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WinDriver PCI/ISA/CardBus v9.10 User’s
Manual
Jungo Ltd
COPYRIGHT
Copyright ©1997 - 2007 Jungo Ltd. All Rights Reserved
Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used, copied or distributed only in accordance with that agreement. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or any means, electronically or mechanically, including photocopying and recording for any purpose without the written permission of Jungo Ltd.
Windows, Win32, Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows CE, Windows Embedded
CE v6.00, Windows Mobile 5.0, Windows Mobile 6.0, Windows NT, Windows 2000,
Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and Windows Vista are trademarks of Microsoft
Corp. WinDriver and KernelDriver are trademarks of Jungo. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
1
Contents
Table of Contents
List of Figures
1 WinDriver Overview
1.1
Introduction to WinDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1
The Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2
The WinDriver Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
How Fast Can WinDriver Go?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4
Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.5
WinDriver Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6
WinDriver Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7
What Platforms Does WinDriver Support? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.8
Limitations of the Different Evaluation Versions . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9
How Do I Develop My Driver with WinDriver? . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9.1
On Windows , Linux and Solaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.9.2
On Windows CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10
What Does the WinDriver Toolkit Include?
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10.1 WinDriver Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10.2 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10.3 WinDriver’s Specific Chipset Support . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.10.4 Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.11
Can I Distribute the Driver Created with WinDriver?
. . . . . . . .
2 Understanding Device Drivers
2.1
Device Driver Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Classification of Drivers According to Functionality . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1
Monolithic Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2
Layered Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3
Miniport Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
CONTENTS 3
2.3
Classification of Drivers According to Operating Systems . . . . . .
2.3.1
WDM Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2
VxD Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3
Unix Device Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4
Linux Device Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.5
Solaris Device Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
The Entry Point of the Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
Associating the Hardware to the Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
Communicating with Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Installing WinDriver
3.1
System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1
Windows System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1.1
Windows 98/Me System Requirements . . . . .
3.1.1.2
Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista System
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2
Windows CE System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.3
Linux System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.4
Solaris System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
WinDriver Installation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.1
Windows WinDriver Installation Instructions . . . . . . . .
3.2.2
Windows CE WinDriver Installation Instructions . . . . . .
3.2.2.1
Installing WinDriver CE when Building New
CE-Based Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2.2
Installing WinDriver CE when Developing
Applications for Windows CE Computers . . . .
3.2.2.3
Windows CE Installation Note . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3
Linux WinDriver Installation Instructions . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3.1
Preparing the System for Installation . . . . . .
3.2.3.2
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.3.3
Restricting Hardware Access on Linux . . . . .
3.2.4
Solaris WinDriver Installation Instructions . . . . . . . . .
3.2.4.1
Restricting Hardware Access on Solaris . . . . .
3.3
Upgrading Your Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
Checking Your Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1
Windows, Linux and Solaris Installation Check . . . . . . .
3.4.2
Windows CE Installation Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
Uninstalling WinDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1
Windows WinDriver Uninstall Instructions . . . . . . . . .
3.5.2
Linux WinDriver Uninstall Instructions . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3
Solaris WinDriver Uninstall Instructions . . . . . . . . . .
4 Using DriverWizard
CONTENTS 4
4.1
An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
DriverWizard Walkthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
DriverWizard Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1
Sharing a Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2
Disabling a Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3
Logging WinDriver API Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.4
DriverWizard Logger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5
Automatic Code Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5.1
Generating the Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.5.2
The Generated PCI/PCMCIA/ISA C Code . . .
4.3.5.3
The Generated Visual Basic and Delphi Code . .
4.3.5.4
The Generated C# Code . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.6
Compiling the Generated Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.6.1
Windows and Windows CE Compilation: . . . .
4.3.6.2
Linux and Solaris Compilation . . . . . . . . . .
5 Developing a Driver
5.1
Using the DriverWizard to Build a Device Driver . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
Writing the Device Driver Without the DriverWizard . . . . . . . .
5.2.1
Include the Required WinDriver Files . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2
Write Your Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3
Developing Your Driver on Windows CE Platforms . . . . . . . . .
5.4
Developing in Visual Basic and Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.1
Using DriverWizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.2
Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.3
Kernel PlugIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4.4
Creating your Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Debugging Drivers
6.1
User-Mode Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
Debug Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1
Using the Debug Monitor in Graphical Mode –
wddebug_gui
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.1.1
Running the Graphical Debug Monitor for a
Renamed Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2.2
Using the Debug Monitor in Console Mode – wddebug . .
7 Enhanced Support for Specific Chipsets
7.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2
Developing a Driver Using the Enhanced Chipset Support . . . . .
8 PCI Express
8.1
PCI Express Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 5
8.2
WinDriver for PCI Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 Advanced Issues
9.1
Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1
Scatter/Gather DMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1.1
Sample Scatter/Gather DMA Implementation . .
9.1.1.2
What Should You Implement? . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2
Contiguous Buffer DMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2.1
Sample Contiguous Buffer DMA
Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.2.2
What Should You Implement? . . . . . . . . . .
9.1.3
Performing DMA on SPARC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2
Handling Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.1
Interrupt Handling – Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.2
WinDriver Interrupt Handling Sequence . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.3
Determining the Interrupt Types Supported by the Hardware
9.2.4
Determining the Interrupt Type Enabled for a PCI Card . .
9.2.5
Setting Up Kernel-Mode Interrupt Transfer Commands . .
9.2.5.1
Interrupt Mask Commands . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.5.2
Sample WinDriver Transfer Commands Code . .
9.2.6
WinDriver MSI/MSI-X Interrupt Handling . . . . . . . . .
9.2.6.1
Windows MSI/MSI-X Device INF Files . . . . .
9.2.7
Sample User-Mode WinDriver Interrupt Handling Code . .
9.2.8
Interrupts on Windows CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.2.8.1
Improving Interrupt Latency on Windows CE . .
9.3
Byte Ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.1
Introduction to Endianness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.2
WinDriver Byte Ordering Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.3
Macros for PCI Target Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.4
Macros for PCI Master Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 Improving Performance
10.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.1.1 Performance Improvement Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2
Improving the Performance of a User-Mode Driver . . . . . . . . .
10.2.1 Using Direct Access to Memory-Mapped Regions . . . . .
10.2.2 Block Transfers and Grouping Multiple Transfers . . . . .
10.2.3 Performing 64-bit Data Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 Understanding the Kernel PlugIn
11.1
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2
Do I Need to Write a Kernel PlugIn Driver? . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3
What Kind of Performance Can I Expect? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 6
11.4
Overview of the Development Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5
The Kernel PlugIn Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.1 Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.2 WinDriver’s Kernel and Kernel PlugIn Interaction . . . . .
11.5.3 Kernel PlugIn Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.4 Kernel PlugIn Event Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.4.1 Opening Handle from the User Mode to a Kernel
PlugIn Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.4.2 Handling User-Mode Requests from the Kernel
PlugIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5.4.3 Interrupt Handling – Enable/Disable and High
Interrupt Request Level Processing . . . . . . .
11.5.4.4 Interrupt Handling – Deferred Procedure Calls .
11.5.4.5 Plug and Play and Power Management Events .
11.6
How Does Kernel PlugIn Work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.1 Minimal Requirements for Creating a Kernel PlugIn Driver
11.6.2 Kernel PlugIn Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.2.1 Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.2.2 Write Your KP_Init() Function . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.2.3 Write Your KP_Open() Function . . . . . . . . .
11.6.2.4 Write the Remaining PlugIn Callbacks . . . . .
11.6.3 Sample/Generated Kernel PlugIn Driver Code Overview . .
11.6.4 Kernel PlugIn Sample/Generated Code Directory Structure
11.6.4.1 pci_diag and kp_pci Sample Directories . . . . .
11.6.4.2 The Generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn
Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.5 Handling Interrupts in the Kernel PlugIn . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.5.1 Interrupt Handling in User Mode (Without
Kernel PlugIn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.5.2 Interrupt Handling in the Kernel (Using a Kernel
PlugIn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.6.6 Message Passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12 Writing a Kernel PlugIn
12.1
Determine Whether a Kernel PlugIn is Needed . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2
Prepare the User-Mode Source Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3
Create a New Kernel PlugIn Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.4
Create a Handle to the Kernel PlugIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.5
Set Interrupt Handling in the Kernel PlugIn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.6
Set I/O Handling in the Kernel PlugIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7
Compile Your Kernel PlugIn Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7.1 On Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.7.2 On Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 7
12.7.3 On Solaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.8
Install Your Kernel PlugIn Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.8.1 On Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.8.2 On Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.8.3 On Solaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 Dynamically Loading Your Driver
13.1
Why Do You Need a Dynamically Loadable Driver?
. . . . . . . .
13.2
Windows Dynamic Driver Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.1 Windows Driver Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.2 The WDREG Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.2.1 WDM Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.2.2 Non-WDM Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.2.3 Dynamically Loading/Unloading windrvr6.sys INF Files . .
13.2.4 Dynamically Loading/Unloading Your Kernel PlugIn Driver
13.3
Linux Dynamic Driver Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.4
Solaris Dynamic Driver Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.5
Windows Mobile Dynamic Driver Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 Distributing Your Driver
14.1
Getting a Valid License for WinDriver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2
Windows Driver Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.1 Preparing the Distribution Package . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.2.2 Installing Your Driver on the Target Computer . . . . . . .
14.2.3 Installing Your Kernel PlugIn on the Target Computer . . .
14.3
Windows CE Driver Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.3.1 Distribution to New Windows CE Platforms . . . . . . . .
14.3.2 Distribution to Windows CE Computers . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4
Linux Driver Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4.1 WinDriver Kernel Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4.2 User-Mode Hardware Control Application/Shared Objects .
14.4.3 Kernel PlugIn Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.4.4 Installation Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5
Solaris Driver Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15 Driver Installation – Advanced Issues
15.1
INF Files – Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista . . . . . .
15.1.1 Why Should I Create an INF File?
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.1.2 How Do I Install an INF File When No Driver Exists? . . .
15.1.3 How Do I Replace an Existing Driver Using the INF File? .
15.2
Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.1 Windows Driver Rename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 8
15.2.1.1 Rename the Windows Driver Using
DriverWizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.1.2 Manually Rename the Windows Driver . . . . .
15.2.2 Linux Driver Rename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.2.1 Rename the Linux Driver Using DriverWizard .
15.2.2.2 Manually Rename the Linux Driver . . . . . . .
15.2.3 Solaris Driver Rename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2.3.1 Rename the Solaris Driver Using DriverWizard .
15.2.3.2 Manually Rename the Solaris Driver . . . . . .
15.3
Digital Driver Signing & Certification – Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.1.1 Authenticode Driver Signature . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.1.2 WHQL Driver Certification . . . . . . . . . . .
15.3.2 Driver Signing & Certification of WinDriver-Based Drivers
15.3.2.1 WHQL DTM Test Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.4
Windows XP Embedded WinDriver Component . . . . . . . . . . .
A 64-bit Operating Systems Support
A.1
Supported 64-bit Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2
Support for 32-bit Applications on 64-bit Architectures . . . . . . .
A.3
64-bit and 32-bit Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B API Reference
B.1
WD_DriverName() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.2
WDC Library Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3
WDC High Level API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.1
Structures, Types and General Definitions . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.1.1
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.1.2
WDC_DRV_OPEN_OPTIONS Definitions . . .
B.3.1.3
WDC_DIRECTION Enumeration . . . . . . . .
B.3.1.4
WDC_ADDR_MODE Enumeration . . . . . . .
B.3.1.5
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS Enumeration . .
B.3.1.6
WDC_ADDR_SIZE Definitions . . . . . . . . .
B.3.1.7
WDC_SLEEP_OPTIONS Definitions . . . . . .
B.3.1.8
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS Definitions . . . . . . .
B.3.1.9
WDC_SLOT_U Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.1.10 WDC_PCI_SCAN_RESULT Structure . . . . .
B.3.1.11 WDC_PCMCIA_SCAN_RESULT Structure . .
B.3.2
WDC_DriverOpen() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.3
WDC_DriverClose() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.4
WDC_PciScanDevices() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.5
WDC_PciScanDevicesByTopology() . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 9
B.3.6
WDC_PcmciaScanDevices() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.7
WDC_PciGetDeviceInfo() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.8
WDC_PcmciaGetDeviceInfo() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.9
WDC_PciDeviceOpen() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.10 WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.11 WDC_IsaDeviceOpen() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.12 WDC_PciDeviceClose() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.13 WDC_PcmciaDeviceClose() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.14 WDC_IsaDeviceClose() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.15 WDC_CardCleanupSetup() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.16 WDC_KernelPlugInOpen() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.17 WDC_CallKerPlug() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.18 WDC_ReadMemXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.19 WDC_WriteMemXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.20 WDC_ReadAddrXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.21 WDC_WriteAddrXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.22 WDC_ReadAddrBlock() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.23 WDC_WriteAddrBlock() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.24 WDC_MultiTransfer() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.25 WDC_AddrSpaceIsActive() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.26 WDC_PciReadCfgBySlot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.27 WDC_PciWriteCfgBySlot() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.28 WDC_PciReadCfg() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.29 WDC_PciWriteCfg() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.30 WDC_PciReadCfgBySlotXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.31 WDC_PciWriteCfgBySlotXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.32 WDC_PciReadCfgXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.33 WDC_PciWriteCfgXXX() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.34 WDC_PcmciaReadAttribSpace() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.35 WDC_PcmciaWriteAttribSpace() . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.36 WDC_PcmciaSetWindow() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.37 WDC_PcmciaSetVpp() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.38 WDC_DMAContigBufLock() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.39 WDC_DMASGBufLock() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.40 WDC_DMABufUnlock() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.41 WDC_DMASyncCpu() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.42 WDC_DMASyncIo() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.43 WDC_IntEnable() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.44 WDC_IntDisable() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.45 WDC_IntIsEnabled() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.46 WDC_EventRegister() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.47 WDC_EventUnregister() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 10
B.3.48 WDC_EventIsRegistered() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.49 WDC_SetDebugOptions() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.50 WDC_Err() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.51 WDC_Trace() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.52 WDC_GetWDHandle() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.53 WDC_GetDevContext() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.54 WDC_GetBusType() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.55 WDC_Sleep() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.3.56 WDC_Version() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4
WDC Low Level API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.1
WDC_ID_U Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.2
WDC_ADDR_DESC Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.3
WDC_DEVICE Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.4
PWDC_DEVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.5
WDC_MEM_DIRECT_ADDR Macro . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.6
WDC_ADDR_IS_MEM Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.7
WDC_GET_ADDR_DESC Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.4.8
WDC_GET_ENABLED_INT_TYPE Macro . . . . . . . .
B.4.9
WDC_IS_KP Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5
WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions . . . . . . . . .
B.5.1
WD_BUS_TYP Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.2
ITEM_TYPE Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.3
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED Enumeration . . . . . . . . .
B.5.4
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH Enumeration . . . . . . . .
B.5.5
WD_PCMCIA_VPP Enumeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.6
WD_PCI_ID Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.7
WD_PCMCIA_ID Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.8
WD_PCI_SLOT Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.9
WD_PCMCIA_SLOT Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.10 WD_ITEMS Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.11 WD_CARD Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.12 WD_PCI_CARD_INFO Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.13 WD_PCMCIA_CARD_INFO Structure . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.14 WD_DMA Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.5.15 WD_TRANSFER Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6
Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.1
KP_Init() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.2
KP_Open() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.3
KP_Close() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.4
KP_Call() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.5
KP_Event() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.6
KP_IntEnable() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 11
B.6.7
KP_IntDisable() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.8
KP_IntAtIrql() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.9
KP_IntAtDpc() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.10 COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL,
COPY_FROM_USER_OR_KERNEL . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11 Kernel PlugIn Synchronization APIs . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.1 Kernel PlugIn Synchronization Types . . . . . .
B.6.11.2 kp_spinlock_init() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.3 kp_spinlock_wait() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.4 kp_spinlock_release() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.5 kp_spinlock_uninit() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.6 kp_interlocked_init() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.7 kp_interlocked_uninit() . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.8 kp_interlocked_increment() . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.9 kp_interlocked_decrement() . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.10 kp_interlocked_add() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.11 kp_interlocked_read() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.12 kp_interlocked_set() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.6.11.13 kp_interlocked_exchange() . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7
Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7.1
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7.2
WD_INTERRUPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7.3
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7.4
KP_INIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.7.5
KP_OPEN_CALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8
User-Mode Utility Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.1
Stat2Str() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.2
get_os_type() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.3
ThreadStart() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.4
ThreadWait() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.5
OsEventCreate() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.6
OsEventClose() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.7
OsEventWait() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.8
OsEventSignal() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.9
OsEventReset() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.10 OsMutexCreate() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.11 OsMutexClose() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.12 OsMutexLock() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.13 OsMutexUnlock() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.14 PrintDbgMessage() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.15 WD_LogStart() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.8.16 WD_LogStop() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS 12
B.8.17 WD_LogAdd() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.9
WinDriver Status Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.9.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.9.2
Status Codes Returned by WinDriver . . . . . . . . . . . .
C Troubleshooting and Support
D Evaluation Version Limitations
D.1
Windows WinDriver Evaluation Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.2
Windows CE WinDriver Evaluation Limitations . . . . . . . . . . .
D.3
Linux WinDriver Evaluation Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D.4
Solaris WinDriver Evaluation Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E Purchasing WinDriver
F Distributing Your Driver – Legal Issues
G Additional Documentation
List of Figures
1.1
WinDriver Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1
Monolithic Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Layered Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Miniport Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1
Create or Open a WinDriver Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
Select Your Plug and Play Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
DriverWizard INF File Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
PCI Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
Define Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6
Read/Write Memory and I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7
Listen to Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
Define Transfer Commands for Level Sensitive Interrupts . . . . . . .
4.9
Code Generation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10 Additional Driver Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1
Start Debug Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
Debug Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1 Kernel PlugIn Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Interrupt Handling Without Kernel PlugIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.3 Interrupt Handling With the Kernel PlugIn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Chapter 1
WinDriver Overview
In this chapter you will explore the uses of WinDriver, and learn the basic steps of creating your driver.
NOTE
This manual outlines WinDriver’s support for PCI / PCMCIA / CardBus / ISA /
EISA / CompactPCI / PCI Express devices. WinDriver also supports the Universal
Serial Bus (USB). For detailed information regarding WinDriver USB, please refer to the WinDriver Product Line page on our web-site ( http://www.jungo.com/ windriver.html
) and to the WinDriver USB User’s Manual, which is available on-line at: http://www.jungo.com/support/support_windriver.html
.
1.1
Introduction to WinDriver
WinDriver is a development toolkit that dramatically simplifies the difficult task of creating device drivers and hardware access applications. WinDriver includes a wizard and code generation features that automatically detect your hardware and generate the driver to access it from your application. The driver and application you develop using WinDriver is source code compatible across
all supported operating systems [ 1.7
]. The driver is binary compatible across
Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista. Bus architecture support includes
PCI/PCMCIA/CardBus/ISA/EISA/CompactPCI/PCI Express (PCMCIA is supported only on Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista). WinDriver provides a complete solution for creating high-performance drivers.
Don’t let the size of this manual fool you. WinDriver makes developing device drivers an easy task that takes hours instead of months. Most of this manual deals
14
1.2 Background 15 with the features that WinDriver offers to the advanced user. However, most developers will find that reading this chapter and glancing through the DriverWizard and function reference chapters is all they need to successfully write their driver.
WinDriver supports development for all PCI / PCMCIA / CardBus / ISA / EISA /
CompactPCI / PCI Express chipsets. Enhanced support is offered for PLX, Altera,
AMCC and Xilinx PCI chipsets, as outlined in Chapter
of the manual.
Chapter
explains how to tune your driver code to achieve optimal performance, with special emphasis on WinDriver’s Kernel PlugIn feature. This feature allows the developer to write and debug the entire device driver in the user mode, and later drop performance critical portions of the code into kernel mode. In this way the driver achieves optimal kernel-mode performance, while the developer need not sacrifice the ease of user-mode development. For a detailed overview of the Kernel PlugIn, refer to Chapters
–
Visit Jungo’s web site at http://www.jungo.com
for the latest news about
WinDriver and other driver development tools that Jungo offers.
1.2
Background
1.2.1
The Challenge
In protected operating systems such as Windows, Linux and Solaris, a programmer cannot access hardware directly from the application level (user mode), where development work is usually done. Hardware can only be accessed from within the operating system itself (kernel mode or Ring-0), utilizing software modules called device drivers. In order to access a custom hardware device from the application level, a programmer must do the following:
• Learn the internals of the operating system he is working on.
• Learn how to write a device driver.
• Learn new tools for developing/debugging in kernel mode (DDK, ETK,
DDI/DKI).
• Write the kernel-mode device driver that does the basic hardware input/output.
• Write the application in user mode that accesses the hardware through the device driver written in kernel mode.
• Repeat the first four steps for each new operating system on which the code should run.
1.2 Background 16
1.2.2
The WinDriver Solution
Easy Development: WinDriver enables Windows, Windows CE, Linux and Solaris programmers to create PCI/PCMCIA/CardBus/ISA/EISA/CompactPCI/PCI
Express based device drivers in an extremely short time. WinDriver allows you to create your driver in the familiar user-mode environment, using
MSDEV/Visual C/C++, MSDEV .NET, Borland C++ Builder, Borland Delphi,
Visual Basic 6.0, MS eMbedded Visual C++, MS Platform Builder C++, GCC, or any other appropriate compiler. You do not need to have any device driver knowledge, nor do you have to be familiar with operating system internals, kernel programming, the DDK, ETK or DDI/DKI.
Cross Platform: The driver created with WinDriver will run on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, Windows CE.NET, Windows Embedded
CE v6.00, Windows Mobile 5.0/6.0, Linux and Solaris. In other words – write it once, run it on many platforms.
Friendly Wizards: DriverWizard (included) is a graphical diagnostics tool that lets you view/define the device’s resources and test the communication with the hardware with just a few mouse clicks, before writing a single line of code.
Once the device is operating to your satisfaction, DriverWizard creates the skeletal driver source code, giving access functions to all the resources on the hardware.
Kernel-Mode Performance: WinDriver’s API is optimized for performance.
For drivers that need kernel-mode performance, WinDriver offers the Kernel
PlugIn. This powerful feature enables you to create and debug your code in user mode and run the performance-critical parts of your code (such as the interrupt handling or access to I/O mapped memory ranges) in kernel mode, thereby achieving kernel-mode performance (zero performance degradation).
This unique feature allows the developer to run user-mode code in the OS kernel without having to learn how the kernel works. For a detailed overview of this feature, see Chapter
Kernel PlugIn is not implemented under Windows CE. In this operating system there is no separation between kernel mode and user mode, therefore top performance can be achieved without using the Kernel PlugIn.
To improve the interrupt handling rate on Windows CE, follow the instructions in section
of the manual.
1.3 How Fast Can WinDriver Go?
1.3
How Fast Can WinDriver Go?
You can expect the same throughput using the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn as when using a custom kernel driver. Throughput is constrained only by the limitations of your operating system and hardware. A rough estimate of the throughput you can obtain using the Kernel PlugIn is approximately 100,000 interrupts per second.
17
1.4
Conclusion
Using WinDriver, a developer need only do the following to create an application that accesses the custom hardware:
• Start DriverWizard and detect the hardware and its resources.
• Automatically generate the device driver code from within DriverWizard, or use one of the WinDriver samples as the basis for the application (see
Chapter
for an overview of WinDriver’s enhanced support for specific chipsets).
• Modify the user-mode application, as needed, using the generated/sample functions to implement the desired functionality for your application.
Your hardware access application will run on all the supported platforms [ 1.7
re-compile the code for the target platform. (The code is binary compatible across
Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista platforms, so there is no need to rebuild the code when porting the driver between these operating systems.)
1.5 WinDriver Benefits
1.5
WinDriver Benefits
18
• Easy user-mode driver development.
• Kernel PlugIn for high-performance drivers.
• Friendly DriverWizard allows hardware diagnostics without writing a single line of code.
• Automatically generates the driver code for the project in C, C#, Delphi
(Pascal) or Visual Basic.
• Supports any PCI/PCMCIA/CardBus/ISA/EISA/CompactPCI/PCI Express device, regardless of manufacturer.
• Enhanced support for PLX, Altera, AMCC and Xilinx chipsets frees the developer from the need to study the hardware’s specification.
• Applications are binary-compatible across Windows 98 / Me / 2000 / XP /
Server 2003 / Vista.
• Applications are source code compatible across all supported operating systems
– Windows 98 / Me / 2000 / XP / Server 2003 / Vista, Windows CE.NET,
Windows Embedded CE v6.00, Windows Mobile 5.0/6.0, Linux and Solaris.
• Can be used with common development environments, including
MSDEV/Visual C/C++, MSDEV .NET, Borland C++ Builder, Borland Delphi,
Visual Basic 6.0, MS eMbedded Visual C++, MS Platform Builder C++, GCC, or any other appropriate compiler.
• No DDK, ETK, DDI or any system-level programming knowledge required.
• Supports I/O, DMA, interrupt handling and access to memory-mapped cards.
• Supports multiple CPUs and multiple PCI bus platforms (PCI / PCMCIA /
CardBus / ISA / EISA / CompactPCI / PCI Express).
• Supports 64-bit PCI data transfers.
• Includes dynamic driver loader.
• Comprehensive documentation and help files.
• Detailed examples in C, C#, Delphi and Visual Basic 6.0.
• WHQL certifiable driver (Windows).
• Two months of free technical support.
• No run-time fees or royalties.
1.6 WinDriver Architecture
1.6
WinDriver Architecture
19
Figure 1.1: WinDriver Architecture
1.7 What Platforms Does WinDriver Support?
20
For hardware access, your application calls one of the WinDriver user-mode functions. The user-mode function calls the WinDriver kernel, which accesses the hardware for you through the native calls of the operating system.
WinDriver’s design minimizes performance hits on your code, even though it is running in user mode. However, some hardware drivers have high performance requirements that cannot be achieved in user mode. This is where WinDriver’s edge sharpens. After easily creating and debugging your code in user mode, you may drop the performance-critical modules of your code (such as a hardware interrupt handler) into the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn without changing them at all. Now, the
WinDriver kernel calls this module from kernel mode, thereby achieving maximal performance. This allows you to program and debug in user mode, and still achieve kernel performance where needed. For a detailed overview of the Kernel PlugIn feature, see Chapter
Kernel PlugIn is not implemented under Windows CE. In this operating system there is no separation between kernel mode and user mode, therefore top performance can be achieved without using the Kernel PlugIn.
To improve the interrupt handling rate on Windows CE, follow the instructions in section
of the manual.
1.7
What Platforms Does WinDriver Support?
WinDriver supports the following operating systems:
• Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista – henceforth collectively:
”Windows”.
• Windows CE 4.x – 5.x (Windows CE.NET), Windows Embedded CE v6.00,
Windows Mobile 5.0/6.0 – henceforth collectively: ”Windows CE”.
• Linux
• Solaris
Support for Windows NT 4.0 and VxWorks is available in earlier versions.
The same source code will run on all supported platforms – simply re-compile it for the target platform. The source code is binary compatible across Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, so executables created with WinDriver can be ported among these operating systems without re-compilation.
Even if your code is meant only for one of the supported operating systems, using
WinDriver will give you the flexibility to move your driver to another operating system in the future without needing to change your code.
1.8 Limitations of the Different Evaluation Versions
1.8
Limitations of the Different Evaluation Versions
21
All the evaluation versions of WinDriver are full featured. No functions are limited or crippled in any way. The evaluation version of WinDriver varies from the registered version in the following ways:
• Each time WinDriver is activated, an Un-registered message appears.
• When using the DriverWizard, a dialogue box with a message stating that an evaluation version is being run appears on every interaction with the hardware.
• In the Linux, Solaris and Windows CE versions, the driver will remain operational for 60 minutes, after which time it must be restarted.
• The Windows evaluation version expires 30 days from the date of installation.
For more details please refer to appendix
1.9
How Do I Develop My Driver with WinDriver?
1.9.1
On Windows , Linux and Solaris
1. Start DriverWizard and use it to diagnose your hardware – see details in
Chapter
2. Let DriverWizard generate skeletal code for your driver, or use one of the
WinDriver samples as the basis for your driver application (see Chapter [ 7 ]
for details regarding WinDriver’s enhanced support for specific chipsets).
3. Modify the generated/sample code to suit your application’s needs.
4. Run and debug your driver in the user mode.
5. If your code contains performance-critical sections, refer to Chapter
for suggestions on how to improve your driver’s performance.
NOTE
The code generated by DriverWizard is a diagnostics program that contains functions that read and write to any resource detected or defined (including custom-defined registers), enables your card’s interrupts, listens to them, and more.
1.10 What Does the WinDriver Toolkit Include?
22
1.9.2
On Windows CE
1. Plug your hardware into a Windows host machine.
2. Diagnose your hardware using DriverWizard.
3. Let DriverWizard generate your driver’s skeletal code.
4. Modify this code using eMbedded Visual C++ to meet your specific needs. If you are using Platform Builder, activate it and insert the generated *.pbp into your workspace.
5. Test and debug your code and hardware from the CE emulation running on the host machine.
TIP
If you cannot plug your hardware into a Windows host machine, you can still use DriverWizard to generate code for your device by manually entering all your resources in the wizard. Let DriverWizard generate your code and then test it on your hardware using a serial connection. After verifying that the generated code works properly, modify it to meet your specific needs. You may also use (or combine) any of the sample files for your driver’s skeletal code.
1.10
What Does the WinDriver Toolkit Include?
• A printed version of this manual
• Two months of free technical support (Phone/Fax/Email)
• WinDriver modules
• The WinDriver CD
– Utilities
– Chipset support APIs
– Sample files
1.10 What Does the WinDriver Toolkit Include?
23
1.10.1
WinDriver Modules
• WinDriver (WinDriver/include) – the general purpose hardware access toolkit.
The main files here are:
– windrvr.h: Declarations and definitions of WinDriver’s basic API.
– wdc_lib.h and wdc_defs.h: Declarations and definitions of the WinDriver
Card (WDC) library, which provides convenient wrapper APIs for accessing PCI/PCMCIA/CardBus/ISA/EISA/CompactPCI/PCI Express devices (see Chapter
– windrvr_int_thread.h: Declarations of convenient wrapper functions to simplify interrupt handling.
– windrvr_events.h: Declarations of APIs for handling and Plug-and-Play and power management events.
– utils.h: Declarations of general utility functions.
– status_strings.h: Declarations of API for converting WinDriver status codes to descriptive error strings.
• DriverWizard (WinDriver/wizard/wdwizard) – a graphical tool that diagnoses your hardware and enables you to easily generate code for your driver (refer to
Chapter
for details).
• Graphical Debugger (WinDriver/util/wddebug_gui) – a graphical debugging tool that collects information about your driver as it runs.
WinDriver also includes a console version of this program
(WinDriver/util/wddebug), which can be used on platforms that have no GUI support, such as Windows CE.
For details regarding the Debug Monitor, refer to section
• WinDriver distribution package (WinDriver/redist – Windows, Windows
CE, Linux and Solaris ; WinDriver
\redist_win98_compat – Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista) – the files you include in the driver distribution to customers.
• WinDriver Kernel PlugIn – the files and samples needed to create a kernel-mode Kernel PlugIn driver (refer to Chapter
for details.)
• This manual – the full WinDriver manual (this document), in different formats, can be found under the WinDriver/docs directory.
1.10 What Does the WinDriver Toolkit Include?
24
1.10.2
Utilities
• pci_dump.exe (WinDriver/util/pci_dump.exe) – used to obtain a dump of the
PCI configuration registers of the installed PCI cards.
• pci_diag.exe (WinDriver/util/pci_diag.exe) – used for reading/writing PCI configuration registers, accessing PCI I/O and memory ranges and handling
PCI interrupts.
• pci_scan.exe (WinDriver/util/pci_scan.exe) – used to obtain a list of the PCI cards installed and the resources allocated for each card.
• pcmcia_diag.exe (WinDriver/util/pcmcia_diag.exe) – used for reading/writing PCMCIA attribute space, accessing PCMCIA I/O and memory ranges and handling PCMCIA interrupts.
• pcmcia_scan.exe (WinDriver/util/pcmcia_scan.exe) – used to obtain a list of the PCMCIA cards installed and the resources allocated for each card.
The Windows CE version also includes:
•
\REDIST\... \X86EMU\WINDRVR_CE_EMU.DLL: DLL that communicates with the WinDriver kernel – for the x86 HPC emulation mode of Windows CE.
•
\REDIST\... \X86EMU\WINDRVR_CE_EMU.LIB: an import library that is used to link with WinDriver applications that are compiled for the x86 HPC emulation mode of Windows CE.
1.10.3
WinDriver’s Specific Chipset Support
WinDriver provides custom wrapper APIs and sample code for major PCI chipsets
(see Chapter
7 ), including for the following chipsets:
• PLX 9030, 9050, 9052, 9054, 9056, 9080 and 9656 – WinDriver/plx
• AMCC S5933 – WinDriver/amcc
• Altera pci_dev_kit – WinDriver/altera/pci_dev_kit
• Xilinx VirtexII and Virtex 5 – WinDriver/xilinx/
1.11 Can I Distribute the Driver Created with WinDriver?
25
1.10.4
Samples
In addition to the samples provided for specific chipsets [ 1.10.3
a variety of samples that demonstrate how to use WinDriver’s API to communicate with your device and perform various driver tasks.
• C samples: found under the WinDriver/samples directory.
These samples also include the source code for the utilities listed
• .NET C# samples (Windows): found under the WinDriver
\csharp.net directory.
• Delphi (Pascal) samples (Windows) WinDriver
\delphi\samples directory.
• Visual Basic samples (Windows): found under the WinDriver
\vb\samples directory.
1.11
Can I Distribute the Driver Created with
WinDriver?
Yes. WinDriver is purchased as a development toolkit, and any device driver created using WinDriver may be distributed, royalties free, in as many copies as you wish.
See the license agreement (WinDriver/docs/license.pdf) for more details.
Chapter 2
Understanding Device Drivers
This chapter provides you with a general introduction to device drivers and takes you through the structural elements of a device driver.
NOTE
Using WinDriver, you do not need to familiarize yourself with the internal workings of driver development. As explained in Chapter
of the manual, WinDriver enables you to communicate with your hardware and develop a driver for your device from the user mode, using only WinDriver’s simple APIs, without any need for driver or kernel development knowledge.
2.1
Device Driver Overview
Device drivers are the software segments that provides an interface between the operating system and the specific hardware devices such as terminals, disks, tape drives, video cards and network media. The device driver brings the device into and out of service, sets hardware parameters in the device, transmits data from the kernel to the device, receives data from the device and passes it back to the kernel, and handles device errors.
A driver acts like a translator between the device and programs that use the device.
Each device has its own set of specialized commands that only its driver knows. In contrast, most programs access devices by using generic commands. The driver, therefore, accepts generic commands from a program and then translates them into specialized commands for the device.
26
2.2 Classification of Drivers According to Functionality
2.2
Classification of Drivers According to
Functionality
There are numerous driver types, differing in their functionality. This subsection briefly describes three of the most common driver types.
27
2.2.1
Monolithic Drivers
Monolithic drivers are device drivers that embody all the functionality needed to support a hardware device. A monolithic driver is accessed by one or more user applications, and directly drives a hardware device. The driver communicates with the application through I/O control commands (IOCTLs) and drives the hardware using calls to the different DDK, ETK, DDI/DKI functions.
Figure 2.1: Monolithic Drivers
Monolithic drivers are supported in all operating systems including all Windows platforms and all Unix platforms.
2.2 Classification of Drivers According to Functionality 28
2.2.2
Layered Drivers
Layered drivers are device drivers that are part of a stack of device drivers that together process an I/O request. An example of a layered driver is a driver that intercepts calls to the disk and encrypts/decrypts all data being transferred to/from the disk. In this example, a driver would be hooked on to the top of the existing driver and would only do the encryption/decryption.
Layered drivers are sometimes also known as filter drivers, and are supported in all operating systems including all Windows platforms and all Unix platforms.
Figure 2.2: Layered Drivers
2.2.3
Miniport Drivers
A Miniport driver is an add-on to a class driver that supports miniport drivers. It is used so the miniport driver does not have to implement all of the functions required of a driver for that class. The class driver provides the basic class functionality for the miniport driver.
A class driver is a driver that supports a group of devices of common functionality, such as all HID devices or all network devices.
Miniport drivers are also called miniclass drivers or minidrivers, and are supported in the Windows NT (2000) family, namely Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
2.3 Classification of Drivers According to Operating Systems 29
Figure 2.3: Miniport Drivers
Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista provide several driver classes (called ports) that handle the common functionality of their class. It is then up to the user to add only the functionality that has to do with the inner workings of the specific hardware. The NDIS miniport driver is one example of such a driver. The
NDIS miniport framework is used to create network drivers that hook up to NT’s communication stacks, and are therefore accessible to common communication calls used by applications. The Windows NT kernel provides drivers for the various communication stacks and other code that is common to communication cards. Due to the NDIS framework, the network card developer does not have to write all of this code, only the code that is specific to the network card he is developing.
2.3
Classification of Drivers According to Operating
Systems
2.3.1
WDM Drivers
WDM (Windows Driver Model) drivers are kernel-mode drivers within the Windows
NT and Windows 98 operating system families. The Windows NT family includes
Windows NT/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, and the Windows 98 family includes
Windows 98 and Windows Me.
WDM works by channeling some of the work of the device driver into portions of the code that are integrated into the operating system. These portions of code handle all of the low-level buffer management, including DMA and Plug and Play (Pnp) device enumeration.
2.3 Classification of Drivers According to Operating Systems 30
WDM drivers are PnP drivers that support power management protocols, and include monolithic drivers, layered drivers and miniport drivers.
2.3.2
VxD Drivers
VxD drivers are Windows 95/98/Me Virtual Device Drivers, often called VxDs because the file names end with the .vxd extension. VxD drivers are typically monolithic in nature. They provide direct access to hardware and privileged operating system functions. VxD drivers can be stacked or layered in any fashion, but the driver structure itself does not impose any layering.
2.3.3
Unix Device Drivers
In the classic Unix driver model, devices belong to one of three categories: character
(char) devices, block devices and network devices. Drivers that implement these devices are correspondingly known as char drivers, block drivers or network drivers.
Under Unix, drivers are code units linked into the kernel that run in privileged kernel mode. Generally, driver code runs on behalf of a user-mode application. Access to
Unix drivers from user-mode applications is provided via the file system. In other words, devices appear to the applications as special device files that can be opened.
Unix device drivers are either layered or monolithic drivers. A monolithic driver can be perceived as a one-layer layered driver.
2.3.4
Linux Device Drivers
Linux device drivers are based on the classic Unix device driver model. In addition,
Linux introduces some new characteristics.
Under Linux, a block device can be accessed like a character device, as in Unix, but also has a block-oriented interface that is invisible to the user or application.
Traditionally, under Unix, device drivers are linked with the kernel, and the system is brought down and restarted after installing a new driver. Linux introduces the concept of a dynamically loadable driver called a module. Linux modules can be loaded or removed dynamically without requiring the system to be shut down. A Linux driver can be written so that it is statically linked or written in a modular form that allows it to be dynamically loaded. This makes Linux memory usage very efficient because modules can be written to probe for their own hardware and unload themselves if they cannot find the hardware they are looking for.
Like Unix device drivers, Linux device drivers are either layered or monolithic drivers.
2.4 The Entry Point of the Driver
2.3.5
Solaris Device Drivers
Solaris device drivers are also based on the classic Unix device driver model. Like
Linux drivers, Solaris drivers may be either statically linked with the kernel or dynamically loaded and removed from the kernel.
Like Unix and Linux device drivers, Solaris device drivers are either layered or monolithic drivers.
31
2.4
The Entry Point of the Driver
Every device driver must have one main entry point, like the main() function in a
C console application. This entry point is called DriverEntry() in Windows and init_module() in Linux. When the operating system loads the device driver, this driver entry procedure is called.
There is some global initialization that every driver needs to perform only once when it is loaded for the first time. This global initialization is the responsibility of the
DriverEntry()
/ init_module() routine. The entry function also registers which driver callbacks will be called by the operating system. These driver callbacks are operating system requests for services from the driver. In Windows, these callbacks are called dispatch routines, and in Linux they are called file operations. Each registered callback is called by the operating system as a result of some criteria, such as disconnection of hardware, for example.
2.5
Associating the Hardware to the Driver
Operating systems differ in how they link a device to its driver.
In Windows, the link is performed by the INF file, which registers the device to work with the driver. This association is performed before the
DriverEntry() routine is called. The operating system recognizes the device, looks up in its database which
INF file is associated with the device, and according to the INF file, calls the driver’s entry point.
In Linux, the link between a device and its driver is defined in the init_module() routine. The init_module() routine includes a callback which states what hardware the driver is designated to handle. The operating system calls the driver’s entry point, based on the definition in the code.
2.6 Communicating with Drivers
2.6
Communicating with Drivers
32
A driver can create an instance, thus enabling an application to open a handle to the driver through which the application can communicate with it.
The applications communicate with the drivers using a file access API (Application
Program Interface). Applications open a handle to the driver using
CreateFile() call (in Windows), or open() call (in Linux) with the name of the device as the file name. In order to read from and write to the device, the application calls
ReadFile() and
WriteFile()
(in Windows), or read()
, write() in Linux.
Sending requests is accomplished using an I/O control call, called
DeviceIoControl()
(in Windows), and ioctl() in Linux. In this I/O control call, the application specifies:
• The device to which the call is made (by providing the device’s handle).
• An IOCTL code that describes which function this device should perform.
• A buffer with the data on which the request should be performed.
The IOCTL code is a number that the driver and the requester agree upon for a common task.
The data passed between the driver and the application is encapsulated into a structure. In Windows, this structure is called an I/O Request Packet (IRP), and is encapsulated by the I/O Manager. This structure is passed on to the device driver, which may modify it and pass it down to other device drivers.
Chapter 3
Installing WinDriver
This chapter takes you through the process of installing WinDriver on your development platform, and shows you how to verify that your WinDriver is properly installed. The last section discusses the uninstall procedure. To find out how to install the driver you create on target platforms, refer to Chapter
3.1
System Requirements
3.1.1
Windows System Requirements
3.1.1.1
Windows 98/Me System Requirements
• Any x86 32-bit processor.
• Any 32-bit development environment supporting C, VB or Delphi.
3.1.1.2
Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista System Requirements
• Any x86 32-bit or 64-bit (x64: AMD64 or Intel EM64T) processor.
• Any development environment supporting C, .NET, VB or Delphi.
• Windows 2000 requires SP4.
• Windows XP requires SP2.
33
3.1 System Requirements
3.1.2
Windows CE System Requirements
• An x86 / MIPS / ARM Windows Embedded CE v6.00 or Windows CE 4.x –
5.0 (.NET) target platform
or:
an ARMV4I Windows Mobile 5.0/6.0 target platform.
• Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista host development platform.
• For Windows CE 4.x – 5.0: Microsoft eMbedded Visual C++ with a corresponding target SDK OR Microsoft Platform Builder with a corresponding BSP (Board Support Package) for the target platform.
For Windows Embedded CE 6.0: Microsoft Visual Studio (MSDEV) .NET
with the Windows CE 6.0 plugin.
For Windows Mobile: Microsoft Visual Studio (MSDEV) .NET 2005.
34
3.1.3
Linux System Requirements
• Any 32-bit x86 processor with a Linux 2.2.x, 2.4.x or 2.6.x kernel
or:
Any 64-bit x86 AMD64 or Intel EM64T (x86_64) processor – with a Linux
2.4.x or 2.6.x kernel
or:
Any PowerPC 32-bit processor with a Linux 2.4.x or 2.6.x kernel
or:
Any PowerPC 64-bit processor with a Linux 2.6.x kernel
• A GCC compiler.
NOTE
The version of the GCC compiler should match the compiler version used for building the running Linux kernel.
• Any 32-bit or 64-bit development environment (depending on your target configuration) supporting C for user mode.
• On your development PC: glibc2.3.x.
• libstdc++.so.5 is required for running GUI WinDriver applications (e.g.
3.1 System Requirements 35
3.1.4
Solaris System Requirements
• Solaris 8 / 9 / 10 / OpenSolaris.
NOTE
For Solaris 8 it is recommended to use update 3 or higher (available from
Sun: http://www.sun.com
).
• 64-bit or 32-bit kernel on SPARC platform
OR
32-bit kernel on x86 platform.
• Any development environment supporting C (such as GCC).
• WinDriver 5.22 is still provided for Solaris 2.6/7.0 32-bit kernel on Intel x86 platform.
NOTE
If you have chosen a development environment other than GCC, make sure libgcc is installed on your computer. You can download it from the following URL: http://www.sunfreeware.com
.
Set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH to the location of your libgcc, a probable location would be: LD_LIBRARY_PATH= /usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib/sparcv9
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process
3.2
WinDriver Installation Process
The WinDriver CD contains all versions of WinDriver for all the different operating systems. The CD’s root directory contains the Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista and Windows CE version. This will automatically begin when you insert the CD into your CD drive. The other versions of WinDriver are located in sub-directories, i.e. Linux/, Wince/, etc.
36
3.2.1
Windows WinDriver Installation Instructions
NOTE
You must have administrative privileges in order to install WinDriver on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
1. Insert the WinDriver CD into your CD-ROM drive.
When installing WinDriver by downloading it from Jungo’s web site instead of using the WinDriver CD, double click the downloaded installation file –
WD910.EXE – and go to step
2. Wait a few seconds until the installation program starts automatically. If for some reason it does not start automatically, double-click the file WD910.EXE and click the Install WinDriver button.
3. Read the license agreement carefully, and click Yes if you accept its terms.
4. Choose the destination location in which to install WinDriver.
5. In the Setup Type screen, choose one of the following:
• Typical – install all WinDriver modules (generic WinDriver toolkit + specific chipset APIs).
• Compact – install only the generic WinDriver toolkit.
• Custom – select which WinDriver modules to install.
6. After the installer finishes copying the required files, choose whether to view the Quick Start guides.
7. You may be prompted to reboot your computer.
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 37
NOTE
The WinDriver installation defines a
WD_BASEDIR
environment variable, which is set to point to the location of your WinDriver directory, as selected during the
installation. This variable is used during the DriverWizard [ 4 ] code generation – it
determines the default directory for saving your generated code and is used in the include paths of the generated project/make files. This variable is also used from the sample Kernel PlugIn projects and makefiles.
Therefore, if you decide to change the name and/or location of your WinDriver directory after the installation, you should also edit the value of the
WD_BASEDIR environment variable and set it to point to the location of your new WinDriver directory. You can edit the value of
WD_BASEDIR by following these steps:
1. Open the System Properties dialogue: Start | System | Control Panel |
System.
2. In the Advanced tab, click the Environment Variables button.
3. In the System variables box, select the
WD_BASEDIR variable and click the
Edit ... button or double-click the mouse on the variable.
4. In the Edit System Variable dialogue, replace the Variable Value with the full path to your new WinDriver directory, then click OK, and click OK again from the System Properties dialogue.
The following steps are for registered users only:
In order to register your copy of WinDriver with the license you received from Jungo, follow the steps below:
8. Activate DriverWizard GUI (Start | Programs | WinDriver | DriverWizard).
9. Select the Register WinDriver option from the File menu and insert the license string you received from Jungo. Click the Activate License button.
10. To register source code that you developed during the evaluation period, refer to the documentation of
WDC_DriverOpen()
When using the low-level
WD_xxx
API instead of the
WDC_xxx
(which is used by default), refer to the documentation of
WD_License() in the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference.
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process
3.2.2
Windows CE WinDriver Installation Instructions
3.2.2.1
Installing WinDriver CE when Building New CE-Based Platforms
38
NOTES
• The following instructions apply to platform developers who build Windows
CE kernel images using Windows CE Platform Builder or using MSDEV 2005 with the Windows CE 6.0 plugin. The instructions use the notation ”Windows
CE IDE” to refer to either of these platforms.
• We recommend that you read Microsoft’s documentation and understand the
Windows CE and device driver integration procedure before you perform the installation.
1. Edit the project registry file to match your target hardware. If you select to use the WinDriver component, as outlined in step
2 , the registry file to modify is
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install \<TARGET_CPU>\WinDriver.reg (e.g.
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ARMV4I\ WinDriver.reg). Otherwise, modify the WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\project_wd.reg file.
2. You can simplify the driver integration into your Windows CE platform by following the procedure described in this step before the Sysgen platform compilation stage.
NOTE:
• The procedure described in this step is relevant only for developers who use Windows CE 4.x-5.x with Platform Builder.
Developers who use Windows CE 6.x with MSDEV 2005 should skip to
• This procedure provides a convenient method for integrating WinDriver into your Windows CE platform. If you select not to use this method, you will need to perform the manual integration steps described in step
below after the Sysgen stage.
• The procedure described in this step also adds the WinDriver kernel module (windrvr6.dll) to your OS image. This is a necessary step if you want the WinDriver CE kernel file (windrvr6.dll) to be a permanent part of the Windows CE image (NK.BIN), which is the case if you select to transfer the file to your target platform using a floppy disk. However, if you prefer to have the file windrvr6.dll loaded on demand via the
CESH/PPSH services, you need to perform the manual integration method described in step
instead of performing the procedure described in the present step.
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 39
(a) Run the Windows CE IDE and open your platform.
(b) From the File menu select Manage Catalog Items.... and then click the Import... button and select the WinDriver.cec file from the relevant
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\<TARGET_CPU>\ directory (e.g.
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ARMV4I\).
This will add a WinDriver component to the Platform Builder Catalog.
(c) In the Catalog view, right-click the mouse on the WinDriver Component node in the Third Party tree and select Add to OS design.
3. Compile your Windows CE platform (Sysgen stage).
4. If you did not perform the procedure described in step
above, perform the following steps after the Sysgen stage in order to manually integrate the driver into your platform.
NOTE: If you followed the procedure described in step
directly to step
(a) Run the Windows CE IDE and open your platform.
(b) Select Open Release Directory from the Build menu.
(c) Copy the WinDriver CE kernel file –
WinDriver
\redist\<TARGET_CPU>\windrvr6.dll – to the
%_FLATRELEASEDIR% sub-directory on the target development platform (should be the current directory in the new command window).
(d) Append the contents of the project_wd.reg file in the
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ directory to the project.reg file in the %_FLATRELEASEDIR% sub-directory.
(e) Append the contents of the project_wd.bib file in the
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ directory to the project.bib file in the %_FLATRELEASEDIR% sub-directory.
This step is only necessary if you want the WinDriver CE kernel file
(windrvr6.dll) to be a permanent part of the Windows CE image
(NK.BIN), which is the case if you select to transfer the file to your target platform using a floppy disk. If you prefer to have the file windrvr6.dll loaded on demand via the CESH/PPSH services, you do not need to carry out this step until you build a permanent kernel.
5. Select Make Run-Time Image from the Build menu and name the new image
NK.BIN.
6. Download your new kernel to the target platform and initialize it either by selecting Download/Initialize from the Target menu or by using a floppy disk.
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process
7. Restart your target CE platform. The WinDriver CE kernel will automatically load.
8. Compile and run the sample programs to make sure that WinDriver CE is loaded and is functioning correctly (see section
to check your installation).
40
3.2.2.2
Installing WinDriver CE when Developing Applications for Windows
CE Computers
NOTE
Unless otherwise specified, ”Windows CE” references in this section include all supported Windows CE platforms, including Windows Mobile.
The following instructions apply to driver developers who do not build the Windows
CE kernel, but only download their drivers, built using Microsoft eMbedded Visual
C++ (Windows CE 4.x – 5.x) or MSDEV .NET 2005 (Windows Mobile or Windows
CE 6.x) to a ready-made Windows CE platform:
1. Insert the WinDriver CD into your Windows host CD drive.
2. Exit the automatic installation.
3. Double click the CD_SETUP.EXE file found in the WINCE
\ directory on the CD. This will copy all required WinDriver files to your host development platform.
4. Copy WinDriver’s kernel module – windrvr6.dll – from the
WinDriver
\redist\WINCE\<TARGET_CPU> directory on the Windows host development PC to the Windows
\ directory on your target Windows CE platform.
5. Add WinDriver to the list of device drivers Windows CE loads on boot:
• Modify the registry according to the entries documented in the file
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ project_wd.reg. This can be done using the Windows CE Pocket Registry Editor on the hand-held
CE computer or by using the Remote CE Registry Editor Tool supplied with MS eMbedded Visual C++ (Windows CE 4.x – 5.x) / MSDEV .NET
2005 (Windows Mobile or Windows CE 6.x). Note that in order to use the Remote CE Registry Editor tool you will need to have Windows CE
Services installed on your Windows host platform.
• On Windows Mobile the operating system’s security scheme prevents the loading of unsigned drivers at boot time, therefore the WinDriver
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 41 kernel module has to be reloaded after boot. To load WinDriver on the target Windows Mobile platform every time the OS is started, copy the
WinDriver
\redist\Windows_Mobile_5_ARMV4I\ wdreg.exe utility to the Windows
\StartUp\ directory on the target.
6. Restart your target CE computer. The WinDriver CE kernel will automatically load. You will have to do a warm reset rather than just suspend/resume (use the reset or power button on your target CE computer).
7. Compile and run the sample programs to make sure that WinDriver CE is loaded and is functioning correctly (see section
check your installation).
3.2.2.3
Windows CE Installation Note
The WinDriver installation on the host Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista PC defines a
WD_BASEDIR
environment variable, which is set to point to the location of your WinDriver directory, as selected during the installation. This variable is used
during the DriverWizard [ 4 ] code generation – it determines the default directory
for saving your generated code and is used in the include paths of the generated project/make files.
Therefore, if you decide to change the name and/or location of your host WinDriver directory after the installation, you should also edit the value of the WD_BASEDIR environment variable and set it to point to the location of your new WinDriver directory. You can edit the value of WD_BASEDIR by following these steps:
1. Open the System Properties dialogue: Start | System | Control Panel |
System.
2. In the Advanced tab, click the Environment Variables button.
3. In the System variables box, select the
WD_BASEDIR variable and click the
Edit ... button or double-click the mouse on the variable.
4. In the Edit System Variable dialogue, replace the Variable Value with the full path to your new WinDriver directory, then click OK, and click OK again from the System Properties dialogue.
Note that if you install the WinDriver Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista tool-kit on the same host PC, the installation will override the value of the
WD_BASEDIR variable from the Windows CE installation.
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 42
3.2.3
Linux WinDriver Installation Instructions
3.2.3.1
Preparing the System for Installation
In Linux, kernel modules must be compiled with the same header files that the kernel itself was compiled with. Since WinDriver installs the kernel module
windrvr6.o/.ko, it must compile with the header files of the Linux kernel during the installation process.
Therefore, before you install WinDriver for Linux, verify that the Linux source code and the file versions.h are installed on your machine:
Install the Linux kernel source code:
• If you have yet to install Linux, install it, including the kernel source code, by following the instructions for your Linux distribution.
• If Linux is already installed on your machine, check whether the Linux source code was installed. You can do this by looking for ‘linux’ in the /usr/src directory. If the source code is not installed, either install it, or reinstall Linux with the source code, by following the instructions for your Linux distribution.
Install version.h:
• The file version.h is created when you first compile the Linux kernel source code. Some distributions provide a compiled kernel without the file version.h.
Look under /usr/src/linux/include/linux to see if you have this file. If you do not, follow these steps in order to install the file:
1. Type:
$ make xconfig
2. Save the configuration by choosing Save and Exit.
3. Type:
$ make dep
In order to run GUI WinDriver applications (e.g. DriverWizard [ 4 ] ; Debug
]) you must also have version 5.0 of the libstdc++ library –
libstdc++.so.5. If you do not have this file, install it from the relevant RPM in your
Linux distribution (e.g. compat-libstdc++).
Before proceeding with the installation, you must also make sure that you have a
‘linux’ symbolic link. If you do not, create one by typing:
/usr/src$ ln -s <target kernel>/ linux
For example, for the Linux 2.4 kernel type:
/usr/src$ ln -s linux-2.4/ linux
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 43
3.2.3.2
Installation
1. Insert the WinDriver CD into your Linux machine’s CD drive or copy the downloaded file to your preferred directory.
2. Change directory to your preferred installation directory, for example to your home directory:
$ cd ~
3. Extract the WinDriver distribution file – WD910LN.tgz:
$ tar xvzf /<file location>/WD910LN.tgz
For example:
• From a CD:
$ tar xvzf /mnt/cdrom/LINUX/WD910LN.tgz
• From a downloaded file:
$ tar xvzf /home/username/WD910LN.tgz
4. Change directory to your WinDriver redist/ directory (the tar automatically creates a WinDriver/ directory):
$ cd <WinDriver directory path>/redist
5. Install WinDriver:
(a)
<WinDriver directory>/redist$ ./configure
NOTE
The
configure
script creates a makefile based on your specific running kernel. You may run the
configure
script based on another kernel source you have installed, by adding the flag
--with-kernel-source=<path>
to the configure script.
The <path> is the full path to the kernel source directory, e.g.
/usr/src/linux.
(b) <WinDriver directory>/redist$ make
(c) Become super user:
<WinDriver directory>/redist$ su
(d) Install the driver:
<WinDriver directory>/redist# make install
6. Create a symbolic link so that you can easily launch the DriverWizard GUI:
$ ln -s <full path to WinDriver>/wizard/wdwizard/
usr/bin/wdwizard
7. Change the read and execute permissions on the file wdwizard so that ordinary users can access this program.
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 44
8. Change the user and group IDs and give read/write permissions to the device file /dev/windrvr6 depending on how you wish to allow users to access hardware through the device.
If you are using a Linux 2.6.x kernel that has the udev file system, change the permissions by modifying your /etc/udev/permissions.d/50-udev.permissions file. For example, add the following line to provide read and write permissions: windrvr6:root:root:0666
Otherwise, use the
chmod
command, for example:
chmod 666 /dev/windrvr6
9. Define a new
WD_BASEDIR
environment variable and set it to point to the location of your WinDriver directory, as selected during the installation. This variable is used in the make and source files of the WinDriver samples and
generated DriverWizard [ 4 ] code and is also used to determine the default
directory for saving your generated DriverWizard project. If you do not define this variable you will be instructed to do so when attempting to build the sample/generated code using the WinDriver makefiles.
NOTE: If you decide to change the name and/or location of your WinDriver directory after the installation, you should also edit the value of the
WD_BASEDIR environment variable and set it to point to the location of your new WinDriver directory.
10. You can now start using WinDriver to access your hardware and generate your driver code!
TIP
You can use the wdreg script to load the WinDriver kernel module [ 13.3
To automatically load windrvr6.o/.ko on each boot, run the wdreg script from the target Linux /etc/rc.d/rc.local file:
wdreg windrvr6
The following steps are for registered users only
In order to register your copy of WinDriver with the license you received from Jungo, follow the steps below:
11. Activate the DriverWizard GUI:
<path to WinDriver>/wizard/wdwizard
12. Select the Register WinDriver option from the File menu and insert the license string you received from Jungo.
13. Click the Activate License button.
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 45
14. To register source code that you developed during the evaluation period, refer to the documentation of
WDC_DriverOpen()
When using the low-level
WD_xxx
API instead of the
WDC_xxx
(which is used by default), refer to the documentation of
WD_License() in the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference.
3.2.3.3
Restricting Hardware Access on Linux
CAUTION!
Since /dev/windrvr6 gives direct hardware access to user programs, it may compromise kernel stability on multi-user Linux systems. Please restrict access to the DriverWizard and the device file /dev/windrvr6 to trusted users.
For security reasons the WinDriver installation script does not automatically perform the steps of changing the permissions on /dev/windrvr6 and the
DriverWizard executable (wdwizard).
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 46
3.2.4
Solaris WinDriver Installation Instructions
Installation of WinDriver should be performed by the system administrator logged in as root, or with root privileges, since the WinDriver installation process includes installation of the kernel module windrvr6.
1. Insert your CD into your Solaris machine CD drive or copy the downloaded file to your preferred directory.
2. Change directory to your preferred installation directory, for example to your home directory,:
$ cd ~
3. Copy the WinDriver distribution file – WD910SL.tgz (x86) /
WD910SLS32.tgz (SPARC 32-bit) / WD910SLS64.tgz (SPARC 64-bit) – to the current directory:
$ cp /home/username/WD910SL.tgz .
4. Extract the distribution file, for example:
$ gunzip -c WD910SL.tgz | tar xvf -
5. Change directory to WinDriver.
6. Install WinDriver using the WinDriver/install_windrvr installation script:
~/WinDriver# ./install_windrvr
To use WinDriver to handle PCI devices, specify the vendor and device IDs of your PCI devices in the installation command (where <vid> represents the device’s vendor ID and <did> represents the device’s device ID):
~/WinDriver# ./install_windrvr <vid>,<did>
[<vid>,<did> ...]
For example, to use WinDriver to handle PLX 9030 and 9054 devices, run:
~/WinDriver# ./install_windrvr 10b5,9030 10b5,9054
7. Install the libgcc package, available for download from the following URL: http://www.sunfreeware.com/
.
8. Add an environment variable:
• For SPARC 32-bit and x86 platforms:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/bin
• For SPARC 64-bit platforms:
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:/usr/local/lib/sparcv9
3.2 WinDriver Installation Process 47
The following three steps are optional:
9. Create a symbolic link so that you can easily launch the DriverWizard GUI:
~/WinDriver# ln -s ~/WinDriver/wizard/wdwizard/
usr/bin/wdwizard
10. Change the read and execute permissions on the file wdwizard so that ordinary users can access this program.
11. Change the user and group IDs and give read/write permissions to the device file /dev/windrvr6 depending on how you wish to allow users to access hardware through the device.
You can now start using WinDriver to access your hardware and generate your driver code!
The following steps are for registered users only:
In order to register your copy of WinDriver with the license you have received from
Jungo, please follow the steps below:
12. Activate the DriverWizard GUI:
~/WinDriver/wizard$
./wdwizard
13. Select the Register WinDriver option from the File menu and insert the license string you received from Jungo.
14. Click the Activate License button.
15. To register source code that you developed during the evaluation period, refer to the documentation of
WDC_DriverOpen()
When using the low-level
WD_xxx
API instead of the
WDC_xxx
(which is used by default), refer to the documentation of
WD_License() in the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference.
3.2.4.1
Restricting Hardware Access on Solaris
CAUTION!
Since /dev/windrvr6 gives direct hardware access to user programs, it may compromise kernel stability on multi-user Solaris systems. Please restrict access to DriverWizard and the device file /dev/windrvr6 to trusted users.
For security reasons the WinDriver installation script does not automatically perform the steps of changing the permissions on /dev/windrvr6 and the
DriverWizard executable (wdwizard).
3.3 Upgrading Your Installation
3.3
Upgrading Your Installation
To upgrade to a new version of WinDriver on Windows, follow the steps outlined in section
, which illustrate the process of installing WinDriver for Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista. You can either choose to overwrite the existing installation or install to a separate directory.
After installation, start DriverWizard and enter the new license string, if you have received one. This completes the upgrade of WinDriver.
To upgrade your source code, pass the new license string as a parameter to
WDC_DriverOpen()
WD_License()
– see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference – when using the low-level
WD_xxx
API instead of the
WDC_xxx
The procedure for upgrading your installation on other operating systems is the same as the one described above. Please check the respective installation sections for installation details.
48
3.4 Checking Your Installation
3.4
Checking Your Installation
49
3.4.1
Windows, Linux and Solaris Installation Check
1. Start DriverWizard:
On Windows, by choosing Programs | WinDriver | DriverWizard from the Start menu, or using the shortcut that is automatically created on your
Desktop. A third option for activating the DriverWizard on Windows is by running wdwizard.exe from a command prompt under the wizard sub-directory.
On Linux and Solaris you can access the wizard application via the file manager under the wizard sub-directory, or run the wizard application via a shell.
2. Make sure that your WinDriver license is installed (see section
explains how to install WinDriver). If you are an evaluation version user, you do not need to install a license.
3. For PCI cards – Insert your card into the PCI bus, and verify that DriverWizard detects it.
4. For ISA cards – Insert your card into the ISA bus, configure DriverWizard with your card’s resources and try to read/write to the card using DriverWizard. (Not relevant for Solaris).
3.4.2
Windows CE Installation Check
1. Copy the console-mode Debug Monitor utility
– WinDriver
\util\wddebug\<TARGET_CPU>\wddebug.exe – from the host Windows machine to a directory on your target Windows CE device.
2. Run the Debug Monitor with the
status
command on the target device:
wddebug.exe status
If the windriver installation was successful, the application will display information regarding the Debug Monitor version and current status, the running WinDriver kernel module, and general system information.
3.5 Uninstalling WinDriver
3.5
Uninstalling WinDriver
This section will help you to uninstall either the evaluation or registered version of
WinDriver.
50
3.5.1
Windows WinDriver Uninstall Instructions
NOTES
• For Windows 98/Me, replace references to wdreg below with wdreg16.
• For Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, you can also use the
wdreg_gui.exe utility instead of wdreg.exe.
• wdreg.exe, wdreg_gui.exe and wdreg16.exe are found under the
WinDriver
\util directory (see Chapter
for details regarding these utilities).
1. Close any open WinDriver applications, including DriverWizard, the Debug
Monitor (wddebug_gui.exe) and user-specific applications.
2. If you created a Kernel PlugIn driver:
• If your Kernel PlugIn driver is currently installed, uninstall it using the
wdreg utility:
wdreg -name <Kernel PlugIn name> uninstall
NOTE
The Kernel PlugIn driver name should be specified without the *.sys
extension.
• Erase your Kernel PlugIn driver from the %windir%
\system32\drivers directory.
3. On Plug-and-Play Windows systems (Windows 98 / Me / 2000 / XP / Server
2003 / Vista): Uninstall all Plug-and-Play devices (USB/PCI/PCMCIA) that have been registered with WinDriver via an INF file:
• On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista: Uninstall the device using the
wdreg utility:
wdreg -inf <path to the INF file> uninstall
On Windows 98/Me: Uninstall (Remove) the device manually from the
Device Manager.
• Verify that no INF files that register your device(s) with WinDriver’s kernel module (windrvr6.sys) are found in the %windir%
\inf directory and/or %windir%
\inf\other directory (Windows 98/Me).
3.5 Uninstalling WinDriver 51
4. Uninstall WinDriver:
• On the development PC, on which you installed the WinDriver toolkit:
Run Start | WinDriver | Uninstall, OR run the uninstall.exe utility from the WinDriver
\ installation directory.
The uninstall will stop and unload the WinDriver kernel module
(windrvr6.sys); delete the copy of the windrvr6.inf file from the
%windir%
\inf directory (on Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista)
%windir%
\inf \other directory (on Windows 98/Me); delete WinDriver from Windows’ Start menu; delete the WinDriver
\ installation directory
(except for files that you added to this directory); and delete the short-cut icons to the DriverWizard and Debug Monitor utilities from the Desktop.
• On a target PC, on which you installed the WinDriver kernel module
(windrvr6.sys), but not the entire WinDriver toolkit:
Use the wdreg utility to stop and unload the driver:
wdreg -inf <path to windrvr6.inf> uninstall
NOTE
When running this command, windrvr6.sys should reside in the same directory as windrvr6.inf.
(On the development PC, the relevant wdreg uninstall command is executed for you by the uninstall utility).
3.5 Uninstalling WinDriver 52
NOTES
• If there are open handles to WinDriver when attempting to uninstall it (either using the uninstall utility or by running the wdreg uninstall command directly) – for example if there is an open WinDriver application or a connected Plug-and-Play device that has been registered to work with WinDriver via an INF file (on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista) – an appropriate warning message will be displayed. The message will provide you with the option to either close the open application(s) / uninstall/disconnect the relevant device(s), and Retry to uninstall the driver; or Cancel the uninstall of the driver, in which case the windrvr6.sys kernel driver will not be uninstalled.
This ensures that you do not uninstall the WinDriver kernel module
(windrvr6.sys) as long as it is being used.
• You can check if the WinDriver kernel module is loaded by running the
Debug Monitor utility (WinDriver
\util\wddebug_gui.exe). When the driver is loaded the Debug Monitor log displays driver and OS information; otherwise it displays a relevant error message.
On the development PC the uninstall command will delete this utility, therefore in order to use it after you execute the uninstallation, create a copy of wddebug_gui.exe before performing the uninstall procedure.
5. If windrvr6.sys was successfully unloaded, erase the following files (if they exist):
• %windir%
\system32\drivers\windrvr6.sys
• %windir%
\inf\windrvr6.inf (Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista)
• %windir%
\inf\Jungowindrvr6.inf (Windows 98/Me)
• %windir%
\system32\wdapi910.dll
• %windir%
\sysWOW64\wdapi910.dll (Windows x64)
6. Reboot the computer.
3.5 Uninstalling WinDriver
3.5.2
Linux WinDriver Uninstall Instructions
NOTE
You must be logged in as root to perform the uninstall procedure.
1. Verify that the WinDriver module is not being used by another program:
• View a list of modules and the programs using each of them:
/# /sbin/lsmod
• Close any applications that are using the WinDriver module.
• Unload any modules that are using the WinDriver module:
/sbin# rmmod
2. Unload the WinDriver module:
/sbin# rmmod windrvr6
3. If you are not using a Linux 2.6.x kernel that supports the udev file system, remove the old device node in the /dev directory:
/# rm -rf /dev/windrvr6
4. If you created a Kernel PlugIn driver, remove it as well.
5. Remove the file .windriver.rc from the /etc directory:
/# rm -rf /etc/.windriver.rc
6. Remove the file .windriver.rc from $HOME:
/# rm -rf $HOME/.windriver.rc
7. If you created a symbolic link to DriverWizard, delete the link using the command:
/# rm -f /usr/bin/wdwizard
8. Delete the WinDriver installation directory using the command:
/# rm -rf ~/WinDriver
9. Erase the following shared object file, if it exists:
/usr/lib/libwdapi910.so (32-bit PowerPC or 32-bit x86) /
/usr/lib64/libwdapi910.so (64-bit x86).
53
3.5 Uninstalling WinDriver
3.5.3
Solaris WinDriver Uninstall Instructions
NOTE
You must be logged in as root to perform the uninstall procedure.
1. Make sure no programs are using WinDriver.
2. If you created a Kernel PlugIn driver, remove it by following these steps:
(a)
# /usr/sbin/rem_drv kpname
(b) On 64-bit platforms (64-bit SPARC):
# rm /kernel/drv/sparcv9/kpname
On 32-bit platforms (32-bit x86/SPARC):
# rm /kernel/drv/kpname
(c)
# rm /kernel/drv/kpname.conf
3. Run the following uninstallation script:
~/WinDriver# ./remove_windrvr
4. Run the following command:
• On 64-bit platforms (64-bit SPARC):
# rm -rf /kernel/drv/sparcv9/windrvr6
/kernel/drv/windrvr6.conf
• On 32-bit platforms (32-bit x86/SPARC):
# rm -rf /kernel/drv/windrvr6
/kernel/drv/windrvr6.conf
5. Remove the .windriver.rc file from the /etc directory.
To do this, run the following command:
# rm -rf /etc/.windriver.rc
6. Remove the .windriver.rc file from the $HOME directory.
To do this, run the following command:
# rm -rf $HOME/.windriver.rc
7. If you created a symbolic link to DriverWizard, delete the link:
# rm -f /usr/bin/wdwizard
8. Delete the WinDriver installation directory, after changing the directory to the one above WinDriver:
# rm -rf ~/WinDriver
9. Erase the following shared object file, if it exists:
/lib/32/libwdapi910.so (32-bit SPARC or 32-bit x86) /
/lib/64/libwdapi910.so (64-bit SPARC).
54
Chapter 4
Using DriverWizard
This chapter describes WinDriver DriverWizard’s hardware diagnostics and driver code generation capabilities.
NOTE
CardBus devices are handled via WinDriver’s PCI API, therefore any references to
PCI in this chapter also include CardBus.
4.1
An Overview
DriverWizard (included in the WinDriver toolkit) is a GUI-based diagnostics and driver generation tool that allows you to write to and read from the hardware, before writing a single line of code. The hardware is diagnosed through a Graphical User
Interface – memory ranges can be read, registers can be toggled and interrupts can be checked. Once the device is operating to your satisfaction, DriverWizard creates the skeletal driver source code, with functions to access your hardware’s resources.
If you are developing a driver for a device that is based on one of the enhanced-support PCI chipsets (PLX 9030, 9050, 9052, 9054, 9056, 9080 and 9656;
Altera pci_dev_kit; Xilinx VirtexII and Virtex 5; AMCC S5933), we recommend you read Chapter
7 , which explains WinDriver’s enhanced support for specific chipsets,
before starting your driver development.
DriverWizard can be used to diagnose your hardware and can generate an INF file for hardware running under Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
Avoid using DriverWizard to generate code for a device based on one of the
supported PCI chipsets [ 7 ], as DriverWizard generates generic code which will
55
4.2 DriverWizard Walkthrough 56 have to be modified according to the specific functionality of the device in question.
Preferably, use the complete source code libraries and sample applications (supplied in the package) tailored to the various PCI chipsets.
DriverWizard is an excellent tool for two major phases in your HW/Driver development:
Hardware diagnostics: After the hardware has been built, insert the hardware into the appropriate bus slot on your machine, and use DriverWizard to verify that the hardware is performing as expected.
Code generation: Once you are ready to build your code, let DriverWizard generate your driver code for you.
The code generated by DriverWizard is composed of the following elements:
Library functions for accessing each element of your device’s resources (memory ranges, I/O ranges, registers and interrupts).
A 32-bit diagnostics program in console mode with which you can diagnose your device. This application utilizes the special library functions described above.
Use this diagnostics program as your skeletal device driver.
A project workspace/solution that you can use to automatically load all of the project information and files into your development environment.
For Linux and Solaris, DriverWizard generates the required makefile.
4.2
DriverWizard Walkthrough
To use DriverWizard:
1. Attach your hardware to the computer:
Attach the card to the appropriate bus slot on your computer. OR
You have the option of using DriverWizard to generate code for a PCI device without having the actual device installed. When selecting this option,
DriverWizard will generate code for your virtual PCI device.
NOTE
When selecting the virtual PCI device option, the DriverWizard allows you to define the device’s resources. By specifying the IO/Memory ranges, you may further define run-time registers (the offsets are relative to BARs). In addition, the IRQ must be specified if you want to generate code that acknowledges interrupts via run-time registers. Note, that the IRQ number and the size of the IO/Memory ranges are irrelevant, since these will be automatically detected by DriverWizard when you install a physical device.
4.2 DriverWizard Walkthrough
2. Run DriverWizard and select your device:
(a) Click Start | Programs | WinDriver | DriverWizard or double click the DriverWizard icon on your desktop (on Windows), or run the
wdwizard utility from the WinDriver/wizard/ directory.
(b) Click New host driver project to start a new project, or Open an
existing project to open a saved session.
57
Figure 4.1: Create or Open a WinDriver Project
(c) Select your Plug and Play card from the list of devices detected by
DriverWizard.
Figure 4.2: Select Your Plug and Play Device
4.2 DriverWizard Walkthrough 58
For non-Plug and Play cards, select ISA. To generate code for a PCI device that is not currently attached to the computer, select PCI: PCI
Virtual Device.
3. Generate an INF file for DriverWizard:
When developing a driver for a Plug and Play Windows operating system (i.e.,
Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista) you are required to install an
INF file for your device. This file will register your Plug and Play device to work with the windrvr6.sys driver. The file generated by the DriverWizard in this step should later be distributed to your customers using Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, and installed on their PCs.
The INF file you generate here is also designed to enable DriverWizard to diagnose your device (for example, when no driver is installed for your
PCI/PCMCIA device). As explained earlier, this is required only when using
WinDriver to support a Plug and Play device (PCI/PCMCIA) on a Plug and Play system (Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista). Additional information concerning the need for an INF file is explained in section
If you do not need to generate an INF file, skip this step and proceed to the
next one.
To generate the INF file with the DriverWizard, follow the steps below:
(a) In the Select Your Device screen, click the Generate .INF file button or click Next.
Figure 4.3: DriverWizard INF File Information
4.2 DriverWizard Walkthrough 59
(b) DriverWizard will display information detected for your device –
Vendor ID, Device ID, Device Class, manufacturer name and device name – and allow you to modify the manufacturer and device names and the device class information.
(c) When you are done, click Next and choose the directory in which you wish to store the generated INF file. DriverWizard will then automatically generate the INF file for you.
On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista you can choose to automatically install the INF file from the DriverWizard by checking the Automatically Install the INF file option in the DriverWizard’s
INF generation dialogue.
On Windows 98/Me you must install the INF file manually, using
Windows Add New Hardware Wizard or Upgrade Device Driver
Wizard, as explained in section
If the automatic INF file installation on Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista fails, DriverWizard will notify you and provide manual installation instructions for this OS as well.
(d) When the INF file installation completes, select and open your device from the list in the Select Your Device screen.
NOTE
To use Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI) or Extended Message-Signaled
Interrups (MSI-X) on Windows Vista (for PCI cards that support MSI/MSI-X) you will need to modify or replace the generated DriverWizard INF file to include specific MSI information, otherwise WinDriver will attempt to use legacy level sensitive interrupt handling for your card, as explained in section
of the manual.
4. Uninstall the INF file of your device:
You can use the Uninstall option to uninstall the INF file of your Plug and
Play device (PCI/PCMCIA). Once you uninstall the INF file, the device will no longer be registered to work with the windrvr6.sys, and the INF file will be deleted from the Windows root directory.
If you do not need to uninstall an INF file, skip this step and proceed to the
next one.
(a) In the Select Your Device screen, click the Uninstall .INF file button.
(b) Select the INF file to be removed.
5. Diagnose your device:
Before writing your device driver, it is important to make sure your hardware is working as expected. Use DriverWizard to diagnose your hardware. All of your
4.2 DriverWizard Walkthrough 60 activity will be logged in the DriverWizard log so that you may later analyze your tests:
(a) Define and test your device’s I/O and memory ranges, registers and interrupts:
• DriverWizard will automatically detect your Plug-and-Play hardware’s resources (I/O ranges, memory ranges and interrupts).
For non-Plug-and-Play hardware, define your hardware’s resources manually.
Figure 4.4: PCI Resources
You can define the registers manually.
NOTE
You have the option to check the Auto Read box in the Register
Information window. The registers that are marked with the
Auto Read option will automatically be read with any register read/write operation performed from the Wizard (the read results will be displayed in the wizard’s Log window).
4.2 DriverWizard Walkthrough 61
Figure 4.5: Define Registers
• Read and write to the I/O ports, memory space and your defined registers.
Figure 4.6: Read/Write Memory and I/O
NOTE
When accessing memory mapped ranges, be aware that Linux
PowerPC uses big-endian for handling memory storage, as opposed to the PCI bus that uses little-endian. For more information regarding little/big-endian issues, refer to section
4.2 DriverWizard Walkthrough
• ’Listen’ to your hardware’s interrupts.
62
Figure 4.7: Listen to Interrupts
NOTES
– For level sensitive interrupts, such as legacy PCI interrupts, you must use DriverWizard to define the interrupt status register and assign the read/write command(s) for acknowledging (clearing) the interrupt, before attempting to listen to the interrupts with the wizard, otherwise the OS may hang! The specific interrupt-acknowledgment information is hardware-specific.
– The DriverWizard does not currently support listening to
6. Generate the skeletal driver code:
(a) Select to generate code either via the Generate Code toolbar icon or from the Project | Generate Code menu.
(b) In the Select Code Generation Options dialogue box that will appear, choose the code language and development environment(s) for the generated code and select Next to generate the code.
(c) Click Next and indicate whether you wish to handle Plug and Play and power management events from within your driver code and whether you wish to generate Kernel PlugIn code.
4.3 DriverWizard Notes
Figure 4.8: Define Transfer Commands for Level Sensitive Interrupts
NOTE
Before generating Kernel PlugIn code you must install Microsoft’s
Driver Development Kit (DDK) for your target OS(s).
(d) Save your project (if required) and click OK to open your development environment with the generated driver.
7. Compile and run the generated code:
• Use this code as a starting point for your device driver. Modify where needed to perform your driver’s specific functionality.
• The source code DriverWizard creates can be compiled with any 32-bit compiler, and will run on all supported platforms without modification.
4.3
DriverWizard Notes
4.3.1
Sharing a Resource
If you want more than one driver to share a single resource, you must define that resource as shared:
1. Select the resource.
2. Right click on the resource.
3. Select Share from the menu.
63
4.3 DriverWizard Notes 64
Figure 4.9: Code Generation Options
NOTE
New interrupts are set as Shared by default. If you wish to define an interrupt as unshared, follow Steps
and
2 , and select Unshared in Step 3 .
4.3.2
Disabling a Resource
During your diagnostics, you may wish to disable a resource so that DriverWizard will ignore it and not create code for it.
1. Select the resource.
2. Right click on the resource name.
4.3 DriverWizard Notes 65
Figure 4.10: Additional Driver Options
3. Choose Disable from the menu.
4.3.3
Logging WinDriver API Calls
You have the option to log all the WinDriver API calls using the DriverWizard, with the API calls input and output parameters. You can select this option by selecting the Log API calls option from the Tools menu or by clicking on the Log API calls toolbar icon in the DriverWizard’s opening window.
4.3.4
DriverWizard Logger
The wizard logger is the empty window that opens along with the Device Resources dialogue box when you open a new project. The logger keeps track of all of the input and output during the diagnostics stage, so that you may analyze your device’s physical performance at a later time. You can save the log for future reference. When saving the project, your log is saved as well. Each log is associated with one project.
4.3.5
Automatic Code Generation
After you have finished diagnosing your device and have ensured that it runs according to your specifications, you are ready to write your driver.
4.3 DriverWizard Notes 66
4.3.5.1
Generating the Code
Generate code by selecting this option either via the DriverWizard’s Generate Code toolbar icon or from the wizard’s Project | Generate Code menu. DriverWizard will generate the source code for your driver, and place it along with the project file (xxx.wdp, where "xxx" is the project name). The files are saved in a directory
DriverWizard creates for every development environment and operating system selected in the code generation dialogue box.
4.3.5.2
The Generated PCI/PCMCIA/ISA C Code
In the source code directory you now have a new xxx_lib.h file, which contains type definitions and functions declarations for the API created for you by the
DriverWizard, and an xxx_lib.c source file, which contains the implementation of the generated device-specific API.
In addition, you will find an xxx_diag.c source file, which includes a main() function and implements a sample diagnostics application that utilizes the generated
DriverWizard API to communicate with your device.
The code generated by DriverWizard is composed of the following elements and files, where xxx represents your DriverWizard project name:
• Library functions for accessing each element of your card’s resources (memory ranges and I/O, registers and interrupts):
xxx_lib.c Here you can find the implementation of the hardware-specific API
(declared in xxx_lib.h), using the WinDriver Card (WDC) API [ B.2
xxx_lib.h Header file that contains type definitions and function declarations for the API implemented in the xxx_lib.c source file.
You should include this file in your source code in order to use the API generated by the DriverWizard for your device.
• A diagnostics program that utilizes the generated DriverWizard API (declared in xxx_lib.h) to communicate with your device(s):
xxx_diag.c The source code of the generated diagnostics console application.
Use this diagnostics program as your skeletal device driver.
• A list of all files created can be found at xxx_files.txt.
After creating your code, compile it with your favorite compiler, and see it work!
Change the function main() of the program so that the functionality suits your needs.
4.3 DriverWizard Notes 67
4.3.5.3
The Generated Visual Basic and Delphi Code
The generated DriverWizard Visual Basic and Delphi code includes similar functions and provides similar functionality as the generated C code described in section
The generated Delphi code implements a console application (like the C code), while the Visual Basic code implements a GUI application.
4.3.5.4
The Generated C# Code
The generated DriverWizard C# code provides similar functionality as the generated
], but from a GUI .NET program.
4.3.6
Compiling the Generated Code
4.3.6.1
Windows and Windows CE Compilation:
As explained above, on Windows you can select to generate project and workspace/solution files for any of the supported integrated development environments (IDEs) – MSDEV/Visual C++ 5/6, MSDEV .NET 2003/2005, Borland
C++ Builder, Visual Basic 6.0, Borland Delphi, MS eMbedded Visual C++ or MS
Platform Builder – and you can also select to automatically invoke your selected IDE from the wizard. You can then proceed to immediately build and run the code from your IDE.
You can also build the generated code from any other IDE that supports the selected code language and target OS. Simply create a new project file for your selected IDE, then add the generated source files to your project and compile and run the code.
NOTES
• For Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, the generated IDE files are located under an x86
\ directory – for 32-bit projects, or amd64\ directory – for 64-bit projects.
• For Windows CE, note that the generated Windows Mobile code is targeted at the Windows Mobile 5.0/6.0 ARMV4I SDK.
4.3.6.2
Linux and Solaris Compilation
Use the makefile that was created for you by DriverWizard in order to build the generated code using your favourite compiler, preferably GCC.
Chapter 5
Developing a Driver
This chapter takes you through the WinDriver driver development cycle.
NOTE
If your device is based on one of the chipsets for which WinDriver provides enhanced support (PLX 9030, 9050, 9052, 9054, 9056, 9080 and 9656; Altera pci_dev_kit; Xilinx VirtexII and Virtex 5; AMCC S5933), read the following overview and then skip straight to Chapter
5.1
Using the DriverWizard to Build a Device Driver
• Use DriverWizard to diagnose your card: Read/write the I/O and memory ranges, view the PCI configuration registers information, define registers for your card and read/write the registers, and listen to interrupts.
• Use DriverWizard to generate skeletal code for your device in C, C#, Visual
Basic .NET, Delphi or Visual Basic. For more information about DriverWizard, refer to Chapter
• If you are using one of the specific chipsets for which WinDriver offers enhanced support (PLX 9030, 9050, 9052, 9054, 9056, 9080 and 9656; Altera pci_dev_kit; Xilinx VirtexII and Virtex 5; AMCC S5933), we recommend that you use the specific sample code provided for your chip as your skeletal driver code. For more details regarding WinDriver’s enhanced support for specific chipsets, refer to Chapter
68
5.2 Writing the Device Driver Without the DriverWizard 69
• Use any C / .NET / Delphi / Visual Basic compiler (such as MSDEV/Visual
C/C++, MSDEV .NET, Borland C++ Builder, Borland Delphi, Visual Basic
6.0, MS eMbedded Visual C++, MS Platform Builder C++, GCC, etc.) to compile the skeletal driver you need.
• For Linux and Solaris, use any compilation environment, preferably GCC, to build your code.
• That is all you need to do in order to create your user-mode driver. If you discover that better performance is needed, please refer to Chapter
for details on performance improvement.
Please see Appendix
for a detailed description of WinDriver’s PCI/ISA/CardBus
API. To learn how to perform operations that DriverWizard cannot automate, refer to
Chapter
of the manual.
5.2
Writing the Device Driver Without the
DriverWizard
There may be times when you choose to write your driver directly, without using
DriverWizard. In such cases, either follow the steps outlined in this section to create a new driver project, or use one of the WinDriver samples, which most closely resembles your target driver, and modify the sample to suit your specific requirements.
5.2.1
Include the Required WinDriver Files
1. Include the relevant WinDriver header files in your driver project (all header files are found under the WinDriver/include/ directory).
All WinDriver projects require the windrvr.h header file.
When using the
WDC_xxx
], include the wdc_lib.h and wdc_defs.
header files (these files already include windrvr.h).
Include any other header file that provides APIs that you wish to use from your code (e.g. files from the WinDriver/samples/shared/ directory, which provide convenient diagnostics functions.)
2. Include the relevant header files from your source code: For example, to use
API from the windrvr.h header file, add the following line to the code:
#include "windrvr.h"
5.2 Writing the Device Driver Without the DriverWizard 70
3. Link your code with the wdapi910 library/shared object:
• For Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista:
WinDriver
\lib\<CPU>\wdapi910.lib or wdapi910_borland.lib (for
Borland C++ Builder), where the <CPU> directory is either x86
\ (32-bit binaries for x86 platforms), am64
\ (64-bit binaries for x64 platforms) or
am64
\x86\ (32-bit binaries for x64 platforms).
• For Windows CE: WinDriver
\lib\WINCE\<CPU>\wdapi910.lib.
• For Linux and Solaris: WinDriver/lib/libwdapi910.so.
You can also include the library’s source files in your project instead of linking the project with the library. The C source files are located under the
WinDriver/src/wdapi directory.
NOTE: When linking your project with the the wdapi910 library/shared object, you will need to distribute the wdapi910 DLL/shared object with your driver. For Windows, get wdapi910.dll / wdapi910_32.dll (for 32-bit applications targeted at 64-bit platforms) from the WinDriver
\redist or
WinDriver
\redist_win98_compat directory. For Linux and Solaris, distribute
WinDriver/lib/libwdapi910.so. For details, refer to the driver distribution instructions in Chapter
4. Add any other WinDriver source files that implement API that you which to use in your code (e.g. files from the WinDriver/samples/shared directory.)
5.2.2
Write Your Code
This section outlines the calling sequence when using the
WDC_xxx
1. Call
WDC_DriverOpen()
] to open a handle to WinDriver and the WDC
library, compare the version of the loaded driver with that of your driver source files, and register your WinDriver license (for registered users).
2. For PCI/CardBus/PCMCIA devices, call WDC_PciScanDevices()
WDC_PcmciaScanDevices()
] to scan the PCI/PCMCIA bus and locate
your device.
3. For PCI/CardBus/PCMCIA devices, call
WDC_PciGetDeviceInfo()
/
WDC_PcmciaGetDeviceInfo()
] to retrieve the resources information
for your selected device.
For ISA devices, define the resources yourself within a
WD_CARD structure.
4. Call WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
WDC_IsaDeviceOpen()
] (depending on your device) and pass to the
function the device’s resources information. These functions return a handle to
5.3 Developing Your Driver on Windows CE Platforms the device, which you can later use to communicate with the device using the
WDC_xxx
API.
5. Communicate with the device using the
WDC_xxx
API (see description in
Appendix
To enable interrupts, call
WDC_IntEnable()
To register to receive notifications for Plug and Play and power management events, call
WDC_EventRegister()
6. When you are done, call
WDC_IntDisable()
handling (if previously enabled), call WDC_EventRegister()
to unregister Plug and Play and power management event handling (if previously registered), and then call
WDC_PciDeviceClose()
WDC_PcmciaDeviceClose()
WDC_IsaDeviceClose()
(depending on your device) in order to close the handle to the device.
7. Call
WDC_DriverClose()
] to close the handles to WinDriver and the
WDC library.
71
5.3
Developing Your Driver on Windows CE
Platforms
When developing your driver on Windows CE platforms, you must first register your device to work with WinDriver. This is similar to installing an INF file for your device when developing a driver for a Plug and Play Windows operating system (i.e.,
Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista). For more information regarding INF files, refer to section
for understanding the INF file.
The following registry example shows how to register your device with the PCI bus driver (can be added to your platform.reg file).
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Drivers\BuiltIn\PCI\Template\MyCard]
"Class"=dword:04
"SubClass"=dword:01
"ProgIF"=dword:00
"VendorID"=multi_sz:"1234","1234"
"DeviceID"=multi_sz:"1111","2222"
For more information, refer to MSDN Library, under PCI Bus Driver Registry
Settings section.
5.4 Developing in Visual Basic and Delphi
5.4
Developing in Visual Basic and Delphi
The entire WinDriver API can be used when developing drivers in Visual Basic and
Delphi.
72
5.4.1
Using DriverWizard
DriverWizard can be used to diagnose your hardware and verify that it is working properly before you start coding. You can then proceed to automatically generate source code with the wizard in a variety of languages, including Delphi and Visual
Basic. For more information, refer to Chapter
and Section
below.
5.4.2
Samples
Samples for drivers written using the WinDriver API in Delphi or Visual Basic can be found in:
1. WinDriver
\delphi\samples
2. WinDriver
\vb\samples
Use these samples as a starting point for your own driver.
5.4.3
Kernel PlugIn
Delphi and Visual Basic cannot be used to create a Kernel PlugIn. Developers using
WinDriver with Delphi or VB in user mode must use C when writing their Kernel
PlugIn.
5.4.4
Creating your Driver
The method of development in Visual Basic is the same as the method in C using the automatic code generation feature of DriverWizard.
Your work process should be as follows:
• Use DriverWizard to easily diagnose your hardware.
• Verify that it is working properly.
• Generate your driver code.
• Integrate the driver into your application.
• You may find it useful to use the WinDriver samples to get to know the
WinDriver API and as your skeletal driver code.
Chapter 6
Debugging Drivers
The following sections describe how to debug your hardware access application code.
6.1
User-Mode Debugging
• Since WinDriver is accessed from the user mode, we recommend that you first debug your code using your standard debugging software.
• The Debug Monitor utility [ 6.2
] logs debug messages from WinDriver’s kernel-
and user-mode APIs. You can also use WinDriver APIs to send your own debug messages to the Debug Monitor log.
• When using WinDriver’s API (such as
WD_Transfer()
– see the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference), to read/write memory ranges on the card
in the kernel, while the Debug Monitor [ 6.2
] is activated, WinDriver’s kernel
module validates the memory ranges, i.e. it verifies that the reading/writing from/to the memory is in the range that is defined for the card.
• Use DriverWizard to check values of memory and registers in the debugging process.
73
6.2 Debug Monitor
6.2
Debug Monitor
Debug Monitor is a powerful graphical- and console-mode tool for monitoring all activities handled by the WinDriver kernel (windrvr6.sys/.dll/.o/.ko).
You can use this tool to monitor how each command sent to the kernel is executed.
In addition, WinDriver enables you to print your own debug messages to the
Debug Monitor, using the
WD_DebugAdd() function (described in the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference) or the high-level
PrintDbgMessage()
The Debug Monitor has two modes: graphical mode and console mode. The following sections explain how to operate Debug Monitor in both modes.
74
6.2.1
Using the Debug Monitor in Graphical Mode – wddebug_gui
The graphical (GUI) version of the Debug Monitor utility - wddebug_gui – is available for Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, Linux and Solaris. You may also use the Debug Monitor to debug your Windows CE driver code running on
CE emulation on a Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista platform. For Windows CE
targets, use Debug Monitor in console mode [ 6.2.2
1. Run the Debug Monitor using either of the following alternative methods:
• Run WinDriver/util/wddebug_gui.
• Run the Debug Monitor from the DriverWizard’s Tools menu.
• On Windows, run Start | Programs | WinDriver | Debug Monitor.
Figure 6.1: Start Debug Monitor
6.2 Debug Monitor
2. Set the Debug Monitor’s status, trace level and debug sections information from the Debug Options dialogue, which is activated either from the Debug
Monitor’s View | Debug Options menu or the Debug Options toolbar button.
75
Figure 6.2: Debug Options
• Status – Set trace on or off.
• Section – Choose what part of the WinDriver API you would like to monitor. For example, if you are experiencing problems with the interrupt handler on your PCI card, select the PCI and Interrupts sections.
TIP
Choose carefully those sections that you would like to monitor.
Checking more options than necessary could result in an overflow of information, making it harder for you to locate your problem.
6.2 Debug Monitor
• Level – Choose the level of messages you want to see for the resources defined.
Error is the lowest trace level, resulting in minimum output to the screen.
Trace is the highest trace level, displaying every operation the
WinDriver kernel performs.
• Select the Send debug messages to the operating system kernel
debugger option if you want debugging messages to be sent to an external kernel debugger as well.
This option enables you to send to an external kernel debugger all the debug information that is received from WinDriver’s kernel module.
Now run your application, reproduce the problem, and view the debug information in the external kernel debugger’s log.
Windows users can use Microsoft’s WinDbg tool, for example, which is freely supplied with Microsoft’s Driver Development Kit (DDK) and from Microsoft’s web site (Microsoft Debugging Tools page).
3. Once you have defined what you want to trace and on what level, click OK to close the Debug Options window.
4. Activate your program (step-by-step or in one run).
5. Watch the Debug Monitor log for errors or any unexpected messages.
76
6.2.1.1
Running the Graphical Debug Monitor for a Renamed Driver
By default, the graphical Debug Monitor program – wddebug_gui – logs messages from the windrvr6.sys/.o/.ko driver. However, you can also use wddebug_gui to log debug messages from a renamed driver (see explanation in section
regarding renaming the windrvr6 driver module) by running wddebug_gui from the command line with the
driver_name
option:
wddebug_gui <driver_name>
NOTE
The driver name should be set to the name of the driver file without the file’s extension; e.g. windrvr6, not windrvr6.sys (on Windows) or windrvr6.o (on
Linux).
For example, if you have renamed the default windrvr6.sys driver on Windows to my_driver.sys, you can log messages from your driver by running the Debug
Monitor using the following command:
wddebug_gui my_driver
6.2 Debug Monitor 77
6.2.2
Using the Debug Monitor in Console Mode – wddebug
The Debug Monitor utility comes in a console-mode version – WinDriver/util/wddebug – which is available for all supported operating systems.
To use the wddebug console-mode version of the Debug Monitor utility on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, Windows CE, Linux and Solaris, run the
WinDriver/util/wddebug utility, as explained below.
i
On Windows CE, start a Windows CE command window (CMD.EXE) on the
Windows CE target and then run the program WDDEBUG.EXE inside this shell.
WDDEBUG USAGE
wddebug [ < d r i v e r _ n a m e > ] <command > [ < l e v e l > ] [ < s e c t i o n s > ]
NOTE
The wddebug command options must be used in the order in which they appear in the usage demonstration above.
<driver_name>
: The name of the driver to which to apply the command.
The driver name can be set either to windrvr6 (default), or to the name of any driver renamed from the windrvr6 driver module (see explanation in section
NOTE
The driver name should be set to the name of the driver file without the file’s extension; e.g. windrvr6, not windrvr6.sys (on Windows) or windrvr6.o (on
Linux).
<command>
: The Debug Monitor command to execute:
• Activation commands:
– on
: Turn the Debug Monitor on.
– off
: Turn the Debug Monitor off.
– dbg_on
: Redirect the debug messages from the Debug Monitor to a kernel debugger and turn the Debug Monitor on (if it was not already turned on).
6.2 Debug Monitor
– dbg_off
: Stop redirecting debug messages from the Debug
Monitor to a kernel debugger.
NOTE
The
on
and
dbg_on
commands can be run together with the
level
and/or
sections
options described below.
78
•
dump
: Continuously display (”dump”) debug information until the user presses
Esc
.
•
status
: Display information regarding the running
<driver_name>
kernel module; the current Debug Monitor status, including the active debug level and sections (when the Debug Monitor is on); and the size of the debug messages buffer.
NOTE
The following options are applicable only to the Debug Monitor
on
and
dbg_on
activation commands described above.
<level>
: The debug trace level to set. The level can be set to either of the following flags:
ERROR
,
WARN
,
INFO
or
TRACE
, where
ERROR is the lowest trace level and
TRACE is the highest level (displays all messages).
The default debug trace level is
ERROR
.
<sections>
: The debug sections to set. The debug sections determine what part of the WinDriver API you would like to monitor. For a full list of all supported debug sections, run wddebug with no arguments to view its usage instructions.
The default debug sections flag is
ALL
– sets all the supported debug sections.
U
SAGE
S
EQUENCE
To log messages using wddebug, use this sequence:
• Turn on the Debug Monitor by running wddebug with either the
on
command, or the
dbg_on
command – which redirects the debug messages to a kernel debugger before turning on the Debug Monitor.
You can use the
level
and/or
sections
flags to set the debug level and/or sections for the log. If these options are not explicitly set, the default values will be used.
You can also log messages from a renamed WinDriver driver by preceding the command with the name of the driver (see the
<driver_name>
option above). The default monitored driver is windrvr6.
6.2 Debug Monitor 79
• Run wddebug with the
dump
command to begin dumping debug messages to the command prompt.
You can turn off the display of the debug messages at any time by pressing
Esc in the command prompt.
• Run applications that use the driver, and view the debug messages as they are being logged to the command prompt / the kernel debugger.
• You can run wddebug with the
status
command at any time while the
Debug Monitor is on in order to view the current debug level and sections, as well as information regarding the running <driver_name> kernel module.
• You can use
dbg_on
and
dbg_off
to toggle the redirection of debug messages to a kernel debugger at any time while the Debug Monitor is on.
• When you are ready, turn off the Debug Monitor by running wddebug with the
off
command.
i
You can also run wddebug with the
status
command while the Debug Monitor is turned off in order to view information regarding the running <driver_name> kernel module.
E
XAMPLE
The following is an example of a typical wddebug usage sequence. Since no
<driver_name>
is set, the commands are applied to the default driver –
windrvr6.
• Turn the Debug Monitor on with the highest trace level for all sections:
wddebug on TRACE ALL
Note: This is the same as running
”wddebug on TRACE”
, since
ALL
is default debug sections option.
• Dump the debug messages continuously until you hit Esc :
wddebug dump
• Use the driver and view the debug messages in the command prompt.
• Turn the Debug Monitor off:
wddebug off
Chapter 7
Enhanced Support for Specific
Chipsets
7.1
Overview
In addition to the standard WinDriver API and the DriverWizard code generation capabilities described in this manual, which support development of drivers for any
PCI/ISA/PCMCIA/CardBus device, WinDriver offers enhanced support for specific
PCI chipsets. The enhanced support includes custom API and sample diagnostics code, which are designed specifically for these chipsets.
WinDriver’s enhanced support is currently available for the following chipsets: PLX
9030, 9050, 9052, 9054, 9056, 9080 and 9656; Altera pci_dev_kit; Xilinx VirtexII and Virtex 5; AMCC S5933.
80
7.2 Developing a Driver Using the Enhanced Chipset Support
7.2
Developing a Driver Using the Enhanced Chipset
Support
81
When developing a driver for a device based on one of the enhanced-support
], you can use WinDriver’s chipset-set specific support by following
these steps:
1. Locate the sample diagnostics program for your device under the
WinDriver/chip_vendor/chip_name/ directory.
Most of the sample diagnostics programs are named xxx_diag and their source code is normally found under an xxx_diag/ sub-directory. The program’s executable is found under a sub-directory for your target operating system (e.g.
WIN32
\ for Windows.)
2. Run the custom diagnostics program to diagnose your device and familiarize yourself with the options provided by the sample program.
3. Use the source code of the diagnostics program as your skeletal device driver and modify the code, as needed, to suit your specific development needs. When modifying the code, you can utilize the custom WinDriver
API for your specific chip. The custom API is typically found under the
WinDriver/chip_vendor/lib/ directory.
4. If the user-mode driver application that you created by following the steps above contains parts that require enhanced performance (e.g. an interrupt handler), you can move the relevant portions of your code to a Kernel PlugIn driver for optimal performance, as explained in Chapter
Chapter 8
PCI Express
8.1
PCI Express Overview
The PCI Express (PCIe) bus architecture (formerly 3GIO or 3rd Generation I/O) was introduced by Intel, in partnership with other leading companies, including IBM,
Dell, Compaq, HP and Microsoft, with the intention that it will become the prevailing standard for PC I/O in the years to come.
PCI-Express allows for larger bandwidth and higher scalability than the standard PCI
2.2 bus.
The standard PCI 2.2 bus is designed as a single parallel data bus through which all data is routed at a set rate. The bus shares the bandwidth between all connected devices, without the ability to prioritize between devices. The maximum bandwidth for this bus is 132MB/s, which has to be shared among all connected devices.
PCI Express consists of serial, point-to-point wired, individually clocked ’lanes’, each lane consisting of two pairs of data lines that can carry data upstream and downstream simultaneously (full-duplex). The bus slots are connected to a switch that controls the data flow on the bus. A connection between a PCI Express device and a PCI Express switch is called a ’link’. Each link is composed of one or more lanes. A link composed of a single lane is called an x1 link; a link composed of two lanes is called an x2 link; etc. PCI Express supports x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32 link widths (lanes). The PCI Express architecture allows for a maximum bandwidth of approximately 500MB/s per lane. Therefore, the maximum potential bandwidth of this bus is 500MB/s for x1, 1,000MB/s for x2, 2,000MB/s for x4, 4,000MB/s for x8, 6,000MB/s for x12, and 8,000MB/s for x16. These values provide a significant improvement over the maximum 132MB/s bandwidth of the standard 32-bit PCI bus.
82
8.1 PCI Express Overview 83
The increased bandwidth support makes PCI Express ideal for the growing number of devices that require high bandwidth, such as hard drive controllers, video streaming devices and networking cards.
The usage of a switch to control the data flow in the PCI Express bus, as explained above, provides an improvement over a shared PCI bus, because each device essentially has direct access to the bus, instead of multiple components having to share the bus. This allows each device to use its full bandwidth capabilities without having to compete for the maximum bandwidth offered by a single shared bus.
Adding to this the lanes of traffic that each device has access to in the PCI Express bus, PCI Express truly allows for control of much more bandwidth than previous PCI technologies. In addition, this architecture enables devices to communicate with each other directly (peer-to-peer communication).
In addition, the PCI Express bus topology allows for centralized traffic-routing and resource-management, as opposed to the shared bus topology. This enables PCI
Express to support quality of service (QoS): The PCI Express switch can prioritize packets, so that real-time streaming packets (i.e. a video stream or an audio stream) can take priority over packets that are not as time critical.
Another main advantage of the PCI Express is that it is cost-efficient to manufacture when compared to PCI and AGP slots or other new I/O bus solutions such as PCI-X.
PCI Express was designed to maintain complete hardware and software compatibility with the existing PCI bus and PCI devices, despite the different architecture of these two buses.
As part of the backward compatibility with the PCI 2.2 bus, legacy PCI 2.2 devices can be plugged into a PCI Express system via a PCI Express-to-PCI bridge, which translates PCI Express packets back into standard PCI 2.2 bus signals. This bridging can occur either on the motherboard or on an external card.
8.2 WinDriver for PCI Express
8.2
WinDriver for PCI Express
WinDriver fully supports backward compatibility with the standard PCI features on
PCI Express boards. The wide support provided by WinDriver for the standard PCI bus – including a rich set of APIs, code samples and the graphical DriverWizard for hardware debugging and driver code generation – is also applicable to PCI Express devices, which by design are backward compatible with the legacy PCI bus.
You can also use WinDriver’s PCI API to easily communicate with PCI devices connected to the PC via PCI Express-to-PCI bridges and switches (e.g. the PLX
8111/8114 bridges or the PLX 8532 switch, respectively).
In addition, WinDriver provides you with a set of APIs for easy access to the PCI Express extended configuration space on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+) – see the description of the WDC_PciReadCfgXXX() and WDC_PciWriteCfgXXX() functions in sections
–
of the present manual, or the description of the lower-level
WD_PciConfigDump() function in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference.
On Linux and Windows Vista, the WinDriver interrupt handling APIs also support
Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI) and Extended Message-Signaled Interrups
(MSI-X), as detailed in section
of the manual.
WinDriver also features enhanced support for the Xilinix Virtex 5 PCI Express chip with Bus Mastering DMA Validation Design (BMD) firmware, found under the
WinDriver/virtex5/bmd/ directory. The sample includes library APIs and a sample application for communicating with the chip using WinDriver’s APIs, including
DMA and MSI handling.
84
Chapter 9
Advanced Issues
This chapter covers advanced driver development issues and contains guidelines for using WinDriver to perform tasks that cannot be fully automated by the
DriverWizard.
Note that WinDriver’s enhanced support for specific chipsets [ 7 ] includes custom
APIs for performing hardware-specific tasks like DMA and interrupt handling, thus freeing developers of drivers for these chipsets from the need to implement the code for performing these tasks themselves.
9.1
Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA)
This section describes how to use WinDriver to implement bus-master Direct
Memory Access (DMA) for devices capable of acting as bus masters. Such devices have a DMA controller, which the driver should program directly.
DMA is a capability provided by some computer bus architectures, including PCI,
PCMCIA and CardBus, which allows data to be sent directly from an attached device to the memory on the host, freeing the CPU from involvement with the data transfer and thus improving the host’s performance.
A DMA buffer can be allocated in two ways:
• Contiguous Buffer: A contiguous block of memory is allocated.
• Scatter/Gather: The allocated buffer can be fragmented in the physical memory and does not need to be allocated contiguously. The allocated physical memory blocks are mapped to a contiguous buffer in the calling process’s
85
9.1 Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) 86 virtual address space, thus enabling easy access to the allocated physical memory blocks.
The programming of a device’s DMA controller is hardware specific. Normally, you need to program your device with the local address (on your device), the host address
(the physical memory address on your PC) and the transfer count (the size of the memory block to transfer), and then set the register that initiates the transfer.
WinDriver provides you with API for implementing both Contiguous Buffer DMA and Scatter/Gather DMA (if supported by the hardware) – see the description of WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
WDC_DMABufUnlock()
WD_DMAxxx API is described in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference, but we recommend using the convenient wrapper
WDC_xxx
API instead.)
This section includes code samples that demonstrate how to use WinDriver to implement Scatter/Gather and Contiguous Buffer DMA.
NOTES
• The sample routines demonstrate using either an interrupt mechanism or a polling mechanism to determine DMA completion.
• The sample routines allocate a DMA buffer and enable DMA interrupts (if polling is not used) and then free the buffer and disable the interrupts (if enabled) for each DMA transfer. However, when you implement your actual
DMA code, you can allocate DMA buffer(s) once, at the beginning of your application, enable the DMA interrupts (if polling is not used), then perform
DMA transfers repeatedly, using the same buffer(s), and disable the interrupts
(if enabled) and free the buffer(s) only when your application no longer needs to perform DMA.
9.1.1
Scatter/Gather DMA
Following is a sample routine that uses WinDriver’s WDC API [ B.2
Scatter/Gather DMA buffer and perform bus-master DMA transfers.
A more detailed example, which is specific to the enhanced support for PLX
chipsets [ 7 ] can be found in the WinDriver/plx/lib/plx_lib.c library file and
WinDriver/plx/diag_lib/plx_diag_lib.c diagnostics library file (which utilizes the
plx_lib.c DMA API.)
A sample that uses the basic
WD_DMAxxx
API for implementing Scatter/Gather DMA for the Altera PCI dev kit board can be found in the
WinDriver/altera/pci_dev_kit/lib/altera_lib.c library file.
9.1 Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) 87
9.1.1.1
Sample Scatter/Gather DMA Implementation
BOOL DMARoutine(WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev, DWORD dwBufSize,
UINT32 u32LocalAddr, DWORD dwOptions, BOOL fPolling, BOOL fToDev)
{
PVOID pBuf;
WD_DMA *pDma = NULL;
BOOL fRet = FALSE;
/* Allocate a user-mode buffer for Scatter/Gather DMA */ pBuf = malloc(dwBufSize); if (!pBuf) return FALSE;
/* Lock the DMA buffer and program the DMA controller */ if (!DMAOpen(hDev, pBuf, u32LocalAddr, dwBufSize, fToDev, &pDma)) goto Exit;
/* Enable DMA interrupts (if not polling) */ if (!fPolling)
{ if (!MyDMAInterruptEnable(hDev, MyDmaIntHandler, pDma)) goto Exit; /* Failed enabling DMA interrupts */
}
/* Flush the CPU caches (see documentation of WDC_DMASyncCpu()) */
WDC_DMASyncCpu(pDma);
/* Start DMA - write to the device to initiate the DMA transfer */
MyDMAStart(hDev, pDma);
/* Wait for the DMA transfer to complete */
MyDMAWaitForCompletion(hDev, pDma, fPolling);
/* Flush the I/O caches (see documentation of WDC_DMASyncIo()) */
WDC_DMASyncIo(pDma); fRet = TRUE;
Exit:
DMAClose(pDma, fPolling); free(pBuf); return fRet;
}
9.1 Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) 88
/* DMAOpen: Locks a Scatter/Gather DMA buffer */
BOOL DMAOpen(WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev, PVOID pBuf, UINT32 u32LocalAddr,
DWORD dwDMABufSize, BOOL fToDev, WD_DMA **ppDma)
{
DWORD dwStatus, i;
DWORD dwOptions = fToDev ? DMA_TO_DEVICE : DMA_FROM_DEVICE;
/* Lock a Scatter/Gather DMA buffer */ dwStatus = WDC_DMASGBufLock(hDev, pBuf, dwOptions, dwDMABufSize, ppDma); if (WD_STATUS_SUCCESS != dwStatus)
{ printf("Failed locking a Scatter/Gather DMA buffer. Error 0x%lx - %s\n", dwStatus, Stat2Str(dwStatus)); return FALSE;
}
/* Program the device’s DMA registers for each physical page */
MyDMAProgram((*ppDma)->Page, (*ppDma)->dwPages, fToDev); return TRUE;
}
/* DMAClose: Unlocks a previously locked Scatter/Gather DMA buffer */ void DMAClose(WD_DMA *pDma, BOOL fPolling)
{
/* Disable DMA interrupts (if not polling) */ if (!fPolling)
MyDMAInterruptDisable(hDev);
/* Unlock and free the DMA buffer */
WDC_DMABufUnlock(pDma);
}
9.1 Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) 89
9.1.1.2
What Should You Implement?
In the code sample above, it is up to you to implement the following
MyDMAxxx() routines, according to your device’s specification
•
MyDMAProgram()
: Program the device’s DMA registers.
Refer the device’s datasheet for the details.
•
MyDMAStart()
: Write to the device’s registers to start DMA transfers.
•
MyDMAInterruptEnable() and
MyDMAInterruptDisable()
: Use
WDC_IntEnable()
WDC_IntDisable()
enable/disable the software interrupts and write/read the relevant register(s) on the device in order to physically enable/disable the hardware DMA interrupts
(see section
for details regarding interrupt handling with WinDriver.)
•
MyDMAWaitForCompletion()
: Poll the device for completion or wait for
"DMA DONE" interrupt.
NOTE
When using the basic
WD_xxx
API (described in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference) to allocate a Scatter/Gather DMA buffer that is larger than 1MB, you need to set the DMA_LARGE_BUFFER flag in the call to WD_DMALock() and allocate memory for the additional memory pages, as explained in the following
FAQ: http://www.jungo.com/support/faq.html#dma1
. However, when using
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
] to allocate the DMA buffer, you do not need any
special implementation for allocating large buffers, since the function handles this for you.
9.1.2
Contiguous Buffer DMA
Following is a sample routine that uses WinDriver’s WDC API [ B.2
Contiguous DMA buffer and perform bus-master DMA transfers.
A more detailed example specific to the enhanced support PLX chipsets [ 7 ] can be
found in the WinDriver/plx/lib/plx_lib.c library file and WinDriver/plx/diag_lib/plx_diag_lib.c diagnostics library file (which utilizes the plx_lib.c DMA API.)
A sample of using the basic
WD_DMAxxx
API for implementing Contiguous Buffer
DMA for the AMCC 5933 chip can be found in the WinDriver/amcc/lib/amcclib.c library file (the
WD_DMAxxx
API is described in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
9.1 Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) 90
9.1.2.1
Sample Contiguous Buffer DMA Implementation
BOOL DMARoutine(WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev, DWORD dwDMABufSize,
UINT32 u32LocalAddr, DWORD dwOptions, BOOL fPolling, BOOL fToDev)
{
PVOID pBuf = NULL;
WD_DMA *pDma = NULL;
BOOL fRet = FALSE;
/* Allocate a DMA buffer and open DMA for the selected channel */ if (!DMAOpen(hDev, &pBuf, u32LocalAddr, dwDMABufSize, fToDev, &pDma)) goto Exit;
/* Enable DMA interrupts (if not polling) */ if (!fPolling)
{ if (!MyDMAInterruptEnable(hDev, MyDmaIntHandler, pDma)) goto Exit; /* Failed enabling DMA interrupts */
}
/* Flush the CPU caches (see documentation of WDC_DMASyncCpu()) */
WDC_DMASyncCpu(pDma);
/* Start DMA - write to the device to initiate the DMA transfer */
MyDMAStart(hDev, pDma);
/* Wait for the DMA transfer to complete */
MyDMAWaitForCompletion(hDev, pDma, fPolling);
/* Flush the I/O caches (see documentation of WDC_DMASyncIo()) */
WDC_DMASyncIo(pDma); fRet = TRUE;
Exit:
DMAClose(pDma, fPolling); return fRet;
}
9.1 Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) 91
/* DMAOpen: Allocates and locks a Contiguous DMA buffer */
BOOL DMAOpen(WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev, PVOID *ppBuf, UINT32 u32LocalAddr,
DWORD dwDMABufSize, BOOL fToDev, WD_DMA **ppDma)
{
DWORD dwStatus;
DWORD dwOptions = fToDev ? DMA_TO_DEVICE : DMA_FROM_DEVICE;
/* Allocate and lock a Contiguous DMA buffer */ dwStatus = WDC_DMAContigBufLock(hDev, ppBuf, dwOptions, dwDMABufSize, ppDma); if (WD_STATUS_SUCCESS != dwStatus)
{ printf("Failed locking a Contiguous DMA buffer. Error 0x%lx - %s\n", dwStatus, Stat2Str(dwStatus)); return FALSE;
}
/* Program the device’s DMA registers for the physical DMA page */
MyDMAProgram((*ppDma)->Page, (*ppDma)->dwPages, fToDev); return TRUE;
}
/* DMAClose: Frees a previously allocated Contiguous DMA buffer */ void DMAClose(WD_DMA *pDma, BOOL fPolling)
{
/* Disable DMA interrupts (if not polling) */ if (!fPolling)
MyDMAInterruptDisable(hDev);
/* Unlock and free the DMA buffer */
WDC_DMABufUnlock(pDma);
}
9.1 Performing Direct Memory Access (DMA) 92
9.1.2.2
What Should You Implement?
In the code sample above, it is up to you to implement the following
MyDMAxxx() routines, according to your device’s specification
•
MyDMAProgram()
: Program the device’s DMA registers.
Refer the device’s datasheet for the details.
•
MyDMAStart()
: Write to the device to initiate DMA transfers.
•
MyDMAInterruptEnable() and
MyDMAInterruptDisable()
: Use
WDC_IntEnable()
WDC_IntDisable()
enable/disable the software interrupts and write/read the relevant register(s) on the device in order to physically enable/disable the hardware DMA interrupts
(see section
for details regarding interrupt handling with WinDriver.)
•
MyDMAWaitForCompletion()
: Poll the device for completion or wait for
"DMA DONE" interrupt.
9.1.3
Performing DMA on SPARC
The SPARC platform supports Direct Virtual Memory Access (DVMA). Platforms that support DVMA provide the device with a virtual address rather than a physical address. With this memory access method, the platform translates device accesses to the provided virtual address into the proper physical addresses using a type of Memory Management Unit (MMU). The device transfers data to and from a contiguous virtual image that can be mapped to dis-contiguous physical pages.
Devices that operate on these platforms do not require Scatter/Gather DMA capability.
9.2 Handling Interrupts
9.2
Handling Interrupts
93
WinDriver provides you with API, DriverWizard code generation, and samples, to simplify the task of handling interrupts from your driver.
If you are developing a driver for a device based on one of the enhanced-support
WinDriver chipsets [ 7 ], we recommend that you use the custom WinDriver interrupt
APIs for your specific chip in order to handle the interrupts, since these routines are implemented specifically for the target hardware.
For other chips, we recommend that you use the DriverWizard to detect/define the relevant information regarding the device interrupt (such as the interrupt request
(IRQ) number, its type and its shared state), define commands to be executed in the kernel when an interrupt occurs (if required), and then generate skeletal diagnostics code, which includes interrupt routines that demonstrate how to use WinDriver’s API to handle your device’s interrupts, based on the information that you defined in the wizard.
The following sections provide a general overview of PCI/PCMCIA/ISA interrupt handling and explain how to handle interrupts using WinDriver’s API. Use this information to understand the sample and generated DriverWizard interrupt code or to write your own interrupt handler.
9.2.1
Interrupt Handling – Overview
PCI, PCMIA and ISA hardware uses interrupts to signal the host.
There are two main methods of PCI interrupt handling:
Legacy Interrupts: The traditional interrupt handling, which uses a line-based mechanism. In this method, interrupts are signaled by using one or more external pins that are wired ”out-of-band”, i.e. separately from the main bus lines.
Legacy interrupts are divided into two groups:
• Level-sensitive interrupts: These interrupts are generated as long as the physical interrupt signal is high. If the interrupt signal is not lowered by the end of the interrupt handling in the kernel, the operating system will call the kernel interrupt handler repeatedly causing the host platform to hang. To prevent such a situation, the interrupt must be acknowledged
(cleared) by the kernel interrupt handler immediately when it is received.
Legacy PCI interrupts are level sensitive.
9.2 Handling Interrupts 94
• Edge-triggered interrupts: These are interrupts that are generated once, when the physical interrupt signal goes from low to high. Therefore, exactly one interrupt is generated. No special action is required in order to acknowledge this type of interrupt.
ISA/EISA interrupts are edge triggered.
MSI/MSI-X: Newer PCI bus technologies, available beginnig with v2.2 of the
PCI bus and in PCI Express, support Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI). This method uses ”in-band” messages instead of pins and can target addresses in the host bridge. A PCI function can request up to 32 MSI messages.
Note: MSI and MSI-X are edge triggered and do not require acknowledgement in the kernel.
Among the advantages of MSIs:
• MSIs can send data along with the interrupt message.
• As opposed to legacy PCI interupts, MSIs are not shared, i.e. an MSI that is assigned to a device is guaranteed to be unique within the system.
Extended Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI-X) are available beginning with version 3.0 of the PCI bus. This method provides an enhanced version of the
MSI mechanism, which includes the following advantages:
• Supports 2,048 messages instead of 32 messages supported by the standard MSI.
• Supports independent message address and message data for each message.
• Supports per-message masking.
• Enables more flexibility when software allocates fewer vectors than hardware requests. The software can reuse the same MSI-X address and data in multiple MSI-X slots.
The newer PCI buses, which support MSI/MSI-X, maintain software compatibility with the legacy line-based interrupts mecahnism by emulating legacy interrupts through in-band mechanisms. These emulated interrupts are treated as legacy interrupts by the host operating system.
WinDriver supports legacy line-based interrupts, both edge-triggered and level sensitive, on all supported operating systems: Windows, Windows CE, Linux and
Solaris (for Windows CE, see specific information in section
WinDriver also supports PCI MSI/MSI-X interrupts (when supported by the hardware) on Linux and Windows Vista (earlier versions of Windows do not support
MSI/MSI-X), as detailed in section
WinDriver provides a single set of APIs for handling both legacy and MSI/MSI-X interrupts, as described in this manual.
9.2 Handling Interrupts
9.2.2
WinDriver Interrupt Handling Sequence
95
NOTE
This section describes how to use WinDriver to handle interrupts from a user-mode application. Since interrupt handling is a performance-critical task, it is very likely that you may want to handle the interrupts directly in the kernel. WinDriver’s
Kernel PlugIn [ 11 ] enables you to implement kernel-mode interrupt routines.
To find out how to handle interrupts from the Kernel PlugIn, please refer to section
of the manual.
The interrupt handling sequence using WinDriver is as follows:
1. The user calls one of WinDriver’s interrupt enable functions –
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable() or
WD_IntEnable() functions, described in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference – to enable interrupts on the device.
These functions receive an optional array of read/write transfer commands to
be executed in the kernel when an interrupt occurs (see step # 3 ).
NOTE: When using WinDriver to handle level sensitive interrupts, you must set up transfer commands for acknowledging the interrupt, as explained in section
When
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable() function is called, WinDriver spawns a thread for handling incoming interrupts.
When using the low-level
WD_IntEnable() function you need to spawn the thread yourself
2. The interrupt thread runs an infinite loop that waits for an interrupt to occur.
3. When an interrupt occurs, WinDriver executes, in the kernel, any transfer commands that were prepared in advance by the user and passed to
WinDriver’s interrupt-enable functions (see section
When the control returns to the user mode, the driver’s user-mode interrupt handler routine (as passed to WinDriver when enabling the interrupts with
WDC_IntEnable() or
InterruptEnable()
) is called.
4. When the user-mode interrupt handler returns, the wait loop continues.
5. When the user no longer needs to handle interrupts, or before the user-mode application exits, the relevant WinDriver interrupt disable function should be called –
WDC_IntDisable()
InterruptDisable() or WD_IntDisable() functions, described in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference (depending on the function used to enable the interrupts).
9.2 Handling Interrupts 96
NOTES
• The low-level
WD_IntWait()
WinDriver function (described in the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference), which is used by the high-level interrupt enable functions to wait on interrupts from the device, puts the thread to sleep until an interrupt occurs. There is no CPU consumption while waiting for
an interrupt. Once an interrupt occurs, it is first handled by the WinDriver kernel, then
WD_IntWait() wakes up the interrupt handler thread and returns, as explained above.
• Since your interrupt handler runs in the user mode, you may call any OS API from this function, including file-handling and GDI functions.
9.2.3
Determining the Interrupt Types Supported by the
Hardware
When retrieving resources information for a Plug-and-Play device using
WDC_PciGetDeviceInfo()
WDC_PcmciaGetDeviceInfo()
(PCMCIA), or the low-level
WD_PciGetCardInfo() or
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() function (described in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), the function returns information regarding the interrupt types supported by the hardware. This information is returned within the
dwOptions
field of the returned interrupt resource ( pDeviceInfo->Card.Item[i].I.Int.dwOptions
for the WDC functions
/ pPciCard->Card.Item[i].I.Int.dwOptions
for the low-level functions). The interrupt options bit-mask can contain a combination of any of the following interrupt type flags:
•
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE_X
: Extended Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI-X).
∗
•
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE
: Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI).
∗
•
INTERRUPT_LEVEL_SENSITIVE
: legacy level sensitive interrupts.
•
INTERRUPT_LATCHED
: legacy edge triggered interrupts.
The value of this flag is zero and it is applicable only when no other interrupt flag is set.
NOTES
• The
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE
and
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE_X
flags are
applicable only to PCI devices [ 9.2.6
• The Windows APIs do not distinguish between MSI and MSI-X; therefore, on this OS the WinDriver functions set the
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE
flag for both
MSI and MSI-X.
∗
9.2 Handling Interrupts
9.2.4
Determining the Interrupt Type Enabled for a PCI Card
When attempting to enable interrupts for a PCI card on Linux or Windows Vista,
WinDriver first tries to use MSI-X or MSI, if supported by the card. If this fails,
WinDriver attempts to enable legacy level sensitive interrupts.
WinDriver’s interrupt enable functions return information regarding the interrupt type that was enabled for the card. This information is returned within the
dwEnabledIntType
field of the
WD_INTERRUPT structure that was passed to the function. When using the high-level
WDC_IntEnable() function, the information is stored within the Int field of the WDC device structure referred to by the function’s hDev
], and can be retrieved using the
WDC_GET_ENABLED_INT_TYPE
97
9.2.5
Setting Up Kernel-Mode Interrupt Transfer Commands
When handling interrupts you may find the need to perform high-priority tasks at the kernel-mode level immediately when an interrupt occurs. For example,
when handling level sensitive interrupts, such as legacy PCI interrupts [ 9.2.1
interrupt line must be lowered (i.e. the interrupt must be acknowledged) in the kernel, otherwise the operating system will repeatedly call WinDriver’s kernel interrupt handler, causing the host platform to hang. Acknowledgment of the interrupt is hardware-specific and typically involves writing or reading from specific run-time registers on the device. PCMCIA interrupts also require hardware-specific kernel-mode interrupt handling.
WinDriver’s interrupt enable functions receive an optional pointer to an array of
WD_TRANSFER
], which can be used to set up read/write transfer
command from/to memory or I/O addresses on the device.
The
WDC_IntEnable()
] accepts this pointer and the number of
commands in the array as direct parameters ( pTransCmds and dwNumCmds
).
The low-level
InterruptEnable() and
WDC_IntEnable() functions receive this information within the
Cmd and dwCmds fields of the
WD_INTERRUPT structure that is passed to them (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
When you need to execute performance-critical transfers to/from your device upon receiving an interrupt – e.g. when handling level sensitive interrupts – you should prepare an array of
WD_TRANSFER structures that contain the required information regarding the read/write operations to perform in the kernel upon arrival of an interrupt, and pass this array to WinDriver’s interrupt enable functions. As explained in section
( 3 ), WinDriver’s kernel-mode interrupt handler will execute the
transfer commands passed to it within the interrupt enable function for each interrupt that it handles, before returning the control to the user mode.
9.2 Handling Interrupts 98
9.2.5.1
Interrupt Mask Commands
The interrupt transfer commands array that you pass to WinDriver can also contain an interrupt mask structure, which will be used to verify the source of the interrupt.
This is done by setting the transfer structure’s cmdTrans field, which defines the type of the transfer command, to
CMD_MASK
, and setting the relevant mask in the transfer structure’s
Data
]. Note that interrupt mask commands must be
set directly after a read transfer command in the transfer commands array.
When WinDriver’s kernel interrupt handler encounters a mask interrupt command, it masks the value that was read from the device in the preceding read transfer command in the array, with the mask set in the interrupt mask command. If the mask is successful, WinDriver will claim control of the interrupt, execute the rest of the transfer commands in the array, and invoke your user-mode interrupt handler routine when the control returns to the user mode. However, if the mask fails, WinDriver will reject control of the interrupt, the rest of the interrupt transfer commands will not be executed, and your user-mode interrupt handler routine will not be invoked.
(Note: acceptance and rejection of the interrupt is relevant only when handling legacy interrupts; since MSI/MSI-X interrupts are not shared, WinDriver will always accept control of such interrupts.)
NOTE
To gain more flexibility and control over the kernel-mode interrupt handling, you
can use WinDriver’s Kernel PlugIn feature [ 11 ], which allows you to write your
own kernel-mode interrupt handler routines, as explained in section section
of the manual.
9.2.5.2
Sample WinDriver Transfer Commands Code
This section provides sample code for setting up interrupt transfer commands using
the WinDriver Card (WDC) library API [ B.2
The sample code is provided for the following scenario: Assume you have a PCI card that generates level sensitive interrupts. When an interrupt occurs you expect the value of your card’s interrupt command-status register ( INTCSR ), which is mapped to an I/O port address ( dwAddr ), to be intrMask .
In order to clear and acknowledge the interrupt you need to write 0 to the INTCSR .
The code below demonstrates how to define an array of transfer commands that instructs WinDriver’s kernel-mode interrupt handler to do the following:
1. Read your card’s
INTCSR register and save its value.
2. Mask the read
INTCSR value against the given mask ( intrMask
) to verify the source of the interrupt.
3. If the mask was successful, write 0 to the INTCSR to acknowledge the interrupt.
9.2 Handling Interrupts 99
Note: all commands in the example are performed in modes of DWORD.
E
XAMPLE
WD_TRANSFER trans[3]; /* Array of 3 WinDriver transfer command structures */
BZERO(trans);
/* 1st command: Read a DWORD from the INTCSR I/O port */ trans[0].cmdTrans = RP_DWORD;
/* Set address of IO port to read from: */ trans[0].dwPort = dwAddr; /* Assume dwAddr holds the address of the INTCSR */
/* 2nd command: Mask the interrupt to verify its source */ trans[1].cmdTrans = CMD_MASK; trans[1].Data.Dword = intrMask; /* Assume intrMask holds your interrupt mask */
/* 3rd command: Write DWORD to the INTCSR I/O port.
This command will only be executed if the value read from INTCSR in the
1st command matches the interrupt mask set in the 2nd command. */ trans[2].cmdTrans = WP_DWORD;
/* Set the address of IO port to write to: */ trans[2].dwPort = dwAddr; /* Assume dwAddr holds the address of INTCSR */
/* Set the data to write to the INTCSR IO port: */ trans[2].Data.Dword = 0;
After defining the transfer commands, you can proceed to enable the interrupts.
The following code demonstrates how to use the
WDC_IntEnable() function to enable the interrupts using the transfer commands prepared above:
/* Enable the interrupts: hDev: WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE received from a previous call to WDC_PciDeviceOpen().
INTERRUPT_CMD_COPY: Used to save the read data - see WDC_IntEnable().
interrupt_handler: Your user-mode interrupt handler routine.
pData: The data to pass to the interrupt handler routine. */
WDC_IntEnable(hDev, &trans, 3, INTERRUPT_CMD_COPY, interrupt_handler, pData, FALSE);
9.2 Handling Interrupts 100
9.2.6
WinDriver MSI/MSI-X Interrupt Handling
As indicated in section
, WinDriver supports PCI Message-Signaled Interrups
(MSI) and Extended Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI-X) on Linux and Windows
Vista (earlier versions of Windows do not support MSI/MSI-X).
The same APIs are used for handling both legacy and MSI/MSI-X interrupts, and these APIs return information regarding interrupt types supported by your
] and the interrupt type that was enabled for it [ 9.2.4
When using WinDriver on Windows Vista, WinDriver’s kernel-mode interrupt handler sets the interrupt message data in the
dwLastMessage
field of the
WD_INTERRUPT structure that was passed to the interrupt enable/wait function.
If you pass the same interrupt structure as part of the data to your user-mode interrupt handler routine, as demonstrated in the sample and generated DriverWizard interrupt code, you will be able to access this information from your interrupt
handler. Similiarly, when using a Kernel PlugIn driver [ 11 ], if you include this
interrupt structure within the interrupt context that is set by the
KP_IntEnable()
], you will be able to access the interrupt information from your
KP_IntAtIrql()
KP_IntAtDpc()
9.2.6.1
Windows MSI/MSI-X Device INF Files
NOTE
The information in this section is relevant only when working on Windows.
To successfully handle PCI interrupts with WinDriver on Windows, you must first install an INF file that registers your PCI card to work with WinDriver’s kernel driver, as explained in section
To use MSI/MSI-X on Windows, the card’s INF file must contain specific
[Install.NT.HW]
MSI information (see below).
The sample and generated DriverWizard INF files do not include MSI/MSI-X information, with one exception – the Xilinix Virtex 5 sample, which demonstrates MSI handling and includes a relevant INF file for this purpose –
xilinx/virtex5/bmd/diag/ml555_bmd.inf.
Therefore, to use MSI/MSI-X on Windows Vista with WinDriver – provided your hardware supports MSI/MSI-X – you need to install an appropriate INF file. You can prepare such a file using one of the following alternative methods:
• Generate an INF file for your PCI card using DriverWizard [ 4.2
INF file from one of WinDriver’s enhanced-support chipsets [ 7 ] that suits your
card. Then add the following lines to the generated/sample INF file, after the
[Install.NT] section in the file:
9.2 Handling Interrupts 101
[ I n s t a l l . NT .HW]
AddReg = I n s t a l l . NT .HW. AddReg
[ I n s t a l l . NT .HW. AddReg ]
HKR, " I n t e r r u p t Management " , 0 x00000010
HKR, " I n t e r r u p t Management \ M e s s a g e S i g n a l e d I n t e r r u p t P r o p e r t i e s " ,
0 x00000010
HKR, " I n t e r r u p t Management \ M e s s a g e S i g n a l e d I n t e r r u p t P r o p e r t i e s " ,
MS I S uppor t e d , 0 x10001 , 1
• Copy the ml555_bmd.inf Virtex 5 WinDriver INF file; rename the file and replace any instances of the original file name within the file with the new file name; modify the hardware IDs under the
[DeviceList] and
[DeviceList.NTamd64] entries to fit your hardware’s IDs; change the jun and Mfg strings to fit your specific information, and make any other desired modifications (such as changing the Class and ClassGUID entries).
After creating a relevant INF file, install it, as explained in section
of the manual.
NOTE
If your card’s INF file does not include MSI/MSI-X information, as detailed above,
WinDriver will attempt to handle your card’s interrupts using the legacy level sensitive interrupt handling method, even if you hardware supports MSI/MSI-X.
9.2.7
Sample User-Mode WinDriver Interrupt Handling Code
The sample code below demonstrates how you can use the WDC library’s [ B.2
interrupt APIs (described in sections
–
of the manual) to implement a simple user-mode interrupt handler.
For complete interrupt handler source code that uses the WDC interrupt functions, refer, for example, to the WinDriver pci_diag (WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/),
pcmcia_diag (WinDriver/samples/pcmcia_diag/), and PLX (WinDriver/plx/) samples and to the generated DriverWizard PCI/PCMCIA/ISA code. For a sample of MSI interrupt handling, using the same APIs, refer to the virtex5 sample
(xilinx/virtex5/bmd/).
9.2 Handling Interrupts 102
NOTES
• The following sample code demonstrates interrupt handling for an edge triggered ISA card. The code does not set up any kernel-mode interrupt
], which is accetable in the case of edge-triggered or
]. Note that when using WinDriver to handle level
sensitive or PCMCIA interrupts from the user mode, you must set up transfer commands for acknowledging the interrupt in the kernel, as explained above and as demonstrated in section
], WinDriver provides a single set of APIs for
handling both legacy and MSI/MSI-X interrupts. You can therefore also use the following code to handle MSI/MSI-X PCI interrupts (if supported by your hardware), on Linux or Windows Vista, by simply replacing the use of
WDC_IsaDeviceOpen() in the sample with
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
E
XAMPLE
VOID DLLCALLCONV interrupt_handler (PVOID pData)
{
PWDC_DEVICE pDev = (PWDC_DEVICE)pData;
/* Implement your interrupt handler routine here */
}
...
printf("Got interrupt %d\n", pDev->Int.dwCounter); int main()
{
DWORD dwStatus;
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev;
...
WDC_DriverOpen(WDC_DRV_OPEN_DEFAULT, NULL);
...
hDev = WDC_IsaDeviceOpen(...);
...
/* Enable interrupts. This sample passes the WDC device handle as the data for the interrupt handler routine */ dwStatus = WDC_IntEnable(hDev, NULL, 0, 0,
9.2 Handling Interrupts 103
} interrupt_handler, (PVOID)hDev, FALSE);
/* WDC_IntEnable() allocates and initializes the required WD_INTERRUPT structure, stores it in the WDC_DEVICE structure, then calls
InterruptEnable(), which calls WD_IntEnable() and creates an interrupt handler thread */ if (WD_STATUS_SUCCESS != dwStatus)
{
} else printf ("Failed enabling interrupt. Error: 0x%x - %s\n", dwStatus, Stat2Str(dwStatus));
{ printf("Press Enter to uninstall interrupt\n"); fgets(line, sizeof(line), stdin);
WDC_IntDisable(hDev);
/* WDC_IntDisable() calls InterruptDisable(), which calls WD_IntDisable() */
}
...
WDC_IsaDeviceClose(hDev);
...
WDC_DriverClose();
9.2.8
Interrupts on Windows CE
Windows CE uses a logical interrupt scheme rather than the physical interrupt number. It maintains an internal kernel table that maps the physical IRQ number to the logical IRQ number. Device drivers are expected to use the logical interrupt number when requesting interrupts from Windows CE. In this context, there are three approaches to interrupt mapping:
1. Use Windows CE Plug-and-Play for Interrupt Mapping (PCI bus driver)
This is the recommended approach to interrupt mapping on Windows CE.
Register the device with the PCI bus driver. Following this method will cause the PCI bus driver to perform the IRQ mapping and direct WinDriver to use it.
For an example how to register your device with the PCI bus driver, refer to section
2. Use the Platform Interrupt Mapping (On X86 or ARM)
In most of the x86 or MIPS platforms, all physical interrupts, except for a few reserved interrupts, are statically mapped using this simple mapping:
9.2 Handling Interrupts 104 logical interrupt = SYSINTR_FIRMWARE + physical interrupt
When the device is not registered with Windows CE Plug-and-Play, WinDriver will follow this mapping.
3. Specify the Mapped Interrupt Value
NOTE
This option can only be performed by the Platform Builder.
Provide the device’s mapped logical interrupt value. If unavailable, statically map the physical IRQ to a logical interrupt. Then call
WD_CardRegister() with the logical interrupt and with the
INTERRUPT_CE_INT_ID
flag set. The static interrupt map is in the file CFWPC.C (located in the
%_TARGETPLATROOT%
\KERNEL\HAL directory).
You will then need to rebuild the Windows CE image NK.BIN and download the new executable onto your target platform.
Static mapping is helpful also in the case of using reserved interrupt mapping.
Suppose your platform static mapping is:
• IRQ0: Timer Interrupt
• IRQ2: Cascade interrupt for the second PIC
• IRQ6: The floppy controller
• IRQ7: LPT1 (because the PPSH does not use interrupts)
• IRQ9
• IRQ13: The numeric coprocessor
An attempt to initialize and use any of these interrupts will fail. However, you may want to use one or more of these interrupts on occasion, such as when you do not want to use the PPSH, but you want to reclaim the parallel port for some other purpose. To solve this problem, simply modify the file CFWPC.C
(located in the %_TARGETPLATROOT%
\KERNEL\HAL directory) to include code, as shown below, that sets up a value for interrupt 7 in the interrupt mapping table:
SETUP_INTERRUPT_MAP(SYSINTR_FIRMWARE+7,7);
Suppose you have a PCI card which was assigned IRQ9. Since Windows CE does not map this interrupt by default, you will not be able to receive interrupts from this card. In this case, you will need to insert a similar entry for IRQ9:
SETUP_INTERRUPT_MAP(SYSINTR_FIRMWARE+9,9);
9.2 Handling Interrupts 105
9.2.8.1
Improving Interrupt Latency on Windows CE
You can reduce the interrupt latency on Windows CE for PCI devices by making slight changes in the registry and in your code:
1. When developing your driver on Windows CE platforms, you must first register your device to work with WinDriver, as explained in section
Change the last value in the registry from:
"WdIntEnh"=dword:0 to:
"WdIntEnh"=dword:1
If you exclude this line, or leave the value 0, the interrupt latency will not be reduced.
2. Add WD_CE_ENHANCED_INTR to your Preprocessor Definitions of your project and recompile your entire project. When using Microsoft eMbedded
Visual C++, the Preprocessor Definitions are found under Project Settings.
3. When using the low-level
WD_xxx
API (described in the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference), call
WD_InterruptDoneCe()
immediately after calling
WD_IntEnable()
.
NOTE
When using WinDriver’s WDC APIs [ B.2
] to handle the interrupts, or when
enabling interrupts using the lower-level
InterruptEnable() function
(described in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), you do not need to call
WD_InterruptDoneCe()
, since
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable() automatically call
WD_InterruptDoneCe()
.
WD_InterruptDoneCe() receives two parameters: v o i d W D _I nt e r r upt D one C e (HANDLE hWD, WD_INTERRUPT p I n t ) ;
•
hWD
: Handle to WinDriver’s kernel-mode driver as received from
WD_Open()
(see description of
WD_Open() in the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference).
•
pInt
: Pointer to a
WD_INTERRUPT structure returned from
WD_IntEnable() .
9.3 Byte Ordering
9.3
Byte Ordering
106
9.3.1
Introduction to Endianness
There are two main architectures for handling memory storage. They are called
Big Endian and Little Endian and refer to the order in which the bytes are stored in memory.
• Big endian means that the most significant byte of any multi-byte data field is stored at the lowest memory address.
This means a Hex word like 0x1234 is stored in memory as (0x12 0x34). The big end, or upper end, is stored first. The same is true for a four-byte value; for example, 0x12345678 would be stored as (0x12 0x34 0x56 0x78).
• Little endian means that the least significant byte of any multi-byte data field is stored at the lowest memory address.
This means a Hex word like 0x1234 is stored in memory as (0x34 0x12). The little end, or lower end, is stored first. The same is true for a four-byte value; for example, 0x12345678 would be stored as (0x78 0x56 0x34 0x12).
All processors are designated as either big endian or little endian. Intel’s x86 processors and their clones are little endian. Sun’s SPARC, Motorola’s 68K, and the
PowerPC families are all big endian.
An endianness difference can cause problems if a computer unknowingly tries to read binary data written in the opposite format from a shared memory location or file.
The terms big endian and little endian are derived from the Lilliputians of Gulliver’s
Travels (Jonathan Swift 1726), whose major political issue was which end of the soft-boiled egg should be opened, the little or the big end.
9.3.2
WinDriver Byte Ordering Macros
The PCI bus is designated as little endian, complying with x86 architecture. In order to prevent problems resulting from byte ordering incompatibility between the PCI bus and SPARC and PowerPC architectures, WinDriver includes macro definitions that convert data between little and big endian.
When developing drivers using WinDriver, these macro definitions enable cross platform portability. Using these macro definitions is safe even for drivers that are going to be deployed on x86 architecture.
The following sections describe the macros and when to use them.
9.3 Byte Ordering
9.3.3
Macros for PCI Target Access
WinDriver’s macros for PCI target access are used for converting endianness while reading/writing from/to PCI cards using memory mapped ranges of PCI devices.
NOTE
These macro definitions apply to Linux PowerPC architecture.
• dtoh16 - Macro definition for converting a WORD (device to host)
• dtoh32 - Macro definition for converting a DWORD (device to host)
• dtoh64 - Macro definition for converting a QWORD (device to host)
Use WinDriver’s macro definitions in the following situations:
1. Apply the macro on the data you write to the device in cases of direct write access to the card using a memory mapped range.
For example:
DWORD data = VALUE;
*mapped_address = dtoh32(data);
107
2. Apply the macro on the data you read from the device in cases of direct read access from the card using a memory mapped range.
For example:
WORD data = dtoh16(*mapped_address);
NOTE
WinDriver’s APIs – WDC_Read/WriteXXX()
–
WDC_MultiTransfer()
WD_Transfer() and
WD_MultiTransfer() functions (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference) already perform the required byte ordering translations, therefore when using these APIs to read/write memory addresses you do not need to use the dtoh16/32/64() macros to convert the data (nor is this required for I/O addresses).
9.3 Byte Ordering 108
9.3.4
Macros for PCI Master Access
WinDriver’s macros for PCI master access are used for converting endianness of data in host memory that is accessed by the PCI master device, i.e. in cases of access that is initiated by the device rather than the host.
NOTE
These macro definitions apply to both Linux PowerPC and SPARC architectures.
• htod16 - Macro definition for converting a WORD (host to device)
• htod32 - Macro definition for converting a DWORD (host to device)
• htod64 - Macro definition for converting a QWORD (host to device)
Use WinDriver’s macro definitions in the following situations:
Apply the macro on data you prepare on the host memory that will be read/written by the card. An example of such a case is a chain of descriptors for scatter/gather DMA.
The following example is an extract from the
PLX_DMAOpen() function in
WinDriver’s PLX library (see WinDriver/plx/lib/plx_lib.c):
/* Setting chain of DMA pages in the memory */ for (dwPageNumber = 0, u32MemoryCopied = 0; dwPageNumber < pPLXDma->pDma->dwPages; dwPageNumber++)
{ pList[dwPageNumber].u32PADR = htod32((UINT32)pPLXDma->pDma->Page[dwPageNumber].pPhysicalAddr); pList[dwPageNumber].u32LADR = htod32((u32LocalAddr + (fAutoinc ? u32MemoryCopied : 0))); pList[dwPageNumber].u32SIZ = htod32((UINT32)pPLXDma->pDma->Page[dwPageNumber].dwBytes); pList[dwPageNumber].u32DPR = htod32((u32StartOfChain + sizeof(DMA_LIST) * (dwPageNumber + 1))
| BIT0 | (fIsRead ? BIT3 : 0)); u32MemoryCopied += pPLXDma->pDma->Page[dwPageNumber].dwBytes;
} pList[dwPageNumber - 1].u32DPR |= htod32(BIT1); /* Mark end of chain */
Chapter 10
Improving Performance
10.1
Overview
Once your user-mode driver has been written and debugged, you might find that certain modules in your code do not operate fast enough (for example: an interrupt handler or accessing I/O-mapped regions). If this is the case, try to improve performance in one of the following ways:
• Improve the performance of your user-mode driver [ 10.2
• Create a Kernel PlugIn driver [ 11 ] and move the performance-critical portions
of your code to the Kernel PlugIn.
NOTE
Kernel PlugIn is not implemented under Windows CE. In this operating system there is no separation between kernel mode and user mode, therefore top performance can be achieved without using the Kernel PlugIn.
To improve the interrupt handling rate on Windows CE, follow the instructions in section
of the manual.
Use the following checklist to determine how to best improve the performance of your driver.
109
10.1 Overview 110
10.1.1
Performance Improvement Checklist
The following checklist will help you determine how to improve the performance of your driver:
Problem
ISA Card – accessing an
I/O-mapped range on the card
Solution
When transferring a large amount of data, use block
(string) transfers and/or group several data transfer function calls into a single multi-transfer function call, as explained in section
below.
PCI Card – accessing an
I/O-mapped range on the card
Accessing a memory-mapped range on the card
If this does not solve the problem, handle the I/O at kernel mode by writing a Kernel PlugIn driver, as explained in Chapters
and
of the manual.
Avoid using I/O ranges in your hardware design. Use
Memory mapped ranges instead as they are accessed significantly faster.
Try to access memory directly instead of using function calls, as explained in section
below.
When transferring large amounts of data, consider also the solution to problem #1 above.
Interrupt latency – missing interrupts, receiving interrupts too late
If the problem persists, then there is a hardware design problem. You will not be able to increase performance by using any software design method, writing a Kernel
PlugIn, or even by writing a full kernel driver.
Handle the interrupts in the kernel mode by writing a Kernel PlugIn driver, as explained in Chapters and
PCI target access vs. master access PCI target access is usually slower than PCI master access (bus-master DMA). For large data transfers, bus-master DMA access is preferable. Section
of the manual explains how to use WinDriver to implement bus-master DMA.
10.2 Improving the Performance of a User-Mode Driver
10.2
Improving the Performance of a User-Mode
Driver
111
As a general rule, transfers to memory-mapped regions are faster than transfers to
I/O-mapped regions, because WinDriver enables you to access memory-mapped regions directly from the user mode, without the need for a function call, as explained in section
In addition, the WinDriver APIs enable you to improve the performance of your I/O and memory data transfers by using block (string) transfers and by grouping several data transfers into a single function call, as explained in section
10.2.1
Using Direct Access to Memory-Mapped Regions
When registering a PCI/PCMCIA/ISA card, using the relevant
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
or the low-level
WD_CardRegister() function (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference), WinDriver returns both user-mode and kernel-mode mappings of the card’s physical memory regions. These addresses can then be used to access the memory regions on the card directly, either from the user mode or from the kernel mode (respectively), thus eliminating the context switches between the user and kernel modes and the function calls overhead for accessing the memory.
The
WDC_MEM_DIRECT_ADDR
] provides the relevant direct memory
access base address – user-mode mapping when called from the user-mode /
kernel-mode mapping when called from a Kernel PlugIn driver [ 11 ] – for a given
memory address region on the card. You can then pass the mapped base address to the
WDC_ReadMem8/16/32/64 and
WDC_WriteMem8/16/32/64
along with the desired offset within the selected memory region, to directly access a specific memory address on the card, either from the user mode or in the kernel.
In addition, all the WDC_ReadAddrXXX() and WDC_WriteAddrXXX()
–
WDC_ReadAddrBlock()
and
WDC_WriteAddrBlock()
], access memory addresses directly, using the
correct mapping, based on the calling context (user mode/kernel mode).
When using the low-level
WD_xxx()
APIs, described in the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference, the user-mode and kernel-mode mappings of the card’s physical memory regions are returned by
WD_CardRegister() within the dwTransAddr and dwUserDirectAddr fields of the pCardReg->Card.Item[i] card resource item structures. The dwTransAddr result should be used as a base address in calls to WD_Transfer() or WD_MultiTransfer() or when accessing memory
directly from a Kernel PlugIn driver [ 11 ]. To access the memory directly from your
user mode process, use dwUserDirectAddr as a regular pointer.
10.2 Improving the Performance of a User-Mode Driver 112
Whatever the method you select to access the memory on your card, it is important to align the base address according to the size of the data type, especially when issuing string transfer commands. Otherwise, the transfers are split into smaller portions.
The easiest way to align data is to use basic types when defining a buffer, i.e.:
BYTE buf[len];
WORD buf[len];
UINT32 buf[len];
UINT64 buf[len];
/* for BYTE transfers - not aligned */
/* for WORD transfers - aligned on a 2-byte boundary */
/* for DWORD transfers - aligned on a 4-byte boundary */
/* for QWORD transfers - aligned on a 8-byte boundary */
10.2.2
Block Transfers and Grouping Multiple Transfers
To transfer large amounts of data to/from memory addresses or I/O addresses (which by definition cannot be accessed directly, as opposed to memory addresses – see section
), use the following methods to improve performance by reducing the
function calls overhead and context switches between the user and kernel modes:
• Perform block (string) transfers using
WDC_ReadAddrBlock()
WDC_WriteAddrBlock()
WD_Transfer() function
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
• Group several transfers into a single function call, using
WDC_MultiTransfer()
WD_MultiTransfer() function (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
10.2.3
Performing 64-bit Data Transfers
NOTE
The ability to perform actual 64-bit transfers is dependent on the existence of support for such transfers by the hardware, CPU, bridge, etc., and can be affected by any of these factors or their specific combination.
WinDriver supports 64-bit PCI data transfers on the supported Windows, Linux and
Solaris 64-bit platforms (see Appendix
for a full list), as well as on Windows,
Linux and Solaris 32-bit x86 platforms.
If your PCI hardware (card and bus) is 64-bit, the ability to perform 64-bit data transfers on 32-bit platforms will enable you to utilize your hardware’s broader bandwidth, even if your host operating system is only 32-bit.
This innovative technology makes possible data transfer rates previously unattainable on 32-bit platforms. Drivers developed using WinDriver will attain significantly better performance results than drivers written with the DDK or other driver
10.2 Improving the Performance of a User-Mode Driver 113 development tools. To date, such tools do not enable 64-bit data transfer on x86 platforms running 32-bit operating systems. Jungo’s benchmark performance testing results for 64-bit data transfer indicate a significant improvement of data transfer rates compared to 32-bit data transfer, guaranteeing that drivers developed with WinDriver will achieve far better performance than 32-bit data transfer normally allows.
You can perform 64-bit data transfers using any of the following methods:
• Call
WDC_ReadAddr64()
WDC_WriteAddr64()
• Call WDC_ReadAddrBlock()
WDC_WriteAddrBlock()
with an access mode of WDC_SIZE_64
• Call
WDC_MultiTransfer()
WD_Transfer() or
WD_MultiTransfer() functions (see WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference) with QWORD read/write transfer commands (see the documentation of these functions for details).
You can also perform 64-bit transfers to/from the PCI configuration space using
WDC_PciReadCfg64()
WDC_PciWriteCfg64()
WDC_PciReadCfgBySlot64()
WDC_PciWriteCfgBySlot64()
Chapter 11
Understanding the Kernel
PlugIn
This chapter provides a description of WinDriver’s Kernel PlugIn feature.
NOTE
Kernel PlugIn is not implemented under Windows CE. In this operating system there is no separation between kernel mode and user mode, therefore top performance can be achieved without using the Kernel PlugIn.
To improve the interrupt handling rate on Windows CE, follow the instructions in section
of the manual.
11.1
Background
The creation of drivers in user mode imposes a fair amount of function call overhead from the kernel to user mode, which may cause performance to drop to an unacceptable level. In such cases, the Kernel PlugIn feature allows critical sections of the driver code to be moved to the kernel while keeping most of the code intact.
Using WinDriver’s Kernel PlugIn feature, your driver will operate without any degradation in performance.
The advantages of writing a Kernel PlugIn driver over a standard OS kernel-mode driver are:
• All the driver code is written and debugged in user mode.
• The code segments that are moved to kernel mode remain essentially the same and therefore typically no kernel debugging is needed.
114
11.2 Do I Need to Write a Kernel PlugIn Driver?
115
• The parts of the code that will run in the kernel through the Kernel PlugIn are platform independent and therefore will run on every platform supported by
WinDriver and the Kernel PlugIn. A standard kernel-mode driver will run only on the platform it was written for.
Using WinDriver’s Kernel PlugIn feature, your driver will operate without any performance degradation.
11.2
Do I Need to Write a Kernel PlugIn Driver?
Not every performance problem requires you to write a Kernel PlugIn driver. Some performance problems can be solved in the user-mode driver by better utilization of the features that WinDriver provides. For further information, please refer to
Chapter
11.3
What Kind of Performance Can I Expect?
Since you can write your own interrupt handler in the kernel with the WinDriver
Kernel PlugIn, you can expect to handle about 100,000 interrupts per second without missing any one of them.
11.4
Overview of the Development Process
Using the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn, you normally first develop and debugs the driver in the user mode, using with the standard WinDriver tools. After identifying the performance-critical parts of the code (such as the interrupt handling or access to
I/O-mapped memory ranges), you can create a Kernel PlugIn driver, which runs in kernel mode, and drop the performance-critical portions of your code into the Kernel
PlugIn driver, thus eliminating the calling overhead and context switches that occur when implementing the same tasks in the user mode.
This unique architecture allows the developer to start with quick and easy development in the user mode, and progress to performance-oriented code only where needed, thus saving development time and providing for virtually zero performance degradation.
11.5 The Kernel PlugIn Architecture
11.5
The Kernel PlugIn Architecture
116
11.5.1
Architecture Overview
A driver written in user mode uses WinDriver’s API ( WDC_xxx and/or WD_xxx
to access devices. If a certain function that was implemented in the user mode requires kernel performance (the interrupt handler, for example), that function is moved to the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn. Generally it should be possible to move code that uses
WDC_xxx / WD_xxx function calls from the user mode to the kernel without modification, since the same WinDriver API is supported both in the user mode and in the Kernel PlugIn.
Figure 11.1: Kernel PlugIn Architecture
11.5 The Kernel PlugIn Architecture 117
11.5.2
WinDriver’s Kernel and Kernel PlugIn Interaction
There are two types of interaction between the WinDriver kernel and the WinDriver
Kernel PlugIn:
Interrupt handling: When WinDriver receives an interrupt, by default it will activate the caller’s user-mode interrupt handler. However, if the interrupt was set to be handled by a Kernel PlugIn driver, then once WinDriver receives the interrupt, it activates the Kernel PlugIn driver’s kernel-mode interrupt handler.
Your Kernel PlugIn interrupt handler could essentially consist of the same code that you wrote and debugged in the user-mode interrupt handler, before moving to the Kernel Plugin, although some of the user-mode code should be modified.
We recommend you rewrite the interrupt acknowledge and handling code in the Kernel PlugIn to utilize the flexibility offered by Kernel the PlugIn (see section
Message passing: To execute functions in kernel mode (such as I/O processing functions), the user-mode driver simply passes a message to the WinDriver
Kernel PlugIn. The message is mapped to a specific function, which is then executed in the kernel. This function can typically contain the same code as it did when it was written and debugged in user mode.
You can also use messages to pass data from the user-mode application to the
Kernel PlugIn driver.
11.5.3
Kernel PlugIn Components
At the end of your Kernel PlugIn development cycle, your driver will have the following components:
• User-mode driver application (<application name>/.exe), written with the
WDC_xxx / WD_xxx
API
• The WinDriver kernel module – windrvr6/.sys/.o
• Kernel PlugIn driver (<Kernel PlugIn driver name>/.sys/.o), which was also written with the
WDC_xxx / WD_xxx
API and contains the driver functionality that you have selected to bring down to the kernel level
11.5 The Kernel PlugIn Architecture
11.5.4
Kernel PlugIn Event Sequence
The following is a typical event sequence that covers all the functions that you can implement in your Kernel PlugIn:
118
11.5.4.1
Opening Handle from the User Mode to a Kernel PlugIn Driver
Event/Callback
Event: Windows loads your Kernel PlugIn driver.
Callback: Your
KP_Init()
Kernel PlugIn
Notes
This takes place at boot time, by dynamic loading, or as instructed by the registry.
KP_Init() informs WinDriver of the name of your
KP_Open()
routine when the application wishes to open your driver
– when it calls
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
(PCI:
of a Kernel PlugIn driver to open, or when it calls the low-level WD_KernelPlugInOpen() function (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), which is called by the wrapper WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions.
Event: Your user-mode driver application calls
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
name of a Kernel PlugIn driver to open, or it calls the low-level
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() function (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference), which is called by the wrapper
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions.
Callback: Your
KP_Open()
Kernel PlugIn
The
KP_Open()
WinDriver of the names of all the callback functions that you have implemented in your Kernel PlugIn driver and to initiate the Kernel PlugIn driver, if needed.
11.5 The Kernel PlugIn Architecture
11.5.4.2
Handling User-Mode Requests from the Kernel PlugIn
Event/Callback
Event: Your application calls
WDC_CallKerPlug()
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
Callback: Your
KP_Call()
Kernel PlugIn
119
Notes
Your application calls
WDC_CallKerPlug()
/
WD_KernelPlugInCall() to execute code in the kernel mode (in the Kernel PlugIn driver). The application passes a message to the Kernel PlugIn driver. The
Kernel PlugIn driver will select the code to execute according to the message sent.
KP_Call()
] executes code according to the
message passed to it from the user mode.
11.5.4.3
Interrupt Handling – Enable/Disable and High Interrupt Request
Level Processing
Event/Callback
Event: Your application calls
WDC_IntEnable()
fUseKP parameter set to
TRUE
(after having opened the device with a Kernel PlugIn), or calls the low-level
InterruptEnable() or
WD_IntEnable() functions (see the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference) with a handle to a Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the hKernelPlugIn field of the
WD_INTERRUPT structure passed to the function).
Callback: Your
KP_IntEnable()
Kernel PlugIn
Event: Your hardware creates an interrupt.
Callback: Your
KP_IntAtIrql()
Kernel PlugIn
Notes
This function should contain any initialization required for your Kernel PlugIn interrupt handling.
KP_IntAtIrql() runs at a high priority, and therefore should perform only the basic interrupt handling (such as lowering the HW interrupt signal of level sensitive interrupts in order to acknowledge the interrupt).
If more interrupt processing is needed,
KP_IntAtIrql() can return
TRUE in order to defer additional processing to the
KP_IntAtDpc()
11.5 The Kernel PlugIn Architecture
Event/Callback
Event: Your application calls
WDC_IntDisable()
InterruptDisable() or
WD_IntDisable() functions (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference), when the interrupts were previously enabled in the Kernel PlugIn (see the description of the interrupt enable event above.)
Callback: Your
KP_IntDisable()
Kernel
Notes
120
This function should free any memory that was allocated by the
KP_IntEnable()
11.5.4.4
Interrupt Handling – Deferred Procedure Calls
Event/Callback
Event: The Kernel PlugIn KP_IntAtIrql()
TRUE
.
Callback: Your
KP_IntAtDpc()
Kernel PlugIn
Event:
KP_IntAtDpc()
greater than 0.
Callback:
WD_IntWait()
(see the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference) returns.
Notes
This informs WinDriver that additional interrupt processing is required as a deferred procedure call in the kernel.
Processes the rest of the interrupt code, but at a lower priority than
KP_IntAtIrql()
.
This informs WinDriver that additional user-mode interrupt processing is also required.
Your user-mode interrupt handler routine is executed.
11.5.4.5
Plug and Play and Power Management Events
Event/Callback
Event: Your application registers to receive Plug and Play and power management notifications using a Kernel PlugIn driver, by calling
WDC_EventRegister()
the fUseKP parameter set to
TRUE
(after having opened the device with a Kernel PlugIn), or calls the low-level
EventRegister()
(see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference) or
WD_EventRegister() functions with a handle to a Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the hKernelPlugIn field of the
WD_EVENT structure that is passed to the function).
Notes
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
Event/Callback
Event: A Plug and Play or power management event (to which the application registered to listen) occurs.
Callback: Your
KP_Event()
Kernel PlugIn
Event:
KP_Event()
TRUE
.
Callback:
WD_IntWait()
(see the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference) returns.
Notes
121
KP_Event() receives information about the event that occurred and can proceed to handle it as needed.
This informs WinDriver that the event also requires user-mode handling.
Your user-mode event handler routine is executed.
11.6
How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
The following sections take you through the development cycle of a Kernel PlugIn driver.
It is recommended that you first write and debug your entire driver code in the user mode. Then, if you encounter performance problems or require greater flexibility, port portions of your code to a Kernel PlugIn driver.
11.6.1
Minimal Requirements for Creating a Kernel PlugIn
Driver
To build a Kernel PlugIn driver you need the following tools:
• On Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista:
– The Visual C (VC) compiler (cl.exe, rc.exe, link.exe and nmake.exe).
– Install the Windows Device Driver Development Kit (DDK) for your target operating system on your host machine
NOTES
– The Windows DDKs are available as part of the Microsoft Development
Network (MSDN) subscription. You can also order them from http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/ddk/winddk.mspx
– Development of a Kernel PlugIn driver for a Windows 98/Me target PC should be done on a Windows 2000 or above host platform
• On Linux and Solaris: You need GCC, gmake or make.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
122
NOTE
While this is not a minimal requirement, when developing a Kernel PlugIn driver it is highly recommended that you use two computers: set up one computer as your host platform and the other as your target platform. The host computer is the computer on which you develop your driver and the target computer is the computer on which you run and test the driver you develop
11.6.2
Kernel PlugIn Implementation
11.6.2.1
Before You Begin
The functions described in this section are callback functions, implemented in the
Kernel PlugIn driver, which are called when their calling event occurs – see section
for details. For example,
KP_Init()
] is the callback function that is
called when the driver is loaded and should include any code that you want to execute upon loading.
The name of your driver is given in
KP_Init()
, which must be implemented with this name. For the other callback functions, it is the convention of this reference guide to mark these functions as
KP_xxx() functions (e.g.
KP_Open()
).
However, when developing your Kernel PlugIn driver you can also select different names for these callback functions. When generating Kernel PlugIn code with the DriverWizard, for example, the names of the callback functions (apart from
KP_Init()
) comply to the following format: KP_<Driver Name>_<Callback
Function>. For example, if you named your project MyDevice the name of your
Kernel PlugIn KP_Open() function will be KP_MyDevice_Open() .
11.6.2.2
Write Your KP_Init() Function
Your
KP_Init()
] should be of the following prototype:
BOOL _ _ c d e c l K P _ I n i t ( KP_INIT {*} k p I n i t ) ; where
KP_INIT is the following structure: typedef struct {
DWORD dwVerWD; /* Version of the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn library */
CHAR cDriverName[12]; /* The Kernel PlugIn driver name (up to 8 chars) */
KP_FUNC_OPEN funcOpen; /* The Kernel PlugIn driver’s KP_Open() function */
} KP_INIT;
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
123
This function is called once, when the driver is loaded. The
KP_INIT structure should be filled with the name of your Kernel PlugIn and the address of your
KP_Open()
] (see example in WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci/kp_pci.c).
NOTES
• The name that you select for your Kernel PlugIn driver – by setting it in the cDriverName field of the
KP_INIT structure in
KP_Init()
the name of the driver that you wish to create – i.e., if you are creating a driver called XXX.sys, you should set the name "XXX" in the cDriverName field of the
KP_INIT structure.
• You should verify that the driver name that is set in the user mode, in the call to
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
in the pcDriverName field of the
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN structure that is passed to the low-level
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() function (when not using the WDC library – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), is identical to the driver name that was set in the cDriverName field of the
KP_INIT structure that is passed to
KP_Init()
. The best way to implement this is to define the driver name in a header file that is shared by the user-mode application and the
Kernel PlugIn driver and use the defined value in all relevant locations.
From the KP_PCI sample (WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci/kp_pci.c):
/* KP_Init is called when the Kernel PlugIn driver is loaded.
This function sets the name of the Kernel PlugIn driver and the driver’s open callback function. */
BOOL __cdecl KP_Init(KP_INIT *kpInit)
{
/* Verify that the version of the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn library is identical to that of the windrvr.h and wd_kp.h files */ if (WD_VER != kpInit->dwVerWD)
{
/* Re-build your Kernel PlugIn driver project with the compatible version of the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn library (kp_nt<version>.lib) and windrvr.h and wd_kp.h files */ return FALSE;
} kpInit->funcOpen = KP_PCI_Open; strcpy (kpInit->cDriverName, KP_PCI_DRIVER_NAME); return TRUE;
}
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
124
Note that the driver name was set using a preprocessor definition. This definition is found in the WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/pci_lib.h header file, which is shared by the pci_diag user-mode application and the KP_PCI Kernel PlugIn driver:
/* Kernel PlugIn driver name (should be no more than 8 characters) */
#define KP_PCI_DRIVER_NAME "KP_PCI"
11.6.2.3
Write Your KP_Open() Function
Your KP_Open()
] should be of the following prototype:
BOOL _ _ c d e c l KP_Open ( KP_OPEN_CALL {*} kpOpenCall , HANDLE hWD,
PVOID pOpenData , PVOID {*} ppDrvConte x t ) ;
This callback is called when the user-mode application calls
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
]]) with the name of a Kernel PlugIn
driver, or when it calls the low-level
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() function (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), which is called by the wrapper
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions.
In the
KP_Open() function, define the callbacks that you wish to implement in the
Kernel PlugIn.
The following is a list of the callbacks that can be implemented:
Callback
KP_Close()
KP_Call()
Functionality
Called when the user-mode application calls
WDC_xxxDeviceClose()
]) for a device that was opened with a
Kernel PlugIn driver, or when it calls the low-level
WD_KernelPlugInClose() function (see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference), which is called by the wrapper
WDC_xxxDeviceClose() functions.
Called when the user-mode application calls the
WDC_CallKerPlug()
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function (see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference), which is called by the wrapper
WDC_CallKerPlug() function.
This function implements a Kernel PlugIn message handler.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
Callback
KP_IntEnable()
KP_IntDisable()
KP_IntAtIrql()
KP_IntAtDpc()
125
Functionality
Called when the user-mode application enables Kernel
PlugIn interrupts, by calling
WDC_IntEnable() with the fUseKP parameter set to
TRUE
(after having opened the device with a Kernel PlugIn), or by calling the low-level
InterruptEnable() or WD_IntEnable() functions (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference) with a handle to a Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the hKernelPlugIn field of the
WD_INTERRUPT structure that is passed to the function).
This function should contain any initialization required for your
Kernel PlugIn interrupt handling.
Called when the user-mode application calls
WDC_IntDisable()
InterruptDisable() or WD_IntDisable() functions (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), if the interrupts were previously enabled with a Kernel PlugIn driver (see the description of
KP_IntEnable() above.)
This function should free any memory that was allocated by the
KP_IntEnable()
Called when WinDriver receives an interrupt (provided the interrupts were enabled with a handle to the Kernel PlugIn).
This is the function that will handle your interrupt in the kernel mode. The function runs at high interrupt request level. Additional deferred processing can be performed in
KP_IntAtDpc() and also in the user mode (see below.)
Called if the
KP_IntAtIrql()
deferred handling of the interrupt by returning
TRUE
.
This function should include lower-priority kernel-mode interrupt handler code.
The return value of this function determines the amount of times that the application’s user-mode interrupt handler routine will be invoked (if at all).
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
Callback
KP_Event()
126
Functionality
Called when a Plug and Play or power management event occurs, provided the user-mode application previously registered to receive notifications for this event in the Kernel
PlugIn by calling WDC_EventRegister()
the fUseKP parameter set to TRUE (after having opened the device with a Kernel PlugIn), or by calling the low-level
EventRegister()
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference) or
WD_EventRegister() functions with a handle to a Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the hKernelPlugIn field of the
WD_EVENT structure that is passed to the function).
As indicated above, these handlers will be called (respectively) when the user-mode program opens/closes a Kernel PlugIn driver (using
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
/
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
,
WDC_xxxDeviceClose()
/
WD_KernelPlugInClose()
), sends a message to the Kernel PlugIn driver (by calling
WDC_CallKerPlug()
/
WD_KernelPlugInCall()
), enables interrupts with a Kernel PlugIn driver
(by calling
WDC_IntEnable() with the fUseKP parameter set to
TRUE
, after having opened the device with a Kernel PlugIn / calling InterruptEnable() or WD_InterruptEnable() with a handle to the Kernel PlugIn set in the hKernelPlugIn field of the WD_INTERRUPT structure that is passed to function), or disables interrupts ( WDC_IntDisable() / InterruptDisable() /
WD_IntDisable() ) that have been enabled using a Kernel PlugIn driver;
The Kernel PlugIn interrupt handlers will be called when an interrupt occurs, if the interrupts were enabled using a Kernel PlugIn driver (see above.)
The Kernel PlugIn event handler will be called when a Plug and Play or power management event occurs, if the application registered to receive notifications for the event that occurred using a Kernel PlugIn driver (by calling
WDC_EventRegister() with the fUseKP parameter set to
TRUE
, after having opened the device with a Kernel
PlugIn / calling
EventRegister()
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference) or
WD_EventRegister() with a handle to a Kernel PlugIn driver set in the hKernelPlugIn field of the
WD_EVENT structure that is passed to the function).
In addition to defining the Kernel PlugIn callback functions, you can implement code to perform any required initialization for the Kernel PlugIn in KP_Open() . In the sample KP_PCI driver and in the generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn driver, for example, KP_Open() also calls the shared library’s initialization function and allocates memory for the Kernel PlugIn driver context, which is then used to store the device information that was passed to the function from the user mode.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
127
From the KP_PCI sample (WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci/kp_pci.c):
/* KP_PCI_Open is called when WD_KernelPlugInOpen() is called from the user mode.
pDrvContext will be passed to the rest of the Kernel PlugIn callback functions. */
BOOL __cdecl KP_PCI_Open(KP_OPEN_CALL *kpOpenCall, HANDLE hWD, PVOID pOpenData,
PVOID *ppDrvContext)
{
PWDC_DEVICE pDev;
WDC_ADDR_DESC *pAddrDesc;
DWORD dwSize, dwStatus; void *temp;
KP_PCI_Trace("KP_PCI_Open entered\n"); kpOpenCall->funcClose = KP_PCI_Close; kpOpenCall->funcCall = KP_PCI_Call; kpOpenCall->funcIntEnable = KP_PCI_IntEnable; kpOpenCall->funcIntDisable = KP_PCI_IntDisable; kpOpenCall->funcIntAtIrql = KP_PCI_IntAtIrql; kpOpenCall->funcIntAtDpc = KP_PCI_IntAtDpc; kpOpenCall->funcEvent = KP_PCI_Event;
/* Initialize the PCI library */ dwStatus = PCI_LibInit(); if (WD_STATUS_SUCCESS != dwStatus)
{
KP_PCI_Err("KP_PCI_Open: Failed to initialize the PCI library: %s",
PCI_GetLastErr()); return FALSE;
}
/* Create a copy of device information in the driver context */ dwSize = sizeof(WDC_DEVICE); pDev = malloc(dwSize); if (!pDev) goto malloc_error;
COPY_FROM_USER(&temp, pOpenData, sizeof(void *));
COPY_FROM_USER(pDev, temp, dwSize); dwSize = sizeof(WDC_ADDR_DESC) * pDev->dwNumAddrSpaces; pAddrDesc = malloc(dwSize);
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
128 if (!pAddrDesc) goto malloc_error;
COPY_FROM_USER(pAddrDesc, pDev->pAddrDesc, dwSize); pDev->pAddrDesc = pAddrDesc;
*ppDrvContext = pDev;
KP_PCI_Trace("KP_PCI_Open: Kernel PlugIn driver opened successfully\n"); return TRUE; malloc_error:
KP_PCI_Err("KP_PCI_Open: Failed allocating %ld bytes\n", dwSize);
PCI_LibUninit(); return FALSE;
}
11.6.2.4
Write the Remaining PlugIn Callbacks
Implement the remaining Kernel PlugIn routines that you wish to use (such as the
KP_Intxxx() functions – for handling interrupts, or
KP_Event()
– for handling Plug and Play and power management events.)
11.6.3
Sample/Generated Kernel PlugIn Driver Code Overview
You can use the DriverWizard to generate a skeletal Kernel PlugIn driver for your device, and use it as the basis for your Kernel PlugIn driver development
(recommended), or use the Kernel PlugIn sample (KP_PCI), found under the
WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci directory.
The Kernel PlugIn driver is not a stand-alone module. It requires a user-mode application that initiates the communication with the driver. A relevant application will be generated for your driver when using the DriverWizard to generate Kernel PlugIn code. The pci_diag application (found under the
WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/ directory) communicates with the sample KP_PCI driver.
Both the KP_PCI sample and the generated wizard code demonstrate communication between a user-mode application (pci_diag / xxx_diag – where xxx is the name you selected for your generated driver project) and a Kernel PlugIn driver
(kp_pci.sys/.o/.ko / kp_xxx.sys/.o/.ko).
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
129
The sample/generated code demonstrates how to pass data to the Kernel PlugIn’s
KP_Open() function and how to use this function to allocate and store a global Kernel
PlugIn driver context, which can be used by other functions in the Kernel PlugIn.
The sample/generated Kernel PlugIn code implements a message for getting the driver’s version number, in order to demonstrate how to initiate specific functionality in the Kernel PlugIn from the user mode and how to pass data between the Kernel
PlugIn driver and a user-mode WinDriver application via messages.
The sample/generated code also demonstrates how to handle interrupts in the Kernel
PlugIn. The Kernel PlugIn implements an interrupt counter and an interrupt handler, which performs deferred processing and notifies the user-mode application of the arrival of the interrupt for every fifth incoming interrupt.
The KP_PCI sample demonstrates legacy level senstivie PCI interrupt handling.
As indicated in the comments of the sample
KP_IntAtIrql() function, you will need to modify this function in order to implement the correct code for acknowledging the interrupt on your specific device, since interrupt acknowledgment is hardware-specific. Alternatively, if your PCI card supports MSI/MSI-X and you intend to run your code on Linux or Windows Vista (on which WinDriver supports
MSI/MSI-X), you can remove the transfer commands code – see details regarding
WinDriver’s support for MSI/MSI-X in section
The generated DriverWizard code will include sample interrupt code for the selected device (PCI/PCMCIA/ISA). The generated
KP_IntAtIrql() function will include code to implement the interrupt transfer commands that you defined in the wizard (by assigning registers read/write commands to the card’s interrupt in the Interrupt tab, if indeed such commands were defined). For legacy PCI and PCMCIA interrupts, which need to be acknowledged in the kernel when the interrupt is received (see section
), it is recommended that you use the wizard to define the commands for
acknowledging (clearing) the interrupt, before generating the Kernel PlugIn code, so that the generated code will already include the required code for executing the commands you defined.
In addition, the sample/generated code demonstrates how to receive notifications of
Plug and Play and power management events in the Kernel PlugIn.
TIP
We recommend that you build and run the sample/generated Kernel PlugIn project
(and corresponding user-mode application) ”as-is” before modifying the code or writing your own Kernel PlugIn driver. Note, however, that you will need to modify or remove the hardware-specific transfer commands in the sample’s ISR funtion, as explained above.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
130
11.6.4
Kernel PlugIn Sample/Generated Code Directory
Structure
11.6.4.1
pci_diag and kp_pci Sample Directories
The Kernel PlugIn sample code – KP_PCI – is implemented in the kp_pci.c file.
This sample driver is part of the WinDriver PCI diagnostics sample – pci_diag – which contains, in addition to the KP_PCI driver, a user-mode application that communicates with the driver (pci_diag) and a shared library that includes API that can be utilized by both the user-mode application and the Kernel PlugIn driver. The source files for this sample are implemented in C.
Following is an outline of the files found in the WinDriver/pci_diag/ directory:
• kp_pci/ – Contains the KP_PCI Kernel PlugIn driver files:
– kp_pci.c: The source code of the KP_PCIdriver.
– Project and/or make files and related files for building the Kernel PlugIn driver. The Windows project files are located in sub-directories for the target IDE (msdev2005 / msdev2003 / msdev_6) under x86
\ (32-bit) and amd64
\ (64-bit) directories. The Solaris makefile is located under a
SOLARIS/ sub-directory.
– A pre-compiled version of the KP_PCI Kernel PlugIn driver for the target OS:
* Windows x86 32-bit: WINNT.i386\kp_pci.sys – a 32-bit version of the driver, built with the WinNT DDK.
* Windows x64: WINNT.x86_64\kp_pci.sys – a 64-bit version of the driver, built with the Windows Server 2003 DDK.
* Solaris: SOLARIS/kp_pci.
* Linux there is no pre-compiled version since Linux kernel modules must be compiled with the header files from the kernel version installed on the target – see section
• pci_lib.c: Implementation of a library for accessing PCI devices using
The library’s API is used both by the user-mode application (pci_diag.c) and by the Kernel PlugIn driver (kp_pci.c).
• pci_lib.h: Header file, which provides the interface for the pci_lib library.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
131
• pci_diag.c: Implementation of a sample diagnostics user-mode console (CUI) application, which demonstrates communication with a PCI device using the
pci_lib and WDC libraries.
The sample also demonstrates how to communicate with a Kernel PlugIn driver from a user-mode WinDriver application. By default, the sample attempts to open the selected PCI device with a handle to the KP_PCI Kernel PlugIn driver. If successful, the sample demonstrates how to interact with a Kernel
PlugIn driver, as detailed in section
. If the application fails to open
a handle to the Kernel PlugIn driver, all communication with the device is performed from the user mode.
• pci.inf (Windows): A sample WinDriver PCI INF file for Windows 98 / Me /
2000 / XP / Server 2003 / Vista. NOTE: To use this file, change the vendor and device IDs in the file to comply with those of your specific device.
NOTE
To use Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI) or Extended Message-Signaled
Interrups (MSI-X) on Windows Vista (for PCI cards that support MSI/MSI-X) you will need to modify or replace the sample INF file to include specific
MSI information, otherwise WinDriver will attempt to use legacy level sensitive interrupt handling for your card, as explained in section
of the manual.
• Project and/or make files for building the pci_diag user-mode application.
The Windows project files are located in sub-directories for the target IDE
(msdev2005 / msdev2003 / msdev_6 / cbuilder4 / cbuilder3) under x86
\
(32-bit) and amd64
\ (64-bit) directories.
The MSDEV directories also include workspace/solution files for building both the Kernel PlugIn driver and user-mode application projects.
The Linux and Solaris makefiles are located under LINUX/ and SOLARIS/ sub-directories (respectively).
• A pre-compiled version of the user-mode application (pci_diag) for your target operating system:
– Windows: WIN32
\pci_diag.exe.
– Linux: LINUX/pci_diag.
– Solaris: SOLARIS/pci_diag.
• files.txt: A list of the sample pci_diag files.
• readme.txt: An overview of the sample Kernel PlugIn driver and user-mode application and instructions for building and testing the code.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
132
11.6.4.2
The Generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn Directory
The generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn code for your device will include a kernel-mode Kernel PlugIn project and a user-mode application that communicates with it. As opposed to the generic KP_PCI and pci_diag sample, the generated wizard code will utilize the resources information detected and/or defined for your specific device, as well as any device-specific information that you define in the wizard before generating the code.
As indicated in section
, when using the driver to handle legacy PCI or
PCMCIA interrupts, it is highly recommended that you define the registers that need to be read/written in order to acknowledge the interrupt, and set up the relevant read/write commands from/to these registers in the DriverWizard, before generating the code, thus enabling the generated interrupt handler code to utilize the hardware-specific information that you defined.
Following is an outline of the generated DriverWizard files when selecting to generate Kernel PlugIn code (where xxx represents the name that you selected for the driver when generating the code and kp_xxx is the directory in which you selected to save the code). NOTE: The outline below relates to the generated C code, but on
Windows you can also generate similar C# code, which includes a C Kernel PlugIn driver (since kernel-mode drivers cannot be implemented in C#), a .NET C# library, and a C# user-mode application that communicates with the Kernel PlugIn driver.
• kermode/ – Contains the KP_XXX Kernel PlugIn driver files:
– kp_xxx.c: The source code of the KP_XXX driver.
– Project and/or make files and related files for building the Kernel PlugIn driver. The Windows project files are located in sub-directories for the target IDE (msdev2005 / msdev2003 / msdev_6) under x86
\ (32-bit) and
amd64
\ (64-bit) directories. The Linux and Solaris files are located under
linux/ and solaris/ sub-directories (respectively).
• xxx_lib.c: Implementation of a library for accessing your device using
The library’s API is used both by the user-mode application (xxx_diag) and by the Kernel PlugIn driver (KP_XXX).
• xxx_lib.h: Header file, which provides the interface for the xxx_lib library.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
133
• xxx_diag.c: Implementation of a sample diagnostics user-mode console (CUI) application, which demonstrates communication your device using the xxx_lib and WDC libraries.
The application also demonstrates how to communicate with a Kernel PlugIn driver from a user-mode WinDriver application. By default, the application attempts to open your device with a handle to the KP_XXX Kernel PlugIn driver. If successful, the application demonstrates how to interact with a Kernel
PlugIn driver, as detailed in section
. If the application fails to open
a handle to the Kernel PlugIn driver, all communication with the device is performed from the user mode.
• Project and/or make files for building the xxx_diag user-mode application.
The Windows project files are located in sub-directories for the target IDE
(msdev2005 / msdev2003 / msdev_6 / cbuilder4 / cbuilder3) under x86
\
(32-bit) and amd64
\ (64-bit) directories.
The MSDEV directories also include workspace/solution files for building both the Kernel PlugIn driver and user-mode application projects.
The Linux and Solaris makefiles are located under linux/ and solaris/ sub-directories (respectively).
• xxx_files.txt: A list of the generated files and instructions for building the code.
• xxx.inf: A WinDriver INF file for your device (relevant only for Plug and
Play devices, such as PCI or PCMCIA, on Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista).
NOTE
To use Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI) or Extended Message-Signaled
Interrups (MSI-X) on Windows Vista (for PCI cards that support MSI/MSI-X) you will need to modify or replace the generated DriverWizard INF file to include specific MSI information, otherwise WinDriver will attempt to use legacy level sensitive interrupt handling for your card, as explained in section
of the manual.
11.6.5
Handling Interrupts in the Kernel PlugIn
Interrupts will be handled in the Kernel PlugIn driver, if enabled, using a Kernel
PlugIn driver, as explained below [ 11.6.5.2
If Kernel PlugIn interrupts were enabled, when WinDriver receives a hardware interrupt, it calls the Kernel PlugIn driver’s
KP_IntAtIrql()
If
KP_IntAtIrql() returns
TRUE
, the deferred
KP_IntAtDpc()
Kernel PlugIn
KP_IntAtIrql() completes its processing and
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
134 returns
TRUE
. The return value of
KP_IntAtDpc() determines how many times (if at all) the user-mode interrupt handler routine will be executed.
In the KP_PCI sample, for example, the Kernel PlugIn interrupt handler code counts five interrupts and notifies the user mode on every fifth interrupt, thus
WD_IntWait()
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference) will return on only one out of every five incoming interrupts in the user mode. (
KP_IntAtIrql() returns
TRUE every five interrupts to activate
KP_IntAtDpc()
, and
KP_IntAtDpc() returns the number of accumulated deferred DPC calls from
KP_IntAtIrql()
, so all in all the user-mode interrupt handler will be executed once for every 5 interrupts.)
11.6.5.1
Interrupt Handling in User Mode (Without Kernel PlugIn)
If the Kernel PlugIn interrupt handle is not enabled, then each incoming interrupt will cause
WD_IntWait() to return and your user-mode interrupt handler routine will be invoked once WinDriver completes the kernel processing of the interrupts (mainly executing the interrupt transfer commands passed in the call to
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable() or
WD_IntEnable() functions – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference)
– see Figure
Figure 11.2: Interrupt Handling Without Kernel PlugIn
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
135
11.6.5.2
Interrupt Handling in the Kernel (Using a Kernel PlugIn)
To have the interrupts handled by the Kernel PlugIn, the user-mode application should open a handle to the device with a Kernel PlugIn driver, by passing the name of a Kernel PlugIn driver to the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
WDC_IntEnable()
the fUseKP parameter set to
TRUE
.
If your are not using the
WDC_xxx
], your application should pass a handle
to the Kernel PlugIn driver to the
WD_IntEnable() function or the wrapper
InterruptEnable() function (which calls WD_IntEnable() and WD_IntWait() ).
This enables the Kernel PlugIn interrupt handler. (The Kernel PlugIn handle is passed within the hKernelPlugIn field of the WD_INTERRUPT structure that is passed to the functions.) For details regarding the low-level
WD_xxx()
API, refer to the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference.
Figure 11.3: Interrupt Handling With the Kernel PlugIn
When calling
WDC_IntEnable()
/
InterruptEnable()
/
WD_IntEnable() to enable interrupts in the Kernel PlugIn, your Kernel PlugIn’s
KP_IntEnable() callback
] is activated. In this function you can set the interrupt context that
will be passed to the Kernel PlugIn interrupt handlers, as well as write to the device to actually enable the interrupts in the hardware and implement any other code required in order to correctly enable your device’s interrupts.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
136
If the Kernel PlugIn interrupt handler is enabled, then
KP_IntAtIrql()
each incoming interrupt. The code in the
KP_IntAtIrql() function is executed at high interrupt request level. While this code is running, the system is halted, i.e., there will be no context switches and no lower-priority interrupts will be handled.
The code in the
KP_IntAtIrql() function is limited in the following ways:
• It may only access non-pageable memory.
• It may only call the following functions (or wrapper functions that call these functions):
–
WDC_xxx read/write address or configuration space functions.
–
WDC_MultiTransfer()
WD_Transfer()
,
WD_MultiTransfer() or
WD_DebugAdd()
(see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
– Specific kernel OS functions (such as WinDDK functions) that can be called from high interrupt request level. (Note that the use of such functions may break the code’s portability to other operating systems).
• It may not call malloc()
, free() or any
WDC_xxx or
WD_xxx
API other than those listed above
Because of the aforementioned limitations, the code in
KP_IntAtIrql() should be kept to a minimum, such as acknowledgment (clearing) of level sensitive interrupts.
Other code that you want to run in the interrupt handler should be implemented in KP_IntAtDpc()
], which runs at a deferred interrupt level and does not
face the same limitations as
KP_IntAtIrql()
.
KP_IntAtDpc() is called after
KP_IntAtIrql() returns (provided it returns
TRUE
).
You can also leave some additional interrupt handling to the user mode. The return value of
KP_IntAtDpc()
] determines the amount of times (if any) that your
user-mode interrupt handler routine will be called after the kernel-mode interrupt processing is completed.
11.6 How Does Kernel PlugIn Work?
137
11.6.6
Message Passing
The WinDriver architecture enables a kernel-mode function to be activated from the user mode by passing a message from the user mode to the Kernel PlugIn driver using
WDC_CallKerPlug()
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
The messages are defined by the developer in a header file that is common to both the user-mode and kernel-mode plugin parts of the driver. In the pci_diag KP_PCI sample and the generated DriverWizard code, the messages are defined in the shared library header file – pci_lib.h in the sample or xxx_lib.h in the generated code.
Upon receiving the message from the user mode, WinDriver will execute the
KP_Call()
] Kernel PlugIn callback function, which identifies the message that
has been received and executes the relevant code for this message (as implemented in the Kernel PlugIn).
The sample/generated Kernel PlugIn code implement a message for getting the driver’s version in order to demonstrate Kernel PlugIn data passing. The code that sets the version number in
KP_Call() is executed in the Kernel PlugIn whenever the
Kernel PlugIn receives a relevant message from the user-mode application. You can see the definition of the message in the shared pci_lib.h/xxx_lib.h shared header file.
The user-mode application (pci_diag.exe/xxx_diag.exe) sends the message to the
Kernel PlugIn driver via the
WDC_CallKerPlug()
Chapter 12
Writing a Kernel PlugIn
The easiest way to write a Kernel PlugIn driver is to use DriverWizard to generate the Kernel PlugIn code for your hardware (see sections
and
Alternatively, you can use the sample KP_PCI PCI Kernel PlugIn driver, found under the WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci directory, as the basis for your Kernel
PlugIn driver development (see sections
and
your code "from scratch", if you wish.
The following is a step-by-step guide to creating your Kernel PlugIn driver.
12.1
Determine Whether a Kernel PlugIn is Needed
The Kernel PlugIn should be used only after your driver code has been written and debugged in the user mode. This way, all of the logical problems of creating a device driver are solved in the user mode, where development and debugging are much easier.
Determine whether a Kernel PlugIn should be written by consulting Chapter
which explains how to improve the performance of your driver. In addition, the
Kernel PlugIn affords greater flexibility, which is not always available when writing the driver in the user mode (specifically with regards to the interrupt handling.)
138
12.2 Prepare the User-Mode Source Code
12.2
Prepare the User-Mode Source Code
139
1. Isolate the functions you need to move into the Kernel PlugIn.
2. Remove any platform-specific code from the functions. Use only functions that can also be used from the kernel.
3. Recompile your driver in the user mode.
4. Debug your driver in user mode again to see that your code still works after changes have been made.
NOTES
• Keep in mind that the kernel stack is relatively limited in size. Therefore, code that will be moved into the Kernel PlugIn should not contain static memory allocations. Use the malloc() function to allocate memory dynamically instead. This is especially important for large data structures.
• If the user-mode code that you are porting to the kernel accesses memory addresses directly using the user-mode mapping of the physical address returned from the low-level
WD_CardRegister() function – note that in the kernel you will need to use the kernel mapping of the physical address instead (the kernel mapping is also returned by
WD_CardRegister()
). For details, refer to the description of
WD_CardRegister() in the WinDriver PCI
Manual.
When using the API of the WDC library [ B.2
] to access memory, you do not
need to worry about this, since this API ensures that the correct mapping of the memory is used depending on whether the relevant APIs are used from the user mode or from the kernel mode.
12.3
Create a New Kernel PlugIn Project
As indicated above, you can use DriverWizard to generate a new Kernel PlugIn project (and corresponding user-mode project) for your device (recommended), or use the KP_PCI sample as the basis for your development.
If you select to use the KP_PCI sample as the basis for your development, follow these steps:
1. Make a copy of the WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci directory. For example, to create a new Kernel PlugIn project called KP_MyDrv, copy
WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci to WinDriver/samples/mydrv.
12.4 Create a Handle to the Kernel PlugIn 140
2. Change all instances of ”KP_PCI” and ”kp_pci” in all the Kernel PlugIn files in your new directory to ”KP_MyDrv” and ”kp_mydrv” (respectively).
Note: The names of the
KP_PCI_xxx() functions in the kp_pci.c files do not have to be changed in order for the code to function correctly, although the code will be clearer if you use your driver’s name in the function names.
3. Change all occurrences of ”KP_PCI” in file names to ”kp_mydrv”.
4. To use the shared pci_lib library API from your Kernel PlugIn driver and user-mode application, copy the pci_lib.h and pci_lib.c files from the
WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/ directory to your new mydrv/ directory.
You can change the names of the library functions to use your driver’s name
(MyDrv) instead of ”PCI”, but note that in this case you will also need to modify the names in all calls to these functions from your Kernel PlugIn project and user-mode application.
If you do not copy the shared library to your new project, you will need to modify the sample Kernel PlugIn code and replace all references to the
PCI_xxx library APIs with alternative code.
5. Modify the files and directory paths in the project and make files and the
#include paths in the source files as needed (depending on the location in which you selected to save your new project directory.)
6. To use the pci_diag user-mode application, copy
WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/pci_diag.c and the relevant pci_diag project, workspace/solution or make files to your mydrv/ directory, rename the files (if you wish) and replace all ”pci_diag” references in the files with your preferred user-mode application name. To use the workspace/solution files, also replace the references to ”KP_PCI” in the files with your new Kernel PlugIn driver, e.g.
”KP_MyDrv”. Then modify the sample code to implement your desired driver functionality.
For a general description of the sample and generated Kernel PlugIn code and its structure, see sections
and
(respectively).
12.4
Create a Handle to the Kernel PlugIn
In your user-mode application or library source code, call
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
WDC_IsaDeviceOpen()
(depending on the type of your device) with the name of your Kernel PlugIn driver in order to open a handle to the device using the Kernel PlugIn driver.
The generated DriverWizard and the sample pci_diag shared library (xxx_lib.c
/ pci_lib.c) demonstrate how this should be done – see the generated/sample
12.5 Set Interrupt Handling in the Kernel PlugIn 141
XXX_DeviceOpen()
/
PCI_DeviceOpen() library function (which is called from the generated/sample xxx_diag/pci_diag user-mode application.)
If you are not using the WDC library from your code [ B.2
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() at the beginning of your code in order to open a handle to your Kernel PlugIn driver, and call
WD_KernelPlugInClose() before terminating the application or when you no longer wish to use the Kernel PlugIn driver.
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() returns a handle to the Kernel PlugIn driver within the hKernelPlugIn field of the
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN structure that was passed to the function. For details regarding these APIs, refer to the WinDriver PCI Manual.
12.5
Set Interrupt Handling in the Kernel PlugIn
1. When calling
WDC_IntEnable()
] (after having opened a handle to
the device using a Kernel PlugIn driver, by calling
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() with the name of a Kernel PlugIn driver, as explained in section
the fUseKP function parameter to
TRUE to indicate that you wish to enable interrupts in the Kernel PlugIn driver with which the device was opened.
The generated DriverWizard and the sample pci_diag shared library (xxx_lib.c
/ pci_lib.c) demonstrate how this should be done – see the generated/sample
XXX_IntEnable()
/
PCI_IntEnable() library function (which is called from the generated/sample xxx_diag/pci_diag user-mode application.)
If you are not using the
WDC_xxx
], in order to enable interrupts in
the Kernel PlugIn call
WD_IntEnable() or
InterruptEnable()
(which calls
WD_IntEnable()
), and pass the handle to the Kernel PlugIn driver that you received from WD_KernelPlugInOpen() (within the hKernelPlugIn field of the WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN structure that was passed to the function). For details regarding these APIs, refer to the WinDriver PCI Manual.
2. When calling to
WDC_IntEnable()
/
InterruptEnable()
/
WD_IntEnable() to enable interrupts in the Kernel PlugIn, WinDriver will activate your Kernel
PlugIn’s
KP_IntEnable()
function to set the interrupt context that will be passed to the Kernel PlugIn interrupt handlers (
KP_IntAtIrql()
/
KP_IntAtDpc()
), as well as write to the device to actually enable the interrupts in the hardware, for example, or implement any other code required in order to correctly enable your device’s interrupts.
12.6 Set I/O Handling in the Kernel PlugIn 142
3. Move the implementation of the user-mode interrupt handler, or the relevant portions of this implementation, to the Kernel PlugIn’s interrupt handler functions. High-priority code, such as the code for acknowledging
(clearing) level sensitive interrupts, should be moved to the
KP_IntAtIrql()
], which runs at high interrupt request level. Deferred
processing of the interrupt can be moved to
KP_IntAtDpc()
will be executed once
KP_IntAtIrql() completes it processing and returns
TRUE
. You can also modify the code to make it more efficient, due to the advantages of handling the interrupts directly in the kernel, which provides you with greater flexibility (e.g. you can read from a specific register and write back the value that was read, toggle specific register bits, etc.). See section
for an explanation of how to handle interrupts in the kernel using a Kernel PlugIn driver.
12.6
Set I/O Handling in the Kernel PlugIn
1. Move your I/O handling code (if needed) from the user mode to the Kernel
PlugIn message handler –
KP_Call()
2. To activate the kernel code that performs the I/O handling from the user mode, call
WDC_CallKerPlug()
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function (see the WinDriver PCI Manual) with a relevant message for each of the different functionality that you wish to perform in the Kernel PlugIn.
Implement a different message for each functionality.
3. Define these messages in a header file that is shared by the user-mode application (which will send the messages) and the Kernel PlugIn driver (that implements the messages).
In the sample/generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn projects, the message IDs and other information that should be shared by the user-mode application and
Kernel PlugIn drive are defined in the pci_lib.h/xxx_lib.h shared library header file.
12.7 Compile Your Kernel PlugIn Driver
12.7
Compile Your Kernel PlugIn Driver
143
12.7.1
On Windows
The sample WinDriver
\samples\pci_diag\kp_pci Kernel PlugIn directory and the generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn <project_dir>
\kermode directory (where
<project_dir> is the directory in which you selected to save the generated driver project) contain the following Kernel PlugIn project files (where xxx is the driver name – pci for the sample / the name you selected when generating the code with the wizard):
• x86
\ – 32-bit project files:
– msdev_2005
\kp_xxx.vcproj – 32-bit MSDEV 2005 project.
– msdev_2003
\kp_xxx.vcproj – 32-bit MSDEV 2003 project.
– msdev_6
\kp_xxx.dsp – 32-bit MSDEV 6.0 project.
• amd64
\ – 64-bit project files:
– msdev_2005
\kp_xxx.vcproj – 64-bit MSDEV 2005 project.
The sample WinDriver
\samples\pci_diag directory and the generated
<project_dir>
\ directory contain the following project files for the user-mode application that drives the respective Kernel PlugIn driver (where xxx is the driver name – pci for the sample / the name you selected when generating the code with the wizard):
• x86
\ – 32-bit project files:
– msdev_2005
\xxx_diag.vcproj – 32-bit MSDEV 2005 project.
– msdev_2003
\xxx_diag.vcproj – 32-bit MSDEV 2003 project.
– msdev_6
\xxx_diag.dsp – 32-bit MSDEV 6.0 project.
– cbuilder4
\xxx.bpr and xxx.cpp – Borland C++ Builder 4.0 project file and related CPP file. These files can also be used from version 5.0 and 6.0
of Borland C++ Builder.
– cbuilder3
\xxx.bpr and xxx.cpp – Borland C++ Builder 3.0 project file and related CPP file.
• amd64
\ – 64-bit project files:
– msdev_2005
\xxx_diag.vcproj – 64-bit MSDEV 2005 project.
The MSDEV directories listed above also contain xxx_diag.dsw/.sln workspace/solution files that include both the the Kernel PlugIn and user-mode projects.
12.7 Compile Your Kernel PlugIn Driver 144
To build your Kernel PlugIn driver and respective user-mode application, follow these steps:
1. Verify that the Windows Driver Development Kit (DDK) for your target operating system is installed on your PC (see section
The target operating system is the operating system for which you wish to create your driver. For example, if you are creating a driver for Windows XP, install the Windows XP DDK.
You can install several DDKs, for different operating systems, and then rebuild your Kernel PlugIn driver for each target operating system that you wish to support.
2. Set the BASEDIR environment variable to point to the the location of the
Windows DDK for your target platform.
For example, to build a Kernel PlugIn driver for Windows XP, set the
BASEDIR environment variable to point to the directory in which the
Windows XP DDK was installed.
3. Start Microsoft Developer Studio (MSDEV) and do the following:
(a) From your driver project directory, open the generated workspace/ solution file – <project_dir>
\<MSDEV_dir>\xxx_diag.dsw/.sln, where <project_dir> is your driver project directory (pci_diag
\ for the sample code / the directory in which you selected to save the generated
DriverWizard code), <MSDEV_dir> is your target MSDEV directory
(msdev2005 / msdev2003 / msdev_6) and xxx is the driver name (pci for the sample / the name you selected when generating the code with the wizard).
Note that when selecting to generate code for the MSDEV IDE with the
DriverWizard, the wizard automatically starts MSDEV and opens the generated workspace/solution file after generating the code files, unless you explicitly revoke this behavior by setting the ”IDE to Invoke” option in the code generation dialogue to ”None”.
(b) To build the Kernel PlugIn SYS driver (kp_pci.sys – sample /
kp_xxx.sys – generated wizard code): i. Set the Kernel PlugIn project (kp_pci.dsp/vcproj /
kp_xxx.dsp/vcproj) as the active project.
ii. Select the active configuration for your target platform: From the Build menu, choose Configuration Manager... (MSDEV
2003/2005) / Set Active Configuration... (MSDEV 6.0), and select the desired configuration.
12.7 Compile Your Kernel PlugIn Driver 145
NOTE
The active configuration must correspond with the target OS for which you are building the driver. For example, for Windows
2000 select either Win32 win2k free (release mode) or Win32
win2k checked (debug mode).
iii. Build your driver: Build the project from the Build menu or using the relevant short-cut key (e.g. F7 in MSDEV 6.0).
(c) To build the user-mode application that drives the Kernel PlugIn driver
(pci_diag.exe – sample / xxx_diag.exe – generated wizard code): i. Set the user-mode project (pci_diag.dsp/vcproj – sample /
xxx_diag.dsp/vcproj – generated wizard code) as the active project.
ii. Build the application: Build the project from the Build menu or using the relevant short-cut key (e.g. F7 in MSDEV 6.0).
NOTE
On Windows 98/Me, the generated code cannot be built into a SYS driver using the method described above. You can, however, build a SYS driver for a target
Windows 98/Me platform on Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista – i.e. build the code on a PC running Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, but set the BASEDIR environment variable to point to the Windows 98/Me DDK and set the build target in the Kernel PlugIn project for Windows 98/Me, and then use the driver that was created on Windows 98/Me.
12.7 Compile Your Kernel PlugIn Driver 146
12.7.2
On Linux
1. Open a shell terminal.
2. Change directory to your Kernel PlugIn directory. For example, when compiling the sample KP_PCI driver, run:
cd WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci
When compiling the Kernel PlugIn driver for your generated DriverWizard
Kernel PlugIn code, run the following command, where <path> represents the path to your generated DriverWizard project directory
(e.g. /home/user/WinDriver/wizard/my_projects/my_kp/):
cd <path>/kermode/linux/
3. Generate the makefile using the
configure
script:
./configure
NOTE
The
configure
script creates a makefile based on your specific running kernel. You may run the
configure
script based on another kernel source you have installed, by adding a flag
--with-kernel-source=<path>
to the configure script. The <path> is the full path to the kernel source directory.
4. Build the Kernel PlugIn module using the
make
command.
This command creates a new LINUX.xxx/ directory (where xxx depends on the Linux kernel), which contains the created kp_xxx.o/.ko driver.
5. Move to the directory that holds the makefile for the sample user-mode diagnostics application.
For the KP_PCI sample driver:
cd ../LINUX/
For the generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn driver:
cd ../../linux/
6. Compile the sample diagnostics program using the
make
command.
12.7 Compile Your Kernel PlugIn Driver
12.7.3
On Solaris
147
NOTE
WinDriver generates makefiles for GNU make utility only.
If you wish to use the standard make utility, instead of the GNU make, you must modify the makefile that WinDriver generates. The GNU make package is available from http://www.sunfreeware.com
.
1. Open a shell terminal.
2. Change directory to your driver’s project directory.
For example, when compiling the sample KP_PCI driver, run:
cd WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/
3. Build your Kernel PlugIn module using the
make
command.
For example, to build the sample KP_PCI driver, run:
make -C kp_pci/SOLARIS
To build your generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn driver, run:
make -C kermode/solaris
4. Build your sample diagnostics program by running:
make -C solaris
NOTE
For 64-bit kernels, both the Kernel PlugIn module and the user-mode application that drives it need to be compiled in 64-bit mode. The makefile provided by
WinDriver uses the CC and LD environment variables without specifically declaring them. You may therefore need to set these variables to fit your specific compiler and linker with the corresponding flags.
For example, to compile with GCC you may need to set the CC and LD variables as follows:
For the compilation of the Kernel PlugIn module:
$ export LD="gcc -m64 –melf64_sparc -nostdlib"
$ export CC="gcc -m64 -isystem /usr/include/"
For the compilation of the user-mode application:
$ export LD="gcc -m64"
$ export CC="gcc -m64"
12.8 Install Your Kernel PlugIn Driver
12.8
Install Your Kernel PlugIn Driver
148
12.8.1
On Windows
1. Copy the driver file (xxx.sys) to the target platform’s drivers directory:
%windir%
\system32\drivers (e.g., C:\WINNT\system32\drivers – on Windows 2000, or C:
\Windows\system32\drivers – on Windows
XP/Server2003/Vista).
NOTE
If your Kernel PlugIn driver is intended for Windows 98/Me, develop the driver on a Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista host PC (see note in section
2. Register/load your driver, using the wdreg.exe (or wdreg_gui.exe) utility – on
Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, or using the wdreg16.exe utility – on
Windows 98/Me:
NOTES
• In the following instructions, ’KP_NAME’ stands for your Kernel PlugIn driver’s name, without the .sys extension.
• For Windows 98/Me, replace references to ’wdreg’ below with ’wdreg16’
(see section
for more information regarding the WDREG utility.)
To install your driver, run:
WinDriver
\ util> wdreg -name KP_NAME install
NOTE
Kernel PlugIn drivers, with the exception of SYS drivers on Windows 98/Me, are dynamically loadable, and thus do not require a reboot in order to load.
12.8.2
On Linux
1. Change directory to your Kernel PlugIn driver directory.
For example, when installing the sample KP_PCI driver, run:
cd WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci
When installing a driver created using the Kernel PlugIn files generated by the DriverWizard, run the following command, where <path>
12.8 Install Your Kernel PlugIn Driver represents the path to your generated DriverWizard project directory (e.g.
/home/user/WinDriver/wizard/my_projects/my_kp/):
cd <path>/kermode/
2. Run the following command to install your Kernel PlugIn driver:
make install
149
12.8.3
On Solaris
NOTE
Installation of the Kernel PlugIn Driver should be performed by the system administrator logged in as root, or with root privileges (become a super user).
1. Change directory to your Kernel PlugIn directory.
When installing the sample KP_PCI driver, run:
# cd WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci
When installing a driver created using the Kernel PlugIn files generated by DriverWizard, run the following command, where <path> represents the path to your generated DriverWizard project directory (e.g.
/home/user/WinDriver/wizard/my_projects/my_kp/):
# cd <path>/kermode
2. Copy the the kp_pci.conf configuration file to the target’s kernel/drv/ directory.
The sample KP_PCI Kernel PlugIn configuration file is located directly under the sample’s kp_pci/ directory, therefore when installing the sample driver run:
# cp kp_pci.conf /kernel/drv
The generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn configuration file is located under the project’s kermode/solaris sub-directory, therefore when installing a generated Kernel PlugIn driver run:
# cp solaris/kp_pci.conf /kernel/drv
3. Change directory to your Kernel PlugIn Solaris sub-directory.
For the sample KP_PCI driver, run:
# cd SOLARIS
When installing a driver created using the Kernel PlugIn files generated by
DriverWizard, run:
# cd solaris
12.8 Install Your Kernel PlugIn Driver
4. Copy your Kernel PlugIn driver to the target’s drivers directory.
For example to copy the sample KP_PCI driver:
On 64-bit platforms run:
# cp kp_pci /kernel/drv/sparcv9
On 32-bit platforms run:
# cp kp_pci /kernel/drv
5. Install the driver by running:
# make install
NOTE
The following commands are also useful when installing a driver on Solaris:
•
modinfo
– lists the loaded kernel modules.
•
rem_drv
– removes the kernel module.
150
Chapter 13
Dynamically Loading Your
Driver
13.1
Why Do You Need a Dynamically Loadable
Driver?
When adding a new driver, you may be required to reboot the system in order for it to load your new driver into the system. WinDriver is a dynamically loadable driver, which enables your customers to start your application immediately after installing it, without the need for reboot. You can dynamically load your driver whether you have
created a user-mode or a kernel-mode (Kernel PlugIn [ 11 ]) driver.
NOTE
In order to successfully UNLOAD your driver, make sure there are no open handles to the driver from WinDriver applications, from a Kernel PlugIn driver, or from connected Plug and Play devices that were registered with WinDriver using an INF file.
151
13.2 Windows Dynamic Driver Loading
13.2
Windows Dynamic Driver Loading
152
13.2.1
Windows Driver Types
Windows drivers can be implemented as either of the following types:
• WDM (Windows Driver Model) drivers: Files with the extension .sys on
Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista (e.g. windrvr6.sys).
WDM drivers are installed via the installation of an INF file (see below).
• Non-WDM / Legacy drivers: These include drivers for non-Plug and Play
Windows operating systems (Windows NT 4.0) and files with the extension
.vxd on Windows 98/Me, as well as all Kernel Plugin driver files (e.g.
MyKPDriver.sys).
NOTE
Starting from version 6.21 of WinDriver, .vxd drivers are no longer supported.
The WinDriver Windows kernel module – windrvr6.sys – is a fully WDM driver, which can be installed using the wdreg utility, as explained in the following sections.
13.2.2
The WDREG Utility
WinDriver provides a utility for dynamically loading and unloading your driver, which replaces the slower manual process using Windows’ Device Manager (which can still be used for the device INF). For Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, this utility is provided in two forms: wdreg and wdreg_gui. Both versions can be found under the WinDriver
\util directory, can be run from the command line, and provide the same functionality. The difference is that wdreg_gui displays installation messages graphically, while wdreg displays them in console mode.
For Windows 98/Me, the wdreg16 utility is provided.
This section describes the usage of wdreg/ wdreg_gui/wdreg16 on Windows operating systems.
13.2 Windows Dynamic Driver Loading 153
NOTES
1. wdreg for Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista is dependent on the Driver
Install Frameworks API (DIFxAPI) DLL – difxapi.dll, unless when run with the
-compat
option (described below). difxapi.dll is provided under the
WinDriver
\util diretory.
2. The explanations and examples below refer to wdreg, but for Windows
2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista you can replace any references to wdreg with
wdreg_gui.
3. For Windows 98/Me, replace the references to wdreg with wdreg16, unless otherwise indicated in the documentation.
4. On Windows 98/Me you can only use wdreg16 to install the windrvr6.sys
WDM driver (by installing windrvr6.inf) and Kernel PlugIn drivers, but you
cannot use wdreg16 to install any other INF files.
13.2.2.1
WDM Drivers
This section explains how to use the wdreg utility to install the WDM windrvr6.sys driver on Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, or to install INF files that register Plug and Play devices (such as PCI or PCMCIA) to work with this driver on
Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
i
On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista you can rename the windrvr6.sys kernel module and modify your device INF file to register with your renamed driver, as explained in section
. To install your modified INF files using
wdreg, simply replace any references to windrvr6 below with the name of your new driver.
NOTES
• As specified above, on Windows 98/Me you can only use wdreg16 to install the windrvr6.sys WDM driver, by installing windrvr6.inf, but you cannot use
wdreg16 to install any other INF files.
• This section is not relevant for Kernel PlugIn drivers, since these are not WDM drivers and are not installed via an INF file. For an explanation on how to use wdreg to install Kernel PlugIn drivers on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, refer to section
13.2 Windows Dynamic Driver Loading 154
Usage: The wdreg utility can be used in two ways as demonstrated below:
1.
wdreg -inf <filename> [-silent] [-log <logfile>]
[install | uninstall | enable | disable]
2.
wdreg -rescan <enumerator> [-silent] [-log <logfile>]
• OPTIONS
wdreg supports several basic OPTIONS from which you can choose one, some, or none:
-inf – The path of the INF file to be dynamically installed.
-rescan <enumerator> (Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista) – Rescan enumerator (ROOT, ACPI, PCI, etc.) for hardware changes. Only one enumerator can be specified.
-silent – Suppress display of all messages (optional).
-log <logfile> – Log all messages to the specified file (optional).
-compat (Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista) – Use the traditional
SetupDi API instead of the newer Driver Install Frameworks API
(DIFxAPI).
• ACTIONS
wdreg supports several basic ACTIONS:
install – Installs the INF file, copies the relevant files to their target locations, dynamically loads the driver specified in the INF file name by replacing the older version (if needed).
preinstall (Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista) – Pre-installs the INF file for a non-present device.
uninstall – Removes your driver from the registry so that it will not load on next boot (see note below).
enable – Enables your driver.
disable – Disables your driver, i.e. dynamically unloads it, but the driver will reload after system boot (see note below).
NOTE
In order to successfully disable/uninstall WinDriver, you must first close any open handles to the windrvr6.sys service. This includes closing any open WinDriver applications and uninstalling (from the Device Manager or using wdreg) any
PCI/PCMCIA devices that are registered to work with the windrvr6.sys service (or otherwise removing such devices). wdreg will display a relevant warning message if you attempt to stop windrvr6.sys when there are still open handles to the service, and will enable you to select whether to close all open handles and Retry, or Cancel and reboot the PC to complete the command’s operation.
13.2 Windows Dynamic Driver Loading 155
13.2.2.2
Non-WDM Drivers
This section explains how to use the wdreg utility to install non-WDM drivers, namely Kernel PlugIn drivers, on Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
Usage: wdreg [-file <filename>] [-name <drivername>]
[-startup <level>] [-silent] [-log <logfile>]
Action [Action ...]
• OPTIONS
wdreg supports several basic OPTIONS from which you can choose one, some, or none:
-startup : Specifies when to start the driver. Requires one of the following arguments:
– boot: Indicates a driver started by the operating system loader, and should only be used for drivers that are essential to loading the OS
(for example, Atdisk).
– system: Indicates a driver started during OS initialization.
– automatic: Indicates a driver started by the Service Control Manager during system startup.
– demand: Indicates a driver started by the Service Control Manager on demand (i.e., when your device is plugged in).
– disabled: Indicates a driver that cannot be started.
NOTE
The default setting for the -startup option is automatic.
-name – Sets the symbolic name of the driver. This name is used by the user-mode application to get a handle to the driver. You must provide the driver’s symbolic name (without the *.sys extension) as an argument with this option. The argument should be equivalent to the driver name as set in the KP_Init()
] function of your Kernel PlugIn project:
strcpy(kpInit->cDriverName, XX_DRIVER_NAME)
.
-file – wdreg allows you to install your driver in the registry under a different name than the physical file name. This option sets the file name of the driver. You must provide the driver’s file name (without the *.sys
extension) as an argument.
wdreg looks for the driver in the Windows installation directory
13.2 Windows Dynamic Driver Loading 156
(%windir%
\system32\drivers). Therefore, you should verify that the driver file is located in the correct directory before attempting to install the driver.
Usage: wdreg -name <Your new driver name>
-file <Your original driver name> install
-silent – Suppresses the display of messages of any kind.
-log <logfile> – Logs all messages to the specified file.
• ACTIONS
wdreg supports several basic ACTIONS:
create – Instructs Windows to load your driver next time it boots, by adding your driver to the registry.
delete – Removes your driver from the registry so that it will not load on next boot.
start – Dynamically loads your driver into memory for use. You must create your driver before starting it.
stop – Dynamically unloads your driver from memory.
NOTE
In order to successfully stop the windrvr6.sys service, you must first close any open handles to the this service (such as closing open
WinDriver applications). wdreg will display a relevant warning message if you attempt to stop the service when there are still open handles to it.
• Shortcuts
wdreg supports a few shortcut operations for your convenience:
install – Creates and starts your driver.
This is the same as first using the wdreg
stop
action (if a version of the driver is currently loaded) or the wdreg
create
action (if no version of the driver is currently loaded), and then the wdreg
start
action.
preinstall – Creates and starts your driver for a non-conneced device
(Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista).
uninstall – Unloads your driver from memory and removes it from the registry so that it will not load on next boot.
This is the same as first using the wdreg
stop
action and then the wdreg
delete
action.
13.2 Windows Dynamic Driver Loading 157
NOTE
Note that in order to successfully stop a driver, there cannot be any open handles to the driver (such as open applications that use the driver). This is also true for the install and uninstall shortcuts, since both commands include stopping the driver.
13.2.3
Dynamically Loading/Unloading windrvr6.sys INF Files
When using WinDriver, you develop a user-mode application that controls and accesses your hardware by using the generic windrvr6.sys driver (WinDriver’s kernel module). Therefore, you might want to dynamically load and unload the driver
windrvr6.sys – which you can do using wdreg.
In addition, in WDM-compatible operating systems, you also need to dynamically load INF files for your Plug and Play devices. wdreg enables you to do so automatically on Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
This section includes wdreg usage examples, which are based on the detailed description of wdreg contained in the previous section.
Examples:
• To start windrvr6.sys on Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista:
wdreg -inf <path to windrvr6.inf> install
This command loads windrvr6.inf and starts the windrvr6.sys service.
• To load an INF file named device.inf, located under the c:
\tmp directory, on
Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista:
wdreg -inf c:
\
tmp
\
device.inf install
On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista you can replace the
install
option in the example above with
preinstall
in order to pre-install the device INF file for a device that is not currently connected to the PC.
To unload the driver/INF file, use the same commands, but simply replace
install
in the examples above with
uninstall
.
13.2 Windows Dynamic Driver Loading 158
13.2.4
Dynamically Loading/Unloading Your Kernel PlugIn
Driver
If you have used WinDriver to develop a Kernel PlugIn driver, you must load your
Kernel PlugIn after loading the WinDriver generic driver windrvr6.sys.
When uninstalling your driver, you should unload your Kernel PlugIn driver before unloading windrvr6.sys.
NOTE
Kernel PlugIn drivers for Windows 98/Me are not dynamically loaded, they require reboot after the initial loading. Kernel PlugIn drivers for all other Windows platforms are dynamically loaded, i.e. they do not require reboot.
To load/unload your Kernel PlugIn driver (<Your driver name>.sys) use the wdreg command as described above for windrvr6, with the addition of the ”name” flag, after which you must add the name of your Kernel PlugIn driver.
NOTE
You should not add the *.sys extension to the driver name.
Examples:
• To load a Kernel PlugIn driver called KPDriver.sys, execute:
wdreg -name KPDriver install
• To load a Kernel PlugIn driver called MPEG_Encoder, with file name
MPEGENC.sys, execute:
wdreg -name MPEG_Encoder -file MPEGENC install
• To uninstall a Kernel PlugIn driver called KPDriver.sys, execute:
wdreg -name KPDriver uninstall
• To uninstall a Kernel PlugIn driver called MPEG_Encoder, with file name
MPEGENC.sys, execute:
wdreg -name MPEG_Encoder -file MPEGENC uninstall
13.3 Linux Dynamic Driver Loading
13.3
Linux Dynamic Driver Loading
159
• To dynamically load WinDriver on Linux, execute:
/sbin/modprobe windrvr6
• To dynamically unload WinDriver, execute:
/sbin/rmmod windrvr6
• You can also use the wdreg script from the WinDriver/util/ directory to install
(load) windrvr6.o/.ko.
Usage: wdreg <module name>
To install the windrvr6 module run:
wdreg windrvr6
TIP
To automatically load windrvr6.o/.ko on each boot, run the wdreg script from the target Linux /etc/rc.d/rc.local file:
wdreg windrvr6
13.4
Solaris Dynamic Driver Loading
• After the initial installation you can dynamically load WinDriver on Solaris by executing:
/usr/sbin/add_drv windrvr6
• To dynamically unload WinDriver, execute:
/usr/sbin/rem_drv windrvr6
13.5 Windows Mobile Dynamic Driver Loading
13.5
Windows Mobile Dynamic Driver Loading
160
The WinDriver
\redist\Windows_Mobile_5_ARMV4I\ wdreg.exe utility can be used for loading the WinDriver kernel module (windrvr6.dll) on a Windows Mobile platform.
TIP
On Windows Mobile the operating system’s security scheme prevents the loading of unsigned drivers at boot time, therefore the WinDriver kernel module has to be reloaded after boot. To load WinDriver on the target Windows Mobile platform every time the OS is started, copy the wdreg.exe utility to the Windows
\StartUp\ directory on the target.
The source code of the Windows Mobile wdreg.exe utility is available under the
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\wdreg\ directory on the development PC.
Chapter 14
Distributing Your Driver
Read this chapter in the final stages of driver development. It will guide you in
preparing your driver for distribution.
14.1
Getting a Valid License for WinDriver
To purchase a WinDriver license, complete the WinDriver/docs/order.pdf order form and fax or email it to Jungo. Complete details are included on the order form.
Alternatively, you can order WinDriver on-line. For more details, visit our web site: http://www.jungo.com
.
In order to install the registered version of WinDriver and to activate driver code that you have developed during the evaluation period on the development machine, please follow the installation instructions found in section
above.
161
14.2 Windows Driver Distribution
14.2
Windows Driver Distribution
162
NOTES
• For Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, all references to wdreg in this section can be replaced with wdreg_gui, which offers the same functionality but displays GUI messages instead of console-mode messages.
For Windows 98/Me, all references to wdreg should be replaced with
wdreg16.
For more information regarding the wdreg utility, see Chapter
• The WinDriver installation directory contains two distribution directories –
redist
\ and redist_win98_compat\.
– WinDriver
\redist contains a digitally signed, WHQL-compliant,
windrvr6.sys driver and related INF and catalog files for Windows
2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista (see section
of the manual for details regarding digital driver signature and WHQL certification).
– WinDriver
\redist_win98_compat contains an unsigned windrvr6.sys driver and a related INF file for Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista.
When distributing the driver to a Windows 98/Me, replace any references to the WinDriver
\redist directory in this section with
WinDriver
\redist_win98_compat. You can also use the files from this directory for a Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista distribution, although on these platforms it is recommended to use the files from the WinDriver
\redist directory.
• On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista if you have renamed the
WinDriver kernel module (windrvr6.sys), as explained in section
replace the relevant windrvr6 references with the name of your driver, and replace references to the WinDriver
\redist directory with the path to the directory that contains your modified installation files. For example, when using the generated DriverWizard renamed driver files for your driver project, as explained in section
to the WinDriver
\redist directory with references to the generated
xxx_installation
\redist directory (where xxx is the name of your generated driver project).
• If you have created new INF and/or catalog files for your driver, replace the references to the original WinDriver INF files and/or to the wd910.cat catalog file with the names of your new files (see information in sections
and
regarding renaming of the original files).
14.2 Windows Driver Distribution 163
Distributing the driver you created is a multi-step process. First, create a distribution package that includes all the files required for the installation of the driver on the target computer. Second, install the driver on the target machine. This involves installing windrvr6.sys and windrvr6.inf, installing the specific INF file for your device (for Plug-and-Play hardware – PCI/PCMCIA), and installing your Kernel
PlugIn driver (if you have created one). Finally, you need to install and execute the hardware control application that you developed with WinDriver. These steps can be performed using wdreg utility.
NOTE
This section refers to distribution of *.sys files. Starting from WinDriver version
6.21 *.vxd drivers are no longer supported.
14.2.1
Preparing the Distribution Package
Your distribution package should include the following files:
• Your hardware control application/DLL.
• windrvr6.sys.
Get this file from the WinDriver
\redist directory in the WinDriver package.
• windrvr6.inf.
Get this file from the WinDriver
\redist directory in the WinDriver package.
• wd910.cat (Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista).
Get this file from the WinDriver
\redist directory in the WinDriver package.
• wdapi910.dll (for distribution of 32-bit binaries to 32-bit target platforms or for distribution of 64-bit binaries to 64-bit platforms) or wdapi910_32.dll (for distribution of 32-bit binaries to 64-bit platforms).
Get this file from the WinDriver
\redist directory in the WinDriver package.
• difxapi.dll (required by the wdreg.exe utility [ 13.2.2
Get this file from the WinDriver
\util directory in the WinDriver package.
• An INF file for your device (required for Plug-and-Play devices, such as PCI and PCMCIA).
You can generate this file with the DriverWizard, as explained in section
• Your Kernel PlugIn driver – <KP driver name>.sys – if you have created such a driver.
14.2 Windows Driver Distribution
14.2.2
Installing Your Driver on the Target Computer
164
NOTE
The user must have administrative privileges on the target computer in order to install your driver.
Follow the instructions below in the order specified to properly install your driver on the target computer:
• Preliminary Steps:
– To avoid reboot, before attempting to install the driver make sure that there are no open handles to the windrvr6.sys service. This includes verifying that there are no open applications that use this service and that there are no connected Plug-and-Play devices that are registered to work with windrvr6.sys – i.e., no INF files that point to this driver are currently installed for any of the Plug-and-Play devices connected to the
PC, or the INF file is installed but the device is disabled. This may be relevant, for example, when upgrading a driver developed with an earlier version of WinDriver (version 6.0 and later only, since previous versions used a different module name).
You should therefore either disable or uninstall all Plug-and-Play devices that are registered to work with WinDriver from the Device
Manager (Properties | Uninstall, Properties | Disable or Remove – on Win98/Me), or otherwise disconnect the device(s) from the PC. If you do not do this, attempts to install the new driver using wdreg will produce a message that instructs the user to either uninstall all devices currently registered to work with WinDriver, or reboot the PC in order to successfully execute the installation command.
– On Windows 2000, remove any INF file(s) previously installed for your
Plug-and-Play device (such as files created with an earlier version of
WinDriver) from the %windir%
\inf directory before installing the new
INF file that you created for the device. This will prevent Windows from automatically detecting and installing an obsolete file. You can search the
INF directory for the device’s vendor ID and device/product ID to locate the file(s) associated with the device.
14.2 Windows Driver Distribution 165
• Install WinDriver’s kernel module:
1. Copy windrvr6.sys, windrvr6.inf and wd910.cat to the same directory.
NOTE
wd910.cat contains the driver’s Authenticode digital signature for
Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista. In order to maintain the signature’s validity this file must be found in the same installation directory as the windrvr6.inf file. If you select to distribute the catalog and INF files in different directories, or make any changes to these files or to any other files referred to by the catalog file (such as
windrvr6.sys), you will need to do either of the following:
– Create a new catalog file and re-sign the driver using this file.
– Comment-out or remove the following line in the windrvr6.inf file:
CatalogFile=wd910.cat
and do not include the catalog file in your driver distribution.
However, note that this option invalidates the driver’s digital signature.
For more information regading driver digital signing and certification and the signing of your WinDriver-based driver, refer to section
of the manual.
2. Use the utility wdreg/wdreg16 to install WinDriver’s kernel module on the target computer.
NOTE
wdreg is dependent on the difxapi.dll DLL.
On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, type from the command line:
wdreg -inf <path to windrvr6.inf> install
On Windows 98/Me, type from the command line:
wdreg16 -inf <path to windrvr6.inf> install
For example, if windrvr6.inf and windrvr6.sys are in the d:
\MyDevice directory on the target computer, the command should be:
wdreg -inf d:
\
MyDevice
\
windrvr6.inf install
You can find the executable of wdreg in the WinDriver package under the
WinDriver
\util directory. For a general description of this utility and its usage, please refer to Chapter
14.2 Windows Driver Distribution 166
NOTE
wdreg is an interactive utility. If it fails, it will display a message instructing the user how to overcome the problem. In some cases the user may be asked to reboot the computer.
CAUTION!
When distributing your driver, take care not to overwrite a newer version of windrvr6.sys with an older version of the file in Windows drivers directory (%windir%
\system32\drivers). You should configure your installation program (if you are using one) or your INF file so that the installer automatically compares the time stamp on these two files and does not overwrite a newer version with an older one.
• Install the INF file for your device (registering your Plug-and-Play device with windrvr6.sys):
– Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista: Use the utility wdreg to automatically load the INF file.
To automatically install your INF file on Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista and update Windows Device Manager, run wdreg with the
install
command:
wdreg -inf <path to your INF file> install
You can also use the
preinstall
command to pre-install an INF file for a device that is not currently connected to the PC:
wdreg -inf <path to your INF file> preinstall
NOTE
On Windows 2000, if another INF file was previously installed for the device, which registered the device to work with the Plug-and-Play driver used in earlier versions of WinDriver remove any INF file(s) for the device from the %windir%
\inf directory before installing the new INF file that you created. This will prevent Windows from automatically detecting and installing an obsolete file. You can search the INF directory for the device’s vendor ID and device/product ID to locate the file(s) associated with the device.
– Windows 98/Me: Install the INF file manually using Windows Add New
Hardware Wizard or Upgrade Device Driver Wizard, as outlined in detail in section
• Install your Kernel PlugIn driver: If you have created a Kernel PlugIn driver, install it by following the instructions in section
14.2 Windows Driver Distribution 167
• Install wdapi910.dll:
If your hardware control application/DLL uses wdapi910.dll (as is the case for the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects), copy this DLL to the target’s %windir%
\system32 directory.
If you are distributing a 32-bit application/DLL to a target 64-bit platform, rename wdapi910_32.dll to wdapi910.dll and copy this file to the target’s
%windir%
\sysWOW64 directory.
NOTE
If you attempt to write a 32-bit installation program that installs a 64-bit program, and therefore copies the 64-bit wdapi910.dll DLL to the
%windir%
\system32 directory, you may find that the file is actually copied to the 32-bit %windir%
\sysWOW64 directory. The reason for this is that
Windows x64 platforms translate references to 64-bit directories from 32-bit commands into references to 32-bit directories. You can avoid the problem by using 64-bit commands to perform the necessary installation steps from your 32-bit installation program. The system64.exe program, provided in the
WinDriver
\redist directory of the Windows x64 WinDriver distributions, enables you to do this.
• Install your hardware control application/DLL: Copy your hardware control application/DLL to the target and run it!
14.2.3
Installing Your Kernel PlugIn on the Target Computer
NOTE
The user must have administrative privileges on the target computer in order to install your Kernel PlugIn driver.
If you have created a Kernel PlugIn driver, follow the additional instructions below:
1. Copy your Kernel PlugIn driver (<KP driver name>.sys) to Windows drivers directory on the target computer (%windir%
\system32\drivers).
2. Use the utility wdreg to add your Kernel PlugIn driver to the list of device drivers Windows loads on boot. Use the following installation command:
To install a SYS Kernel PlugIn Driver:
wdreg -name <Your driver name, without the *.sys
extension> install
You can find the executable of wdreg in the WinDriver package under the
WinDriver
\util directory. For a general description of this utility and its
14.3 Windows CE Driver Distribution usage, please refer to Chapter
(see specifically section
for Kernel
PlugIn installation).
168
14.3
Windows CE Driver Distribution
14.3.1
Distribution to New Windows CE Platforms
NOTE
The following instructions apply to platform developers who build Windows CE kernel images using Windows CE Platform Builder or using MSDEV 2005 with the
Windows CE 6.0 plugin. The instructions use the notation ”Windows CE IDE” to refer to either of these platforms.
To distribute the driver you developed with WinDriver to a new target Windows CE platform, follow these steps:
1. If you have not already done so, edit the project registry file to match your target hardware. If you select to use the WinDriver component, as outlined in step
2 , the registry file to modify is
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install \<TARGET_CPU>\WinDriver.reg (e.g.
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ARMV4I\ WinDriver.reg). Otherwise, modify the WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\project_wd.reg file.
2. You can simplify the driver integration into your Windows CE platform by following the procedure described in this step before the Sysgen platform compilation stage.
NOTE:
• The procedure described in this step is relevant only for developers who use Windows CE 4.x-5.x with Platform Builder.
Developers who use Windows CE 6.x with MSDEV 2005 should skip to
• This procedure provides a convenient method for integrating WinDriver into your Windows CE platform. If you select not to use this method, you will need to perform the manual integration steps described in step
below after the Sysgen stage.
• The procedure described in this step also adds the WinDriver kernel module (windrvr6.dll) to your OS image. This is a necessary step if you want the WinDriver CE kernel file (windrvr6.dll) to be a permanent part of the Windows CE image (NK.BIN), which is the case if you select to
14.3 Windows CE Driver Distribution 169 transfer the file to your target platform using a floppy disk. However, if you prefer to have the file windrvr6.dll loaded on demand via the
CESH/PPSH services, you need to perform the manual integration method described in step
instead of performing the procedure described in the present step.
(a) Run the Windows CE IDE and open your platform.
(b) From the File menu select Manage Catalog Items.... and then click the Import... button and select the WinDriver.cec file from the relevant
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\<TARGET_CPU>\ directory (e.g.
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ARMV4I\).
This will add a WinDriver component to the Platform Builder Catalog.
(c) In the Catalog view, right-click the mouse on the WinDriver Component node in the Third Party tree and select Add to OS design.
3. Compile your Windows CE platform (Sysgen stage).
4. If you did not perform the procedure described in step
above, perform the following steps after the Sysgen stage in order to manually integrate the driver into your platform.
NOTE: If you followed the procedure described in step
directly to step
(a) Run the Windows CE IDE and open your platform.
(b) Select Open Release Directory from the Build menu.
(c) Copy the WinDriver CE kernel file –
WinDriver
\redist\<TARGET_CPU>\windrvr6.dll – to the
%_FLATRELEASEDIR% sub-directory on the target development platform (should be the current directory in the new command window).
(d) Append the contents of the project_wd.reg file in the
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ directory to the project.reg file in the %_FLATRELEASEDIR% sub-directory.
(e) Append the contents of the project_wd.bib file in the
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ directory to the project.bib file in the %_FLATRELEASEDIR% sub-directory.
This step is only necessary if you want the WinDriver CE kernel file
(windrvr6.dll) to be a permanent part of the Windows CE image
(NK.BIN), which is the case if you select to transfer the file to your target platform using a floppy disk. If you prefer to have the file windrvr6.dll loaded on demand via the CESH/PPSH services, you do not need to carry out this step until you build a permanent kernel.
14.3 Windows CE Driver Distribution 170
5. Select Make Run-Time Image from the Build menu and name the new image
NK.BIN.
6. Download your new kernel to the target platform and initialize it either by selecting Download/Initialize from the Target menu or by using a floppy disk.
7. Restart your target CE platform. The WinDriver CE kernel will automatically load.
8. Install your hardware control application/DLL on the target.
If your hardware control application/DLL uses wdapi910.dll (as is the case for the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects), also copy this
DLL from the WinDriver
\redist\WINCE\<TARGET_CPU> directory on the Windows host development PC to the target’s Windows
\ directory.
14.3.2
Distribution to Windows CE Computers
NOTE
Unless otherwise specified, ”Windows CE” references in this section include all supported Windows CE platforms, including Windows Mobile.
1. Copy WinDriver’s kernel module – windrvr6.dll – from the
WinDriver
\redist\WINCE\<TARGET_CPU> directory on the Windows host development PC to the Windows
\ directory on your target Windows CE platform.
2. Add WinDriver to the list of device drivers Windows CE loads on boot:
• Modify the registry according to the entries documented in the file
WinDriver
\samples\wince_install\ project_wd.reg. This can be done using the Windows CE Pocket Registry Editor on the hand-held
CE computer or by using the Remote CE Registry Editor Tool supplied with MS eMbedded Visual C++ (Windows CE 4.x – 5.x) / MSDEV .NET
2005 (Windows Mobile or Windows CE 6.x). Note that in order to use the Remote CE Registry Editor tool you will need to have Windows CE
Services installed on your Windows host platform.
• On Windows Mobile the operating system’s security scheme prevents the loading of unsigned drivers at boot time, therefore the WinDriver kernel module has to be reloaded after boot. To load WinDriver on the target Windows Mobile platform every time the OS is started, copy the
WinDriver
\redist\Windows_Mobile_5_ARMV4I\ wdreg.exe utility to the Windows
\StartUp\ directory on the target.
14.4 Linux Driver Distribution 171
3. Restart your target CE computer. The WinDriver CE kernel will automatically load. You will have to do a warm reset rather than just suspend/resume (use the reset or power button on your target CE computer).
4. Install your hardware control application/DLL on the target.
If your hardware control application/DLL uses wdapi910.dll (as is the case for the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects), also copy this
DLL from the WinDriver
\redist\WINCE\<TARGET_CPU> directory on the development PC to the target’s Windows
\ directory.
14.4
Linux Driver Distribution
NOTES
• The Linux kernel is continuously under development and kernel data structures are subject to frequent changes. To support such a dynamic development environment and still have kernel stability, the Linux kernel developers decided that kernel modules must be compiled with header files identical to those with which the kernel itself was compiled. They enforce this by including a version number in the kernel header files that is checked against the version number encoded into the kernel. This forces Linux driver developers to facilitate recompilation of their driver based on the target system’s kernel version.
• If you have renamed the WinDriver kernel module (windrvr6.o/.ko), as explained in section
, replace the relevant windrvr6 references with the
name of your driver, and replace references to the WinDriver redist/, lib/ and
include/ directories with the path to your copy of the relevant directory.
For example, when using the generated DriverWizard renamed driver files for your driver project, as explained in section
references to the WinDriver/redist directory with references to the generated
xxx_installation/redist directory (where xxx is the name of your generated driver project).
14.4.1
WinDriver Kernel Module
Since windrvr6.o/.ko is a kernel module, it must be recompiled for every kernel version on which it is loaded. To facilitate this, we supply the following components
– all provided under the WinDriver/redist directory, unless explicitly specified otherwise – in order to insulate the WinDriver kernel module from the Linux kernel:
• windrvr_gcc_v2.a, windrvr_gcc_v3.a and windrvr_gcc_v3_regparm.a: compiled object code for the WinDriver kernel module. windrvr_gcc_v2.a
14.4 Linux Driver Distribution 172 is used for kernels compiled with GCC v2.x.x, and windrvr_gcc_v3.a is used for kernels compiled with GCC v3.x.x. windrvr_gcc_v3_regparm.a is used for kernels compiled with GCC v3.x.x with the regparm flag.
• linux_wrappers.c/h: wrapper library source code files that bind the WinDriver kernel module to the Linux kernel.
• linux_common.h, windrvr.h, wd_ver.h and wdusb_interface.h: header files required for building the WinDriver kernel module on the target.
(Note that wdusb_interface.h is required also for PCI/PCMCIA/ISA drivers, not just for USB).
• wdusb_linux.c: used by WinDriver to utilize the USB stack. Even though this is a USB file, it is also required for PCI/PCMCIA/ISA drivers.
• configure: a configuration script, which creates a makefile that compiles and inserts the module windrvr6.o/.ko into the kernel.
• makefile.in, wdreg (provided under the WinDriver/util directory) and
setup_inst_dir: the configure script uses makefile.in, which creates a makefile. This makefile calls the wdreg utility shell script and setup_inst_dir.
All three files must be copied to the target.
TIP
You can use the wdreg script to load the WinDriver kernel module [ 13.3
To automatically load windrvr6.o/.ko on each boot, run the wdreg script from the target Linux /etc/rc.d/rc.local file:
wdreg windrvr6
You need to distribute these components along with your driver source/object code.
14.4.2
User-Mode Hardware Control Application/Shared Objects
Copy the hardware control application/shared objects that you created with
WinDriver to the target.
If your hardware control application/shared objects use libwdapi910.so (as is the case for the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects), copy this shared object from the WinDriver/lib directory on the development PC to the target’s library directory (/usr/lib – for 32-bit PowerPC or 32-bit x86 targets; /usr/lib64 – for
64-bit x86 targets).
Since your hardware control application/shared objects do not have to be matched against the kernel version number, you are free to distribute it as binary code (if you
14.4 Linux Driver Distribution 173 wish to protect your source code from unauthorized copying) or as source code. Note that under the license agreement with Jungo you may not distribute the source code of the libwdapi910.so shared object.
CAUTION!
If you select to distribute your source code, make sure you do not distribute your
WinDriver license string, which is used in the code.
14.4.3
Kernel PlugIn Modules
Since the Kernel PlugIn module (if you have created such a module) is a kernel module, it also needs to be matched against the active kernel’s version number. This means recompilation for the target system. It is advisable to supply the Kernel PlugIn module source code to your customers so that they can recompile it. You can use the
configure script that the DriverWizard created for you in the code generation of the
Kernel PlugIn to build and insert any Kernel PlugIn modules that you distribute.
NOTE
You may have to perform adjustments to the configure script, particularly concerning the locations of files (their paths).
To enable re-compilation of your Kernel PlugIn driver on different Linux targets, you are also free to distribute the following files: kp_linux_gcc_v2.o,
kp_linux_gcc_v3.o, kp_linux_gcc_v3_regparm.o, kp_wdapi910_gcc_v2.a,
kp_wdapi910_gcc_v3.a and kp_wdapi910_gcc_v3_regparm.a.
The xxx_gcc_v2.o/a files are used for kernels compiled with GCC v2.x.x, the
xxx_gcc_v3.o/a files are used for kernels compiled with GCC v3.x.x, and the
xxx_gcc_v3_regparm.o/a files are used for kernels compiled with GCC v3.x.x with the regparm flag.
14.4.4
Installation Script
We suggest that you supply an installation shell script that copies your driver executables/DLL to the correct locations (perhaps /usr/local/bin) and then invokes
make or gmake to build and install the WinDriver kernel module and any Kernel
PlugIn modules .
14.5 Solaris Driver Distribution
14.5
Solaris Driver Distribution
174
NOTE
If you have renamed the WinDriver kernel module (windrvr6), as explained in section
, replace the relevant windrvr6 and windrvr references with the name
of your driver, and replace references to the WinDriver redist/ and lib/ directories with the path to your copy of the relevant directory. For example, when using the generated DriverWizard renamed driver files for your driver project, as explained in section
, you can replace references to the WinDriver/redist directory
with references to the generated xxx_installation/redist directory (where xxx is the name of your generated driver project).
For Solaris, you need to supply the following to allow the client to enable target installation of your driver:
• WinDriver’s kernel module: The files windrvr6 and windrvr6.conf, which are provided under the WinDriver/redist directory, implement the WinDriver kernel module.
• User-mode hardware control application/shared object: Your user-mode hardware control application/shared object binaries.
• If your hardware control application/shared object uses libwdapi910.so (as is the case for the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects), copy this shared object from the WinDriver/lib directory on the development PC to the target’s library directory (/lib/32 – for 32-bit SPARC or 32-bit x86 targets;
/lib/64 – for 64-bit SPARC targets).
• Kernel PlugIn module: If you used a Kernel PlugIn module, you should supply the relevant files, e.g., mykp and mykp.conf.
• An installation script: We suggest that you supply an installation shell script that copies your driver executables to the correct locations (perhaps
/usr/local/bin) and then installs the WinDriver kernel. You may adapt the utility script install_windrvr (found under the WinDriver directory on the development machine) to your purposes.
Chapter 15
Driver Installation – Advanced
Issues
15.1
INF Files – Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista
Device information (INF) files are text files that provide information used by the Plug-and-Play mechanism in Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista to install software that supports a given hardware device. INF files are required for hardware that identifies itself, such as USB and PCI. An INF file includes all necessary information about a device and the files to be installed. When hardware manufacturers introduce new products, they must create INF files to explicitly define the resources and files required for each class of device.
In some cases, the INF file for your specific device is supplied by the operating system. In other cases, you will need to create an INF file for your device.
WinDriver’s DriverWizard can generate a specific INF file for your device. The INF file is used to notify the operating system that WinDriver now handles the selected device.
You can use the DriverWizard to generate the INF file on the development machine
– as explained in section
of the manual – and then install the INF file on any machine to which you distribute the driver, as explained in the following sections.
175
15.1 INF Files – Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista
15.1.1
Why Should I Create an INF File?
• To stop the Windows Found New Hardware Wizard from popping up after each boot.
• To ensure that the operating system can initialize the PCI configuration registers on Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
• To ensure that PCI interrupts are handled correctly.
• To load the new driver created for the device.
An INF file must be created whenever developing a new driver for Plug and
Play hardware that will be installed on a Plug-and-Play system.
• To replace the existing driver with a new one.
176
15.1.2
How Do I Install an INF File When No Driver Exists?
NOTE
You must have administrative privileges in order to install an INF file on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
• Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista:
On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista you can use the wdreg utility with the
install
command to automatically install the INF file:
wdreg -inf <path to the INF file> install
(for more information, refer to section
of the manual).
On the development PC, you can have the INF file automatically installed when selecting to generate the INF file with the DriverWizard, by checking the Automatically Install the INF file option in the DriverWizard’s INF generation window (see section
It is also possible to install the INF file manually on Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista, using either of the following methods:
– Windows Found New Hardware Wizard: This wizard is activated when the device is plugged in or, if the device was already connected, when scanning for hardware changes from the Device Manager.
– Windows Add/Remove Hardware Wizard: Right-click the mouse on
My Computer, select Properties, choose the Hardware tab and click on
Hardware Wizard....
– Windows Upgrade Device Driver Wizard: Select the device from the
Device Manager devices list, select Properties, choose the Driver tab
15.1 INF Files – Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista 177 and click the Update Driver... button. On Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista you can choose to upgrade the driver directly from the
Properties list.
In all the manual installation methods above you will need to point Windows to the location of the relevant INF file during the installation.
We recommend using the wdreg utility to install the INF file automatically, instead of installing it manually.
• Windows 98/Me:
On Windows 98/Me you need to install the INF file for your PCI/PCMCIA device manually, either via Windows Add New Hardware Wizard or
Upgrade Device Driver Wizard, as explained below:
– Windows Add New Hardware Wizard:
NOTE
This method can be used if no other driver is currently installed for the device or if the user first uninstalls (removes) the current driver for the device. Otherwise, Windows New Hardware Found Wizard, which activates the Add New Hardware Wizard, will not appear for this device.
(1) To activate the Windows Add New Hardware Wizard, attach the hardware device to the computer or, if the device is already connected, scan for hardware changes (Refresh).
(2) When Windows Add New Hardware Wizard appears, follow its installation instructions. When asked, point to the location of the INF file in your distribution package.
– Windows Upgrade Device Driver Wizard:
(1) Open Windows Device Manager: From the System Properties window (right-click on My Computer and select Properties) select the Device Manager tab.
(2) Select your device from the Device Manager devices list, choose the
Driver tab and click the Update Driver button.
To locate your device in the Device Manager, select View devices by
connection. For PCI devices, navigate to Standard PC | PCI bus |
<your device>.
(3) Follow the instructions of the Upgrade Device Driver Wizard that opens. When asked, point to the location of the INF file in your distribution package.
15.1 INF Files – Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista 178
15.1.3
How Do I Replace an Existing Driver Using the INF File?
NOTE
You must have administrative privileges in order to replace a driver on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
1. On Windows 2000, if you wish to upgrade the driver for PCI/PCMCIA devices that have been registered to work with earlier versions of WinDriver, we recommend that you first delete from Windows INF directory
(%windir%
\inf) any previous INF files for the device, to prevent Windows from installing an old INF file in place of the new file that you created. Look for files containing your device’s vendor and device IDs and delete them.
2. Install your INF file:
• On Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista you can automatically install the INF file:
You can use the wdreg utility with the
install
command to automatically install the INF file on Windows 2000/XP/Server
2003/Vista:
wdreg -inf <path to INF file> install
(for more information, refer to section
of the manual).
On the development PC, you can have the INF file automatically installed when selecting to generate the INF file with the DriverWizard, by checking the Automatically Install the INF file option in the
DriverWizard’s INF generation window (see section
It is also possible to install the INF file manually on Windows
2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista, using either of the following methods:
– Windows Found New Hardware Wizard: This wizard is activated when the device is plugged in or, if the device was already connected, when scanning for hardware changes from the Device
Manager.
– Windows Add/Remove Hardware Wizard: Right-click on My
Computer, select Properties, choose the Hardware tab and click on Hardware Wizard....
– Windows Upgrade Device Driver Wizard: Select the device from the Device Manager devices list, select Properties, choose the
Driver tab and click the Update Driver... button. On Windows
2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista you can choose to upgrade the driver directly from the Properties list.
15.1 INF Files – Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista 179
In the manual installation methods above you will need to point Windows to the location of the relevant INF file during the installation. If the installation wizard offers to install an INF file other than the one you have generated, select Install one of the other drivers and choose your specific INF file from the list.
We recommend using the wdreg utility to install the INF file automatically, instead of installing it manually.
• On Windows 98/Me you need to install the INF file manually via
Windows Add New Hardware Wizard or Upgrade Device Driver
Wizard, as explained below:
– Windows Add New Hardware Wizard:
NOTE
This method can be used if no other driver is currently installed for the device or if the user first uninstalls (removes) the current driver for the device. Otherwise, the Windows Found New Hardware
Wizard, which activates the Add New Hardware Wizard, will not appear for this device.
(1) To activate the Windows Add New Hardware Wizard, attach the hardware device to the computer or, if the device is already connected, scan for hardware changes (Refresh).
(2) When Windows Add New Hardware Wizard appears, follow its installation instructions. When asked, specify the location of the INF file in your distribution package.
– Windows Upgrade Device Driver Wizard:
(1) Open Windows Device Manager: From the System Properties window (right click on My Computer and select Properties) select the Device Manager tab.
(2) Select your device from the Device Manager devices list, open it, choose the Driver tab and click the Update Driver button. To locate your device in the Device Manager, select View devices
by connection. For PCI devices, navigate to Standard PC | PCI
bus | <your device>.
(3) Follow the instructions of the Upgrade Device Driver Wizard that opens. Locate the INF in your distribution package when asked.
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver
15.2
Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver
180
The WinDriver APIs are implemented within the windrvr6.sys/.dll/.o/.ko kernel driver module (depending on the OS), which provides the main driver functionality
and enables you to code your specific driver logic from the user mode [ 1.6
On Windows, Linux and Solaris you can change the name of the WinDriver kernel module to your preferred driver name, and then distribute the renamed driver instead of windrvr6.sys/.o/.ko. The following sections explain how to rename the driver for each of the supported operating systems.
i
A renamed WinDriver kernel driver can be installed on the same PC as the original windrvr6.sys/.o/.ko kernel module.
You can also install multiple renamed WinDriver drivers on the same PC, simultaneously.
TIP
Try to give your driver a unique name in order to avoid a potenial conflict with other drivers on the target PCs on which your driver will be installed.
15.2.1
Windows Driver Rename
Rename the Windows WinDriver kernel driver – windrvr6.sys – using either of the two alternative methods described in the following sections.
TIP
It is recommended to use the first method, described in setion
automates most of the work for you.
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver 181
NOTES
• References to the WinDriver
\redist directory in this section can be replaced with WinDriver
\redist_win98_compat.
The redist
\ directory contains a digitally signed, WHQL-compliant,
windrvr6.sys driver and related files.
The redist_win98_compat
\ directory contains an unsigned non-WHQL compliant version of the driver for Windows 98/Me and higher.
• Renaming the signed windrvr6.sys driver nullifies its signature. In such cases you can select either to sign your new driver, or to distribute an unsigned driver. For more information on driver signing and certification refer to section
. For guidelines for signing and certifying your renamed driver,
refer to section
15.2.1.1
Rename the Windows Driver Using DriverWizard
To rename your Windows WinDriver kernel driver using DriverWizard
(recommended), follow the steps in this section.
i
References to xxx in this section should be replaced with the name of your generated DriverWizard driver project.
1. Use the DriverWizard utility to generate driver code for your hardware on
6 )], using your preferred driver name (xxx) as the name of the
generated driver project.
The generated project directory (xxx
\) will include an xxx_installation\ directory with the following files and directories:
• redist
\directory:
– xxx.sys – Your new driver, which is actually a renamed copy of the
windrvr6.sys driver.
Note: The properties of the generated driver file (such as the file’s version, company name, etc.) are identical to the properties of the original windrvr6.sys driver. You can rebuild the driver with new properties using the files from the generated xxx_installation
\sys directory, as explained below.
– xxx_driver.inf – A modified version of the windrvr6.inf file, which will be used to install your new xxx.sys driver.
You can make additional modifications to this file, if you wish – namely, changing the string definitions and/or comments in the file.
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver 182
– xxx_device.inf – A modified version of the standard generated
DriverWizard INF file for your device, which registers your device with your driver (xxx.sys).
You can make additional modifications to this file, if you wish, such as changing the manufacturer or driver provider strings.
– wdapi910.dll – A copy of the WinDriver API DLL. The DLL is copied here in order to simplify the driver distribution, allowing you to use the generated xxx
\redist\ directory as the main installation directory for your driver, instead of the original WinDriver
\redist directory.
• sys
\ directory: This directory contains files for advanced users, who wish to change the properties of their driver file.
Note: Changing the file’s properties requires rebuilding of the driver module using the Windows Driver Development Kit (DDK).
To modify the properties of your xxx.sys driver file:
(a) Verify that the Windows DDK is installed on your development PC, or elsewhere on its network, and set the BASEDIR environment variable to point to your DDK installation directory.
(b) Modify the xxx.rc resources file in the generated sys
\ directory in order to set different driver file properties.
(c) Rebuild the driver by running the following command:
ddk_make <OS> <build mode (free/checked)>
For example, to build a release version of the driver for Windows XP:
ddk_make winxp free
Note: The ddk_make.bat utility is provided under the
WinDriver
\util directory, and should be automatically identified by Windows when runnning the installation command.
After rebuilding the xxx.sys driver, copy the new driver file to the generated xxx
\redist directory.
2. Verify that your application calls the
WD_DriverName()
your new driver name before calling any other WinDriver function.
Note that the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver applications already include a call to this function, but with the default driver name
(windrvr6), so all you need to do is replace the driver name that is passed to the function in the code with your new driver name.
3. Verify that your user-mode driver project is built with the
WD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE preprocessor flag (e.g.
-DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE )
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver 183
Note: The sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects/makefiles already set this preprocessor flag by default.
4. Install your new driver by following the instructions in section
of the manual, using the modified files from the generated xxx_installation
\ directory instead of the installation files from the original WinDriver distribution.
15.2.1.2
Manually Rename the Windows Driver
To manually rename the Windows WinDriver kernel driver, follow these steps:
1. Create a copy of the WinDriver
\redist directory and modify the files in this directory as follows:
• Rename the windrvr6.sys and windrvr6.inf files, replacing windrvr6 in the file names with your selected driver name, e.g. my_driver.
Note that you must leave the *.sys / *.inf file extension.
• Modify your copy of the windrvr6.inf file:
(a) Replace all windrvr6 occurrences in the file with the name of your new driver (e.g. my_driver).
(b) Change the name of the driver service for the
AddService key, under the
[DriverInstall.NT.Services] section in the INF file, to your selected driver service name (e.g. MyDriver).
2. Replace any occurrences of windrvr6 in your device-INF file, which registers your device with the selected driver, with the name of your new driver module
(e.g. my_driver). You can also make additional modifications to this file, if you wish, such as changing the manufacturer or driver provider strings.
NOTE
DriverWizard automatically generates a device-INF for your device under the generated driver project directory. The file’s name is derived from the name selected for your driver project (e.g. <my_driver>.inf). You can also generate the device INF file yourself by selecting the INF generation option from the DriverWizard’s Select Your Device screen, which is displayed when selecting to create a new host driver project. When using this method you can set your own INF strings – such as the manufacturer name, device name, and device class – directly from the wizard, and let DriverWizard generate a device-INF file that uses your definitions, as explained in section
Regardless of the method used to create your device-INF file, in order to use your new driver module you must change the references to windrvr6 in this file to your new driver name, as explained above.
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver 184
3. Verify that your application calls the
WD_DriverName()
your new driver name before calling any other WinDriver function.
Note that the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver applications already include a call to this function, but with the default driver name
(windrvr6), so all you need to do is replace the driver name that is passed to the function in the code with your new driver name.
4. Verify that your user-mode driver project is built with the
WD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE preprocessor flag (e.g.
-DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE )
Note: The sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects/makefiles already set this preprocessor flag by default.
5. Install your new driver by following the instructions in section
of the manual, using the modified files from your new installation directory instead of the installation files from the original WinDriver distribution.
15.2.2
Linux Driver Rename
Rename the Linux WinDriver kernel driver – windrvr6.o/.ko – using either of the two alternative methods described in the following sections.
TIP
It is recommended to use the first method, described in setion
automates most of the work for you.
15.2.2.1
Rename the Linux Driver Using DriverWizard
To rename your Linux WinDriver kernel driver using DriverWizard (recommended), follow the steps in this section.
i
References to xxx in this section should be replaced with the name of your generated DriverWizard driver project.
1. Use the DriverWizard utility to generate driver code for your hardware on
6 )], using your preferred driver name (xxx) as the name of the
generated driver project.
The generated project directory (xxx/) will include an xxx_installation/ directory with the following files and directories:
• redist/ directory: This directory contains copies of the files from the original WinDriver/redist installation directory, but with the
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver 185 required modifications for building your xxx.o/.ko driver instead of
windrvr6.o/.ko.
• lib/ and include/ directories: Copies of the library and include directories from the original WinDriver distribution. These copies are created since the supported Linux WinDriver kernel driver build method relies on the existence of these directories directly under the same parent directory as the redist/ directory.
2. Verify that your application calls the
WD_DriverName()
your new driver name before calling any other WinDriver function.
Note that the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver applications already include a call to this function, but with the default driver name
(windrvr6), so all you need to do is replace the driver name that is passed to the function in the code with your new driver name.
3. Verify that your user-mode driver project is built with the
WD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE preprocessor flag (
-DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE
)
Note: The sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects/makefiles already set this preprocessor flag by default.
4. Install your new driver by following the instructions in section
of the manual, using the modified files from the generated xxx_installation/ directory instead of the installation files from the original WinDriver distribution. As part of the installation, build your new kernel driver module by following the instructions in section
, using the files from your new
installation directory.
15.2.2.2
Manually Rename the Linux Driver
To manually rename the Linux WinDriver kernel driver, follow these steps:
1. Create a new installation directory and copy the redist/, lib/ and include/ directories from the original WinDriver distribution to this new directory.
2. Make the following changes to the files in your copy of the redist/ directory:
(a) Replace any occurrences of the
%DRIVER_NAME%
string in the
linux_wrappers.c file with your new driver name (e.g. my_driver).
(b) Replace the configure script in the new directory with a copy of the
WinDriver/wizard/.windrvr6_configure.src file; rename this file to
configure; and replace the
%DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE_FLAG%
string in this file with
-DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE
.
Note: The copies of the lib/ and include/ directories should not be modified.
These copies are created since the supported WinDriver Linux kernel driver
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver 186 build method relies on the existence of these directories directly under the same parent directory as the redist/ directory.
3. Verify that your application calls the
WD_DriverName()
your new driver name before calling any other WinDriver function.
Note that the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver applications already include a call to this function, but with the default driver name
(windrvr6), so all you need to do is replace the driver name that is passed to the function in the code with your new driver name.
4. Verify that your user-mode driver project is built with the
WD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE preprocessor flag ( -DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE )
Note: The sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects/makefiles already set this preprocessor flag by default.
5. Install your new driver by following the instructions in section
of the manual, using the modified files from your new installation directory instead of the installation files from the original WinDriver distribution. As part of the installation, build your new kernel driver module by following the instructions in section
, using the files from your new installation directory.
15.2.3
Solaris Driver Rename
Rename the Solaris WinDriver kernel driver – windrvr6 – using either of the two alternative methods described in the following sections.
TIP
It is recommended to use the first method, described in setion
automates most of the work for you.
15.2.3.1
Rename the Solaris Driver Using DriverWizard
To rename your Solaris WinDriver kernel driver using DriverWizard (recommended), follow the steps in this section.
i
References to xxx in this section should be replaced with the name of your generated DriverWizard driver project.
1. Use the DriverWizard utility to generate driver code for your hardware on
6 )], using your preferred driver name (xxx) as the name of the
generated driver project.
The generated project directory (xxx/) will include an xxx_installation/
15.2 Renaming the WinDriver Kernel Driver 187 directory with the following files and directories:
• redist/ directory: This directory provides modified versions of the files from the original WinDriver/redist directory – i.e. the windrvr6 kernel module and windrvr6.conf installation file – which have been modified to use your new driver name (xxx).
• lib/ directory: This directory is simply a copy of the lib/ directory from the original WinDriver distribution. It is copied here since the driver’s installation method relies on the existence of this directory directly under the same parent directory as the redist/ directory.
• install_xxx and remove_xxx scripts: Copies of the install_windrvr and
rename_windrvr files from the original WinDriver/ directory, which have been modified to refer to your new driver.
2. Verify that your application calls the
WD_DriverName()
your new driver name before calling any other WinDriver function.
Note that the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver applications already include a call to this function, but with the default driver name
(windrvr6), so all you need to do is replace the driver name that is passed to the function in the code with your new driver name.
3. Verify that your user-mode driver project is built with the
WD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE preprocessor flag (
-DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE
)
Note: The sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects/makefiles already set this preprocessor flag by default.
4. Install your new driver by following the instructions in section
of the manual, using the modified files from the generated xxx_installation/ directory instead of the installation files from the original WinDriver distribution.
15.2.3.2
Manually Rename the Solaris Driver
To manually rename the Solaris WinDriver kernel driver, follow these steps:
1. Create a new installation directory and copy the redist/ and lib/ directories, and the install_windrvr and remove_windrvr files, from the original WinDriver distribution to your new directory.
2. Modify your copies of the redist/ directory files and the install_windrvr and
remove_windrvr files by replacing all occurrences of windrvr6 or windrvr, both in the file names and in the files themselves, with your selected driver name (e.g. my_driver).
15.3 Digital Driver Signing & Certification – Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista 188
Note: The copy of the lib/ directory should not be modified. This copy is created since the the driver’s installation method relies on the existence of this directory directly under the same parent directory as the redist/ directory.
3. Verify that your application calls the
WD_DriverName()
your new driver name before calling any other WinDriver function.
Note that the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver applications already include a call to this function, but with the default driver name
(windrvr6), so all you need to do is replace the driver name that is passed to the function in the code with your new driver name.
4. Verify that your user-mode driver project is built with the
WD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE preprocessor flag (
-DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE
)
Note: The sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver projects/makefiles already set this preprocessor flag by default.
5. Install your new driver by following the instructions in section
of the manual, using the modified files from your new installation directory instead of the installation files from the original WinDriver distribution.
15.3
Digital Driver Signing & Certification – Windows
2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista
15.3.1
Overview
Before distributing your driver you can select to digitally sign it and/or certify it, either by submitting it to Microsoft’s Windows Logo Program certification and signature, or by having the driver Authenticode signed.
On most existing Windows operating systems, a driver can be installed successfully even if it has not been digitally signed or certified. However, there are advantages to getting your driver signed. Among these advantages are: successful driver installation on targets on which the installation of unsigned drivers has been blocked; avoid Windows unsigned driver warnings during the driver’s installation; full
pre-installation of INF files [ 15.1
] on Windows XP and newer is supported only for
signed drivers. The importance of digital code signing was further extended with the release of the Windows Vista operating system, as explained at: http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/winlogo/drvsign/drvsign.mspx
.
For more information on digital driver signing and certification, refer to the
Introduction to Code Signing topic in the Microsoft Development Network (MSDN) documentation.
15.3 Digital Driver Signing & Certification – Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista 189
15.3.1.1
Authenticode Driver Signature
The Microsoft Authenticode mechanism verifies the authenticity of driver’s provider.
It allows driver developers to include information about themselves and their code with their programs through the use of digital signatures, and informs users of the driver that the driver’s publisher is participating in an infrastructure of trusted entities.
The Authenticode signature does not, however, guarantee the code’s safety or functionality.
The WinDriver
\redist\windrvr6.sys driver has an Authenticode digital signature.
15.3.1.2
WHQL Driver Certification
Microsoft’s Windows Logo Program – http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/ winlogo/default.mspx
– lays out procedures for submitting hardware and software modules, including drivers, for Microsoft quality assurance tests. Passing the tests qualifies the hardware/software for Microsoft certification, which verifies both the driver provider’s authenticity and the the driver’s safety and functionality.
Device drivers should be submitted for certification together with the hardware that they drive. The driver and hardware are submitted to Microsoft’s Windows Hardware
Quality Labs (WHQL) testing in order to receive digital signature and certification.
This procedure verifies both the driver’s provider and its behavior.
For detailed information regarding the WHQL certification process, refer to the following Microsoft web pages:
• WHQL home page: http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/whql/default.mspx
• WHQL Policies page: http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/whql/policies/default.mspx
• Windows Quality Online Services (Winqual) home page: https://winqual.microsoft.com/ .
• Winqual help: https://winqual.microsoft.com/Help/
• WHQL tests, procedures and forms download page: http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/whql/WHQLdwn.mspx
• Windows Driver Kit (WDK): http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/devtools/wdk/default.mspx
• Driver Test Manager (DTM): http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/DevTools/WDK/DTM.mspx
∗
Note: Some of the links require Windows Internet Explorer.
15.3 Digital Driver Signing & Certification – Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista 190
15.3.2
Driver Signing & Certification of WinDriver-Based
Drivers
\redist\windrvr6.sys driver has an Authenticode signature. Since WinDriver’s kernel module (windrvr6.sys) is a generic driver, which can be used as a driver for different types of hardware devices, it cannot be submitted as a stand-alone driver for WHQL certification. However, once you have used WinDriver to develop a Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista driver for your selected hardware, you can submit both the hardware and driver for
Microsoft WHQL certification, as explained below.
The driver certification and signature procedures – either via Authenticode or
WHQL – require the creation of a catalog file for the driver. This file is a sort of hash, which describes other files. The signed windrvr6.sys driver is provided with a matching catalog file – WinDriver
\redist\wd910.cat. This file is assigned to the
CatalogFile entry in the windrvr6.inf file (provided as well in the redist
\ directory). This entry is used to inform Windows of the driver’s signature and the relevant catalog file during the driver’s installation.
When the name, contents, or even the date of the files described in a driver’s catalog file is modified, the catalog file, and consequently the driver signature associated with
it, become invalid. Therefore, if you select to rename the windrvr6.sys driver [ 15.2
and/or the related windrvr6.inf file, the wd910.cat catalog file and the related driver signature will become invalid.
In addition, when using WinDriver to develop a driver for your Plug-and-Play device, you normally also create a device-specific INF file that registers your device to work with the windrvr6.sys driver module (or a renamed version of this driver). Since this
INF file is created at your site, for your specific hardware, it is not referenced from the wd910.cat catalog file and cannot be signed by Jungo apriori.
When renaming windrvr6.sys and/or creating a device-specific INF file for your device, you have two alternative options regarding your driver’s digital signing:
• Do not digitally sign your driver. If you select this option, remove or comment-out the reference to the wd910.cat file from the windrvr6.inf file
(or your renamed version of this file).
• Submit your driver for WHQL certification or have it Authenticode signed.
Note that while renaming WinDriver
\redist\windrvr6.sys nullifies the driver’s digital signature, the driver is still WHQL-compliant and can therefore be submitted for WHQL testing.
To digitally sign/certify your driver, follow these steps:
– Create a new catalog file for your driver, as explained in Microsoft’s
WHQL documentation. The new file should reference both windrvr6.sys
15.3 Digital Driver Signing & Certification – Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista 191
(or your renamed driver) and any INF files used in your driver’s installation.
– Assign the name of your new catalog file to the
CatalogFile entry in your driver’s INF file(s). (You can either change the
CatalogFile entry in the windrvr6.inf file to refer to your new catalog file, and add a similar entry in your device-specific INF file; or incorporate both
windrvr6.inf and your device INF file into a single INF file that contains such a
CatalogFile entry).
– If you wish to submit your driver for WHQL certification, refer to the additional guidelines in section
– Submit your driver for WHQL certification or for an Authenticode signature.
Note that many WinDriver customers have already successfully digitally signed and certified their WinDriver-based drivers.
15.3.2.1
WHQL DTM Test Notes
As indicated in the WHQL documentation, before submitting the driver for testing you need to download Microsoft’s Driver Test Manager (DTM) ( http://www.
microsoft.com/whdc/DevTools/WDK/DTM.mspx
) and run the relevant tests for your hardware/software. After you have verified that you can successfully pass the
DTM tests, create the required logs package and proceed according to Microsoft’s documentation.
When running the DTM tests, note the following:
• The DTM test class for WinDriver-based drivers should be Unclassified –
Universal Device.
• The Driver Verifier test is applied to all unsigned drivers found on the test machine. It is therefore important to try and minimize the number of unsigned drivers installed on the test PC (apart from the test driver - windrvr6.sys).
• The USB Selective Suspend test requires that the depth of the under-test USB device in the USB devices tree is at least one external hub and no more than two external hubs deep.
• The ACPI Stress test requires that the ACPI settings in the BIOS support the S3 power state.
• Verify that the /PAE switch is added to the boot flags in the PC’s boot.ini file.
15.4 Windows XP Embedded WinDriver Component 192
• The tests submission requires you to provide a *.pdb debug symbol file and an ouput of the PREfast utility (defects.xml). You can find copies of these files for the windrvr6.sys driver in the WinDriver
\redist directory.
When selecting to rename and rebuild the windrvr6.sys driver module, as explained in section
, a new debug symbols file is created for the driver.
(The original defects.xml file is also applicable to the rebuilt driver).
• Before submitting the file for certification you need to create a new catalog file, which lists your driver and specific INF file(s), and refer to this catalog file
from your INF file(s), as explained above [ 15.3.2
15.4
Windows XP Embedded WinDriver Component
When creating a Windows XP Embedded image using the Target Designer tool from
Microsoft’s Windows Embedded Studio, you can select the components that you wish to add to your image. The added components will be installed automatically during the first boot on the Windows XP Embedded target on which the image is loaded.
To automatically install the required WinDriver files – such as the windrvr6.inf file and the WinDriver kernel driver that it installs (windrvr6.sys), your device
INF file (for a Plug-and-Play device – PCI/PCMCIA), and the WinDriver API DLL
(wdapi910.dll) – on Windows XP Embedded platforms, you can create a relevant
WinDriver component and add it to your Windows XP Embedded image.
WinDriver simplifies this task for you by providing you with a ready-made component: WinDriver
\redist\xp_embedded\wd_component\windriver.sld.
To use the provided component, follow the steps below.
NOTE
The provided windriver.sld component relies on the existence of a wd_files
\ directory in the same directory that holds the component. Therefore, do not rename the provided WinDriver
\redist\xp_embedded\wd_component\wd_files\ directory or modify its contents, unless instructed to so in the following guidelines.
1. For a Plug-and-Play device (PCI/PCMCIA) – modify the dev.inf file:
The windriver.sld component depends on the existence of a
dev.inf file in the wd_files
\ directory. The WinDriver installation on your development Windows platform contains a generic
WinDriver
\redist\xp_embedded\wd_component\wd_files\dev.inf file.
Use either of the following methods to modify this file to suit your device:
• Modify the generic dev.inf file to describe your device. At the very least, you must modify the template
[DeviceList] entry and insert your
15.4 Windows XP Embedded WinDriver Component 193 device’s hardware type and vendor and product IDs. For example, for a
PCI device with vendor ID 0x1111 and product ID 0x2222:
"my_dev_pci"=Install, PCI
\
VEN_1111&DEV_2222
OR:
• Create an INF file for your device using DriverWizard [ 4.2
and name it dev.inf, or use an INF file from one of WinDriver’s
enhanced-support chipsets [ 7 ] that suits your card and rename
it to dev.inf. Then copy your dev.inf device INF file to the
WinDriver
\redist\xp_embedded\wd_component\wd_files\ directory.
For a non-Plug-and-Play (ISA) device – remove the dev.inf installation from the WinDriver component:
Remove or comment-out the following line in the installation file
WinDriver
\redist\xp_embedded\wd_component\wd_files\wd_install.bat
(to comment-out the line, add two colons – :: – at the beginning of the line): wdreg -inf dev.inf install
2. Add the WinDriver component to the Windows Embedded Component
Database:
(a) Open the Windows Embedded Component Database Manager (DBMgr).
(b) Click Import.
(c) Select the WinDriver component –
WinDriver
\redist\xp_embedded\wd_component\windriver.sld – as the SLD file and click Import.
3. Add the WinDriver component to your Windows XP Embedded image:
(a) Open your project in the Target Designer.
(b) Double-click the WinDriver component to add it to your project.
Note: If you already have an earlier version of the WinDriver component in your project’s components list, right-click this component and select
Upgrade.
(c) Run a dependency check and build your image.
After following these steps, WinDriver will automatically be installed during the first boot on the target Windows XP Embedded platform on which your image is loaded.
NOTE
If you have selected to rename the WinDriver kernel module [ 15.2
be able to use the provided windriver.sld component. You can build your own component for the renamed driver, or use the wdreg utility to install the driver on the target Windows XP Embedded platform, as explained in the manual.
Appendix A
64-bit Operating Systems
Support
A.1
Supported 64-bit Architectures
WinDriver supports the following 64-bit platforms:
• Solaris SPARC 64-bit.
For a full list of Solaris platforms supported by WinDriver, refer to section
• Linux AMD64 or Intel EM64T (x86_64).
For a full list of the Linux platforms supported by WinDriver, refer to section
• Windows AMD64 or Intel EM64T (x64).
For a full list of the Windows platforms supported by WinDriver, refer to sections
and
For information regarding performing 64-bit data transfers with WinDriver, including on 32-bit platforms, refer to section
194
A.2 Support for 32-bit Applications on 64-bit Architectures
A.2
Support for 32-bit Applications on 64-bit
Architectures
195
WinDriver for Solaris SPARC 64-bit, Linux AMD64 and Windows AMD64 support both 32-bit and 64-bit applications. In order to build a 32-bit application for one of these platforms, use any appropriate 32-bit compiler with the
-DKERNEL_64BIT compilation flag. Note, however, that 64-bit applications are more efficient.
A.3
64-bit and 32-bit Data Types
In general, DWORD is unsigned long. While any 32-bit compiler treats this type as 32 bits wide, 64-bit compilers treat this type differently. With Windows 64-bit compilers the size of this type is still 32 bits. However, with UNIX 64-bit compilers
(e.g. GCC, SUN Forte) the size of this type is 64 bits. In order to avoid compiler dependency issues, use the UINT32 and UINT64 cross-platform types when you want to refer to a 32-bit or 64-bit address, respectively.
Appendix B
API Reference
NOTE
This function reference is C oriented. The WinDriver .NET, Visual Basic and
Delphi APIs have been implemented as closely as possible to the C APIs, therefore
.NET, VB and Delphi programmers can also use this reference to better understand the WinDriver APIs for their selected development language. For the exact API implementation and usage examples for your selected language, refer to the
WinDriver .NET/VB/Delphi source code.
196
B.1 WD_DriverName() 197
B.1
WD_DriverName()
P
URPOSE
• Sets the name of the WinDriver kernel module, which will be used by the calling application.
NOTE:
• The default driver name, which is used if the function is not called, is
windrvr6.
• This function must be called once, and only once, from the beginning of your application, before calling any other WinDriver function (including
WD_Open()
/
WDC_DriverOpen()
/
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
), as demonstrated in the sample and generated DriverWizard WinDriver applications, which include a call to this function with the default driver name (windrvr6).
• On Windows, Linux and Solaris, If you select to modify the name of the
WinDriver kernel module (windrvr6.sys/.o/.ko), as explained in section
you must ensure that your application calls WD_DriverName() with your new driver name.
• In order to use the
WD_DriverName() function, your user-mode driver project must be built with
WD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE preprocessor flag (e.g.
-DWD_DRIVER_NAME_CHANGE
– for Visual Studio and gcc).
The sample and generated DriverWizard Windows, Linux and Solaris
WinDriver projects/makefiles already set this preprocessor flag.
B.1 WD_DriverName()
P
ROTOTYPE
c o n s t c h a r * DLLCALLCONV WD_DriverName ( c o n s t c h a r * sName ) ;
198
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ sName
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
sName
Type
const char*
Input/Output
Input
Description
The name of the WinDriver kernel module to be used by the application.
NOTE: The driver name should be indicated without the driver file’s extension. For example, use windrvr6, not
windrvr6.sys or windrvr6.o.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the selected driver name on success; returns NULL on failure (e.g. if the function is called twice from the same application).
R
EMARKS
• The ability to rename the WinDriver kernel module is supported on Windows,
Linux and Solaris, as explained in section
On Windows CE, always call the WD_DriverName() function with the default
WinDriver kernel module name (windrvr6), or refrain from calling the function altogether.
B.2 WDC Library Overview
B.2
WDC Library Overview
199
The "WinDriver Card" – WDC – API provides convenient user-mode wrappers to the basic WinDriver PCI/ISA/PCMCIA/CardBus
WD_xxx
API, which is described in the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference.
The WDC wrappers are designed to simplify the usage of WinDriver for communicating with PCI/ISA/PCMCIA/CardBus devices. While you can still use the basic
WD_xxx
PCI/PCMCIA/ISA WinDriver API from your code, we recommend that you refrain from doing so and use the high-level WDC API instead.
NOTE: Most of the WDC API can be used both from the user mode and from the
kernel mode (from a Kernel PlugIn driver [ 11 ]).
The generated DriverWizard PCI/PCMCIA/ISA diagnostics driver code, as well as the PLX sample code, and the pci_diag, Kernel PlugIn pci_diag, pcmcia_diag and
pci_dump samples, for example, utilize the WDC API.
The WDC API is part of wdapi910 DLL/shared object:
WinDriver
\redist\WINCE\<TARGET_CPU>\wdapi910.dll (Windows CE) /
WinDriver/lib/libwdapi910.so (Linux and Solaris).
The source code for the WDC API is found in the WinDriver/src/wdapi directory.
The WDC interface is provided in the wdc_lib.h and wdc_defs.h header files (both found under the WinDriver/includes directory).
wdc_lib.h declares the "high-level" WDC API (type definitions, function declarations, etc.).
wdc_defs.h declares the "low-level" WDC API. This file includes definitions and type information that is encapsulated by the high-level wdc_lib.h file.
The WinDriver PCI/PCMCIA/ISA samples and generated DriverWizard code that utilize the WDC API, for example, consist of a "library" for the specific device, and a diagnostics application that uses it. The high-level diagnostics code only utilizes the wdc_lib.h API, while the library code also uses the low-level API from the
wdc_defs.h file, thus maintaining the desired level of encapsulation.
The following sections describe the WDC high-level [ B.3
NOTES
• CardBus devices are handled via WinDriver’s PCI API, therefore any references to PCI in this chapter also include CardBus.
• The PCMCIA API – both in the WDC library and in the low-level
WD_xxx
WinDriver API – is supported only on Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista.
B.3 WDC High Level API
B.3
WDC High Level API
This section describes the WDC API defined in the WinDriver/include/wdc_lib.h header file.
200
B.3.1
Structures, Types and General Definitions
B.3.1.1
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Handle to a WDC device information structure [ B.4.3
typedef void * WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE;
B.3.1.2
WDC_DRV_OPEN_OPTIONS Definitions
typedef DWORD WDC_DRV_OPEN_OPTIONS;
Preprocessor definitions of flags that describe tasks to be performed when opening a handle to the WDC library (see
WDC_DriverOpen()
Name Description
WDC_DRV_OPEN_CHECK_VER Compare the version of the WinDriver source files used by the code with the version of the loaded WinDriver kernel
WDC_DRV_OPEN_REG_LIC Register a WinDriver license registration string
The following preprocessor definitions provide convenient WDC driver open options, which can be passed to
WDC_DriverOpen()
Name
WDC_DRV_OPEN_BASIC
Description
Instructs
WDC_Driveropen()
only the basic WDC open tasks, mainly open a handle to WinDriver’s kernel module.
NOTE: The value of this option is zero (<=> no driver open flags), therefore this option cannot be combined with any of the other WDC driver open options.
B.3 WDC High Level API 201
Name
WDC_DRV_OPEN_KP
Description
Convenience option when calling
WDC_DriverOpen()
PlugIn. This option is equivalent to setting the WDC_DRV_OPEN_BASIC flag, which is the recommended option to set when opening a handle to the WDC library from the Kernel
PlugIn.
WDC_DRV_OPEN_ALL A convenience mask of all the basic WDC driver open flags –
WDC_DRV_OPEN_CHECK_VER and
WDC_DRV_OPEN_REG_REG_LIC
. (The basic functionality of opening a handle to
WinDriver’s kernel module is always performed by WDC_DriverOpen()
need to also set the WDC_DRV_OPEN_BASIC flag).
WDC_DRV_OPEN_DEFAULT Use the default WDC open options:
• For user-mode applications: equivalent to setting
WDC_DRV_OPEN_ALL
;
• For a Kernel PlugIn: equivalent to setting
WDC_DRV_OPEN_KP
B.3.1.3
WDC_DIRECTION Enumeration
Enumeration of a device’s address/register access directions:
Enum Value
WDC_READ
Description
Read from the address
WDC_WRITE Write to the address
WDC_READ_WRITE Read from the address or write to it.
This value is used, for example, in the WinDriver samples and generated DriverWizard diagnostics code in order to describe a register’s access mode, indicating that the register can either be read from or written to.
B.3 WDC High Level API
B.3.1.4
WDC_ADDR_MODE Enumeration
Enumeration of memory or I/O addresses/registers read/write modes.
The enumeration values are used to determine whether a memory or I/O address/register is read/written in multiples of 8, 16, 32 or 64 bits (i.e. 1, 2, 4 or 8 bytes).
Enum Value Description
WDC_MODE_8 8 bits (1 byte) mode
WDC_MODE_16 16 bits (2 bytes) mode
WDC_MODE_32 32 bits (4 bytes) mode
WDC_MODE_64 64 bits (8 bytes) mode
202
B.3.1.5
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS Enumeration
Enumeration of flags that are used to determine how a memory or I/O address will be read/written:
Enum Value
WDC_RW_OPT_DEFAULT
Description
Use the default read/write options: memory addresses are accessed directly from the calling process; block transfers are performed from subsequent addresses
(automatic increment).
NOTE: The value of this flag is zero (<=> no read/write flags), therefore it can not be combined in a bit-mask with any of the other read/write options flags.
This option is used by the
WDC_ReadAddr8/16/32/64()
WDC_WriteAddr8/16/32/64()
WDC_ADDR_RW_NO_AUTOINC Do no automatically increment the read/write address in block transfers, i.e. hold the device address constant while reading/writing a block of memory or I/O addresses (relevant only for block (string) transfers).
B.3 WDC High Level API
B.3.1.6
WDC_ADDR_SIZE Definitions
typedef DWORD WDC_ADDR_SIZE;
Preprocessor definitions that depict memory or I/O address/register sizes:
Name Description
WDC_SIZE_8 8 bits (1 byte)
WDC_SIZE_16 16 bits (2 bytes)
WDC_SIZE_32 32 bits (4 bytes)
WDC_SIZE_64 64 bits (8 bytes)
203
B.3.1.7
WDC_SLEEP_OPTIONS Definitions
typedef DWORD WDC_SLEEP_OPTIONS;
Preprocessor definitions depict the sleep options that can be passed to
WDC_Sleep()
Name
WDC_SLEEP_BUSY
Description
Perform busy sleep (consumes the CPU)
WDC_SLEEP_NON_BUSY Perform non-busy sleep (does not consume the
CPU)
B.3.1.8
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS Definitions
typedef DWORD WDC_DBG_OPTIONS;
Preprocessor definitions that depict the possible debug options for the WDC library, which are passed to
WDC_SetDebugOptions()
The following flags determine the output file for the WDC library’s debug messages:
Name Description
WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM Send debug messages from the WDC library to
B.3 WDC High Level API
Name Description
WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE Send debug messages from the WDC library to a debug file. By default, the debug file will be stderr, unless a different file is set in the
sDbgFile
parameter of the
WDC_SetDebugOptions()
This option is only supported from the user mode
(as opposed to the Kernel PlugIn).
204
The following flags determine the debug level – i.e. what type of WDC debug messages to display, if at all:
Name
WDC_DBG_LEVEL_ERR
Description
Display only WDC error debug messages
WDC_DBG_LEVEL_TRACE Display both error and trace WDC debug messages
WDC_DBG_NONE Do not display WDC debug messages
The following preprocessor definitions provide convenient debug flags combinations, which can be passed to
WDC_SetDebugOptions()
• User-mode and Kernel PlugIn convenience debug options:
Name Description
WDC_DBG_DEFAULT
WDC_DBG_DBM_ERR
WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM | WDC_DBG_LEVEL_TRACE :
Use the default debug options – send WDC error
and trace messages to the Debug Monitor [ 6.2
WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM | WDC_DBG_LEVEL_ERR
:
Send WDC error debug messages to the Debug
WDC_DBG_DBM_TRACE
WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM | WDC_DBG_LEVEL_TRACE
:
Send WDC error and trace debug messages to the
B.3 WDC High Level API
Name
WDC_DBG_FULL
205
Description
Full WDC debugging:
• From the user mode:
WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM | WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE |
WDC_DBG_LEVEL_TRACE :
Send WDC error and trace debug messages both
file (default file: stderr)
• From the Kernel PlugIn:
WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM | WDC_DBG_LEVEL_TRACE
:
Send WDC error and trace messages to the
• User-mode only convenience debug options:
Name
WDC_DBG_FILE_ERR
WDC_DBG_FILE_TRACE
Description
WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE | WDC_DBG_LEVEL_ERR
:
Send WDC error debug messages to a debug file
(default file: stderr)
WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE | WDC_DBG_LEVEL_TRACE
:
Send WDC error and trace debug messages to a debug file (default file: stderr)
WDC_DBG_DBM_FILE_ERR WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM | WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE |
WDC_DBG_LEVEL_ERR :
Send WDC error debug messages both to the
] and to a debug file (default
file: stderr)
WDC_DBG_DBM_FILE_TRACE
WDC_DBG_OUT_DBM | WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE |
WDC_DBG_LEVEL_TRACE
:
Send WDC error and trace debug messages both
(default file: stderr)
B.3 WDC High Level API 206
B.3.1.9
WDC_SLOT_U Union
WDC PCI/PCMCIA device location information union type:
Name
➢ pciSlot
Type
WD_PCI_SLOT
Description
PCI device location information structure [ B.5.8
➢ pcmciaSlot
WD_PCMCIA_SLOT PCMCIA device location information
B.3.1.10
WDC_PCI_SCAN_RESULT Structure
Structure type for holding the results of a PCI bus scan (see
WDC_PciScanDevices()
Name
➢ dwNumDevices
➢ deviceId
➢ deviceSlot
Type
DWORD
Description
Number of devices found on the PCI bus that match the search criteria (vendor & device IDs)
WD_PCI_ID[WD_PCI_CARDS] Array of matching vendor and device IDs found
WD_PCI_SLOT[WD_PCI_CARDS] Array of PCI device location information
matching the search criteria
B.3 WDC High Level API 207
B.3.1.11
WDC_PCMCIA_SCAN_RESULT Structure
Structure type for holding the results of a PCMCIA bus scan (see
WDC_PcmciaScanDevices()
Name
➢ dwNumDevices
➢ deviceId
➢ deviceSlot
Type
DWORD
Description
Number of devices found on the
PCMCIA bus that match the search criteria (manufacturer & device
IDs)
WD_PCMCIA_ID[WD_PCMCIA_CARDS] Array of matching vendor and device IDs found on the PCMCIA
WD_PCMCIA_SLOT[WD_PCMCIA_CARDS] Array of PCMCIA device location
information structures [ B.5.9
the detected devices matching the search criteria
B.3 WDC High Level API 208
B.3.2
WDC_DriverOpen()
P
URPOSE
• Opens and stores a handle to WinDriver’s kernel module and initializes the WDC library according to the open options passed to it.
This function should be called once before calling any other WDC API.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_DriverOpen (
WDC_DRV_OPEN_OPTIONS o p e n O p t i o n s , c o n s t CHAR * s L i c e n s e ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ openOptions
➢ sLicense
Type
WDC_DRV_OPEN_OPTIONS const CHAR*
Input/Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
openOptions sLicense
Description
A mask of any of the supported open flags [ B.3.1.2
determines the initialization actions that will be performed by the function.
WinDriver license registration string.
This argument is ignored if the
WDC_DRV_OPEN_REG_LIC
openOptions
argument.
If this parameter is a
NULL pointer or an empty string, the function will attempt to register the demo WinDriver evaluation license. Therefore, when evaluating WinDriver pass
NULL as this parameter. After registering your
WinDriver toolkit, modify the code to pass your WinDriver license registration string.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API
B.3.3
WDC_DriverClose()
• Closes the WDC WinDriver handle (acquired and stored by a previous call to
WDC_DriverOpen()
]) and un-initializes the WDC library.
Every
WDC_DriverOpen() call should have a matching
WDC_DriverClose() call, which should be issued when you no longer need to use the WDC library.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_DriverClose ( v o i d ) ;
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
209
B.3 WDC High Level API 210
B.3.4
WDC_PciScanDevices()
P
URPOSE
• Scans the PCI bus for all devices with the specified vendor and device ID combination and returns information regarding the matching devices that were found and their location.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciScanDevices (
DWORD dwVendorId ,
DWORD dw D e vi c e I d ,
WDC_PCI_SCAN_RESULT * p P c i S c a n R e s u l t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ dwVendorId
➢ dwDeviceId
➢ pPciScanResult
Type
DWORD
DWORD
WDC_PCI_SCAN_RESULT*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
dwVendorId dwDeviceId pPciScanResult
Description
Vendor ID to search for (hexadecimal).
Zero (0) – all vendor IDs.
Device ID to search for (hexadecimal).
Zero (0) – all device IDs.
A pointer to a structure that will be updated by the function
with the results of the PCI bus scan [ B.3.1.10
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• If you set both the vendor and device IDs to zero will return, the function will return information regarding all connected PCI devices.
B.3 WDC High Level API 211
B.3.5
WDC_PciScanDevicesByTopology()
P
URPOSE
• Scans the PCI bus for all devices with the specified vendor and device ID combination and returns information regarding the matching devices that were found and their location. The function performs a scan by topology.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciScanDevice sByTopology (
DWORD dwVendorId ,
DWORD dw D e vi c e I d ,
WDC_PCI_SCAN_RESULT * p P c i S c a n R e s u l t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ dwVendorId
➢ dwDeviceId
➢ pPciScanResult
Type
DWORD
DWORD
WDC_PCI_SCAN_RESULT*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
dwVendorId dwDeviceId pPciScanResult
Description
Vendor ID to search for (hexadecimal).
Zero (0) – all vendor IDs.
Device ID to search for (hexadecimal).
Zero (0) – all device IDs.
A pointer to a structure that will be updated by the function
with the results of the PCI bus scan [ B.3.1.10
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• If you set both the vendor and device IDs to zero will return, the function will return information regarding all connected PCI devices.
B.3 WDC High Level API 212
B.3.6
WDC_PcmciaScanDevices()
P
URPOSE
• Scans the PCMCIA bus for all devices with the specified manufacturer and device
ID combination and returns information regarding the matching devices that were found and their location.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PcmciaScanDevices (
WORD w M a n u f a c t u r e r I d ,
WORD w D e vi c e I d ,
WDC_PCMCIA_SCAN_RESULT * p P c m c i a S c a n R e s u l t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ wManufacturerId
➢ wDeviceId
➢ pPcmciaScanResult
Type
WORD
WORD
WDC_PCMCIA_SCAN_RESULT*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
wManufacturerId wDeviceId pPcmciaScanResult
Description
Manufacturer ID to search for (hexadecimal).
Zero (0) – all manufacturer IDs.
Device ID to search for (hexadecimal).
Zero (0) – all device IDs.
A pointer to a structure that will be updated by the function
with the results of the PCMCIA bus scan [ B.3.1.11
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• If you set both the vendor and device IDs to zero will return, the function will return information regarding all connected PCI devices.
B.3 WDC High Level API 213
B.3.7
WDC_PciGetDeviceInfo()
P
URPOSE
• Retrieves a PCI device’s resources information (memory and I/O ranges and interrupt information).
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _P c i G e t D e vi c e I nf o (
WD_PCI_CARD_INFO * p D e v i c e I n f o ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDeviceInfo
❏ pciSlot
❏ Card
Type
WD_PCI_CARD_INFO*
WD_PCI_SLOT
WD_CARD
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDeviceInfo
Description
Pointer to a PCI device information structure [ B.5.12
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• The resources information is obtained from the operating system’s
Plug-and-Play manager, unless the information is not available, in which case it is read directly from the PCI configuration registers.
Note: On Windows, you must install an INF file file, which registers your device with WinDriver, before calling this function (see section
regarding creation of INF files with WinDriver).
• If the Interrupt Request (IRQ) number is obtained from the Plug-and-Play manager, it is mapped, and therefore may differ from the physical IRQ number.
B.3 WDC High Level API 214
B.3.8
WDC_PcmciaGetDeviceInfo()
P
URPOSE
• Retrieves a PCMCIA device’s resources information (memory and I/O ranges and interrupt information).
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PcmciaGetD evic e Info (
WD_PCMCIA_CARD_INFO * p D e v i c e I n f o ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDeviceInfo
❏ pcmciaSlot
❏ Card
❏ cVersion
❏ cManufacturer
❏ cProductName
❏ wManufacturerId
❏ wCardId
❏ wFuncId
Type
WD_PCMCIA_CARD_INFO*
WD_PCMCIA_SLOT
WD_CARD
CHAR
[WD_PCMCIA_VERSION_LEN]
CHAR [WD_PCMCIA_
MANUFACTURER_LEN]
CHAR [WD_PCMCIA_
PRODUCTNAME_LEN]
WORD
WORD
WORD
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDeviceInfo
Description
Pointer to a PCMCIA device information structure [ B.5.13
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 215
R
EMARKS
• The resources information is obtained from the operating system’s
Plug-and-Play manager, unless the information is not available, in which case it is read directly from the PCMCIA configuration registers.
Note: On Windows, you must install an INF file, which registers your device with WinDriver, before calling this function (see section
regarding creation of INF files with WinDriver).
• If the Interrupt Request (IRQ) number is obtained from the Plug-and-Play manager, it is mapped, and therefore may differ from the physical IRQ number.
B.3 WDC High Level API 216
B.3.9
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
P
URPOSE
• Allocates and initializes a WDC PCI device structure, registers the device with
WinDriver, and returns a handle to the device.
Among the operations performed by this function:
• Verifies that a non-shareable memory or I/O resource on the device has not already been registered exclusively.
• Maps the physical memory ranges found on the device both to kernel-mode and user-mode address space, and stores the mapped addresses in the allocated device structure for future use.
• Saves device resources information required for supporting the communication with the device. For example, the function saves the Interrupt Request (IRQ) number and the interrupt type (should be level sensitive for PCI), as well as retrieves and saves an interrupt handle, which are later used when the user calls functions to handle the device’s interrupts.
• If the caller selects to use a Kernel PlugIn driver to communicate with the device, the function opens a handle to this driver and stores it for future use.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciDeviceOpen (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE *phDev , c o n s t WD_PCI_CARD_INFO * p D e v i c e I n f o , c o n s t PVOID pDevCtx ,
PVOID r e s e r v e d , c o n s t CHAR * pcKPDriverName ,
PVOID pKPOpenData ) ;
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ phDev
➢ pDeviceInfo
❏ pciSlot
❏ Card
✦ dwItems
✦ Item
✧ item
✧ fNotSharable
✧ I
♦ Mem
➝ dwPhysicalAddr
➝ dwBytes
➝ dwTransAddr
➝ dwUserDirectAddr
➝ dwCpuPhysicalAddr
➝ dwBar
♦ IO
➝ dwAddr
➝ dwBytes
➝ dwBar
♦ Int
➝ dwInterrupt
➝ dwOptions
➝ hInterrupt
♦ Bus
➝ dwBusType
➝ dwBusNum
➝ dwSlotFunc
♦ Val
➢ pDevCtx
➢ reserved
➢ pcKPDriverName
➢ pKPOpenData
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE* const WD_PCI_CARD_INFO*
WD_PCI_SLOT
WD_CARD
DWORD
WD_ITEMS[WD_CARD_ITEMS]
DWORD
DWORD union struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
WD_BUS_TYPE
DWORD
DWORD struct const PVOID
PVOID const CHAR*
PVOID
217
N/A
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
N/A
N/A
Input/Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
phDev pDeviceInfo pDevCtx reserved pcKPDriverName pKPOpenData
218
Description
Pointer to a handle to the WDC device allocated by the function
Pointer to a PCI device information structure [ B.5.12
which contains information regarding the device to open
Pointer to device context information, which will be stored in the device structure
Reserved for future use
Kernel PlugIn driver name.
If your application does not use a Kernel PlugIn driver, pass a
NULL pointer for this argument.
Kernel PlugIn driver open data to be passed to
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference).
If your application does not use a Kernel PlugIn driver, pass a NULL pointer for this argument.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
• If your card has a large memory range, which cannot be mapped entirely to the kernel virtual address space, you can modify the relevant item for this resource in the card resources information structure that you received from
WDC_PciGetDeviceInfo()
WD_ITEM_DO_NOT_MAP_KERNEL flag in the item’s dwOptions field
( pDeviceInfo->Card.Item[i].dwOptions
) before passing the information structure ( pDeviceInfo
) to
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
. This flag instructs the function to map the relevant memory range only to the user-mode virtual address space but not the kernel address space.
NOTE that if you select to set the WD_ITEM_DO_NOT_MAP_KERNEL flag, the device information structure that will be created by the function will not hold a kernel-mapped address for this resource ( pAddrDesc[i].kptAddr
in the
WDC_DEVICE
] for the relevant memory range will not be
updated) and you will therefore not be able to rely on this mapping in calls to
WinDriver’s API or when accessing the memory from a Kernel PlugIn driver.
B.3 WDC High Level API 219
B.3.10
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
P
URPOSE
• Allocates and initializes a WDC PCMCIA device structure, registers the device with
WinDriver, and returns a handle to the device.
Among the operations performed by this function:
• Verifies that a non-shareable memory or I/O resource on the device has not already been registered exclusively.
• Maps the device’s physical memory ranges device both to kernel-mode and user-mode address space, and stores the mapped addresses in the allocated device structure for future use.
• Saves device resources information required for supporting future communication with the device. For example, the function saves the Interrupt Request (IRQ) number and the interrupt type (edge-triggered / level sensitive), as well as retrieves and saves an interrupt handle, which are later used when the user calls functions to handle the device’s interrupts.
• If the caller selects to use a Kernel PlugIn driver to communicate with the device, the function opens a handle to this driver and stores it for future use.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE *phDev , c o n s t WD_PCMCIA_CARD_INFO * p D e v i c e I n f o , c o n s t PVOID pDevCtx ,
PVOID r e s e r v e d , c o n s t CHAR * pcKPDriverName ,
PVOID pKPOpenData ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ phDev
➢ pDeviceInfo
❏ pcmciaSlot
❏ Card
✦ dwItems
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE* const WD_PCMCIA_CARD_INFO*
WD_PCMCIA_SLOT
WD_CARD
DWORD
Input/Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
Name
✦ Item
✧ item
✧ fNotSharable
✧ I
♦ Mem
➝ dwPhysicalAddr
➝ dwBytes
➝ dwTransAddr
➝ dwUserDirectAddr
➝ dwCpuPhysicalAddr
➝ dwBar
♦ IO
➝ dwAddr
➝ dwBytes
➝ dwBar
♦ Int
➝ dwInterrupt
➝ dwOptions
➝ hInterrupt
♦ Bus
➝ dwBusType
➝ dwBusNum
➝ dwSlotFunc
♦ Val
❏ cVersion
❏ cManufacturer
❏ cProductName
❏ wManufacturerId
❏ wCardId
❏ wFuncId
➢ pDevCtx
➢ reserved
➢ pcKPDriverName
➢ pKPOpenData
Type
WD_ITEMS[WD_CARD_ITEMS]
DWORD
DWORD union struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
WD_BUS_TYPE
DWORD
DWORD struct
CHAR
[WD_PCMCIA_VERSION_LEN]
CHAR [WD_PCMCIA_
MANUFACTURER_LEN]
CHAR [WD_PCMCIA_
PRODUCTNAME_LEN]
WORD
WORD
WORD const PVOID
PVOID const CHAR*
PVOID
220
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
Input
Input
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
N/A
N/A
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
phDev pDeviceInfo pDevCtx reserved pcKPDriverName pKPOpenData
221
Description
Pointer to a handle to the WDC device allocated by the function
Pointer to a PCMCIA device information structure [ B.5.13
which contains information regarding the device to open
Pointer to device context information, which will be stored in the device structure
Reserved for future use
Kernel PlugIn driver name.
If your application does not use a Kernel PlugIn driver, pass a
NULL pointer for this argument.
Kernel PlugIn driver open data to be passed to
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference).
If your application does not use a Kernel PlugIn driver, pass a NULL pointer for this argument.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
• If your card has a large memory range, which cannot be mapped entirely to the kernel virtual address space, you can modify the relevant item for this resource in the card resources information structure that you received from
WDC_PcmciaGetDeviceInfo()
WD_ITEM_DO_NOT_MAP_KERNEL flag in the item’s dwOptions field
( pDeviceInfo->Card.Item[i].dwOptions
) before passing the information structure ( pDeviceInfo
) to
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
. This flag instructs the function to map the relevant memory range only to the user-mode virtual address space but not the kernel address space.
NOTE that if you select to set the WD_ITEM_DO_NOT_MAP_KERNEL flag, the device information structure that will be created by the function will not hold a kernel-mapped address for this resource ( pAddrDesc[i]kptAddr in the
WDC_DEVICE
] for the relevant memory range will not be
updated) and you will therefore not be able to rely on this mapping in calls to
WinDriver’s API or when accessing the memory from a Kernel PlugIn driver.
B.3 WDC High Level API 222
B.3.11
WDC_IsaDeviceOpen()
P
URPOSE
• Allocates and initializes a WDC ISA device structure, registers the device with
WinDriver, and returns a handle to the device.
Among the operations performed by this function:
• Verifies that a non-shareable memory or I/O resource on the device has not already been registered exclusively.
• Maps the device’s physical memory ranges device both to kernel-mode and user-mode address space, and stores the mapped addresses in the allocated device structure for future use.
• Saves device resources information required for supporting future communication with the device. For example, the function saves the Interrupt Request (IRQ) number and the interrupt type (edge-triggered / level sensitive), as well as retrieves and saves an interrupt handle, which are later used when the user calls functions to handle the device’s interrupts.
• If the caller selects to use a Kernel PlugIn driver to communicate with the device, the function opens a handle to this driver and stores it for future use.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_IsaDeviceOpen (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE *phDev , c o n s t WD_CARD * p D e v i c e I n f o , c o n s t PVOID pDevCtx ,
PVOID r e s e r v e d , c o n s t CHAR * pcKPDriverName ,
PVOID pKPOpenData ) ;
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ phDev
➢ pDeviceInfo
❏ dwItems
❏ Item
✦ item
✦ fNotSharable
✦ dwOptions
✦ I
✧ Mem
♦ dwPhysicalAddr
♦ dwBytes
♦ dwTransAddr
♦ dwUserDirectAddr
♦ dwCpuPhysicalAddr
♦ dwBar
✧ IO
♦ dwAddr
♦ dwBytes
♦ dwBar
✧ Int
♦ dwInterrupt
♦ dwOptions
♦ hInterrupt
✧ Bus
♦ dwBusType
♦ dwBusNum
♦ dwSlotFunc
✧ Val
➢ pDevCtx
➢ reserved
➢ pcKPDriverName
➢ pKPOpenData
223
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE* const WD_CARD*
DWORD
WD_ITEMS[WD_CARD_ITEMS]
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD union struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD struct
WD_BUS_TYPE
DWORD
DWORD struct const PVOID
PVOID const CHAR*
PVOID
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
Input
N/A
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
N/A
N/A
N/A
Input
Input/Output
Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
phDev pDeviceInfo pDevCtx reserved pcKPDriverName pKPOpenData
224
Description
Pointer to a handle to the WDC device allocated by the function
Pointer to a card information structure [ B.5.11
contains information regarding the device to open
Pointer to device context information, which will be stored in the device structure
Reserved for future use
Kernel PlugIn driver name.
If your application does not use a Kernel PlugIn driver, pass a
NULL pointer for this argument.
Kernel PlugIn driver open data to be passed to
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference).
If your application does not use a Kernel PlugIn driver, pass a NULL pointer for this argument.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
• If your card has a large memory range, which cannot be mapped entirely to the kernel virtual address space, you can set the
WD_ITEM_DO_NOT_MAP_KERNEL flag for the relevant memory WD_ITEMS
pDeviceInfo->Card.Item[i].dwOptions
) in order to instruct the function to map this memory range only to the user-mode virtual address space but not the kernel address space.
NOTE that if you select to set the
WD_ITEM_DO_NOT_MAP_KERNEL flag, the device information structure that will be created by the function will not hold a kernel-mapped address for this resource ( pAddrDesc[i]kptAddr in the
WDC_DEVICE
] for the relevant memory range will not be
updated) and you will therefore not be able to rely on this mapping in calls to
WinDriver’s API or when accessing the memory from a Kernel PlugIn driver.
B.3 WDC High Level API 225
B.3.12
WDC_PciDeviceClose()
P
URPOSE
• Un-initializes a WDC PCI device structure and frees the memory allocated for it.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciDeviceClose (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Description
Handle to a WDC PCI device structure, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
B.3 WDC High Level API 226
B.3.13
WDC_PcmciaDeviceClose()
P
URPOSE
• Un-initializes a WDC PCMCIA device structure and frees the memory allocated for it.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PcmciaDeviceClose ( WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
Description
Handle to a WDC PCMCIA device structure, returned by
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
B.3 WDC High Level API 227
B.3.14
WDC_IsaDeviceClose()
P
URPOSE
• Un-initializes a WDC ISA device structure and frees the memory allocated for it.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _I s a D e vi c e C l os e (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Description
Handle to a WDC ISA device structure, returned by
WDC_IsaDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
B.3 WDC High Level API
B.3.15
WDC_CardCleanupSetup()
P
URPOSE
• Sets a list of transfer cleanup commands to be performed for the specified card on any of the following occasions:
• The application exists abnormally.
• The application exits normally but without closing the specified card.
• If the bForceCleanup parameter is set to
TRUE
, the cleanup commands will also be performed when the specified card is closed.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD WDC_CardCleanupSetup (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
WD_TRANSFER *Cmd ,
DWORD dwCmds ,
BOOL b F o r c e C l e a n u p ) ;
228
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ Cmd
➢ dwCmds
➢ bForceCleanup
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
WD_TRANSFER*
DWORD
BOOL
229
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Cmd dwCmds bForceCleanup
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
Pointer to an array of cleanup transfer commands to be
Number of cleanup commands in the
Cmd array
If
FALSE
: The cleanup transfer commands ( Cmd ) will be performed in either of the following cases:
• When the application exist abnormally.
• When the application exits normally without closing the card by calling the relevant
WDC_xxxDeviceClose()
If
TRUE
: The cleanup transfer commands will be performed both in the two cases described above, as well as in the following case:
• When the relevant
WD_xxxDeviceClose() function is called for the card.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 230
B.3.16
WDC_KernelPlugInOpen()
P
URPOSE
• Opens a handle to a Kernel PlugIn driver.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_KernelPlugInOpen (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev , c o n s t CHAR * pcKPDriverName ,
PVOID pKPOpenData ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ pcKPDriverName
➢ pKPOpenData
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE const CHAR*
PVOID
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev pcKPDriverName pKPOpenData
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
Kernel PlugIn driver name
Kernel PlugIn driver open data to be passed to
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference)
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 231
R
EMARKS
• Normally you do not need to call this function, since you can open a handle to a Kernel PlugIn driver when opening the handle to your device, as explained in the description of the WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
This function is used for opening a handle to the Kernel PlugIn from a .NET
application. The WinDriver Kernel PlugIn samples pass the address of the device handle to be allocated, i.e. the open function’s
phDev
parameter, also as the the Kernel PlugIn’s open data parameter (
pKPOpenData
). This is not supported in .NET, therefore the handle to the Kernel PlugIn is opened in a separate function call.
B.3 WDC High Level API 232
B.3.17
WDC_CallKerPlug()
P
URPOSE
• Sends a message from a user-mode application to a Kernel PlugIn driver.
The function passes a message ID from the application to the Kernel PlugIn’s
KP_Call()
] function, which should be implemented to handle the specified
message ID, and returns the result from the Kernel PlugIn to the user-mode application.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_CallKerPlug (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwMsg ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
PDWORD p d w R e s u l t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwMsg
➢ pData
➢ pdwResult
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwMsg pData pdwResult
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
PVOID pdwResult
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input/Output
Output
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
A message ID to pass to the Kernel PlugIn driver
(specifically to
KP_Call()
Pointer to data to pass between the Kernel PlugIn driver and the user-mode application
Result returned by the Kernel PlugIn driver (
KP_Call()
) for the operation performed in the kernel as a result of the message that was sent
B.3 WDC High Level API
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
233
B.3 WDC High Level API 234
B.3.18
WDC_ReadMemXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_ReadMem8/16/32/64() reads 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits) / 4 bytes (32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, from a specified memory address. The address is read directly in the calling context (user mode / kernel mode).
P
ROTOTYPE
BYTE WDC_ReadMem8 ( a d d r , o f f ) ;
WORD WDC_ReadMem16 ( a d d r , o f f ) ;
UINT32 WDC_ReadMem32 ( a d d r , o f f ) ;
UINT64 WDC_ReadMem64 ( a d d r , o f f ) ;
Note: The WDC_ReadMemXXX APIs are implemented as macros. The prototypes above use functions declaration syntax to emphasize the expected return values.
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ addr
➢ off
Type
DWORD
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
addr off
Description
The memory address space to read from
The offset from the beginning of the specified address space
( addr ) to read from
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the data that was read from the specified address.
B.3 WDC High Level API 235
B.3.19
WDC_WriteMemXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_WriteMem8/16/32/64() writes 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits) / 4 bytes (32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, to a specified memory address. The address is written to directly in the calling context (user mode / kernel mode).
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d WDC_WriteMem8 ( a d d r , o f f , v a l ) ; v o i d WDC_WriteMem16 ( a d d r , o f f , v a l ) ; v o i d WDC_WriteMem32 ( a d d r , o f f , v a l ) ; v o i d WDC_WriteMem64 ( a d d r , o f f , v a l ) ;
Note: The WDC_WriteMemXXX APIs are implemented as macros. The prototypes above use functions declaration syntax to emphasize the expected return values.
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ addr
➢ off
➢ val
Type
DWORD
DWORD
BYTE / WORD /
UINT32 / UINT64
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
addr off val
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
Description
The memory address space to read from
The offset from the beginning of the specified address space
( addr
) to read from
The data to write to the specified address
B.3 WDC High Level API 236
B.3.20
WDC_ReadAddrXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_ReadAddr8/16/32/64() reads 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits) / 4 bytes (32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, from a specified memory or I/O address.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_ReadAddr8 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , BYTE * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_ReadAddr16 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , WORD * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_ReadAddr32 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , UINT32 * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_ReadAddr64 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , UINT64 * v a l ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwAddrSpace
➢ dwOffset
➢ val
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
KPTR
BYTE* / WORD* /
UINT32* / UINT64*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Output
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwAddrSpace dwOffset val
237
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
The memory or I/O address space to read from
The offset from the beginning of the specified address space
( dwAddrSpace
) to read from
Pointer to a buffer to be filled with the data that is read from the specified address
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 238
B.3.21
WDC_WriteAddrXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_WriteAddr8/16/32/64() writes 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits) / 4 bytes (32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, to a specified memory or I/O address.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_WriteAddr8 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , BYTE v a l )
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_WriteAddr16 ( WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , WORD v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_WriteAddr32 ( WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , UINT32 v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_WriteAddr64 ( WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace , KPTR d w O f f s e t , UINT64 v a l ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwAddrSpace
➢ dwOffset
➢ val
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
KPTR
BYTE / WORD /
UINT32 / UINT64
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwAddrSpace dwOffset val
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
The memory or I/O address space to write to
The offset from the beginning of the specified address space
( dwAddrSpace
) to write to
The data to write to the specified address
B.3 WDC High Level API
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
239
B.3 WDC High Level API 240
B.3.22
WDC_ReadAddrBlock()
P
URPOSE
• Reads a block of data from the device.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_ReadAddrBlock (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace ,
KPTR d w O f f s e t ,
DWORD dwBytes ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
WDC_ADDR_MODE mode ,
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS o p t i o n s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwAddrSpace
➢ dwOffset
➢ dwBytes
➢ pData
➢ mode
➢ options
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
KPTR
DWORD
PVOID
WDC_ADDR_MODE
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Output
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwAddrSpace dwOffset dwBytes pData mode options
241
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
The memory or I/O address space to read from
The offset from the beginning of the specified address space
( dwAddrSpace
) to read from
The number of bytes to read
Pointer to a buffer to be filled with the data that is read from the device
The read access mode – see
WDC_ADDR_MODE
A bit mask that determines how the data will be read – see
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS
The function automatically sets the
WDC_RW_BLOCK flag.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 242
B.3.23
WDC_WriteAddrBlock()
P
URPOSE
• Writes a block of data to the device.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_WriteAddrBlock (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace ,
KPTR d w O f f s e t ,
DWORD dwBytes ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
WDC_ADDR_MODE mode ,
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS o p t i o n s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwAddrSpace
➢ dwOffset
➢ dwBytes
➢ pData
➢ mode
➢ options
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
KPTR
DWORD
PVOID
WDC_ADDR_MODE
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwAddrSpace dwOffset dwBytes pData mode options
243
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
The memory or I/O address space to write to
The offset from the beginning of the specified address space
( dwAddrSpace
) to write to
The number of bytes to write
Pointer to a buffer that holds the data to write to the device
The write access mode – see
WDC_ADDR_MODE
A bit mask that determines how the data will be written – see
WDC_ADDR_RW_OPTIONS
The function automatically sets the
WDC_RW_BLOCK flag.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 244
B.3.24
WDC_MultiTransfer()
P
URPOSE
• Performs a group of memory and/or I/O read/write transfers.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _Mul t i T r a ns f e r (
WD_TRANSFER * pT rans ,
DWORD dwNumTrans ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pTrans
➢ dwNumTrans
Type
WD_TRANSFER*
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pTrans dwNumTrans
Description
Pointer to an array of transfer commands information
Number of transfer commands in the pTrans array
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• The transfers are performed using the low-level
WD_MultiTransfer()
WinDriver function, which reads/writes the specified addresses in the kernel
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference for details).
• Memory addresses are read/written in the kernel (like I/O addresses) and NOT directly in the user mode, therefore the port addresses passed to this function, for both memory and I/O addresses, must be the kernel-mode mappings of the
physical addresses, which are stored in the device structure [ B.4.3
B.3 WDC High Level API 245
B.3.25
WDC_AddrSpaceIsActive()
P
URPOSE
• Checks if the specified memory or I/O address space is active – i.e. if its size is not zero.
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL DLLCALLCONV W D C _A ddr S pa c e I s A ct ive (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dwAddrSpace ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwAddrSpace
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwAddrSpace
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
The memory or I/O address space to look for
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns TRUE if the specified address space is active; otherwise returns FALSE .
B.3 WDC High Level API 246
B.3.26
WDC_PciReadCfgBySlot()
P
URPOSE
• Reads data from a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI
Express device’s extended configuration space.
The device is identified by its location on the PCI bus.
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgBySlot (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
DWORD dw B yt e s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pPciSlot
➢ dwOffset
➢ pData
➢ dwBytes
Type
WD_PCI_SLOT*
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pPciSlot dwOffset pData dwBytes
247
Description
Pointer to a PCI device location information
], which can be acquired by calling
WDC_PciScanDevices()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to read from
Pointer to a buffer to be filled with the data that is read from the PCI configuration space
The number of bytes to read
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 248
B.3.27
WDC_PciWriteCfgBySlot()
P
URPOSE
• Write data to a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI
Express device’s extended configuration space.
The device is identified by its location on the PCI bus.
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _P c i W r i te Cf gB ySlot (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
DWORD dw B yt e s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pPciSlot
➢ dwOffset
➢ pData
➢ dwBytes
Type
WD_PCI_SLOT*
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pPciSlot dwOffset pData dwBytes
249
Description
Pointer to a PCI device location information
], which can be acquired by calling
WDC_PciScanDevices()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to write to
Pointer to a data buffer that holds the data to write
The number of bytes to write
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 250
B.3.28
WDC_PciReadCfg()
P
URPOSE
• Reads data from a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI
Express device’s extended configuration space.
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfg (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
DWORD dw B yt e s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwOffset
➢ pData
➢ dwBytes
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwOffset pData dwBytes
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
Input
Description
Handle to a WDC PCI device structure, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to read from
Pointer to a buffer to be filled with the data that is read from the PCI configuration space
The number of bytes to read
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 251
B.3.29
WDC_PciWriteCfg()
P
URPOSE
• Writes data to a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI
Express device’s extended configuration space.
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfg (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
DWORD dw B yt e s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwOffset
➢ pData
➢ dwBytes
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwOffset pData dwBytes
Description
Handle to a WDC PCI device structure, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to write to
Pointer to a data buffer that holds the data to write
The number of bytes to write
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 252
B.3.30
WDC_PciReadCfgBySlotXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_PciReadCfgBySlot8/16/32/64() reads 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits)
/ 4 bytes (32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, from a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI Express device’s extended configuration space.
The device is identified by its location on the PCI bus.
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgRegBySlot8 (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , BYTE * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgReg1BySlot6 (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , WORD * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgReg32BySlot (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , UINT32 * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgReg64BySlot (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , UINT64 * v a l ) ;
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pPciSlot
➢ dwOffset
➢ val
Type
WD_PCI_SLOT*
DWORD
BYTE* / WORD* /
UINT32* / UINT64*
253
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pPciSlot dwOffset val
Description
Pointer to a PCI device location information
], which can be acquired by calling
WDC_PciScanDevices()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to read from
Pointer to a buffer to be filled with the data that is read from the PCI configuration space
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 254
B.3.31
WDC_PciWriteCfgBySlotXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_PciWriteCfgBySlot8/16/32/64() writes 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits) /
4 bytes (32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, to a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI Express device’s extended configuration space.
The device is identified by its location on the PCI bus.
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgRegBySlot8 (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , BYTE v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgRegBySlot16 (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , WORD v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgRegBySlot32 (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , UINT32 v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgRegBySlot64 (
WD_PCI_SLOT * p P c i S l o t , DWORD dwOffset , UINT64 v a l ) ;
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pPciSlot
➢ dwOffset
➢ val
Type
WD_PCI_SLOT*
DWORD
BYTE / WORD /
UINT32 / UINT64
255
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pPciSlot dwOffset val
Description
Pointer to a PCI device location information
], which can be acquired by calling
WDC_PciScanDevices()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to read from
The data to write to the PCI configuration space
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 256
B.3.32
WDC_PciReadCfgXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_PciReadCfg8/16/32/64() reads 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits) / 4 bytes
(32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, from a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI Express device’s extended configuration space .
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgReg8 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , BYTE * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgReg16 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , WORD * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgReg32 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , UINT32 * v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciReadCfgReg64 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , UINT64 * v a l ) ;
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwOffset
➢ val
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
BYTE* / WORD* /
UINT32* / UINT64*
257
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwOffset val
Description
Handle to a WDC PCI device structure, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to read from
Pointer to a buffer to be filled with the data that is read from the PCI configuration space
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 258
B.3.33
WDC_PciWriteCfgXXX()
P
URPOSE
•
WDC_PciWriteCfg8/16/32/64() writes 1 byte (8 bits) / 2 bytes (16 bits) / 4 bytes (32 bits) / 8 bytes (64 bits), respectively, to a specified offset in a PCI device’s configuration space or a PCI Express device’s extended configuration space.
Access to the PCI Express extended configuaration space is supported on target platforms that support such access (e.g. Windows, Linux, Solaris 10+). On such platforms, all references to ”PCI” in the description below also include PCI Express.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgReg8 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , BYTE v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgReg16 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , WORD v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgReg32 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , UINT32 v a l ) ;
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PciWriteCfgReg64 (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t , UINT64 v a l ) ;
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwOffset
➢ val
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
BYTE / WORD /
UINT32 / UINT64
259
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwOffset val
Description
Handle to a WDC PCI device structure, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
The offset from the beginning of the PCI configuration space to read from
The data to write to the PCI configuration space
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 260
B.3.34
WDC_PcmciaReadAttribSpace()
P
URPOSE
• Reads data from a specified offset in a PCMCIA device’s attribute space.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _P c m c i a R e a dA t t r i bS pa c e (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
DWORD dw B yt e s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwOffset
➢ pData
➢ dwBytes
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwOffset pData dwBytes
Description
Handle to a WDC PCMCIA device structure, returned by
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
The offset from the beginning of the PCMCIA attribute space to read from
Pointer to a buffer to be filled with the data that is read from the PCMCIA attribute space
The number of bytes to read
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 261
B.3.35
WDC_PcmciaWriteAttribSpace()
P
URPOSE
• Writes data to a specified offset in a PCMCIA device’s attribute space.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _ P c m c i a W r i t e A t t r i b S p a c e (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD d w O f f s e t ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
DWORD dw B yt e s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwOffset
➢ pData
➢ dwBytes
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwOffset pData dwBytes
Description
Handle to a WDC PCMCIA device structure, returned by
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
The offset from the beginning of the PCMCIA attribute space to write to
Pointer to a data buffer that holds the data to write
The number of bytes to write
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 262
B.3.36
WDC_PcmciaSetWindow()
P
URPOSE
• Modifies the settings of the PCMCIA bus controller’s memory window.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PcmciaSetWindow (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED s p e e d ,
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH w i d t h ,
DWORD dwCardBase ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ speed
➢ width
➢ dwCardBase
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev speed width dwCardBase
Description
Handle to a WDC PCMCIA device structure, returned by
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
The access speed to the PCMCIA bus – see the
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED
The PCMCIA bus width – see the
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH
The offset in the PCMCIA device’s memory from which the memory mapping begins
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 263
B.3.37
WDC_PcmciaSetVpp()
P
URPOSE
• Modifies the power level of the PCMCIA bus controller’s Voltage Power Pin (Vpp).
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_PcmciaSetVpp (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
WD_PCMCIA_VPP vpp ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ vpp
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
WD_PCMCIA_VPP
Input/Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev vpp
Description
Handle to a WDC PCMCIA device structure, returned by
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
The power level of the PCMCIA controller’s Voltage Power
Pin (Vpp) – see the
WD_PCMCIA_VPP
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 264
B.3.38
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
P
URPOSE
• Allocates a DMA buffer and returns mappings of the allocated buffer to physical address space and to user-mode and kernel virtual address spaces.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_DMAContigBufLock (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
PVOID * ppBuf ,
DWORD dw O pt i ons ,
DWORD dwDMABufSize ,
WD_DMA **ppDma ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ ppBuf
➢ dwOptions
➢ dwDMABufSize
➢ ppDma
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
PVOID*
DWORD
DWORD
WD_DMA**
Input/Output
Input
Output
Input
Input
Output
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev ppBuf dwOptions dwDMABufSize ppDma
265
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
NOTE: This field can also be set to
NULL in order to lock a contiguous physical memory buffer with no relation to a specific device.
Pointer to a pointer to be filled by the function with the user-mode mapped address of the allocated DMA buffer
A bit mask of any of the following flags (defined in an enumeration in windrvr.h):
•
DMA_FROM_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers from the device to memory.
•
DMA_TO_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers from memory to the device.
•
DMA_TO_FROM_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers in both directions – i.e. from the device to memory and from memory to the device (<=>
DMA_FROM_DEVICE | DMA_TO_DEVICE ).
•
DMA_ALLOW_CACHE
: Allow caching of the memory.
•
DMA_CTG_KBUF_BELOW_16M
: Allocate the physical
DMA buffer within the lower 16MB of the main memory.
•
DMA_ALLOW_64BIT_ADDRESS
: Allow allocation of
64-bit DMA addresses, if supported by the target platform.
This flag is supported on Windows, Linux and Solaris.
The size (in bytes) of the DMA buffer
Pointer to a pointer to a DMA buffer information
], which is allocated by the function.
The pointer to this structure (
*ppDma
) should be passed to
WDC_DMABufUnlock()
longer needed.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 266
R
EMARKS
• When calling this function you do not need to set the
DMA_KERNEL_BUFFER_ALLOC flag, since the function sets this flag automatically.
• This function is currently only supported from the user mode.
• On Solaris x86 platforms, for an allocation of a Contiguous DMA Buffer that is larger than the physical page size (4K), call
WDC_DMAContigBufLock() with the
DMA_KERNEL_ONLY_MAP flag (set within the dwOptions parameter). Then access the buffer by passing its kernel mapping, which is returned by the function in
(*ppDma)->pKernelAddr
WDC_ReadAddrBlock()
WDC_WriteAddrBlock()
WDC_MultiTransfer()
WD_Transfer()
/
WD_MultiTransfer() functions (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
B.3 WDC High Level API 267
B.3.39
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
P
URPOSE
• Locks a pre-allocated user-mode memory buffer for DMA and returns the corresponding physical mappings of the locked DMA pages. On Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista the function also returns a kernel-mode mapping of the buffer.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_DMASGBufLock (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
PVOID pBuf ,
DWORD dw O pt i ons ,
DWORD dwDMABufSize ,
WD_DMA **ppDma ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ pBuf
➢ dwOptions
➢ dwDMABufSize
➢ ppDma
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
PVOID
DWORD
DWORD
WD_DMA**
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev pBuf
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
Pointer to a user-mode buffer to be mapped to the allocated physical DMA buffer(s)
B.3 WDC High Level API
Name
dwOptions dwDMABufSize ppDma
268
Description
A bit mask of any of the following flags (defined in an enumeration in windrvr.h):
•
DMA_FROM_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers from the device to memory.
•
DMA_TO_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers from memory to the device.
•
DMA_TO_FROM_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers in both directions – i.e. from the device to memory and from memory to the device (<=>
DMA_FROM_DEVICE | DMA_TO_DEVICE
).
•
DMA_ALLOW_CACHE
: Allow caching of the memory.
•
DMA_ALLOW_64BIT_ADDRESS
: Allow allocation of
64-bit DMA addresses, if supported by the target platform.
This flag is supported on Windows, Linux and Solaris.
The size (in bytes) of the DMA buffer
Pointer to a pointer to a DMA buffer information
], which is allocated by the function.
The pointer to this structure (
*ppDma
) should be passed to
WDC_DMABufUnlock()
longer needed.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• When calling the function to allocate large buffers (> 1MB) you do not need to set the
DMA_LARGE_BUFFER flag, which is used for allocation of large
Scatter/Gather DMA buffers using the low-level WinDriver
WD_DMALock() function (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), since
WDC_DMASGBufLock() handles this for you.
• This function is currently only supported from the user mode.
• On Solaris, the user buffer address and size must be aligned on system memory page boundary. Use the aligned memory allocation function, valloc()
(similar to malloc() , except the allocated memory blocks are aligned). On
SPARC platforms, the virtual page size is usually 8 KB, and on x86 platforms, it is 4 KB.
B.3 WDC High Level API 269
B.3.40
WDC_DMABufUnlock()
P
URPOSE
• Unlocks and frees the memory allocated for a DMA buffer by a previous call to
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_DMABufUnlock (WD_DMA *pDma ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDma
Type
WD_DMA*
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDma
Description
Pointer to a DMA information structure [ B.5.14
from a previous call to
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
(for a Contiguous DMA buffer) or
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
DMA buffer) –
*ppDma returned by these functions
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function is currently only supported from the user mode.
B.3 WDC High Level API 270
B.3.41
WDC_DMASyncCpu()
P
URPOSE
• Synchronizes the cache of all CPUs with the DMA buffer, by flushing the data from the CPU caches.
NOTE: This function should be called before performing a DMA transfer (see
Remarks below).
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_DMASyncCpu(WD_DMA *pDma ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDma
Type
WD_DMA*
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDma
Description
Pointer to a DMA information structure [ B.5.14
from a previous call to
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
(for a Contiguous DMA buffer) or
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
DMA buffer) –
*ppDma returned by these functions
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 271
R
EMARKS
• An asynchronous DMA read or write operation accesses data in memory, not in the processor (CPU) cache, which resides between the CPU and the host’s physical memory. Unless the CPU cache has been flushed, by calling
WDC_DMASyncCpu()
, just before a read transfer, the data transferred into system memory by the DMA operation could be overwritten with stale data if the
CPU cache is flushed later. Unless the CPU cache has been flushed by calling
WDC_DMASyncCpu() just before a write transfer, the data in the CPU cache might be more up-to-date than the copy in memory.
• This function is currently only supported from the user mode.
B.3 WDC High Level API 272
B.3.42
WDC_DMASyncIo()
P
URPOSE
• Synchronizes the I/O caches with the DMA buffer, by flushing the data from the I/O caches and updating the CPU caches.
NOTE: This function should be called after performing a DMA transfer (see
Remarks below).
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_DMASyncIo (WD_DMA *pDma ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDma
Type
WD_DMA*
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDma
Description
Pointer to a DMA information structure, received from a previous call to
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
(for a Contiguous DMA buffer) or
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
DMA buffer) –
*ppDma returned by these functions
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 273
R
EMARKS
• After a DMA transfer has been completed, the data can still be in the I/O cache, which resides between the host’s physical memory and the bus-master
DMA device, but not yet in the host’s main memory. If the CPU accesses the memory, it might read the wrong data from the CPU cache. To ensure a consistent view of the memory for the CPU, you should call
WDC_DMASyncIo() after a DMA transfer in order to flush the data from the I/O cache and update the CPU cache with the new data. The function also flushes additional caches and buffers between the device and memory, such as caches associated with bus extenders or bridges.
• This function is currently only supported from the user mode.
B.3 WDC High Level API 274
B.3.43
WDC_IntEnable()
P
URPOSE
• Enables interrupt handling for the device.
• If the caller selects to handle the interrupts in the kernel, using a Kernel PlugIn
driver, the Kernel PlugIn
KP_IntAtIrql()
IRQ (Interrupt Request) level, will be invoked immediately when an an interrupt is received.
• The function can receive transfer commands information, which will be performed by WinDriver at the kernel, at high IRQ level, when an interrupt is received (see further information in section
). If a Kernel PlugIn driver is used to handle the
interrupts, any transfer commands set by the caller will be executed by WinDriver after the Kernel PlugIn KP_IntAtIrql()
When handling level sensitive interrupts (such as legacy PCI interrupts) from the user
mode, without a Kernel PlugIn driver, you must prepare and pass to the function transfer commands for acknowledging the interrupt. When using a Kernel PlugIn driver, the information for acknowledging the interrupts should be implemented in the
Kernel PlugIn
KP_IntAtIrql()
], so the transfer commands are not
required.
• The function receives a user-mode interrupt handler routine, which will be called by
WinDriver after the kernel-mode interrupt processing is completed.
If the interrupts are handled using a Kernel PlugIn driver, the return value of the
Kernel PlugIn deferred interrupt handler function (
KP_IntAtDpc()
determine how many times (if at all) the user-mode interrupt handler will be called
(provided
KP_IntAtDpc() itself is executed – which is determined by the return value of the Kernel PlugIn
KP_IntAtIrql()
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_IntEnable (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
WD_TRANSFER * pTransCmds ,
DWORD dwNumCmds ,
DWORD dw O pt i ons ,
INT_HANDLER f u n c I n t H a n d l e r ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
BOOL fUseKP ) ;
B.3 WDC High Level API
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ pTransCmds
➢ dwNumCmds
➢ dwOptions
➢ funcIntHandler
➢ pData
➢ fUseKP
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev pTransCmds dwNumCmds dwOptions
275
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
WD_TRANSFER*
DWORD
DWORD typedef void (*INT_HANDLER)(
PVOID pData);
PVOID
BOOL
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
An array of transfer commands information structures that define the operations to be performed at the kernel level upon the detection of an interrupt, or
NULL if no transfer commands are required.
NOTE: When handling level sensitive interrupts (such as
fixed PCI interrupts) without a Kernel PlugIn [ 11 ], you must
use this array to define the hardware-specific commands for acknowledging the interrupts in the kernel, immediately when they are received – see further information in section
For an explanation on how to set the transfer commands, refer to the description of
WD_TRANSFER in section
and to the explanation in section
Number of transfer commands in the pTransCmds array
A bit mask of interrupt handling flags.
Can be zero for no option, or:
•
INTERRUPT_CMD_COPY
: If set, WinDriver will copy any data read in the kernel as a result of a read transfer command, and return it to the user within the relevant transfer command structure.
The user will be able to access the data from his user-mode interrupt handler routine (
funcIntHandler
).
B.3 WDC High Level API
Name
funcIntHandler pData fUseKP
276
Description
A user-mode interrupt handler callback function, which will be executed after an interrupt is received and processed in the kernel. (The prototype of the interrupt handler –
INT_HANDLER – is defined in windrvr_int_thread.h).
Data for the user-mode interrupt handler callback routine
(
funcIntHandler
)
If
TRUE
– The device’s Kernel PlugIn driver’s
KP_IntAtIrql()
(Interrupt Request) level, will be executed immediately when an interrupt is received. (The Kernel PlugIn driver to be used for the device is passed to
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() and stored in the WDC device structure).
If the caller also passes transfer commands to the function
(
pTransCmds
), these commands will be executed by WinDriver at the kernel, at high IRQ level, after
KP_IntAtIrql() completes its execution.
If
KP_IntAtIrql() returns
TRUE
, the Kernel
PlugIn deferred interrupt processing routine –
KP_IntAtDpc()
] – will be invoked. The return value
of this function determines how many times (if at all) the user-mode interrupt handler (
funcIntHandler
) will be executed once the control returns to the user mode.
If
FALSE
– When an interrupt is received, any transfer commands set by the user in
pTransCmds
will be executed by WinDriver at the kernel, at high IRQ level, and the user-mode interrupt handler routine
(
funcIntHandler
) will be executed when the control returns to the user mode.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
• The function enables interrupt handling in the software. After it returns successfully you must physically enable generation of interrupts in the hardware (you should be able to do so by writing to the device from the code).
B.3 WDC High Level API 277
• A successful call to this function must be followed with a call to
WDC_IntDisable() later on in the code, in order to disable the interrupts.
The
WDC_xxxDriverClose()
WDC_IntDisable() if the device’s interrupts are enabled.
B.3.44
WDC_IntDisable()
P
URPOSE
• Disables interrupt interrupt handling for the device, pursuant to a previous call to
WDC_IntEnable()
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _I nt D i s a bl e (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
B.3 WDC High Level API 278
B.3.45
WDC_IntIsEnabled()
P
URPOSE
• Checks if a device’s interrupts are currently enabled.
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL DLLCALLCONV W D C _I nt I s E na bl e d ( WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns
TRUE if the device’s interrupts are enabled; otherwise returns
FALSE
.
B.3 WDC High Level API 279
B.3.46
WDC_EventRegister()
P
URPOSE
• Registers the application to receive Plug-and-Play and power management events notifications for the device.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _E ve nt R e gi s t e r (
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ,
DWORD dw A c t i ons ,
EVENT_HANDLER f u n c E v e n t H a n d l e r ,
PVOID pD a t a ,
BOOL fUseKP ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
➢ dwActions
➢ funcEventHandler
➢ pData
➢ fUseKP
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
DWORD typedef void (*EVENT_HANDLER)(
WD_EVENT *pEvent, void *pData);
PVOID
BOOL
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev dwActions funcEventHandler pData
280
Description
Handle to a Plug-and-Play WDC device, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
A bit mask of flags indicating which events to register to:
Plug-and-Play events:
•
WD_INSERT
– Device inserted
•
WD_REMOVE
– Device removed
Device power state change events:
•
WD_POWER_CHANGED_D0
– Full power
•
WD_POWER_CHANGED_D1
– Low sleep
•
WD_POWER_CHANGED_D2
– Medium sleep
•
WD_POWER_CHANGED_D3
– Full sleep
•
WD_POWER_SYSTEM_WORKING
– Fully on
Systems power state:
•
WD_POWER_SYSTEM_SLEEPING1
– Fully on but sleeping
•
WD_POWER_SYSTEM_SLEEPING2
– CPU off, memory on, PCI/PCMCIA on
•
WD_POWER_SYSTEM_SLEEPING3
– CPU off, Memory is in refresh, PCI/PCMCIA on aux power
•
WD_POWER_SYSTEM_HIBERNATE
– OS saves context before shutdown
•
WD_POWER_SYSTEM_SHUTDOWN
– No context saved
A user-mode event handler callback function, which will be called when an event for which the caller registered to receive notifications (see
dwActions
) occurs. (The prototype of the event handler –
EVENT_HANDLER
– is defined in windrvr_events.h).
Data for the user-mode event handler callback routine
(
funcEventHandler
)
B.3 WDC High Level API
Name
fUseKP
281
Description
If
TRUE
– When an event for which the caller registered to receive notifications (
dwActions
) occurs, the device’s
Kernel PlugIn driver’s
KP_Event()
called. (The Kernel PlugIn driver to be used for the device is passed to WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() and stored in the WDC device structure).
If this function returns
TRUE
, the user-mode events handler callback function (
funcEventHandler
) will be called when the kernel-mode event processing is completed.
If
FALSE
– When an event for which the caller registered to receive notifications (
dwActions
) occurs, the user-mode events handler callback function will be called.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
• A successful call to this function must be followed with a call to
WDC_EventUnregister()
] later on in the code, in order to un-register
from receiving Plug-and-play and power management notifications from the device.
B.3 WDC High Level API 282
B.3.47
WDC_EventUnregister()
P
URPOSE
• Un-registers an application from a receiving Plug-and-Play and power management notifications for a device, pursuant to a previous call to
WDC_EventRegister()
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV W D C _ E v e n t U n r e g i s t e r (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
Description
Handle to a Plug-and-Play WDC device, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• This function can be called from the user mode only.
B.3 WDC High Level API 283
B.3.48
WDC_EventIsRegistered()
P
URPOSE
• Checks if the application is currently registered to receive Plug-and-Play and power management notifications for the device.
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL DLLCALLCONV W D C _ E v e n t I s R e g i s t e r e d (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Description
Handle to a Plug-and-Play WDC device, returned by
WDC_PciDeviceOpen()
WDC_PcmciaDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns TRUE if the application is currently registered to receive Plug-and-Play and power management notifications for the device; otherwise returns FALSE .
B.3 WDC High Level API 284
B.3.49
WDC_SetDebugOptions()
P
URPOSE
• Sets debug options for the WDC library – see the description of
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS
] for details regarding the possible debug options to set.
• This function is typically called at the beginning of the application, after the call to
WDC_DriverOpen()
], and can be re-called at any time while the WDC library
is in use (i.e.
WDC_DriverClose()
] has not been called) in order to change the
debug settings.
• Until the function is called, the WDC library uses the default debug options – see
WDC_DEBG_DEFAULT
When the function is recalled, it performs any required cleanup for the previous debug settings and sets the default debug options before attempting to set the new options specified by the caller.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_SetDebugOptions (
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS d b g O p t i o n s , c o n s t CHAR * s D b g F i l e ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ dbgOptions
➢ sDbgFile
Type
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS const CHAR*
Input/Output
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
dbgOptions sDbgFile
285
Description
A bit mask of flags indicating the desired debug settings – see
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS
If this parameter is set to zero, the default debug options will be used – see
WDC_DBG_DEFAULT
WDC debug output file.
This parameter is relevant only if the
WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE flag is set in the debug options ( dbgOptions
) (either directly or via one of the convenience debug options combinations – see WDC_DBG_OPTIONS
If the WDC_DBG_OUT_FILE debug flag is set and sDbgFile is
NULL
, WDC debug messages will be logged to the default debug file – stderr.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.3 WDC High Level API 286
B.3.50
WDC_Err()
P
URPOSE
• Displays debug error messages according to the WDC debug options – see
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS
WDC_SetDebugOptions()
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d DLLCALLCONV WDC_Err ( c o n s t CHAR * f o r m a t
[ , a r g u m e n t ] . . . ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ format
➢ argument
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
format argument
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
Type
const CHAR*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Description
Format-control string, which contains the error message to display. The string is limited to 256 characters (CHAR)
Optional arguments for the format string
B.3 WDC High Level API 287
B.3.51
WDC_Trace()
P
URPOSE
• Displays debug trace messages according to the WDC debug options – see
WDC_DBG_OPTIONS
WDC_SetDebugOptions()
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d DLLCALLCONV WDC_Trace ( c o n s t CHAR * f o r m a t
[ , a r g u m e n t ] . . . ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ format
➢ argument
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
format argument
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
Type
const CHAR*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Description
Format-control string, which contains the trace message to display. The string is limited to 256 characters (CHAR)
Optional arguments for the format string
B.3 WDC High Level API 288
B.3.52
WDC_GetWDHandle()
P
URPOSE
• Returns a handle to WinDriver’s kernel module, which is required by the basic
WD_xxx
WinDriver PCI/PCMCIA/ISA API, described in the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference (see Remarks below).
P
ROTOTYPE
HANDLE DLLCALLCONV WDC_GetWDHandle ( v o i d ) ;
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns a handle to WinDriver’s kernel module, or INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE in case of a failure
R
EMARKS
• When using only the WDC API, you do not need to get a handle to WinDriver, since the WDC library encapsulates this for you. This function enables you to get the WinDriver handles used by the WDC library so you can pass it to low-level
WD_xxx
API, if such APIs are used from your code. In such cases, take care not to close the handle you received (using
WD_Close()
).
The handle will be closed by the WDC library when it is closed, using
WDC_DriverClose()
WD_xxx
API is described in the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference.
B.3 WDC High Level API 289
B.3.53
WDC_GetDevContext()
P
URPOSE
• Returns the device’s user context information.
P
ROTOTYPE
PVOID DLLCALLCONV WDC_GetDevContext (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns a pointer to the device’s user context, or
NULL if not context has been set.
B.3 WDC High Level API 290
B.3.54
WDC_GetBusType()
P
URPOSE
• Returns the device’s bus type:
WD_BUS_PCI
,
WD_BUS_PCMCIA
,
WD_BUS_ISA or
WD_BUS_UNKNOWN
.
P
ROTOTYPE
WD_BUS_TYPE DLLCALLCONV WDC_GetBusType (WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE hDev ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hDev
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hDev
Type
WDC_DEVICE_HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
Description
Handle to a WDC device, returned by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the device’s bus type [ B.5.1
B.3 WDC High Level API 291
B.3.55
WDC_Sleep()
P
URPOSE
• Delays execution for the specified duration of time (in microseconds).
By default the function performs a busy sleep (consumes the CPU).
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_Sleep (
DWORD dwMicroSecs ,
WDC_SLEEP_OPTIONS o p t i o n s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ dwMicroSecs
➢ options
Type
DWORD
WDC_SLEEP_OPTIONS
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
dwMicroSecs options
Description
The number of microseconds to sleep
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
Input/Output
Input
Input
B.3 WDC High Level API 292
B.3.56
WDC_Version()
P
URPOSE
• Returns the version number of the WinDriver kernel module used by the WDC library.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD DLLCALLCONV WDC_Version (
CHAR * s V e r s i o n ,
DWORD * pdwVersion ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ sVersion
➢ pdwVersion
Type
CHAR*
DWORD*
Input/Output
Output
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
sVersion pdwVersion
Description
Pointer to a pre-allocated buffer to be filled by the function with the driver’s version information string.
The size of the version string buffer must be at least 128 bytes (characters).
Pointer to a value indicating the version number of the
WinDriver kernel module used by the WDC library
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.4 WDC Low Level API
B.4
WDC Low Level API
This section described the WDC types and preprocessor definitions defined in the
WinDriver/include/wdc_defs.h header file.
293
B.4.1
WDC_ID_U Union
WDC device ID information union type (used for PCI and PCMCIA devices):
Name
➢ pciId
Type
WD_PCI_ID
Description
PCI device ID information structure [ B.5.6
➢ pcmciaId
WD_PCMCIA_ID
PCMCIA device ID information structure [ B.5.7
B.4.2
WDC_ADDR_DESC Structure
PCI/PCMCIA/ISA device memory or I/O address space information structure type:
Name
➢ dwAddrSpace
➢ fIsMemory
➢ dwItemIndex
➢ dwBytes
➢ kptAddr
Type
DWORD
BOOL
Description
The address space number
•
TRUE
: memory address space.
•
FALSE
: I/O address space.
DWORD The index of the
WD_ITEMS
for the address space, which is retrieved and stored by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() in the cardReg.Card.Item
array of the relevant WDC
device information structure [ B.4.3
DWORD The address space’s size (in bytes)
KPTR The kernel-mode mapping of the address space’s physical base address.
This address is used by the WDC API for accessing a memory or I/O region using the low-level WD_Transfer() or
WD_MultiTransfer() APIs (described in the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), or when accessing memory address directly in the kernel.
B.4 WDC Low Level API
Name Type
➢ dwUserDirectMemAddr
UPTR
294
Description
The user-mode mapping of a memory address space’s physical base address.
This address is used for accessing memory addresses directly from the user mode
B.4.3
WDC_DEVICE Structure
PCI/PCMCIA/ISA device information structure type.
The
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
]) allocate and return device structures of this type.
Name
➢ id
Type
WDC_ID_U
Description
Device ID information union (relevant for PCI
and PCMCIA devices) – see [ B.4.1
➢ slot
WDC_SLOT_U Device location information structure – see description of
WDC_SLOT_U
➢ dwNumAddrSpaces
DWORD
➢ pAddrDesc
➢ cardReg
WDC_ADDR_DESC*
Number of address spaces found on the device
Array of memory and I/IO address spaces
information structures [ B.4.2
WD_CARD_REGISTER WinDriver device resources information structure, returned by the low-level
WD_CardRegister() function (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), which is called by the WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions
➢ kerPlug
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN Kernel PlugIn driver information
This structure is filled by the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions if the caller
➢ Int
WD_INTERRUPT selects to use a Kernel PlugIn driver (otherwise this structure is not used) and is maintained by the WDC library.
Interrupt information structure.
This structure is filled by the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions for devices that have interrupts, and is maintained by the
WDC library.
B.4 WDC Low Level API
Name
➢ hIntThread
➢ Event
➢ hEvent
➢ pCtx
Type
DWORD
WD_EVENT
HANDLE
PVOID
295
Description
Handle to the interrupt thread that is spawn when interrupts are enabled.
This handle is passed by WDC to the low-level
WinDriver interrupt APIs. When using the
WDC API you do not need to access this handle directly.
WinDriver Plug-and-Play and power management events information structure – see
EventRegister() description in the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference for details.
Handle used by the WinDriver
EventRegister()
/
EventUnregister() functions (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference)
When using the WDC API you do not need to access this handle directly.
Device context information.
This information is received as a parameter by the WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions and stored in the device structure for future use by the calling application (optional)
B.4.4
PWDC_DEVICE
Pointer to a
WDC_DEVICE
typedef WDC_DEVICE *PWDC_DEVICE
B.4 WDC Low Level API 296
B.4.5
WDC_MEM_DIRECT_ADDR Macro
P
URPOSE
• Utility macro that returns a pointer that can be used for direct access to a specified memory address space from the context of the calling process.
P
ROTOTYPE
WDC_MEM_DIRECT_ADDR ( pAddrDesc )
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pAddrDesc
Type
WDC_ADDR_DESC*
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pAddrDesc
Description
Pointer to a WDC memory address space information
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
When called from the user mode, returns the user-mode mapping of the physical memory address ( pAddrDesc->dwUserDirectMemAddr
);
When called from the kernel mode, returns the kernel-mode mapping of the physical memory address ( pAddrDesc->kptAddr
).
The returned pointer can be used for accessing the memory directly from the user mode or kernel mode, respectively.
B.4 WDC Low Level API 297
B.4.6
WDC_ADDR_IS_MEM Macro
P
URPOSE
• Utility macro that checks if a given address space is a memory or I/O address space.
P
ROTOTYPE
WDC_ADDR_IS_MEM( pAddrDesc )
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pAddrDesc
Type
WDC_ADDR_DESC*
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pAddrDesc
Description
Pointer to a WDC memory address space information
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns pAddrDesc->fIsMemory
, which is set to
TRUE for a memory address space and to
FALSE otherwise.
B.4 WDC Low Level API
B.4.7
WDC_GET_ADDR_DESC Macro
P
URPOSE
• Utility macro that retrieves a WDC address space information structure
( WDC_ADDR_DESC
]), which complies to the specified address space number.
P
ROTOTYPE
WDC_GET_ADDR_DESC( pDev , dwAddrSpace )
298
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDev
➢ dwAddrSpace
Type
PWDC_DEVICE
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDev dwAddrSpace
Description
Pointer to a WDC device information structure [ B.4.4
Address space number
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns a pointer to the device’s address information structure (
WDC_ADDR_DESC
]) for the specified address space number –
pDev->pAddrDesc[dwAddrSpace]
.
B.4 WDC Low Level API 299
B.4.8
WDC_GET_ENABLED_INT_TYPE Macro
P
URPOSE
• Utility macro for retrieving the value of a WDC device’s
dwEnabledIntType
WD_INTERRUPT field. This field is updated by
WDC_IntEnable()
the interupt type enabled for the device, as detailed in the description of the macro’s return value below.
P
ROTOTYPE
WDC_GET_ENABLED_INT_TYPE( pDev )
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDev
Type
PWDC_DEVICE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDev
Description
Pointer to a WDC device information structure [ B.4.4
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the interrupt type enabled for the device:
•
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE_X
: Extended Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI-X).
•
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE
: Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI).
•
INTERRUPT_LEVEL_SENSITIVE
: legacy level sensitive interrupts.
•
INTERRUPT_LATCHED
: legacy edge triggered interrupts.
The value of this flag is zero and it is applicable only when no other interrupt flag is set.
R
EMARKS
• The Windows APIs do not distinguish between MSI and MSI-X; therefore, on this OS the WinDriver functions set the
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE
flag for both
MSI and MSI-X.
• Call this macro only after calling
WDC_IntEnable()
interrupts on your PCI card.
• This macro is normally relevant only in the case of PCI devices that support more than one type of interrupt.
B.4 WDC Low Level API
B.4.9
WDC_IS_KP Macro
P
URPOSE
• Utility macro that checks if a WDC device uses a Kernel PlugIn driver.
P
ROTOTYPE
WDC_IS_KP ( pDev )
300
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDev
Type
PWDC_DEVICE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDev
Description
Pointer to a WDC device information structure [ B.4.4
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns
TRUE if the device uses a Kernel PlugIn driver; otherwise returns
FALSE
.
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
B.5
WD_xxx Structures, Types and General
Definitions
This section describes basic
WD_xxx structures and types, which are used by the
WDC_xxx
APIs. The APIs described in this section are defined in the
WinDriver/include/windrvr.h header file.
B.5.1
WD_BUS_TYP Enumeration
Bus types enumeration:
Enum Value Description
WD_BUS_USB Universal Serial Bus (USB)
WD_BUS_UNKNOWN Unknown bus
WD_BUS_ISA
WD_BUS_EISA
WD_BUS_PCI
WD_BUS_PCMCIA
ISA bus
EISA (ISA Plug-and-Play) bus
PCI bus
PCMCIA bus
301
B.5.2
ITEM_TYPE Enumeration
Enumeration of card item types:
Enum Value
ITEM_NONE
Description
Unknown item type
ITEM_INTERRUPT Interrupt item
ITEM_MEMORY Memory item
ITEM_IO
ITEM_BUS
I/O item
Bus item
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions 302
B.5.3
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED Enumeration
Enumeration of PCMCIA bus access speeds:
Enum Value Description
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED_DEFAULT Use the default PCMCIA bus access speed
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED_250NS
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED_200NS
250 ns
200 ns
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED_150NS
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_SPEED_1000NS
150 ns
100 ns
B.5.4
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH Enumeration
Enumeration of PCMCIA bus width:
Enum Value Description
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH_DEFAULT Use the default PCMCIA bus width
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH_8BIT 8-bit
WD_PCMCIA_ACC_WIDTH_16BIT 16-bit
B.5.5
WD_PCMCIA_VPP Enumeration
Enumeration of the PCMCIA controller’s Voltage Power Pin (Vpp) power levels:
Enum Value Description
WD_PCMCIA_VPP_DEFAULT Use the default power level of the PCMCIA Vpp pin
WD_PCMCIA_VPP_OFF
WD_PCMCIA_VPP_ON
WD_PCMCIA_VPP_AS_VSS
Set the voltage on the Vpp pin to zero (disable)
Set the voltage on the Vpp pin to 12V (enable)
Set the voltage on the Vpp pin to equal that of the
Vcc pin
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
B.5.6
WD_PCI_ID Structure
PCI device identification information structure:
Name Type Description
➢ dwVendorId
DWORD Vendor ID
➢ dwDeviceId
DWORD Device ID
B.5.7
WD_PCMCIA_ID Structure
PCMCIA device identification information structure:
Name Type Description
➢ wManufacturerId
WORD Manufacturer ID
➢ wCardId
WORD Device ID
B.5.8
WD_PCI_SLOT Structure
PCI device location information structure:
Name Type Description
➢ dwBus
➢ dwSlot
DWORD PCI Bus number (0 based)
DWORD Slot number (0 based)
➢ dwFunction
DWORD Function number (0 based)
303
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
B.5.9
WD_PCMCIA_SLOT Structure
PCMCIA device location information structure:
Name Type Description
➢ uBus
➢ uSocket
BYTE PCMCIA Bus number (0 based)
BYTE Socket number (0 based)
➢ uFunction
BYTE Function number (0 based)
B.5.10
WD_ITEMS Structure
Card resources information structure:
Name
➢ item
Type
DWORD
➢ fNotSharable
DWORD
304
Description
Item type – see the
ITEM_TYPE
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level
WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
If
TRUE
, only one application at a time can access the memory or I/O range, or monitor the device’s interrupts.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level
WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
➢ dwOptions
Type
DWORD
➢ I
❏ Mem union struct
305
Description
A bit-mask of item registration flags, applicable when calling one of the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions
WD_CardRegister() function (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference). The mask can consist of a combination of any of the of the following
WD_ITEM_OPTIONS enumeration values:
•
WD_ITEM_DO_NOT_MAP_KERNEL
:
This flag instructs the function to avoid mapping a memory address range to the kernel virtual address space and map the memory only to the user-mode virtual address space.
See the Remarks to this function for more information.
NOTE: This flag is applicable only to memory items.
•
WD_ITEM_ALLOW_CACHE
(Windows
2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista and Windows
CE only): Map the item’s physical memory (
I.Mem.dwPhysicalAddr
) as cached.
NOTE: This flag is applicable only to memory items that pertain to the host’s
RAM, as opposed to local memory on the card.
Union of resources data, based on the item’s type (
item
)
Memory item data ( item =
ITEM_MEMORY
)
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
✦ dwPhysicalAddr
Type
DWORD
✦ dwBytes
✦ dwTransAddr
✦ dwUserDirectAddr
DWORD
DWORD
DWORD
306
Description
First address of the physical memory range.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
Length (in bytes) of the memory range.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
Kernel-mode mapping of the memory range’s physical base address
(
dwPhysicalAddr
).
This field is updated by
WD_CardRegister() (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference), which is called from the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions
User-mode mapping of the memory range’s physical base address
(
dwPhysicalAddr
).
This field is updated by
WD_CardRegister() (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference), which is called from the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
✦ dwCpuPhysicalAddr
Type
DWORD
✦ dwBar
❏ IO
✦ dwAddr
✦ dwBytes
DWORD struct
DWORD
DWORD
307
Description
Translation of the card’s physical memory base address (
dwPhysicalAddr
) from bus-specific values to CPU values.
This field is updated by
WD_CardRegister() (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference), which is called from the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions
Base Address Register (BAR) number.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
I/O item data ( item = ITEM_IO
)
First address of the I/O range.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level
WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
Length (in bytes) of the I/O range.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level
WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
✦ dwBar
Type
DWORD
❏ Int
✦ dwInterrupt struct
DWORD
308
Description
Base Address Register (BAR) number.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
Interrupt item data ( item =
ITEM_INTERRUPT
)
Physical interrupt request (IRQ) number.
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level
WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
✦ dwOptions
Type
DWORD
309
Description
Interrupt bit-mask, which can consist of a combination of any of the following flags:
Interrupt type flags:
•
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE_X
– Indicates that the hardware supports Extended
Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI-X).
This option is applicable only to PCI cards on Linux – see information in section
•
INTERRUPT_MESSAGE
– On Linux, indicates that the hardware supports
Message-Signaled Interrups (MSI).
On Windows, indicates that the hardware supports MSI or MSI-X.
This option is applicable only to PCI cards on Linux and Windows Vista – see information in section
•
INTERRUPT_LEVEL_SENSITIVE
–
Indicates that the hardware supports level sensitive interrupts.
•
INTERRUPT_LATCHED
– indicates that the device supports legacy edge triggered interrupts. The value of this flag is zero, therefore it is applicable only when no other interrupt flag is set.
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name Type
✦ dwOptions (continued)
DWORD
310
Description
NOTES:
• For Plug-and-Play hardware
(PCI/PCMCIA), use WinDriver’s
WDC_PciGetDeviceInfo()
or WDC_PcmciaGetDeviceInfo()
(PCMCIA) function (or the low-level
WD_PciGetCardInfo() or
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() function) to retrieve the Plug-and-Play hardware information, including the supported interrupt types.
For non-Plug-and-Play hardware, the relevant interrupt type flag
(normally –
INTERRUPT_LATCHED
) should be set by the user in the call to
WDC_IsaDeviceOpen() or to the low-level
WD_CardRegister() function.
Miscellaneous interrupt options:
•
INTERRUPT_CE_INT_ID
– On
Windows CE (unlike other operating systems), there is an abstraction of the physical interrupt number to a logical one. Setting this flag within the resources information passed to the relevant
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() function will instruct WinDriver to refer to the
dwInterrupt
value as a logical interrupt number and convert it to a physical interrupt number.
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
✦ hInterrupt
Type
DWORD
❏ Bus
✦ dwBusType
✦ dwBusNum
✦ dwSlotFunc
➢ Val
WD_BUS
WD_BUS_TYPE
DWORD
DWORD struct
311
Description
Handle to an internal WinDriver interrupt structure, required by the low-level
WD_xxx()
WinDriver interrupt APIs (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
This field is updated by
WD_CardRegister()
(see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference), which is called from the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions
Bus item data ( item = ITEM_BUS )
Device’s bus type – see the
WD_BUS_TYPE
Bus Number
Slot/socket and function information for the device: The lower three bits represent the function number and the remaining bits represent the slot/socket number. For example: a value of 0x80 (<=> 10000000 binary) corresponds to a function number of 0 (lower 3 bits: 000) and a slot/socket number of 0x10 (remaining bits: 10000).
This field is updated by the
WDC_XXXGetDeviceInfo() functions
low-level WD_PciGetCardInfo() and
WD_PcmciaGetCardInfo() functions
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference).
Reserved for internal use
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions 312
B.5.11
WD_CARD Structure
Card information structure:
Name Type
➢ dwItems
DWORD
➢ Item
WD_ITEMS
[WD_CARD_ITEMS]
Description
Number of items (resources) on the card
Array of card resources (items) information
B.5.12
WD_PCI_CARD_INFO Structure
PCI card information structure:
Name Type Description
➢ pciSlot
WD_PCI_SLOT
PCI device location information structure [ B.5.8
which can be acquired by calling
WDC_PciScanDevices()
➢ Card
WD_CARD low-level WD_PciScanCards() function – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference)
Card information structure [ B.5.11
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions 313
B.5.13
WD_PCMCIA_CARD_INFO Structure
PCMCIA card information structure:
Name
➢ pcmciaSlot
Type
WD_PCMCIA_SLOT
Description
PCMCIA device location
which can be acquired by calling
WDC_PcmciaScanDevices()
(or the low-level
WD_PcmciaScanCards() function – see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference)
Card information structure [ B.5.11
Version string
➢ Card
➢ cVersion
WD_CARD
CHAR
[WD_PCMCIA_VERSION_LEN]
➢ cManufacturer
CHAR [WD_PCMCIA_
MANUFACTURER_LEN]
➢ cProductName
CHAR [WD_PCMCIA_
➢ wFuncId
PRODUCTNAME_LEN]
➢ wManufacturerId
WORD
➢ wCardId
WORD
WORD
Manufacturer string
Product string
Manufacturer ID
Device ID
Function ID
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions 314
B.5.14
WD_DMA Structure
Direct Memory Access (DMA) information structure:
Name
➢ hDma
Type
DWORD
➢ pUserAddr
➢ pKernelAddr
➢ dwBytes
➢ dwOptions
PVOID
KPTR
DWORD
DWORD
Description
DMA buffer handle (or 0 for a failed allocation). This handle is returned from
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
WD_DMALock() function – see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference)
User-mode mapped address of the DMA buffer. This mapping is returned from
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
pBuf user-mode buffer provided by the caller is used), or from the low-level
WD_DMALock() function (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference). Note: if the
DMA_KERNEL_ONLY flag was set in the DMA options bit-mask field (
dwOptions
), this field is not updated.
Kernel-mode mapped address of the DMA buffer. This mapping is returned from
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista), or from the low-level
WD_DMALock() function (for Contiguous
Buffer DMA and for Scatter/Gather DMA on Windows
98/Me/2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista – see the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference)
The size of the DMA buffer (in bytes)
DMA options bit-mask, which can consist of a combination of any of the enumeration values listed below.
NOTE: Options that are also applicable to the
WDC_DMASGBufLock() and
WDC_DMAContigBufLock() functions (according to the descriptions below) should be set within these functions’ dwOptions parameter.
The dwOptions field of the
WD_DMA structure returned by these functions will be updated accordingly.
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name Type
➢ dwOptions (continued)
DWORD
315
Description
DMA flags:
•
DMA_FROM_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers from the device to memory.
•
DMA_TO_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers from memory to the device.
•
DMA_TO_FROM_DEVICE
: Synchronize the DMA buffer for transfers in both directions – i.e. from the device to memory and from memory to the device (<=>
DMA_FROM_DEVICE | DMA_TO_DEVICE
).
•
DMA_KERNEL_BUFFER_ALLOC
: Allocate a contiguous DMA buffer in the physical memory.
The default behavior (when this flag is not set) is to allocate a Scatter/Gather DMA buffer.
Set this flag when calling the low-level
WD_DMALock() function to allocate a Contiguous DMA buffer (see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
When using the WDC APIs there is no need to set this flag, since
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
automatically, and WDC_DMASGBufLock()
used to allocate Scatter/Gather DMA buffers, for which this flag is not applicable.
•
DMA_KBUF_BELOW_16M
: Allocate the physical
DMA buffer within the first 16MB of the main memory.
This flag is applicable only to Contiguous Buffer DMA
– i.e. when calling
WDC_DMAContigBufLock()
or when calling the low-level
WD_DMALock() flag with the
DMA_KERNEL_BUFFER_ALLOC flag (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
•
DMA_LARGE_BUFFER
: Enable locking of a large
DMA buffer – dwBytes > 1MB
.
This flag is applicable only to Scatter/Gather DMA.
Set this flag when calling the low-level
WD_DMALock() function to allocate a large DMA buffer (see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference). When using the WDC APIs there is no need to set this flag, since
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
automatically when called to allocate a large DMA buffer, and
WDC_DMASGBufLock()
allocate Contiguous DMA buffers, for which this flag is not applicable.
•
DMA_ALLOW_CACHE
: Allow caching of the DMA buffer.
•
DMA_KERNEL_ONLY_MAP
: Do not map the allocated DMA buffer to the user mode (i.e. map it to kernel-mode only).
This flag is applicable only in cases where the
DMA_KERNEL_BUFFER_ALLOC flag is applicable – see above.
•
DMA_ALLOW_64BIT_ADDRESS
: Allow allocation of 64-bit DMA addresses, if supported by the target platform. This flag is supported on Windows, Linux and
Solaris.
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
➢ dwPages
➢ hCard
➢ Page
❏ pPhysicalAddr
❏ dwBytes
316
Type
DWORD
DWORD
WD_DMA_PAGE
[WD_DMA_PAGES]
KPTR
DWORD
Description
Number of physical memory blocks used for the allocated buffer.
For Contiguous Buffer DMA this field is always set to 1.
Low-level WinDriver card handle, which is acquired by
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
(by calling
WD_CardRegister()
– see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference) and stored in the WDC device structure
Array of physical memory pages information structures.
For contiguous buffer DMA this array always holds only one element (see dwPages
).
The page’s physical address
The page’s size (in bytes)
B.5.15
WD_TRANSFER Structure
Memory/IO read/write transfer command information structure:
Name
➢ cmdTrans
Type
DWORD
Description
A value indicating the type of transfer to perform – see definition of the
WD_TRANSFER_CMD enumeration in
windrvr.h.
The transfer command can be of either of the following types:
• A read/write transfer command that conforms to the following format:
<dir><p>_[S]<size>
Explanation:
<dir>
:
R
for read,
W
for write
<p>
:
P
for I/O,
M
for memory
<S>
: signifies a string (block) transfer, as opposed to a single transfer
<size>
: BYTE, WORD, DWORD or QWORD
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name Type
➢ cmdTrans (continued)
DWORD
➢ dwPort
➢ dwBytes
KPTR
DWORD
317
Description
•
CMD_MASK
: This command is applicable when passing interrupt transfer commands to the interrupt enable functions (
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable() or WD_IntEnable() functions – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
CMD_MASK is an interrupt mask command for determining the source of the interrupt: When this command is set, upon the arrival of an interrupt in the kernel WinDriver masks the value of the previous read command in the
WD_TRANSFER commands array with the mask that is set in the relevant
Data field union member of the mask transfer command. For example, for a pTransCmds
WD_TRANSFER array, if pTransCmds[i-1].cmdTrans
is
RM_BYTE
, WinDriver performs the following mask: pTransCmds[i-1].Data.Byte & pTransCmds[i].Data.Byte
. If the mask is successful, the driver claims ownership of the interrupt and when the control is returned to the user mode, the interrupt handler routine that was passed to the interrupt enable function is invoked; otherwise, the driver rejects ownership of the interrupt, the interrupt handler routine is not invoked and the subsequent transfer commands in the array are not executed.
(Acceptance and rejection of the interrupt is relevant only when handling legacy interrupts; since MSI/MSI-X interrupts are not shared, WinDriver will always accept control of such interrupts.)
NOTE: A
CMD_MASK command must be preceded by a read transfer command (
RM_XXX / RP_XXX
).
The I/O port address or the kernel-mapped virtual memory address, which has been stored in the relevant device (
WDC_DEVICE
dev.pAddrDesc[i].kptAddr
(where i is the index of the desired address space). (When using the low-level
WD_xxx()
APIs, these values are stored within the dwAddr
(I/O) and dwTransAddr
(memory) fields of the relevant cardReg.Card.Item[i] item – see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
The number of bytes to transfer
B.5 WD_xxx Structures, Types and General Definitions
Name
➢ fAutoinc
➢ dwOptions
➢ Data
❏ Byte
❏ Word
❏ Dword
❏ Qword
❏ pBuffer
Type
DWORD
DWORD union
BYTE
WORD
UINT32
UINT64
PVOID
318
Description
Relevant only for string (block) transfers:
If
TRUE
, the I/O or memory port/address will be incremented after each block that is transferred;
If
FALSE
, all data is transferred to/from the same port/address.
Must be zero
The data buffer for the transfer (input for write commands, output for read commands):
Used for 8-bit transfers
Used for 16-bit transfers
Used for 32-bit transfers
Used for 64-bit transfers
Used for string (block) transfers – a pointer to the data buffer for the transfer
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
B.6
Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
319
The following functions are callback functions which are implemented in your Kernel
PlugIn driver, and which will be called when their calling event occurs. For example:
KP_Init()
] is the callback function that is called when the driver is loaded.
Any code that you want to execute upon loading should be in this function.
KP_Init() sets the name of the driver and the
KP_Open() function.
KP_Open() sets the rest of the driver’s callback functions.
For example: kpOpenCall->funcClose = KP_Close; kpOpenCall->funcCall = KP_Call; kpOpenCall->funcIntEnable = KP_IntEnable; kpOpenCall->funcIntDisable = KP_IntDisable; kpOpenCall->funcIntAtIrql = KP_IntAtIrql; kpOpenCall->funcIntAtDpc = KP_IntAtDpc; kpOpenCall->funcEvent = KP_Event;
NOTE
It is the convention of this reference guide to mark the Kernel PlugIn callback functions as
KP_XXX()
– i.e.
KP_Open()
,
KP_Call()
, etc. However, you are free to select any name that you wish for your Kernel PlugIn callback functions, apart from
KP_Init()
, provided you implement relevant callback functions in your Kernel
PlugIn. The generated DriverWizard Kernel PlugIn code, for example, uses the selected driver name in the callback function names (e.g. for a <MyKP> driver:
KP_MyKP_Open() , KP_MyKP_Call() , etc.).
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 320
B.6.1
KP_Init()
P
URPOSE
• Called when the Kernel PlugIn driver is loaded.
Sets the name of the Kernel PlugIn driver and the
KP_Open()
function.
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL _ _ c d e c l K P _ I n i t ( KP_INIT * k p I n i t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ kpInit
❏ dwVerWD
❏ cDriverName
❏ funcOpen
Type
KP_INIT*
DWORD
CHAR[12]
KP_FUNC_OPEN
Input/Output
Output
Output
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
kpInit
➢ dwVerWD
➢ cDriverName
➢ funcOpen
Description
Pointer to a Kernel PlugIn initialization information
The version of the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn library
The device driver name (up to 12 characters)
The KP_Open() callback function, which will be executed when
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference) is called.
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() is called from the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
are called with a valid Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the pcKPDriverName parameter).
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
TRUE if successful. Otherwise FALSE .
R
EMARKS
• You must define the
KP_Init() function in your code in order to link the
Kernel PlugIn driver to WinDriver.
KP_Init() is called when the driver is loaded. Any code that you want to execute upon loading should be in this function.
E
XAMPLE
BOOL __cdecl KP_Init(KP_INIT *kpInit)
{
/* Check if the version of the WinDriver Kernel
PlugIn library is the same version as windrvr.h and wd_kp.h */ if (kpInit->dwVerWD != WD_VER)
{
/* You need to re-compile your Kernel PlugIn with the compatible version of the WinDriver
Kernel PlugIn library, windrvr.h and wd_kp.h */ return FALSE;
} kpInit->funcOpen = KP_Open; strcpy (kpInit->cDriverName, "KPDriver"); /* Up to 12 chars */
} return TRUE;
321
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 322
B.6.2
KP_Open()
P
URPOSE
• Called when
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference) is called from user mode.
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() is automatically called from the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
called with a valid Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the pcKPDriverName parameter).
This function sets the rest of the Kernel PlugIn callback functions
(
KP_Call()
KP_IntEnable()
], etc.) and performs any other desired
initialization (such as allocating memory for the driver context and filling it with data passed from the user mode, etc.).
The returned driver context (
*ppDrvContext
) will be passed to rest of the Kernel
PlugIn callback functions.
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL _ _ c d e c l KP_Open (
KP_OPEN_CALL * kpOpenCall ,
HANDLE hWD,
PVOID pOpenData ,
PVOID * ppDrvContex t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ kpOpenCall
➢ hWD
➢ pOpenData
➢ ppDrvContext
Type
KP_OPEN_CALL
HANDLE
PVOID
PVOID*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Output
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
kpOpenCall hWD pOpenData ppDrvContext
323
Description
Structure to fill in the addresses of the KP_xxx() callback
The WinDriver handle that
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() was called with
Pointer to data passed from user mode
Pointer to driver context data with which the
KP_Close()
KP_Call()
KP_IntEnable()
KP_Event()
functions will be called. Use this to keep driver specific information, which will be shared among these callbacks.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
TRUE if successful. If
FALSE
, the call to
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() from the user mode will fail.
E
XAMPLE
BOOL __cdecl KP_Open(KP_OPEN_CALL *kpOpenCall, HANDLE hWD,
PVOID pOpenData, PVOID *ppDrvContext)
{ kpOpenCall->funcClose = KP_Close; kpOpenCall->funcCall = KP_Call; kpOpenCall->funcIntEnable = KP_IntEnable; kpOpenCall->funcIntDisable = KP_IntDisable; kpOpenCall->funcIntAtIrql = KP_IntAtIrql; kpOpenCall->funcIntAtDpc = KP_IntAtDpc; kpOpenCall->funcEvent = KP_Event;
/* You can allocate driver context memory here: */
*ppDrvContext = malloc(sizeof(MYDRV_STRUCT)); return *ppDrvContext!=NULL;
}
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 324
B.6.3
KP_Close()
P
URPOSE
• Called when
WD_KernelPlugInClose()
(see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference) is called from user mode.
For devices that have been opened with a Kernel PlugIn driver – i.e.
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
with a valid Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the pcKPDriverName parameter) – the
WDC_xxxDeviceClose()
automatically call
WD_KernelPlugInClose() in order to close the handle to the
Kernel PlugIn driver.
This functions can be used to perform any required clean-up for the Kernel PlugIn
(such as freeing memory previously allocated for the driver context, etc.).
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d _ _ c d e c l KP_Close ( PVOID p D r v C o n t e x t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDrvContext
Type
PVOID
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDrvContext
Description
Driver context data that was set by
KP_Open()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
E
XAMPLE
void __cdecl KP_Close(PVOID pDrvContext)
{ if (pDrvContext) free(pDrvContext); /* Free allocated driver context memory */
}
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 325
B.6.4
KP_Call()
P
URPOSE
• Called when the user-mode application calls
WDC_CallKerPlug()
low-level
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference).
This function is a message handler for your utility functions.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d _ _ c d e c l K P _C a l l (
PVOID p D r v C o n t e x t ,
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL
* k p C a l l ,
BOOL f I s K e r n e l M o d e ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDrvContext
➢ kpCall
❏ dwMessage
❏ pData
❏ dwResult
➢ fIsKernelMode
Type
PVOID
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
BOOL
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
Input/Output
Output
Input
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDrvContext kpCall fIsKernelMode
326
Description
Driver context data that was set by KP_Open()
and will also be passed to
KP_Close()
KP_IntEnable()
KP_Event()
Structure with user-mode information received from the
WDC_CallKerPlug()
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function – see the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference) and/or with information to
return back to the user mode [ B.7.3
This parameter is passed by the WinDriver kernel – see
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
R
EMARKS
• Calling
WDC_CallKerPlug()
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference) in the user mode will call your
KP_Call()
function in the kernel mode. The
KP_Call() function in the Kernel PlugIn will determine which routine to execute according to the message passed to it.
• The fIsKernelMode parameter is passed by the WinDriver kernel to the
KP_Call() routine. The user is not required to do anything about this parameter. However, notice how this parameter is passed in the sample code to the macro
COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL
– This is required for the macro to function correctly. Please refer to section
for more details regarding the
COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL and COPY_FROM_USER_OR_KERNEL macros.
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 327
E
XAMPLE
void __cdecl KP_Call(PVOID pDrvContext,
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL *kpCall, BOOL fIsKernelMode)
{ kpCall->dwResult = MY_DRV_OK; switch (kpCall->dwMessage)
{
/* In this sample we implement a GetVersion message */ case MY_DRV_MSG_VERSION:
{
DWORD dwVer = 100;
MY_DRV_VERSION *ver = (MY_DRV_VERSION *)kpCall->pData;
COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL(&ver->dwVer, &dwVer, sizeof(DWORD), fIsKernelMode);
COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL(ver->cVer, "My Driver V1.00", sizeof("My Driver V1.00")+1, fIsKernelMode); kpCall->dwResult = MY_DRV_OK;
} break;
/* You can implement other messages here */ default: kpCall->dwResult = MY_DRV_NO_IMPL_MESSAGE;
}
}
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 328
B.6.5
KP_Event()
P
URPOSE
• Called when a Plug-and-Play or power management event for the device is received, provided the user-mode application first called
WDC_EventRegister()
fUseKP = TRUE
(or the low-level
EventRegister() function with a Kernel PlugIn handle – see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference) (see the Remarks below).
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL _ _ c d e c l KP_Event (
PVOID p D r v C o n t e x t ,
WD_EVENT * wd_event ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDrvContext
➢ wd_event
Type
PVOID
WD_EVENT*
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDrvContext wd_event
Description
Driver context data that was set by
KP_Open()
and will also be passed to KP_Close()
KP_IntEnable()
KP_Call()
Pointer to the PnP/power management event information received from the user mode
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
TRUE in order to notify the user about the event.
R
EMARKS
•
KP_Event() will be called if the user mode process called
WDC_EventRegister()
fUseKP = TRUE (or of the the low-level
EventRegister() function was called with a Kernel PlugIn handle – see the
WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference)
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 329
E
XAMPLE
BOOL __cdecl KP_Event(PVOID pDrvContext, WD_EVENT *wd_event)
{
/* Handle the event here */ return TRUE; /* Return TRUE to notify the user about the event */
}
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 330
B.6.6
KP_IntEnable()
P
URPOSE
• Called when
WD_IntEnable()
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference) is called from the user mode with a Kernel PlugIn handle.
WD_IntEnable() is called automatically from
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable()
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
The interrupt context that is set by this function (
*ppIntContext
) will be passed to the rest of the Kernel PlugIn interrupt functions.
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL _ _ c d e c l K P _ I n t E n a b l e (
PVOID p D r v C o n t e x t ,
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL * k p C a l l ,
PVOID * p p I n t C o n t e x t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pDrvContext
➢ kpCall
❏ dwMessage
❏ pData
❏ dwResult
➢ ppIntContext
Type
PVOID
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
PVOID*
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input/Output
Output
Input/Output
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pDrvContext kpCall ppIntContext
331
Description
Driver context data that was set by KP_Open()
and will also be passed to
KP_Close()
KP_Call()
KP_Event()
Structure with information from
WD_IntEnable()
Pointer to interrupt context data that will be passed to the
KP_IntDisable()
KP_IntAtIrql()
and
KP_IntAtDpc()
interrupt specific information
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns TRUE if enable is successful; otherwise returns FALSE .
R
EMARKS
• This function should contain any initialization needed for your Kernel PlugIn interrupt handling.
E
XAMPLE
BOOL __cdecl KP_IntEnable(PVOID pDrvContext,
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL *kpCall, PVOID *ppIntContext)
{
DWORD *pIntCount;
/* You can allocate specific memory for each interrupt in *ppIntContext */
*ppIntContext = malloc(sizeof (DWORD)); if (!*ppIntContext) return FALSE;
/* In this sample the information is a DWORD used to count the incoming interrupts */ pIntCount = (DWORD *) *ppIntContext;
*pIntCount = 0; /* Reset the count to zero */ return TRUE;
}
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 332
B.6.7
KP_IntDisable()
P
URPOSE
• Called when
WD_IntDisable()
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference) is called from the user mode for interrupts that were enabled in the Kernel PlugIn.
WD_IntDisable() is called automatically from
WDC_IntDisable()
InterruptDisable()
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
• This function should free any memory that was allocated in
KP_IntEnable()
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d _ _ c d e c l K P _ I n t D i s a b l e ( PVOID p I n t C o n t e x t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pIntContext
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pIntContext
Type
PVOID
Description
Interrupt context data that was set by
KP_IntEnable()
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
E
XAMPLE
void __cdecl KP_IntDisable(PVOID pIntContext)
{
/* You can free the interrupt specific memory allocated to pIntContext here */ free(pIntContext);
}
Input/Output
Input
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 333
B.6.8
KP_IntAtIrql()
P
URPOSE
• High-priority interrupt handler routine, which is run at high interrupt request level. This function is called upon the arrival of interrupts that have been enabled using a Kernel PlugIn driver – see
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable() and
WD_IntEnable() functions (see WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference).
P
ROTOTYPE
BOOL _ _ c d e c l K P _ I n t A t I r q l (
PVOID p I n t C o n t e x t ,
BOOL * p f I s M y I n t e r r u p t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pIntContext
➢ pfIsMyInterrupt
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pIntContext
Type
PVOID
BOOL*
Input/Output
Input/Output
Output pfIsMyInterrupt
Description
Pointer to interrupt context data that was set by
KP_IntEnable()
to KP_IntAtDpc()
KP_IntDisable()
Set
*pfIsMyInterrupt to
TRUE if the interrupt belongs to this driver; otherwise set it to
FALSE in order to enable the interrupt service routines of other drivers for the same interrupt to be called
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
TRUE if deferred interrupt processing (DPC) is required; otherwise
FALSE
.
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 334
R
EMARKS
• Code running at IRQL will only be interrupted by higher priority interrupts.
• Code running at IRQL is limited by the following restrictions:
– You may only access non-pageable memory.
– You may only call the following functions (or wrapper functions that call these functions):
*
WDC_xxx read/write address or configuration space functions.
*
WDC_MultiTransfer()
WD_Transfer()
,
WD_MultiTransfer() or
WD_DebugAdd()
(see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference).
* Specific kernel OS functions (such as WinDDK functions) that can be called from high interrupt request level. (Note that the use of such functions may break the code’s portability to other operating systems).
– You may not call malloc()
, free()
, or any
WDC_xxx() or
WD_xxx()
API other than the aforementioned functions.
• The code performed at high interrupt request level should be minimal
(e.g., only the code that acknowledges level-sensitive interrupts), since it is operating at a high priority. The rest of your code should be written at
KP_IntAtDpc()
], which runs at the deferred DISPATCH level and is
not subject to the above restrictions.
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 335
E
XAMPLE
BOOL __cdecl KP_IntAtIrql(PVOID pIntContext,
BOOL *pfIsMyInterrupt)
{
DWORD *pdwIntCount = (DWORD *) pIntContext;
/* Check your hardware here to see if the interrupt belongs to you.
If it does, you must set *pfIsMyInterrupt to TRUE.
Otherwise, set *pfIsMyInterrupt to FALSE. */
*pfIsMyInterrupt = FALSE;
/* In this example we will schedule a DPC once in every 5 interrupts */
(*pdwIntCount) ++; if (*pdwIntCount==5)
{
*pdwIntCount = 0; return TRUE;
} return FALSE;
}
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 336
B.6.9
KP_IntAtDpc()
P
URPOSE
• Deferred processing interrupt handler routine.
This function is called once the high-priority interrupt handling is completed, provided that
KP_IntAtIrql()
TRUE
.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD _ _ c d e c l K P _I nt A t D pc (
PVOID p I n t C o n t e x t ,
DWORD dwCount ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ pIntContext
➢ dwCount
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
pIntContext
Type
PVOID
DWORD dwCount
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
Description
Interrupt context data that was set by
KP_IntEnable()
KP_IntAtIrql()
KP_IntDisable()
The number of times
KP_IntAtIrql()
returned
TRUE since the last DPC call. If dwCount is 1,
KP_IntAtIrql() requested a DPC only once since the last
DPC call. If the value is greater than 1,
KP_IntAtIrql() has already requested a DPC a few times, but the interval was too short, therefore
KP_IntAtDpc() was not called for each DPC request.
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 337
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the number of times to notify user mode (i.e., return from WD_IntWait() – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference).
R
EMARKS
• Most of the interrupt handling should be implemented within this function (as opposed to the high-priority KP_IntAtIrql()
• If
KP_IntAtDpc() returns with a value greater than zero,
WD_IntWait() returns and the user-mode interrupt handler will be called in the amount of times set in the return value of
KP_IntAtDpc()
. If you do not want the user-mode interrupt handler to execute,
KP_IntAtDpc() should return zero.
E
XAMPLE
DWORD __cdecl KP_IntAtDpc(PVOID pIntContext, DWORD dwCount)
{
/* Return WD_IntWait as many times as KP_IntAtIrql scheduled KP_IntAtDpc() */ return dwCount;
}
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
B.6.10
COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL,
COPY_FROM_USER_OR_KERNEL
P
URPOSE
• Macros for copying data from the user mode to the Kernel PlugIn and vice versa.
338
R
EMARKS
• The COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL and COPY_FROM_USER_OR_KERNEL are macros used for copying data (when necessary) to/from user-mode memory addresses
(respectively), when accessing such addresses from within the Kernel PlugIn.
Copying the data ensures that the user-mode address can be used correctly, even if the context of the user-mode process changes in the midst of the I/O operation. This is particularly relevant for long operations, during which the context of the user-mode process may change. The use of macros to perform the copy provides a generic solution for all supported operating systems.
• Note that if you wish to access the user-mode data from within the
KP_IntAtIrql()
KP_IntAtDpc()
first copy the data into some variable in the Kernel PlugIn before the execution of these routines.
• The COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL and COPY_FROM_USER_OR_KERNEL macros are defined in the WinDriver
\include\kpstdlib.h header file.
• For an example of using the COPY_TO_USER_OR_KERNEL macro, see the
KP_Call()
KP_PCI_Call()
) in the sample
WinDriver/samples/pci_diag/kp_pci/kp_pci.c Kernel PlugIn file.
• To share a data buffer between the user-mode and Kernel PlugIn routines (e.g.,
KP_IntAtIrql()
KP_IntAtDpc()
the technique outlined in the technical document titled "How do I share a memory buffer between Kernel PlugIn and user-mode projects for DMA or other purposes?" found under the "Kernel PlugIn" technical documents section of the "Support" section.
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 339
B.6.11
Kernel PlugIn Synchronization APIs
This section describes the Kernel Plug-In synchronization APIs.
These APIs support the following synchronization mechanisms:
–
], which are used to synchronize between
threads on a single or multiple CPU system.
NOTE
The Kernel PlugIn spinlock functions can be called from any context apart from high interrupt request level. Hence they can be called from any Kernel
PlugIn function except for
KP_IntAtIrql()
functions can be called from
KP_IntAtDpc()
• Interlocked operations [ B.6.11.6
–
], which are used for synchronizing
access to a variable that is shared by multiple threads by performing complex operations on the variable in an atomic manner.
NOTE
The Kernel PlugIn interlocked functions can be called from any context in the
Kernel PlugIn, including from high interrupt request level. Hence they can be called from any Kernel PlugIn function, including
KP_IntAtIrql()
and
KP_IntAtDpc()
B.6.11.1
Kernel PlugIn Synchronization Types
The Kernel PlugIn synchronization APIs use the following types:
•
KP_SPINLOCK
– A Kernel PlugIn spinlock object structure: typedef struct _KP_SPINLOCK KP_SPINLOCK;
_KP_SPINLOCK is an internal WinDriver spinlock object structure, opaque to the user.
•
KP_INTERLOCKED
– a Kernel PlugIn interlocked operations counter: typedef volatile int KP_INTERLOCKED;
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions
B.6.11.2
kp_spinlock_init()
P
URPOSE
• Initializes a new Kernel PlugIn spinlock object.
P
ROTOTYPE
KP_SPINLOCK * k p _ s p i n l o c k _ i n i t ( v o i d ) ;
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
If successful, returns a pointer to the new Kernel PlugIn spinlock object [ B.6.11.1
otherwise returns NULL .
340
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 341
B.6.11.3
kp_spinlock_wait()
P
URPOSE
• Waits on a Kernel PlugIn spinlock object.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d k p _ s p i n l o c k _ w a i t ( KP_SPINLOCK * s p i n l o c k ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ spinlock
Type
KP_SPINLOCK*
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
spinlock
Description
Input/Output
Input
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn spinlock object [ B.6.11.1
which to wait
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 342
B.6.11.4
kp_spinlock_release()
P
URPOSE
• Releases a Kernel PlugIn spinlock object.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d k p _ s p i n l o c k _ r e l e a s e ( KP_SPINLOCK * s p i n l o c k ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ spinlock
Type
KP_SPINLOCK*
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
spinlock
Description
Input/Output
Input
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn spinlock object [ B.6.11.1
release
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 343
B.6.11.5
kp_spinlock_uninit()
P
URPOSE
• Un-initializes a Kernel PlugIn spinlock object.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d k p _ s p i n l o c k _ u n i n i t ( KP_SPINLOCK * s p i n l o c k ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ spinlock
Type
KP_SPINLOCK*
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
spinlock
Description
Input/Output
Input
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn spinlock object [ B.6.11.1
un-initialize
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 344
B.6.11.6
kp_interlocked_init()
P
URPOSE
• Initializes a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ i n i t ( KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED*
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target
Description
Input/Output
Input/Output
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to initialize
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 345
B.6.11.7
kp_interlocked_uninit()
P
URPOSE
• Un-initializes a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ u n i n i t ( KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED*
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target
Description
Input/Output
Input/Output
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to un-initialize
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 346
B.6.11.8
kp_interlocked_increment()
P
URPOSE
• Increments the value of a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter by one.
P
ROTOTYPE
i n t k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ i n c r e m e n t ( KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED*
Input/Output
Input/Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target
Description
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to increment
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the new value of the interlocked counter ( target
).
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 347
B.6.11.9
kp_interlocked_decrement()
P
URPOSE
• Decrements the value of a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter by one.
P
ROTOTYPE
i n t k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ d e c r e m e n t ( KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED*
Input/Output
Input/Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target
Description
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to decrement
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the new value of the interlocked counter ( target
).
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 348
B.6.11.10
kp_interlocked_add()
P
URPOSE
• Adds a specified value to the current value of a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter.
P
ROTOTYPE
i n t k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ a d d (
KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t , i n t v a l ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
➢ val
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED* val
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target val
Description
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to which to add
The value to add to the interlocked counter ( target )
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the new value of the interlocked counter ( target
).
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 349
B.6.11.11
kp_interlocked_read()
P
URPOSE
• Reads to the value of a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter.
P
ROTOTYPE
i n t k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ r e a d ( KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED*
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target
Description
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to read
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the value of the interlocked counter ( target
).
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 350
B.6.11.12
kp_interlocked_set()
P
URPOSE
• Sets the value of a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter to the specified value.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ s e t (
KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t , i n t v a l ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
➢ val
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target val
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED* val
Description
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to set
The value to set for the interlocked counter ( target )
B.6 Kernel PlugIn Kernel-Mode Functions 351
B.6.11.13
kp_interlocked_exchange()
P
URPOSE
• Sets the value of a Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter to the specified value and returns the previous value of the counter.
P
ROTOTYPE
i n t k p _ i n t e r l o c k e d _ e x c h a n g e (
KP_INTERLOCKED * t a r g e t , i n t v a l ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ target
➢ val
Type
KP_INTERLOCKED* val
Input/Output
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
target val
Description
Pointer to the Kernel PlugIn interlocked counter [ B.6.11.1
to exchange
The new value to set for the interlocked counter ( target
)
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the previous value of the interlocked counter ( target
).
B.7 Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference
B.7
Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference
This section contains detailed information about the different Kernel PlugIn related structures.
WD_XXX
structures are used in user-mode functions and
KP_XXX
structures are used in kernel-mode functions.
The Kernel PlugIn synchronization types are documented in section
352
B.7.1
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN
Defines a Kernel PlugIn open command.
This structure is used by the low-level
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() and
WD_KernelPlugInClose() functions – see the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference.
Name Type Description
➢ hKernelPlugIn
DWORD Handle to a Kernel PlugIn
➢ pcDriverName
PCHAR Name of Kernel PlugIn driver. Should be no longer than 12 characters. Should not include the
VXD or SYS extension.
➢ pcDriverPath
PCHAR This field should be set to NULL. WinDriver will search for the driver in the operating system’s drivers/modules directory.
➢ pOpenData
PVOID Data to pass to the
KP_Open() in the Kernel PlugIn.
B.7 Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference 353
B.7.2
WD_INTERRUPT
Interrupt information structure.
This structure is used by the low-level
InterruptEnable()
,
InterruptDisable()
,
WD_IntEnable()
,
WD_IntDisable()
,
WD_IntWait() and
WD_IntCount() functions.
WDC_IntEnable()
InterruptEnable()
, which in turn calls
WD_IntEnable()
,
WD_IntWait() and
WD_IntCount()
.
WDC_IntDisable()
InterruptDisable()
, which calls
WD_IntDisable() .
Name Type Description
➢ kpCall
WD_KERNEL_ PLUGIN_CALL Kernel PlugIn message information
]. This structure contains the
handle to the Kernel PlugIn and additional information that should be passed to the kernel-mode interrupt handler. If the Kernel
PlugIn handle is zero, the interrupt is installed without a Kernel PlugIn interrupt handler.
If a valid Kernel PlugIn handle is set, this structure will passed as a parameter to the
KP_IntEnable()
function.
For information about the other members of
WD_INTERRUPT
, see the description of
InterruptEnable() in the WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference.
B.7 Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference 354
B.7.3
WD_KERNEL_PLUGIN_CALL
Kernel PlugIn message information structure. This structure contains information that will be passed between a user-mode process and the Kernel PlugIn. The structure is used when passing messages to the Kernel PlugIn or when installing a Kernel PlugIn interrupt.
This structure is passed as a parameter to the Kernel PlugIn
KP_Call()
and
KP_IntEnable()
] callback functions and is used by the low-level
WD_KernelPlugInCall()
,
InterruptEnable() and
WD_IntEnable() functions.
WD_KernelPlugInCall() is called from the high-level WDC_CallKerPlug()
InterruptEnable() (which calls WD_IntEnable() ) is called from the high-level WDC_IntEnable()
Name Type Description
➢ hKernelPlugIn
DWORD Handle to a Kernel PlugIn, returned by
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see the WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference), which is called from the
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions when opening a device with a Kernel PlugIn driver
➢ dwMessage
➢ pData
➢ dwResult
DWORD
PVOID
DWORD
Message ID to pass to the Kernel PlugIn
Pointer to data to pass to the Kernel PlugIn
Value set by the Kernel PlugIn, to return back to user mode
B.7 Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference 355
B.7.4
KP_INIT
This structure is used by the Kernel PlugIn
KP_Init()
use is to notify WinDriver of the given driver’s name and of which kernel-mode function to call when
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level
API Reference) is called from the user mode.
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() is called from the high-level
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen()
called with a valid Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the pcKPDriverName parameter).
Name
➢ dwVerWD
Type
DWORD
Description
The version of the WinDriver Kernel PlugIn library.
➢ cDriverName
CHAR[12]
➢ funcOpen
KP_FUNC_OPEN
The device driver name, up to 12 characters.
The KP_Open()
function that WinDriver should call when
WD_KernelPlugInOpen()
(see WinDriver
PCI Low-Level API Reference) is called from the user mode.
WD_KernelPlugInOpen() is called from the high-level
WDC_xxxDeviceOpen() functions
when these functions are called with a valid
Kernel PlugIn driver (set in the pcKPDriverName parameter).
B.7 Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference 356
B.7.5
KP_OPEN_CALL
This is the structure through which the Kernel PlugIn defines the names of its callback functions (other than KP_Open() ). It is used from the KP_Open()
Kernel PlugIn function, which sets the callbacks in the structure.
A Kernel PlugIn may implement 7 different callback functions (other than
KP_Open()
funcClose – Called when the user-mode process is done with this instance of the driver.
funcCall – Called when the user mode process calls
WDC_CallKerPlug()
or the low-level
WD_KernelPlugInCall() function (see the WinDriver PCI
Low-Level API Reference), which is called from
WDC_CallKerPlug()
.
This is a general-purpose function. You can use it to implement any functionality that should run in kernel mode (except the interrupt handler, which is a special case). The funcCall callback determines which function to execute according to the message passed to it from the user mode.
funcIntEnable – Called when the user-mode process calls
WD_IntEnable() with a
Kernel PlugIn handle.
WD_IntEnable() is called from
InterruptEnable()
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), which is called from the high-level
WDC_IntEnable()
calling
WDC_IntEnable() with fUseKP = TRUE
, the function calls
InterruptEnable() with a Kernel PlugIn handle.
This callback function should perform any initialization required when enabling an interrupt.
funcIntDisable – Interrupt cleanup function, which is called when the user-mode process calls
WD_IntDisable()
– called from
InterruptDisable()
(see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API Reference), which is called from
WDC_IntDisable()
] – after having enabled interrupts using a Kernel
PlugIn driver.
funcIntAtIrql – High-priority kernel-mode interrupt handler. This callback function is called at high interrupt request level when WinDriver processes the interrupt that is assigned to this Kernel PlugIn. If this function returns a value greater than zero, the funcIntAtDpc() callback is called as a deferred procedure call.
funcIntAtDpc – Most of your interrupt handler code should be written in this callback. It is called as a deferred procedure call, if funcIntAtIrql() returns a value greater than zero.
funcEvent – Called when a Plug-and-Play or power management event occurs, if the user-mode process first called WDC_EventRegister()
with fUseKP = TRUE (or if the low-level EventRegister() function was
B.7 Kernel PlugIn Structure Reference 357 called with a Kernel PlugIn handle – see WinDriver PCI Low-Level API
Reference). This callback function should implement the desired kernel handling for Plug-and-Play and power management events.
Name
➢ funcClose
Type
KP_FUNC_CLOSE
Description
Name of your
KP_Close()
the kernel.
➢ funcCall
KP_FUNC_CALL Name of your
KP_Call()
kernel.
➢ funcIntEnable
KP_FUNC_INT_ENABLE Name of your
KP_IntEnable()
in the kernel.
➢ funcIntDisable
KP_FUNC_INT_DISABLE Name of your
KP_IntDisable()
function in the kernel.
➢ funcIntAtIrql
KP_FUNC_INT_AT_IRQL Name of your
KP_IntAtIrql()
in the kernel.
➢ funcIntAtDpc
KP_FUNC_INT_AT_DPC Name of your
KP_IntAtDpc()
in the kernel.
➢ funcEvent
KP_FUNC_EVENT Name of your the kernel.
KP_Event()
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions
B.8
User-Mode Utility Functions
358
This section describes a number of user-mode utility functions you will find useful for implementing various tasks. These utility functions are multi-platform, implemented on all operating systems supported by WinDriver.
B.8.1
Stat2Str()
P
URPOSE
• Retrieves the status string that corresponds to a status code.
P
ROTOTYPE
c o n s t c h a r * S t a t 2 S t r (DWORD d w S t a t u s ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ dwStatus
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
dwStatus
Type
DWORD
Description
A numeric status code
Input/Output
Input
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the verbal status description (string) that corresponds to the specified numeric status code.
R
EMARKS
See section
for a complete list of status codes and strings.
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions
B.8.2
get_os_type()
P
URPOSE
• Retrieves the type of the operating system.
P
ROTOTYPE
OS_TYPE g e t _ o s _ t y p e ( v o i d ) ;
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns the type of the operating system.
If the operating system type is not detected, returns
OS_CAN_NOT_DETECT
.
359
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 360
B.8.3
ThreadStart()
P
URPOSE
• Creates a thread.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD T h r e a d S t a r t (
HANDLE * phThread ,
HANDLER_FUNC pFunc , v o i d * pData ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ phThread
➢ pFunc
➢ pData
Type
HANDLE* typedef void (*HANDLER_FUNC)( void *pData);
VOID*
Input/Output
Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
phThread pFunc pData
Description
Returns the handle to the created thread
Starting address of the code that the new thread is to execute. (The handler’s prototype –
HANDLER_FUNC
– is defined in utils.h).
Pointer to the data to be passed to the new thread
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 361
B.8.4
ThreadWait()
P
URPOSE
• Waits for a thread to exit.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d T h r e a d W a i t (HANDLE h T h r e a d ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hThread
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hThread
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
Type
HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
Description
The handle to the thread whose completion is awaited
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 362
B.8.5
OsEventCreate()
P
URPOSE
• Creates an event object.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD O s E v e n t C r e a t e (HANDLE * phOsEvent ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ phOsEvent
Type
HANDLE*
Input/Output
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
phOsEvent
Description
The pointer to a variable that receives a handle to the newly created event object
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 363
B.8.6
OsEventClose()
P
URPOSE
• Closes a handle to an event object.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d O s E v e n t C l o s e (HANDLE hO s E ve nt ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hOsEvent
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hOsEvent
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
Type
HANDLE
Description
The handle to the event object to be closed
Input/Output
Input
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 364
B.8.7
OsEventWait()
P
URPOSE
• Waits until a specified event object is in the signaled state or the time-out interval elapses.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD O s E v e n t W a i t (
HANDLE hOsEvent ,
DWORD dw S e c T i m e out ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hOsEvent
➢ dwSecTimeout
Type
HANDLE
DWORD
Input/Output
Input
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hOsEvent dwSecTimeout
Description
The handle to the event object
Time-out interval of the event, in seconds.
A time-out value of zero signifies an infinite wait.
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 365
B.8.8
OsEventSignal()
P
URPOSE
• Sets the specified event object to the signaled state.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD O s E v e n t S i g n a l (HANDLE hO s E ve nt ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hOsEvent
Type
HANDLE
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hOsEvent
Description
The handle to the event object
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
Input/Output
Input
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 366
B.8.9
OsEventReset()
P
URPOSE
• Resets the specified event object to the non-signaled state.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD O s E v e n t R e s e t (HANDLE hO s E ve nt ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hOsEvent
Type
HANDLE
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hOsEvent
Description
The handle to the event object
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
Input/Output
Input
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 367
B.8.10
OsMutexCreate()
P
URPOSE
• Creates a mutex object.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD O s M u t e x C r e a t e (HANDLE * phOsMutex ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ phOsMutex
Type
HANDLE*
Input/Output
Output
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
phOsMutex
Description
The pointer to a variable that receives a handle to the newly created mutex object
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 368
B.8.11
OsMutexClose()
P
URPOSE
• Closes a handle to a mutex object.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d O s Mut e xC l os e (HANDLE hOsMutex ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hOsMutex
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hOsMutex
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
Type
HANDLE
Description
The handle to the mutex object to be closed
Input/Output
Input
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 369
B.8.12
OsMutexLock()
P
URPOSE
• Locks the specified mutex object.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD OsMutexLock (HANDLE hOsMutex ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hOsMutex
Type
HANDLE
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hOsMutex
Description
The handle to the mutex object to be locked
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
Input/Output
Input
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 370
B.8.13
OsMutexUnlock()
P
URPOSE
• Releases (unlocks) a locked mutex object.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD OsMutexUnlock (HANDLE hOsMutex ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ hOsMutex
Type
HANDLE
Input/Output
Input
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
hOsMutex
Description
The handle to the mutex object to be unlocked
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 371
B.8.14
PrintDbgMessage()
P
URPOSE
• Sends debug messages to the debug monitor.
P
ROTOTYPE
v o i d P r i n t D b g M e s s a g e (
DWORD dwLevel ,
DWORD d w S e c t i o n , c o n s t c h a r * f o r m a t
[ , a r g u m e n t ] . . . ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ dwLevel
➢ dwSection
➢ format
➢ argument
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
dwLevel
Type
DWORD
DWORD const char* dwSection
Input/Output
Input
Input
Input
Input
Description
Assigns the level in the Debug Monitor, in which the data will be declared. If zero,
D_ERROR will be declared.
For more details please refer to
DEBUG_LEVEL in windrvr.h.
Assigns the section in the Debug Monitor, in which the data will be declared. If zero,
S_MISC will be declared.
For more details please refer to DEBUG_SECTION in
windrvr.h.
Format-control string
Optional arguments, limited to 256 bytes format argument
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 372
B.8.15
WD_LogStart()
P
URPOSE
• Opens a log file.
P
ROTOTYPE
DWORD WD_LogStart ( c o n s t c h a r * sFileName , c o n s t c h a r *sMode ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ sFileName
➢ sMode
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
sFileName sMode
Type
const char* const char*
Input/Output
Input
Input
Description
Name of log file to be opened
Type of access permitted.
For example, NULL or w opens an empty file for writing, and if the given file exists, its contents are destroyed;
a opens a file for writing at the end of the file (i.e. append).
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
R
EMARKS
• Once a log file is opened, all API calls are logged in this file. You may add your own printouts to the log file by calling WD_LogAdd()
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions
B.8.16
WD_LogStop()
P
URPOSE
• Closes a log file.
P
ROTOTYPE
VOID WD_LogStop ( v o i d ) ;
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
None
373
B.8 User-Mode Utility Functions 374
B.8.17
WD_LogAdd()
P
URPOSE
• Adds user printouts into log file.
P
ROTOTYPE
VOID DLLCALLCONV WD_LogAdd ( c o n s t c h a r * s F o r m a t
[ , a r g u m e n t ] . . . ) ;
P
ARAMETERS
Name
➢ sFormat
➢ argument
Type
const char*
D
ESCRIPTION
Name
sFormat argument
Description
Format-control string
Optional format arguments
R
ETURN
V
ALUE
Returns WD_STATUS_SUCCESS (0) on success, or an appropriate error code
Input/Output
Input
Input
B.9 WinDriver Status Codes
B.9
WinDriver Status Codes
B.9.1
Introduction
Most of the WinDriver functions return a status code, where zero
( WD_STATUS_SUCCESS ) means success and a non-zero value means failure.
The
Stat2Str() functions can be used to retrieve the status description string for a given status code. The status codes and their descriptive strings are listed below.
375
B.9 WinDriver Status Codes
B.9.2
Status Codes Returned by WinDriver
376
Status Code
WD_STATUS_SUCCESS
Description
Success
WD_STATUS_INVALID_WD_HANDLE Invalid WinDriver handle
WD_WINDRIVER_STATUS_ERROR
WD_INVALID_HANDLE
WD_INVALID_PIPE_NUMBER
WD_READ_WRITE_CONFLICT
Error
Invalid handle
Invalid pipe number
Conflict between read and write operations
WD_ZERO_PACKET_SIZE
WD_INSUFFICIENT_RESOURCES
WD_UNKNOWN_PIPE_TYPE
WD_SYSTEM_INTERNAL_ERROR
WD_DATA_MISMATCH
WD_NO_LICENSE
WD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
WD_KERPLUG_FAILURE
Packet size is zero
Insufficient resources
Unknown pipe type
Internal system error
Data mismatch
No valid license
Function not implemented
Kernel PlugIn failure
WD_FAILED_ENABLING_INTERRUPT Failed enabling interrupt
WD_INTERRUPT_NOT_ENABLED Interrupt not enabled
WD_RESOURCE_OVERLAP
WD_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND
WD_WRONG_UNIQUE_ID
Resource overlap
Device not found
Wrong unique ID
WD_OPERATION_ALREADY_DONE
WD_SET_CONFIGURATION_FAILED
WD_CANT_OBTAIN_PDO
WD_TIME_OUT_EXPIRED
Operation already done
Set configuration operation failed
Cannot obtain PDO
Timeout expired
WD_IRP_CANCELED
WD_FAILED_USER_MAPPING
WD_FAILED_KERNEL_MAPPING
WD_NO_RESOURCES_ON_DEVICE
WD_NO_EVENTS
WD_INVALID_PARAMETER
WD_INCORRECT_VERSION
WD_TRY_AGAIN
WD_INVALID_IOCTL
IRP operation cancelled
Failed to map in user space
Failed to map in kernel space
No resources on the device
No events
Invalid parameter
Incorrect WinDriver version installed
Try again
Received an invalid IOCTL
Appendix C
Troubleshooting and Support
Please refer to http://www.jungo.com/support/support_windriver.html
for additional resources for developers, including:
• Technical documents
• FAQs
• Samples
• Quick start guides
377
Appendix D
Evaluation Version Limitations
D.1
Windows WinDriver Evaluation Limitations
• Each time WinDriver is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
• When using DriverWizard, a dialogue box with a message stating that an evaluation version is being run appears on every interaction with the hardware.
– Each time DriverWizard is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
– An evaluation message is displayed on every interaction with the hardware using DriverWizard.
• WinDriver will function for only 30 days after the original installation.
D.2
Windows CE WinDriver Evaluation Limitations
• Each time WinDriver is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
• The WinDriver CE Kernel (windrvr6.dll) will operate for no more than 60 minutes at a time.
• DriverWizard [ 4 ] (used on a host Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista PC):
– Each time DriverWizard is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
– An evaluation message is displayed on every interaction with the hardware using DriverWizard.
378
D.3 Linux WinDriver Evaluation Limitations
• WinDriver CE emulation on Windows 2000/XP/Server 2003/Vista will stop working after 30 days.
379
D.3
Linux WinDriver Evaluation Limitations
• Each time WinDriver is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
– Each time DriverWizard is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
– An evaluation message is displayed on every interaction with the hardware using DriverWizard.
• WinDriver’s kernel module will work for no more then 60 minutes at a time.
In order to continue working, the WinDriver kernel module must be reloaded
(remove and insert the module) using the following commands:
To remove:
/sbin/rmmod windrvr6
To insert:
/sbin/modprobe windrvr6
D.4
Solaris WinDriver Evaluation Limitations
• Each time WinDriver is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
• When using DriverWizard, a dialogue box with a message stating that an evaluation version is being run appears on every interaction with the hardware.
– Each time DriverWizard is activated, an Unregistered message appears.
– An evaluation message is displayed on every interaction with the hardware using DriverWizard.
• The Solaris kernel will work for no more then 60 minutes at a time. In order to continue working, WinDriver kernel module must be reloaded (remove and insert the module) using the following commands:
To remove:
/usr/sbin/rem_drv windrvr6
To insert:
/usr/sbin/add_drv windrvr6
Appendix E
Purchasing WinDriver
Fill in the order form found in Start | WinDriver | Order Form on your Windows start menu, and send it to Jungo via email, fax or mail (see details below).
Your WinDriver package will be sent to you via Fedex or standard postal mail. The
WinDriver license string will be emailed to you immediately.
Support:
Sales:
WEB
http://www.jungo.com
FAX
USA (Toll-Free): 1-877-514-0538
Worldwide: +972-9-8859366
PHONE
USA (Toll-Free): 1-877-514-0537
Worldwide: +972-9-8859365
POSTAL ADDRESS
Jungo Ltd.
P.O.Box 8493
Netanya 42504
ISRAEL
380
Appendix F
Distributing Your Driver –
Legal Issues
WinDriver is licensed per-seat. The WinDriver license allows one developer on a single computer to develop an unlimited number of device drivers, and to freely distribute the created drivers without royalties, as outlined in the license agreement in the WinDriver/docs/license.pdf file.
381
Appendix G
Additional Documentation
U
PDATED
M
ANUALS
The most updated WinDriver user manuals can be found on Jungo’s site at: http://www.jungo.com/support/support_windriver.html
.
V
ERSION
H
ISTORY
If you wish to view WinDriver version history, refer to the WinDriver Release Notes: http://www.jungo.com/wdver.html
.The release notes include a list of the new features, enhancements and fixes that have been added in each WinDriver version.
T
ECHNICAL
D
OCUMENTS
For additional information, refer to the WinDriver Technical Documents database: http://www.jungo.com/support/tech_docs_indexes/main_index.html
.
This database includes detailed descriptions of WinDriver’s features, utilities and
APIs and their correct usage, troubleshooting of common problems, useful tips and answers to frequently asked questions.
382
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