ............................................ 64
ATN Function .......................................... 199
ATTACH Statement ............................ 64, 81
ATTRIB Statement .................................... 65
ATTRIB$ Function................................... 199
AUTO Statement................................. 39, 66
B
BACKUP Statement .................................. 66
BEEP Statement ................................. 52, 67
BEFORE$ Function................................. 199
BEGINSWITH Function........................... 200
BIN$ Function ......................................... 200
BKOFF Statement..................................... 67
BKON Statement....................................... 68
BOX Statement ......................................... 68
Branching .................................................. 41
BREAK Function ............................. 201, 228
BREAK Statement......................... 30, 39, 44
BREAK Statement, debugging.................. 69
Index
BREAK Statement, key trapping ............... 69
BSAVE Statement ..................................... 70
BUFSIZ Function ..................................... 201
BYE Statement.......................................... 71
C
CALL CLEAR Statement ........................... 71
CALL SCREEN Statement ........................ 71
CALL VCHAR Statement .......................... 72
CATALOG Statement................................ 72
CBR Function .................................. 201, 202
CBRT Function ........................................ 202
CDN Function .......................................... 202
CEIL Function.......................................... 203
CENTER$ Function................................. 203
CHAIN Statement...................................... 73
CHANGE$ Function ................................ 203 character sets ............................................ 42
CHARS$ Function ................................... 204
CHKIO Statement...................................... 73
CHKSW Statement.................................... 74
CHKSYN Statement .................................. 75
CHKUL Statement..................................... 75
CHN Function .......................................... 204
CHOOSE Function .................................. 204
CHOOSE$ Function ................................ 205
CHORD Statement.................................... 76
CHR$ Function ................................ 205, 206
CHRS$ Function ..................................... 206
CIRCLE Statement........................ 48, 62, 77
CLEAN$ Function.................................... 206
CLEAR Statement ..................................... 78
CLOSE PRINTER Statement .............. 50, 79
CLOSE Statement............................... 46, 78
CLR Statement .......................................... 79
CLS Statement ...................... 27, 51, 80, 114
CMD Statement......................................... 81
CNTRL Function...................................... 206
COLOR Function ..................................... 207
COLOR Statement .............................. 51, 81
COLOR Statement, graphics .................... 82
COLUMN Function .................... 51, 207, 259
COMB Function ....................................... 208
COMP Function ....................................... 208
Comparative Operators ........................... 293
COMPI Function ...................................... 209
COMPRESS$ Function ................... 209, 279
CONCAT Statement.................................. 82
Concatenation Operators ........................ 297
CONFIRM Statement .......................... 39, 83
309
CONT Statement...... 30, 44, 70, 83, 84, 181,
182
Context Menu ...................................... 33, 55
CONTINUE Statement .............................. 84
Control and Editing Keys......................... 301
Control Keys............................................ 301
COPY Statement....................................... 47
COPY Statement, editing .......................... 85
COPY Statement, files .............................. 84
COPYRIGHT$ Function .......................... 209
COPYSIGN Function .............................. 210
COS Function.......................................... 210
COSH Function ....................................... 210
COT Function .......................................... 211
COUNT Function..................................... 211
Create A Volume....................................... 55
CREATE Statement .................................. 86
CSC Function .......................................... 211
CSPAN Function ..................................... 212
CSRLIN Function .................................... 212
CTIME$ Function .................................... 212
CTRL$ Function ...................................... 213
CUBE Function ....................................... 213
CURSOR Statement ........................... 51, 86
CVN Function .................................... 46, 213
D
Data........................................................... 42
DATA Statement ... 42, 43, 87, 164, 170, 171
Data Types ................................................ 43
Date and Time........................................... 44
DATE Function ........................................ 214
DATE$ Function ................................ 44, 214
DAY Function .................................... 44, 214
DAYNAME$ Function.............................. 214
DEBUG Function..................................... 215
DEBUG Statement ........................ 39, 44, 87
Debugging ................................................. 44
DEC Function .......................................... 215
DEC Statement ......................................... 88
DEF FN Statement...................... 53, 88, 229
DEFAULT Function ................................. 216
DEG Function.................................. 216, 269
DEL Statement .................................... 51, 89
DELETE Statement................................... 89
DELETE$ Function ................................. 216
DETACH Statement .................................. 90
Details ....................................................... 31
DIGIT Function ........................................ 217
DIM Statement .................................... 90, 96
DIR Statement........... 29, 31, 47, 91, 99, 226
DIRR Statement ........................................ 91
DISPLAY Statement.................................. 92
DIV Operator ........................................... 293
DLOAD Statement .................................... 92
DOLLAR$ Function ................................. 217
310
DRAW Statement ...................................... 93
DSAVE Statement ..................................... 94
DTR Function .......................................... 218
DUMP Statement ...................................... 95
E
EDIT Statement .................28, 29, 39, 51, 95
EDIT$ Function ....................................... 218
Editing Keys............................................. 301
Editing Statements .................................... 28
EMPTY Function ..................................... 219
ENCLOSE$ Function .............................. 219
END Statement ................................... 30, 96
ENDSWITH Function .............................. 220
Entering Commands.................................. 27
EOF Function .................................... 46, 220
EQV Operator.......................................... 298
ERASE Statement ..................................... 96
ERL Function............................. 45, 220, 221
ERLIN Function ....................................... 221
ERN Function .................................... 44, 221
ERNO Function ....................................... 221
ERR Function .......................................... 221
ERR$ Function .................................. 45, 222
Error Codes ............................................. 303
ERROR Statement .................................... 97
Errors......................................................... 44
ESC$ Function ........................................ 222
EVAL Function ........................................ 222
EVEN Function ........................................ 222
EXEC Statement ....................................... 97
EXISTS Function ..................................... 223
EXIT Statement .....................30, 71, 97, 164
Exiting NBASIC ......................................... 30
EXP Function .......................................... 223
EXP10 Function ...................................... 224
EXP2 Function ........................................ 224
Expressions ............................................... 45
EXTRACT$ Function ............................... 224
F
FACT Function ........................................ 225
FALSE Function ...................................... 225
FIELD Statement ................................. 46, 98
File System................................................ 31
FILE$ Function ................................ 121, 225
FILEINFO$ Function ............................... 226
FILEMODE Function ............................... 226
FILEMODE$ Function ............................. 227
FILENAME$ Function.............................. 227
Files ................................................... 45, 225
FILES Statement ....................................... 98
FILL Statement .......................................... 99
FIND Function ......................................... 227
FIND Statement....................................... 100
FINDONEOF Function ............................ 228
FIX Function ............................................ 228
FLOOR Function ..................................... 229
FN Function....................................... 53, 229
FONT Function........................................ 230
FONT Statement ..................................... 100
FOR Statement ..................... 43, 49, 50, 101
FORMAT Statement................................ 102
FP Function ............................................. 230
FRAME Statement .................................. 102
FRE Function .......................................... 230
FRE Statement........................................ 103
FREE Function ........................................ 231
FREEFILE Function ................................ 231
FULLNAME$ Function ............................ 231
Functions........................................... 47, 195
G
Get Help .................................................... 55
GET Statement ......................................... 46
GET Statement, file i/o ............................ 103
GET Statement, graphics........................ 104
GET$ Function ........................................ 231
GETALNUM$ Function ........................... 232
GETALPHA$ Function ............................ 232
GETDIGIT$ Function .............................. 232
Getting Started .......................................... 27
GETYN$ Function ................................... 233
GOSUB Statement............................ 52, 104
GOTO Statement ........................ 41, 49, 105
GOTO TIMER Statement ........................ 105
GR Statement ......................................... 106
GRAPH Statement ............................ 48, 106
Graphics .................................................... 48
H
HCIRCLE Statement ............................... 106
HCLS Statement ..................................... 108
HCOLOR Statement, graphics................ 108
HDRAW Statement ................................. 109
HELP Statement ............................... 55, 110
HEX Function .......................................... 233
HEX$ Function ........................................ 233
HGET Statement..................................... 110
HGR Statement....................................... 111
HGR2 Statement..................................... 112
Hints and Tips ......................................... 305
History ....................................................... 20
HLIN Statement....................................... 112
HLINE Statement .................................... 113
HOME Statement .................................... 114
HOUR Function ........................... 28, 44, 234
How To ...................................................... 55
HPAINT Statement.................................. 114
HPLOT Statement................................... 115
HPOINT Function.................................... 234
HPUT Statement, graphics ..................... 116
I
HRESET Statement ................................ 117
HSCROLL Statement .............................. 117
HSET Statement ..................................... 118
HTAB Statement ..................................... 119
HYPOT Function ..................................... 234
IF Statement ................................ 41, 49, 119
IIF Function ............................................. 235
IIF$ Function ........................................... 235
IMP Operator ........................................... 298
INC Statement ......................................... 120
INIT Statement .................................. 54, 121
INKEY$ Function ..................................... 236
INPUT Statement ..........28, 45, 48, 121, 193
INPUT$ Function ................. 45, 48, 219, 236
INSERT Statement.................................. 122
INSERT$ Function .................................. 236
Installing NBASIC .................................... 307
Installing/Uninstalling NBASIC ................ 307
INSTR Function ............................... 237, 249
INSTRREV Function ............................... 237
INT Function .................................... 229, 238
Introduction................................................ 19
INV Function.................................... 238, 263
INVERSE Statement ............................... 122
INVERT Statement.................................. 123
INYN$ Function ....................................... 238
IP Function ...................................... 229, 239
IS0 Function ............................................ 239
ISEMPTY$ Function................................ 240
ISNEG Function ...................................... 240
ISPOS Function....................................... 241
K
Keyboard ................................................... 48
KILL # Statement..................................... 124
KILL Statement.................................. 47, 123
L
LBOUND Function................................... 241
LCASE$ Function ............................ 242, 246
LEAPYEAR Function............................... 242
LEFT$ Function ....................................... 242
LEFT$ Statement .................................... 124
LEN Function........................................... 243
LET Statement ........................................ 125
Limits ......................................................... 48
LINE EDIT Statement.............................. 127
LINE INPUT Statement ............... 45, 48, 127
LINE Statement ................................. 48, 126
LINES Statement..................................... 128
LIST Statement ................................. 51, 128
LLIST Statement ................. 32, 56, 129, 159
Load A Program ........................................ 55
LOAD Statement .............29, 31, 51, 55, 129
311
LOADC Statement .................................. 130
Loading Programs..................................... 29
LOADR Statement .................................. 130
LOC Function .......................................... 243
LOCATE Statement .......................... 64, 131
LOCK Statement ..................................... 131
LOF Function .......................................... 243
LOG Function .......................................... 244
LOG Statement ........................... 39, 49, 132
LOG$ Function ........................................ 244
LOG10 Function ...................................... 245
LOG2 Function ........................................ 244
Logging...................................................... 49
Logical Operators .................................... 297
Loops......................................................... 49
LOWER Function .................................... 245
LOWER$ Function .................................. 245
LPAD$ Function .............................. 246, 247
LPOS Function .................................. 50, 246
LPRINT Statement ............................ 50, 132
LPRINT USING Statement................ 50, 133
LSET Statement .......................... 46, 47, 134
LSET$ Function ...................................... 246
LTRIM$ Function..................................... 247
M
MAKENAME$ Function........................... 248
MAPPED Function .................................. 248
MATCH Function..................................... 249
MAX Function.......................................... 249
MAXLEN Function................................... 250
MAXNUM Function ................................. 250
MAXSIZE Function.................................. 250
MEM Function ................................. 230, 251
MERGE Statement.................................. 135
MID$ Function ................................. 251, 273
MID$ Statement ...................................... 135
MIN Function ........................................... 251
MINNUM Function................................... 252
MINUTE Function.............................. 44, 252
MKKEY$ Function ................................... 252
MKN$ Function ............. 46, 47, 98, 213, 253
MKTIME Function ............................. 44, 253
MOD Function ......................................... 254
MOD Operator......................................... 293
MONTH Function .............................. 44, 254
MONTHNAME$ Function........................ 255
MOVE Statement ...................................... 47
MOVE Statement, editing........................ 137
MOVE Statement, files............................ 136
N
NAME Statement .................................... 137
NBASIC Reference ................................... 57
NEW Statement .................. 28, 51, 138, 142
NEXT Statement ................. 49, 50, 101, 138
312
NOBREAK Statement ............... 44, 139, 186
NOINVERSE Statement.......................... 140
NOREVERSE Statement ........................ 140
NORMAL Statement................................ 140
NOT Operator.......................................... 299
NOTRACE Statement ............................. 140
NOW Function ............................. 28, 44, 255
NUL$ Function ........................................ 255
NUMBER Statement ............................... 141
O
OCT$ Function ........................................ 256
ODD Function.......................................... 256
OLD Statement........................................ 141
ON BREAK Statement ............................ 142
ON ERROR Statement................ 44, 45, 143
ON GOSUB Statement............................ 143
ON GOTO Statement .............................. 144
ON TIMER Statement ............... 53, 105, 145
OPEN Function ....................................... 256
OPEN PRINTER Statement 32, 50, 146, 159
OPEN Statement ...45, 46, 47, 145, 169, 201
Operators................................................. 291
- Operator ................................................. 291
& Operator................................................ 297
* Operator................................................. 291
/ Operator ................................................. 292
^ Operator................................................. 292
+ Operator ........................................ 291, 297
< Operator ................................................ 293
<= Operator.............................................. 294
<> Operator.............................................. 294
= Operator ................................................ 295
> Operator ................................................ 296
>= Operator.............................................. 296
Algebraic ................................................... 291
AND Operator .......................................... 297
Comparative............................................... 293
Concatenation ............................................ 297
DIV Operator............................................ 293
EQV Operator .......................................... 298
IMP Operator ........................................... 298
Logical ....................................................... 297
MOD Operator ......................................... 293
NOT Operator .......................................... 299
\ Operator ................................................. 292
OR Operator ............................................ 299
Precedence ................................................. 300
XOR Operator.......................................... 300
OPTION BASE Statement....................... 147
OPTION EXPLICIT Statement ................ 147
Options Dialog ........................................... 37
OR Operator ............................................ 299
ORD Function.................................. 198, 257
Overview.................................................... 19
P
PAINT Statement .................................... 148
PAUSE Statement................................... 148
PCLR Statement ..................................... 149
PCLS Statement ..................................... 150
PCOL Function........................................ 257
PCOLOR Statement................................ 150
PCP Statement ....................................... 151
PEEK Function ........................................ 257
PERM Function ....................................... 258
PFONT Function ..................................... 258
PFONT Statement................................... 151
PI Function .............................................. 258
PIE Statement ......................................... 151
PLOT Statement ..................................... 152
POINT Function .............. 234, 258, 260, 272
POKE Statement..................................... 153
POP Statement ....................................... 153
POS Function .......................................... 259
PPOINT Function .................................... 259
PPRINT Statement............................ 48, 154
PPRINT USING Statement ..................... 155
Precedence ............................................. 300
PRESET Statement .......................... 48, 156
Print A Program......................................... 56
PRINT Function....................................... 260
PRINT Statement ............ 27, 45, 51, 92, 157
PRINT USING Statement............ 45, 51, 158
PRINTER Statement ......... 32, 146, 159, 260
PRINTER$ Function................................ 260
PRINTER? Statement ......... 32, 50, 146, 159
Printers ...................................................... 31
PRINTERS Statement............................. 160
Printing ...................................................... 50
PROFILE Statement ......................... 39, 160
Programming Guide .................................. 41
Programs................................................... 50
PROMPT Statement ............................... 161
PROMPT$ Function ................................ 261
PROPER$ Function ................................ 261
Properties Dialog (Volumes) ..................... 36
PROW Function ...................................... 261
PSCRH Function............................... 48, 261
PSCRW Function .............................. 48, 262
PSET Statement ............................... 48, 161
PUSH Statement..................................... 162
PUT Statement.......................................... 46
PUT Statement, file i/o ............................ 162
PUT Statement, graphics ........................ 163
Q
QUIT Statement ...................................... 164
QUOTE$ Function........................... 219, 262
R
RAD Function .................................. 218, 262
RANDOMIZE Statement ......................... 164
RCP Function .......................................... 263
READ Statement ................. 42, 87, 164, 171
READONLY Function.............................. 263
REC Function .......................................... 263
REDIM Statement ................................... 165
REM Statement ................................. 87, 165
REMAIN$ Function.................................. 264
REMAINDER Function ............................ 264
REMARK Statement................................ 166
REMOVE$ Function ................................ 264
RENAME Statement.................. 47, 138, 166
RENUM Statement............................ 51, 167
RENUMBER Statement .......................... 168
REOPEN Statement................................ 169
REPEAT$ Function ................................. 265
REPLACE$ Function............................... 265
RESEQUENCE Statement...................... 169
RESET Statement ................................... 170
RESTORE Statement........................ 42, 170
RESUME Statement...45, 53, 105, 142, 143,
145, 171
RET$ Function ........................................ 266
RETURN Statement ..52, 105, 144, 162, 172
REVERSE Statement.............................. 172
REVERSE$ Function .............................. 266
REWIND Statement ................................ 173
RFIND Function....................................... 266
RIGHT$ Function .................................... 267
RIGHT$ Statement.................................. 173
RND Function .......................................... 267
ROUND Function .................................... 267
ROW Function ...................51, 212, 259, 268
RPAD$ Function.............................. 268, 269
RSET Statement ............................... 46, 174
RSET$ Function ...................................... 269
RTD Function .......................................... 269
RTRIM$ Function .................................... 270
RUN Statement .........27, 28, 30, 44, 84, 174
Running Programs .................................... 29
RUNR Statement..................................... 175
S
SADD Function........................................ 270
Save A Program ........................................ 56
SAVE Statement ................... 29, 51, 56, 175
SAVEC Statement................................... 176
Saving Programs....................................... 29
Screen ....................................................... 51
SCREEN BACKUP Statement ................ 177
SCREEN Function................................... 271
SCREEN RESTORE Statement ............. 177
SCRH Function ....................................... 271
313
SCRN Function ....................................... 272
SCRW Function ...................................... 272
SEC Function .......................................... 272
SECOND Function ............................ 44, 273
SECURE Statement.......................... 39, 178
SEG$ Function ........................................ 273
SELECT Function ................................... 274
SELECT Statement................................. 179
SET$ Function ........................................ 274
SGN Function.......................................... 275
SHIFT$ Function ..................................... 275
SIN Function ........................................... 275
SINH Function ......................................... 276
SIZE Function ......................................... 276
Sound ........................................................ 52
SOUND Statement............................ 52, 179
SPACE$ Function ................................... 276
SPAN Function........................................ 277
SPLITNAME Statement .......................... 180
SPLITNAME$ Function ........................... 277
SQR Function.......................................... 278
SQRT Function ....................................... 278
SQUEEZE$ Function .............................. 278
Starting NBASIC ....................................... 27
Statements .......................................... 52, 59
Status Bar............................................ 29, 39
STEP Statement ....................................... 44
STEP Statement, debugging................... 181
STOP Statement ............. 30, 44, 83, 84, 181
STR$ Function ........................................ 279
STRING$ Function .................................. 279
Subroutines ............................................... 52
Support.................................................... 308
SWAP Statement .................................... 182
SWAP Statement, editing........................ 182
SWITCH Function ................................... 280
SWITCH$ Function ................................. 280
System Requirements............................. 306
SYSTEM Statement ................................ 183
T
TAN Function .......................................... 281
TANH Function........................................ 281
TEMPNAME$ Function ........................... 281
TEXT Statement...................................... 183
TIME Function ......................................... 282
TIME$ Function ................................. 44, 282
TIMER Function ................................ 53, 282
TIMER Statement.............................. 53, 183
Timers ....................................................... 52
TRACE Statement....................... 39, 44, 184
TRIM$ Function....................................... 282
TROFF Statement................... 140, 184, 189
TRON Statement..................................... 185
TRUE Function........................................ 283
TRUNCATE Function .............................. 283
TRUNCATE Statement ........................... 185
TWOPI Function ...................................... 284
TYPE Statement...................................... 185
U
UBOUND Function .................................. 284
UCASE$ Function ........................... 284, 285
UNBREAK Statement.............................. 186
Uninstalling NBASIC ............................... 307
UNLOAD Statement ................................ 187
UNLOCK Statement ................................ 187
UNNUM Statement.................................. 188
UNREMARK Statement .......................... 188
UNTRACE Statement.............................. 188
UPPER Function ..................................... 285
UPPER$ Function ................................... 285
User Interface ............................................ 33
User-defined functions .............................. 53
USING$ Function .................................... 285
V
VAL Function ........................................... 286
Variables.................................................... 54
VARPTR Function ........................... 270, 287
VARPTR$ Function ................... 94, 110, 287
VER Statement........................................ 189
VER$ Function ........................................ 288
VERIFY Function..................................... 288
Versions..................................................... 19
VLIN Statement ....................................... 189
VOLINFO$ Function ................................ 288
VOLINI Statement ................................... 190
VOLUME Statement.......................... 31, 190
VOLUME$ Function ........................ 121, 289
Volumes Dialog ......................................... 33
VOLUMES Function ................................ 289
VOLUMES Statement ............... 31, 191, 288
VSCROLL Statement .............................. 191
VTAB Statement...................................... 192
W
WAIT Statement ................................ 52, 192
WAITKEY$ Function ............................... 289
WEEKDAY Function................................ 290
What’s New ............................................... 19
WRITE Statement ............................. 45, 193
Writing Programs....................................... 28
X
XOR Operator ......................................... 300
Y
YEAR Function .................................. 44, 290
314
Notes
Notes
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