MikroElektronika mikroC for 8051 software User manual

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mikroC for 8051

May 2008 Reader’s note

DISCLAIMER: mikroC for 8051 and this manual are owned by mikroElektronika and are protected by copyright law and international copyright treaty. Therefore, you should treat this manual like any other copyrighted material (e.g., a book). The manual and the compiler may not be copied, partially or as a whole without the written consent from the mikroEelktronika. The PDF-edition of the manual can be printed for private or local use, but not for distribution. Modifying the manual or the compiler is strictly prohibited.

HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES:

The mikroC for 8051 compiler is not fault-tolerant and is not designed, manufactured or intended for use or resale as on-line control equipment in hazardous environments requiring fail-safe performance, such as in the operation of nuclear facilities, aircraft navigation or communication systems, air traffic control, direct life support machines, or weapons systems, in which the failure of the Software could lead directly to death, personal injury, or severe physical or environmental damage ("High Risk

Activities"). mikroElektronika and its suppliers specifically disclaim any express or implied warranty of fitness for High Risk Activities.

LICENSE AGREEMENT:

By using the mikroC for 8051compiler, you agree to the terms of this agreement. Only one person may use licensed version of mikroC for 8051 compiler at a time.

This manual covers mikroC version 1.0.0.0 and the related topics. Newer versions may contain changes without prior notice.

COMPILER BUG REPORTS:

The compiler has been carefully tested and debugged. It is, however, not possible to guarantee a 100 % error free product. If you would like to report a bug, please contact us at the address [email protected]. Please include next information in your bug report:

- Your operating system

- Version of mikroC for 8051

- Code sample

- Description of a bug

Voice: + 381 11 36 28 830

Fax: + 381 11 36 28 831

Web: www.mikroe.com

E-mail: [email protected]

Windows is a Registered trademark of Microsoft Corp. All other trade and/or services marks are the property of the respective owners.

ii MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

Introduction to mikroC 8051 mikroC for 8051 Environment mikroC for 8051 Specifics

8051 Specifics mikroC for 8051 Language Reference mikroC for 8051 Libraries iii

Table of Contents mikroC for 8051

CHAPTER 1

Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Where to Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

mikroElektronika Associates License Statement and Limited Warranty . . . . .4

IMPORTANT - READ CAREFULLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

LIMITED WARRANTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

How to Register . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Who Gets the License Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

How to Get License Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

CHAPTER 2

IDE Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Main Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

File Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Edit Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Replace Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Find Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

Go To Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Find In Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Regular expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

View Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Edit Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Toolbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

File Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Advanced Edit Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

Project Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Find/Replace Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Build Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

Styles Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Tools Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26

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Project Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Run Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Tools Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Help Menu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

Keyboard Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

IDE Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

Customizing IDE Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Docking Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Auto Hide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Saving Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Once you have a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

Advanced Code Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Advanced Editor Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Code Folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Code Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Parameter Assistant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Code Templates (Auto Complete) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

Bookmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Goto Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Auto Correct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Code Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46

Routine List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Project Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

Project Settings Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Library Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

Error Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Memory Usage Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

RAM Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

XData Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Data Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

iData Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

bData Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54

PData Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

Special Function Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55

General Purpose Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

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Table of Contents mikroC for 8051

ROM Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

ROM Memory Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

Procedures Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Procedures Size Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

ROM Memory Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57

Macro Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Procedures Locations Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Integrated Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

USART Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

ASCII Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

EEPROM Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

7 Segment Display Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

UDP Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Graphic LCD Bitmap Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65

LCD Custom Character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Code editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

Output settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Simple matches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Escape sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Character classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Metacharacters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Metacharacters - Line separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Metacharacters - Predefined classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71

Metacharacters - Word boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Metacharacters - Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Metacharacters - Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Metacharacters - Subexpressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Metacharacters - Backreferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

mikroC for 8051 Command Line Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

New Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

New Project Wizard Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

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Customizing Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Edit Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Managing Project Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Add/Remove Files from Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Source Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Managing Source Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Creating new source file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82

Opening an existing file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Printing an open file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Saving file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Saving file under a different name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Closing file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Clean Project Folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84

Assembly View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Output Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Compiler Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Compiler Warning Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

Software Simulator Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Watch Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

Stopwatch Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

RAM Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

Software Simulator Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

Creating New Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

Multiple Library Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95

CHAPTER 3

ANSI Standard Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Divergence from the ANSI C Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

C Language Exstensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

Accessing Individual Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Accessing Individual Bits Of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Predefined Globals and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

sbit type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD vii

Table of Contents mikroC for 8051 bit type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Function Calls from Interrupt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Interrupt Priority Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Linker Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Directive absolute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Directive org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Built-in Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Indirect Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Lo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Highest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Higher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Delay_ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Delay_us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Delay_Cyc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Vdelay_ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Clock_Mhz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Clock_Khz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Code Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Constant folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Constant propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Copy propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Get_Fosc_kHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Value numbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

"Dead code" ellimination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Stack allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Local vars optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Better code generation and local optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

CHAPTER 4

8051 Specifics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Types Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Nested Calls Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

8051 Memory Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

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Program Memory (ROM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Internal Data Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

External Data Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

SFR Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Memory Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Small model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Compact model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Large model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

Memory Type Specifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

idata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

xdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

bdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

pdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

CHAPTER 5 mikroC Language Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Lexical Elements Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Whitespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Whitespace in Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Line Splicing with Backslash (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

C comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

C++ comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Nested comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Token Extraction Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

Integer Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

Long and Unsigned Suffixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

Decimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Hexadecimal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Octal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

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Floating Point Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Character Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Escape Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130

Disambiguation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

String Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Line Continuation with Backslash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132

Enumeration Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Pointer Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Constant Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134

Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Case Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Uniqueness and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Identifier Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Punctuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

Braces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Comma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Semicolon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Asterisk (Pointer Declaration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Equal Sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

Pound Sign (Preprocessor Directive) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Objects and Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Lvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

Rvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Scope and Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

Name Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Static Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Local Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

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Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Type Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

Fundamental Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

Arithmetic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Integral Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Floating-point Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Enumerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Enumeration Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Anonymous Enum Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Enumeration Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150

Void Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Void Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Generic Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Derived Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Array Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Array Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

Arrays in Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

Multi-dimensional Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Pointer Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Null Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Function Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156

Pointer Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Arrays and Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Assignment and Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Pointer Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Pointer Subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

Structure Declaration and Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

Incomplete Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Untagged Structures and Typedefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

Working with Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Size of Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Structures and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

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Structure Member Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

Accessing Nested Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Structure Uniqueness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

Unions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Union Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Size of Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Union Member Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Bit Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Bit Fields Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Bit Fields Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Types Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Standard Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Arithmetic Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

In details: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Pointer Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Explicit Types Conversions (Typecasting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Declarations and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Declarations and Declarators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174

Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Linkage Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Internal Linkage Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

External Linkage Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Storage Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Static . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Extern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Type Qualifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Qualifier const . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

Qualifier volatile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Typedef Specifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

asm Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Automatic Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

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Function Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Function Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Function Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

Functions reentrancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Function Calls and Argument Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Function Calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184

Argument Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

Ellipsis ('...') Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Operators Precedence and Associativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Arithmetic Operators Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Binary Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189

Unary Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190

Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Relational Operators Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

Bitwise Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

Bitwise Operators Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

Logical Operations on Bit Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192

Bitwise Shift Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

Bitwise vs. Logical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Logical Operators Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

Logical Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

Logical Expressions and Side Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

Logical vs. Bitwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Conditional Operator ? : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Conditional Operator Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Simple Assignment Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Compound Assignment Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

Assignment Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

Sizeof Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

Sizeof Applied to Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Sizeof Applied to Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

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Comma Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200

Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Labeled Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

Expression Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

Selection Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

If Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

Nested If statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

Switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Nested switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Iteration Statements (Loops) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

While Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205

Do Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206

For Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206

Jump Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207

Break and Continue Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207

Break Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207

Continue Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208

Goto Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208

Return Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

Compound Statements (Blocks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

Preprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

Preprocessor Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

Line Continuation with Backslash (\) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Defining Macros and Macro Expansions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

Macros with Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

Undefining Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

File Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214

Explicit Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Preprocessor Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Operator # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

Operator ## . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

Conditional Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

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Directives #if, #elif, #else, and #endif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

Directives #ifdef and #ifndef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

CHAPTER 6 mikroC for 8051 Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Hardware 8051-specific Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Standard ANSI C Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Miscellaneous Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220

Library Dependencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

CANSPI Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

External dependecies of CANSPI Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

CANSPISetOperationMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224

CANSPIGetOperationMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225

CANSPIInitialize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226

CANSPISetBaudRate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227

CANSPISetMask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228

CANSPISetFilter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229

CANSPIRead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230

CANSPIWrite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231

CANSPI Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

CANSPI_OP_MODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232

CANSPI_CONFIG_FLAGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233

CANSPI_TX_MSG_FLAGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

CANSPI_RX_MSG_FLAGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234

CANSPI_MASK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

CANSPI_FILTER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239

EEPROM Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

Eeprom_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

Eeprom_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Eeprom_Write_Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

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Graphic LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

External dependencies of Graphic LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244

Glcd_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245

Glcd_Set_X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246

Glcd_Set_Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246

Glcd_Read_Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247

Glcd_Set_Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247

Glcd_Write_Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

Glcd_Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

Glcd_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

Glcd_Dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

Glcd_V_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250

Glcd_H_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .250

Glcd_Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251

Glcd_Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

Glcd_Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252

Glcd_Set_Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253

Glcd_Write_Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254

Glcd_Write_Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255

Glcd_Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

Keypad Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

External dependencies of Keypad Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

- Keypad_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

- Keypad_Key_Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

- Keypad_Key_Click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Keypad_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

Keypad_Key_Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260

Keypad_Key_Click . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263

LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

External dependencies of LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

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Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

Lcd_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265

Lcd_Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265

Lcd_Out_Cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Lcd_Chr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Lcd_Chr_Cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

Lcd_Cmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

Available LCD Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268

HW connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270

OneWire Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

External dependencies of OneWire Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Ow_Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Ow_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272

Ow_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

External dependencies of Manchester Code Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277

Manchester Code Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278

Man_Receive_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278

Man_Send_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

Man_Receive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

Man_Synchro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280

Man_Send . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280

Connection Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283

Port Expander Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284

External dependencies of Port Expander Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284

Expander_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285

Expander_Read_Byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

Expander_Write_Byte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

Expander_Read_PortA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

Expander_Read_PortB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287

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Expander_Read_PortAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288

Expander_Write_PortA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289

Expander_Write_PortB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289

Expander_Write_PortAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

Expander_Set_DirectionPortA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortAB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295

PS/2 Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

External dependencies of PS/2 Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

- Ps2_Config . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

- Ps2_Key_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

Ps2_Config . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

Ps2_Key_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297

Special Function Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .298

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300

RS-485 Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

External dependencies of RS-485 Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302

RS485master_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302

RS485master_Receive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

RS485master_Send . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303

RS485slave_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304

RS485slave_Receive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304

RS485slave_Send . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309

Message format and CRC calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310

Software I²C Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

External dependecies of Soft_I2C Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

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Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

Soft_I2C_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

Soft_I2C_Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

Soft_I2C_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

Soft_I2C_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Soft_I2C_Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314

Software SPI Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

External dependencies of Software SPI Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

- Soft_Spi_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

- Soft_Spi_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

- Soft_Spi_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

Soft_Spi_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318

Soft_Spi_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318

Soft_Spi_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320

Software UART Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322

External dependencies of Software UART Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322

Soft_Uart_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323

Soft_Uart_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323

Soft_Uart_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324

Sound Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325

External dependencies of Sound Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325

Sound_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

Sound_Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

The example is a simpl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

demonstration o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328

SPI Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329

Spi_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329

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Spi_Init_Advanced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330

Spi_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331

Spi_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333

SPI Ethernet Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334

External dependencies of SPI Ethernet Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

Spi_Ethernet_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336

Spi_Ethernet_Enable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337

Spi_Ethernet_Disable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339

Spi_Ethernet_doPacket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340

Spi_Ethernet_putByte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341

Spi_Ethernet_putBytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341

Spi_Ethernet_putConstBytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

Spi_Ethernet_putString . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

Spi_Ethernet_putConstString . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343

Spi_Ethernet_getByte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343

Spi_Ethernet_getBytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344

Spi_Ethernet_UserTCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345

Spi_Ethernet_UserUDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354

SPI Graphic LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355

External dependencies of SPI Graphic LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355

Spi_Glcd_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356

Spi_Glcd_Set_Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357

Spi_Glcd_Set_Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357

Spi_Glcd_Set_X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358

Spi_Glcd_Read_Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358

Spi_Glcd_Write_Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359

Spi_Glcd_Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359

Spi_Glcd_Dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360

Spi_Glcd_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360

Spi_Glcd_V_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361

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Spi_Glcd_H_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361

Spi_Glcd_Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362

Spi_Glcd_Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363

Spi_Glcd_Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363

Spi_Glcd_Set_Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364

Spi_Glcd_Write_Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365

Spi_Glcd_Write_Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

Spi_Glcd_Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369

SPI LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

External dependencies of SPI LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

Spi_Lcd_Config . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371

Spi_Lcd_Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371

Spi_Lcd_Out_Cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372

Spi_Lcd_Chr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372

Spi_Lcd_Chr_Cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373

Spi_Lcd_Cmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373

Available LCD Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376

SPI LCD8 (8-bit interface) Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

Spi_Lcd8_Config . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378

Spi_Lcd8_Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378

Spi_Lcd8_Out_Cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379

Spi_Lcd8_Chr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379

Spi_Lcd8_Chr_Cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380

Spi_Lcd8_Cmd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380

Available LCD Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383

SPI T6963C Graphic LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385

Spi_T6963C_Config . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386

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Spi_T6963C_WriteData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387

Spi_T6963C_WriteCommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387

Spi_T6963C_SetPtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388

Spi_T6963C_WaitReady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388

Spi_T6963C_Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388

Spi_T6963C_Dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .389

Spi_T6963C_Write_Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390

Spi_T6963C_Write_Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391

Spi_T6963C_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392

Spi_T6963C_Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392

Spi_T6963C_Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393

Spi_T6963C_Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393

Spi_T6963C_Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394

Spi_T6963C_Sprite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394

Spi_T6963C_Set_Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395

Spi_T6963C_ClearBit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395

Spi_T6963C_SetBit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396

Spi_T6963C_NegBit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396

Spi_T6963C_DisplayGrPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397

Spi_T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397

Spi_T6963C_SetGrPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398

Spi_T6963C_SetTxtPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .398

Spi_T6963C_PanelFill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399

Spi_T6963C_GrFill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399

Spi_T6963C_TxtFill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400

Spi_T6963C_Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401

Spi_T6963C_Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401

Spi_T6963C_Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402

Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Blink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407

T6963C Graphic LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

External dependencies of T6963C Graphic LCD Library . . . . . . . . . . .409

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410

T6963C_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411

xxii MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

mikroC for 8051 Table of Contents

T6963C_WriteData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412

T6963C_WriteCommand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412

T6963C_SetPtr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413

T6963C_WaitReady . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413

T6963C_Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413

T6963C_Dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

T6963C_Write_Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

T6963C_Write_Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415

T6963C_Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

T6963C_Rectangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

T6963C_Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417

T6963C_Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417

T6963C_Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418

T6963C_Sprite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .418

T6963C_Set_Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419

T6963C_ClearBit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .419

T6963C_SetBit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420

T6963C_NegBit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420

T6963C_DisplayGrPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421

T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421

T6963C_SetGrPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422

T6963C_SetTxtPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422

T6963C_PanelFill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423

T6963C_GrFill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423

T6963C_TxtFill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424

T6963C_Cursor_Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424

T6963C_Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

T6963C_Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

T6963C_Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

T6963C_Cursor_Blink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431

UART Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432

Uart_Init . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432

Uart_Data_Ready . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD xxiii

Table of Contents mikroC for 8051

Uart_Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433

Uart_Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434

This example demonstrates s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434

HW Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435

ANSI C Ctype Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436

Library Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436

isalnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436

isalpha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .436

iscntrl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437

isdigit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437

isgraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437

islower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437

ispunct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437

isspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437

isupper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

isxdigit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

toupper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

tolower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438

ANSI C Math Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439

Library Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439

acos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440

asin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440

atan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440

atan2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440

ceil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440

cos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441

cosh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441

eval_poly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441

exp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441

fabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441

floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441

frexp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

ldexp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

log10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

xxiv MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

mikroC for 8051 Table of Contents modf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

pow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442

sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443

sinh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443

sqrt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443

tan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443

tanh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443

ANSI C Stdlib Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444

Library Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444

abs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444

atof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445

atoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445

atol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445

div . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445

ldiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446

uldiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446

labs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446

max . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446

min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446

rand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447

srand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447

xtoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447

Div Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447

ANSI C String Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448

Library Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448

memchr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448

memcmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

memcpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

memmove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

memset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

strcat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449

strchr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450

strcmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450

strcpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450

strlen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450

strncat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD xxv

Table of Contents mikroC for 8051 strncpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451

strspn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451

Strncmp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451

Strstr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451

Strcspn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452

Strpbrk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452

Strrchr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452

Button Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453

External dependecies of Button Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453

Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454

Conversions Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455

ByteToStr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455

ShortToStr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456

WordToStr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456

IntToStr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457

LongToStr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457

LongWordToStr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458

FloatToStr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458

Dec2Bcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459

Bcd2Dec16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459

Dec2Bcd16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460

Sprint Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461

sprintf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461

sprintl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465

sprinti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465

Time Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467

Time_dateToEpoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467

Time_epochToDate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468

Library Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469

Trigonometry Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470

Library Routines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470

xxvi MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

mikroC for 8051 Table of Contents sinE3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470

cosE3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD xxvii

Table of Contents mikroC for 8051 xxviii MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

CHAPTER

Introduction to mikroC 8051

The mikroC 8051 is a powerful, feature-rich development tool 8051 microcontrollers. It is designed to provide the programmer with the easiest possible solution to developing applications for embedded systems, without compromising performance or control.

CHAPTER 1

Introduction mikroC for 8051

1.1. mikroC IDE

Features

mikroC for 8051 allows you to quickly develop and deploy complex applications:

- Write your C source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and

Parameter Assistants, Code Folding, Syntax Highlighting, Auto

Correct, Code Templates, and more.)

- Use included mikroC libraries to dramatically speed up the development: data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communication etc.

- Monitor your program structure, variables, and functions in the

Code Explorer.

- Generate commented, human-readable assembly, and standard

HEX compatible with all programmers.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

- Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Software

Simulator.

- Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing, calling tree, and more.

- mikroC 8051 provides plenty of examples to expand, develop, and use as building bricks in your projects. Copy them entirely if you deem fit – that’s why we included them with the compiler.

Where to Start

- In case that you’re a beginner in programming 8051 microcon trollers, read carefully the 8051 Specifics chapter. It might give you some useful pointers on 8051 constraints, code portability, and good programming practices.

- If you are experienced in C programming, you will probably want to consult mikroC Specifics first. For language issues, you can always refer to the comprehensive Language Reference. A complete list of included libraries is available at mikroC Libraries.

- If you are not very experienced in C programming, don’t panic! mikroC 8051 provides plenty of examples making it easy for you to go quickly. We suggest that you first consult Projects and Source

Files, and then start browsing the examples that you're the most interested in.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 3

CHAPTER 1

Introduction mikroC for 8051

MIKROELEKTRONIKA ASSOCIATES LICENSE STATEMENT AND

LIMITED WARRANTY

IMPORTANT - READ CAREFULLY

This license statement and limited warranty constitute a legal agreement (“License

Agreement”) between you (either as an individual or a single entity) and mikroElektronika (“mikroElektronika Associates”) for software product

(“Software”) identified above, including any software, media, and accompanying on-line or printed documentation.

BY INSTALLING, COPYING, OR OTHERWISE USING SOFTWARE, YOU

AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ALL TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THE

LICENSE AGREEMENT.

Upon your acceptance of the terms and conditions of the License Agreement, mikroElektronika Associates grants you the right to use Software in a way provided below.

This Software is owned by mikroElektronika Associates and is protected by copyright law and international copyright treaty. Therefore, you must treat this Software like any other copyright material (e.g., a book).

You may transfer Software and documentation on a permanent basis provided. You retain no copies and the recipient agrees to the terms of the License Agreement.

Except as provided in the License Agreement, you may not transfer, rent, lease, lend, copy, modify, translate, sublicense, time-share or electronically transmit or receive

Software, media or documentation. You acknowledge that Software in the source code form remains a confidential trade secret of mikroElektronika Associates and therefore you agree not to modify Software or attempt to reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble it, except and only to the extent that such activity is expressly permitted by applicable law notwithstanding this limitation.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

If you have purchased an upgrade version of Software, it constitutes a single product with the mikroElektronika Associates software that you upgraded. You may use the upgrade version of Software only in accordance with the License Agreement.

LIMITED WARRANTY

Respectfully excepting the Redistributables, which are provided “as is”, without warranty of any kind, mikroElektronika Associates warrants that Software, once updated and properly used, will perform substantially in accordance with the accompanying documentation, and Software media will be free from defects in materials and workmanship, for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of receipt. Any implied warranties on Software are limited to ninety (90) days.

mikroElektronika Associates’ and its suppliers’ entire liability and your exclusive remedy shall be, at mikroElektronika Associates’ option, either (a) return of the price paid, or (b) repair or replacement of Software that does not meet mikroElektronika Associates’ Limited Warranty and which is returned to mikroElektronika Associates with a copy of your receipt. DO NOT RETURN ANY

PRODUCT UNTIL YOU HAVE CALLED MIKROELEKTRONIKA ASSOCI-

ATES FIRST AND OBTAINED A RETURN AUTHORIZATION NUMBER. This

Limited Warranty is void if failure of Software has resulted from an accident, abuse, or misapplication. Any replacement of Software will be warranted for the rest of the original warranty period or thirty (30) days, whichever is longer.

TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW,

MIKROELEKTRONIKA ASSOCIATES AND ITS SUPPLIERS DISCLAIM ALL

OTHER WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS, EITHER EXPRESSED OR

IMPLIED, INCLUDED, BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF

MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE,

AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, WITH REGARD TO SOFTWARE, AND THE

PROVISION OF OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVICES.

IN NO EVENT SHALL MIKROELEKTRONIKA ASSOCIATES OR ITS SUPPLI-

ERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSE-

QUENTIAL DAMAGES WHATSOEVER (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITA-

TION, DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS AND BUSINESS

INFORMATION, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, OR ANY OTHER PECUNIARY

LOSS) ARISING

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 5

CHAPTER 1

Introduction mikroC for 8051

OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE SOFTWARE PRODUCT OR

THE PROVISION OF OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE SUPPORT SERVICES,

EVEN IF MIKROELEKTRONIKA ASSOCIATES HAS BEEN ADVISED OF

THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN ANY CASE, MIKROELEK-

TRONIKA ASSOCIATES’ ENTIRE LIABILITY UNDER ANY PROVISION OF

THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT ACTU-

ALLY PAID BY YOU FOR SOFTWARE PRODUCT PROVIDED, HOWEVER, IF

YOU HAVE ENTERED INTO A MIKROELEKTRONIKA ASSOCIATES SUP-

PORT SERVICES AGREEMENT, MIKROELEKTRONIKA ASSOCIATES’

ENTIRE LIABILITY REGARDING SUPPORT SERVICES SHALL BE GOV-

ERNED BY THE TERMS OF THAT AGREEMENT.

HIGH RISK ACTIVITIES

Software is not fault-tolerant and is not designed, manufactured or intended for use or resale as on-line control equipment in hazardous environments requiring fail-safe performance, such as in the operation of nuclear facilities, aircraft navigation or communication systems, air traffic control, direct life support machines, or weapons systems, in which the failure of Software could lead directly to death, personal injury, or severe physical or environmental damage (“High Risk Activities”).

mikroElektronika Associates and its suppliers specifically disclaim any expressed or implied warranty of fitness for High Risk Activities.

GENERAL PROVISIONS

This statement may only be modified in writing signed by you and an authorised officer of mikroElektronika Associates. If any provision of this statement is found void or unenforceable, the remainder will remain valid and enforceable according to its terms. If any remedy provided is determined to have failed for its essential purpose, all limitations of liability and exclusions of damages set forth in the Limited

Warranty shall remain in effect.

This statement gives you specific legal rights; you may have others, which vary, from country to country. mikroElektronika Associates reserves all rights not specifically granted in this statement

6 MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction mikroElektronika

Visegradska 1A,

11000 Belgrade,

Europe.

Phone: + 381 11 36 28 830

Fax: +381 11 36 28 831

Web: www.mikroe.com

E-mail: [email protected]

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

In case you encounter any problem, you are welcome to our support forums at www.mikroe.com/forum/. Here, you may also find helpful information, hardware tips, and practical code snippets. Your comments and suggestions on future development of the mikroC for 8051 are always appreciated — feel free to drop a note or two on our Wishlist.

In our Knowledge Base www.mikroe.com/en/kb/ you can find the answers to

Frequently Asked Questions and solutions to known problems. If you can not find the solution to your problem in Knowledge Base then report it to Support Desk www.mikroe.com/en/support/. In this way, we can record and track down bugs more efficiently, which is in our mutual interest. We respond to every bug report and question in a suitable manner, ever improving our technical support.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 7

CHAPTER 1

Introduction mikroC for 8051

HOW TO REGISTER

The latest version of the mikroC for 8051 is always available for downloading from our website. It is a fully functional software libraries, examples, and comprehensive help included.

The only limitation of the free version is that it cannot generate hex output over 2

KB. Although it might sound restrictive, this margin allows you to develop practical, working applications with no thinking of demo limit. If you intend to develop really complex projects in the mikroC for 8051, then you should consider the possibility of purchasing the license key.

Who Gets the License Key

Buyers of the mikroC for 8051 are entitled to the license key. After you have completed the payment procedure, you have an option of registering your mikroC. In this way you can generate hex output without any limitations.

How to Get License Key

After you have completed the payment procedure, start the program. Select Help ›

How to Register from the drop-down menu or click the How To Register Icon

Fill out the registration form (figure below), select your distributor, and click the

Send button.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 9

CHAPTER 1

Introduction mikroC for 8051

This will start your e-mail client with message ready for sending. Review the information you have entered, and add the comment if you deem it necessary. Please, do not modify the subject line.

Upon receiving and verifying your request, we will send the license key to the email address you specified in the form.

After Receving the License Key

The license key comes as a small autoextracting file – just start it anywhere on your computer in order to activate your copy of compiler and remove the demo limit. You do not need to restart your computer or install any additional components. Also, there is no need to run the mikroC for 8051 at the time of activation.

Notes:

- The license key is valid until you format your hard disk. In case you need to format the hard disk, you should request a new activation key.

- Please keep the activation program in a safe place. Every time you upgrade the compiler you should start this program again in order to reactivate the license.

10 MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

CHAPTER

mikroC for 8051

Environment

The mikroC for 8051 is an user-friendly and intuitive environment:

CHAPTER 2

Environment

IDE OVERVIEW

mikroC for 8051

- The Code Editor features adjustable Syntax Highlighting, Code Folding, Code

Assistant, Parameters Assistant, Auto Correct for common typos and Code

Templates (Auto Complete).

- The Code Explorer (with Keyboard shortcut browser and Quick Help browser) is at your disposal for easier project management.

- The Project Manager alows multiple project management

- General project settings can be made in the Project Settings window

- Library manager enables simple handling libraries being used in a project

- The Error Window displays all errors detected during compiling and linking.

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CHAPTER 2

Environment

-The source-level Software Simulator lets you debug executable logic step-by-step by watching the program flow.

- The New Project Wizard is a fast, reliable, and easy way to create a project.

- Help files are syntax and context sensitive.

- Like in any modern Windows application, you may customize the layout of mikroC for 8051 to suit your needs best.

- Spell checker underlines identifiers which are unknown to the project. In this way it helps the programmer to spot potential problems early, much before the project is compiled.

- Spell checker can be disabled by choosing the option in the Preferences dialog

(F12).

MAIN MENU OPTIONS

Available Main Menu options are:

- File

- Edit

- View

- Project

- Run

- Tools

- Help

FILE MENU OPTIONS

The File menu is the main entry point for manipulation with the source files.

File Description

Open a new editor window.

Open source file for editing or image file for ewing.

Reopen recently used file.

Save changes for active editor.

Save the active source file with the different name or change the file type.

Close active source file.

Print Preview.

Exit IDE.

Related topics: Keyboard shortcuts, File Toolbar,

Managing Source Files

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EDIT MENU OPTIONS

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Edit Description

Undo last change.

Redo last change.

Cut selected text to clipboard.

Copy selected text to clipboard.

Paste text from clipboard.

Delete selected text.

Select all text in active editor.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 15

CHAPTER 2

Environment mikroC for 8051

Advanced »

Find text in active editor.

Find next occurence of text in active editor.

Find previous occurence of text in active editor.

Replace text in active editor.

Find text in current file, in all opened files, or in files from desired folder.

Goto to the desired line in active editor.

Advanced Code Editor options

Description

Comment selected code or put single line comment if there is no selection.

Uncomment selected code or remove single line comment if there is no selection.

Indent selected code.

Outdent selected code.

Changes selected text case to lowercase.

Changes selected text case to uppercase.

Changes selected text case to titlercase.

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CHAPTER 2

Environment

Find Text

Dialog box for searching the document for the specified text. The search is performed in the direction specified. If the string is not found a message is displayed.

Replace Text

Dialog box for searching for a text string in file and replacing it with another text string.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 17

CHAPTER 2

Environment mikroC for 8051

Find In Files

Dialog box for searching for a text string in current file, all opened files, or in files on a disk.

The string to search for is specified in the Text to find field. If Search in directories option is selected, The files to search are specified in the Files mask and Path fields.

Go To Line

Dialog box that allows the user to specify the line number at which the cursor should be positioned.

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CHAPTER 2

Environment

Regular expressions

By checking this box, you will be able to advance your search, through Regular expressions.

Related topics: Keyboard shortcuts, Edit Toolbar, Advanced Edit Toolbar

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 19

CHAPTER 2

Environment

VIEW MENU OPTIONS

mikroC for 8051

View Description

Show/Hide toolbars.

Show/Hide debug windows.

Show/Hide Routine List in active editor.

Show/Hide Project Settings window.

Show/Hide Code Explorer window.

Show/Hide Project Manager window.

Show/Hide Library Manager window.

Show/Hide Bookmarks window.

Show/Hide Error Messages window.

Show/Hide Macro Editor window.

Show Window List window.

20 MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

mikroC for 8051

TOOLBARS

File Toolbar

File Toolbar is a standard toolbar with following options:

Icon Description

Opens a new editor window.

Open source file for editing or image file for viewing.

Save changes for active window.

Save changes in all opened windows.

Close current editor.

Close all editors.

Print Preview.

Edit Toolbar

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Edit Toolbar is a standard toolbar with following options:

Icon Description

Undo last change.

Redo last change.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 21

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Cut selected text to clipboard.

Copy selected text to clipboard.

Paste text from clipboard.

Advanced Edit Toolbar

mikroC for 8051

Advanced Edit Toolbar comes with following options:

Icon Description

Comment selected code or put single line comment if there is no selection

Uncomment selected code or remove single line comment if there is no selection.

Select text from starting delimiter to ending delimiter.

Go to ending delimiter.

Go to line.

Indent selected code lines.

Outdent selected code lines.

Generate HTML code suitable for publishing current source code on the web.

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Find/Replace Toolbar

Find/Replace Toolbar is a standard toolbar with following options:

Icon

Find text in current editor.

Find next occurence.

Find previous occurence.

Replace text.

Find text in files

Description

Project Toolbar

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Project Toolbar comes with following options:

Icon Description

Open new project wizard. wizard.

Open Project

Save Project

Add existing project to project group.

Remove existing project from project group.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 23

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Add File To Project

Remove File From Project

Close current project.

Build Toolbar

Build Toolbar comes with following options:

Icon Description

Build current project.

Build all opened projects.

Build and program active project.

Start programmer and load current HEX file.

Open assembly code in editor.

View statistics for current project.

Debugger

Debugger Toolbar comes with following options: mikroC for 8051

24 MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

mikroC for 8051

Icon

Start Software Simulator.

Run/Pause debugger.

Stop debugger.

Step into.

Step over.

Step out.

Run to cursor.

Toggle breakpoint.

Toggle breakpoints.

Clear breakpoints.

View watch window

View stopwatch window

Styles Toolbar

Description

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Styles toolbar allows you to easily customize your workspace.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 25

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Tools Toolbar

mikroC for 8051

Tools Toolbar comes with following default options:

Icon

Run USART Terminal

EEPROM

ASCII Chart

Seven segment decoder tool

Description

The Tools toolbar can easily be customized by adding new tools in Options(F12) window.

Related topics: Keyboard shortcuts, Integrated Tools, Debugger Windows

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PROJECT MENU OPTIONS

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Project Description

Build active project.

Build all projects.

Build and program active project.

View Assembly.

Edit search paths.

Clean Project Folder

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 27

CHAPTER 2

Environment mikroC for 8051

Add file to project.

Remove file from project.

Open New Project Wizard

Open existing project.

Save current project.

Open project group.

Close project group.

Save active project file with the different name.

Open recently used project.

Close active project.

Related topics: Keyboard shortcuts, Project Toolbar, Creating New Project, Project

Manager, Project Settings

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RUN MENU OPTIONS

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Run Description

Start Software Simulator.

Stop debugger.

Pause Debugger.

Step Into.

Step Over.

Step Out.

Jump to interrupt in current project.

Toggle Breakpoint.

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 29

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Breakpoints.

Clear Breakpoints.

Show/Hide Watch Window

Show/Hide Stopwatch Window

Toggle between C source and disassembly.

Related topics: Keyboard shortcuts, Debug Toolbar

TOOLS MENU OPTIONS

mikroC for 8051

30 MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD

mikroC for 8051

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Tools Description

Run mikroElektronika Programmer

Run USART Terminal

Run EEPROM Editor

Run ASCII Chart

Run 7 Segment Display Decoder

Generate HTML code suitable for publishing source code on the web.

Generate your own custom LCD characters

Generate bitmap pictures for GLCD

UDP communication terminal.

Open Options window

Related topics: Keyboard shortcuts, Tools Toolbar

HELP MENU OPTIONS

MIKROELEKTRONIKA - SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE SOLUTIONS FOR EMBEDDED WORLD 31

CHAPTER 2

Environment mikroC for 8051

Help Description

Open Help File.

Quick Help.

Check if new compiler version is available.

Open mikroElektronika Support Forums in a default browser.

Open mikroElektronika Web Page in a default browser.

Information on how to register

Open About window.

KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

Below is a complete list of keyboard shortcuts available in mikroC for 8051 IDE.

You can also view keyboard shortcuts in the Code Explorer window, tab Keyboard.

Ctrl+N

Ctrl+O

Ctrl+Shift+O

Ctrl+Shift+N

Ctrl+K

IDE Shortcuts

Help

New Unit

Open

Open Project

Open New Project

Close Project

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CHAPTER 2

Environment

Ctrl+F9

Shift+F9

Ctrl+F11

Shift+F4

Ctrl+Shift+F5

F11

F12

Shift+F3

Alt+F3

Ctrl+A

Ctrl+C

Ctrl+F

Ctrl+R

Ctrl+P

Ctrl+S

Ctrl+Shift+S

Ctrl+V

Ctrl+X

Ctrl+Y

Ctrl+Z

Ctrl+Shift+Z

Compile

Compile All

Compile and Program

View breakpoints

Clear breakpoints

Start 8051Flash Programmer

Preferences

Basic Editor Shortcuts

Find, Find Next

Find Previous

Grep Search, Find in Files

Select All

Copy

Find

Replace

Save unit

Save All

Paste

Cut

Delete entire line

Undo

Redo

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Ctrl+Space

Ctrl+Shift+Space

Ctrl+D

Ctrl+E

Ctrl+L

Ctrl+G

Ctrl+J

Ctrl+Shift+.

Ctrl+Shift+,

Ctrl+number

Ctrl+Shift+number

Ctrl+Shift+I

Ctrl+Shift+U

TAB

Shift+TAB

Alt+Select

Ctrl+Alt+Select

Ctrl+Alt+L

Ctrl+Alt+U

Ctrl+Alt+T

Advanced Editor Shortcuts

Code Assistant

Parameters Assistant

Find declaration

Incremental Search

Routine List

Goto line

Insert Code Template

Comment Code

Uncomment Code

Goto bookmark

Set bookmark

Indent selection

Unindent selection

Indent selection

Unindent selection

Select columns

Convert selection to lowercase

Convert selection to uppercase

Convert to Titlecase mikroC for 8051

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Ctrl+F2

Ctrl+F5

Ctrl+F8

Alt+D

Shift+F5

Software Simulator Shortcuts

Jump To Interrupt

Run to Cursor

Toggle Breakpoint

Run/Pause Debugger

Step into

Step over

Debug

Reset

Add to Watch List

Step out

Dissasembly view

Open Watch Window

CHAPTER 2

Environment

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IDE OVERVIEW

The mikroC for 8051 is an user-friendly and intuitive environment: mikroC for 8051

- The Code Editor features adjustable Syntax Highlighting, Code Folding, Code

Assistant, Parameters Assistant, Auto Correct for common typos and Code

Templates (Auto Complete).

- The Code Explorer (with Keyboard shortcut browser and Quick

Help browser) is at your disposal for easier project management.

- The Project Manager alows multiple project management

- General project settings can be made in the Project Settings window

- Library manager enables simple handling libraries being used in a project

- The Error Window displays all errors detected during compiling and linking.

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- The source-level Software Simulator lets you debug executable logic step-by-step by watching the program flow.

- The New Project Wizard is a fast, reliable, and easy way to create a project.

- Help files are syntax and context sensitive.

- Like in any modern Windows application, you may customize the layout of mikroC for 8051 to suit your needs best.

- Spell checker underlines identifiers which are unknown to the project. In this way it helps the programmer to spot potential problems early, much before the project is compiled.

Spell checker can be disabled by choosing the option in the Preferences dialog

(F12).

CUSTOMIZING IDE LAYOUT

Docking Windows

You can increase the viewing and editing space for code, depending on how you arrange the windows in the IDE.

Step 1: 2.1. Click the window you want to dock, to give it focus.

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Step 2: 2.2.

Drag the tool window from its current location. A guide diamond appears. The four arrows of the diamond point towards the four edges of the IDE.

mikroC for 8051

Step 3: 2.3. Move the pointer over the corresponding portion of the guide diamond. An outline of the window appears in the designated area.

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Step 4: To dock the window in the position indicated, release the mouse button.

Tip: To move a dockable window without snapping it into place, press CTRL while dragging it.

Saving Layout

Once you have a window layout that you like, you can save the layout by typing the name for the layout and pressing the Save Layout Icon .

To set the layout select the desired layout from the layout drop-down list and click the Set Layout Icon .To remove the layout from the drop-down list, select the desired layout from the list and click the Delete Layout Icon .

Auto Hide

Auto Hide enables you to see more of your code at one time by minimizing tool windows along the edges of the IDE when not in use.

- Click the window you want to keep visible to give it focus.

- Click the Pushpin Icon on the title bar of the window.

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When an auto-hidden window loses focus, it automatically slides back to its tab on the edge of the IDE. While a window is auto-hidden, its name and icon are visible on a tab at the edge of the IDE. To display an auto-hidden window, move your pointer over the tab. The window slides back into view and is ready for use.

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ADVANCED CODE EDITOR

The Code Editor is advanced text editor fashioned to satisfy needs of professionals. General code editing is the same as working with any standard texteditor, including familiar Copy, Paste and Undo actions, common for Windows environment.

Advanced Editor Features

- Adjustable Syntax Highlighting

- Code Assistant

- Code Folding

- Parameter Assistant

- Code Templates (Auto Complete)

- Auto Correct for common typos

- Bookmarks and Goto Line

You can configure the Syntax Highlighting, Code Templates and Auto Correct from the Editor Settings dialog. To access the Settings, click Tools › Options from the drop-down menu, click the Show Options Icon or press F12 key.

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Code Assistant

If you type the first few letters of a word and then press Ctrl+Space, all valid identifiers matching the letters you have typed will be prompted in a floating panel (see the image below). Now you can keep typing to narrow the choice, or you can select one from the list using the keyboard arrows and Enter.

Code Folding

Code folding is IDE feature which allows users to selectively hide and display sections of a source file. In this way it is easier to manage large regions of code within one window, while still viewing only those subsections of the code that are relevant during a particular editing session.

While typing, the code folding symbols ( - and + ) appear automatically. Use the folding symbols to hide/unhide the code subsections.

If you place a mouse cursor over the tooltip box, the collapsed text will be shown in a tooltip style box.

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Parameter Assistant

The Parameter Assistant will be automatically invoked when you open parenthesis

“(” or press Shift+Ctrl+Space. If the name of a valid function precedes the parenthesis, then the expected parameters will be displayed in a floating panel. As you type the actual parameter, the next expected parameter will become bold.

Code Templates (Auto Complete)

You can insert the Code Template by typing the name of the template (for instance, whiles

), then press Ctrl+J and the Code Editor will automatically generate a code.

You can add your own templates to the list. Select Tools › Options from the dropdown menu, or click the Show Options Icon and then select the Auto Complete

Tab. Here you can enter the appropriate keyword, description and code of your template.

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Autocomplete macros can retreive system and project information:

%DATE%

- current system date

%TIME%

- current system time

%DEVICE%

- device(MCU) name as specified in project settings

%DEVICE_CLOCK%

- clock as specified in project settings

%COMPILER%

- current compiler version

These macros can be used in template code, see template ptemplate provided with mikroC for 8051 installation.

Auto Correct

The Auto Correct feature corrects common typing mistakes. To access the list of recognized typos, select Tools › Options from the drop-down menu, or click the Show

Options Icon and then select the Auto Correct Tab. You can also add your own preferences to the list.

Also, the Code Editor has a feature to comment or uncomment the selected code by simple click of a mouse, using the Comment Icon and Uncomment Icon from the Code Toolbar.

Bookmarks

Bookmarks make navigation through a large code easier. To set a bookmark, use

Ctrl+Shift+number. To jump to a bookmark, use Ctrl+number.

Goto Line

The Goto Line option makes navigation through a large code easier. Use the shortcut Ctrl+G to activate this option.

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CODE EXPLORER

The Code Explorer gives clear view of each item declared inside the source code.

You can jump to a declaration of any item by right clicking it. Also, besides the list of defined and declared objects, code explorer displays message about first error and it's location in code.

Following options are available in the Code Explorer:

Icon Description

Expand/Collapse all nodes in tree.

Locate declaration in code.

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ROUTINE LIST

Routine list diplays list of routines, and enables filtering routines by name. Routine list window can be accessed by pressing Ctrl+L.

You can jump to a desired routine by double clicking on it.

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PROJECT MANAGER

Project Manager is IDE feature which allows users to manage multiple projects.

Several projects which together make project group may be open at the same time.

Only one of them may be active at the moment.

Setting project in active mode is performed by double click on the desired project in the Project Manager.

Following options are available in the Project Manager:

Icon Description

Save project Group.

Open project group.

Close the active project.

Close project group.

Add project to the project group.

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Remove project from the project group.

Add file to the active project.

Remove selected file from the project.

Build the active project.

Run mikroElektronika's Flash programmer.

For details about adding and removing files from project see Add/Remove Files from Project.

Related topics: Project Settings, Project Menu Options, File Menu Options, Project

Toolbar, Build Toolbar, Add/Remove Files from Project

PROJECT SETTINGS WINDOW

Following options are available in the Project Settings Window:

- Device - select the appropriate device from the device drop-down list.

- Oscillator - enter the oscillator frequency value.

- Memory Model - Select the desired memory model.

LIBRARY MANAGER

Library Manager enables simple handling libraries being used in a project. Library

Manager window lists all libraries (extencion .mcl) which are instantly stored in the compiler Uses folder. The desirable library is added to the project by selecting check box next to the library name.

In order to have all library functions accessible, simply press the button Check All and all libraries will be selected. In case none library is needed in a project, press the button Clear All and all libraries will be cleared from the project.

Only the selected libraries will be linked.

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Icon Description

Refresh Library by scanning files in "Uses" folder.Useful when new libraries are added by copying files to "Uses" folder.

Rebuild all available libraries. Useful when library sources are available and need refreshing.

Include all available libraries in current project.

No libraries from the list will be included in current project.

Restore library to the state just before last project saving.

Related topics: mikroC for 8051 Libraries, Creating New Library

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ERROR WINDOW

In case that errors were encountered during compiling, the compiler will report them and won’t generate a hex file. The Error Window will be prompted at the bottom of the main window by default.

The Error Window is located under message tab, and displays location and type of errors the compiler has encountered. The compiler also reports warnings, but these do not affect the output; only errors can interefere with the generation of hex.

Double click the message line in the Error Window to highlight the line where the error was encountered.

STATISTICS

After successful compilation, you can review statistics of your code. Click the

Statistics Icon .

Memory Usage Windows

Provides overview of RAM and ROM usage in the form of histogram.

RAM Memory

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Data Memory

Displays Data memory usage in form of histogram.

CHAPTER 2

Environment

XData Memory

Displays XData memory usage in form of histogram.

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iData Memory

Displays iData memory usage in form of histogram.

mikroC for 8051

bData Memory

Displays bData memory usage in form of histogram.

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PData Memory

Displays PData memory usage in form of histogram.

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Special Function Registers

Summarizes all Special Function Registers and their addresses.

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General Purpose Registers

Summarizes all General Purpose Registers and their addresses. Also displays symbolic names of variables and their addresses.

ROM Memory

ROM Memory Usage

Displays ROM memory usage in form of histogram.

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ROM Memory Allocation

Displays ROM memory allocation.

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Environment

Procedures Windows

Provides overview procedures locations and sizes.

Procedures Size Window

Displays size of each procedure.

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Procedures Locations Window

Displays how functions are distributed in microcontroller’s memory.

mikroC for 8051

Macro Editor

A macro is a series of keystrokes that have been 'recorded' in the order performed.

A macro allows you to 'record' a series of keystrokes and then 'playback', or repeat, the recorded keystrokes.

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The Macro offers the following commands:

Icon Description

Starts 'recording' keystrokes for later playback.

Stops capturing keystrokesthat was started when the Start Recordig command was selected.

Allows a macro that has been recorded to be replayed.

New macro.

Delete macro.

Related topics: Advanced Code Editor, Code Templates

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INTEGRATED TOOLS

USART Terminal

The mikroC for 8051 includes the USART communication terminal for RS232 communication. You can launch it from the drop-down menu Tools › USART Terminal or by clicking the USART Terminal Icon from Tools toolbar.

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ASCII Chart

The ASCII Chart is a handy tool, particularly useful when working with LCD display. You can launch it from the drop-down menu Tools › ASCII chart or by clicking the View ASCII Chart Icon from Tools toolbar.

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EEPROM Editor

The EEPROM Editor is used for manipulating MCU's EEPROM memory. You can launch it from the drop-down menu Tools › EEPROM Editor. When Use this EEP-

ROM definition is checked compiler will generate Intel hex file project_name.ihex

that contains data from EEPROM editor.

When you run mikroElektronika programmer software from mikroC for 8051 IDE

- project_name.hex

file will be loaded automatically while ihex file must be loaded manually.

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7 Segment Display Decoder

The 7 Segment Display Decoder is a convenient visual panel which returns decimal/hex value for any viable combination you would like to display on 7seg. Click on the parts of 7 segment image to get the requested value in the edit boxes. You can launch it from the drop-down menu Tools › 7 Segment Decoderor by clicking the

Seven Segment Icon from Tools toolbar.

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UDP Terminal

The mikroC for 8051 includes the UDP Terminal. You can launch it from the dropdown menu Tools › UDP Terminal.

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Graphic LCD Bitmap Editor

The mikroC for 8051 includes the Graphic LCD Bitmap Editor. Output is the mikroC for 8051 compatible code. You can launch it from the drop-down menu

Tools › GLCD Bitmap Editor.

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LCD Custom Character

mikroC for 8051 includes the LCD Custom Character. Output is mikroC for 8051 compatible code. You can launch it from the drop-down menu Tools › LCD Custom

Character.

OPTIONS

Options menu consists of three tabs: Code Editor, Tools and Output settings

Code editor

The Code Editor is advanced text editor fashioned to satisfy needs of professi onals.

Tools

The mikroC for 8051 includes the Tools tab, which enables the use of shortcuts to external programs, like Calculator or Notepad.

You can set up to 10 different shortcuts, by editing Tool0 - Tool9.

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Output settings

By modifying Output Settings, user can configure the content of the output files.

You can enable or disable, for example, generation of ASM and List file.

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REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

Introduction

Regular Expressions are a widely-used method of specifying patterns of text to search for. Special metacharacters allow you to specify, for instance, that a particular string you are looking for, occurs at the beginning, or end of a line, or contains n recurrences of a certain character.

Simple matches

Any single character matches itself, unless it is a metacharacter with a special meaning described below. A series of characters matches that series of characters in the target string, so the pattern

"short" would match

"short" in the target string. You can cause characters that normally function as metacharacters or escape sequences to be interpreted by preceding them with a backslash

"\".

For instance, metacharacter

"^" matches beginning of string, but

"\^" matches character

"^", and

"\\" matches

"\", etc.

Examples : unsigned matches string

'unsigned'

\^unsigned matches string

'^unsigned'

Escape sequences

Characters may be specified using a escape sequences:

"\n" matches a newline,

"\t" a tab, etc. More generally,

\xnn

, where nn is a string of hexadecimal digits, matches the character whose ASCII value is nn.

If you need wide(Unicode)character code, you can use

'\x{nnnn}'

, where

'nnnn'

- one or more hexadecimal digits.

\xnn

- char with hex code nn

\x{nnnn)

- char with hex code nnnn

(one byte for plain text and two bytes for

Unicode)

- tab (HT/TAB), same as

\x09

- newline (NL), same as

\x0a

- car.return (CR), same as

\x0d

- form feed (FF), same as

\x0c

- alarm (bell) (BEL), same as

\x07

- escape (ESC) , same as

\x1b

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Examples: unsigned\x20int matches

'unsigned int'

(note space in the middle)

\tunsigned matches

'unsigned'

(predecessed by tab)

Character classes

You can specify a character class, by enclosing a list of characters in

[]

, which will match any of the characters from the list. If the first character after the

"[" is

"^"

, the class matches any character not in the list.

Examples: count[aeiou]r

' countcr'

, etc. finds strings

' countar'

' counter'

, etc. but not

' countbr', count[^aeiou]r finds strings

' countbr', 'countcr'

, etc. but not

' countar', 'counter

', etc.

Within a list, the

"-" character is used to specify a range, so that a-z represents all characters between

"a" and

"z"

, inclusive.

If you want

"-" itself to be a member of a class, put it at the start or end of the list, or escape it with a backslash.

If you want

']', you may place it at the start of list or escape it with a backslash.

Examples:

[-az] matches

'a', 'z' and

'-'

[az-] matches

'a', 'z' and

'-'

[a\-z] matches

'a', 'z' and

'-'

[a-z] matches all twenty six small characters from ' a ' to ' z '

[\n-\x0D] matches any of

#10,#11,#12,#13.

[\d-t] matches any digit,

'-' or ' t

[]-a] matches any char from

']'..'a'.

Metacharacters

Metacharacters are special characters which are the essence of regular expressions.There are different types of metacharacters, described below.

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Metacharacters - Line separators

- start of line

- end of line

- start of text

- end of text

- any character in line

Examples:

^PORTA

- matches string '

PORTA

' only if it's at the beginning of line

PORTA$

- matches string '

PORTA

' only if it's at the end of line

^PORTA$

- matches string '

PORTA

' only if it's the only string in line

PORT.r

- matches strings like '

PORTA

', '

PORTB

', '

PORT1

' and so on

The

"^" metacharacter by default is only guaranteed to match beginning of the input string/text, and the

"$" metacharacter only at the end. Embedded line separators will not be matched by

"^" or

"$".

You may, however, wish to treat a string as a multi-line buffer, such that the

"^" will match after any line separator within the string, and

"$" will match before any line separator.

Regular expressons works with line separators as recommended at www.unicode.org ( http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr18/ ):

Metacharacters - Predefined classes

- an alphanumeric character (including

"_"

)

- a nonalphanumeric

- a numeric character

- a non-numeric

- any space (same as

[\t\n\r\f]

)

- a non space

You may use \w, \d and \s within custom character classes.

Example: routi\de

- matches strings like

'routi1e', 'routi6e' and so on, but not

'routine', 'routime' and so on.

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Metacharacters - Word boundaries

A word boundary (

"\b"

) is a spot between two characters that has a

"\w" on one side of it and a

"\W" on the other side of it (in either order), counting the imaginary characters off the beginning and end of the string as matching a

"\W".

- match a word boundary)

- match a non-(word boundary)

Metacharacters - Iterators

Any item of a regular expression may be followed by another type of metacharacters - iterators. Using this metacharacters,you can specify number of occurences of previous character, metacharacter or subexpression.

- zero or more ("greedy"), similar to {0,}

- one or more ("greedy"), similar to {1,}

- zero or one ("greedy"), similar to {0,1}

{n}

- exactly n times ("greedy")

{n,}

- at least n times ("greedy")

{n,m}

- at least n but not more than m times ("greedy")

- zero or more ("non-greedy"), similar to {0,}?

- one or more ("non-greedy"), similar to {1,}?

- zero or one ("non-greedy"), similar to {0,1}?

{n}?

- exactly n times ("non-greedy")

{n,}?

- at least n times ("non-greedy")

{n,m}?

- at least n but not more than m times ("non-greedy")

So, digits in curly brackets of the form,

{n,m}

, specify the minimum number of times to match the item n and the maximum m

. The form

{n} is equivalent to

{n,n} and matches exactly n times. The form

{n,} matches n or more times. There is no limit to the size of n or m

, but large numbers will chew up more memory and slow down execution.

If a curly bracket occurs in any other context, it is treated as a regular character.

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Examples: count.*r ß

- matches strings like

' counter', 'countelkjdflkj9r' and

' countr' count.+r

- matches strings like '

counter', 'countelkjdflkj9r' but not

'countr' count.?r

- matches strings like

' foobar', 'foobbr' and ' foobr

' but not

' foobalkj9r' counte{2}r counte{2,}r

- matches string

'counteer'

- matches strings like

' counteer', 'counteeer'

'counteeer' etc. counte{2,3}r

- matches strings like

'counteer'

, or

'counteeer' but not ' counteeeer

A little explanation about "greediness". "Greedy" takes as many as possible, "nongreedy" takes as few as possible.

For example,

'b+' and

'b*' applied to string

'abbbbc' return

'bbbb', 'b+?' returns

'b', 'b*?' returns empty string,

'b{2,3}?' returns

'bb', 'b{2,3}' returns

'bbb'.

Metacharacters - Alternatives

You can specify a series of alternatives for a pattern using

"|" to separate them, so that fee|fie|foe will match any of

"fee", "fie"

, or

"foe" in the target string (as would f(e|i|o)e)

). The first alternative includes everything from the last pattern delimiter

("(", "[", or the beginning of the pattern) up to the first

"|", and the last alternative contains everything from the last

"|" to the next pattern delimiter.

For this reason, it's common practice to include alternatives in parentheses, to minimize confusion about where they start and end.

Alternatives are tried from left to right, so the first alternative found for which the entire expression matches, is the one that is chosen. This means that alternatives are not necessarily greedy. For example: when matching rou|rout against

"routine"

, only the

"rou" part will match, as that is the first alternative tried, and it successfully matches the target string (this might not seem important, but it is important when you are capturing matched text using parentheses.) Also remember that

"|" is interpreted as a literal within square brackets, so if you write

[fee|fie|foe]

You're really only matching

[feio|].

Examples: rou(tine|te)

- matches strings

'routine' or

'route'.

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Metacharacters - Subexpressions

The bracketing construct

( ... ) may also be used for define regular subexpressions. Subexpressions are numbered based on the left to right order of their opening parenthesis. First subexpression has number

'1'

Examples:

(int){8,10} matches strings which contain 8, 9 or 10 instances of the

'int' routi([0-9]|a+)e matches

' routi0e', 'routi1e' , 'routine',

' routinne', 'routinnne' etc.

Metacharacters - Backreferences

Metacharacters

\1 through

\9 are interpreted as backreferences.

\ matches previously matched subexpression

Examples:

(.)\1+ matches

'aaaa' and

'cc'

(.+)\1+ matches

' abab' and

' 123123'

(['"]?)(\d+)\1 matches

"13"

(in double quotes), or

'4'

(in single quotes) or

(without quotes) etc

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MIKROC FOR 8051 COMMAND LINE OPTIONS

Usage: mikroC8051 [-'opts' [-'opts']] ['infile' [-'opts']]

[-'opts']]

Infile can be of

*.c

and

*.mcl

type.

The following parameters and some more (see manual) are valid:

: MCU for which compilation will be done.

: Set oscillator.

: Add directory to the search path list.

: Add directory to the #include search list.

: Output files generated to file path specified by filename.

: Save compiled binary files (

*.mcl

) to 'directory'.

: Miscellaneous output options.

DBG

: Generate debug info.

: Set memory model opts (

S | C | L (small, compact, large)

: Check and rebuild new libraries.

: Turn on case sensitivity.

Example: mikroc8051.exe -MSF -DBG -pAT89S8253 -ES -O11111114 -fo10 -

N"C:\Lcd\Lcd.mcproj"

-SP"C:\Program Files\Mikroelektronika\mikroC

8051\defs\"

-SP"C:\ProgramFiles\Mikroelektronika\mikroC

8051\uses\"

-SP"C:\Lcd\" "Lcd.c" "System.mcl" "Math.mcl"

"Math_Double.mcl" "Delays.mcl" "__Lib_Lcd.mcl"

"__Lib_LcdConsts.mcl"

Parameters used in the example:

MSF

: Short Message Format; used for internal purposes by IDE.

DBG

: Generate debug info.

pAT89S8253

: MCU AT89S8253 selected.

: Set small memory model.

O11111114

: Miscellaneous output options.

fo10

: Set oscillator frequency [in MHz].

N"C:\Lcd\Lcd.mcproj" -SP"C:\ProgramFiles\Mikroelektronika\mikroC

8051\defs\"

: Output files generated to file path specified by filename.

SP"C:\Program Files\Mikroelektronika\mikroC 8051\defs\" :

Add directory to the search path list.

SP"C:\Program Files\Mikroelektronika\mikroC 8051\uses\"

: Add directory to the search path list.

SP"C:\Lcd\" "Lcd.c" "System.mcl" "Math.mcl" "Math_Double.mcl"

"Delays.mcl" "__Lib_Lcd.mcl" "__Lib_LcdConsts.mcl" :

Add directory to the search path list.

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PROJECTS

The mikroC 8051 organizes applications into projects, consisting of a single project file (extension .mcproj) and one or more source files (extension .c). MikroC for

8051 IDE allows you to manage multiple projects (see Project Manager). Source files can be compiled only if they are part of a project.

The project file contains the following information:

- project name and optional description,

- target device,

- memory model,

- device flags (config word),

- device clock,

- list of the project source files with paths,

- header files (*.h),

- binary files (*.mcl),

- image files,

- other files.

Note that the project does not include files in the same way as preprocessor does, see Add/Remove Files from Project.

NEW PROJECT

The easiest way to create a project is by means of the New Project Wizard, dropdown menu Project › New Project or by clicking the New Project Icon from

Project Toolbar.

New Project Wizard Steps

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Step One- Provides basic information on settings in the following steps.

CHAPTER 2

Environment

Step Two - Select the device from the device drop-down list.

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Step Three - enter the oscillator frequency value. mikroC for 8051

Step Four - Select the desired memory model.

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Step Five - Specify the location where your project will be saved.

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Environment

Step Six - Add project file to the project if they are avaiable at this point. You can always add project files later using Project Manager

Related topics: Project Manager, Project Settings, Memory Model

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CUSTOMIZING PROJECTS

Edit Project

You can change basic project settings in the Project Settings window. You can change chip, oscillator frequency, and memory model. Any change in the Project

Setting Window affects currently active project only, so in case more than one project is open, you have to ensure that exactly the desired project is set as active one in the Project Manager.

Managing Project Group

mikroC for 8051 IDE provides covenient option which enables several projects to be open simultaneously. If you have several projects being connected in some way, you can create a project group.

The project group may be saved by clicking the Save Project Group Icon from the Project Manager window. The project group may be reopend by clicking the

Open Project Group Icon . All relevant data about the project group is stored in the project group file (extension .mpg)

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ADD/REMOVE FILES FROM PROJECT

The project can contain the following file types:

- .

c source files

- .

h header files

- .

mcl binary files

- .

pld project level defines files (future upgrade)

- image files

- .

hex

, .

asm and .

lst files, see output files. These files can not be added or

- removed from project.

- other files

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The list of relevant source files is stored in the project file (extension

.mcproj

To add source file to the project, click the Add File to Project Icon Each added source file must be self-contained, i.e. it must have all necessary definitions after preprocessing.

To remove file(s) from the project, click the Remove File from Project Icon .

Note: For inclusion of the header files (extension .h

), use the preprocessor directive

#include

. See File Inclusion for more information.

Related topics: Project Manager, Project Settings, Memory Model

Source Files

Source files containing C code should have the extension

. The list of source files relevant to the application is stored in project file with extension

.mcproj

, along with other project information. You can compile source files only if they are part of the project.

Use the preprocessor directive

#include to include header files with the extension

.h. Do not rely on the preprocessor to include source files other than headers — see

Add/Remove Files from Project for more information.

MANAGING SOURCE FILES

Creating new source file

To create a new source file, do the following:

1. Select File › New Unit from the drop-down menu, or press Ctrl+N, or click the New File Icon from the File Toolbar.

2. A new tab will be opened. This is a new source file. Select File › Save from the drop-down menu, or press Ctrl+S, or click the Save File Icon from the File Toolbar and name it as you want.

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If you use the New Project Wizard, an empty source file, named after the project with extension

, will be created automatically. The mikroC 8051 does not require you to have a source file named the same as the project, it’s just a matter of convenience.

Opening an existing file

1. Select File › Open from the drop-down menu, or press Ctrl+O, or click the

Open File Icon from the File Toolbar. In Open Dialog browse to the location of the file that you want to open, select it and click the Open button.

2. The selected file is displayed in its own tab. If the selected file is already open, its current Editor tab will become active.

Printing an open file

1. Make sure that the window containing the file that you want to print is the active window.

2. Select File › Print from the drop-down menu, or press Ctrl+P.

3. In the Print Preview Window, set a desired layout of the document and click the OK button. The file will be printed on the selected printer.

Saving file

1. Make sure that the window containing the file that you want to save is the active window.

2. Select File › Save from the drop-down menu, or press Ctrl+S, or click the

Save File Icon from the File Toolbar.

Saving file under a different name

1. Make sure that the window containing the file that you want to save is the active window.

2. Select File › Save As from the drop-down menu. The New File Name dialog will be displayed.

3. In the dialog, browse to the folder where you want to save the file.

4. In the File Name field, modify the name of the file you want to save.

5. Click the Save button.

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Closing file

1. Make sure that the tab containing the file that you want to close is the active tab.

2. Select File › Close from the drop-down menu, or right click the tab of the file that you want to close and select Close option from the context menu.

3. If the file has been changed since it was last saved, you will be prompted to save your changes.

Related topics:File Menu, File Toolbar, Project Manager, Project Settings,

CLEAN PROJECT FOLDER

This menu gives you option to choose which files from your current project you want to delete.

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COMPILATION

When you have created the project and written the source code, it's time to compile it. Select Project › Build from the drop-down menu, or click the Build Icon from the Project Toolbar. If more more than one project is open you can compile all open projects by selecting Project › Build All from the drop-down menu, or click the Build All Icon from the Project Toolbar.

Progress bar will appear to inform you about the status of compiling. If there are some errors, you will be notified in the Error Window. If no errors are encountered, the mikroC for 8051 will generate output files.

OUTPUT FILES

Upon successful compilation, the mikroC for 8051 will generate output files in the project folder (folder which contains the project file

.mcproj

). Output files are summarized in the table below:

Format

Intel HEX

Binary

List File

Assembler File

Description

Intel style hex records. Use this file to program 8051 MCU.

mikro Compiled Library. Binary distribution of application that can be included in other projects.

Overview of 8051 memory allotment: instruction addresses, registers, routines and labels.

Human readable assembly with symbolic names, extracted from the List File.

File Type

.hex

.mcl

.lst

.asm

ASSEMBLY VIEW

After compiling the program in the mikroC for 8051, you can click the View

Assembly icon or select Project › View Assembly from the drop-down menu to review the generated assembly code (

.asm

file) in a new tab window.

Assembly is human-readable with symbolic names.

Related topics:Project Menu, Project Toolbar, Error Window, Project Manager,

Project Settings

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ERROR MESSAGES

COMPILER ERROR MESSAGES

- Syntax Error: expected

[%s]

, but

[%s] found.

- Array element cannot be a function.

- Function cannot return array.

- Inconsistent storage class.

- Inconsistent type.

[%s] tag redefined

[%s]

- Illegal typecast

[%s] [%s]

[%s] is not a valid identifier.

- Invalid statement.

- Constant expression required.

- Internal error

[%s]

- Too many actual parameters.

- Not enough parameters.

- Invalid expresion.

- Identifier expected, but

[%s] found.

- Operator

[%s] not applicable to this operands

[%s].

- Assigning to non-lvalue

[%s].

- Cannot cast

[%s] to

[%s]

- Cannot assign

[%s] to

[%s]

- lvalue required.

- Pointer required.

- Argument is out of range.

- Undeclared identifier

'%s' in expression.

- Too many initializers.

- Cannot establish this baud rate at

[%s]

MHz clock.

- Stack overflow.

- Invalid operator

[%s]

- Expected variable but constant

[%s] found.

- Expected constant but

[%s] found.

[%s] cannot be used outside a loop.

- Unknown type

[%s]

- Variable

[%s] is redeclared.

- Demo Limit.

[%s] has already been declared

[%s]

- Type mismatch: expected

[%s]

, but

[%s] found.

- File

[%s] not found. mikroC for 8051

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- There is not enough RAM space for all variables.

- There is not enough ROM space.

- Invalid type in array.

- Path to your project.c :1: error: Not a header name

"%s"

- #include

[%s]

[%s] error in preprocessor.

- Division by zero.

- Incompatible types:

[%s] [%s]

- Assembler instruction

[%s] was not found..

- Project name must be specified.

- Unknown commmand line Option:

[%s]

- File exstension missing:

[%s]

- Bad FO argument:

[%s]

- Preprocessor exited with error code

[%s]

- Bad absolute address

[%s]

- Recursion or cross-calling of

[%s]

- No files specifed.

- Device parameter missing (for example -PAT82...).

- Invalid parameter string.

- Specifier needed.

[%s] not found

[%s]

- Index out of bounds.

- Array dimension must be greater then 0.

- Const expression expected.

- Integer const expected.

- Recusion in definition.

- Array corupted.

- Arguments cannot be of void type.

- Arguments cannot have explicit memory specificator.

- Bad storage class.

- Pointer to function required.

- Function required.

- Pointer required.

- Illegal pointer conversion to double.

- Integer type needed.

- Members can not have memory specifier.

- Members can not be of bit or sbit type.

- Too many initializers.

- Too many initializers of subaggregate.

- Already used

[%s]

- Illegal expression with void.

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- Address must be greater than 0.

[%s]

Identifier redefined.

- User abort.

- Expression must be greater then 0.

- Invalid declarator expected '(' or identifier.

- Typdef name redefined:

[%s]

- Declarator error.

- Specifer/qualifier list expected.

[%s] already used.

- ILevel can be used only with interrupt service routines.

- ';' expected but

[%s] found.

- Expected'[{'.

[%s]

Identifier redefined.

- '(' expected but

[%s] found.

- ')' expected but

[%s] found.

- 'case' out of switch.

- ':' expected but

[%s] found.

- 'default' label out of switch.

- Switch expression must evaluate to integral type.

- While expected but

[%s] found.

- Void func cannot return values.

- 'continue' outside of loop.

- Unreachable code.

- Label redefined.

- Void type in expression.

- Too many chars.

- Unresolved type.

- Arrays of objects containing zero-size arrays are illegal.

- Invalid enumerator.

- ILevel can be used only with interrupt service routines.

- ILevel value must be integral constant.

- ILevel out of range [0..4].

- '}' expected but

[%s] found.

- '(' expected but

[%s] found.

- 'break' outside of loop or switch.

- Empty char.

- Nonexistent field

[%s]

- Illegal char representation:

[%s]

- Initializer syntax error: multidimension array missing subscript.

- Too many initializers of subaggregate.

- At least one Search Path must be specified.

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- Not enough RAM for call satck.

- Parameter

[%s] must not be of bit or sbit type.

- Function must not have return value of bit or sbit type.

- Redefinition of

[%s] already defined in

[%s]

- Main function is not defined.

- System routine not found for initialization of:

[%s]

- Bad agregate definition

[%s]

- Unresolved extern

[%s]

- Bad function absolute address

[%s]

- Not enough RAM

[%s].

- Compilation Started.

- Compiled Successfully.

- Finished (with errors): 01 Mar 2008, 14:22:26

- Project Linked Successfully.

- All files Preprocessed in

[%s] ms.

- All files Compiled in

[%s] ms.

- Linked in

[%s] ms.

- Project

[%s] completed:

[%s] ms.

COMPILER WARNING MESSAGES

- Illegal file type:

[%s].

- Bad or missing fosc parameter. Default value 8MHz used.

- Specified search path do not exisit:

[%s].

- Specified include path do not exisit:

[%s].

- Result is not defined in function:

[%s].

- Initialization of extern object

[%s].

- Suspicious pointer conversion.

- Implicit conversion of pointer to int.

- Unknown pragma line ignored:

[%s].

- Implicit conversion of int to ptr.

- Generated baud rate is

[%s] bps (error =

[%s] percent).

- Unknown memory model

[%s] small memory model used instead.

CHAPTER 2

Environment

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SOFTWARE SIMULATOR OVERVIEW

The Source-level Software Simulator is an integral component of the mikroC for

8051 environment. It is designed to simulate operations of the 8051 MCUs and assist the users in debugging C code written for these devices.

After you have successfully compiled your project, you can run the Software

Simulator by selecting Run › Start Debugger from the drop-down menu, or by clicking the Start Debugger Icon from the Debugger Toolbar. Starting the

Software Simulator makes more options available: Step Into, Step Over, Step Out,

Run to Cursor, etc. Line that is to be executed is color highlighted (blue by default).

Note: The Software Simulator simulates the program flow and execution of instruction lines, but it cannot fully emulate 8051 device behavior, i.e. it doesn’t update timers, interrupt flags, etc.

Watch Window

The Software Simulator Watch Window is the main Software Simulator window which allows you to monitor program items while simulating your program. To show the Watch Window, select View › Debug Windows › Watch from the dropdown menu.

The Watch Window displays variables and registers of the MCU, along with their addresses and values.

There are two ways of adding variable/register to the watch list:

- by its real name (variable's name in "C" code). Just select desired variable/reg ister from Select variable from list drop-down menu and click the Add Button

- by its name ID (assembly variable name). Simply type name ID of the variable/register you want to display into Search the variable by assemby

name box and click the Add Button

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Variables can also be removed from the Watch window, just select the variable that you want to remove and then click the Remove Button .

- Add All Button adds all variables.

- Remove All Button removes all variables.

You can also expand/collapse complex variables, i.e. struct type variables, strings...

Values are updated as you go through the simulation. Recently changed items are colored red.

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Double clicking a variable or clicking the Properties Button opens the Edit Value window in which you can assign a new value to the selected variable/register. Also, you can choose the format of variable/register representation between decimal, hexadecimal, binary, float or character. All representations except float are unsigned by default. For signed representation click the check box next to the Signed label.

An item's value can be also changed by double clicking item's value field and typing the new value directly.

Stopwatch Window

The Software Simulator Stopwatch Window is available from the drop-down menu,

View › Debug Windows › Stopwatch.

The Stopwatch Window displays a current count of cycles/time since the last

Software Simulator action. Stopwatch measures the execution time (number of cycles) from the moment Software Simulator has started and can be reset at any time. Delta represents the number of cycles between the lines where Software

Simulator action has started and ended.

Note: The user can change the clock in the Stopwatch Window, which will recalculate values for the latest specified frequency. Changing the clock in the Stopwatch

Window does not affect actual project settings – it only provides a simulation.

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RAM Window

The Software Simulator RAM Window is available from the drop-down menu,

View › Debug Windows › RAM.

The RAM Window displays a map of MCU’s RAM, with recently changed items colored red. You can change value of any field by double-clicking it.

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SOFTWARE SIMULATOR OPTIONS

mikroC for 8051

Name Description

Start Debugger Start Software Simulator.

Run/Pause

Debugger

Run or pause Software Simulator.

Stop Debugger Stop Software Simulator.

Toggle

Breakpoints

Run to cursor

Step Into

Step Over

Step Out

Toggle breakpoint at the current cursor position. To view all breakpoints, select Run > View Breakpoints from the drop–down menu. Double clicking an item in the

Breakpoints Window List locates the breakpoint.

Execute all instructions between the current instruction and cursor position.

Execute the current C (single or multi–cycle) instruction, then halt. If the instruction is a routine call, enter the routine and halt at the first instruction following the call.

Execute the current C (single or multi–cycle) instruction, then halt.

Execute all remaining instructions in the current routine, return and then halt.

CREATING NEW LIBRARY

mikroC for 8051 allows you to create your own libraries. In order to create a library in mikroC for 8051 follow the steps bellow:

1. Create a new C source file, see Managing Source Files

2. Save the file in the compiler's Uses folder:

DriveName:\Program Files\Mikroelektronika\mikroC

8051\Uses\__Lib_Example.c

3. Write a code for your library and save it.

4. Add

__Lib_Example.c

file in some project, see Project Manager. Recompile the project.

5. Compiled file

__Lib_Example.mcl

should appear in

...\mikroC 8051\Uses\ folder.

6. Open the definition file for the MCU that you want to use. This file is placed in the compiler's Defs folder:

DriveName:\Program Files\Mikroelektronika\mikroC 8051\Defs\ and it is named

MCU_NAME.mlk

, for example

AT89S8253.mlk

7. Add the

Library_Alias and

Library_Name at the end of the definition file, for example

#pragma SetLib([Example_Library, __Lib_Example])

8. Add Library to mlk file for each MCU that you want to use with your library.

9. Click Refresh button in Library Manager

Multiple Library Versions

Library Alias represents unique name that is linked to corresponding Library

.mcl

file. For example UART library for AT89S8253 is different from UART library for

AT89S4051 MCU. Therefore, two different UART Library versions were made, see mlk files for these two MCUs. Note that these two libraries have the same Library

Alias (UART) in both mlk files. This approach enables you to have identical representation of UART library for both MCUs in Library Manager.

Related topics: Library Manager, Project Manager, Managing Source Files

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mikroC for 8051

Specifics

The following topics cover the specifics of mikroC compiler:

- ANSI Standard Issues

- Predefined Globals and Constants

- Accessing Individual Bits

- Interrupts

- 8051 Pointers

- Linker Directives

- Built-in Routines

- Code Optimization

CHAPTER 3

Specifics mikroC for 8051

ANSI STANDARD ISSUES

Divergence from the ANSI C Standard

Tentative declaration are not supported.

Function recursion is not supported because of no easily-usable stack and limited memory 8051 Specific

C Language Exstensions

mikroC for 8051 has additional set of keywords that do not belong to the ANSI standard C language keywords:

- code

- data

- idata

- bdata

- xdata

- pdata

- small

- compact

- large

- at

- sbit

- bit

- sfr

- ilevel

PREDEFINED GLOBALS AND CONSTANTS

To facilitate programming of 8051 compliant MCUs, the mikroC for 8051 implements a number of predefined globals and constants.

All 8051 SFR registers are implicitly declared as global variables of volatile unsigned int. These identifiers have an external linkage, and are visible in the entire project. When creating a project, the mikroC for 8051 will include an appropriate

(*.c) file from defs folder, containing declarations of available

SFR registers and constants.

P0 = 1.

For a complete set of predefined globals and constants, look for “Defs” in the mikroC for 8051 installation folder, or probe the Code Assistant for specific letters

(Ctrl+Space in the Code Editor).

ACCESSING INDIVIDUAL BITS

The mikroC for 8051 allows you to access individual bits of 8-bit variables. It also supports sbit and bit data types

Accessing Individual Bits Of Variables

Simply use the direct member selector (.) with a variable, followed by one of identifiers

F0, F1, … , F15 with

F15 being the most significant bit.

There is no need of any special declarations. This kind of selective access is an intrinsic feature of mikroC for 8051 and can be used anywhere in the code.

Identifiers

F0–F15 are not case sensitive and have a specific namespace. You may override them with your own members

F0–F15 within any given structure.

If you are familiar with a particular MCU, you can also access bits by name:

// Clear TRISB3

TRISBbits.TRISB3 = 0;

See Predefined Globals and Constants for more information on register/bit names.

Note: If aiming at portability, avoid this style of accessing individual bits, use the bit fields instead.

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sbit type

The mikroC Compiler have sbit data type which provides access to bit-addressable

SFRs. For example:

sbit LEDA at P0.B0;

sbit name at sfr-name.<Bbit-position>;

The previously declared SFR (sfr-name) is the base address for the sbit. It must be evenly divisible by 8. The bit-position (which must be a number from 0-7) follows the dot symbol ('.') and specifies the bit position to access. For example:

sbit OV = PSW.B2;

sbit CY = PSW.B7;

bit type

The mikroC Compiler provides a bit data type that may be used for variable declarations. It can not be used for argument lists, and function-return values.

bit bf; // bit variable

All bit variables are stored in a bit addressable portion 0x20-0x2F segment located in the internal memory area of the 8051. Because this area is only 16 bytes long, a maximum of 128 bit variables may be declared within any one scope.

There are no pointers to bit variables:

bit *ptr; // invalid

An array of type bit is not valid:

bit arr [5]; // invalid

Bit variables can not be initialized nor they can be members of structures and unions.

Related topics: Bit fields, Predefined globals and constants

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Specifics

INTERRUPTS

8051 derivates acknowledges an interrupt request by executing a hardware generated LCALL to the appropriate servicing routine ISRs. ISRs are organized in IVT. ISR is defined as a standard function but with the org directive afterwards which connects the function with specific interrupt vector. For example org 0x000B is IVT address of Timer 0 Overflow interrupt source of the AT89S8253.

For more information on interrupts and IVT refer to the specific data sheet.

Function Calls from Interrupt

Calling functions from within the interrupt routine is allowed. The compiler takes care about the registers being used, both in "interrupt" and in "main" thread, and performs "smart" context-switching between them two, saving only the registers that have been used in both threads. It is not recommended to use function call from interrupt. In case of doing that take care of stack depth.

Interrupt Priority Level

8051 MCUs has possibilty to assign different priority level trough setting appropriate values to coresponding SFRs. You should also assign ISR same priority level by ilevel keyword followed by interrupt priority number.

Available interrupt priority levels are: 0 (default), 1, 2 and 3.

void Timer0ISR(void) org 0x000B ilevel 2 {

//set Timer0ISR to be ISR for Timer 0 Overflow priority level 2.

}

LINKER DIRECTIVES

The mikroC uses an internal algorithm to distribute objects within memory. If you need to have a variable or routine at specific predefined address, use the linker directives absolute and org.

Directive absolute

Directive absolute specifies the starting address in RAM for a variable. If the variable is multi-byte, higher bytes will be stored at the consecutive locations.

Directive absolute is appended to declaration of a variable:

short x absolute 0x22;

// Variable x will occupy 1 byte at address 0x22

int y absolute 0x23;

// Variable y will occupy 2 bytes at addresses 0x23 and 0x24

Be careful when using the absolute directive, as you may overlap two variables by accident. For example:

char i absolute 0x33;

// Variable i will occupy 1 byte at address 0x33

long jjjj absolute 0x30;

// Variable will occupy 4 bytes at 0x30, 0x31, 0x32, 0x33; thus,

// changing i changes jjjj highest byte at the same time, and vice versa

Directive org

Directive org specifies a starting address of a routine in ROM.

Directive org is appended to the function definition. Directives applied to non-defining declarations will be ignored, with an appropriate warning issued by the linker.

Here is a simple example:

void func(int par) org 0x200 {

// Function will start at address 0x200 nop;

}

Note: See also funcall pragma.

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INDIRECT FUNCTION CALLS

If the linker encounters an indirect function call (by a pointer to function), it assumes that any of the functions addresses of which were taken anywhere in the program, can be called at that point. Use the

#pragma funcall directive to instruct the linker which functions can be called indirectly from the current function:

#pragma funcall <func_name> <called_func>[, <called_func>,...]

A corresponding pragma must be placed in the source module where the function func_name is implemented. This module must also include declarations of all functions listed in the called_func list.

These functions will be linked if the function func_name is called in the code no matter whether any of them was called or not.

Note: The #pragma funcall directive can help the linker to optimize function frame allocation in the compiled stack.

BUILT-IN ROUTINES

The mikroC for 8051 compiler provides a set of useful built-in utility functions.

The

Lo, Hi, Higher, Highest routines are implemented as macros. If you want to use these functions you must include built_in.h

header file (located in the inlclude folder of the compiler) into your project.

The

Delay_us and

Delay_ms routines are implemented as “inline”; i.e. code is generated in the place of a call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

The

Vdelay_ms

Delay_Cyc and

Get_Fosc_kHz are actual C routines. Their sources can be found in

Delays.c

file located in the uses folder of the compiler.

- Lo - Delay_us - Clock_Khz

- Hi - Delay_ms - Clock_Mhz

- Higher - Vdealy_ms - Get_Fosc_khz

- Highest - Delay_Cyc

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Lo

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

unsigned short Lo(long number);

Lowest 8 bits (byte)of number, bits 7..0.

Function returns the lowest byte of number

. Function does not interpret bit patterns of number

– it merely returns 8 bits as found in register.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Arguments must be variable of scalar type (i.e. Arithmetic

Types and Pointers).

d = 0x1AC30F4; tmp = Lo(d); // Equals 0xF4

Hi

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

unsigned short Hi(long number);

Returns next to the lowest byte of number, bits 8..15.

Function returns the lowest byte of number

. Function does not interpret bit patterns of number

– it merely returns 8 bits as found in register.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Arguments must be variable of scalar type (i.e. Arithmetic

Types and Pointers).

d = 0x1AC30F4; tmp = Hi(d); // Equals 0x30

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Higher

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

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unsigned short Higher(long number);

Returns next to the highest byte of number

, bits 16..23.

Function returns next to the highest byte of number. Function does not interpret bit patterns of number

– it merely returns 8 bits as found in register.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Arguments must be variable of scalar type (i.e. Arithmetic

Types and Pointers).

d = 0x1AC30F4; tmp = Higher(d); // Equals 0xAC

Highest

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

unsigned short Highest(long number);

Returns the highest byte of number, bits 24..31.

Function returns next to the highest byte of number

. Function does not interpret bit patterns of number

– it merely returns 8 bits as found in register.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Arguments must be variable of scalar type (i.e. Arithmetic

Types and Pointers).

d = 0x1AC30F4; tmp = Highest(d); // Equals 0x01

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Delay_us

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

Delay_ms

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

void Delay_us(const unsigned long time_in_us);

Nothing.

Creates a software delay in duration of time_in_us microseconds (a constant). Range of applicable constants depends on the oscillator frequency.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Nothing

Delay_us(1000); /* One millisecond pause */

void Delay_ms(const unsigned long time_in_us);

Nothing.

Creates a software delay in duration of time_in_ms microseconds (a constant). Range of applicable constants depends on the oscillator frequency.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Nothing

Delay_ms(1000); /* One millisecond pause */

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Vdelay_ms

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

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void Vdelay_ms(unsigned time_in_ms);

Nothing.

Creates a software delay in duration of time_in_ms milliseconds (a variable). Generated delay is not as precise as the delay created by

Delay_ms

Note that

Vdelay_ms is library function rather than a built-in routine; it is presented in this topic for the sake of convenience.

Nothing pause = 1000;

// ...

Vdelay_ms(pause); // ~ one second pause

Delay_Cyc

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

void Delay_Cyc(char Cycles_div_by_10);

Nothing.

Creates a delay based on MCU clock. Delay lasts for 10 times the input parameter in MCU cycles.

Note that

Delay_Cyc is library function rather than a built-in routine; it is presented in this topic for the sake of convenience. There are limitations for

Cycles_div_by_10 value.

Value

Cycles_div_by_10 must be between 2 and 257.

Nothing

Delay_Cyc(10); /* Hundred MCU cycles pause */

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Clock_Khz

Prototype

Returns

Description

unsigned Clock_Khz(void);

Device clock in KHz, rounded to the nearest integer.

Function returns device clock in KHz, rounded to the nearest integer.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Nothing

Delay_Cyc(10); /* Hundred MCU cycles pause */

Requires

Example

Clock_Mhz

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

unsigned short Clock_Mhz(void);

Device clock in MHz, rounded to the nearest integer.

Function returns device clock in MHz, rounded to the nearest integer.

This is an “inline” routine; code is generated in the place of the call, so the call doesn’t count against the nested call limit.

Nothing clk = Clock_Mhz();

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Get_Fosc_kHz

Prototype

Returns

Description

Requires

Example

unsigned long Get_Fosc_kHz(void);

Device clock in KHz, rounded to the nearest integer.

Function returns device clock in KHz, rounded to the nearest integer.

Note that

Get_Fosc_kHz is library function rather than a built-in routine; it is presented in this topic for the sake of convenience.

Nothing clk = Clock_Khz();

CODE OPTIMIZATION

Optimizer has been added to extend the compiler usability, cut down the amount of code generated and speed-up its execution. The main features are:

Constant folding

All expressions that can be evaluated in the compile time (i.e. are constant) are being replaced by their results. (3 + 5 -> 8);

Constant propagation

When a constant value is being assigned to a certain variable, the compiler recognizes this and replaces the use of the variable by constant in the code that follows, as long as the value of a variable remains unchanged.

Copy propagation

The compiler recognizes that two variables have the same value and eliminates one of them further in the code.

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Value numbering

The compiler "recognizes" if two expressions yield the same result and can therefore eliminate the entire computation for one of them.

"Dead code" ellimination

The code snippets that are not being used elsewhere in the programme do not affect the final result of the application. They are automatically removed.

Stack allocation

Temporary registers ("Stacks") are being used more rationally, allowing VERY complex expressions to be evaluated with a minimum stack consumption.

Local vars optimization

No local variables are being used if their result does not affect some of the global or volatile variables.

Better code generation and local optimization

Code generation is more consistent and more attention is payed to implement specific solutions for the code "building bricks" that further reduce output code size.

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- 8051 Memory Organization

- 8051 Memory Models

- 8051 Memory Type Specifiers

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8051 SPECIFICS

Types Efficiency

First of all, you should know that 8051 ALU, which performs arithmetic operations, is optimized for working with bytes. Although mikroC is capable of handling very complex data types, 8051 may choke on them, especially if you are working on some of the older models. This can dramatically increase the time needed for performing even simple operations. Universal advice is to use the smallest possible type in every situation. It applies to all programming in general, and doubly so with microcontrollers. Types efficiency is determined by the part of RAM memory that is used to store a variable/constant. See the example.

Nested Calls Limitations

There are no Nested Calls Limitations, except by RAM size. A Nested call represents a function call to another function within the function body. With each function call, the stack increases for the size of the returned address. Number of nested calls is equel to the capacity of RAM which is left out after allocation of all variables.

Note: There are many different types of derivates, so it is necessary to be familiar with characteristics and special features of the microcontroller in you are using.

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8051 MEMORY ORGANIZATION

The 8051 microcontroller's memory is divided into Program Memory and Data

Memory. Program Memory (ROM) is used for permanent saving program being executed, while Data Memory (RAM) is used for temporarily storing and keeping intermediate results and variables.

Program Memory (ROM)

Program Memory (ROM) is used for permanent saving program (CODE) being executed. The memory is read only. Depending on the settings made in compiler, program memory may also used to store a constant variables. The 8051 executes programs stored in program memory only. code memory type specifier is used to refer to program memory.

8051 memory organization alows external program memory to be added.

How does the microcontroller handle external memory depends on the pin EA logical state.

Address FFFF hex

EA pin=0

EA pin=1

Address FFFF hex

Additional ROM

Memory

(64K max.)

External ROM

Memory

(64K max.)

Address 0000 hex

Address 4000 hex

Address 3FFF hex

Embedded O

M emor y

(4K)

Microcontroller

8051

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Internal Data Memory

Up to 256 bytes of internal data memory are available depending on the 8051 derivative. Locations available to the user occupy addressing space from 0 to 7Fh, i.e.

first 128 registers and this part of RAM is divided in several blocks. The first 128 bytes of internal data memory are both directly and indirectly addressable. The upper 128 bytes of data memory (from 0x80 to 0xFF) can be addressed only indirectly.

Since internal data memory is used for CALL stack also and there is only 256 bytes splited over few different memory areas fine utilizing of this memory is crucial for fast and compact code. See types efficiency also.

Memory block in the range of 20h to 2Fh is bit-addressable, which means that each bit being there has its own address from 0 to 7Fh. Since there are 16 such registers, this block contains in total of 128 bits with separate addresses ( Bit 0 of byte 20h has the bit address 0, and bit 7 of byte 2Fh has the bit address 7Fh).

Three memory type specifiers can be used to refer to the internal data memory: data, idata, and bdata.

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External Data Memory

Access to external memory is slower than access to internal data memory. There may be up to 64K Bytes of external data memory. Several 8051 devices provide onchip XRAM space that is accessed with the same instructions as the traditional external data space. This XRAM space is typically enabled via proper setting of SFR register and overlaps the external memory space. Setting of that register must be manualy done in code, before any access to external memory or XRAM space is made.

The mikroC for 8051 has two memory type specifiers that refers to external memory space: xdata and pdata

SFR Memory

The 8051 provides 128 bytes of memory for Special Function Registers (SFRs).

SFRs are bit, byte, or word-sized registers that are used to control timers, counters, serial I/O, port I/O, and peripherals.

Refer to Special Function Registers for more information. See sbit also.

Related topics: Accessing individual bits, SFRs, Memory type specifiers, Memory models

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MEMORY MODELS

The memory model determines the default memory type to use for function arguments, automatic variables, and declarations that include no explicit memory type.

The mikroC for 8051 provides three memory models:

- Small

- Compact

- Large

You may also specify the memory model on a function-by-function basis by adding the memory model to the function declaration.

Small memory model generates the fastest, most efficient code. This is default memory model. You may override the default memory type imposed by the memory model by explicitly declaring a variable with a memory type specifier.

Small model

In this model, all variables, by default, reside in the internal data memory of the

8051 system—as if they were declared explicitly using the data memory type specifier.

In this memory model, variable access is very efficient. However, all objects (that are not explicitly located in another memory area) and the call stack must fit into the internal RAM.

Call Stack size is critical because the stack space used depends on the nesting depth of the various functions.

Compact model

Using the compact model, by default, all variables are allocated in a single page 256 bytes of external data memory of the 8051 system—as if they were explicitly declared using the pdata memory type specifier. This memory model can accommodate a maximum of 256 bytes of variables. The limitation is due to the addressing scheme used which is indirect through registers R0 and R1 (@R0, @R1). This memory model is not as efficient as the small model and variable access is not as fast. However, the compact model is faster than the large model. mikroC for 8051 uses the @R0 and @R1 operands to acess external memory with instructions that use 8 bit wide pointers and provide only the low-order byte of the address. The highorder address byte (or page) is provided by Port 2 on most 8051 derivates (see data sheet for details).

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Large model

In the large model all variables reside in external data memory (which may be up to

64K Bytes). This is the same as if they were explicitly declared using the xdata memory type specifier. The DPTR is used to address external memory. Instruction set is not optimized for this memory model(access to external memory) so it neeeds more code than the small or compact model to manipulate with the variables.

char xadd(char a1,char a2 ) large{ //allocate parameters and local variables in xdata space

return a1 + a2;

}

Related topics: Memory type specifiers, 8051 Memory Organization, Accessing individual bits, SFRs, Project Settings

MEMORY TYPE SPECIFIERS

The mikroC for 8051 supports usage of all memory areas. Each variable may be explicitly assigned to a specific memory space by including a memory type specifier in the declaration, or implicitly assigned (based on a memory model).

The following memory type specifiers can be used:

- code

- data

- idata

- bdata

- xdata

- pdata

Memory type specifiers can be included in svariable declaration.

For example: char data data_buffer;

// puts data_buffer in data ram

const char code txt[] = "ENTER PARAMETER:";

// puts text in program memory

unsigned long xdata array[100];

// puts array in external memory float idata ibuffer;

// puts ibuffer in idata ramm

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If no memory type is specified for a variable, the compiler locates the variable in the memory space determined by the memory model: Small, Compact, or Large.

code

Description Program memory (64 KBytes); accessed by opcode MOVC

@A+DPTR.

The code memory type may be used for constants and functions. This memory is accessed using 16-bit addresses and may be on-chip or external.

Example // puts txt in program memory

const char code txt[] = "ENTER PARAMETER:";

data

Description

Example

Directly addressable internal data memory; fastest access to variables (128 bytes).

This memory is directly accessed using 8-bit addresses and is the on-chip RAM of the 8051. It has the shortest (fastest) access time but the amount of data is limited in size (to 128 bytes or less).

// puts x in data ram

unsigned char data x;

idata

Description

Example

Indirectly addressable internal data memory; accessed across the full internal address space (256 bytes).

This memory is indirectly accessed using 8-bit addresses and is the on-chip RAM of the 8051. The amount of idata is limited in size (to 128 bytes or less) it is upper 128 addresses of

RAM

// puts x in data ram

unsigned char data x;

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bdata

Description

Example

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Bit-addressable internal data memory; supports mixed bit and byte access (16 bytes).

This memory is directly accessed using 8-bit addresses and is the on-chip bit-addressable RAM of the 8051. Variables declared with the bdata type are bit-addressable and may be read and written using bit instructions.

For more information about the bdata type refer to the

Accessing Individual Bits.

// puts x in data ram

unsigned char data x;

xdata

Description

Example

External data memory (64 KBytes); accessed by opcode

MOVX @DPTR.

This memory is indirectly accessed using 16-bit addresses and is the external data RAM of the 8051. The amount of xdata is limited in size (to 64K or less).

// puts x in data ram

unsigned char data x;

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pdata

Description mikroC for 8051

Example

Paged (256 bytes) external data memory; accessed by opcode MOVX @Rn.

This memory is indirectly accessed using 8-bit addresses and is one 256-byte page of external data RAM of the 8051. The amount of pdata is limited in size (to 256 bytes).

// puts x in data ram

unsigned char data x;

Related topics: 8051 Memory Organization, Memory models, Accessing individual bits, SFRs, Constants, Functions

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Language Reference

- Lexical Elements

- Concepts

- Types

- Declarations

- Functions

- Operators

- Expressions

- Statements

- Preprocessor

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MIKROC LANGUAGE REFERENCE

LEXICAL ELEMENTS OVERVIEW

The following topics provide a formal definition of the mikroC for 8051 lexical elements. They describe different categories of word-like units (tokens) recognized by the mikroC for 8051.

In the tokenizing phase of compilation, the source code file is parsed (that is, broken down) into tokens and whitespace. The tokens in the mikroC for 8051 are derived from a series of operations performed on your programs by the compiler and its built-in preprocessor.

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WHITESPACE

Whitespace is a collective name given to spaces (blanks), horizontal and vertical tabs, newline characters and comments. Whitespace can serve to indicate where tokens start and end, but beyond this function, any surplus whitespace is discarded.

For example, two sequences

int i; float f; and int i;

float f; are lexically equivalent and parse identically to give six tokens: int i f

;

; float

Whitespace in Strings

The ASCII characters representing whitespace can occur within string literals. In that case they are protected from the normal parsing process (they remain as a part of the string). For example,

char name[] = "mikro foo"; parses into seven tokens, including a single string literal token: char

]

= name

[

"mikro foo" /* just one token here! */

;

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Line Splicing with Backslash (\)

A special case occurs if a line ends with a backslash (\). Both backslash and new line character are discarded, allowing two physical lines of a text to be treated as one unit. So, the following code

"mikroC \

Compiler" parses into

"mikroC Compiler"

. Refer to String Constants for more information.

COMMENTS

Comments are pieces of a text used to annotate a program and technically are another form of whitespace. Comments are for the programmer’s use only; they are stripped from the source text before parsing. There are two ways to delineate comments: the C method and the C++ method. Both are supported by mikroC for 8051.

You should also follow the guidelines on the use of whitespace and delimiters in comments, discussed later in this topic to avoid other portability problems.

C comments

C comment is any sequence of characters placed after the symbol pair

/*.

The comment terminates at the first occurance of the pair

*/ following the initial

/*.

The entire sequence, including four comment-delimiter symbols, is replaced by one space after macro expansion.

In the mikroC for 8051,

int /* type */ i /* identifier */; parses as:

int i;

Note that the mikroC for 8051 does not support a nonportable token pasting strategy using

/**/.

For more information on token pasting, refer to the Preprocessor

Operators.

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C++ comments

The mikroC for 8051 allows single-line comments using two adjacent slashes

(//).

The comment can start in any position and extends until the next new line.

The following code

int i; // this is a comment

int j; parses as:

int i;

int j;

Nested comments

ANSI C doesn’t allow nested comments. The attempt to nest a comment like this

/* int /* declaration */ i; */ fails, because the scope of the first

/* ends at the first

*/.

This gives us i ; */ which would generate a syntax error.

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TOKENS

Token is the smallest element of a C program that compiler can recognize. The parser separates tokens from the input stream by creating the longest token possible using the input characters in a left–to–right scan.

The mikroC for 8051 recognizes the following kinds of tokens:

- keywords

- identifiers

- constants

- operators punctuators (also known as separators)

Tokens can be concatenated (pasted) by means of the preprocessor operator

##.

See the Preprocessor Operators for details.

Token Extraction Example

Here is an example of token extraction. Take a look at the following example code sequence: inter = a+++b;

First, note that inter would be parsed as a single identifier, rather than as the keyword int followed by the identifier er.

The programmer who has written the code might have intended to write inter = a

+ (++b)

, but it wouldn’t work that way. The compiler would parse it into the seven following tokens: inter // variable identifier

= // assignment operator a // variable identifier

++ // postincrement operator

+ // addition operator b // variable identifier

; // statement terminator

Note that

+++ parses as

(the longest token possible) followed by

According to the operator precedence rules, our code sequence is actually: inter (a++)+b;

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CONSTANTS

Constants or literals are tokens representing fixed numeric or character values.

The mikroC for 8051 supports:

- integer constants

- floating point constants

- character constants

- string constants (strings literals)

- enumeration constants

The data type of a constant is deduced by the compiler using such clues as a numeric value and format used in the source code.

INTEGER CONSTANTS

Integer constants can be decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), binary (base 2), or octal (base 8). In the absence of any overriding suffixes, the data type of an integer constant is derived from its value.

Long and Unsigned Suffixes

The suffix

(or l

) attached to any constant forces that constant to be represented as a long

. Similarly, the suffix

(or u

) forces a constant to be unsigned. Both

L and

U suffixes can be used with the same constant in any order or case: ul

, etc.

In the absence of any suffix (

U, u,

L, or l

), a constant is assigned the “smallest” of the following types that can accommodate its value: short, unsigned short, int, unsigned int, long int, unsigned long int.

Otherwise:

- If a constant has the U suffix, its data type will be the first of the following that can accommodate its value: unsigned short, unsigned int, unsigned long int.

- If a constant has the L suffix, its data type will be the first of the following that can accommodate its value: long int, unsigned long int.

- If a constant has both L and U suffixes, (LU or UL), its data type will be unsigned long int.

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Decimal

Decimal constants from -2147483648 to 4294967295 are allowed. Constants exceeding these bounds will produce an “Out of range” error. Decimal constants must not use an initial zero. An integer constant that has an initial zero is interpreted as an octal constant. Thus,

int i = 10; /* decimal 10 */

int i = 010; /* decimal 8 */

int i = 0; /* decimal 0 = octal 0 */

In the absence of any overriding suffixes, the data type of a decimal constant is derived from its value, as shown below:

Value Assigned to Constant

< -2147483648

-2147483648 – -32769

-32768 – -129

-128 – 127

128 – 255

256 – 32767

32768 – 65535

65536 – 2147483647

2147483648 – 4294967295

> 4294967295

Assumed Type

Error: Out of range!

long int short unsigned short int unsigned int long unsigned long

Error: Out of range!

Hexadecimal

All constants starting with

(or

) are taken to be hexadecimal. In the absence of any overriding suffixes, the data type of an hexadecimal constant is derived from its value, according to the rules presented above. For example,

0xC367 will be treated as unsigned int.

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Binary

All constants starting with

(or

) are taken to be binary. In the absence of any overriding suffixes, the data type of an binary constant is derived from its value, according to the rules presented above. For example,

0b11101 will be treated as short

Octal

All constants with an initial zero are taken to be octal. If an octal constant contains the illegal digits 8 or 9, an error is reported. In the absence of any overriding suffixes, the data type of an octal constant is derived from its value, according to the rules presented above. For example,

0777 will be treated as int

FLOATING POINT CONSTANTS

A floating-point constant consists of:

- Decimal integer

- Decimal point

- Decimal fraction

- e or

E and a signed integer exponent (optional)

- Type suffix: f or

F or l or

(optional)

Either decimal integer or decimal fraction (but not both) can be omitted. Either decimal point or letter e (or

) with a signed integer exponent (but not both) can be omitted. These rules allow conventional and scientific (exponent) notations.

Negative floating constants are taken as positive constants with an unary operator minus (-) prefixed.

The mikroC for 8051 limits floating-point constants to the range ±1.17549435082 *

10-38 .. ±6.80564774407 * 1038.

Here are some examples:

0. // = 0.0

-1.23 // = -1.23

23.45e6 // = 23.45 * 10^6

2e-5 // = 2.0 * 10^-5

3E+10 // = 3.0 * 10^10

.09E34 // = 0.09 * 10^34

The mikroC for 8051 floating-point constants are of the type double

. Note that the mikroC for 8051’s implementation of ANSI Standard considers float and double

(together with the long double variant) to be the same type.

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CHARACTER CONSTANTS

A character constant is one or more characters enclosed in single quotes, such as

'A', '+', or '\n'

. In the mikroC for 8051, single-character constants are of the unsigned int type. Multi-character constants are referred to as string constants or string literals. For more information refer to String Constants.

Escape Sequences

A backslash character

(\) is used to introduce an escape sequence, which allows a visual representation of certain nongraphic characters. One of the most common escape constants is the newline character

(\n)

A backslash is used with octal or hexadecimal numbers to represent an ASCII symbol or control code corresponding to that value; for example,

'\x3F' for the question mark. Any value within legal range for data type char (

0 to

0xFF for the mikroC for 8051) can be used. Larger numbers will generate the compiler error “Out of range”.

For example, the octal number

\777 is larger than the maximum value allowed

(\377) and will generate an error. The first nonoctal or nonhexadecimal character encountered in an octal or hexadecimal escape sequence marks the end of the sequence.

Note: You must use the sequence \\ to represent an ASCII backslash, as used in operating system paths.

The following table shows the available escape sequences:

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\xH

\XH

Sequence

Value

0x07

0x08

0x0C

0x0A

0x0D

0x09

0x0B

0x5C

0x27

0x22

0x3F

‘

“

any any any

Char

BEL

What it does

Audible bell

Backspace

Formfeed

Newline (Linefeed)

Carriage Return

Tab (horizontal)

Vertical Tab

Backslash

Single quote (Apostrophe)

Double quote

Question mark

O = string of up to 3 octal digits

H = string of hex digits

Disambiguation

Some ambiguous situations might arise when using escape sequences.

Here is an example:

Lcd_Out_Cp("\x091.0 Intro");

This is intended to be interpreted as

\x09 and

"1.0 Intro"

. However, the mikroC for 8051 compiles it as the hexadecimal number

\x091 and literal string

".0

Intro"

. To avoid such problems, we could rewrite the code in the following way:

Lcd_Out_Cp("\x09" "1.0 Intro");

For more information on the previous line, refer to String Constants.

Ambiguities might also arise if an octal escape sequence is followed by a nonoctal digit. For example, the following constant:

"\118" would be interpreted as a two-character constant made up of the characters

\11 and

, because

8 is not a legal octal digit.

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STRING CONSTANTS

String constants, also known as string literals, are a special type of constants which store fixed sequences of characters. A string literal is a sequence of any number of characters surrounded by double quotes:

"This is a string."

The null string, or empty string, is written like

"".

A literal string is stored internally as a given sequence of characters plus a final null character. A null string is stored as a single null character.

The characters inside the double quotes can include escape sequences. This code, for example:

"\t\"Name\"\\\tAddress\n\n" prints like this:

"Name"\ Address

The "Name" is preceded by two tabs; The Address is preceded by one tab. The line is followed by two new lines. The

\" provides interior double quotes. The escape character sequence

\\ is translated into

\ by the compiler.

Adjacent string literals separated only by whitespace are concatenated during the parsing phase. For example:

"This is " "just"

" an example." is equivalent to

"This is just an example."

Line Continuation with Backslash

You can also use the backslash

(\) as a continuation character to extend a string constant across line boundaries:

"This is really \ a one-line string."

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ENUMERATION CONSTANTS

Enumeration constants are identifiers defined in enum type declarations. The identifiers are usually chosen as mnemonics to contribute to legibility. Enumeration constants are of int type. They can be used in any expression where integer constants are valid.

For example:

enum weekdays { SUN = 0, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT };

The identifiers (enumerators) used must be unique within the scope of the enum declaration. Negative initializers are allowed. See Enumerations for details about enum declarations.

POINTER CONSTANTS

A pointer or pointed-at object can be declared with the const modifier. Anything declared as const cannot change its value. It is also illegal to create a pointer that might violate a non-assignability of the constant object.

Consider the following examples:

int i; // i is an int

int * pi; // pi is a pointer to int

(uninitialized)

int * const cp = &i; // cp is a constant pointer to int

const int ci = 7; // ci is a constant int

const int * pci; // pci is a pointer to constant int

const int * const cpc = &ci; // cpc is a constant pointer to a

// constant int

The following assignments are legal: i = ci; // Assign const-int to int

*cp = ci; // Assign const-int to

// object-pointed-at-by-a- const-pointer

++pci; // Increment a pointer-to-const pci = cpc; // Assign a const-pointer-to-a- const to a

// pointer-to-const

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The following assignments are illegal: ci = 0; // NO--cannot assign to a const-int ci--; // NO--cannot change a const-int

*pci = 3; // NO--cannot assign to an object

// pointed at by pointer-to-const.

cp = &ci; // NO--cannot assign to a const-pointer,

// even if value would be unchanged.

cpc++; // NO--cannot change const-pointer pi = pci; // NO--if this assignment were allowed,

// you would be able to assign to *pci

// (a const value) by assigning to *pi.

Similar rules are applayed to the volatile modifier. Note that both const and volatile can appear as modifiers to the same identifier.

CONSTANT EXPRESSIONS

A constant expressions can be evaluated during translation rather that runtime and accordingly may be used in any place that a constant may be.

Constant expressions can consist only of the following:

- literals,

- enumeration constants,

- simple constants (no constant arrays or structures),

- sizeof operators.

Constant expressions cannot contain any of the following operators, unless the operators are contained within the operand of a sizeof operator: assignment, comma, decrement, function call, increment.

Each constant expression can evaluate to a constant that is in the range of representable values for its type.

Constant expression can be used anywhere a constant is legal.

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KEYWORDS

Keywords are words reserved for special purposes and must not be used as normal identifier names.

Beside standard C keywords, all relevant SFR are defined as global variables and represent reserved words that cannot be redefined (for example:

TMR0, PCL, etc).

Probe the Code Assistant for specific letters (Ctrl+Space in Editor) or refer to

Predefined Globals and Constants.

Here is an alphabetical listing of keywords in C:

- asm

- auto

- break

- case

- char

- const

- continue

- default

- do

- double

- else

- enum

- extern

- float

- for

- goto

- if

- int

- long

- register

- return

- short

- signed

- sizeof

- static

- struct

- switch

- typedef

- union

- unsigned

- void

- volatile

- while

Also, the mikroC for 8051 includes a number of predefined identifiers used in libraries. You could replace them by your own definitions, if you want to develop your own libraries. For more information, see mikroC for 8051 Libraries.

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IDENTIFIERS

Identifiers are arbitrary names of any length given to functions, variables, symbolic constants, user-defined data types, and labels. All these program elements will be referred to as objects throughout the help (don't get confused with the meaning of object in object-oriented programming).

Identifiers can contain the letters a to z and A to Z, underscore character “_”, and digits 0 to 9. The only restriction is that the first character must be a letter or an underscore.

Case Sensitivity

The mikroC for 8051 identifiers are not case sensitive by default, so that

Sum

, sum

, and suM represent an equivalent identifier. Case sensitivity can be activated or suspended in Output Settings window. Even if case sensitivity is turned off Keywords remain case sensitive and they must be written in lower case.

Uniqueness and Scope

Although identifier names are arbitrary (according to the stated rules), if the same name is used for more than one identifier within the same scope and sharing the same name space then error arises. Duplicate names are legal for different name spaces regardless of scope rules. For more information on scope, refer to Scope and

Visibility.

Identifier Examples

Here are some valid identifiers: temperature_V1

Pressure no_hit dat2string

SUM3

_vtext… and here are some invalid identifiers:

7temp

%higher

// NO -- cannot begin with a numeral

// NO -- cannot contain special characters int // NO -- cannot match reserved word j23.07.04 // NO -- cannot contain special characters (dot)

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PUNCTUATORS

The mikroC for 8051 punctuators (also known as separators) are:

- [ ] – Brackets

- ( ) – Parentheses

- { } – Braces

- , – Comma

- ; – Semicolon

- : – Colon

- * – Asterisk

- = – Equal sign

- # – Pound sign

Most of these punctuators also function as operators.

Brackets

[ ] indicate single and multidimensional array subscripts:

char ch, str[] = "mikro";

int mat[3][4]; /* 3 x 4 matrix */ ch = str[3]; /* 4th element */Parentheses

Parentheses

( ) are used to group expressions, isolate conditional expressions, and indicate function calls and function parameters: d = c * (a + b); /* override normal precedence */

if (d == z) ++x; /* essential with conditional statement */ func(); /* function call, no args */

void func2(int n); /* function declaration with parameters */

Parentheses are recommended in macro definitions to avoid potential precedence problems during an expansion:

#define CUBE(x) ((x) * (x) * (x))

For more information, refer to Operators Precedence And Associativity and

Expressions.

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Braces

Braces { } indicate the start and end of a compound statement:

if (d == z) {

++x; func();

}

Closing brace serves as a terminator for the compound statement, so a semicolon is not required after }, except in structure declarations. Sometimes, the semicolon can be illegal, as in

if (statement)

{ ... }; /* illegal semicolon! */ else

{ ... };

For more information, refer to the Compound Statements.

Comma

Comma (,) separates the elements of a function argument list:

void func(int n, float f, char ch);

Comma is also used as an operator in comma expressions. Mixing two uses of comma is legal, but you must use parentheses to distinguish them. Note that (exp1, exp2) evalutates both but is equal to the second: func(i, j); /* call func with two args */ func((exp1, exp2), (exp3, exp4, exp5)); /* also calls func with two args! */

Semicolon

Semicolon (;) is a statement terminator. Any legal C expression (including the empty expression) followed by a semicolon is interpreted as a statement, known as an expression statement. The expression is evaluated and its value is discarded. If the expression statement has no side effects, the mikroC for 8051 might ignore it.

+ b; /* Evaluate a + b, but discard value */

++a; /* Side effect on a, but discard value of ++a */

; /* Empty expression, or a null statement */

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Semicolons are sometimes used to create an empty statement:

for (i = 0; i < n; i++) ;

For more information, see the Statements.

Colon

Use colon

(:) to indicate the labeled statement: start: x = 0;

...

goto start;

Labels are discussed in the Labeled Statements.

Asterisk (Pointer Declaration)

Asterisk (*) in a variable declaration denotes the creation of a pointer to a type:

char *char_ptr; /* a pointer to char is declared */

Pointers with multiple levels of indirection can be declared by indicating a pertinent number of asterisks:

int **int_ptr; /* a pointer to an array of integers */

double ***double_ptr; /* a pointer to a matrix of doubles */

You can also use asterisk as an operator to either dereference a pointer or as multiplication operator: i = *int_ptr; a = b * 3.14;

For more information, see the Pointers.

Equal Sign

Equal sign (=) separates variable declarations from initialization lists:

int test[5] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

int x = 5;

Equal sign is also used as an assignment operator in expressions:

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int a, b, c; a = b + c;

For more information, see Assignment Operators.

Pound Sign (Preprocessor Directive)

Pound sign

(#) indicates a preprocessor directive when it occurs as the first nonwhitespace character on a line. It signifies a compiler action, not necessarily associated with a code generation. See the Preprocessor Directives for more information.

# and

## are also used as operators to perform token replacement and merging during the preprocessor scanning phase. See the Preprocessor Operators.

CONCEPTS

This section covers some basic concepts of language, essential for understanding of how C programs work. First, we need to establish the following terms that will be used throughout the help:

- Objects and lvalues

- Scope and Visibility

- Name Spaces

- Duration

OBJECTS

An object is a specific region of memory that can hold a fixed or variable value (or set of values). This use of a term object is different from the same term, used in object-oriented languages, which is more general. Our definiton of the word would encompass functions, variables, symbolic constants, user-defined data types, and labels.

Each value has an associated name and type (also known as a data type). The name is used to access the object and can be a simple identifier or complex expression that uniquely refers the object.

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Objects and Declarations

Declarations establish a necessary mapping between identifiers and objects. Each declaration associates an identifier with a data type.

Associating identifiers with objects requires each identifier to have at least two attributes: storage class and type (sometimes referred to as data type). The mikroC for 8051 compiler deduces these attributes from implicit or explicit declarations in the source code. Usually, only the type is explicitly specified and the storage class specifier assumes the automatic value auto

Generally speaking, an identifier cannot be legally used in a program before its declaration point in the source code. Legal exceptions to this rule (known as forward references) are labels, calls to undeclared functions, and struct or union tags.

The range of objects that can be declared includes:

- Variables

- Functions

- Types

- Arrays of other types

- Structure, union, and enumeration tags

- Structure members

- Union members

- Enumeration constants

- Statement labels

- Preprocessor macros

The recursive nature of the declarator syntax allows complex declarators. You’ll probably want to use typedefs to improve legibility if constructing complex objects.

Lvalues

Lvalue is an object locator: an expression that designates an object. An example of lvalue expression is

, where

P is any expression evaluating to a non-null pointer.

A modifiable lvalue is an identifier or expression that relates to an object that can be accessed and legally changed in memory. A const pointer to a constant, for example, is not a modifiable lvalue. A pointer to a constant can be changed (but its dereferenced value cannot).

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Historically, l stood for “left”, meaning that lvalue could legally stand on the left

(the receiving end) of an assignment statement. Now only modifiable lvalues can legally stand to the left of an assignment operator. For example, if a and b are nonconstant integer identifiers with properly allocated memory storage, they are both modifiable lvalues, and assignments such as a = 1 and b = a + b are legal.

Rvalues

The expression a + b is not lvalue: a + b = a is illegal because the expression on the left is not related to an object. Such expressions are sometimes called rvalues

(short for right values).

SCOPE AND VISIBILITY

Scope

The scope of an identifier is a part of the program in which the identifier can be used to access its object. There are different categories of scope: block (or local), function, function prototype, and file. These categories depend on how and where identifiers are declared.

- Block: The scope of an identifier with block (or local) scope starts at the decl aration point and ends at the end of the block containing the declaration (such block is known as the enclosing block). Parameter declarations with a function definition also have block scope, limited to the scope of the function body.

- File: File scope identifiers, also known as globals, are declared outside of all blocks; their scope is from the point of declaration to the end of the source file.

- Function: The only identifiers having function scope are statement labels.

Label names can be used with goto statements anywhere in the function in which the label is declared. Labels are declared implicitly by writing label_name

: followed by a statement. Label names must be unique within a function.

- Function prototype: Identifiers declared within the list of parameter declara tions in a function prototype (not as a part of a function definition) have a function prototype scope. This scope ends at the end of the function prototype.

Visibility

The visibility of an identifier is a region of the program source code from which an identifier’s associated object can be legally accessed.

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Scope and visibility usually coincide, though there are circumstances under which an object becomes temporarily hidden by the appearance of a duplicate identifier: the object still exists but the original identifier cannot be used to access it until the scope of the duplicate identifier ends.

Technically, visibility cannot exceed a scope, but a scope can exceed visibility. See the following example:

void f (int i) {

int j; // auto by default j = 3; // int i and j are in scope and visible

}

{ // nested block

double j; // j is local name in the nested block j = 0.1; // i and double j are visible;

// int j = 3 in scope but hidden

}

// double j out of scope j += 1; // int j visible and = 4

// i and j are both out of scope

NAME SPACES

Name space is a scope within which an identifier must be unique. The mikroC for

8051 uses four distinct categories of identifiers:

1.goto label names - must be unique within the function in which they are declared.

2.Structure, union, and enumeration tags - must be unique within the block in which they are defined. Tags declared outside of any function must be unique.

3.Structure and union member names - must be unique within the structure or union in which they are defined. There is no restriction on the type or offset of members with the same member name in different structures.

4.Variables, typedefs, functions, and enumeration members - must be unique within the scope in which they are defined. Externally declared identifiers must be unique among externally declared variables.

Duplicate names are legal for different name spaces regardless of the scope rules.

For example:

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int blue = 73;

{ // open a block

enum colors { black, red, green, blue, violet, white } c;

/* enumerator blue = 3 now hides outer declaration of int blue */

struct colors { int i, j; }; // ILLEGAL: colors duplicate tag

double red = 2; // ILLEGAL: redefinition of red

} blue = 37; // back in int blue scope

DURATION

Duration, closely related to a storage class, defines a period during which the declared identifiers have real, physical objects allocated in memory. We also distinguish between compile-time and run-time objects. Variables, for instance, unlike typedefs and types, have real memory allocated during run time. There are two kinds of duration: static and local.

Static Duration

Memory is allocated to objects with static duration as soon as execution is underway; this storage allocation lasts until the program terminates. Static duration objects usually reside in fixed data segments allocated according to the memory model in force. All globals have static duration. All functions, wherever defined, are objects with static duration. Other variables can be given static duration by using the explicit static or extern storage class specifiers.

In the mikroC for 8051, static duration objects are not initialized to zero (or null) in the absence of any explicit initializer.

Don’t mix static duration with file or global scope. An object can have static duration and local scope – see the example below.

Local Duration

Local duration objects are also known as automatic objects. They are created on the stack (or in a register) when an enclosing block or a function is entered. They are deallocated when the program exits that block or function. Local duration objects must be explicitly initialized; otherwise, their contents are unpredictable

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The storage class specifier auto can be used when declaring local duration variables, but it is usually redundant, because auto is default for variables declared within a block.

An object with local duration also has local scope because it does not exist outside of its enclosing block. On the other hand, a local scope object can have static duration. For example:

void f() {

/* local duration variable; init a upon every call to f */

int a = 1;

/* static duration variable; init b only upon first call to f */

static int b = 1;

/* checkpoint! */ a++; b++;

}

void main() {

/* At checkpoint, we will have: */ f(); // a=1, b=1, after first call, f(); // a=1, b=2, after second call, f(); // a=1, b=3, after third call,

// etc.

}

TYPES

The mikroC for 8051 is a strictly typed language, which means that every object, function, and expression must have a strictly defined type, known in the time of compilation. Note that the mikroC for 8051 works exclusively with numeric types.

The type serves:

- to determine the correct memory allocation required initially.

- to interpret the bit patterns found in the object during subsequent access.

- in many type-checking situations, to ensure that illegal assignments are trapped.

The mikroC for 8051 supports many standard (predefined) and user-defined data types, including signed and unsigned integers in various sizes, floating-point numbers with various precisions, arrays, structures, and unions. In addition, pointers to most of these objects can be established and manipulated in memory.

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The type determines how much memory is allocated to an object and how the program will interpret the bit patterns found in the object’s storage allocation. A given data type can be viewed as a set of values (often implementation-dependent) that identifiers of that type can assume, together with a set of operations allowed with these values. The compile-time operator sizeof allows you to determine the size in bytes of any standard or user-defined type.

The mikroC for 8051 standard libraries and your own program and header files must provide unambiguous identifiers (or expressions derived from them) and types so that the mikroC for 8051 can consistently access, interpret, and (possibly) change the bit patterns in memory corresponding to each active object in your program.

Type Categories

A common way to categorize types is to divide them into:

- fundamental

- derived

The fudamental types represent types that cannot be split up into smaller parts. They are sometimes referred to as unstructured types. The fundamental types are void, char, int, float, unsigned and double

, together with short, long, signed, and variants of some of them. For more information on fundamental types, refer to the topic Fundamental Types.

The derived types are also known as structured types and they include pointers to other types, arrays of other types, function types, structures, and unions. For more information on derived types, refer to the topic Derived Types.

FUNDAMENTAL TYPES

The fudamental types represent types that cannot be divided into more basic elements, and are the model for representing elementary data on machine level. The fudamental types are sometimes referred to as unstructured types, and are used as elements in creating more complex derived or user-defined types.

The fundamental types include:

- Arithmetic Types

- Enumerations

- Void Type

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ARITHMETIC TYPES

The arithmetic type specifiers are built up from the following keywords: void, char, int, float and double

, together with the prefixes short, long, signed and unsigned

. From these keywords you can build both integral and floating-point types.

Integral Types

The types char and int

, together with their variants, are considered to be integral data types. Variants are created by using one of the prefix modifiers short, long, signed and unsigned

In the table below is an overview of the integral types – keywords in parentheses can be (and often are) omitted.

The modifiers signed and unsigned can be applied to both char and int. In the absence of the unsigned prefix, signed is automatically assumed for integral types.

The only exception is char

, which is unsigned by default. The keywords signed and unsigned

, when used on their own, mean signed int and unsigned int

, respectively.

The modifiers short and long can only be applied to int

. The keywords short and long

, used on their own, mean short int and long int

, respectively.

Type

(unsigned) char signed char

(signed) short (int) unsigned short (int)

(signed) int unsigned (int)

(signed) long (int) unsigned long (int)

Size in bytes

Range

0 .. 255

- 128 .. 127

0 .. 255

-32768 .. 32767

0 .. 65535

-2147483648 .. 2147483647

0 .. 4294967295

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Floating-point Types

The types float and double, together with the long double variant, are considered to be floating-point types. The mikroC for 8051’s implementation of an ANSI Standard considers all three to be the same type.

Floating point in the mikroC for 8051 is implemented using the Microchip AN575

32-bit format (IEEE 754 compliant).

An overview of the floating-point types is shown in the table below:

Type

Size in bytes

Range

4 float

-1.5 * 1045 .. +3.4 * 1038

4 double

-1.5 * 1045 .. +3.4 * 1038

4 long double

-1.5 * 1045 .. +3.4 * 1038

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ENUMERATIONS

An enumeration data type is used for representing an abstract, discreet set of values with appropriate symbolic names.

Enumeration Declaration

Enumeration is declared like this:

enum tag {enumeration-list};

Here, tag is an optional name of the enumeration; enumeration-list is a commadelimited list of discreet values, enumerators (or enumeration constants). Each enumerator is assigned a fixed integral value. In the absence of explicit initializers, the first enumerator is set to zero, and the value of each succeeding enumerator is set to a value of its predecessor increased by one.

Variables of the enum type are declared the same as variables of any other type. For example, the following declaration:

enum colors { black, red, green, blue, violet, white } c; establishes a unique integral type, enum colors

, variable c of this type, and set of enumerators with constant integer values (black = 0, red = 1, ...). In the mikroC for

8051, a variable of an enumerated type can be assigned any value of the type int

– no type checking beyond that is enforced. That is: c = red; // OK c = 1; // Also OK, means the same

With explicit integral initializers, you can set one or more enumerators to specific values. The initializer can be any expression yielding a positive or negative integer value (after possible integer promotions). Any subsequent names without initializers will be increased by one. These values are usually unique, but duplicates are legal

The order of constants can be explicitly re-arranged. For example:

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enum colors { black, // value 0 red, // value 1 green, // value 2 blue=6, // value 6 violet, // value 7 white=4 }; // value 4

Initializer expression can include previously declared enumerators. For example, in the following declaration:

enum memory_sizes { bit = 1, nibble = 4 * bit, byte = 2 * nibble, kilobyte = 1024 * byte }; nibble would acquire the value 4, byte the value 8, and kilobyte the value 8192.

Anonymous Enum Type

In our previous declaration, the identifier colors is an optional enumeration tag that can be used in subsequent declarations of enumeration variables of the enum colors type:

enum colors bg, border; /* declare variables bg and border */

Like with struct and union declarations, you can omit the tag if no further variables of this enum type are required:

/* Anonymous enum type: */

enum { black, red, green, blue, violet, white } color;

Enumeration Scope

Enumeration tags share the same name space as structure and union tags.

Enumerators share the same name space as ordinary variable identifiers:

int blue = 73;

{ // open a block

enum colors { black, red, green, blue, violet, white } c;

/* enumerator blue = 3 now hides outer declaration of int blue */

struct colors { int i, j; }; // ILLEGAL: colors duplicate tag

double red = 2; // ILLEGAL: redefinition of red

} blue = 37; // back in int blue scope

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VOID TYPE

void is a special type indicating the absence of any value. There are no objects of void; instead, void is used for deriving more complex types.

Void Functions

Use the void keyword as a function return type if the function does not return a value.

void print_temp(char temp) {

Lcd_Out_Cp("Temperature:");

Lcd_Out_Cp(temp);

Lcd_Chr_Cp(223); // degree character

Lcd_Chr_Cp('C');

}

Use void as a function heading if the function does not take any parameters.

Alternatively, you can just write empty parentheses: main( void) { // same as main()

...

}

Generic Pointers

Pointers can be declared as void

, which means that they can point to any type. These pointers are sometimes called generic.

DERIVED TYPES

The derived types are also known as structured types. They are used as elements in creating more complex user-defined types.

The derived types include:

- arrays

- pointers

- structures

- unions

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ARRAYS

Array is the simplest and most commonly used structured type. A variable of array type is actually an array of objects of the same type. These objects represent elements of an array and are identified by their position in array. An array consists of a contiguous region of storage exactly large enough to hold all of its elements.

Array Declaration

Array declaration is similar to variable declaration, with the brackets added after identifer: type array_name[constant-expression]

This declares an array named as array_name and composed of elements of type. The type can be any scalar type (except void), user-defined type, pointer, enumeration, or another array. Result of constant-expression within the brackets determines a number of elements in array. If an expression is given in an array declarator, it must evaluate to a positive constant integer. The value is a number of elements in an array.

Each of the elements of an array is indexed from 0 to the number of elements minus one. If a number of elements is n, elements of array can be approached as variables array_name[0] .. array_name[n-1] of type

Here are a few examples of array declaration:

#define MAX = 50 int vector_one[10]; /* declares an array of 10 integers */ float vector_two[MAX]; /* declares an array of 50 floats */ float vector_three[MAX - 20]; /* declares an array

Array Initialization

An array can be initialized in declaration by assigning it a comma-delimited sequence of values within braces. When initializing an array in declaration, you can omit the number of elements – it will be automatically determined according to the number of elements assigned. For example:

/* Declare an array which holds number of days in each month: */

int days[12] = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};

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/* This declaration is identical to the previous one */

int days[] = {31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31};

If you specify both the length and starting values, the number of starting values must not exceed the specified length. The opposite is possible, in this case the trailing

“excess” elements will be assigned to some encountered runtime values from memory.

In case of array of char, you can use a shorter string literal notation. For example:

/* The two declarations are identical: */

const char msg1[] = {'T', 'e', 's', 't', '\0'};

const char msg2[] = "Test";

For more information on string literals, refer to String Constants.

Arrays in Expressions

When the name of an array comes up in expression evaluation (except with operators

& and sizeof

), it is implicitly converted to the pointer pointing to array’s first element. See Arrays and Pointers for more information.

Multi-dimensional Arrays

An array is one-dimensional if it is of scalar type. One-dimensional arrays are sometimes referred to as vectors.

Multidimensional arrays are constructed by declaring arrays of array type. These arrays are stored in memory in such way that the right most subscript changes fastest, i.e. arrays are stored “in rows”. Here is a sample of 2-dimensional array:

float m[50][20]; /* 2-dimensional array of size 50x20 */

A variable m is an array of 50 elements, which in turn are arrays of 20 floats each.

Thus, we have a matrix of 50x20 elements: the first element is m[0][0], the last one is m[49][19]

. The first element of the 5th row would be m[4][0].

If you don't initialize the array in the declaration, you can omit the first dimension of multi-dimensional array. In that case, array is located elsewhere, e.g. in another file. This is a commonly used technique when passing arrays as function parameters:

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int a[3][2][4]; /* 3-dimensional array of size 3x2x4 */

void func(int n[][2][4]) { /* we can omit first dimension */

...

n[2][1][3]++; /* increment the last element*/

}//~

void main() {

...

func(a);

}//~!

You can initialize a multi-dimensional array with an appropriate set of values within braces. For example:

int a[3][2] = {{1,2}, {2,6}, {3,7}};

POINTERS

Pointers are special objects for holding (or “pointing to”) memory addresses. In the mikroC for 8051, address of an object in memory can be obtained by means of an unary operator &. To reach the pointed object, we use an indirection operator (*) on a pointer.

A pointer of type “pointer to object of type” holds the address of (that is, points to) an object of type

. Since pointers are objects, you can have a pointer pointing to a pointer (and so on). Other objects commonly pointed to include arrays, structures, and unions.

A pointer to a function is best thought of as an address, usually in a code segment, where that function’s executable code is stored; that is, the address to which control is transferred when that function is called.

Although pointers contain numbers with most of the characteristics of unsigned integers, they have their own rules and restrictions for declarations, assignments, conversions, and arithmetic. The examples in the next few sections illustrate these rules and restrictions.

Pointer Declarations

Pointers are declared the same as any other variable, but with * ahead of identifier.

A type at the beginning of declaration specifies the type of a pointed object. A pointer must be declared as pointing to some particular type, even if that type is void

, which really means a pointer to anything. Pointers to void are often called generic pointers, and are treated as pointers to char in the mikroC for 8051.

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If type is any predefined or user-defined type, including void, the declaration type *p; /* Uninitialized pointer */ declares p to be of type “pointer to type

”. All scoping, duration, and visibility rules are applied to the p object just declared. You can view the declaration in this way: if

*p is an object of type

, then p has to be a pointer to such object (object of type

Note: You must initialize pointers before using them! Our previously declared pointer

*p is not initialized (i.e. assigned a value), so it cannot be used yet.

Note: In case of multiple pointer declarations, each identifier requires an indirect operator. For example:

int *pa, *pb, *pc;

/* is same as: */

int *pa;

int *pb;

int *pc;

Once declared, though, a pointer can usually be reassigned so that it points to an object of another type. The mikroC for 8051 lets you reassign pointers without typecasting, but the compiler will warn you unless the pointer was originally declared to be pointing to void

. You can assign the void* pointer to the nonvoid* pointer – refer to void for details.

Null Pointers

A null pointer value is an address that is guaranteed to be different from any valid pointer in use in a program. Assigning the integer constant 0 to a pointer assigns a null pointer value to it.

For example:

int *pn = 0; /* Here's one null pointer */

/* We can test the pointer like this: */

if ( pn == 0 ) { ... }

The pointer type “pointer to void” must not be confused with the null pointer. The declaration

void *vp;

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Assignments without proper casting between a “pointer to type1

” and a “pointer to type2

”, where type1 and type2 are different types, can invoke a compiler warning or error. If type1 is a function and type2 isn’t (or vice versa), pointer assignments are illegal. If type1 is a pointer to void

, no cast is needed. If type2 is a pointer to void, no cast is needed.

FUNCTION POINTERS

Function Pointers are pointers, i.e. variables, which point to the address of a function.

// Define a function pointer

int (*pt2Function) (float, char, char);

Note: Thus functions and function pointers with different calling convention (argument order, arguments type or return type is different) are incompatible with each other.

Assign an address to a Function Pointer

It's quite easy to assign the address of a function to a function pointer. Simply take the name of a suitable and known function. Using the address operator & infront of the function's name is optional.

//Assign an address to the function pointer

int DoIt (float a, char b, char c){ return a+b+c; } pt2Function = &DoIt; // assignment

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Example:

int addC(char x,char y){

}

return x+y;

int subC(char x,char y){

}

return x-y;

int mulC(char x,char y){

}

return x*y;

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int divC(char x,char y){

}

return x/y;

int modC(char x,char y){

}

return x%y;

//array of pointer to functions that receive two chars and returns int int (*arrpf[])( char,char) = { addC ,subC,mulC,divC,modC};

int res;

char i;

void main() {

for (i=0;i<5;i++){ res = arrpf[i](10,20);

}

}//~!

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POINTER ARITHMETIC

Pointer arithmetic in the mikroC for 8051 is limited to:

- assigning one pointer to another,

- comparing two pointers,

- comparing pointer to zero,

- adding/subtracting pointer and an integer value,

- subtracting two pointers.

The internal arithmetic performed on pointers depends on the memory model in force and the presence of any overriding pointer modifiers. When performing arithmetic with pointers, it is assumed that the pointer points to an array of objects.

Arrays and Pointers

Arrays and pointers are not completely independent types in the mikroC for 8051.

When the name of an array comes up in expression evaluation (except with operators

& and sizeof

), it is implicitly converted to the pointer pointing to array’s first element. Due to this fact, arrays are not modifiable lvalues.

Brackets

[ ] indicate array subscripts. The expression id[exp] is defined as

*((id) + (exp)) where either:

- id is a pointer and exp is an integer, or

- id is an integer and exp is a pointer.

The following statements are true:

&a[i] = a + i a[i] = *(a + i)

According to these guidelines, it can be written:

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Language Reference pa = &a[4]; // pa points to a[4] x = *(pa + 3); // x = a[7]

/* .. but: */ y = *pa + 3; // y = a[4] + 3

Also the care should be taken when using operator precedence:

*pa++; // Equal to *(pa++), increments the pointer

(*pa)++; // Increments the pointed object!

The following examples are also valid, but better avoid this syntax as it can make the code really illegible:

(a + 1)[i] = 3;

// same as: *((a + 1) + i) = 3, i.e. a[i + 1] = 3

(i + 2)[a] = 0;

// same as: *((i + 2) + a) = 0, i.e. a[i + 2] = 0

Assignment and Comparison

The simple assignment operator

(=) can be used to assign value of one pointer to another if they are of the same type. If they are of different types, you must use a typecast operator. Explicit type conversion is not necessary if one of the pointers is generic (of the void type).

Assigning the integer constant 0 to a pointer assigns a null pointer value to it.

Two pointers pointing to the same array may be compared by using relational operators

==, !=, <, <=, >, and

>=.

Results of these operations are the same as if they were used on subscript values of array elements in question:

int *pa = &a[4], *pb = &a[2];

if (pa == pb) {... /* won't be executed as 4 is not equal to 2 */ }

if (pa > pb) {... /* will be executed as 4 is greater than 2 */ }

You can also compare pointers to zero value – testing in that way if the pointer actually points to anything. All pointers can be successfully tested for equality or inequality to null:

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if (pa == 0) { ... }

if (pb != 0) { ... }

Note: Comparing pointers pointing to different objects/arrays can be performed at programmer’s own responsibility — a precise overview of data’s physical storage is required.

Pointer Addition

You can use operators

+, ++, and

+= to add an integral value to a pointer. The result of addition is defined only if the pointer points to an element of an array and if the result is a pointer pointing to the same array (or one element beyond it).

If a pointer is declared to point to type, adding an integral value n to the pointer increments the pointer value by n * sizeof(type) as long as the pointer remains within the legal range (first element to one beyond the last element). If type has a size of 10 bytes, then adding 5 to a pointer to type advances the pointer 50 bytes in memory. In case of the void type, the size of a step is one byte.

For example:

int a[10]; /* array a containing 10 elements of type int */

int *pa = &a[0]; /* pa is pointer to int, pointing to a[0] */

*(pa + 3) = 6; /* pa+3 is a pointer pointing to a[3], so a[3] now equals 6 */ pa++; /* pa now points to the next element of array a: a[1] */

There is no such element as “one past the last element”, of course, but the pointer is allowed to assume such value. C “guarantees” that the result of addition is defined even when pointing to one element past array. If

P points to the last array element,

P + 1 is legal, but

P + 2 is undefined.

This allows you to write loops which access the array elements in a sequence by means of incrementing pointer — in the last iteration you will have the pointer pointing to one element past the array, which is legal. However, applying an indirection operator

(*) to a “pointer to one past the last element” leads to undefined behavior.

For example:

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void f (some_type a[], int n) {

/* function f handles elements of array a; */

/* array a has n elements of type some_type */

int i; some_type *p=&a[0];

}

for ( i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {

/* .. here we do something with *p .. */ p++; /* .. and with the last iteration p exceeds the last element of array a */

}

/* at this point, *p is undefined! */

Pointer Subtraction

Similar to addition, you can use operators

-, -- , and

-= to subtract an integral value from a pointer.

Also, you may subtract two pointers. The difference will be equal to the distance between two pointed addresses, in bytes.

For example:

int a[10];

int *pi1 = &a[0];

int *pi2 = &a[4]; i = pi2 - pi1; /* i equals 8 */ pi2 -= (i >> 1); /* pi2 = pi2 - 4: pi2 now points to [0] */

STRUCTURES

A structure is a derived type usually representing a user-defined collection of named members (or components). These members can be of any type, either fundamental or derived (with some restrictions to be discussed later), in any sequence. In addition, a structure member can be a bit field.

Unlike arrays, structures are considered to be single objects. The mikroC for 8051 structure type lets you handle complex data structures almost as easily as single variables.

Note: the mikroC for 8051 does not support anonymous structures (ANSI divergence).

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Structure Declaration and Initialization

Structures are declared using the keyword struct:

struct tag {member-declarator-list};

Here, tag is the name of a structure; member-declarator-list is a list of structure members, actually a list of variable declarations. Variables of structured type are declared the same as variables of any other type.

The member type cannot be the same as the struct type being currently declared.

However, a member can be a pointer to the structure being declared, as in the following example:

struct mystruct {mystruct s;}; /* illegal! */

struct mystruct {mystruct *ps;}; /* OK */

Also, a structure can contain previously defined structure types when declaring an instance of declared structure. Here is an example:

/* Structure defining a dot: */

struct Dot {float x, y;};

/* Structure defining a circle: */

struct Circle {

float r;

struct Dot center;

} o1, o2;

/* declare variables o1 and o2 of Circle */

Note that the structure tag can be omitted, but then additional objects of this type cannot be declared elsewhere. For more information, see the Untagged Structures below.

Structure is initialized by assigning it a comma-delimited sequence of values within braces, similar to array. For example:

/* Referring to declarations from the example above: */

/* Declare and initialize dots p and q: */

struct Dot p = {1., 1.}, q = {3.7, -0.5};

/* Declare and initialize circle o1: */

struct Circle o1 = {1., {0., 0.}}; // radius is 1, center is at (0,

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Incomplete Declarations

Incomplete declarations are also known as forward declarations. A pointer to a structure type A can legally appear in the declaration of another structure B before A has been declared:

struct A; // incomplete

struct B {struct A *pa;};

struct A {struct B *pb;};

The first appearance of

A is called incomplete because there is no definition for it at that point. An incomplete declaration is allowed here, because the definition of

B doesn’t need the size of

Untagged Structures and Typedefs

If the structure tag is omitted, an untagged structure is created. The untagged structures can be used to declare the identifiers in the comma-delimited memberdeclarator-list to be of the given structure type (or derived from it), but additional objects of this type cannot be declared elsewhere.

It is possible to create a typedef while declaring a structure, with or without tag:

/* With tag: */

typedef struct mystruct { ... } Mystruct;

Mystruct s, *ps, arrs[10]; /* same as struct mystruct s, etc. */

/* Without tag: */

typedef struct { ... } Mystruct;

Mystruct s, *ps, arrs[10];

Usually, there is no need to use both tag and typedef

: either can be used in structure type declarations.

Untagged structure and union members are ignored during initialization.

Note: See also Working with structures.

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WORKING WITH STRUCTURES

Structures represent user-defined types. A set of rules regarding the application of structures is strictly defined.

Assignment

Variables of the same structured type may be assigned one to another by means of simple assignment operator (=). This will copy the entire contents of the variable to destination, regardless of the inner complexity of a given structure.

Note that two variables are of the same structured type only if they are both defined by the same instruction or using the same type identifier. For example:

/* a and b are of the same type: */

struct {int m1, m2;} a, b;

/* But c and d are _not_ of the same type although their structure descriptions are identical: */

struct {int m1, m2;} c;

struct {int m1, m2;} d;

Size of Structure

The size of the structure in memory can be retrieved by means of the operator sizeof. It is not necessary that the size of the structure is equal to the sum of its members’ sizes. It is often greater due to certain limitations of memory storage.

Structures and Functions

A function can return a structure type or a pointer to a structure type: mystruct func1( void); /* func1() returns a structure */ mystruct *func2( void); /* func2() returns pointer to structure */

A structure can be passed as an argument to a function in the following ways:

void func1(mystruct s;); /* directly */

void func2(mystruct *sptr;); /* via a pointer */

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STRUCTURE MEMBER ACCESS

Structure and union members are accessed using the following two selection operators:

- . (period)

- -> (right arrow)

The operator . is called the direct member selector and it is used to directly access one of the structure’s members. Suppose that the object s is of the struct type S and m is a member identifier of the type M declared in s, then the expression s.m // direct access to member m is of the type M, and represents the member object m in S.

The operator

-> is called the indirect (or pointer) member selector. Suppose that the object s is of the struct type

S and ps is a pointer to s

. Then if m is a member identifier of the type M declared in s

, the expression ps->m // indirect access to member m;

// identical to (*ps).m

is of the type

, and represents the member object m in s

. The expression ps->m is a convenient shorthand for

(*ps).m.

For example:

struct mystruct {

int i;

char str[21];

double d;

} s, *sptr = &s;

...

s.i = 3; // assign to the i member of mystruct s sptr -> d = 1.23; // assign to the d member of mystruct s

The expression s.m

is lvalue, providing that s is lvalue and m is not an array type.

The expression sptr->m is an lvalue unless m is an array type.

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Accessing Nested Structures

If the structure B contains a field whose type is the structure A, the members of A can be accessed by two applications of the member selectors:

struct A {

int j; double x;

};

struct B {

int i; struct A aa; double d;

} s, *sptr;

...

s.i = 3; // assign 3 to the i member of B s.aa.j = 2; // assign 2 to the j member of A sptr->d = 1.23; // assign 1.23 to the d member of B sptr->aa.x = 3.14; // assign 3.14 to x member of A

Structure Uniqueness

Each structure declaration introduces a unique structure type, so that in

struct A {

int i,j; double d;

} aa, aaa;

struct B {

int i,j; double d;

} bb; the objects aa and aaa are both of the type struct A, but the objects aa and bb are of different structure types. Structures can be assigned only if the source and destination have the same type: aa = aaa; /* OK: same type, member by member assignment */ aa = bb; /* ILLEGAL: different types */

/* but you can assign member by member: */ aa.i = bb.i; aa.j = bb.j; aa.d = bb.d;

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UNIONS

Union types are derived types sharing many of syntactic and functional features of structure types. The key difference is that a union members share the same memory space.

Note: The mikroC for 8051 does not support anonymous unions (ANSI divergence).

Union Declaration

Unions have the same declaration as structures, with the keyword union used instead of struct:

union tag { member-declarator-list };

Unlike structures’ members, the value of only one of union’s members can be stored at any time. Here is a simple example:

union myunion { // union tag is 'myunion'

int i;

double d;

char ch;

} mu, *pm;

The identifier mu, of the type myunion

, can be used to hold a 2-byte int

, 4-byte double or single-byte char

, but only one of them at a certain moment. The identifier pm is a pointer to union myunion

Size of Union

The size of a union is the size of its largest member. In our previous example, both sizeof(union myunion) and sizeof(mu) return 4, but 2 bytes are unused (padded) when mu holds the int object, and 3 bytes are unused when mu holds char

Union Member Access

Union members can be accessed with the structure member selectors (. and

), be careful when doing this:

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/* Referring to declarations from the example above: */ pm = μ mu.d = 4.016; tmp = mu.d; // OK: mu.d = 4.016 tmp = mu.i; // peculiar result pm->i = 3; tmp = mu.i; // OK: mu.i = 3

The third line is legal, since mu.i

is an integral type. However, the bit pattern in mu.i

corresponds to parts of the previously assigned double

. As such, it probably won’t provide an useful integer interpretation.

When properly converted, a pointer to a union points to each of its members, and vice versa.

BIT FIELDS

Bit fields are specified numbers of bits that may or may not have an associated identifier. Bit fields offer a way of subdividing structures into named parts of userdefined sizes.

Structures and unions can contain bit fields that can be up to 16 bits.

You cannot take the address of a bit field.

Note: If you need to handle specific bits of 8-bit variables (char and unsigned short) or registers, you don’t need to declare bit fields. Much more elegant solution is to use the mikroC for 8051’s intrinsic ability for individual bit access — see Accessing

Individual Bits for more information.

Bit Fields Declaration

Bit fields can be declared only in structures and unions. Declare a structure normally and assign individual fields like this (fields need to be unsigned

struct tag {

unsigned bitfield-declarator-list;

}

Here, tag is an optional name of the structure; bitfield-declarator-list is a list of bit fields. Each component identifer requires a colon and its width in bits to be explicitly specified. Total width of all components cannot exceed two bytes (16 bits).

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As an object, bit fields structure takes two bytes. Individual fields are packed within two bytes from right to left. In bitfield-declarator-list

, you can omit identifier(s) to create an artificial “padding”, thus skipping irrelevant bits.

For example, if there is a need to manipulate only bits 2–4 of a register as one block, create a structure like this:

struct { unsigned : 2, // Skip bits 0 and 1, no identifier here mybits : 3; // Relevant bits 2, 3 and 4

// Bits 5, 6 and 7 are implicitly left out

} myreg;

Here is an example:

typedef struct { lo_nibble : 4; hi_nibble : 4; high_byte : 8;} myunsigned; which declares the structured type myunsigned containing three components: lo_nibble

(bits 3..0), hi_nibble

(bits 7..4) and high_byte

(bits 15..8).

Bit Fields Access

Bit fields can be accessed in the same way as the structure members. Use direct and indirect member selector (

and

). For example, we could work with our previously declared myunsigned like this:

// This example writes low byte of bit field of myunsigned type to

PORT0: myunsigned Value_For_PORT0;

void main() {

...

Value_For_PORT0.lo_nibble = 7;

Value_For_PORT0.hi_nibble = 0x0C;

P0 = *( char *) (void *)&Value_For_PORT0;

// typecasting :

// 1. address of structure to pointer to void

// 2. pointer to void to pointer to char

// 3. dereferencing to obtain the value

}

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TYPES CONVERSIONS

The mikroC for 8051 is a strictly typed language, with each operator, statement and function demanding appropriately typed operands/arguments. However, we often have to use objects of “mismatching” types in expressions. In that case, type conversion is needed.

Conversion of object of one type means that object's type is changed into another type. The mikroC for 8051 defines a set of standard conversions for built-in types, provided by compiler when necessary. For more information, refer to the Standard

Conversions.

Conversion is required in the following situations:

- if a statement requires an expression of particular type (according to language definition), and we use an expression of different type,

- if an operator requires an operand of particular type, and we use an operand of different type,

- if a function requires a formal parameter of particular type, and we pass it an object of different type,

- if an expression following the keyword return does not match the declared function return type,

- if intializing an object (in declaration) with an object of different type.

In these situations, compiler will provide an automatic implicit conversion of types, without any programmer's interference. Also, the programmer can demand conversion explicitly by means of the typecast operator. For more information, refer to the

Explicit Typecasting.

STANDARD CONVERSIONS

Standard conversions are built in the mikroC for 8051. These conversions are performed automatically, whenever required in the program. They can also be explicitly required by means of the typecast operator (refer to the Explicit Typecasting).

The basic rule of automatic (implicit) conversion is that the operand of simpler type is converted (promoted) to the type of more complex operand. Then, the type of the result is that of more complex operand.

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Arithmetic Conversions

When using arithmetic expression, such as a + b

, where a and b are of different arithmetic types, the mikroC for 8051 performs implicit type conversions before the expression is evaluated. These standard conversions include promotions of “lower” types to “higher” types in the interests of accuracy and consistency.

Assigning a signed character object (such as a variable) to an integral object results in automatic sign extension. Objects of type signed char always use sign extension; objects of type unsigned char always has its high byte set to zero when converted to int.

Converting a longer integral type to a shorter type truncates the higher order bits and leaves low-order bits unchanged. Converting a shorter integral type to a longer type either sign-extends or zero-fills the extra bits of the new value, depending on whether the shorter type is signed or unsigned, respectively.

Note: Conversion of floating point data into integral value (in assignments or via explicit typecast) produces correct results only if the float value does not exceed the scope of destination integral type.

In details:

Here are the steps the mikroC for 8051 uses to convert the operands in an arithmetic expression:

First, any small integral types are converted according to the following rules:

1. char converts to int

2. signed char converts to int, with the same value

3. short converts to int, with the same value, sign-extended

4. unsigned short converts to unsigned int, with the same value, zero-filled

5. enum converts to int, with the same value

After this, any two values associated with an operator are either int (including the long and unsigned modifiers) or float

(equivalent with double and long double in the mikroC for 8051).

1. If either operand is float, the other operand is converted to float.

2. Otherwise, if either operand is unsigned long, the other operand is converted to unsigned long

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3. Otherwise, if either operand is long

, then the other operand is converted to long

4. Otherwise, if either operand is unsigned

, then the other operand is converted to unsigned

5. Otherwise, both operands are int

The result of the expression is the same type as that of the two operands.

Here are several examples of implicit conversion:

2 + 3.1 /* ? 2. + 3.1 ? 5.1 */

5 / 4 * 3. /* ? (5/4)*3. ? 1*3. ? 1.*3. ? 3. */

3. * 5 / 4 /* ? (3.*5)/4 ? (3.*5.)/4 ? 15./4 ? 15./4. ? 3.75 */

Pointer Conversions

Pointer types can be converted to other pointer types using the typecasting mechanism:

char *str;

int *ip; str = ( char *)ip;

More generally, the cast type* will convert a pointer to type “pointer to type

”.

EXPLICIT TYPES CONVERSIONS (TYPECASTING)

In most situations, compiler will provide an automatic implicit conversion of types where needed, without any user's interference. Also, the user can explicitly convert an operand to another type using the prefix unary typecast operator:

(type) object

This will convert object to a specified type

. Parentheses are mandatory.

For example:

/* Let's have two variables of char type: */

char a, b;

/* Following line will coerce a to unsigned int: */

( unsigned int) a;

/* Following line will coerce a to double, then coerce b to double automatically, resulting in double type value: */

( double) a + b; // equivalent to ((double) a) + b;

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DECLARATIONS

A declaration introduces one or several names to a program – it informs the compiler what the name represents, what its type is, what operations are allowed with it, etc. This section reviews concepts related to declarations: declarations, definitions, declaration specifiers, and initialization.

The range of objects that can be declared includes:

- Variables

- Constants

- Functions

- Types

- Structure, union, and enumeration tags

- Structure members

- Union members

- Arrays of other types

- Statement labels

-Preprocessor macros

Declarations and Definitions

Defining declarations, also known as definitions, beside introducing the name of an object, also establish the creation (where and when) of an object; that is, the allocation of physical memory and its possible initialization. Referencing declarations, or just declarations, simply make their identifiers and types known to the compiler.

Here is an overview. Declaration is also a definition, except if:

- it declares a function without specifying its body

- it has the extern specifier, and has no initializator or body (in case of func.)

- it is the typedef declaration

There can be many referencing declarations for the same identifier, especially in a multifile program, but only one defining declaration for that identifier is allowed.

For example:

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/* Here is a nondefining declaration of function max; */

/* it merely informs compiler that max is a function */

int max();

/* Here is a definition of function max: */

int max(int x, int y) {

return (x >= y) ? x : y;

}

/* Definition of variable i: */

int i;

/* Following line is an error, i is already defined! */

int i;

Declarations and Declarators

The declaration contains specifier(s) followed by one or more identifiers (declarators). The declaration begins with optional storage class specifiers, type specifiers, and other modifiers. The identifiers are separated by commas and the list is terminated by a semicolon.

Declarations of variable identifiers have the following pattern: storage-class [type-qualifier] type var1 [=init1], var2 [=init2], ...

; where var1, var2,...

are any sequence of distinct identifiers with optional initializers. Each of the variables is declared to be of type

; if omitted, type defaults to int

. The specifier storage-class can take the values extern, static, register, or the default auto

. Optional type-qualifier can take values const or volatile

. For more details, refer to Storage Classes and Type Qualifiers.

For example:

/* Create 3 integer variables called x, y, and z and initialize x and y to the values 1 and 2, respectively: */

int x = 1, y = 2, z; // z remains uninitialized

/* Create a floating-point variable q with static modifier, and initialize it to 0.25: */

static float q = .25;

These are all defining declarations; storage is allocated and any optional initializers are applied.

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LINKAGE

An executable program is usually created by compiling several independent translation units, then linking the resulting object files with preexisting libraries. A term translation unit refers to a source code file together with any included files, but without the source lines omitted by conditional preprocessor directives. A problem arises when the same identifier is declared in different scopes (for example, in different files), or declared more than once in the same scope.

The linkage is a process that allows each instance of an identifier to be associated correctly with one particular object or function. All identifiers have one of two linkage attributes, closely related to their scope: external linkage or internal linkage.

These attributes are determined by the placement and format of your declarations, together with an explicit (or implicit by default) use of the storage class specifier static or extern.

Each instance of a particular identifier with external linkage represents the same object or function throughout the entire set of files and libraries making up the program. Each instance of a particular identifier with internal linkage represents the same object or function within one file only.

Linkage Rules

Local names have internal linkage; the same identifier can be used in different files to signify different objects. Global names have external linkage; identifier signifies the same object throughout all program files.

If the same identifier appears with both internal and external linkage within the same file, the identifier will have internal linkage.

Internal Linkage Rules

1. names having file scope, explicitly declared as static

, have internal linkage

2. names having file scope, explicitly declared as const and not explicitly declared as extern

, have internal linkage

3. typedef names have internal linkage

4. enumeration constants have internal linkage

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External Linkage Rules

1. names having file scope, that do not comply to any of previously stated internal linkage rules, have external linkage

The storage class specifiers auto and register cannot appear in an external declaration. No more than one external definition can be given for each identifier in a translation unit declared with internal linkage. An external definition is an external declaration that defines an object or a function and also allocates a storage. If an identifier declared with external linkage is used in an expression (other than as part of the operand of sizeof

), then exactly one external definition of that identifier must be somewhere in the entire program.

STORAGE CLASSES

A storage class dictates the location (data segment, register, heap, or stack) of object and its duration or lifetime (the entire running time of the program, or during execution of some blocks of code). A storage class can be established by the syntax of a declaration, by its placement in the source code, or by both of these factors: storage-class type identifier

The storage class specifiers in the mikroC for 8051 are:

- auto

- register

- static

- extern

Auto

The auto modifer is used to define that a local variable has a local duration. This is the default for local variables and is rarely used. auto can not be used with globals.

Register

At the moment the modifier register technically has no special meaning. The mikroC for 8051 compiler simply ignores requests for register allocation.

Static

A global name declared with the static specifier has internal linkage, meaning that it is local for a given file. See Linkage for more information.

A local name declared with the static specifier has static duration. Use static with a local variable to preserve the last value between successive calls to that function. See Duration for more information.

Extern

A name declared with the extern specifier has external linkage, unless it has been previously declared as having internal linkage. A declaration is not a definition if it has the extern specifier and is not initialized. The keyword extern is optional for a function prototype.

Use the extern modifier to indicate that the actual storage and initial value of the variable, or body of the function, is defined in a separate source code module.

Functions declared with extern are visible throughout all source files in the program, unless the function is redefined as static

See Linkage for more information.

TYPE QUALIFIERS

The type qualifiers const and volatile are optional in declarations and do not actually affect the type of declared object.

Qualifier const

The qualifier const implies that a declared object will not change its value during runtime. In declarations with the const qualifier all objects need to be initialized.

The mikroC for 8051 treats objects declared with the const qualifier the same as literals or preprocessor constants. If the user tries to change an object declared with the const qualifier compiler will report an error.

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For example:

const double PI = 3.14159;

Qualifier volatile

The qualifier volatile implies that a variable may change its value during runtime independently from the program. Use the volatile modifier to indicate that a variable can be changed by a background routine, an interrupt routine, or I/O port. Declaring an object to be volatile warns the compiler not to make assumptions concerning the value of an object while evaluating expressions in which it occurs because the value could be changed at any moment.

TYPEDEF SPECIFIER

The specifier typedef introduces a synonym for a specified type. The typedef declarations are used to construct shorter or more convenient names for types already defined by the language or declared by the user.

The specifier typedef stands first in the declaration:

typedef <type_definition> synonym;

The typedef keyword assigns synonym to

<type_definition>

. The synonym needs to be a valid identifier.

A declaration starting with the typedef specifier does not introduce an object or a function of a given type, but rather a new name for a given type. In other words, the typedef declaration is identical to a “normal” declaration, but instead of objects, it declares types. It is a common practice to name custom type identifiers with starting capital letter — this is not required by the mikroC for 8051.

For example:

/* Let's declare a synonym for "unsigned long int" */

typedef unsigned long int Distance;

/* Now, synonym "Distance" can be used as type identifier: */

Distance i; // declare variable i of unsigned long int

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In the typedef declaration, as in any other declaration, several types can be declared at once. For example: typedef int *Pti, Array[10];

Here,

Pti is a synonym for type “pointer to int

”, and

Array is a synonym for type

“array of 10 int elements”.

ASM DECLARATION

The mikroC for 8051 allows embedding assembly in the source code by means of the asm declaration. The declarations

_asm and

__asm are also allowed in the mikroC for 8051 and have the same meaning. Note that numerals cannnot be used as absolute addresses for SFR or GPR variables in assembly instructions. Symbolic names may be used instead (listing will display these names as well as addresses).

Assembly instructions can be grouped by the asm keyword ( or _asm, or __asm

asm { block of assembly instructions

}

There are two ways to embeding single assembly instruction to C code:

asm assembly instruction ; and

asm assembly instruction

Note: semicolon and LF are terminating asm scope for single assembly instructions.

This is the reason why the following syntax is not asm block: asm

{ block of assembly instructions

}

This code will be interpreted as single empty asm line followed by C compound statement.

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The mikroC for 8051 comments (both single-line and multi-line) are allowed in embedded assembly code.

Accessing individual bytes is different as well. For example, a global variable

"g_var" of type long (i.e. 4 bytes) can be accessed like this:

MOV _g_var+0, #1 ;puts 1 in low byte of g_var

MOV _g_var+1, #2 ;puts 2 in high byte of g_var

MOV _g_var+2, #3 ;puts 3 in higher byte of g_var

MOV _g_var+3, #4 ;puts 4 in highest byte of g_var

... etc.

If you want to know details about asm syntax supported by mikroC for 8051 it is recomended to study asm and lst files generated by compiler. It is also recomended to check "Include source lines in output files" checkbox in Output settings

INITIALIZATION

The initial value of a declared object can be set at the time of declaration (initialization). A part of the declaration which specifies the initialization is called initializer.

Initializers for globals and static objects must be constants or constant expressions. The initializer for an automatic object can be any legal expression that evaluates to an assignment-compatible value for the type of the variable involved.

Scalar types are initialized with a single expression, which can optionally be enclosed in braces. The initial value of an object is that of the expression; the same constraints for type and conversions as for simple assignments are applied to initializations too.

For example:

int i = 1;

char *s = "hello";

struct complex c = {0.1, -0.2};

// where 'complex' is a structure (float, float)

For structures or unions with automatic storage duration, the initializer must be one of the following:

- An initializer list.

- A single expression with compatible union or structure type. In this case, the initial value of the object is that of the expression.

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For example:

struct dot {int x; int y; } m = {30, 40};

For more information, refer to Structures and Unions.

Also, you can initialize arrays of character type with a literal string, optionally enclosed in braces. Each character in the string, including the null terminator, initializes successive elements in the array. For more information, refer to Arrays.

Automatic Initialization

The mikroC for 8051 does not provide automatic initialization for objects.

Uninitialized globals and objects with static duration will take random values from memory.

FUNCTIONS

Functions are central to C programming. Functions are usually defined as subprograms which return a value based on a number of input parameters. Return value of the function can be used in expressions – technically, function call is considered to be an expression like any other.

C allows a function to create results other than its return value, referred to as side

effects. Often, the function return value is not used at all, depending on the side effects. These functions are equivalent to procedures of other programming languages, such as Pascal. C does not distinguish between procedure and function – functions play both roles.

Each program must have a single external function named main marking the entry point of the program. Functions are usually declared as prototypes in standard or user-supplied header files, or within program files. Functions have external linkage by default and are normally accessible from any file in the program. This can be restricted by using the static storage class specifier in function declaration (see

Storage Classes and Linkage).

Note: Check the 8051 Specifics for more information on functions’ limitations on the 8051 compliant micros.

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Function Declaration

Functions are declared in user's source files or made available by linking precompiled libraries. The declaration syntax of the function is: type function_name(parameter-declarator-list);

The function_name must be a valid identifier. This name is used to call the function; see Function Calls for more information.

type represents the type of function result, and can be of any standard or userdefined type. For functions that do not return value the void type should be used.

The type can be omitted in global function declarations, and function will assume the int type by default.

Function type can also be a pointer. For example, float* means that a function result is a pointer to float. The generic pointer void* is also allowed.

The function cannot return an array or another function.

Within parentheses, parameter-declarator-list is a list of formal arguments that function takes. These declarators specify the type of each function parameter. The compiler uses this information to check validity of function calls. If the list is empty, a function does not take any arguments. Also, if the list is void

, a function also does not take any arguments; note that this is the only case when void can be used as an argument’s type.

Unlike variable declaration, each argument in the list needs its own type specifier and possible qualifier const or volatile

Function Prototypes

A function can be defined only once in the program, but can be declared several times, assuming that the declarations are compatible. When declaring a function, the formal argument's identifier does not have to be specified, but its type does.

This kind of declaration, commonly known as the function prototype, allows better control over argument number, type checking and type conversions. The name of a parameter in function prototype has its scope limited to the prototype. This allows one parameter identifier to have different name in different declarations of the same function:

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/* Here are two prototypes of the same function: */

int test(const char*) /* declares function test */

int test(const char*p) /* declares the same function test */

Function prototypes are very useful in documenting code. For example, the function

Cf_Init takes two parameters: Control Port and Data Port. The question is, which is which? The function prototype:

void Cf_Init(char *ctrlport, char *dataport); makes it clear. If a header file contains function prototypes, the user can read that file to get the information needed for writing programs that call these functions. If a prototype parameter includes an identifier, then the indentifier is only used for error checking.

Function Definition

Function definition consists of its declaration and function body. The function body is technically a block – a sequence of local definitions and statements enclosed within braces

{}.

All variables declared within function body are local to the function, i.e. they have function scope.

The function itself can be defined only within the file scope, which means that function declarations cannot be nested.

To return the function result, use the return statement. The statement return in functions of the void type cannot have a parameter – in fact, the return statement can be omitted altogether if it is the last statement in the function body.

Here is a sample function definition:

/* function max returns greater one of its 2 arguments: */

int max(int x, int y) {

return (x>=y) ? x : y;

}

Here is a sample function which depends on side effects rather than return value:

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/* function converts Descartes coordinates (x,y) to polar (r,fi): */

#include <math.h> void polar(double x, double y, double *r, double *fi) {

*r = sqrt(x * x + y * y);

*fi = (x == 0 && y == 0) ? 0 : atan2(y, x); return; /* this line can be omitted */

}

Functions reentrancy

Functions reentrancy is allowed. Remember that the 8051 has stack and memory limitations which can varies greatly between MCUs.

FUNCTION CALLS AND ARGUMENT CONVERSIONS

Function Calls

A function is called with actual arguments placed in the same sequence as their matching formal parameters. Use the function-call operator

(): function_name(expression_1, ... , expression_n)

Each expression in the function call is an actual argument. Number and types of actual arguments should match those of formal function parameters. If types do not match, implicit type conversions rules will be applied. Actual arguments can be of any complexity, but order of their evaluation is not specified.

Upon function call, all formal parameters are created as local objects initialized by the values of actual arguments. Upon return from a function, a temporary object is created in the place of the call, and it is initialized by the expression of the return statement. This means that the function call as an operand in complex expression is treated as a function result.

If the function has no result (type void

) or the result is not needed, then the function call can be written as a self-contained expression.

In C, scalar arguments are always passed to the function by value. The function can modify the values of its formal parameters, but this has no effect on the actual arguments in the calling routine. A scalar object can be passed by the address if a formal parameter is declared as a pointer. The pointed object can be accessed by using the indirection operator

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// For example, Soft_Uart_Read takes the pointer to error variable,

// so it can change the value of an actual argument:

Soft_Uart_Read(&error);

// The following code would be wrong; you would pass the value

// of error variable to the function:

Soft_Uart_Read(error);

Argument Conversions

If a function prototype has not been previously declared, the mikroC for 8051 converts integral arguments to a function call according to the integral widening (expansion) rules described in Standard Conversions. If a function prototype is in scope, the mikroC for 8051 converts the passed argument to the type of the declared parameter according to the same conversion rules as in assignment statements.

If a prototype is present, the number of arguments must match. The types need to be compatible only to the extent that an assignment can legally convert them. The user can always use an explicit cast to convert an argument to a type that is acceptable to a function prototype.

Note: If the function prototype does not match the actual function definition, the mikroC for 8051 will detect this if and only if that definition is in the same compilation unit as the prototype. If you create a library of routines with the corresponding header file of prototypes, consider including that header file when you compile the library, so that any discrepancies between the prototypes and actual definitions will be detected.

The compiler is also able to force arguments to change their type to a proper one.

Consider the following code:

int limit = 32;

char ch = 'A';

long res;

// prototype

extern long func(long par1, long par2); main() {

...

res = func(limit, ch); // function call

}

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Since the program has the function prototype for func

, it converts limit and ch to long

, using the standard rules of assignment, before it places them on the stack for the call to func

Without the function prototype, limit and ch would be placed on the stack as an integer and a character, respectively; in that case, the stack passed to func will not match size or content that func expects, which can cause problems.

ELLIPSIS ('...') OPERATOR

The ellipsis ('...') consists of three successive periods with no whitespace intervening. An ellipsis can be used in the formal argument lists of function prototypes to indicate a variable number of arguments, or arguments with varying types. For example:

void func (int n, char ch, ...);

This declaration indicates that func will be defined in such a way that calls must have at least two arguments, int and char, but can also have any number of additional arguments.

Example:

#include <stdarg.h>

int addvararg(char a1,...){ va_list ap;

char temp; va_start(ap,a1);

while( temp = va_arg(ap,char)) a1 += temp;

return a1;

}

int res;

void main() { res = addvararg(1,2,3,4,5,0); res = addvararg(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,0);

}//~!

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OPERATORS

Operators are tokens that trigger some computation when applied to variables and other objects in an expression.

- Arithmetic Operators

- Assignment Operators

- Bitwise Operators

- Logical Operators

- Reference/Indirect Operators

- Relational Operators

- Structure Member Selectors

- Comma Operator ,

- Conditional Operator

? :

- Array subscript operator

[]

- Function call operator

()

- sizeof

Operator

- Preprocessor Operators

# and

OPERATORS PRECEDENCE AND ASSOCIATIVITY

There are 15 precedence categories, some of them contain only one operator.

Operators in the same category have equal precedence.

If duplicates of operators appear in the table, the first occurrence is unary and the second binary. Each category has an associativity rule: left-to-right

(->), or rightto-left

(<-).

In the absence of parentheses, these rules resolve a grouping of expressions with operators of equal precedence.

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Precedence Operands

15 2

14 1

Operators

() []

. ->

! ~ ++ -- + - * &

(type) sizeof

Associativity

* / %

+ -

<< >>

< <= > >=

== !=

= *= /= %= += -=

&= ^= |= <<= >>=

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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical computations. They have numerical operands and return numerical results. The type char technically represents small integers, so the char variables can be used as operands in arithmetic operations.

All arithmetic operators associate from left to right

Arithmetic Operators Overview

Operator

Operation

Binary Operators addition subtraction multiplication division modulus operator returns the remainder of integer division (cannot be used with floating points)

Unary Operators unary plus does not affect the operand unary minus changes the sign of the operand increment adds one to the value of the operand.

Postincrement adds one to the value of the operand after it evaluates; while preincrement adds one before it evaluates decrement subtracts one from the value of the operand. Postdecrement subtracts one from the value of the operand after it evaluates; while predecrement subtracts one before it evaluates

Precedence

Note: Operator

* is context sensitive and can also represent the pointer reference operator.

Binary Arithmetic Operators

Division of two integers returns an integer, while remainder is simply truncated:

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/* for example: */

7 / 4; /* equals 1 */

7 * 3 / 4; /* equals 5 */

/* but: */

7. * 3. / 4.; /* equals 5.25 because we are working with floats */

Remainder operand % works only with integers; the sign of result is equal to the sign of the first operand:

/* for example: */

9 % 3; /* equals 0 */

7 % 3; /* equals 1 */

-7 % 3; /* equals -1 */

Arithmetic operators can be used for manipulating characters:

'A' + 32; /* equals 'a' (ASCII only) */

'G' - 'A' + 'a'; /* equals 'g' (both ASCII and EBCDIC) */

Unary Arithmetic Operators

Unary operators

++ and

-are the only operators in C which can be either prefix

(e.g.

++k, --k

) or postfix (e.g. k++, k--

When used as prefix, operators

++ and

(preincrement and predecrement) add or subtract one from the value of the operand before the evaluation. When used as suffix, operators

++ and

(postincrement and postdecrement) add or subtract one from the value of the operand after the evaluation.

For example:

int j = 5; j = ++k; /* k = k + 1, j = k, which gives us j = 6, k = 6

*/ but:

int j = 5; j = k++; /* j = k, k = k + 1, which gives us j = 5, k = 6

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RELATIONAL OPERATORS

Use relational operators to test equality or inequality of expressions. If an expression evaluates to be true, it returns 1; otherwise it returns 0.

All relational operators associate from left to right.

Operator

Operation equal not equal greater than less than greater than or equal less than or equal

Relational Operators Overview

Precedence

Precedence of arithmetic and relational operators is designated in such a way to allow complex expressions without parentheses to have expected meaning: a + 5 >= c - 1.0 / e /* -> (a + 5) >= (c - (1.0 / e)) */

Do not forget that relational operators return either 0 or 1. Consider the following examples:

/* ok: */

5 > 7 /* returns 0 */

10 <= 20 /* returns 1 */

/* this can be tricky: */

8 == 13 > 5 /* returns 0, as: 8 == (13 > 5) -> 8 == 1

-> 0 */

14 > 5 < 3 /* returns 1, as: (14 > 5) < 3 -> 1 < 3

-> 1 */ a < b < 5 /* returns 1, as: (a < b) < 5 -> (0 or 1)

< 5 -> 1*/

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BITWISE OPERATORS

Use the bitwise operators to modify individual bits of numerical operands.

Bitwise operators associate from left to right. The only exception is the bitwise complement operator ~ which associates from right to left.

Bitwise Operators Overview

Operator

Operation bitwise AND; compares pairs of bits and returns

1 if both bits are 1, otherwise returns 0 bitwise (inclusive) OR; compares pairs of bits and returns 1 if either or both bits are 1, otherwise returns 0 bitwise exclusive OR (XOR); compares pairs of bits and returns 1 if the bits are complementary, otherwise returns 0 bitwise complement (unary); inverts each bit bitwise shift left; moves the bits to the left, discards the far left bit and assigns 0 to the far right bit.

bitwise shift right; moves the bits to the right, discards the far right bit and if unsigned assigns

0 to the far left bit, otherwise sign extends

Precedence

Logical Operations on Bit Level

~ 0

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Bitwise operators

&, | and

^ perform logical operations on the appropriate pairs of bits of their operands. Operator

~ complements each bit of its operand. For example:

0x1234 & 0x5678 /* equals 0x1230 */

/* because ..

0x1234 : 0001 0010 0011 0100

0x5678 : 0101 0110 0111 1000

----------------------------

& : 0001 0010 0011 0000

.. that is, 0x1230 */

/* Similarly: */

0x1234 | 0x5678; /* equals 0x567C */

0x1234 ^ 0x5678; /* equals 0x444C */

~ 0x1234; /* equals 0xEDCB */

Note: Operator

& can also be a pointer reference operator. Refer to Pointers for more information.

Bitwise Shift Operators

Binary operators

<< and

>> move the bits of the left operand by a number of positions specified by the right operand, to the left or right, respectively. Right operand has to be positive.

With shift left

(<<), far left bits are discarded and “new” bits on the right are assigned zeroes. Thus, shifting unsigned operand to the left by n positions is equivalent to multiplying it by 2n if all discarded bits are zero. This is also true for signed operands if all discarded bits are equal to a sign bit.

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000001 << 5; /* equals 000040 */

0x3801 << 4; /* equals 0x8010, overflow! */

With shift right

(>>), far right bits are discarded and the “freed” bits on the left are assigned zeroes (in case of unsigned operand) or the value of a sign bit (in case of signed operand). Shifting operand to the right by n positions is equivalent to dividing it by 2n.

0xFF56 >> 4; /* equals 0xFFF5 */

0xFF56u >> 4; /* equals 0x0FF5 */

Bitwise vs. Logical

Do not forget of the principle difference between how bitwise and logical operators work. For example:

0222222 & 0555555; /* equals 000000 */

0222222 && 0555555; /* equals 1 */

~ 0x1234; /* equals 0xEDCB */

! 0x1234; /* equals 0 */

LOGICAL OPERATORS

Operands of logical operations are considered true or false, that is non-zero or zero.

Logical operators always return 1 or 0. Operands in a logical expression must be of scalar type.

Logical operators

&& and

|| associate from left to right. Logical negation operator

associates from right to left.

Logical Operators Overview

Operator

logical AND logical OR logical negation

Operation

Precedence

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1 x

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Precedence of logical, relational, and arithmetic operators was designated in such a way to allow complex expressions without parentheses to have an expected meaning: c >= '0' && c <= '9'; /* reads as: (c >= '0') && (c <= '9') */ a + 1 == b || ! f(x); /* reads as: ((a + 1) == b) || (! (f(x)))

Logical AND

&& returns 1 only if both expressions evaluate to be nonzero, otherwise returns 0. If the first expression evaluates to false, the second expression will not be evaluated. For example: a > b && c < d; /* reads as (a > b) && (c < d) */

/* if (a > b) is false (0), (c < d) will not be evaluated */

Logical OR

|| returns 1 if either of expression evaluates to be nonzero, otherwise returns 0. If the first expression evaluates to true, the second expression is not evaluated. For example: a && b || c && d; /* reads as: (a && b) || (c && d) */

/* if (a && b) is true (1), (c && d) will not be evaluated */

Logical Expressions and Side Effects

General rule regarding complex logical expressions is that the evaluation of consecutive logical operands stops at the very moment the final result is known. For example, if we have an expression a && b && c where a is false (0), then operands b and c will not be evaluated. This is very important if b and c are expressions, as their possible side effects will not take place!

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Logical vs. Bitwise

Be aware of the principle difference between how bitwise and logical operators work. For example:

0222222 & 0555555 /* equals 000000 */

0222222 && 0555555 /* equals 1 */

~ 0x1234 /* equals 0xEDCB */

! 0x1234 /* equals 0 */

CONDITIONAL OPERATOR ? :

The conditional operator

: is the only ternary operator in C. Syntax of the conditional operator is: expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

The expression1 is evaluated first. If its value is true, then expression2 evaluates and expression3 is ignored. If expression1 evaluates to false, then expression3 evaluates and expression2 is ignored. The result will be a value of either expression2 or expression3 depending upon which of them evaluates.

Note: The fact that only one of these two expressions evaluates is very important if they are expected to produce side effects!

Conditional operator associates from right to left.

Here are a couple of practical examples:

/* Find max(a, b): */ max = ( a > b ) ? a : b;

/* Convert small letter to capital: */

/* (no parentheses are actually necessary) */ c = ( c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' ) ? ( c - 32 ) : c;

Conditional Operator Rules

expression1 must be a scalar expression; expression2 and expression3 must obey one of the following rules:

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1. Both expressions have to be of arithmetic type. expression2 and expression3 are subject to usual arithmetic conversions, which determines the resulting type.

2. Both expressions have to be of compatible struct or union types. The resulting type is a structure or union type of expression2 and expression3

3. Both expressions have to be of void type. The resulting type is void.

4. Both expressions have to be of type pointer to qualified or unqualified versionsof compatible types. The resulting type is a pointer to a type qualified with all type qualifiers of the types pointed to by both expressions.

5. One expression is a pointer, and the other is a null pointer constant. The resulting type is a pointer to a type qualified with all type qualifiers of the types pointed to by both expressions.

6. One expression is a pointer to an object or incomplete type, and the other is a pointer to a qualified or unqualified version of void

. The resulting type is that of the non-pointer-tovoid expression.

ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS

Unlike many other programming languages, C treats value assignment as operation

(represented by an operator) rather than instruction.

Simple Assignment Operator

For a common value assignment, a simple assignment operator (=) is used: expression1 = expression2

The expression1 is an object (memory location) to which the value of expression2 is assigned. Operand expression1 has to be lvalue and expression2 can be any expression. The assignment expression itself is not lvalue.

If expression1 and expression2 are of different types, the result of the expression2 will be converted to the type of expression1

, if necessary. Refer to Type

Conversions for more information.

Compound Assignment Operators

C allows more comlex assignments by means of compound assignment operators.

The syntax of compound assignment operators is:

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Thus, we have 10 different compound assignment operators:

+=, -=, *=, /=, %=,

&=, |=, ^=, <<= and >>=

. All of them associate from right to left. Spaces separating compound operators (e.g.

+ =

) will generate error.

Compound assignment has the same effect as expression1 = expression1 op expression2 except the lvalue expression1 is evaluated only once. For example, expression1

+= expression2 is the same as expression1

= expression1

+ expression2

Assignment Rules

For both simple and compound assignment, the operands expression1 and expression2 must obey one of the following rules:

1. expression1 is of qualified or unqualified arithmetic type and expression2 is of arithmetic type.

2. expression1 has a qualified or unqualified version of structure or union type compatible with the type of expression2

3. expression1 and expression2 are pointers to qualified or unqualified versions of compatible types and the type pointed to by left has all qualifiers of the type pointed to by right.

4. Either expression1 or expression2 is a pointer to an object or incomplete type and the other is a pointer to a qualified or unqualified version of void.

The type pointed to by left has all qualifiers of the type pointed to by right.

5. expression1 is a pointer and expression2 is a null pointer constant.

SIZEOF OPERATOR

The prefix unary operator sizeof returns an integer constant that represents the size of memory space (in bytes) used by its operand (determined by its type, with some exceptions).

The operator sizeof can take either a type identifier or an unary expression as an operand. You cannot use sizeof with expressions of function type, incomplete types, parenthesized names of such types, or with lvalue that designates a bit field object.

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Sizeof Applied to Expression

If applied to expression, the size of an operand is determined without evaluating the expression (and therefore without side effects). The result of the operation will be the size of the type of the expression’s result.

Sizeof Applied to Type

If applied to a type identifier, sizeof returns the size of the specified type. The unit for type size is sizeof(char) which is equivalent to one byte. The operation sizeof(char) gives the result 1, whether char is signed or unsigned

Thus:

sizeof(char) /* returns 1 */

sizeof(int) /* returns 2 */ sizeof(unsigned long) sizeof(float)

/* returns 4 */

When the operand is a non-parameter of array type, the result is the total number of bytes in the array (in other words, an array name is not converted to a pointer type): int i, j, a[10];

...

j = sizeof(a[1]); /* j = sizeof(int) = 2 */ i = sizeof(a); /* i = 10*sizeof(int) = 20 */

/* To get the number of elements in an array: */

int num_elem = i/j;

If the operand is a parameter declared as array type or function type, sizeof gives the size of the pointer. When applied to structures and unions, sizeof gives the total number of bytes, including any padding. The operator sizeof cannot be applied to a function.

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EXPRESSIONS

Expression is a sequence of operators, operands, and punctuators that specifies a computation. Formally, expressions are defined recursively: subexpressions can be nested without formal limit. However, the compiler will report an out-of-memory error if it can’t compile an expression that is too complex.

In ANSI C, the primary expressions are: constant (also referred to as literal), identifier, and ( expression

), defined recursively.

Expressions are evaluated according to a certain conversion, grouping, associativity and precedence rules, which depends on the operators used, presence of parentheses and data types of the operands. The precedence and associativity of the operators are summarized in Operator Precedence and Associativity. The way operands and subexpressions are grouped does not necessarily specify the actual order in which they are evaluated by the mikroC for 8051.

Expressions can produce lvalue, rvalue, or no value. Expressions might cause side effects whether they produce a value or not.

COMMA EXPRESSIONS

One of the specifics of C is that it allows using of comma as a sequence operator to form so-called comma expressions or sequences. Comma expression is a commadelimited list of expressions – it is formally treated as a single expression so it can be used in places where an expression is expected. The following sequence: expression_1, expression_2; results in the left-to-right evaluation of each expression

, with the value and type of expression_2 giving the result of the whole expression. Result of expression_1 is discarded.

Binary operator comma

(,) has the lowest precedence and associates from left to right, so that a, b, c is the same as

(a, b), c

. This allows writing sequences with any number of expressions: expression_1, expression_2, ... expression_n;

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, with the value and type of expression_n giving the result of the whole expression. Results of other expressions are discarded, but their (possible) side-effect do occur.

For example: result = ( a = 5, b /= 2, c++ );

/* returns preincremented value of variable c, but also intializes a, divides b by 2 and increments c */ result = ( x = 10, y = x + 3, x--, z -= x * 3 - --y );

/* returns computed value of variable z, and also computes x and y */

Note

Do not confuse comma operator (sequence operator) with comma punctuator which separates elements in a function argument list and initializator lists. To avoid ambiguity with commas in function argument and initializer lists, use parentheses. For example, func(i, (j = 1, j + 4), k); calls the function func with three arguments (i, 5, k), not four.

STATEMENTS

Statements specify a flow of control as the program executes. In the absence of specific jump and selection statements, statements are executed sequentially in the order of appearance in the source code.

Statements can be roughly divided into:

- Labeled Statements

- Expression Statements

- Selection Statements

- Iteration Statements (Loops)

- Jump Statements

- Compound Statements (Blocks)

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LABELED STATEMENTS

Each statement in a program can be labeled. A label is an identifier added before the statement like this: label_identifier: statement;

There is no special declaration of a label – it just “tags” the statement.

Label_identifier has a function scope and the same label cannot be redefined within the same function.

Labels have their own namespace: label identifier can match any other identifier in the program.

A statement can be labeled for two reasons:

1. The label identifier serves as a target for the unconditional goto statement,

2. The label identifier serves as a target for the switch statement. For this pu rpose, only case and default labeled statements are used: case constant-expression : statement default : statement

EXPRESSION STATEMENTS

Any expression followed by a semicolon forms an expression statement: expression

;

The mikroC for 8051 executes an expression statement by evaluating the expression. All side effects from this evaluation are completed before the next statement starts executing. Most of expression statements are assignment statements or function calls.

A null statement is a special case, consisting of a single semicolon

(;).

The null statement does nothing, and therefore is useful in situations where the mikroC for

8051 syntax expects a statement but the program does not need one. For example, a null statement is commonly used in “empty” loops:

for (; *q++ = *p++ ;); /* body of this loop is a null statement */

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SELECTION STATEMENTS

Selection or flow-control statements select one of alternative courses of action by testing certain values. There are two types of selection statements:

- if

- switch

IF STATEMENT

The if statement is used to implement a conditional statement. The syntax of the if statement is:

if (expression) statement1 [else statement2]

If expression evaluates to true, statement1 executes. If expression is false, statement2 executes. The expression must evaluate to an integral value; otherwise, the condition is ill-formed. Parentheses around the expression are mandatory.

The else keyword is optional, but no statements can come between if and else

Nested If statements

Nested if statements require additional attention. A general rule is that the nested conditionals are parsed starting from the innermost conditional, with each else bound to the nearest available if on its left:

if (expression1) statement1

else if (expression2)

if (expression3) statement2

else statement3 /* this belongs to: if (expression3) */

else statement4 /* this belongs to: if (expression2) */

Note

#if and

#else preprocessor statements (directives) look similar to if and else statements, but have very different effects. They control which source file lines are compiled and which are ignored.

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SWITCH STATEMENT

The switch statement is used to pass control to a specific program branch, based on a certain condition. The syntax of the switch statement is:

switch (expression) {

case constant-expression_1 : statement_1;

case constant-expression_n : statement_n;

[ default : statement;]

}

First, the expression

(condition) is evaluated. The switch statement then compares it to all available constant-expressions following the keyword case. If a match is found, switch passes control to that matching case causing the statement following the match evaluates. Note that constant-expressions must evaluate to integer.

It is not possible to have two same constant expressions evaluating to the same value.

Parentheses around expression are mandatory.

Upon finding a match, program flow continues normally: the following instructions will be executed in natural order regardless of the possible case label. If no case satisfies the condition, the default case evaluates (if the label default is specified).

For example, if a variable i has value between 1 and 3, the following switch would always return it as 4:

switch (i) {

case 1: i++;

case 2: i++;

case 3: i++;

}

To avoid evaluating any other cases and relinquish control from switch, each case should be terminated with break.

Here is a simple example with switch

. Suppose we have a variable phase with only

3 different states (0, 1, or 2) and a corresponding function (event) for each of these states. This is how we could switch the code to the appopriate routine:

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switch (phase) {

case 0: Lo(); break;

case 1: Mid(); break;

case 2: Hi(); break;

default: Message("Invalid state!");

}

Nested switch

Conditional switch statements can be nested – labels case and default are then assigned to the innermost enclosing switch statement.

ITERATION STATEMENTS (LOOPS)

Iteration statements allows to loop a set of statements. There are three forms of iteration statements in the mikroC for 8051:

- while

- do

- for

WHILE STATEMENT

The while keyword is used to conditionally iterate a statement. The syntax of the while statement is:

while (expression) statement

The statement executes repeatedly until the value of expression is false. The test takes place before statement is executed. Thus, if expression evaluates to false on the first pass, the loop does not execute. Note that parentheses around expression are mandatory.

Here is an example of calculating scalar product of two vectors, using the while statement:

int s = 0, i = 0;

while (i < n) { s += a[i] * b[i]; i++;

}

Note that body of the loop can be a null statement. For example:

while (*q++ = *p++);

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DO STATEMENT

The do statement executes until the condition becomes false. The syntax of the do statement is: do statement while (expression);

The statement is executed repeatedly as long as the value of expression remains non-zero. The expression is evaluated after each iteration, so the loop will execute statement at least once.

Parentheses around expression are mandatory.

Note that do is the only control structure in C which explicitly ends with semicolon

(;).

Other control structures end with statement

, which means that they implicitly include a semicolon or closing brace.

Here is an example of calculating scalar product of two vectors, using the do statement: s = 0; i = 0;

do { s += a[i] * b[i]; i++;

} while ( i < n );

FOR STATEMENT

The for statement implements an iterative loop. The syntax of the for statement is:

for ([init-expression]; [condition-expression]; [increment-expression]) statement

Before the first iteration of the loop, init-expression sets the starting variables for the loop. You cannot pass declarations in init-expression

condition-expression ment is checked before the first entry into the block; stateis executed repeatedly until the value of condition-expression is false.

After each iteration of the loop, increment-expression increments a loop counter. Consequently, i++ is functionally the same as

++i

All expressions are optional. If condition-expression is left out, it is assumed to be always true. Thus, “empty” for statement is commonly used to create an endless loop in C:

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for ( ; ; ) statement

The only way to break out of this loop is by means of the break statement.

Here is an example of calculating scalar product of two vectors, using the for statement:

for ( s = 0, i = 0; i < n; i++ ) s += a[i] * b[i];

There is another way to do this:

for ( s = 0, i = 0; i < n; s += a[i] * b[i], i++ ); /* valid, but ugly */ but it is considered a bad programming style. Although legal, calculating the sum should not be a part of the incrementing expression, because it is not in the service of loop routine. Note that null statement

(;) is used for the loop body.

JUMP STATEMENTS

The jump statement, when executed, transfers control unconditionally. There are four such statements in the mikroC for 8051:

- break

- continue

- goto

- return

BREAK AND CONTINUE STATEMENTS

Break Statement

Sometimes it is necessary to stop the loop within its body. Use the break statement within loops to pass control to the first statement following the innermost switch, for, while, or do block.

Break is commonly used in the switch statements to stop its execution upon the first positive match. For example:

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switch (state) {

case 0: Lo(); break;

case 1: Mid(); break;

case 2: Hi(); break;

default: Message("Invalid state!");

}

Continue Statement

The continue statement within loops is used to “skip the cycle”. It passes control to the end of the innermost enclosing end brace belonging to a looping construct. At that point the loop continuation condition is re-evaluated. This means that continue demands the next iteration if the loop continuation condition is true.

Specifically, the continue statement within the loop will jump to the marked position as it is shown below:

while (..) { do {

... ...

if (val>0) continue; if (val>0) continue;

... ...

// continue jumps here // continue jumps here

} while (..);

for (..;..;..) {

...

if (val>0) continue;

...

// continue jumps here

}

GOTO STATEMENT

The goto statement is used for unconditional jump to a local label — for more information on labels, refer to Labeled Statements. The syntax of the goto statement is:

goto label_identifier ;

This will transfer control to the location of a local label specified by label_identifier

. The label_identifier has to be a name of the label within the same function in which the goto statement is. The goto line can come before or after the label.

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The use of goto statement is generally discouraged as practically every algorithm can be realized without it, resulting in legible structured programs. One possible application of the goto statement is breaking out from deeply nested control structures:

for (...) {

...

if (disaster) goto Error;

...

}

Error: /* error handling code */

RETURN STATEMENT

The return statement is used to exit from the current function back to the calling routine, optionally returning a value. The syntax is:

return [expression];

This will evaluate expression and return the result. Returned value will be automatically converted to the expected function type, if needed. The expression is optional; if omitted, the function will return a random value from memory.

Note: The statement return in functions of the void type cannot have expression

– in fact, the return statement can be omitted altogether if it is the last statement in the function body.

COMPOUND STATEMENTS (BLOCKS)

The compound statement, or block, is a list (possibly empty) of statements enclosed in matching braces { }. Syntactically, the block can be considered to be a single statement, but it also plays a role in the scoping of identifiers. An identifier declared within the block has a scope starting at the point of declaration and ending at the closing brace. Blocks can be nested to any depth up to the limits of memory.

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For example, the for loop expects one statement in its body, so we can pass it a compound statement:

for (i = 0; i < n; i++ ) {

int temp = a[i]; a[i] = b[i]; b[i] = temp;

}

Note that, unlike other statements, compound statements do not end with semicolon

(;), i.e. there is never a semicolon following the closing brace.

PREPROCESSOR

Preprocessor is an integrated text processor which prepares the source code for compiling. Preprocessor allows:

- inserting text from a specifed file to a certain point in the code (see File

Inclusion),

- replacing specific lexical symbols with other symbols (see Macros),

- conditional compiling which conditionally includes or omits parts of the code

(see Conditional Compilation).

Note that preprocessor analyzes text at token level, not at individual character level.

Preprocessor is controled by means of preprocessor directives and preprocessor operators.

PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVES

Any line in the source code with a leading

# is taken as a preprocessing directive (or control line), unless

# is within a string literal, in a character constant, or embedded in a comment. The initial

# can be preceded or followed by a whitespace (excluding new lines).

A null directive consists of a line containing the single character #. This line is always ignored.

Preprocessor directives are usually placed at the beginning of the source code, but they can legally appear at any point in a program. The mikroC for 8051 preprocessor detects preprocessor directives and parses the tokens embedded in them. A directive is in effect from its declaration to the end of the program file.

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Here is one commonly used directive:

#include <math.h>

For more information on including files with the

#include directive, refer to File

Inclusion.

The mikroC for 8051 supports standard preprocessor directives:

# (null directive) #if

#define #ifdef

#elif #ifndef

#else #include

#endif #line

#error #undef

Note: For the time being only funcall pragma is supported.

Line Continuation with Backslash (\)

To break directive into multiple lines end the line with a backslash

(\):

#define MACRO This directive continues to \ the following line.

MACROS

Macros provide a mechanism for a token replacement, prior to compilation, with or without a set of formal, function-like parameters.

Defining Macros and Macro Expansions

The

#define directive defines a macro:

#define macro_identifier <token_sequence>

Each occurrence of macro_identifier in the source code following this control line will be replaced in the original position with the possibly empty token_sequence

(there are some exceptions, which are discussed later). Such replacements are known as macro expansions

.token_sequence

is sometimes called the body of a macro. An empty token sequence results in the removal of each affected macro identifier from the source code.

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No semicolon

(;) is needed to terminate a preprocessor directive. Any character found in the token sequence, including semicolons, will appear in a macro expansion.

token_sequence terminates at the first non-backslashed new line encountered.

Any sequence of whitespace, including comments in the token sequence, is replaced with a single-space character.

After each individual macro expansion, a further scan is made of the newly expanded text. This allows the possibility of using nested macros: the expanded text can contain macro identifiers that are subject to replacement. However, if the macro expands into something that looks like a preprocessing directive, such directive will not be recognized by the preprocessor. Any occurrences of the macro identifier found within literal strings, character constants, or comments in the source code will not be expanded.

A macro won’t be expanded during its own expansion (so

#define MACRO MACRO won’t expand indefinitely).

Here is an example:

/* Here are some simple macros: */

#define ERR_MSG "Out of range!"

#define EVERLOOP for( ; ; )

/* which we could use like this: */ main() {

EVERLOOP {

...

if (error) { Lcd_Out_Cp(ERR_MSG); break; }

...

}

Attempting to redefine an already defined macro identifier will result in a warning unless a new definition is exactly the same token-by-token definition as the existing one. The preferred strategy when definitions might exist in other header files is as follows:

#ifndef BLOCK_SIZE

#define BLOCK_SIZE 512

#endif

The middle line is bypassed if

BLOCK_SIZE is currently defined; if

BLOCK_SIZE is not currently defined, the middle line is invoked to define it.

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Macros with Parameters

The following syntax is used to define a macro with parameters:

#define macro_identifier(<arg_list>) <token_sequence>

Note that there can be no whitespace between macro_identifier and “(”. The optional arg_list is a sequence of identifiers separated by commas, like the argument list of a C function. Each comma-delimited identifier has the role of a formal argument or placeholder.

Such macros are called by writing macro_identifier(<actual_arg_list>) in the subsequent source code. The syntax is identical to that of a function call; indeed, many standard library C “functions” are implemented as macros. However, there are some important semantic differences.

The optional actual_arg_list must contain the same number of comma-delimited token sequences, known as actual arguments, as found in the formal arg_list of the

#define line – there must be an actual argument for each formal argument. An error will be reported if the number of arguments in two lists is not the same.

A macro call results in two sets of replacements. First, the macro identifier and the parenthesis-enclosed arguments are replaced by the token sequence. Next, any formal arguments occurring in the token sequence are replaced by the corresponding real arguments appearing in actual_arg_list

. Like with simple macro definitions, rescanning occurs to detect any embedded macro identifiers eligible for expansion.

Here is a simple example:

/* A simple macro which returns greater of its 2 arguments: */

#define _MAX(A, B) ((A) > (B)) ? (A) : (B)

/* Let's call it: */ x = _MAX(a + b, c + d);

/* Preprocessor will transform the previous line into: x = ((a + b) > (c + d)) ? (a + b) : (c + d) */

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It is highly recommended to put parentheses around each argument in the macro body in order to avoid possible problems with operator precedence.

Undefining Macros

The

#undef directive is used to undefine a macro.

#undef macro_identifier

The directive

#undef detaches any previous token sequence from macro_identifier

; the macro definition has been forgotten, and macro_identifier is undefined.

No macro expansion occurs within the

#undef lines.

The state of being defined or undefined is an important property of an identifier, regardless of the actual definition. The

#ifdef and

#ifndef conditional directives, used to test whether any identifier is currently defined or not, offer a flexible mechanism for controlling many aspects of a compilation.

After a macro identifier has been undefined, it can be redefined with

#define, using the same or different token sequence.

FILE INCLUSION

The preprocessor directive

#include pulls in header files (extension

) into the source code. Do not rely on preprocessor to include source files (extension

) — see Add/Remove Files from Project for more information.

The syntax of the

#include directive has two formats:

#include <header_name>

#include "header_name"

The preprocessor removes the

#include line and replaces it with the entire text of a header file at that point in the source code. The placement of

#include can therefore influence the scope and duration of any identifiers in the included file.

The difference between these two formats lies in searching algorithm employed in trying to locate the include file.

If the

#include directive is used with the

<header_name> version, the search is made successively in each of the following locations, in this particular order:

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1. the mikroC for 8051 installation folder › “include” folder

2. user's custom search paths

The

"header_name" version specifies a user-supplied include file; the mikroC for

8051 will look for the header file in the following locations, in this particular order:

1. the project folder (folder which contains the project file

.ppc

)

2. the mikroC for 8051 installation folder › “include” folder

3. user's custom search paths

Explicit Path

By placing an explicit path in header_name

, only that directory will be searched. For example:

#include "C:\my_files\test.h"

Note

There is also a third version of the

#include directive, rarely used, which assumes that neither < nor " appear as the first non-whitespace character following

#include:

#include macro_identifier

It assumes that macro definition that will expand macro identifier into a valid delimited header name with either

<header_name> or

"header_name" formats exists.

PREPROCESSOR OPERATORS

The

(pound sign) is a preprocessor directive when it occurs as the first non-whitespace character on a line. Also,

# and

## perform operator replacement and merging during the preprocessor scanning phase.

Operator #

In C preprocessor, a character sequence enclosed by quotes is considered a token and its content is not analyzed. This means that macro names within quotes are not expanded.

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If you need an actual argument (the exact sequence of characters within quotes) as a result of preprocessing, use the

# operator in macro body. It can be placed in front of a formal macro argument in definition in order to convert the actual argument to a string after replacement.

For example, let’s have macro

LCD_PRINT for printing variable name and value on

LCD:

#define LCD_PRINT(val) Lcd_Custom_Out_Cp(#val ": "); \

Lcd_Custom_Out_Cp(IntToStr(val));

Now, the following code,

LCD_PRINT(temp) will be preprocessed to this:

Lcd_Custom_Out_Cp("temp" ": "); Lcd_Custom_Out_Cp(IntToStr(temp));

Operator ##

Operator

## is used for token pasting. Two tokens can be pasted(merged) together by placing

## in between them (plus optional whitespace on either side). The preprocessor removes whitespace and

##, combining the separate tokens into one new token. This is commonly used for constructing identifiers.

For example, see the definition of macro

SPLICE for pasting two tokens into one identifier:

#define SPLICE(x,y) x ## _ ## y

Now, the call

SPLICE(cnt, 2) will expand to the identifier cnt_2

Note

The mikroC for 8051 does not support the older nonportable method of token pasting using

(l/**/r)

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CONDITIONAL COMPILATION

Conditional compilation directives are typically used to make source programs easy to change and easy to compile in different execution environments. The mikroC for

8051 supports conditional compilation by replacing the appropriate source-code lines with a blank line.

All conditional compilation directives must be completed in the source or include file in which they have begun.

Directives #if, #elif, #else, and #endif

The conditional directives

#if, #elif, #else, and

#endif work very similar to the common C conditional statements. If the expression you write after

#if has a nonzero value, the line group immediately following the

#if directive is retained in the translation unit.

The syntax is:

#if constant_expression_1

<section_1>

[#elif constant_expression_2

<section_2>]

...

[#elif constant_expression_n

<section_n>]

[#else

<final_section>]

#endif

Each

#if directive in a source file must be matched by a closing

#endif directive.

Any number of

#elif directives can appear between

#if and

#endif directives, but at most one

#else directive is allowed. The

#else directive, if present, must be the last directive before

#endif.

sections can be any program text that has meaning to compiler or preprocessor.

The preprocessor selects a single section by evaluating constant_expression following each

#if or

#elif directive until it finds a true (nonzero) constant expression. The constant expressions are subject to macro expansion.

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If all occurrences of constant-expression are false, or if no

#elif directives appear, the preprocessor selects the text block after the

#else clause. If the

#else clause is omitted and all instances of constant_expression in the

#if block are false, no section is selected for further processing.

Any processed section can contain further conditional clauses, nested to any depth.

Each nested

#else

#elif

, or

#endif directive belongs to the closest preceding the

#if directive.

The net result of the preceding scenario is that only one code section

(possibly empty) will be compiled.

Directives #ifdef and #ifndef

The

#ifdef and

#ifndef directives can be used anywhere

#if can be used and they can test whether an identifier is currently defined or not. The line

#ifdef identifier has exactly the same effect as

#if 1 if identifier is currently defined, and the same effect as

#if 0 if identifier is currently undefined. The other directive,

#ifndef, tests true for the “not-defined” condition, producing the opposite results.

The syntax thereafter follows that of

#if, #elif, #else, and #endif.

An identifier defined as

NULL is considered to be defined.

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MIKROC FOR 8051 LIBRARIES

mikroC for 8051 provides a set of libraries which simplify the initialization and use of 8051 compliant MCUs and their modules:

Use Library manager to include mikroC for 8051 Libraries in you project.

Hardware 8051-specific Libraries

- CANSPI Library

- EEPROM Library

- Graphic LCD Library

- Keypad Library

- LCD Library

- Manchester Code Library

- OneWire Library

- Port Expander Library

- PS/2 Library

- RS-485 Library

- Software I2C Library

- Software SPI Library

- Software UART Library

- Sound Library

- SPI Library

- SPI Ethernet Library

- SPI Graphic LCD Library

- SPI LCD Library

- SPI LCD8 Library

- SPI T6963C Graphic LCD Library

- T6963C Graphic LCD Library

Standard ANSI C Libraries

- ANSI C Ctype Library

- ANSI C Math Library

- ANSI C Stdlib Library

- ANSI C String Library

Miscellaneous Libraries

- Button Library

- Conversions Library

- Sprint Library

- Time Library

- Trigonometry Library

LIBRARY DEPENDENCIES

Certain libraries use (depend on) function and/or variables, constants defined in other libraries.

Image below shows clear representation about these dependencies.

For example, SPI_Glcd uses Glcd_Fonts and Port_Expander library which uses SPI library.

This means that if you check SPI_Glcd library in Library manager, all libraries on which it depends will be checked too.

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CANSPI LIBRARY

The SPI module is available with a number of the 8051 compliant MCUs. The mikroC for 8051 provides a library (driver) for working with mikroElektronika's

CANSPI Add-on boards (with MCP2515 or MCP2510) via SPI interface.

The CAN is a very robust protocol that has error detection and signalization, self–checking and fault confinement. Faulty CAN data and remote frames are retransmitted automatically, similar to the Ethernet.

Data transfer rates depend on distance. For example, 1 Mbit/s can be achieved at network lengths below 40m while 250 Kbit/s can be achieved at network lengths below 250m. The greater distance the lower maximum bitrate that can be achieved.

The lowest bitrate defined by the standard is 200Kbit/s. Cables used are shielded twisted pairs.

CAN supports two message formats:

- Standard format, with 11 identifier bits and

- Extended format, with 29 identifier bits

Note:

- Consult the CAN standard about CAN bus termination resistance.

- An effective CANSPI communication speed depends on SPI and certainly is slower than “real” CAN.

- CANSPI module refers to mikroElektronika's CANSPI Add-on board connected to SPI module of MCU.

External dependecies of CANSPI Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using

CANSPI Library:

extern sbit CanSpi_CS;

extern sbit CanSpi_Rst;

Description:

Chip Select line.

Reset line.

Example:

sbit CanSpi_CS

at P1.B0;

sbit CanSpi_Rst

at P1.B2;

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Library Routines

- CANSPISetOperationMode

- CANSPIGetOperationMode

- CANSPIInitialize

- CANSPISetBaudRate

- CANSPISetMask

- CANSPISetFilter

- CANSPIread

- CANSPIWrite

The following routines are for an internal use by the library only:

- RegsToCANSPIID

- CANSPIIDToRegs

Be sure to check CANSPI constants necessary for using some of the functions.

CANSPISetOperationMode

Prototype void CANSPISetOperationMode(char mode, char WAIT);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets the CANSPI module to requested mode.

Parameters :

- mode

: CANSPI module operation mode. Valid values:

CAN

SPI_OP_MODE constants (see CANSPI constants).

WAIT

: CANSPI mode switching verification request. If

WAIT

== 0

, the call is non-blocking. The function does not verify if the CANSPI module is switched to requested mode or not.

Caller must use

CANSPIGetOperationMode to verify correct operation mode before performing mode specific operation. If

WAIT != 0

, the call is blocking – the function won’t “return” until the requested mode is set.

Requires The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CANSPI

Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

Example // set the CANSPI module into configuration mode (wait inside CANSPISetOperationMode until this mode is set)

CANSPISetOperationMode(CANSPI_MODE_CONFIG, 0xFF);

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CANSPIGetOperationMode

Prototype char CANSPIGetOperationMode(void);

Returns Current operation mode.

Description The function returns current operation mode of the CANSPI module. Check

CANSPI_OP_MODE constants (see CANSPI constants) or device datasheet for operation mode codes.

Requires The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CAN-

SPI Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

Example // check whether the CANSPI module is in Normal mode and if it is do something.

if (CANSPIGetOperationMode() == CANSPI_MODE_NORMAL) {

...

}

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CANSPIInitialize

Prototype void CANSPIInitialize( char SJW, char BRP, char

PHSEG1, char PHSEG2, char PROPSEG, char

CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes the CANSPI module.

Stand-Alone CAN controller in the CANSPI module is set to:

- Disable CAN capture

- Continue CAN operation in Idle mode

- Do not abort pending transmissions

- Fcan clock : 4*Tcy (Fosc)

- Baud rate is set according to given parameters

- CAN mode : Normal

- Filter and mask registers IDs are set to zero

- Filter and mask message frame type is set according to

CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS value

SAM, SEG2PHTS, WAKFIL

CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS value.

and

DBEN bits are set according to

Parameters:

- SJW

- BRP as defined in CAN controller's datasheet as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- PHSEG1

- PHSEG2 as defined in CAN controller's datasheet as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- PROPSEG as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS is formed from predefined constants (see

CANSPI constants)

Requires

CanSpi_CS and CanSpi_Rst variables must be defined before using this function.

The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

The SPI module needs to be initialized. See the Spi_Init and

Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CAN-

SPI Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

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Example // initialize the CANSPI module with the appropriate baud rate and message acceptance flags along with the sampling rules

char Can_Init_Flags;

...

Can_Init_Flags = CAN_CONFIG_SAMPLE_THRICE &

// form value to be used

CAN_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_ON &

// with CANSPIInitialize

CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG &

CAN_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_ON &

CAN_CONFIG_VALID_XTD_MSG;

...

Spi_Init(); // initialize SPI module

CANSPIInitialize(1,3,3,3,1,Can_Init_Flags);

// initialize external CANSPI module

CANSPISetBaudRate

Prototype void CANSPISetBaudRate( char SJW, char BRP, char

PHSEG1, char PHSEG2, char PROPSEG, char

CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets the CANSPI module baud rate. Due to complexity of the

CAN protocol, you can not simply force a bps value. Instead, use this function when the CANSPI module is in Config mode.

SAM, SEG2PHTS and

WAKFIL bits are set according to

CAN_CON-

FIG_FLAGS value. Refer to datasheet for details.

Parameters:

- SJW as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- BRP as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- PHSEG1 as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- PHSEG2 as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- PROPSEG as defined in CAN controller's datasheet

- CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS is formed from predefined constants (see

CANSPI constants)

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Requires The CANSPI module must be in Config mode, otherwise the function will be ignored. See CANSPISetOperationMode.

The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CAN-

SPI Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

Example // set required baud rate and sampling rules

char can_config_flags;

...

CANSPISetOperationMode(CANSPI_MODE_CONFIG,0xFF);

// set CONFIGURATION mode (CANSPI module mast be in config mode for baud rate settings) can_config_flags = CANSPI_CONFIG_SAMPLE_THRICE &

CANSPI_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_ON &

CANSPI_CONFIG_STD_MSG &

CANSPI_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_ON &

CANSPI_CONFIG_VALID_XTD_MSG &

CANSPI_CONFIG_LINE_FILTER_OFF;

CANSPISetBaudRate(1, 1, 3, 3, 1, can_config_flags);

CANSPISetMask

Prototype void CANSPISetMask(char CAN_MASK, long val, char

CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS);

Returns Nothing.

Description Configures mask for advanced filtering of messages. The parameter value is bit-adjusted to the appropriate mask registers.

Parameters:

- CAN_MASK

: CANSPI module mask number. Valid values:

CANSPI_MASK constants (see CANSPI constants)

- val

: mask register value

- CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS

: selects type of message to filter. Valid values:

CANSPI_CONFIG_ALL_VALID_MSG,

CANSPI_CONFIG_MATCH_MSG_TYPE & CANSPI_CON

FIG_STD_MSG,

CANSPI_CONFIG_MATCH_MSG_TYPE & CANSPI_CON

FIG_XTD_MSG.

(see CANSPI constants)

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Requires The CANSPI module must be in Config mode, otherwise the function will be ignored. See CANSPISetOperationMode.

The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CAN-

SPI Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

Example // set the appropriate filter mask and message type value

CANSPISetOperationMode(CANSPI_MODE_CONFIG,0xFF);

// set CONFIGURATION mode (CANSPI module must be in config mode for mask settings)

// Set all B1 mask bits to 1 (all filtered bits are relevant):

// Note that -1 is just a cheaper way to write

0xFFFFFFFF.

// Complement will do the trick and fill it up with ones.

CANSPISetMask(CANSPI_MASK_B1, -1,

CANSPI_CONFIG_MATCH_MSG_TYPE & CANSPI_CONFIG_XTD_MSG)

CANSPISetFilter

Prototype void CANSPISetFilter(char CAN_FILTER, long val, char

CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS);

Returns Nothing.

Description Configures message filter. The parameter value is bit-adjusted to the appropriate filter registers.

Parameters:

- CAN_FILTER

: CANSPI module filter number. Valid values:

CANSPI_FILTER constants (see CANSPI constants)

- val

: filter register value

- CAN_CONFIG_FLAGS

: selects type of message to filter. Valid values:

CANSPI_CONFIG_ALL_VALID_MSG

CANSPI_CONFIG_MATCH_MSG_TYPE & CANSPI_CONFIG_STD_MSG,

CANSPI_CONFIG_MATCH_MSG_TYPE & CANSPI_CONFIG_XTD_MSG.

(see CANSPI constants)

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Requires The CANSPI module must be in Config mode, otherwise the function will be ignored. See CANSPISetOperationMode.

The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CAN-

SPI Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

Example // set the appropriate filter value and message type

CANSPISetOperationMode(CANSPI_MODE_CONFIG,0xFF);

// set CONFIGURATION mode (CANSPI module must be in config mode for filter settings)

/* Set id of filter B1_F1 to 3: */

CANSPISetFilter(CANSPI_FILTER_B1_F1, 3, CANSPI_CON-

FIG_XTD_MSG);

CANSPIRead

Prototype char CANSPIRead(long *id, char *rd_data, char

*data_len, char *CAN_RX_MSG_FLAGS);

Returns - 0 if nothing is received

0xFF if one of the Receive Buffers is full (message received)

Description If at least one full Receive Buffer is found, it will be processed in the following way:

- Message ID is retrieved and stored to location provided by the id parameter

- Message data is retrieved and stored to a buffer provided by the rd_data parameter

- Message length is retrieved and stored to location provided by the data_len parameter

- Message flags are retrieved and stored to location provided by the

CAN_RX_MSG_FLAGS parameter

Parameters:

- id

: message identifier storage address

- rd_data

: data buffer (an array of bytes up to 8 bytes in length)

- data_len

: data length storage address.

CAN_RX_MSG_FLAGS

: message flags storage address

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Requires The CANSPI module must be in a mode in which receiving is possible. See CANSPISetOperationMode.

The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CAN-

SPI Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

Example // check the CANSPI module for received messages. If any was received do something.

char msg_rcvd, rx_flags, data_len;

char data[8];

long msg_id;

...

CANSPISetOperationMode(CANSPI_MODE_NORMAL,0xFF);

// set NORMAL mode (CANSPI module must be in mode in which receive is possible)

...

rx_flags = 0;

// clear message flags if (msg_rcvd = CANSPIRead(msg_id, data, data_len, rx_flags)) {

...

}

CANSPIWrite

Prototype char CANSPIWrite(long id, char *wr_data, char data_len, char CAN_TX_MSG_FLAGS);

Returns - 0 if all Transmit Buffers are busy

- 0xFF if at least one Transmit Buffer is available

Description If at least one empty Transmit Buffer is found, the function sends message in the queue for transmission.

Parameters:

- id

:CAN message identifier. Valid values: 11 or 29 bit values, depending on message type (standard or extended)

- wr_data

: data to be sent (an array of bytes up to 8 bytes in length)

- data_len

: data length. Valid values: 1 to 8

- CAN_RX_MSG_FLAGS

: message flags

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Requires The CANSPI module must be in mode in which transmission is possible. See CANSPISetOperationMode.

The CANSPI routines are supported only by MCUs with the SPI module.

MCU has to be properly connected to mikroElektronika's CAN-

SPI Extra Board or similar hardware. See connection example at the bottom of this page.

Example // send message extended CAN message with the appropriate ID and data

char tx_flags;

char data[8];

long msg_id;

...

CANSPISetOperationMode(CAN_MODE_NORMAL,0xFF);

// set NORMAL mode (CANSPI must be in mode in which transmission is possible) tx_flags = CANSPI_TX_PRIORITY_0 & CANSPI_TX_XTD_FRAME;

// set message flags

CANSPIWrite(msg_id, data, 2, tx_flags);

CANSPI Constants

There is a number of constants predefined in the CANSPI library. You need to be familiar with them in order to be able to use the library effectively. Check the example at the end of the chapter.

CANSPI_OP_MODE

The CANSPI_OP_MODE constants define CANSPI operation mode. Function

CANSPISetOperationMode expects one of these as it's argument: const char

CANSPI_MODE_BITS = 0xE0, // Use this to access opmode bits

CANSPI_MODE_NORMAL = 0x00,

CANSPI_MODE_SLEEP = 0x20,

CANSPI_MODE_LOOP = 0x40,

CANSPI_MODE_LISTEN = 0x60,

CANSPI_MODE_CONFIG = 0x80;

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CANSPI_CONFIG_FLAGS

The CANSPI_CONFIG_FLAGS constants define flags related to the CANSPI module configuration. The functions CANSPIInitialize, CANSPISetBaudRate,

CANSPISetMask and CANSPISetFilter expect one of these (or a bitwise combination) as their argument: const char

CANSPI_CONFIG_DEFAULT = 0xFF, // 11111111

CANSPI_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_BIT = 0x01,

CANSPI_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_ON = 0xFF, // XXXXXXX1

CANSPI_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_OFF = 0xFE, // XXXXXXX0

CANSPI_CONFIG_LINE_FILTER_BIT = 0x02,

CANSPI_CONFIG_LINE_FILTER_ON = 0xFF, // XXXXXX1X

CANSPI_CONFIG_LINE_FILTER_OFF = 0xFD, // XXXXXX0X

CANSPI_CONFIG_SAMPLE_BIT = 0x04,

CANSPI_CONFIG_SAMPLE_ONCE = 0xFF, // XXXXX1XX

CANSPI_CONFIG_SAMPLE_THRICE = 0xFB, // XXXXX0XX

CANSPI_CONFIG_MSG_TYPE_BIT = 0x08,

CANSPI_CONFIG_STD_MSG = 0xFF, // XXXX1XXX

CANSPI_CONFIG_XTD_MSG = 0xF7, // XXXX0XXX

CANSPI_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_BIT = 0x10,

CANSPI_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_ON = 0xFF, // XXX1XXXX

CANSPI_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_OFF = 0xEF, // XXX0XXXX

CANSPI_CONFIG_MSG_BITS = 0x60,

CANSPI_CONFIG_ALL_MSG = 0xFF, // X11XXXXX

CANSPI_CONFIG_VALID_XTD_MSG = 0xDF, // X10XXXXX

CANSPI_CONFIG_VALID_STD_MSG = 0xBF, // X01XXXXX

CANSPI_CONFIG_ALL_VALID_MSG = 0x9F; // X00XXXXX

You may use bitwise AND

(&) to form config byte out of these values. For example: init = CANSPI_CONFIG_SAMPLE_THRICE &

CANSPI_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_ON &

CANSPI_CONFIG_STD_MSG &

CANSPI_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_ON &

CANSPI_CONFIG_VALID_XTD_MSG &

CANSPI_CONFIG_LINE_FILTER_OFF;

...

CANSPIInitialize(1, 1, 3, 3, 1, init); // initialize CANSPI

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CANSPI_TX_MSG_FLAGS

CANSPI_TX_MSG_FLAGS are flags related to transmission of a CAN message: const char

CANSPI_TX_PRIORITY_BITS = 0x03,

CANSPI_TX_PRIORITY_0 = 0xFC, // XXXXXX00

CANSPI_TX_PRIORITY_1 = 0xFD, // XXXXXX01

CANSPI_TX_PRIORITY_2 = 0xFE, // XXXXXX10

CANSPI_TX_PRIORITY_3 = 0xFF, // XXXXXX11

CANSPI_TX_FRAME_BIT = 0x08,

CANSPI_TX_STD_FRAME = 0xFF, // XXXXX1XX

CANSPI_TX_XTD_FRAME = 0xF7, // XXXXX0XX

CANSPI_TX_RTR_BIT = 0x40,

CANSPI_TX_NO_RTR_FRAME = 0xFF, // X1XXXXXX

CANSPI_TX_RTR_FRAME = 0xBF; // X0XXXXXX

You may use bitwise AND (&) to adjust the appropriate flags. For example:

/* form value to be used as sending message flag : */ send_config = CANSPI_TX_PRIORITY_0 &

CANSPI_TX_XTD_FRAME &

CANSPI_TX_NO_RTR_FRAME;

...

CANSPIWrite(id, data, 1, send_config);

CANSPI_RX_MSG_FLAGS

CANSPI_RX_MSG_FLAGS are flags related to reception of CAN message. If a particular bit is set then corresponding meaning is TRUE or else it will be FALSE.

const char

CANSPI_RX_FILTER_BITS = 0x07, // Use this to access filter bits

CANSPI_RX_FILTER_1 = 0x00,

CANSPI_RX_FILTER_2 = 0x01,

CANSPI_RX_FILTER_3 = 0x02,

CANSPI_RX_FILTER_4 = 0x03,

CANSPI_RX_FILTER_5 = 0x04,

CANSPI_RX_FILTER_6 = 0x05,

CANSPI_RX_OVERFLOW = 0x08, // Set if Overflowed else cleared

CANSPI_RX_INVALID_MSG = 0x10, // Set if invalid else cleared

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CANSPI_RX_XTD_FRAME = 0x20, // Set if XTD message else cleared

CANSPI_RX_RTR_FRAME = 0x40, // Set if RTR message else cleared

CANSPI_RX_DBL_BUFFERED = 0x80; // Set if this message was hardware double-buffered

You may use bitwise AND

(&) to adjust the appropriate flags. For example:

if (MsgFlag & CANSPI_RX_OVERFLOW != 0) {

...

// Receiver overflow has occurred.

// We have lost our previous message.

}

CANSPI_MASK

The CANSPI_MASK constants define mask codes. Function CANSPISetMask expects one of these as it's argument: const char

CANSPI_MASK_B1 = 0,

CANSPI_MASK_B2 = 1;

CANSPI_FILTER

The CANSPI_FILTER constants define filter codes. Functions CANSPISetFilter expects one of these as it's argument: const char

CANSPI_FILTER_B1_F1 = 0,

CANSPI_FILTER_B1_F2 = 1,

CANSPI_FILTER_B2_F1 = 2,

CANSPI_FILTER_B2_F2 = 3,

CANSPI_FILTER_B2_F3 = 4,

CANSPI_FILTER_B2_F4 = 5;

Library Example

This is a simple demonstration of CANSPI Library routines usage. First node initiates the communication with the second node by sending some data to its address.

The second node responds by sending back the data incremented by 1. First node then does the same and sends incremented data back to second node, etc.

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Code for the first CANSPI node:

unsigned char Can_Init_Flags, Can_Send_Flags, Can_Rcv_Flags;

// CAN flags

unsigned char Rx_Data_Len;

// Received data length in bytes

char RxTx_Data[8];

// CAN rx/tx data buffer

char Msg_Rcvd;

// Reception flag

long Tx_ID, Rx_ID;

// CAN rx and tx ID

// CANSPI module connections sbit CanSpi_CS at P1.B0; sbit CanSpi_Rst at P1.B2;

// End CANSPI module connections

void main() {

Can_Init_Flags = 0;

Can_Send_Flags = 0;

// Clear flags

Can_Rcv_Flags = 0;

Can_Send_Flags = CAN_TX_PRIORITY_0 &

// Form value to be used

CAN_TX_XTD_FRAME &

// with CANSPIWrite

CAN_TX_NO_RTR_FRAME;

Can_Init_Flags = CAN_CONFIG_SAMPLE_THRICE &

// Form value to be used

CAN_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_ON &

// with CANSPIInit

CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG &

CAN_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_ON &

CAN_CONFIG_VALID_XTD_MSG;

Spi_Init();

// Initialize SPI module

CANSPIInitialize(1,3,3,3,1,Can_Init_Flags);

// Initialize external CANSPI module

CANSPISetOperationMode(CAN_MODE_CONFIG,0xFF);

// Set CONFIGURATION mode

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CANSPISetMask(CAN_MASK_B1,-1,CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG);

// Set all mask1 bits to ones

CANSPISetMask(CAN_MASK_B2,-1,CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG);

// Set all mask2 bits to ones

CANSPISetFilter(CAN_FILTER_B2_F4,3,CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG);

// Set id of filter B2_F4 to 3

CANSPISetOperationMode(CAN_MODE_NORMAL,0xFF);

// Set NORMAL mode

RxTx_Data[0] = 9;

// Set initial data to be sent

Tx_ID = 12111;

// Set transmit ID

CANSPIWrite(Tx_ID, RxTx_Data, 1, Can_Send_Flags);

// Send initial message

while(1) {

// Endless loop

Msg_Rcvd = CANSPIRead(&Rx_ID , RxTx_Data , &Rx_Data_Len,

&Can_Rcv_Flags); // Receive message

if ((Rx_ID == 3u) && Msg_Rcvd) {

// If message received check id

P0 = RxTx_Data[0];

// ID correct, output data at PORT0

RxTx_Data[0]++ ;

// Increment received data

Delay_ms(10);

}

}//~!

}

CANSPIWrite(Tx_ID, RxTx_Data, 1, Can_Send_Flags);

// Send incremented data back

Code for the second CANSPI node:

unsigned char Can_Init_Flags, Can_Send_Flags, Can_Rcv_Flags;

//CAN flags

unsigned char Rx_Data_Len;

// Received data length in bytes

char RxTx_Data[8];

// CAN rx/tx data buffer

char Msg_Rcvd;

// Reception flag

long Tx_ID, Rx_ID;

// CAN rx and tx ID

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// CANSPI module connections sbit CanSpi_CS at P1.B0; sbit CanSpi_Rst at P1.B2;

// End CANSPI module connections

void main() {

Can_Init_Flags = 0;

Can_Send_Flags = 0;

// Clear flags

Can_Rcv_Flags = 0;

Can_Send_Flags = CAN_TX_PRIORITY_0 &

// Form value to be used

CAN_TX_XTD_FRAME &

// with CANSPIWrite

CAN_TX_NO_RTR_FRAME;

Can_Init_Flags = CAN_CONFIG_SAMPLE_THRICE &

// Form value to be used

CAN_CONFIG_PHSEG2_PRG_ON & // with CANSPIInit

CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG &

CAN_CONFIG_DBL_BUFFER_ON &

CAN_CONFIG_VALID_XTD_MSG &

CAN_CONFIG_LINE_FILTER_OFF;

Spi_Init();

// Initialize SPI module

CANSPIInitialize(1,3,3,3,1,Can_Init_Flags);

// Initialize CAN-SPI module

CANSPISetOperationMode(CAN_MODE_CONFIG,0xFF);

// Set CONFIGURATION mode

CANSPISetMask(CAN_MASK_B1,-1,CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG);

// Set all mask1 bits to ones

CANSPISetMask(CAN_MASK_B2,-1,CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG);

// Set all mask2 bits to ones

CANSPISetFilter(CAN_FILTER_B2_F3,12111,CAN_CONFIG_XTD_MSG);

// Set id of filter B2_F3 to 12111

CANSPISetOperationMode(CAN_MODE_NORMAL,0xFF);

// Set NORMAL mode

Tx_ID = 3; // Set tx ID

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while (1) {

// Endless loop

Msg_Rcvd = CANSPIRead(&Rx_ID , RxTx_Data , &Rx_Data_Len,

&Can_Rcv_Flags); // Receive message

if ((Rx_ID == 12111u) && Msg_Rcvd) {

}

}//~!

// If message received check id

P0 = RxTx_Data[0];

// ID correct, output data at PORT0

RxTx_Data[0]++ ;

// Increment received data

CANSPIWrite(Tx_ID, RxTx_Data, 1, Can_Send_Flags);

// Send incremented data back

HW Connection

100K

8 MHz

TX Vdd

CLKO

RST

TX0

TX1

TX2

OSC2

SCK

INT

OSC1 RX0B

Vss RX1B

MCP2510

10R

TX-CAN RS

GND CANH

VCC CANL

RXD Vref

MCP2551

OSCILLATOR

P1.0

P1.2

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

XTAL1

GND

VCC

Shielded twisted pair

6.1. Example of interfacing CAN transceiver MCP2510 with MCU via SPI interface

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EEPROM LIBRARY

EEPROM data memory is available with a number of 8051 family. The mikroC for 8051 includes a library for comfortable work with MCU's internal EEPROM.

Note: EEPROM Library functions implementation is MCU dependent, consult the appropriate MCU datasheet for details about available EEPROM size and constrains.

Library Routines

- Eeprom_Read

- Eeprom_Write

- Eeprom_Write_Block

Eeprom_Read

Prototype unsigned short Eeprom_Read(unsigned int address);

Returns Byte from the specified address.

Description Reads data from specified address.

Parameters :

- address

: address of the EEPROM memory location to be read.

Requires Nothing

Example unsigned int eeAddr = 2;

unsigned short temp;

...

temp = Eeprom_Read(eeAddr);

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Eeprom_Write

Prototype unsigned short Eeprom_Write(unsigned int address, unsigned short wrdata);

Returns -

0 writing was successful

1 if error occured

Description Writes wrdata to specified address.

Parameters :

- address

: address of the EEPROM memory location to be written.

- wrdata

: data to be written.

Note: Specified memory location will be erased before writing starts.

Requires Nothing

Example unsigned short eeWrite = 0x55;

unsigned int wrAddr = 0x732;

...

Eeprom_Write(wrAddr, eeWrite);

Eeprom_Write_Block

Prototype unsigned short Eeprom_Write_Block(unsigned int address, unsigned short *ptrdata);

Returns -

0 writing was successful

1 if error occured

Description Writes one EEPROM row (32 bytes block) of data.

Parameters :

- address

: starting address of the EEPROM memory block to be written.

- ptrdata

: data block to be written.

Note: Specified memory block will be erased before writing starts.

Requires EEPROM module must support block write operations.

It is the user's responsibility to maintain proper address alignment.

In this case, address has to be a multiply of 32, which is the size

(in bytes) of one row of MCU's EEPROM memory.

Example unsigned int wrAddr = 0x0100;

unsigned short iArr[32] = {'m', 'i', 'k', 'r', 'o',

'E', 'l', 'e', 'k', 't', 'r', 'o', 'n', 'i', 'k', 'a',

0};

...

Eeprom_Write_Block(wrAddr, iArr);

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Library Example

This example demonstrates using the EEPROM Library with AT89S8253 MCU.

First, some data is written to EEPROM in byte and block mode; then the data is read from the same locations and displayed on P0, P1 and P2.

char dat[32], ii; // Data buffer, loop variable

void main(){

for(ii = 31; dat[ii] = ii; ii--) // Fill data buffer

;

Eeprom_Write(2,0xAA); // Write some data at address 2

Eeprom_Write(0x732,0x55); // Write some data at address 0x732

Eeprom_Write_Block(0x100,dat); // Write 32 bytes block at address 0x100

Delay_ms(1000); // Blink P0 and P1 diodes

P0 = 0xFF;

// to indicate reading start

P1 = 0xFF;

Delay_ms(1000);

P0 = 0x00;

P1 = 0x00;

Delay_ms(1000);

P0 = Eeprom_Read(2);

// Read data from address 2 and display it on PORT0

P1 = Eeprom_Read(0x732);

// Read data from address 0x732 and display it on PORT1

Delay_ms(1000);

for(ii = 0; ii < 32; ii++) {

// Read 32 bytes block from address 0x100

P2 = Eeprom_Read(0x100+ii);

// and display data on PORT2

Delay_ms(500);

}

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GRAPHIC LCD LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for operating Graphic LCD 128x64 (with commonly used Samsung KS108/KS107 controller).

For creating a custom set of GLCD images use GLCD Bitmap Editor Tool.

External dependencies of Graphic LCD Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using Graphic

LCD Library:

Description: Example : extern volatile sfr

char GLCD_DataPort;

LCD Data Port.

sfr char GLCD_DataPort

at P0;

extern sbit GLCD_CS1: Chip Select 1 line.

sbit GLCD_CS1 at P2.B0;

extern sbit GLCD_CS2: Chip Select 2 line.

sbit GLCD_CS1 at P2.B1;

extern sbit GLCD_RS: Register select line.

sbit GLCD_RS at P2.B2;

extern sbit GLCD_RW: Read/Write line.

sbit GLCD_RW at P2.B3;

sbit GLCD_RST at P2.B5; extern sbit GLCD_RST: Reset line.

extern sbit GLCD_EN: Enable line.

sbit GLCD_EN at P2.B4;

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Library Routines

Basic routines:

- Glcd_Init

- Glcd_Set_Side

- Glcd_Set_X

- Glcd_Set_Page

- Glcd_Read_Data

- Glcd_Write_Data

Advanced routines:

- Glcd_Fill

- Glcd_Dot

- Glcd_Line

- Glcd_V_Line

- Glcd_H_Line

- Glcd_Rectangle

- Glcd_Box

- Glcd_Circle

- Glcd_Set_Font

- Glcd_Write_Char

- Glcd_Write_Text

- Glcd_Image mikroC for 8051

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Glcd_Init

Prototype void Glcd_Init();

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes the GLCD module. Each of the control lines is both port and pin configurable, while data lines must be on a single port

(pins <0:7>).

Requires Global variables :

- GLCD_CS1

- GLCD_CS2

: chip select 1 signal pin

: chip select 2 signal pin

- GLCD_RS

: register select signal pin

- GLCD_RW

- GLCD_EN

: read/write signal pin

: enable signal pin

- GLCD_RST

: reset signal pin

- GLCD_DataPort

: data port must be defined before using this function.

Example // glcd pinout settings

sfr char GLCD_DataPort at P0;

sbit GLCD_CS1 at P2.B0;

sbit GLCD_CS2 at P2.B1;

sbit GLCD_RS at P2.B2;

sbit GLCD_RW at P2.B3;

sbit GLCD_RST at P2.B5;

sbit GLCD_EN at P2.B4;

...

Glcd_Init();

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Glcd_Set_Side

Prototype void Glcd_Set_Side(unsigned short x_pos);

Returns Nothing.

Description Selects GLCD side. Refer to the GLCD datasheet for detailed explaination.

Parameters :

- x_pos

: position on x-axis. Valid values: 0..127

The parameter x_pos specifies the GLCD side: values from 0 to

63 specify the left side, values from 64 to 127 specify the right side.

Note: For side, x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example The following two lines are equivalent, and both of them select the left side of GLCD:

Glcd_Select_Side(0);

Glcd_Select_Side(10);

Glcd_Set_X

Prototype void Glcd_Set_X(unsigned short x_pos);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets x-axis position to x_pos dots from the left border of GLCD within the selected side.

Parameters :

- x_pos

: position on x-axis. Valid values: 0..63

Note: For side, x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example Glcd_Set_X(25);

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Glcd_Set_Page

Prototype void Glcd_Set_Page(unsigned short page);

Returns Nothing.

Description Selects page of the GLCD.

Parameters :

- page

: page number. Valid values: 0..7

Note: For side, x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example Glcd_Set_Page(5);

Glcd_Read_Data

Prototype unsigned short Glcd_Read_Data();

Returns One byte from GLCD memory.

Description Reads data from from the current location of GLCD memory and moves to the next location.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

GLCD side, x-axis position and page should be set first. See functions Glcd_Set_Side, Glcd_Set_X, and Glcd_Set_Page.

Example unsigned short data;

...

data = Glcd_Read_Data();

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Glcd_Write_Data

Prototype void Glcd_Write_Data(unsigned short ddata);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes one byte to the current location in GLCD memory and moves to the next location.

Parameters :

- ddata: data to be written

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

GLCD side, x-axis position and page should be set first. See functions Glcd_Set_Side, Glcd_Set_X, and Glcd_Set_Page.

Example unsigned short data;

...

Glcd_Write_Data(data);

Glcd_Fill

Prototype void Glcd_Fill(unsigned short pattern);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fills GLCD memory with the byte pattern.

Parameters :

- pattern

: byte to fill GLCD memory with

To clear the GLCD screen, use

Glcd_Fill(0).

To fill the screen completely, use

Glcd_Fill(0xFF).

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Clear screen

Glcd_Fill(0);

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Glcd_Dot

Prototype void Glcd_Dot(unsigned short x_pos, unsigned short y_pos, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a dot on GLCD at coordinates ( x_pos, y_pos

Parameters :

- x_pos

: x position. Valid values: 0..127

- y_pos

: y position. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines a dot state: 0 clears dot, 1 puts a dot, and 2 inverts dot state.

Note: For x and y axis layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Invert the dot in the upper left corner

Glcd_Dot(0, 0, 2);

Glcd_Line

Prototype void Glcd_Line(int x_start, int y_start, int x_end, int y_end, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a line on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_start

: x coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..127

- y_start

: y coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..63

- x_end

: x coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..127

- y_end

: y coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the line color: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Draw a line between dots (0,0) and (20,30)

Glcd_Line(0, 0, 20, 30, 1);

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Glcd_V_Line

Prototype void Glcd_V_Line(unsigned short y_start, unsigned

short y_end, unsigned short x_pos, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a vertical line on GLCD.

Parameters :

- y_start

: y coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..63

- y_end

: y coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..63

- x_pos

: x coordinate of vertical line. Valid values: 0..127

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the line color: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Draw a vertical line between dots (10,5) and

(10,25)

Glcd_V_Line(5, 25, 10, 1);

Glcd_H_Line

Prototype void Glcd_H_Line(unsigned short x_start, unsigned

short x_end, unsigned short y_pos, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a horizontal line on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_start

: x coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..127

- x_end

: x coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..127

- y_pos

: y coordinate of horizontal line. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the line color: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Draw a horizontal line between dots (10,20) and

(50,20)

Glcd_H_Line(10, 50, 20, 1);

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Glcd_Rectangle

Prototype void Glcd_Rectangle(unsigned short x_upper_left,

unsigned short y_upper_left, unsigned short x_bottom_right, unsigned short y_bottom_right, unsigned

short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a rectangle on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_upper_left

: x coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner.

Valid values: 0..127

- y_upper_left

: y coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner.

Valid values: 0..63

- x_bottom_right

: x coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner. Valid values: 0..127

- y_bottom_right

: y coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the rectangle border: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Draw a rectangle between dots (5,5) and (40,40)

Glcd_Rectangle(5, 5, 40, 40, 1);

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Glcd_Box

Prototype void Glcd_Box(unsigned short x_upper_left, unsigned short y_upper_left, unsigned short x_bottom_right, unsigned short y_bottom_right, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a box on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_upper_left

: x coordinate of the upper left box corner. Valid values: 0..127

- y_upper_left

: y coordinate of the upper left box corner. Valid values: 0..63

- x_bottom_right

: x coordinate of the lower right box corner.

Valid values: 0..127

- y_bottom_right

: y coordinate of the lower right box corner.

Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the box fill: 0 white,

1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Draw a box between dots (5,15) and (20,40)

Glcd_Box(5, 15, 20, 40, 1);

Glcd_Circle

Prototype void Glcd_Circle(int x_center, int y_center, int radius, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a circle on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_center

: x coordinate of the circle center. Valid values: 0..127

- y_center

: y coordinate of the circle center. Valid values: 0..63

- radius

: radius size

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the circle line: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Draw a circle with center in (50,50) and radius=10

Glcd_Circle(50, 50, 10, 1);

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Glcd_Set_Font

Prototype void Glcd_Set_Font(const char *activeFont, unsigned

short aFontWidth, unsigned short aFontHeight, unsigned int aFontOffs);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets font that will be used with Glcd_Write_Char and

Glcd_Write_Text routines.

Parameters :

- activeFont

: font to be set. Needs to be formatted as an array of char

- aFontWidth

: width of the font characters in dots.

- aFontHeight

: height of the font characters in dots.

- aFontOffs

: number that represents difference between the mikroC for 8051 character set and regular ASCII set (eg. if 'A' is

65 in ASCII character, and 'A' is 45 in the mikroC for 8051 character set, aFontOffs is 20). Demo fonts supplied with the library have an offset of 32, which means that they start with space.

The user can use fonts given in the file “__Lib_GLCDFonts.c” file located in the Uses folder or create his own fonts.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Use the custom 5x7 font "myfont" which starts with space (32):

Glcd_Set_Font(myfont, 5, 7, 32);

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Glcd_Write_Char

Prototype void Glcd_Write_Char(unsigned short chr, unsigned

short x_pos, unsigned short page_num, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on the GLCD.

Parameters :

- chr

: character to be written

- x_pos

: character starting position on x-axis. Valid values:

0..(127-FontWidth)

- page_num

: the number of the page on which character will be written. Valid values: 0..7

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the character: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Note: For x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine. Use

Glcd_Set_Font to specify the font for display; if no font is specified, then default 5x8 font supplied with the library will be used.

Example // Write character 'C' on the position 10 inside the page 2:

Glcd_Write_Char('C', 10, 2, 1);

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Glcd_Write_Text

Prototype void Glcd_Write_Text(char *text, unsigned short x_pos,

unsigned short page_num, unsigned short color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on GLCD.

Parameters :

- text

: text to be written

- x_pos

: text starting position on x-axis.

- page_num

: the number of the page on which text will be written. Valid values: 0..7

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the text: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Note: For x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine. Use

Glcd_Set_Font to specify the font for display; if no font is specified, then default 5x8 font supplied with the library will be used.

Example // Write text "Hello world!" on the position 10 inside the page 2:

Glcd_Write_Text("Hello world!", 10, 2, 1);

Glcd_Image

Prototype void Glcd_Image(code const unsigned short *image);

Returns Nothing.

Description Displays bitmap on GLCD.

Parameters :

- image

: image to be displayed. Bitmap array must be located in code memory.

Use the mikroC for 8051 integrated GLCD Bitmap Editor to convert image to a constant array suitable for displaying on GLCD

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized, see Glcd_Init routine.

Example // Draw image my_image on GLCD

Glcd_Image(my_image);

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Library Example

The following example demonstrates routines of the GLCD library: initialization, clear(pattern fill), image displaying, drawing lines, circles, boxes and rectangles, text displaying and handling.

//Declarations------------------------------------------------------

------------

const code char advanced8051_bmp[1024];

//--------------------------------------------------------------enddeclarations

// Glcd module connections

sfr char GLCD_DataPort at P0; // GLCD data port

sbit GLCD_CS1 at P2.B0; // GLCD chip select 1 signal

sbit GLCD_CS2 at P2.B1; // GLCD chip select 2 signal

sbit GLCD_RS at P2.B2; // GLCD register select signal

sbit GLCD_RW at P2.B3; // GLCD read/write signal

sbit GLCD_RST at P2.B5; // GLCD reset signal

sbit GLCD_EN at P2.B4; // GLCD enable signal

// End Glcd module connections

void delay2S(){ // 2 seconds delay function delay_ms(2000);

}

void main() {

unsigned short ii;

char *someText;

Glcd_Init(); // Initialize GLCD

Glcd_Fill(0x00); // Clear GLCD

while(1) {

Glcd_Image(advanced8051_bmp); // Draw image delay2S(); delay2S();

Glcd_Fill(0x00);

Glcd_Box(62,40,124,56,1); // Draw box

Glcd_Rectangle(5,5,84,35,1); // Draw rectangle

Glcd_Line(0, 63, 127, 0,1); // Draw line

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for(ii = 5; ii < 60; ii+=5 ){

// Draw horizontal and vertical lines

Delay_ms(250);

Glcd_V_Line(2, 54, ii, 1);

Glcd_H_Line(2, 120, ii, 1);

} delay2S();

Glcd_Fill(0x00);

Glcd_Set_Font(Character8x8, 8, 8, 32);

// Choose font, see __Lib_GLCDFonts.c in Uses folder

Glcd_Write_Text("mikroE", 5, 7, 2); // Write string

for (ii = 1; ii <= 10; ii++) // Draw circles

Glcd_Circle(63,32, 3*ii, 1); delay2S();

}

}//~!

Glcd_Box(12,20, 70,57, 2); // Draw box delay2S();

Glcd_Set_Font(FontSystem5x8, 5, 8, 32); // Change font someText = "BIG:ONE";

Glcd_Write_Text(someText, 5,3, 2); // Write string delay2S(); someText = "SMALL:NOT:SMALLER";

Glcd_Write_Text(someText, 20,5, 1); // Write string delay2S();

CHAPTER 6

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0 x=0

Left side x=63 x=0

Right side

127 x=63 x axis

1 20

0 page0

8 page1

16 page2

24 page3

32 page4

40 page5

48 page6

56 page7 y axis mikroC for 8051

VCC

Vee

VCC

Contrast

Adjustment

10R

GLCD BCK

VCC

P0.0

P0.1

P0.2

P0.3

P0.4

P0.5

P0.6

P0.7

VCC

1 20 mikroElektronika

Easy8051B

Development system

6.2. GLCD HW connection

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

P2.5

P2.4

P2.3

P2.2

P2.1

P2.0

RST

R/W

CS2

CS1

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KEYPAD LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for working with 4x4 keypad. The library routines can also be used with 4x1, 4x2, or 4x3 keypad. For connections explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Note: Since sampling lines for 8051 MCUs are activated by logical zero Keypad

Library can not be used with hardwares that have protective diodes connected with anode to MCU side, such as mikroElektronika's Keypad extra board HW.Rev v1.20

External dependencies of Keypad Library

Library Routines

The following variable must be defined in all projects using Keypad

Library:

Description: Example : extern sfr char keypadPort;

Keypad Port.

sfr char keypadPort

at P0;

- Keypad_Init

- Keypad_Key_Press

- Keypad_Key_Click

Keypad_Init

Prototype void Keypad_Init(void);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes port for working with keypad.

Requires keypadPort variable must be defined before using this function.

Example // Initialize P0 for communication with keypad

sfr char keypadPort at P0;

...

Keypad_Init();

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Keypad_Key_Press

Prototype char Keypad_Key_Press(void);

Returns The code of a pressed key (1..16).

If no key is pressed, returns 0.

Description Reads the key from keypad when key gets pressed.

Requires Port needs to be initialized for working with the Keypad library, see Keypad_Init.

Example char kp;

...

kp = Keypad_Key_Press();

Keypad_Key_Click

Prototype char Keypad_Key_Click(void);

Returns The code of a clicked key (1..16).

If no key is clicked, returns 0.

Description Call to

Keypad_Key_Click is a blocking call: the function waits until some key is pressed and released. When released, the function returns 1 to 16, depending on the key. If more than one key is pressed simultaneously the function will wait until all pressed keys are released. After that the function will return the code of the first pressed key.

Requires Port needs to be initialized for working with the Keypad library, see Keypad_Init.

Example char kp;

...

kp = Keypad_Key_Click();

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Library Example

This is a simple example of using the Keypad Library. It supports keypads with 1..4

rows and 1..4 columns. The code being returned by Keypad_Key_Click() function is in range from 1..16. In this example, the code returned is transformed into ASCII codes [0..9,A..F] and displayed on LCD. In addition, a small single-byte counter displays in the second LCD row number of key presses.

unsigned short kp, cnt, oldstate = 0;

char txt[5];

// Keypad module connections sfr char keypadPort at P0;

// End Keypad module connections

// lcd pinout definition

sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;

sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;

sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;

sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;

sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;

sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;

// end lcd definitions

void main() { cnt = 0; // Reset counter

Keypad_Init(); // Initialize Keypad

Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off

Lcd_Out(1, 1, "Key :"); // Write message text on LCD

Lcd_Out(2, 1, "Times:");

do { kp = 0; // Reset key code variable

// Wait for key to be pressed and released do kp = Keypad_Key_Click(); // Store key code in kp variable

while (!kp);

// Prepare value for output, transform key to it's ASCII value

switch (kp) {

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//case 10: kp = 42; break; // '*'

// Uncomment this block for keypad4x3

//case 11: kp = 48; break; // '0'

//case 12: kp = 35; break; // '#'

//default: kp += 48; case 1: kp = 49; break; // 1

// Uncomment this block for keypad4x4 case 2: kp = 50; break; // 2 case 3: kp = 51; break; // 3 case 4: kp = 65; break; // A case 5: kp = 52; break; // 4 case 6: kp = 53; break; // 5 case 7: kp = 54; break; // 6 case 8: kp = 66; break; // B case 9: kp = 55; break; // 7

case 10: kp = 56; break; // 8

case 11: kp = 57; break; // 9

case 12: kp = 67; break; // C

case 13: kp = 42; break; // *

case 14: kp = 48; break; // 0

case 15: kp = 35; break; // #

case 16: kp = 68; break; // D

}

if (kp != oldstate) { // Pressed key differs from previous cnt = 1; oldstate = kp;

}

else { // Pressed key is same as previous cnt++;

}

Lcd_Chr(1, 10, kp); // Print key ASCII value on LCD

if (cnt == 255) { // If counter varialble overflow cnt = 0;

Lcd_Out(2, 10, " ");

}

WordToStr(cnt, txt); // Transform counter value to string

Lcd_Out(2, 10, txt); // Display counter value on LCD

} while (1);

} //~!

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1 2 3 A

4 5 6 B

7 8 9 C

* 0 # D

KEYPAD

4X4

Reset

VCC

RST

VCC

P0.0

P0.1

P0.2

P0.3

P0.4

P0.5

P0.6

P0.7

VCC

10K

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

P2.5

P2.4

P2.3

P2.2

P2.1

P2.0

Key :

Times:

8

LCD 2X16

6.3. 4x4 Keypad connection scheme

3

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LCD LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for communication with LCDs (with

HD44780 compliant controllers) through the 4-bit interface. An example of LCD connections is given on the schematic at the bottom of this page.

For creating a set of custom LCD characters use LCD Custom Character Tool.

External dependencies of LCD Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using LCD

Library:

Description:

extern sbit LCD_RS:

Example :

sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;

extern sbit LCD_EN: Enable line.

sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;

extern sbit LCD_D7; Data 7 line.

extern sbit LCD_D6; Data 6 line.

extern sbit LCD_D5; Data 5 line.

extern sbit LCD_D4; Data 4 line.

sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;

sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;

sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;

sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;

Library Routines

- Lcd_Init

- Lcd_Out

- Lcd_Out_Cp

- Lcd_Chr

- Lcd_Chr_Cp

- Lcd_Cmd

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Lcd_Init

Prototype void Lcd_Init()

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes LCD module.

Requires Global variables:

LCD_D7

: data bit 7

LCD_D6

: data bit 6

LCD_D5

: data bit 5

LCD_D4

: data bit 4

: register select (data/instruction) signal pin

: enable signal pin must be defined before using this function.

Example // lcd pinout settings

sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;

sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;

sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;

sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;

sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;

sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;

...

Lcd_Init();

Lcd_Out

Prototype void Lcd_Out(char row, char column, char *text);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on LCD starting from specified position. Both string variables and literals can be passed as a text.

Parameters :

- row

: starting position row number

- column

: starting position column number

- text

: text to be written

Requires The LCD module needs to be initialized. See Lcd_Init routine.

Example // Write text "Hello!" on LCD starting from row 1, column 3:

Lcd_Out(1, 3, "Hello!");

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Lcd_Out_Cp

Prototype void Lcd_Out_Cp(char *text);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on LCD at current cursor position. Both string variables and literals can be passed as a text.

Parameters :

- text

: text to be written

Requires The LCD module needs to be initialized. See Lcd_Init routine.

Example // Write text "Here!" at current cursor position:

Lcd_Out_Cp("Here!");

Lcd_Chr

Prototype void Lcd_Chr(char row, char column, char out_char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on LCD at specified position. Both variables and literals can be passed as a character.

Parameters :

- row

: writing position row number

- column

: writing position column number

- out_char

: character to be written

Requires The LCD module needs to be initialized. See Lcd_Init routine.

Example // Write character "i" at row 2, column 3:

Lcd_Chr(2, 3, 'i');

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Lcd_Chr_Cp

Prototype void Lcd_Chr_Cp(char out_char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on LCD at current cursor position. Both variables and literals can be passed as a character.

Parameters :

- out_char

: character to be written

Requires The LCD module needs to be initialized. See Lcd_Init routine.

Example // Write character "e" at current cursor position:

Lcd_Chr_Cp('e');

Lcd_Cmd

Prototype void Lcd_Cmd(char out_char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sends command to LCD.

Parameters :

- out_char

: command to be sent

Note: Predefined constants can be passed to the function, see

Available LCD Commands.

Requires The LCD module needs to be initialized. See Lcd_Init routine.

Example // Clear LCD display:

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);

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Available LCD Commands

LCD Command

LCD_FIRST_ROW

LCD_SECOND_ROW

LCD_THIRD_ROW

Purpose

Move cursor to the 1st row

Move cursor to the 2nd row

Move cursor to the 3rd row

LCD_FOURTH_ROW

LCD_CLEAR

LCD_RETURN_HOME

LCD_CURSOR_OFF

LCD_UNDERLINE_ON

Move cursor to the 4th row

Clear display

Return cursor to home position, returns a shifted display to its original position. Display data RAM is unaffected.

Turn off cursor

Underline cursor on

LCD_BLINK_CURSOR_ON

LCD_MOVE_CURSOR_LEFT

LCD_MOVE_CURSOR_RIGHT

LCD_TURN_ON

Blink cursor on

Move cursor left without changing display data

RAM

Move cursor right without changing display data

RAM

Turn LCD display on

LCD_TURN_OFF

LCD_SHIFT_LEFT

LCD_SHIFT_RIGHT

Turn LCD display off

Shift display left without changing display data

RAM

Shift display right without changing display data

RAM

Library Example

The following code demonstrates usage of the LCD Library routines:

// LCD module connections

sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;

sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;

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sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;

sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;

sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;

sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;

// End LCD module connections

char txt1[] = "mikroElektronika";

char txt2[] = "Easy8051B";

char txt3[] = "lcd4bit";

char txt4[] = "example";

char i; // Loop variable

void Move_Delay() { // Function used for text moving

Delay_ms(500); // You can change the moving speed here

}

void main(){

}

Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off

LCD_Out(1,6,txt3); // Write text in first row

LCD_Out(2,6,txt4); // Write text in second row

Delay_ms(2000);

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display

LCD_Out(1,1,txt1); // Write text in first row

LCD_Out(2,4,txt2); // Write text in second row

Delay_ms(500);

// Moving text

for(i=0; i<4; i++) { // Move text to the right 4 times

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_SHIFT_RIGHT);

Move_Delay();

}

while(1) { // Endless loop

for(i=0; i<7; i++) { // Move text to the left 7 times

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_SHIFT_LEFT);

Move_Delay();

}

for(i=0; i<7; i++) { // Move text to the right 7 times

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_SHIFT_RIGHT);

Move_Delay();

}

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VCC mikroC for 8051

VCC

10K

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

P2.5

P2.4

P2.3

P2.2

P2.1

P2.0

LCD4 Test mikroElektronika

LCD 2X16

6.4. LCD HW connection

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ONEWIRE LIBRARY

The OneWire library provides routines for communication via the Dallas OneWire protocol, e.g. with DS18x20 digital thermometer. OneWire is a Master/Slave protocol, and all communication cabling required is a single wire. OneWire enabled devices should have open collector drivers (with single pull-up resistor) on the shared data line.

Slave devices on the OneWire bus can even get their power supply from data line.

For detailed schematic see device datasheet.

Some basic characteristics of this protocol are:

- single master system,

- low cost,

- low transfer rates (up to 16 kbps),

- fairly long distances (up to 300 meters),

- small data transfer packages.

Each OneWire device has also a unique 64-bit registration number (8-bit device type, 48-bit serial number and 8-bit CRC), so multiple slaves can co-exist on the same bus.

Note: Oscillator frequency Fosc needs to be at least 8MHz in order to use the routines with Dallas digital thermometers.

External dependencies of OneWire Library

This variable must be defined in any project that is using OneWire

Library:

Description: Example :

extern sbit OW_Bit;

OneWire line.

sbit OW_Bit at P2.B7;

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Library Routines

- Ow_Reset

- Ow_Read

- Ow_Write

Ow_Reset

Prototype unsigned short Ow_Reset();

Returns -

0 if the device is present

1 if the device is not present

Description Issues OneWire reset signal for DS18x20.

Parameters :

- None.

Requires Devices compliant with the Dallas OneWire protocol.

Global variable

OW_Bit must be defined before using this function.

Example // Issue Reset signal on One-Wire Bus

Ow_Reset();

Ow_Read

Prototype unsigned short Ow_Read();

Returns Data read from an external device over the OneWire bus.

Description Reads one byte of data via the OneWire bus.

Requires Devices compliant with the Dallas OneWire protocol.

Global variable

OW_Bit must be defined before using this function.

Example // Read a byte from the One-Wire Bus

unsigned short read_data;

...

read_data = Ow_Read();

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Ow_Write

Prototype void Ow_Write(char par);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes one byte of data via the OneWire bus.

Parameters :

- par

: data to be written

Requires Devices compliant with the Dallas OneWire protocol.

Global variable

OW_Bit must be defined before using this function.

Example // Send a byte to the One-Wire Bus

Ow_Write(0xCC);

Library Example

This example reads the temperature using DS18x20 connected to pin P1.2. After reset, MCU obtains temperature from the sensor and prints it on the LCD. Make sure to pull-up P1.2 line and to turn off the P1 leds.

// lcd pinout definition

sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;

sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;

sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;

sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;

sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;

sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;

// end lcd definition

// OneWire pinout

sbit OW_Bit at P1.B2;

// end OneWire definition

// Set TEMP_RESOLUTION to the corresponding resolution of used

DS18x20 sensor:

// 18S20: 9 (default setting; can be 9,10,11,or 12)

// 18B20: 12

const unsigned short TEMP_RESOLUTION = 9;

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char *text = "000.0000";

unsigned temp;

void Display_Temperature(unsigned int temp2write) {

const unsigned short RES_SHIFT = TEMP_RESOLUTION - 8;

char temp_whole;

unsigned int temp_fraction;

// check if temperature is negative

if (temp2write & 0x8000) { text[0] = '-'; temp2write = ~temp2write + 1;

}

// extract temp_whole temp_whole = temp2write >> RES_SHIFT ;

// convert temp_whole to characters

if (temp_whole/100) text[0] = temp_whole/100 + 48; text[1] = (temp_whole/10)%10 + 48; // Extract tens digit text[2] = temp_whole%10 + 48; // Extract ones digit

// extract temp_fraction and convert it to unsigned int temp_fraction = temp2write << (4-RES_SHIFT); temp_fraction &= 0x000F; temp_fraction *= 625;

// convert temp_fraction to characters text[4] = temp_fraction/1000 + 48; // Extract thousands digit text[5] = (temp_fraction/100)%10 + 48; // Extract hundreds digit text[6] = (temp_fraction/10)%10 + 48; // Extract tens digit text[7] = temp_fraction%10 + 48; // Extract ones digit

// print temperature on LCD

Lcd_Out(2, 5, text);

}//~

void main() {

Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear LCD

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off

Lcd_Out(1, 1, " Temperature: ");

// Print degree character, 'C' for Centigrades

Lcd_Chr(2,13,223);

Lcd_Chr(2,14,'C');

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//--- main loop

do {

//--- perform temperature reading

Ow_Reset(); // Onewire reset signal

Ow_Write(0xCC); // Issue command SKIP_ROM

Ow_Write(0x44); // Issue command CONVERT_T

Delay_us(120);

Ow_Reset();

Ow_Write(0xCC); // Issue command SKIP_ROM

Ow_Write(0xBE); // Issue command READ_SCRATCHPAD temp = Ow_Read(); temp = (Ow_Read() << 8) + temp;

//--- Format and display result on Lcd

Display_Temperature(temp);

Delay_ms(500);

} while (1);

}//~!

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HW Connection

125 C

DS1820

GND

VCC

-50 C

VCC

4K7

VCC

P1.2

RST

Reset

VCC

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

P2.5

P2.4

P2.3

P2.2

P2.1

P2.0

mikroC for 8051

VCC

10K

VCC

Temperature:

025.5 C

LCD 2X16

6.5. Example of DS1820 connection

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MANCHESTER CODE LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for handling Manchester coded signals. The

Manchester code is a code in which data and clock signals are combined to form a single self-synchronizing data stream; each encoded bit contains a transition at the midpoint of a bit period, the direction of transition determines whether the bit is 0 or 1; the second half is the true bit value and the first half is the complement of the true bit value (as shown in the figure below).

Notes: The Manchester receive routines are blocking calls (

Man_Receive_Init and

Man_Synchro

). This means that MCU will wait until the task has been performed

(e.g. byte is received, synchronization achieved, etc).

External dependencies of Manchester Code Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using

Manchester Code

Library:

Description: Example :

extern sbit MANRXPIN;

Keypad Port.

sfr char keypadPort at P0;

extern sbit MANTXPIN; Transmit line.

sbit MANTXPIN at P1.B1;

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Library Routines

- Man_Receive_Init

- Man_Receive

- Man_Send_Init

- Man_Send

- Man_Synchro

The following routines are for the internal use by compiler only:

- Manchester_0

- Manchester_1

- Manchester_Out

Man_Receive_Init

Prototype unsigned int Man_Receive_Init();

Returns -

- if initialization and synchronization were successful.

- upon unsuccessful synchronization.

Description The function configures Receiver pin and performs synchronization procedure in order to retrieve baud rate out of the incoming signal.

Note: In case of multiple persistent errors on reception, the user should call this routine once again or Man_Synchro routine to enable synchronization.

Requires MANRXPIN variable must be defined before using this function.

Example // Initialize Receiver

sbit MANRXPIN at P0.B0;

...

Man_Receive_Init();

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Man_Receive

Prototype unsigned char Man_Receive(unsigned char *error);

Returns A byte read from the incoming signal.

Description The function extracts one byte from incoming signal.

Parameters :

- error

: error flag. If signal format does not match the expected, the error flag will be set to non-zero.

Requires To use this function, the user must prepare the MCU for receiving. See Man_Receive_Init.

Example unsigned char data = 0, error = 0;

...

data = Man_Receive(&error);

if (error)

{ /* error handling */ }

Man_Send_Init

Prototype void Man_Send_Init();

Returns Nothing.

Description The function configures Transmitter pin.

Requires

MANTXPIN variable must be defined before using this function.

Example // Initialize Transmitter:

sbit MANTXPIN at P1.B1;

...

Man_Send_Init();

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Man_Send

Prototype void Man_Send(unsigned char tr_data);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sends one byte.

Parameters :

- tr_data

: data to be sent

Note: Baud rate used is 500 bps.

Requires To use this function, the user must prepare the MCU for sending. See Man_Send_Init.

Example unsigned char msg;

...

Man_Send(msg);

Man_Synchro

Prototype unsigned int Man_Synchro();

Returns -

- if synchronization was not successful.

- Half of the manchester bit length, given in multiples of 10us - upon successful synchronization.

Description Measures half of the manchester bit length with 10us resolution.

Requires To use this function, you must first prepare the MCU for receiving. See Man_Receive_Init.

Example unsigned int man__half_bit_len;

...

man__half_bit_len = Man_Synchro();

Library Example

The following code is code for the Manchester receiver, it shows how to use the

Manchester Library for receiving data:

// LCD module connections

sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;

sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;

sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;

sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;

sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;

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sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;

// End LCD module connections

// Manchester module connections

sbit MANRXPIN at P0.B0;

sbit MANTXPIN at P1.B1;

// End Manchester module connections

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

char error, ErrorCount, temp;

void main() {

ErrorCount = 0;

Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear LCD display

Man_Receive_Init(); // Initialize Receiver

while (1) { // Endless loop

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_FIRST_ROW); // Move cursor to the 1st row while (1) { // Wait for the "start" byte temp = Man_Receive(&error); // Attempt byte receive

if (temp == 0x0B) // "Start" byte, see

Transmitter example

break; // We got the starting sequence

if (error) // Exit so we do not loop forever

break;

} do

{ temp = Man_Receive(&error); // Attempt byte receive

if (error) { // If error occured

Lcd_Chr_CP('?'); // Write question mark on LCD

ErrorCount++; // Update error counter

if (ErrorCount > 20) { // In case of multiple errors temp = Man_Synchro(); // Try to synchronize again

//Man_Receive_Init(); // Alternative, try to

Initialize Receiver again

ErrorCount = 0;

}

else { // No error occured

if (temp != 0x0E)

// If "End" byte was received(see Transmitter example)

Lcd_Chr_CP(temp);

}

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Delay_ms(25);

}

while (temp != 0x0E) ;

// If "End" byte was received exit do loop

}

The following code is code for the Manchester transmitter, it shows how to use the

Manchester Library for transmitting data:

// Manchester module connections

sbit MANRXPIN at P0.B0;

sbit MANTXPIN at P1.B1;

// End Manchester module connections

char index, character;

char s1[] = "mikroElektronika";

void main() {

Man_Send_Init(); // Initialize transmitter

while (1) { // Endless loop

Man_Send(0x0B); // Send "start" byte

Delay_ms(100); // Wait for a while

}

} character = s1[0]; // Take first char from string index = 0; // Initialize index variable

while (character) { // String ends with zero

Man_Send(character); // Send character

Delay_ms(90); // Wait for a while index++; // Increment index variable character = s1[index]; // Take next char from string

}

Man_Send(0x0E); // Send "end" byte

Delay_ms(1000);

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Connection Example

Receiver RF module

Antenna

VCC

VCC

RR4

GND

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

VCC

P0.0

VCC

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

Antenna

Transmitter RF module

VCC

P1.1

VCC

VCC

RT4 Out

GND

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

6.6. Simple Receiver connection

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PORT EXPANDER LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for communication with the Microchip’s

Port Expander MCP23S17 via SPI interface. Connections of the 8051 compliant

MCU and MCP23S17 is given on the schematic at the bottom of this page.

Note: Library uses the SPI module for communication. The user must initialize SPI module before using the Port Expander Library.

Note: Library does not use Port Expander interrupts.

External dependencies of Port Expander Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using

Port Expander

Library:

Description: Example : extern sbit

SPExpanderCS;

Chip Select line.

sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1; extern sbit

SPExpanderRST;

Reset line.

sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0;

Library Routines

- Expander_Init

- Expander_Read_Byte

- Expander_Write_Byte

- Expander_Read_PortA

- Expander_Read_PortB

- Expander_Read_PortAB

- Expander_Write_PortA

- Expander_Write_PortB

- Expander_Write_PortAB

- Expander_Set_DirectionPortA

- Expander_Set_DirectionPortB

- Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB

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- Expander_Set_PullUpsPortA

- Expander_Set_PullUpsPortB

- Expander_Set_PullUpsPortAB

Expander_Init

Prototype void Expander_Init(char ModuleAddress);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes Port Expander using SPI communication.

Port Expander module settings :

- hardware addressing enabled

- automatic address pointer incrementing disabled (byte mode)

- BANK_0 register adressing

- slew rate enabled

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Requires SPExpanderCS and

SPExpanderRST variables must be defined before using this function.

SPI module needs to be initialized. See Spi_Init and

Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

Example // port expander pinout definition sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

...

Spi_Init(); // initialize SPI module

Expander_Init(0); // initialize port expander

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Expander_Read_Byte

Prototype char Expander_Read_Byte(char ModuleAddress, char

RegAddress);

Returns Byte read.

Description The function reads byte from Port Expander.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

RegAddress

: Port Expander's internal register address

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init

Example // Read a byte from Port Expander's register

char read_data;

...

read_data = Expander_Read_Byte(0,1);

Expander_Write_Byte

Prototype void Expander_Write_Byte(char ModuleAddress,char

RegAddress , char Data);

Returns Nothing

Description Routine writes a byte to Port Expander.

Parameters :

- ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

- RegAddress

: Port Expander's internal register address

- Data

: data to be written

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init

Example // Write a byte to the Port Expander's register

Expander_Write_Byte(0,1,$FF);

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Expander_Read_PortA

Prototype char Expander_Read_PortA(char ModuleAddress);

Returns Byte read.

Description The function reads byte from Port Expander's PortA.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Port Expander's PortA should be configured as input. See

Expander_Set_DirectionPortA and

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB routines.

Example // Read a byte from Port Expander's PORTA

char read_data;

...

Expander_Set_DirectionPortA(0,0xFF);

// set expander's porta to be input

...

read_data = Expander_Read_PortA(0);

Expander_Read_PortB

Prototype char Expander_Read_PortB(char ModuleAddress);

Returns Byte read.

Description The function reads byte from Port Expander's PortB.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Port Expander's PortB should be configured as input. See

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB and

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB routines

Example // Read a byte from Port Expander's PORTB

char read_data;

...

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB(0,0xFF); expander's portb to be input

...

read_data = Expander_Read_PortB(0);

// set

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Expander_Read_PortAB

Prototype unsigned int Expander_Read_PortAB(char ModuleAddress);

Returns Word read.

Description The function reads word from Port Expander's ports. PortA readings are in the higher byte of the result. PortB readings are in the lower byte of the result.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Port Expander's PortA and PortB should be configured as inputs.

See Expander_Set_DirectionPortA,

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB and

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB routines.

Example // Read a byte from Port Expander's PORTA and PORTB

unsigned int read_data;

...

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB(0,0xFFFF);

// set expander's porta and portb to be input

...

read_data = Expander_Read_PortAB(0);

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Expander_Write_PortA

Prototype void Expander_Write_PortA(char ModuleAddress, char

Data);

Returns Nothing

Description The function writes byte to Port Expander's PortA.

Requires

Example

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Data

: data to be written

Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Port Expander's PortA should be configured as output. See

Expander_Set_DirectionPortA and

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB routines.

// Write a byte to Port Expander's PORTA

...

Expander_Set_DirectionPortA(0,0x00);

// set expander's porta to be output

...

Expander_Write_PortA(0, 0xAA);

Expander_Write_PortB

Prototype void Expander_Write_PortB(char ModuleAddress, char

Data);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function writes byte to Port Expander's PortB.

Parameters :

- ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

- Data

: data to be written

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Port Expander's PortB should be configured as output. See

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB and

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB routines.

Example // Write a byte to Port Expander's PORTB

...

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB(0,0x00);

// set expander's portb to be output

...

Expander_Write_PortB(0, 0x55);

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Expander_Write_PortAB

Prototype void Expander_Write_PortAB(char ModuleAddress,

unsigned int Data);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function writes word to Port Expander's ports.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Data

: data to be written. Data to be written to PortA are passed in Data's higher byte. Data to be written to PortB are passed in

Data's lower byte

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Port Expander's PortA and PortB should be configured as outputs.

See Expander_Set_DirectionPortA,

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB and

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB routines.

Example // Write a byte to Port Expander's PORTA and PORTB

...

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB(0,0x0000);

// set expander's porta and portb to be output

...

Expander_Write_PortAB(0, 0xAA55);

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Expander_Set_DirectionPortA

Prototype void Expander_Set_DirectionPortA(char ModuleAddress,

char Data);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function sets Port Expander's PortA direction.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Data

: data to be written to the PortA direction register. Each bit corresponds to the appropriate pin of the PortA register. Set bit designates corresponding pin as input. Cleared bit designates corresponding pin as output.

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Example // Set Port Expander's PORTA to be output

Expander_Set_DirectionPortA(0,0x00);

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB

Prototype void Expander_Set_DirectionPortB(char ModuleAddress,

char Data);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function sets Port Expander's PortB direction.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Data

: data to be written to the PortB direction register. Each bit corresponds to the appropriate pin of the PortB register. Set bit designates corresponding pin as input. Cleared bit designates corresponding pin as output.

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Example // Set Port Expander's PORTB to be input

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB(0,0xFF);

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Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB

Prototype void Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB(char ModuleAddress,

unsigned int Direction);

Returns Nothing

Description The function sets Port Expander's PortA and PortB direction.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Direction

: data to be written to direction registers. Data to be written to the PortA direction register are passed in Direction's higher byte. Data to be written to the PortB direction register are passed in Direction's lower byte. Each bit corresponds to the appropriate pin of the PortA/PortB register. Set bit designates corresponding pin as input. Cleared bit designates corresponding pin as output.

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Example // Set Port Expander's PORTA to be output and PORTB to be input

Expander_Set_DirectionPortAB(0,0x00FF);

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortA

Prototype void Expander_Set_PullUpsPortA(char ModuleAddress,

char Data);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function sets Port Expander's PortA pull up/down resistors.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Data

: data for choosing pull up/down resistors configuration.

Each bit corresponds to the appropriate pin of the PortA register.

Set bit enables pull-up for corresponding pin.

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Example // Set Port Expander's PORTA pull-up resistors

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortA(0, 0xFF);

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Expander_Set_PullUpsPortB

Prototype void Expander_Set_PullUpsPortB(char ModuleAddress,

char Data);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function sets Port Expander's PortB pull up/down resistors.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Data

: data for choosing pull up/down resistors configuration.

Each bit corresponds to the appropriate pin of the PortB register.

Set bit enables pull-up for corresponding pin.

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Example // Set Port Expander's PORTB pull-up resistors

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortB(0, 0xFF);

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortAB

Prototype void Expander_Set_PullUpsPortAB(char ModuleAddress,

unsigned int PullUps);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function sets Port Expander's PortA and PortB pull up/down resistors.

Parameters :

ModuleAddress

: Port Expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

PullUps

: data for choosing pull up/down resistors configurati on. PortA pull up/down resistors configuration is passed in

PullUps's higher byte. PortB pull up/down resistors configura tion is passed in PullUps's lower byte. Each bit corresponds to the appropriate pin of the PortA/PortB register. Set bit enables pull-up for corresponding pin.

Requires Port Expander must be initialized. See Expander_Init.

Example // Set Port Expander's PORTA and PORTB pull-up resistors

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortAB(0, 0xFFFF);

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Library Example

The example demonstrates how to communicate with Port Expander MCP23S17.

Note that Port Expander pins A2 A1 A0 are connected to GND so Port Expander

Hardware Address is 0.

unsigned char i=0;

// Port Expander module connections sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

// End Port Expander module connections

void main(){

Spi_Init(); // Initialize SPI module

Expander_Init(0); // Initialize Port Expander

Expander_Set_DirectionPortA(0, 0x00);

// Set Expander's PORTA to be output

Expander_Set_DirectionPortB(0,0xFF);

// Set Expander's PORTB to be input

Expander_Set_PullUpsPortB(0,0xFF);

// Set pull-ups to all of the Expander's PORTB pins

while(1) { // Endless loop

Expander_Write_PortA(0, i++); // Write i to expander's PORTA

P0 = Expander_Read_PortB(0);

// Read expander's PORTB and write it to PORT0

Delay_ms(100);

}

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HW Connection

MCP23S17

P1.0

P1.7

P1.5

P1.6

GPB0

GPB1

GPB2

GPB3

GPB4

GPB5

GPB6

GPB7

VDD

VSS

SCK

GPA7

GPA6

GPA5

GPA4

GPA3

GPA2

GPA1

GPA0

INTA

INTB

RESET

18 P1.0

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

VCC

PORTB

VCC

PORTA

6.7. Port Expander HW connection

P1.0

P1.1

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

VCC

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

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PS/2 LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for communication with the common PS/2 keyboard.

Note: The library does not utilize interrupts for data retrieval, and requires the oscillator clock to be at least 6MHz.

Note: The pins to which a PS/2 keyboard is attached should be connected to the pullup resistors.

Note: Although PS/2 is a two-way communication bus, this library does not provide

MCU-to-keyboard communication; e.g. pressing the Caps Lock key will not turn on the Caps Lock LED.

External dependencies of PS/2 Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using PS/2 Library:

Description: Example :

extern sbit PS2_DATA;

extern sbit PS2_CLOCK;

PS/2 Data line.

sbit PS2_DATA at P0.B0;

PS/2 Clock line.

sbit PS2_CLOCK at P0.B1;

Library Routines

- Ps2_Config

- Ps2_Key_Read

Ps2_Config

Prototype void Ps2_Config();

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes the MCU for work with the PS/2 keyboard.

Requires Global variables :

PS2_DATA

: Data signal pin

PS2_CLOCK

: Clock signal pin must be defined before using this function.

Example // PS2 pinout definition

sbit PS2_DATA at P0.B0;

sbit PS2_CLOCK at P0.B1;

...

Ps2_Config(); // Init PS/2 Keyboard

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Ps2_Key_Read

Prototype unsigned short Ps2_Key_Read(unsigned short *value,

unsigned short *special, unsigned short *pressed);

Returns -

1 if reading of a key from the keyboard was successful

0 if no key was pressed

Description The function retrieves information on key pressed.

Parameters :

- value

: holds the value of the key pressed. For characters, numerals, punctuation marks, and space value will store the appropriate ASCII code. Routine “recognizes” the function of

Shift and Caps Lock, and behaves appropriately. For special function keys see Special Function Keys Table.

- special

: is a flag for special function keys (F1, Enter, Esc, etc).

If key pressed is one of these, special will be set to 1, otherwise 0.

- pressed

: is set to 1 if the key is pressed, and 0 if it is released.

Requires PS/2 keyboard needs to be initialized. See Ps2_Config routine.

Example unsigned short value, special, pressed;

...

// Press Enter to continue:

do {

if (Ps2_Key_Read(&value, &special, &pressed)) {

if ((value == 13) && (special == 1)) break;

}

} while (1);

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Special Function Keys

Key Value returned

F10

F11

F12

Enter

Page Up

Page Down

Backspace

Insert

Delete

Windows

Ctrl

Shift

Alt

Print Screen

Pause

Caps Lock

End

Home

Scroll Lock

Num Lock

Left Arrow

Right Arrow

Up Arrow

Down Arrow

Escape

Tab

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Library Example

This simple example reads values of the pressed keys on the PS/2 keyboard and sends them via UART.

char keydata = 0, special = 0, down = 0;

// PS2 module connections

sbit PS2_DATA at P0.B0;

sbit PS2_CLOCK at P0.B1;

// End PS2 module connections

void main() {

Uart_Init(4800); // Initialize UART module at 4800 bps

Ps2_Config(); // Initialize PS/2 Keyboard

Delay_ms(100); // Wait for keyboard to finish

do { // Endless loop

if (Ps2_Key_Read(&keydata, &special, &down)) {

// If data was read from PS/2

if (down && (keydata == 16)) { // Backspace read

Uart_Write(0x08); // Send Backspace to usart terminal

}

else if (down && (keydata == 13)) { // Enter read

Uart_Write('\r');// Send carriage return to usart terminal

//Uart_Write('\n');

// Uncomment this line if usart terminal also expects line feed

// for new line transition

}

else if (down && !special && keydata) { // Common key read

Uart_Write(keydata); // Send key to usart terminal

}

Delay_ms(10); // Debounce period

} while (1);

}

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HW Connection

PS2

CONNECTOR

DATA

GND

VCC

CLK

+5V

CLK

VCC VCC

1K 1K

+5V

NC DATA

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

Example of PS2 keyboard connection

VCC

P0.0

P0.1

mikroC for 8051

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RS-485 LIBRARY

RS-485 is a multipoint communication which allows multiple devices to be connected to a single bus. The mikroC for 8051 provides a set of library routines for comfortable work with RS485 system using Master/Slave architecture. Master and Slave devices interchange packets of information. Each of these packets contains synchronization bytes, CRC byte, address byte and the data. Each Slave has unique address and receives only packets addressed to it. The Slave can never initiate communication.

It is the user’s responsibility to ensure that only one device transmits via 485 bus at a time.

The RS-485 routines require the UART module. Pins of UART need to be attached to RS-485 interface transceiver, such as LTC485 or similar (see schematic at the bottom of this page).

Library constants:

- START byte value =

150

- STOP byte value =

169

- Address

50 is the broadcast address for all Slaves (packets containing address

50 will be received by all Slaves except the Slaves with addresses

150 and

169

External dependencies of RS-485 Library

The following variable must be defined in all projects using

RS-485 Library:

Description: Example : extern sbit rs485_transceive;

Control RS-485

Transmit/Receive operation mode

sbit rs485_transceive at P3.B2;

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Library Routines

- RS485master_Init

- RS485master_Receive

- RS485master_Send

- RS485slave_Init

- RS485slave_Receive

- RS485slave_Send

RS485master_Init

Prototype void Rs485master_Init();

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes MCU as a Master for RS-485 communication.

Requires rs485_transceive variable must be defined before using this function. This pin is connected to RE/DE input of RS-485 transceiver(see schematic at the bottom of this page). RE/DE signal controls RS-485 transceiver operation mode. Valid values:

(for transmitting) and

(for receiving)

UART HW module needs to be initialized. See Uart_Init.

Example // rs485 module pinout

sbit rs485_transceive at P3.B2;

// transmit/receive control set to port3.bit2

...

Uart_Init(9600); usart module

// initialize

Rs485master_Init(); // intialize mcu as a Master for RS-485 communication

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RS485master_Receive

Prototype void Rs485master_Receive(char *data_buffer);

Returns Nothing.

Description Receives messages from Slaves. Messages are multi-byte, so this routine must be called for each byte received.

Parameters :

- data_buffer

: 7 byte buffer for storing received data, in the fol lowing manner:

- data[0..2]

: message content

- data[3]

: number of message bytes received, 1–3

- data[4]

: is set to 255 when message is received

- data[5]

: is set to 255 if error has occurred

- data[6]

: address of the Slave which sent the message

The function automatically adjusts data[4] and data[5] upon every received message. These flags need to be cleared by software.

Requires MCU must be initialized as a Master for RS-485 communication.

See RS485master_Init.

Example char msg[8];

...

RS485master_Receive(msg);

RS485master_Send

Prototype void Rs485master_Send(char *data_buffer, char datalen, char slave_address);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sends message to Slave(s). Message format can be found at the bottom of this page.

Parameters :

- data_buffer

: data to be sent

- datalen

: number of bytes for transmition. Valid values: 0...3.

- slave_address

: Slave(s) address

Requires MCU must be initialized as a Master for RS-485 communication.

See RS485master_Init.

It is the user’s responsibility to ensure (by protocol) that only one device sends data via 485 bus at a time.

Example char msg[8];

...

// send 3 bytes of data to slave with address 0x12

RS485master_Send(msg, 3, 0x12);

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RS485slave_Init

Prototype void Rs485slave_Init(char slave_address);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes MCU as a Slave for RS-485 communication.

Parameters :

- slave_address

: Slave address

(for transmitting) and

(for receiving)

UART HW module needs to be initialized. See Uart_Init.

Example // rs485 module pinout

sbit rs485_transceive at P3.B2;

// transmit/receive control set to port3.bit2

...

Uart_Init(9600); // initialize usart module

Rs485slave_Init(160); // intialize mcu as a Slave for RS-485 communication with address 160

RS485slave_Receive

Prototype void RS485slave_Receive(char *data_buffer);

Returns Nothing.

Description Receives messages from Master. If Slave address and Message address field don't match then the message will be discarded.

Messages are multi-byte, so this routine must be called for each byte received.

Parameters :

- data_buffer

: 6 byte buffer for storing received data, in the fol lowing manner:

- data[0..2]

: message content

- data[3]

: number of message bytes received, 1–3

- data[4]

: is set to 255 when message is received

- data[5]

: is set to 255 if error has occurred

The function automatically adjusts data[4] and data[5] upon every received message. These flags need to be cleared by software.

Requires MCU must be initialized as a Slave for RS-485 communication.

See RS485slave_Init.

Example char msg[8];

...

RS485slave_Read(msg);

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RS485slave_Send

Prototype void Rs485slave_Send(char *data_buffer, char datalen);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sends message to Master. Message format can be found at the bottom of this page.

Parameters :

- data_buffer

: data to be sent

- datalen

: number of bytes for transmition. Valid values: 0...3.

Requires MCU must be initialized as a Slave for RS-485 communication.

See RS485slave_Init. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure (by protocol) that only one device sends data via 485 bus at a time.

Example char msg[8];

...

// send 2 bytes of data to the master

RS485slave_Send(msg, 2);

Library Example

This is a simple demonstration of RS485 Library routines usage.

Master sends message to Slave with address 160 and waits for a response. The Slave accepts data, increments it and sends it back to the Master. Master then does the same and sends incremented data back to Slave, etc.

Master displays received data on P0, while error on receive (0xAA) and number of consecutive unsuccessful retries are displayed on P1. Slave displays received data on P0, while error on receive (0xAA) is displayed on P1. Hardware configurations in this example are made for the Easy8051B board and AT89S8253.

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RS485 Master code:

char dat[10]; // Buffer for receving/sending messages

char i,j;

long count = 0;

// RS485 module connections

sbit rs485_transceive at P3.B2; // Transmit/Receive control set to P3.2

// End RS485 module connections

//-------------- Interrupt routine

void UartRxHandler() org 0x23 {

EA = 0; // Clear global interrupt enable flag

if(RI) { // Test UART receive interrupt flag

Rs485master_Receive(dat); // UART receive interrupt detected,

// receive data using RS485 communication

RI = 0; // Clear UART interrupt flag

}

EA = 1; // Set global interrupt enable flag

}//~!~

void main(){

P0 = 0; // Clear ports

P1 = 0;

Uart_Init(9600); // Initialize UART module at 9600 bps

Delay_ms(100);

Rs485master_Init(); // Intialize MCU as RS485 master dat[0] = 0x55; // Fill buffer dat[1] = 0x00; dat[2] = 0x00; dat[4] = 0; // Ensure that message received flag is 0 dat[5] = 0; // Ensure that error flag is 0 dat[6] = 0;

Rs485master_Send(dat,1,160); // Send message to slave with address 160

// message data is stored in dat

// message is 1 byte long

ES = 1; // Enable UART interrupt

RI = 0; // Clear UART RX interrupt flag

EA = 1; // Enable interrupts

while (1){ // Endless loop

// Upon completed valid message receiving

// data[4] is set to 255

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if (dat[5]) { // If error detected, signal it by

P1 = 0xAA; // setting PORT1 to 0xAA

}

if (dat[4]) { // If message received successfully count = 0; // Reset loop pass counter dat[4] = 0; // Clear message received flag j = dat[3]; // Read number of message received bytes

for (i = 1; i <= j; i++){

P0 = dat[i-1]; // Show received data on PORT0

} dat[0] = dat[0] + 1; // Increment first received byte dat[0]

Delay_ms(10);

Rs485master_Send(dat,1,160); // And send it back to Slave

}

if (count > 10000) { // If loop is passed 100000 times with

// no message received

P1++; // Signal receive message failure on PORT1 count = 0; // Reset loop pass counter

Rs485master_Send(dat,1,160); // Retry send message

if (P1 > 10) { // If sending failed 10 times

P1 = 0; // Clear PORT1

Rs485master_Send(dat,1,50); // Send message on broadcast address

}

RS485 Slave code:

char dat[9]; // Buffer for receving/sending messages

char i,j;

// RS485 module connections

sbit rs485_transceive at P3.B2;

// Transmit/Receive control set to P3.2

// End RS485 module connections

//-------------- Interrupt routine

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void UartRxHandler() org 0x23 {

EA = 0; // Clear global interrupt enable flag

if(RI) { // Test UART receive interrupt flag

Rs485slave_Receive(dat); // UART receive interrupt detected,

// receive data using RS485 communication

RI = 0; // Clear UART interrupt flag

}

EA = 1; // Set global interrupt enable flag

}//~!~

void main(){

P0 = 0; // Clear ports

P1 = 0;

Uart_Init(9600); // Initialize UART module at 9600 bps

Delay_ms(100);

Rs485slave_Init(160); // Intialize MCU as slave, address 160 dat[4] = 0; // ensure that message received flag is 0 dat[5] = 0; // ensure that error flag is 0

ES = 1; // Enable UART interrupt

RI = 0; // Clear UART RX interrupt flag

EA = 1; // Enable interrupts

while (1){ // Endless loop

// Upon completed valid message receiving

// data[4] is set to 255

if (dat[5]) { // If error detected, signal it by

P1 = 0xAA; // setting PORT1 to 0xAA

}

if (dat[4]) { // If message received successfully dat[4] = 0; // Clear message received flag j = dat[3]; // Read number of message received bytes

for (i = 1; i <= j; i++){

P0 = dat[i-1]; // Show received data on PORT0

} dat[0] = dat[0] + 1; // Increment received dat[0]

Delay_ms(10);

Rs485slave_Send(dat,1); // And send back to Master

}

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HW Connection

Shielded pair no longer than 300m

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Libraries

VCC

56R

Vcc

GND

LTC485

4K7

VCC

P3.0

P3.1

P3.2

VCC

Vcc

GND

LTC485

4K7 56R 56R

OSCILLATOR

4K7

XTAL1

GND

4.7uF

C1+

V+

C1-

C2+

C2-

V-

T2out

R2in

4.7uF

Vcc

GND

T1 OUT

R1IN

R1out

T1in

T2in

R2out

RTS

GND

6.9. Example of interfacing PC to 8051 MCU via RS485 bus with LTC485 as

RS-485 transceiver

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Message format and CRC calculations

Q: How is CRC checksum calculated on RS485 master side?

START_BYTE = 0x96; // 10010110

STOP_BYTE = 0xA9; // 10101001

PACKAGE:

--------

START_BYTE 0x96

ADDRESS

DATALEN

[DATA1] // if exists

[DATA2] // if exists

[DATA3] // if exists

CRC

STOP_BYTE 0xA9

DATALEN bits

-----------bit7 = 1 MASTER SENDS

0 SLAVE SENDS bit6 = 1 ADDRESS WAS XORed with 1, IT WAS EQUAL TO START_BYTE or

STOP_BYTE

0 ADDRESS UNCHANGED bit5 = 0 FIXED bit4 = 1 DATA3 (if exists) WAS XORed with 1, IT WAS EQUAL TO

START_BYTE or STOP_BYTE

0 DATA3 (if exists) UNCHANGED bit3 = 1 DATA2 (if exists) WAS XORed with 1, IT WAS EQUAL TO

START_BYTE or STOP_BYTE

0 DATA2 (if exists) UNCHANGED bit2 = 1 DATA1 (if exists) WAS XORed with 1, IT WAS EQUAL TO

START_BYTE or STOP_BYTE

0 DATA1 (if exists) UNCHANGED bit1bit0 = 0 to 3 NUMBER OF DATA BYTES SEND

CRC generation :

---------------crc_send = datalen ^ address; crc_send ^= data[0]; // if exists crc_send ^= data[1]; // if exists crc_send ^= data[2]; // if exists crc_send = ~crc_send; if ((crc_send == START_BYTE) || (crc_send == STOP_BYTE)) crc_send++;

NOTE: DATALEN<4..0> can not take the START_BYTE<4..0> or

STOP_BYTE<4..0> values.

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SOFTWARE I²C LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides routines for implementing Software I²C communication. These routines are hardware independent and can be used with any MCU. The

Software I²C library enables you to use MCU as Master in I²C communication.

Multi-master mode is not supported.

Note: This library implements time-based activities, so interrupts need to be disabled when using Software I²C.

Note: All I²C Library functions are blocking-call functions (they are waiting for I²C clock line to become logical one).

Note: The pins used for I²C communication should be connected to the pull-up resistors. Turning off the LEDs connected to these pins may also be required.

External dependecies of Soft_I2C Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using

Soft_I2C Library:

Description: Example : extern sbit

Soft_I2C_Scl; extern sbit

Soft_I2C_Sda;

Library Routines

- Soft_I2C_Init

- Soft_I2C_Start

- Soft_I2C_Read

- Soft_I2C_Write

- Soft_I2C_Stop

Soft I²C Clock line.

sbit Soft_I2C_Scl at P1.B3;

Soft I²C Data line.

sbit Soft_I2C_Sda at P1.B4;

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Soft_I2C_Init

Prototype void Soft_I2C_Init();

Returns Nothing.

Description Configures the software I²C module.

Requires Soft_I2C_Scl and

Soft_I2C_Sda variables must be defined before using this function.

Example // soft_i2c pinout definition

sbit Soft_I2C_Scl at P1.B3;

sbit Soft_I2C_Sda at P1.B4;

...

Soft_I2C_Init();

Soft_I2C_Start

Prototype void Soft_I2C_Start(void);

Returns Nothing.

Description Determines if the I²C bus is free and issues START signal.

Requires Software I²C must be configured before using this function. See

Soft_I2C_Init routine.

Example // Issue START signal

Soft_I2C_Start();

Soft_I2C_Read

Prototype unsigned short Soft_I2C_Read(unsigned int ack);

Returns One byte from the Slave.

Description Reads one byte from the slave.

Parameters :

- ack

: acknowledge signal parameter. If the ack==0 not acknowledge signal will be sent after reading, otherwise the acknowledge signal will be sent.

Requires Soft I²C must be configured before using this function. See

Soft_I2C_Init routine.

Also, START signal needs to be issued in order to use this function. See Soft_I2C_Start routine.

Example unsigned short take;

...

// Read data and send the not_acknowledge signal take = Soft_I2C_Read(0);

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Soft_I2C_Write

Prototype unsigned short Soft_I2C_Write(unsigned short Data);

Returns -

0 if there were no errors.

1 if write collision was detected on the I²C bus. .

Description Sends data byte via the I²C bus.

Parameters :

Data

: data to be sent

Requires Soft I²C must be configured before using this function. See

Soft_I2C_Init routine.

Also, START signal needs to be issued in order to use this function. See Soft_I2C_Start routine.

Example unsigned short data, error;

...

error = Soft_I2C_Write(data); error = Soft_I2C_Write(0xA3);

Soft_I2C_Stop

Prototype void Soft_I2C_Stop(void);

Returns Nothing. .

Description Issues STOP signal.

Requires Soft I²C must be configured before using this function. See

Soft_I2C_Init routine.

Example // Issue STOP signal

Soft_I2C_Stop();

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Library Example

The example demonstrates Software I²C Library routines usage. The 8051 MCU is connected (SCL, SDA pins) to PCF8583 RTC (real-time clock). Program reads date and time are read from the RTC and prints it on LCD.

char seconds, minutes, hours, day, month, year;

// Global date/time variables

// Software I2C connections

sbit Soft_I2C_Scl at P1.B3;

sbit Soft_I2C_Sda at P1.B4;

// End Software I2C connections

// LCD module connections

sbit LCD_RS at P2.B0;

sbit LCD_EN at P2.B1;

sbit LCD_D7 at P2.B5;

sbit LCD_D6 at P2.B4;

sbit LCD_D5 at P2.B3;

sbit LCD_D4 at P2.B2;

// End LCD module connections

//--------------------- Reads time and date information from RTC

(PCF8583)

void Read_Time() {

Soft_I2C_Start(); // Issue start signal

Soft_I2C_Write(0xA0); // Address PCF8583, see PCF8583 datasheet

Soft_I2C_Write(2); // Start from address 2

Soft_I2C_Start(); // Issue repeated start signal

Soft_I2C_Write(0xA1); // Address PCF8583 for reading

R/W=1 seconds = Soft_I2C_Read(1); // Read seconds byte minutes = Soft_I2C_Read(1); // Read minutes byte hours = Soft_I2C_Read(1); // Read hours byte day = Soft_I2C_Read(1); // Read year/day byte month = Soft_I2C_Read(0); // Read weekday/month byte

Soft_I2C_Stop(); // Issue stop signal

}//~

//-------------------- Formats date and time

void Transform_Time() { seconds = ((seconds & 0xF0) >> 4)*10 + (seconds & 0x0F);

// Transform seconds minutes = ((minutes & 0xF0) >> 4)*10 + (minutes & 0x0F);

// Transform months

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Libraries hours = ((hours & 0xF0) >> 4)*10 + (hours & 0x0F);

// Transform hours year = (day & 0xC0) >> 6;

// Transform year day = ((day & 0x30) >> 4)*10 + (day & 0x0F);

// Transform day month = ((month & 0x10) >> 4)*10 + (month & 0x0F);

// Transform month

}//~

//-------------------- Output values to LCD

void Display_Time() {

Lcd_Chr(1, 6, (day / 10) + 48); // Print tens digit of day variable

Lcd_Chr(1, 7, (day % 10) + 48); // Print oness digit of day variable

Lcd_Chr(1, 9, (month / 10) + 48);

Lcd_Chr(1,10, (month % 10) + 48);

Lcd_Chr(1,15, year + 56); // Print year vaiable + 8

(start from year 2008)

Lcd_Chr(2, 6, (hours / 10) + 48);

Lcd_Chr(2, 7, (hours % 10) + 48);

Lcd_Chr(2, 9, (minutes / 10) + 48);

Lcd_Chr(2,10, (minutes % 10) + 48);

Lcd_Chr(2,12, (seconds / 10) + 48);

Lcd_Chr(2,13, (seconds % 10) + 48);

}

//------------------ Performs project-wide init

void Init_Main() {

Soft_I2C_Init(); // Initialize Soft I2C communication

Lcd_Init(); // Initialize LCD

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear LCD display

Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off

LCD_Out(1,1,"Date:"); // Prepare and output static text on

LCD

LCD_Chr(1,8,':');

LCD_Chr(1,11,':');

LCD_Out(2,1,"Time:");

LCD_Chr(2,8,':');

LCD_Chr(2,11,':');

LCD_Out(1,12,"200");

}//~

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//----------------- Main procedure

void main() {

Init_Main(); // Perform initialization

}

while (1) { // Endless loop

Read_Time(); // Read time from RTC(PCF8583)

Transform_Time(); // Format date and time

Display_Time(); // Prepare and display on LCD

Delay_ms(1000); // Wait 1 second

}

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SOFTWARE SPI LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides routines for implementing Software SPI communication. These routines are hardware independent and can be used with any MCU.

The Software SPI Library provides easy communication with other devices via SPI:

A/D converters, D/A converters, MAX7219, LTC1290, etc.

Library configuration:

- SPI to Master mode

- Clock value = 20 kHz.

- Data sampled at the middle of interval.

- Clock idle state low.

- Data sampled at the middle of interval.

- Data transmitted at low to high edge.

Note: The Software SPI library implements time-based activities, so interrupts need to be disabled when using it.

External dependencies of Software SPI Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using

Software SPI Library: extern sbit

SoftSpi_SDI ; extern sbit

SoftSpi_SDO ; extern sbit

SoftSpi_CLK ;

Description:

Data In line.

Data Out line.

Clock line.

Example :

sbit SoftSpi_SDI at P0.B4;

sbit SoftSpi_SDO at P0.B5;

sbit SoftSpi_CLK at P0.B3;

Library Routines

- Soft_Spi_Init

- Soft_Spi_Read

- Soft_Spi_Write

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Soft_Spi_Init

Prototype void Soft_SPI_Init();

Returns Nothing. .

Description Configures and initializes the software SPI module.

Requires

SoftSpi_CLK, SoftSpi_SDI and

SoftSpi_SDO variables must be defined before using this function.

Example // soft_spi pinout definition

sbit SoftSpi_SDI at P0.B4;

sbit SoftSpi_SDO at P0.B5;

sbit SoftSpi_CLK at P0.B3;

...

Soft_SPI_Init(); // Init Soft_SPI

Soft_Spi_Read

Prototype unsigned short Soft_Spi_Read(char sdata);

Returns Byte received via the SPI bus.

Description This routine performs 3 operations simultaneously. It provides clock for the Software SPI bus, reads a byte and sends a byte.

Parameters :

- sdata

: data to be sent.

Requires Soft SPI must be initialized before using this function. See

Soft_Spi_Init routine.

Example unsigned short data_read;

char data_send;

...

// Read a byte and assign it to data_read variable

// (data_send byte will be sent via SPI during the

Read operation) data_read = Soft_Spi_Read(data_send);

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Soft_Spi_Write

Prototype void Soft_Spi_Write(char sdata);

Returns Nothing.

Description This routine sends one byte via the Software SPI bus.

Parameters :

- sdata

: data to be sent.

Requires Soft SPI must be initialized before using this function. See

Soft_Spi_Init routine.

Example // Write a byte to the Soft SPI bus

Soft_Spi_Write(0xAA);

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

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Library Example

This code demonstrates using library routines for Soft_SPI communication. Also, this example demonstrates working with Microchip's MCP4921 12-bit D/A converter.

// DAC module connections

sbit Chip_Select at P3.B4;

sbit SoftSpi_CLK at P1.B7;

sbit SoftSpi_SDI at P1.B6;

sbit SoftSpi_SDO at P1.B5;

// End DAC module connections

unsigned int value;

void InitMain() {

P0 = 255; // Set PORT0 as input

Soft_SPI_Init(); // Initialize Soft_SPI

}//~

// DAC increments (0..4095) --> output voltage (0..Vref)

void DAC_Output(unsigned int valueDAC) {

char temp;

Chip_Select = 0; // Select DAC chip

// Send High Byte temp = (valueDAC >> 8) & 0x0F;

// Store valueDAC[11..8] to temp[3..0] temp |= 0x30;

// Define DAC setting, see MCP4921 datasheet

Soft_SPI_Write(temp); // Send high byte via Soft SPI

// Send Low Byte temp = valueDAC; // Store valueDAC[7..0] to temp[7..0]

Soft_SPI_Write(temp); // Send low byte via Soft SPI

Chip_Select = 1; // Deselect DAC chip

}//~

void main() {

InitMain(); // Perform main initialization

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Libraries value = 2048; // When program starts, DAC gives

// the output in the mid-range

while (1) { // Endless loop

if ((!P0_0) && (value < 4095)) {

// If P0.0 is connected to GND value++; // increment value

}

else {

if ((!P0_1) && (value > 0)) { // If P0.1 is connected to GND value--; // decrement value

}

DAC_Output(value); // Perform output

Delay_ms(10); // Slow down key repeat pace

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SOFTWARE UART LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides routines for implementing Software UART communication. These routines are hardware independent and can be used with any MCU.

The Software UART Library provides easy communication with other devices via the RS232 protocol.

Note: The Software UART library implements time-based activities, so interrupts need to be disabled when using it.

External dependencies of Software UART Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using

Software UART

Library:

Description: extern sbit

Soft_Uart_RX ; extern sbit

Soft_Uart_TX ;

Receive line.

Transmit line.

Example :

sbit Soft_Uart_RX at P3.B0;

sbit Soft_Uart_TX at P3.B1;

Library Routines

- Soft_Uart_Init

- Soft_Uart_Read

- Soft_Uart_Write

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Soft_Uart_Init

Prototype unsigned Soft_Uart_Init(unsigned long baud_rate, char inverted);

Returns Nothing.

Description Configures and initializes the software UART module.

Parameters :

- baud_rate

: baud rate to be set. Maximum baud rate depends on the MCU’s clock and working conditions.

- inverted

: inverted output flag. When set to a non-zero value, inverted logic on output is used.

Requires Global variables:

Soft_Uart_RX receiver pin

Soft_Uart_TX transmiter pin must be defined before using this function.

Example // Initialize Software UART communication on pins Rx,

Tx, at 9600 bps

Soft_Uart_Init(9600, 0);

Soft_Uart_Read

Prototype char Soft_Uart_Read(char * error);

Returns Byte received via UART.

Description The function receives a byte via software UART. This is a blocking function call (waits for start bit).

Parameters :

- error

: Error flag. Error code is returned through this variable.

Upon successful transfer this flag will be set to zero. An non zero value indicates communication error.

Requires Software UART must be initialized before using this function.

See the Soft_Uart_Init routine.

Example char data;

int error;

...

// wait until data is received do data = Soft_Uart_Read(&error);

while (error);

// Now we can work with data:

if (data) {...}

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Soft_Uart_Write

Prototype void Soft_Uart_Write(char udata);

Returns Nothing.

Description This routine sends one byte via the Software UART bus.

Parameters :

- udata

: data to be sent.

Requires Software UART must be initialized before using this function.

See the Soft_Uart_Init routine.

Be aware that during transmission, software UART is incapable of receiving data – data transfer protocol must be set in such a way to prevent loss of information.

Example char some_byte = 0x0A;

...

// Write a byte via Soft Uart

Soft_Uart_Write(some_byte);

Library Example

This example demonstrates simple data exchange via software UART. If MCU is connected to the PC, you can test the example from the mikroC for 8051 USART

Terminal Tool.

// Soft UART connections sbit Soft_Uart_RX at P3.B0; sbit Soft_Uart_TX at P3.B1;

// End Soft UART connections

char i, error, byte_read; // Auxiliary variables

void main(){

Soft_Uart_Init(4800, 0); // Initialize Soft UART at 4800 bps

for (i = 'z'; i >= 'A'; i--) { // Send bytes from 'z' downto 'A'

Soft_Uart_Write(i);

Delay_ms(100);

}

while(1) { // Endless loop byte_read = Soft_Uart_Read(&error);

// Read byte, then test error flag

if (error) // If error was detected

P0 = 0xAA; // signal it on PORT0 else

Soft_Uart_Write(byte_read);

// If error was not detected, return byte read

}

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SOUND LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a Sound Library to supply users with routines necessary for sound signalization in their applications. Sound generation needs additional hardware, such as piezo-speaker (example of piezo-speaker interface is given on the schematic at the bottom of this page).

External dependencies of Sound Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using Sound

Library:

Description: Example : extern sbit

Sound_Play_Pin;

Sound output pin.

sbit Sound_Play_Pin at P0.B3;

Library Routines

- Sound_Init

- Sound_Play

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Sound_Init

Prototype void Sound_Init();

Returns Nothing.

Description Configures the appropriate MCU pin for sound generation.

Requires Sound_Play_Pin variable must be defined before using this function.

Example // Initialize the pin P0.3 for playing sound

sbit Sound_Play_Pin at P0.B3;

...

Sound_Init();

Sound_Play

Prototype void Sound_Play(unsigned freq_in_hz, unsigned duration_ms);

Returns Nothing.

Description Generates the square wave signal on the appropriate pin.

Parameters :

- freq_in_hz

: signal frequency in Hertz (Hz)

- duration_ms

: signal duration in miliseconds (ms)

Requires In order to hear the sound, you need a piezo speaker (or other hardware) on designated port. Also, you must call Sound_Init to prepare hardware for output before using this function.

Example // Play sound of 1KHz in duration of 100ms

Sound_Play(1000, 100);

Library Example

The example is a simple demonstration of how to use the Sound Library for playing tones on a piezo speaker.

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// Sound connections

sbit Sound_Play_Pin at P0.B3;

// End Sound connections

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

void Tone1() {

Sound_Play(500, 200); // Frequency = 500Hz, Duration = 200ms

}//~

void Tone2() {

Sound_Play(555, 200); // Frequency = 555Hz, Duration = 200ms

}//~

void Tone3() {

Sound_Play(625, 200); // Frequency = 625Hz, Duration = 200ms

}//~

void Melody() { // Plays the melody "Yellow house"

Tone1(); Tone2(); Tone3(); Tone3();

Tone1(); Tone2(); Tone3();

Tone1(); Tone2(); Tone3(); Tone3();

Tone1(); Tone2(); Tone3();

Tone3(); Tone3(); Tone2(); Tone2(); Tone1();

}//~

void ToneA() { // Tones used in Melody2 function

Sound_Play(1250, 20);

}

void ToneC() {

Sound_Play(1450, 20);

}

void ToneE() {

Sound_Play(1650, 80);

}

void Melody2() { // Plays Melody2 unsigned short i; for (i = 9; i > 0; i--) {

ToneA();

ToneC();

ToneE();

}

}//~

void main() {

P1 = 255; // Configure PORT1 as input

Sound_Init(); // Initialize sound pin

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Sound_Play(2000, 1000); // Play starting sound, 2kHz, 1 second

while (1) { // endless loop

if (!(P1_7)) // If P1.7 is pressed play Tone1

Tone1(); // while (!(P1_7)) ; // Wait for button to be released

if (!(P1_6)) // If P1.6 is pressed play Tone2

Tone2(); //

while (!(P1_6)) ; // Wait for button to be released

if (!(P1_5)) // If P1.5 is pressed play Tone3

Tone3(); //

while (!(P1_5)) ; // Wait for button to be released

if (!(P1_4)) // If P1.4 is pressed play Melody2

Melody2(); //

while (!(P1_4)) ; // Wait for button to be released

}

if (!(P1_3)) // If P1.3 is pressed play Melody

Melody(); //

while (!(P1_3)) ; // Wait for button to be released

HW Connection

PIEZO

SPEAKER

VCC

6.10. Example of

Sound Library connection

P1.B3

P1.B4

P1.B5

P1.B6

P1.B7

P1.3

P1.4

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

P0.3

OSCILLATOR

VCC XTAL1

GND

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SPI LIBRARY

mikroC for 8051 provides a library for comfortable with SPI work in Master mode.

The 8051 MCU can easily communicate with other devices via SPI: A/D converters, D/A converters, MAX7219, LTC1290, etc.

Library Routines

- Spi_Init

- Spi_Init_Advanced

- Spi_Read

- Spi_Write

Spi_Init

Prototype void Spi_Init(void);

Returns Nothing.

Description This routine configures and enables SPI module with the following settings:

- master mode

- clock idle low

- 8 bit data transfer

- most significant bit sent first

- serial output data changes on idle to active transition of clock state

- serial clock = fosc/128 (fosc/64 in x2 mode)

Requires MCU must have SPI module.

Example // Initialize the SPI module with default settings

Spi_Init();

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Spi_Init_Advanced

Prototype void Spi_Init_Advanced(unsigned short adv_setting)

Returns Nothing.

Description This routine configures and enables the SPI module with the user defined settings.

Parameters :

- adv_setting

: SPI module configuration flags. Predefined library constants (see the table below) can be ORed to form appropriate configuration value.

Bit Mask Description Predefined library const

0x10

4,1,

0x11

0x12

0x13

0x00

0x04

Master/slave [4] and clock rate select [1:0] bits

Sck = Fosc/4 (Fosc/2 in x2 mode),

Master mode

Sck = Fosc/16 (f/8 in x2 mode),

Master mode

Sck = Fosc/64 (f/32 in x2 mode),

Master mode

Sck = Fosc/128 (f/64 in x2 mode),

Master mode

MASTER_OSC_DIV4

MASTER_OSC_DIV16

MASTER_OSC_DIV64

MASTER_OSC_DIV128

SPI clock phase

Data changes on idle to active transition of the clock

Data changes on active to idle transition of the clock

SPI clock polarity

IDLE_2_ACTIVE

ACTIVE_2_IDLE

0x00 Clock idle level is low

0x08 Clock idle level is high

Data order

0x00 Most significant bit sent first

CLK_IDLE_LOW

CLK_IDLE_HIGH

DATA_ORDER_MSB

0x20 Least significant bit sent first DATA_ORDER_LSB

Requires MCU must have SPI module.

Example // Set SPI to the Master Mode, clock = Fosc/4 , clock

IDLE state low and data transmitted at low to high clock edge:

Spi_Init_Advanced(MASTER_OSC_DIV4 | DATA_ORDER_MSB |

CLK_IDLE_LOW | IDLE_2_ACTIVE);

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Spi_Read

Prototype unsigned short Spi_Read(unsigned short buffer);

Returns Received data.

Description Reads one byte from the SPI bus.

Parameters :

- buffer

: dummy data for clock generation (see device Datasheet for SPI modules implementation details)

Requires SPI module must be initialized before using this function. See

Spi_Init and Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

Example // read a byte from the SPI bus

unsigned short take, dummy1;

...

take = Spi_Read(dummy1);

Spi_Write

Prototype void Spi_Write(unsigned short wrdata);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes byte via the SPI bus.

Parameters :

wrdata

: data to be sent

Requires SPI module must be initialized before using this function. See

Spi_Init and Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

Example // write a byte to the SPI bus

unsigned short buffer;

...

Spi_Write(buffer);

Library Example

The code demonstrates how to use SPI library functions for communication between

SPI module of the MCU and MAX7219 chip. MAX7219 controls eight 7 segment displays.

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// Serial 7-seg Display connections

sbit CHIP_SEL at P1.B0; // Chip Select pin definition

// End Serial 7-seg Display connections

void Select_max() { // Function for selecting MAX7219

CHIP_SEL = 0;

Delay_us(1);

}

void Deselect_max() { // Function for deselecting MAX7219

Delay_us(1);

CHIP_SEL = 1;

}

void Max7219_init() { // Initializing MAX7219

Select_max();

Spi_Write(0x09); // BCD mode for digit decoding

Spi_Write(0xFF);

Deselect_max();

Select_max();

Spi_Write(0x0A);

Spi_Write(0x0F); // Segment luminosity intensity

Deselect_max();

Select_max();

Spi_Write(0x0B);

Spi_Write(0x07); // Display refresh

Deselect_max();

Select_max();

Spi_Write(0x0C);

Spi_Write(0x01); // Turn on the display

Deselect_max();

}

Select_max();

Spi_Write(0x00);

Spi_Write(0xFF); // No test

Deselect_max();

char digit_position, digit_value;

void main() {

Spi_Init(); // Initialize SPI module, standard configuration

// Instead of SPI_init, you can use

SPI_init_Advanced as shown below

// Spi_Init_Advanced(MASTER_OSC_DIV4 |

DATA_ORDER_MSB | CLK_IDLE_LOW | IDLE_2_ACTIVE);

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Max7219_init(); // Initialize max7219

}

while(1) {

// Endless loop

for (digit_value=0; digit_value<=9; digit_value++) {

for (digit_position=8; digit_position>=1; digit_position--) {

Select_max();

// Select max7219

Spi_Write(digit_position);

// Send digit position

Spi_Write(digit_value);

// Send digit value

Deselect_max();

// Deselect max7219

Delay_ms(300);

}

HW Connection

DIS7 DIS6 DIS5 DIS4

DIS3 DIS2 DIS1 DIS0

VCC

DIN

DIG0

DIG4

GND

DIG6

DIG2

DIG3

DIG7

GND

DIG5

DIG1

LOAD

DOUT

SEGD

SEGDP

SEGE

SEGC

V+

ISET

SEGG

SEGB

SEGF

SEGA

CLK

MAX7219

10K

VCC

OSCILLATOR

P1.6

P1.7

RST

P3.0

P3.1

P3.2

P3.3

P3.4

P1.0

P1.1

P1.2

P1.3

P1.4

P1.5

P3.5

P3.6

P3.7

XTAL2

XTAL1

GND

VCC

P0.0

P0.1

P0.2

P0.3

P0.4

P0.5

P0.6

P0.7

ALE

PSEN

P2.7

P2.6

P2.5

P2.4

P2.3

P2.2

P2.1

P2.0

VCC

6.11. SPI HW connection

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SPI ETHERNET LIBRARY

The ENC28J60 is a stand-alone Ethernet controller with an industry standard Serial

Peripheral Interface (SPI™). It is designed to serve as an Ethernet network interface for any controller equipped with SPI.

The ENC28J60 meets all of the IEEE 802.3 specifications. It incorporates a number of packet filtering schemes to limit incoming packets. It also provides an internal

DMA module for fast data throughput and hardware assisted IP checksum calculations. Communication with the host controller is implemented via two interrupt pins and the SPI, with data rates of up to 10 Mb/s. Two dedicated pins are used for LED link and network activity indication.

This library is designed to simplify handling of the underlying hardware

(

ENC28J60

). It works with any 8051 MCU with integrated SPI and more than 4 Kb

ROM memory.

SPI Ethernet library supports:

- IPv4 protocol.

- ARP requests.

- ICMP echo requests.

- UDP requests.

- TCP requests (no stack, no packet reconstruction).

- packet fragmentation is NOT supported.

Note: For advanced users there are header files ( "eth_enc28j60LibDef.h" and

"eth_enc28j60LibPrivate.h"

) in Uses folder of the compiler with description of all routines and global variables, relevant to the user, implemented in the SPI

Ethernet Library.

Note: The appropriate hardware SPI module must be initialized before using any of the SPI Ethernet library routines. Refer to Spi Library.

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External dependencies of SPI Ethernet Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using

SPI Ethernet Library:

Description: Example : extern sfr sbit

Spi_Ethernet_CS;

ENC28J60 chip select pin.

sfr sbit Spi_Ethernet_CS at

P1.B1; extern sfr sbit

Spi_Ethernet_RST;

ENC28J60 reset pin.

sfr sbit Spi_Ethernet_RST at

P1.B0;

The following routines must be defined in all project using SPI

Ethernet Library: unsigned int

Spi_Ethernet_UserTCP

( unsigned char *remoteHost,

unsigned int remotePort,

unsigned int localPort,

unsigned int reqLength) ; unsigned int

Spi_Ethernet_UserUDP

( unsigned char *remoteHost,

unsigned int remotePort,

unsigned int destPort,

unsigned int reqLength) ;

Description: Example :

TCP request handler.

Refer to the library example at the bottom of this page for code implementation.

UDP request handler.

Refer to the library example at the bottom of this page for code implementation.

Library Routines

- Spi_Ethernet_Init

- Spi_Ethernet_Enable

- Spi_Ethernet_Disable

- Spi_Ethernet_doPacket

- Spi_Ethernet_putByte

- Spi_Ethernet_putBytes

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- Spi_Ethernet_putString

- Spi_Ethernet_putConstString

- Spi_Ethernet_putConstBytes

- Spi_Ethernet_getByte

- Spi_Ethernet_getBytes

- Spi_Ethernet_UserTCP

- Spi_Ethernet_UserUDP

Spi_Ethernet_Init

Prototype void Spi_Ethernet_Init(unsigned char *mac, unsigned

char *ip, unsigned char fullDuplex);

Returns Nothing.

Description This is MAC module routine. It initializes ENC28J60 controller.

This function is internaly splited into 2 parts to help linker when coming short of memory.

ENC28J60 controller settings (parameters not mentioned here are set to default):

- receive buffer start address :

0x0000

- receive buffer end address :

0x19AD

- transmit buffer start address:

0x19AE

- transmit buffer end address :

0x1FFF

- RAM buffer read/write pointers in auto-increment mode.

- receive filters set to default: CRC + MAC Unicast + MAC -

Broadcast in OR mode.

- flow control with TX and RX pause frames in full duplex mode.

- frames are padded to

60 bytes + CRC.

- maximum packet size is set to

1518

- Back-to-Back Inter-Packet Gap:

0x15 in full duplex mode;

0x12 in half duplex mode.

- Non-Back-to-Back Inter-Packet Gap:

0x0012 in full duplex mode;

0x0C12 in half duplex mode.

- Collision window is set to

63 in half duplex mode to accomo date some

ENC28J60 revisions silicon bugs.

- CLKOUT output is disabled to reduce EMI generation.

- half duplex loopback disabled.

- LED configuration: default (LEDA-link status, LEDB-link activity).

Parameters:

- mac

: RAM buffer containing valid MAC address.

- ip

: RAM buffer containing valid IP address.

- fullDuplex

: ethernet duplex mode switch. Valid values: 0 (half duplex mode) and 1 (full duplex mode).

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Requires The appropriate hardware SPI module must be previously initialized.

Example #define Spi_Ethernet_HALFDUPLEX 0

#define Spi_Ethernet_FULLDUPLEX 1

unsigned char myMacAddr[6] = {0x00, 0x14, 0xA5, 0x76,

0x19, 0x3f} ; // my MAC address

unsigned char myIpAddr = {192, 168, 1, 60 } ;

// my IP addr

Spi_Init();

Spi_Ethernet_Init(&PORTC, 0, &PORTC, 1, myMacAddr, myIpAddr, Spi_Ethernet_FULLDUPLEX);

Spi_Ethernet_Enable

Prototype void Spi_Ethernet_Enable(unsigned char enFlt) ;

Returns Nothing.

Description This is MAC module routine. This routine enables appropriate network traffic on the

ENC28J60 module by the means of it's receive filters (unicast, multicast, broadcast, crc). Specific type of network traffic will be enabled if a corresponding bit of this routine's input parameter is set. Therefore, more than one type of network traffic can be enabled at the same time. For this purpose, predefined library constants (see the table below) can be ORed to form appropriate input value.

Parameters:

- enFlt

: network traffic/receive filter flags. Each bit corresponds to the appropriate network traffic/receive filter:

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Description

Bit Mask Description Predefined library const

0x01

0x02

0x04

MAC Broadcast traffic/receive filter flag. When set, MAC broadcast traffic will be enabled.

MAC Multicast traffic/receive filter flag. When set, MAC multicast traffic will be enabled. not used

Spi_Ethernet_BROADCAST

Spi_Ethernet_MULTICAST none

0x08

0x10

0x20

0x40

0x80 not used not used

CRC check flag. When set, packets with invalid CRC field will be discarded.

not used

MAC Unicast traffic/receive filter flag. When set, MAC unicast traffic will be enabled. none none

Spi_Ethernet_CRC none

Spi_Ethernet_UNICAST

Note: Advance filtering available in the

ENC28J60 module such as

Pattern Match, Magic Packet and

Hash Table can not be enabled by this routine. Additionaly, all filters, except CRC, enabled with this routine will work in OR mode, which means that packet will be received if any of the enabled filters accepts it.

Note: This routine will change receive filter configuration on-thefly. It will not, in any way, mess with enabling/disabling receive/transmit logic or any other part of the

ENC28J60 module.

The

ENC28J60 module should be properly cofigured by the means of Spi_Ethernet_Init routine.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example Spi_Ethernet_Enable(Spi_Ethernet_CRC |

Spi_Ethernet_UNICAST); // enable CRC checking and

Unicast traffic

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Spi_Ethernet_Disable

Prototype void Spi_Ethernet_Disable(unsigned char disFlt) ;

Returns Nothing.

Description This is MAC module routine. This routine disables appropriate network traffic on the ENC28J60 module by the means of it's receive filters (unicast, multicast, broadcast, crc). Specific type of network traffic will be disabled if a corresponding bit of this routine's input parameter is set. Therefore, more than one type of network traffic can be disabled at the same time. For this purpose, predefined library constants (see the table below) can be ORed to form appropriate input value.

Parameters:

- disFlt

: network traffic/receive filter flags. Each bit corresponds to the appropriate network traffic/receive filter:

Bit Mask Description Predefined library const

0x01

0x02

0x04

0x08

MAC Broadcast traffic/receive filter flag. When set, MAC broadcast traffic will be disabled.

MAC Multicast traffic/receive filter flag. When set, MAC multicast traffic will be disabled. not used

Spi_Ethernet_BROADCAST

Spi_Ethernet_MULTICAST none not used none

0x10

0x20

0x40

0x80 not used

CRC check flag. When set, CRC check will be disabled and packets with invalid CRC field will be accepted.

not used

MAC Unicast traffic/receive filter flag. When set, MAC unicast traffic will be disabled. none

Spi_Ethernet_CRC none

Spi_Ethernet_UNICAST

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Description Note: Advance filtering available in the

ENC28J60 module such as

Pattern Match, Magic Packet and

Hash Table can not be disabled by this routine.

Note: This routine will change receive filter configuration on-thefly. It will not, in any way, mess with enabling/disabling receive/transmit logic or any other part of the

ENC28J60 module.

The

ENC28J60 module should be properly cofigured by the means of Spi_Ethernet_Init routine.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example Spi_Ethernet_Disable(Spi_Ethernet_CRC |

Spi_Ethernet_UNICAST); // disable CRC checking and

Unicast traffic

Spi_Ethernet_doPacket

Prototype unsigned char Spi_Ethernet_doPacket();

Returns - 0

- upon successful packet processing (zero packets received or received packet processed successfully).

- 1

- upon reception error or receive buffer corruption.

ENC28J60 controller needs to be restarted.

- 2

- received packet was not sent to us (not our IP, nor IP broad cast address).

- 3

- received IP packet was not IPv4.

- 4

- received packet was of type unknown to the library.

Description This is MAC module routine. It processes next received packet if such exists. Packets are processed in the following manner:

- ARP & ICMP requests are replied automatically.

- upon TCP request the Spi_Ethernet_UserTCP function is called for further processing.

- upon UDP request the Spi_Ethernet_UserUDP function is called for further processing.

Note:

Spi_Ethernet_doPacket must be called as often as possible in user's code.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example while(1) {

...

Spi_Ethernet_doPacket(); // process received pack- ets

...

}

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Spi_Ethernet_putByte

Prototype void Spi_Ethernet_putByte(unsigned char v);

Returns Nothing.

Description This is MAC module routine. It stores one byte to address pointed by the current

ENC28J60 write pointer (

EWRPT

Parameters:

- v

: value to store

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example char data;

...

Spi_Ethernet_putByte(data); // put an byte into

ENC28J60 buffer

Spi_Ethernet_putBytes

Prototype void Spi_Ethernet_putBytes(unsigned char *ptr,

unsigned char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description This is MAC module routine. It stores requested number of bytes into ENC28J60 RAM starting from current ENC28J60 write pointer (EWRPT) location.

Parameters:

- ptr

: RAM buffer containing bytes to be written into

ENC28J60

RAM.

- n

: number of bytes to be written.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example char *buffer = "mikroElektronika";

...

Spi_Ethernet_putBytes(buffer, 16); // put an RAM array into ENC28J60 buffer

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Spi_Ethernet_putConstBytes

Prototype void Spi_Ethernet_putConstBytes(const unsigned char

*ptr, unsigned char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description This is MAC module routine. It stores requested number of const bytes into

ENC28J60

RAM starting from current

ENC28J60 write pointer (

EWRPT

) location.

Parameters:

- ptr

: const buffer containing bytes to be written into

ENC28J60

RAM.

- n: number of bytes to be written.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example const char *buffer = "mikroElektronika";

...

Spi_Ethernet_putConstBytes(buffer, 16); // put a const array into ENC28J60 buffer

Spi_Ethernet_putString

Prototype unsigned int Spi_Ethernet_putString(unsigned char

*ptr);

Returns Number of bytes written into

ENC28J60

RAM.

Description This is MAC module routine. It stores whole string (excluding null termination) into

ENC28J60

RAM starting from current

ENC28J60 write pointer (

EWRPT

) location.

Parameters:

- ptr

: string to be written into

ENC28J60

RAM.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example char *buffer = "mikroElektronika";

...

Spi_Ethernet_putString(buffer); // put a RAM string into ENC28J60 buffer

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Spi_Ethernet_putConstString

Prototype unsigned int Spi_Ethernet_putConstString(const

unsigned char *ptr);

Returns Number of bytes written into

ENC28J60

RAM.

Description This is MAC module routine. It stores whole const string (excluding null termination) into

ENC28J60

RAM starting from current

ENC28J60 write pointer (

EWRPT

) location.

Parameters:

- ptr

: const string to be written into

ENC28J60

RAM.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example const char *buffer = "mikroElektronika";

...

Spi_Ethernet_putConstString(buffer); // put a const string into ENC28J60 buffer

Spi_Ethernet_getByte

Prototype unsigned char Spi_Ethernet_getByte();

Returns Byte read from

ENC28J60

RAM.

Description This is MAC module routine. It fetches a byte from address pointed to by current

ENC28J60 read pointer (

ERDPT

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example char buffer;

...

buffer = Spi_Ethernet_getByte(); // read a byte from

ENC28J60 buffer

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Spi_Ethernet_getBytes

Prototype void Spi_Ethernet_getBytes(unsigned char *ptr,

unsigned int addr, unsigned char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description This is MAC module routine. It fetches equested number of bytes from

ENC28J60

RAM starting from given address. If value of

0xFFFF is passed as the address parameter, the reading will start from current

ENC28J60 read pointer (

ERDPT

) location.

Parameters:

- ptr

: buffer for storing bytes read from

ENC28J60

RAM.

- addr

ENC28J60

RAM start address. Valid values:

0..8192

- n: number of bytes to be read.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example char buffer[16];

...

Spi_Ethernet_getBytes(buffer, 0x100, 16); // read 16 bytes, starting from address 0x100

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Spi_Ethernet_UserTCP

Prototype unsigned int Spi_Ethernet_UserTCP(unsigned char

*remoteHost, unsigned int remotePort, unsigned int localPort, unsigned int reqLength);

Returns -

- there should not be a reply to the request.

- Length of TCP/HTTP reply data field - otherwise.

Description This is TCP module routine. It is internally called by the library.

The user accesses to the TCP/HTTP request by using some of the

Spi_Ethernet_get routines. The user puts data in the transmit buffer by using some of the Spi_Ethernet_put routines. The function must return the length in bytes of the TCP/HTTP reply, or 0 if there is nothing to transmit. If there is no need to reply to the

TCP/HTTP requests, just define this function with return(0) as a single statement.

Parameters:

- remoteHost

: client's IP address.

- remotePort

: client's TCP port.

- localPort

: port to which the request is sent.

- reqLength

: TCP/HTTP request data field length.

Note: The function source code is provided with appropriate example projects. The code should be adjusted by the user to achieve desired reply.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example This function is internally called by the library and should not be called by the user's code.

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Spi_Ethernet_UserUDP

Prototype unsigned int Spi_Ethernet_UserUDP(unsigned char

*remoteHost, unsigned int remotePort, unsigned int destPort, unsigned int reqLength);

Returns -

- there should not be a reply to the request.

- Length of UDP reply data field - otherwise.

Description This is UDP module routine. It is internally called by the library.

The user accesses to the UDP request by using some of the

Spi_Ethernet_get routines. The user puts data in the transmit buffer by using some of the Spi_Ethernet_put routines. The function must return the length in bytes of the UDP reply, or 0 if nothing to transmit. If you don't need to reply to the UDP requests, just define this function with a return(0) as single statement.

Parameters:

- remoteHost

: client's IP address.

- remotePort

: client's port.

- destPort

: port to which the request is sent.

- reqLength

: UDP request data field length.

Note: The function source code is provided with appropriate example projects. The code should be adjusted by the user to achieve desired reply.

Requires Ethernet module has to be initialized. See Spi_Ethernet_Init.

Example This function is internally called by the library and should not be called by the user's code.

Library Example

This code shows how to use the 8051 mini Ethernet library :

- the board will reply to ARP & ICMP echo requests

- the board will reply to UDP requests on any port : returns the request in upper char with a header made of remote host IP & port number

- the board will reply to HTTP requests on port 80, GET method with pathnames

/ will return the HTML main page

/s will return board status as text string

/t0 ... /t7 will toggle P3.b0 to P3.b7 bit and return HTML main page all other requests return also HTML main page.

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// duplex config flags

#define Spi_Ethernet_HALFDUPLEX 0x00 // half duplex

#define Spi_Ethernet_FULLDUPLEX 0x01 // full duplex

// mE ehternet NIC pinout

sfr sbit Spi_Ethernet_RST at P1.B0;

sfr sbit Spi_Ethernet_CS at P1.B1;

// end ethernet NIC definitions

/************************************************************

* ROM constant strings

const code unsigned char httpHeader[] = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\nContenttype: " ; // HTTP header

const code unsigned char httpMimeTypeHTML[] = "text/html\n\n" ;

// HTML MIME type

const code unsigned char httpMimeTypeScript[] = "text/plain\n\n" ;

// TEXT MIME type

idata unsigned char httpMethod[] = "GET /";

* web page, splited into 2 parts :

* when coming short of ROM, fragmented data is handled more efficiently by linker

* this HTML page calls the boards to get its status, and builds itself with javascript

*/ const code char *indexPage = // Change the

IP address of the page to be refreshed

"<meta http-equiv=\"refresh\" content=\"3;url=http://192.168.1.60\">\

<HTML><HEAD></HEAD><BODY>\

<h1>8051 + ENC28J60 Mini Web Server</h1>\

<a href=/>Reload</a>\

<table><tr><td><table border=1 style=\"font-size:20px ;font-family: terminal ;\">\

<tr><th colspan=2>P0</th></tr>\

for(i=0;i<8;i++)\

{str+=\"<tr><td bgcolor=pink>BUTTON #\"+i+\"</td>\";\

if(P0&(1<<i)){str+=\"<td bgcolor=red>ON\";}\

else {str+=\"<td bgcolor=#cccccc>OFF\";}\ str+=\"</td></tr>\";}\ document.write(str) ;\

</script>\

" ;

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Libraries mikroC for 8051 const char *indexPage2 = "</table></td><td>\

<table border=1 style=\"font-size:20px ;font-family: terminal ;\">\

<tr><th colspan=3>P3</th></tr>\

for(i=0;i<8;i++)\

{str+=\"<tr><td bgcolor=yellow>LED #\"+i+\"</td>\";\

if(P3&(1<<i)){str+=\"<td bgcolor=red>ON\";}\

else {str+=\"<td bgcolor=#cccccc>OFF\";}\ str+=\"</td><td><a href=/t\"+i+\">Toggle</a></td></tr>\";}\ document.write(str) ;\

</script>\

</table></td></tr></table>\

This is HTTP request

#<script>document.write(REQ)</script></BODY></HTML>\

" ;

/***********************************

* RAM variables

*/ idata unsigned char myMacAddr[6] = {0x00, 0x14, 0xA5, 0x76, 0x19,

0x3f} ; // my MAC address idata unsigned char myIpAddr[4] = {192, 168, 1, 60} ;

// my IP address idata unsigned char getRequest[15] ;

// HTTP request buffer idata unsigned char dyna[29] ;

// buffer for dynamic response idata unsigned long httpCounter = 0 ;

// counter of HTTP requests

/*******************************************

* functions

* put the constant string pointed to by s to the ENC transmit buffer.

/*unsigned int putConstString(const code char *s)

{ unsigned int ctr = 0 ; while(*s)

{

Spi_Ethernet_putByte(*s++) ; ctr++ ;

}

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}*/

* it will be much faster to use library

Spi_Ethernet_putConstString routine

* instead of putConstString routine above. However, the code will be a little

* bit bigger. User should choose between size and speed and pick the implementation that

* suites him best. If you choose to go with the putConstString definition above

* the #define line below should be commented out.

#define putConstString Spi_Ethernet_putConstString

* put the string pointed to by s to the ENC transmit buffer

/*unsigned int putString(char *s)

{ unsigned int ctr = 0 ; while(*s)

{

Spi_Ethernet_putByte(*s++) ; ctr++ ;

} return(ctr) ;

}*/

* it will be much faster to use library Spi_Ethernet_putString routine

* instead of putString routine above. However, the code will be a little

* bit bigger. User should choose between size and speed and pick the implementation that

* suites him best. If you choose to go with the putString definition above

* the #define line below should be commented out.

#define putString Spi_Ethernet_putString

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* this function is called by the library

* the user accesses to the HTTP request by successive calls to

Spi_Ethernet_getByte()

* the user puts data in the transmit buffer by successive calls to Spi_Ethernet_putByte()

* the function must return the length in bytes of the HTTP reply, or 0 if nothing to transmit

* if you don't need to reply to HTTP requests,

* just define this function with a return(0) as single statement

*/ unsigned int Spi_Ethernet_UserTCP( unsigned char *remoteHost,

unsigned int remotePort, unsigned int localPort, unsigned int reqLength)

{ idata unsigned int len; // my reply length

if(localPort != 80) // I listen only to web request on port 80

{

return(0) ;

}

// get 10 first bytes only of the request, the rest does not matter here

for(len = 0 ; len < 10 ; len++)

{ getRequest[len] = Spi_Ethernet_getByte() ;

} getRequest[len] = 0 ; len = 0;

if(memcmp(getRequest, httpMethod, 5)) // only GET method is supported here

{

return(0) ;

} httpCounter++ ; // one more request done

if(getRequest[5] == 's') // if request path name starts with s, store dynamic data in transmit buffer

{

// the text string replied by this request can be interpreted as javascript statements

// by browsers

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// HTTP header len += putConstString(httpMimeTypeScript) ;

// with text MIME type

// add P3 value (buttons) to reply len += putConstString("var P3=") ;

WordToStr(P3, dyna) ; len += putString(dyna) ; len += putConstString(";") ;

// add P0 value (LEDs) to reply len += putConstString("var P0=") ;

WordToStr(P0, dyna) ; len += putString(dyna) ; len += putConstString(";") ;

// add HTTP requests counter to reply

WordToStr(httpCounter, dyna) ; len += putConstString("var REQ=") ; len += putString(dyna) ; len += putConstString(";") ;

}

else if(getRequest[5] == 't')

// if request path name starts with t, toggle P3 (LED) bit number that comes after

{ unsigned char bitMask = 0 ;

// for bit mask

if(isdigit(getRequest[6]))

// if 0 <= bit number <= 9, bits 8 & 9 does not exist but does not matter

{ bitMask = getRequest[6] - '0' ;

// convert ASCII to integer bitMask = 1 << bitMask ;

// create bit mask

P3 ^= bitMask ;

// toggle P3 with xor operator

}

} if(len == 0) // what do to by default

{ len = putConstString(httpHeader) ;

// HTTP header len += putConstString(httpMimeTypeHTML) ;

// with HTML MIME typ

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// HTML page first part len += putConstString(indexPage2) ;

// HTML page second part

}

return(len) ;

// return to the library with the number of bytes to transmit

}

* this function is called by the library

* the user accesses to the UDP request by successive calls to

Spi_Ethernet_getByte()

* the user puts data in the transmit buffer by successive calls to Spi_Ethernet_putByte()

* the function must return the length in bytes of the UDP reply, or 0 if nothing to transmit

* if you don't need to reply to UDP requests,

* just define this function with a return(0) as single statement

*/ unsigned int Spi_Ethernet_UserUDP( unsigned char *remoteHost,

unsigned int remotePort, unsigned int destPort, unsigned int reqLength)

{ idata unsigned int len ; // my reply length idata unsigned char * ptr ; // pointer to the dynamic buffer

// reply is made of the remote host IP address in human readable format

ByteToStr(remoteHost[0], dyna) ; // first IP address byte dyna[3] = '.' ;

ByteToStr(remoteHost[1], dyna + 4) ; // second dyna[7] = '.' ;

ByteToStr(remoteHost[2], dyna + 8) ; // third dyna[11] = '.' ;

ByteToStr(remoteHost[3], dyna + 12) ; // fourth dyna[15] = ':' ; // add separator

// then remote host port number

WordToStr(remotePort, dyna + 16) ; dyna[21] = '[' ;

WordToStr(destPort, dyna + 22) ; dyna[27] = ']' ; dyna[28] = 0 ;

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// the total length of the request is the length of the dynamic string plus the text of the request len = 28 + reqLength;

// puts the dynamic string into the transmit buffer

Spi_Ethernet_putBytes(dyna, 28) ;

// then puts the request string converted into upper char into the transmit buffer

while(reqLength--)

{

Spi_Ethernet_putByte(toupper(Spi_Ethernet_getByte())) ;

}

return(len) ; // back to the library with the length of the UDP reply

}

* main entry

*/ void main()

{

* starts ENC28J60 with :

* reset bit on P1_0

* CS bit on P1_1

* my MAC & IP address

* full duplex

Spi_Init_Advanced(MASTER_OSC_DIV16 | CLK_IDLE_LOW |

IDLE_2_ACTIVE | DATA_ORDER_MSB);

Spi_Ethernet_Init(myMacAddr, myIpAddr, Spi_Ethernet_FULLDU-

PLEX) ; // full duplex, CRC + MAC Unicast + MAC Broadcast filtering

while(1) // do forever

{

* if necessary, test the return value to get error code

Spi_Ethernet_doPacket() ; // process incoming

Ethernet packets

* add your stuff here if needed

* Spi_Ethernet_doPacket() must be called as often as possible

* otherwise packets could be lost

}

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HW Connection

mikroC for 8051

AT89S8253

ENC28J60/SP

10K

74HCT245

ETH-WOL

ETH-INT

MISO

6.12. SPI Ethernet

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SPI GRAPHIC LCD LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for operating Graphic LCD 128x64 (with commonly used Samsung KS108/KS107 controller) via SPI interface.

For creating a custom set of GLCD images use GLCD Bitmap Editor Tool.

Note: The library uses the SPI module for communication. User must initialize SPI module before using the SPI Graphic LCD Library.

Note: This Library is designed to work with the mikroElektronika's Serial

LCD/GLCD Adapter Board pinout, see schematic at the bottom of this page for details.

External dependencies of SPI Graphic LCD Library

The implementation of SPI Graphic LCD Library routines is based on Port

Expander Library routines.

External dependencies are the same as Port Expander Library external dependencies.

Library Routines

Basic routines:

- Spi_Glcd_Init

- Spi_Glcd_Set_Side

- Spi_Glcd_Set_Page

- Spi_Glcd_Set_X

- Spi_Glcd_Read_Data

- Spi_Glcd_Write_Data

Advanced routines:

- Spi_Glcd_Fill

- Spi_Glcd_Dot

- Spi_Glcd_Line

- Spi_Glcd_V_Line

- Spi_Glcd_H_Line

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- Spi_Glcd_Rectangle

- Spi_Glcd_Box

- Spi_Glcd_Circle

- Spi_Glcd_Set_Font

- Spi_Glcd_Write_Char

- Spi_Glcd_Write_Text

- Spi_Glcd_Image

Spi_Glcd_Init

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Init(char DeviceAddress);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes the GLCD module via SPI interface.

Parameters :

DeviceAddress

: spi expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Requires

SPExpanderCS and

SPExpanderRST variables must be defined before using this function.

The SPI module needs to be initialized. See Spi_Init and

Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

Example // port expander pinout definition sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

...

Spi_Init_Advanced(MASTER_OSC_DIV4 | CLK_IDLE_LOW |

IDLE_2_ACTIVE | DATA_ORDER_MSB);

Spi_Glcd_Init(0);

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Spi_Glcd_Set_Side

Prototype void SPI_Glcd_Set_Side(char x_pos);

Returns Nothing.

Description Selects GLCD side. Refer to the GLCD datasheet for detail explanation.

Parameters :

- x_pos

: position on x-axis. Valid values: 0..127

The parameter x_pos specifies the GLCD side: values from 0 to

63 specify the left side, values from 64 to 127 specify the right side.

Note: For side, x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example The following two lines are equivalent, and both of them select the left side of GLCD:

SPI_Glcd_Set_Side(0);

SPI_Glcd_Set_Side(10);

Spi_Glcd_Set_Page

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Set_Page(char page);

Returns Nothing.

Description Selects page of GLCD.

Parameters :

- page

: page number. Valid values: 0..7

Note: For side, x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example Spi_Glcd_Set_Page(5);

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Spi_Glcd_Set_X

Prototype void SPI_Glcd_Set_X(char x_pos);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets x-axis position to x_pos dots from the left border of GLCD within the selected side.

Parameters :

- x_pos

: position on x-axis. Valid values: 0..63

Note: For side, x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example Spi_Glcd_Set_X(25);

Spi_Glcd_Read_Data

Prototype char Spi_Glcd_Read_Data();

Returns One byte from GLCD memory.

Description Reads data from the current location of GLCD memory and moves to the next location.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

GLCD side, x-axis position and page should be set first. See the functions Spi_Glcd_Set_Side, Spi_Glcd_Set_X, and

Spi_Glcd_Set_Page.

Example char data;

...

data = Spi_Glcd_Read_Data();

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Spi_Glcd_Write_Data

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Write_Data(char Ddata);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes one byte to the current location in GLCD memory and moves to the next location.

Parameters :

Ddata

: data to be written

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

GLCD side, x-axis position and page should be set first. See the functions Spi_Glcd_Set_Side, Spi_Glcd_Set_X, and

Spi_Glcd_Set_Page.

Example char data;

...

Spi_Glcd_Write_Data(data);

Spi_Glcd_Fill

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Fill(char pattern);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fills GLCD memory with byte pattern.

Parameters :

- pattern

: byte to fill GLCD memory with

To clear the GLCD screen, use

Spi_Glcd_Fill(0

To fill the screen completely, use

Spi_Glcd_Fill(0xFF

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Clear screen

Spi_Glcd_Fill(0);

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Spi_Glcd_Dot

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Dot(char x_pos, char y_pos, char color)

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a dot on GLCD at coordinates (x_pos, y_pos).

Parameters :

- x_pos

: x position. Valid values: 0..127

- y_pos

: y position. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the dot state: 0 clears dot, 1 puts a dot, and 2 inverts dot state.

Note: For x and y axis layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Invert the dot in the upper left corner

Spi_Glcd_Dot(0, 0, 2);

Spi_Glcd_Line

Prototype void SPI_Glcd_Line( int x_start, int y_start, int x_end , int y_end, char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a line on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_start

: x coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..127

- y_start

: y coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..63

- x_end

: x coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..127

- y_end

: y coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

Parameter color determines the line color: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Draw a line between dots (0,0) and (20,30)

Spi_Glcd_Line(0, 0, 20, 30, 1);

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Spi_Glcd_V_Line

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_V_Line(char y_start, char y_end, char x_pos, char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a vertical line on GLCD.

Parameters :

- y_start

: y coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..63

- y_end

: y coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..63

- x_pos

: x coordinate of vertical line. Valid values: 0..127

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

Parameter color determines the line color: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Draw a vertical line between dots (10,5) and

(10,25)

Spi_Glcd_V_Line(5, 25, 10, 1);

Spi_Glcd_H_Line

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_H_Line(char x_start, char x_end, char y_pos, char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a horizontal line on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_start

: x coordinate of the line start. Valid values: 0..127

- x_end

: x coordinate of the line end. Valid values: 0..127

- y_pos

: y coordinate of horizontal line. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the line color: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Draw a horizontal line between dots (10,20) and

(50,20)

Spi_Glcd_H_Line(10, 50, 20, 1);

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Spi_Glcd_Rectangle

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Rectangle(char x_upper_left, char y_upper_left , char x_bottom_right, char y_bottom_right , char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a rectangle on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_upper_left

: x coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner.

Valid values: 0..127

- y_upper_left

: y coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner.

Valid values: 0..63

- x_bottom_right

: x coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner. Valid values: 0..127

- y_bottom_right

: y coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner. Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the rectangle border:

0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Draw a rectangle between dots (5,5) and (40,40)

Spi_Glcd_Rectangle(5, 5, 40, 40, 1);

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Spi_Glcd_Box

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Box(char x_upper_left, char y_upper_left , char x_bottom_right, char y_bottom_right , char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a box on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_upper_left

: x coordinate of the upper left box corner. Valid values: 0..127

- y_upper_left

: y coordinate of the upper left box corner. Valid values: 0..63

- x_bottom_right

: x coordinate of the lower right box corner.

Valid values: 0..127

- y_bottom_right

: y coordinate of the lower right box corner.

Valid values: 0..63

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the box fill: 0 white,

1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Draw a box between dots (5,15) and (20,40)

Spi_Glcd_Box(5, 15, 20, 40, 1);

Spi_Glcd_Circle

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Circle(int x_center, int y_center, int radius , char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a circle on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x_center

: x coordinate of the circle center. Valid values: 0..127

- y_center

: y coordinate of the circle center. Valid values: 0..63

- radius

: radius size

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the circle line: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Draw a circle with center in (50,50) and radius=10

Spi_Glcd_Circle(50, 50, 10, 1);

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Spi_Glcd_Set_Font

Prototype void SPI_Glcd_Set_Font(const char *activeFont, char aFontWidth , char aFontHeight, unsigned int aFontOffs);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets font that will be used with Spi_Glcd_Write_Char and

Spi_Glcd_Write_Text routines.

Parameters :

- activeFont

: font to be set. Needs to be formatted as an array of char

- aFontWidth

: width of the font characters in dots.

- aFontHeight

: height of the font characters in dots.

- aFontOffs

: number that represents difference between the mikroC character set and regular ASCII set (eg. if 'A' is 65 in

ASCII character, and 'A' is 45 in the mikroC character set, aFontOffs is 20). Demo fonts supplied with the library have an offset of 32, which means that they start with space.

The user can use fonts given in the file “__Lib_GLCD_fonts.c” file located in the Uses folder or create his own fonts.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Use the custom 5x7 font "myfont" which starts with space (32):

Spi_Glcd_Set_Font(myfont, 5, 7, 32);

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Spi_Glcd_Write_Char

Prototype void SPI_Glcd_Write_Char(char chr1, char x_pos, char page_num , char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on GLCD.

Parameters :

- chr1

: character to be written

- x_pos

: character starting position on x-axis. Valid values:

0..(127-FontWidth)

- page_num

: the number of the page on which character will be written. Valid values: 0..7

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the character: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Note: For x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Use the Spi_Glcd_Set_Font to specify the font for display; if no font is specified, then the default 5x8 font supplied with the library will be used.

Example // Write character 'C' on the position 10 inside the page 2:

Spi_Glcd_Write_Char('C', 10, 2, 1);

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Spi_Glcd_Write_Text

Prototype void SPI_Glcd_Write_Text(char text[], char x_pos, char page_num , char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on GLCD.

Parameters :

- text

: text to be written

- x_pos

: text starting position on x-axis.

- page_num

: the number of the page on which text will be written.

Valid values: 0..7

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: 0..2

The parameter color determines the color of the text: 0 white, 1 black, and 2 inverts each dot.

Note: For x axis and page layout explanation see schematic at the bottom of this page.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Use the Spi_Glcd_Set_Font to specify the font for display; if no font is specified, then the default 5x8 font supplied with the library will be used.

Example // Write text "Hello world!" on the position 10 inside the page 2:

Spi_Glcd_Write_Text("Hello world!", 10, 2, 1);

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Spi_Glcd_Image

Prototype void Spi_Glcd_Image(const code char *image);

Returns Nothing.

Description Displays bitmap on GLCD.

Parameters :

- image

: image to be displayed. Bitmap array can be located in both code and RAM memory (due to the mikroC for 8051 pointer to const and pointer to RAM equivalency).

Use the mikroC’s integrated GLCD Bitmap Editor (menu option

Tools › GLCD Bitmap Editor) to convert image to a constant array suitable for displaying on GLCD.

Requires GLCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Glcd_Init routines.

Example // Draw image my_image on GLCD

Spi_Glcd_Image(my_image);

Library Example

The example demonstrates how to communicate to KS0108 GLCD via the SPI module, using serial to parallel convertor MCP23S17.

const code char advanced8051_bmp[];

// Port Expander module connections sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

// End Port Expander module connections

void Delay2S(){ // 2 seconds delay function

Delay_ms(2000);

}

void main() {

unsigned short ii;

unsigned int jj;

char *someText;

// Initialize SPI module

Spi_Init_Advanced(MASTER_OSC_DIV4 | CLK_IDLE_LOW | IDLE_2_ACTIVE

| DATA_ORDER_MSB);

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Spi_Glcd_Init(0); // Initialize GLCD via SPI

Spi_Glcd_Fill(0x00); // Clear GLCD

while(1) {

Spi_Glcd_Image(advanced8051_bmp); // Draw image

Delay2S(); Delay2S();

Spi_Glcd_Fill(0x0);

Spi_Glcd_Box(62,40,124,56,1); // Draw box

Spi_Glcd_Rectangle(5,5,84,35,1); // Draw rectangle

Spi_Glcd_Line(0, 63, 127, 0,1); // Draw line

Delay2S();

for(ii = 5; ii < 60; ii+=5 ) { // Draw horizontal and vertical line delay_ms(250);

Spi_Glcd_V_Line(2, 54, ii, 1);

Spi_Glcd_H_Line(2, 120, ii, 1);

}

Delay2S();

Spi_Glcd_Fill(0x00);

Spi_Glcd_Set_Font(Character8x8, 8, 8, 32); // Choose font, see

__Lib_GLCDFonts.c in Uses folder

Spi_Glcd_Write_Text("mikroE", 5, 7, 2); // Write string

for (ii = 1; ii <= 10; ii++) // Draw circles

Spi_Glcd_Circle(63,32, 3*ii, 1);

Delay2S();

Spi_Glcd_Box(12,20, 70,57, 2); // Draw box

Delay2S();

Spi_Glcd_Set_Font(FontSystem5x8, 5, 8, 32); // Change font someText = "BIG:LETTERS";

Spi_Glcd_Write_Text(someText, 5, 3, 2); // Write string

Delay2S(); someText = "SMALL:NOT:SMALLER";

Spi_Glcd_Write_Text(someText, 20,5, 1); // Write string

Delay2S();

}

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HW Connection

MCP23S17

P1.1

P1.7

P1.5

P1.6

VSS

SCK

GPB0

GPB1

GPB2

GPB3

GPB4

GPB5

GPB6

GPB7

VDD

GPA7

GPA6

GPA5

GPA4

GPA3

GPA2

GPA1

GPA0

INTA

INTB

RESET

RST

CS2

CS1

P1.0

P1.0

P1.1

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

VCC

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

Vee

VCC

Contrast

Adjustment

1 mikroElektronika

Easy8051B

Development system

VCC y axis

0 page0

8 page1

16 page2

24 page3

32 page4

40 page5

48 page6

56 page7

0 x=0

Left side x=63 x=0

Right side

127 x=63 x axis

1 20

6.13. SPI GLCD HW connection

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SPI LCD LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for communication with LCD (with

HD44780 compliant controllers) in 4-bit mode via SPI interface.

For creating a custom set of LCD characters use LCD Custom Character Tool.

Note: The library uses the SPI module for communication. The user must initialize the SPI module before using the SPI LCD Library.

Note: This Library is designed to work with the mikroElektronika's Serial LCD

Adapter Board pinout. See schematic at the bottom of this page for details.

External dependencies of SPI LCD Library

The implementation of SPI LCD Library routines is based on Port Expander Library routines.

External dependencies are the same as Port Expander Library external dependencies.

Library Routines

- Spi_Lcd_Config

- Spi_Lcd_Out

- Spi_Lcd_Out_Cp

- Spi_Lcd_Chr

- Spi_Lcd_Chr_Cp

- Spi_Lcd_Cmd

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Spi_Lcd_Config

Prototype void Spi_Lcd_Config(char DeviceAddress);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes the LCD module via SPI interface.

Parameters :

DeviceAddress

: spi expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Requires

SPExpanderCS and

SPExpanderRST variables must be defined before using this function.

The SPI module needs to be initialized. See Spi_Init and

Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

Example // port expander pinout definition sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

...

Spi_Init(); // initialize spi

Spi_Lcd_Config(0);

// initialize lcd over spi interface

Spi_Lcd_Out

Prototype void Spi_Lcd_Out(char row, char column, char *text);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on the LCD starting from specified position. Both string variables and literals can be passed as a text.

Parameters :

- row

: starting position row number

- column

: starting position column number

- text

: text to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd_Config routines.

Example // Write text "Hello!" on LCD starting from row 1, column 3:

Spi_Lcd_Out(1, 3, "Hello!");

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Spi_Lcd_Out_Cp

Prototype void Spi_Lcd_Out_CP(char *text);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on the LCD at current cursor position. Both string variables and literals can be passed as a text.

Parameters :

- text

: text to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd_Config routines.

Example // Write text "Here!" at current cursor position:

Spi_Lcd_Out_CP("Here!");

Spi_Lcd_Chr

Prototype void Spi_Lcd_Chr(char Row, char Column, char

Out_Char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on LCD at specified position. Both variables and literals can be passed as character.

Parameters :

Row

: writing position row number

Column

: writing position column number

Out_Char

: character to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd_Config routines.

Example // Write character "i" at row 2, column 3:

Spi_Lcd_Chr(2, 3, 'i');

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Spi_Lcd_Chr_Cp

Prototype void Spi_Lcd_Chr_CP(char Out_Char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on LCD at current cursor position. Both variables and literals can be passed as character.

Parameters :

Out_Char

: character to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd_Config routines.

Example // Write character "i" at row 2, column 3:

Spi_Lcd_Chr(2, 3, 'i');

Spi_Lcd_Cmd

Prototype void Spi_Lcd_Cmd(char out_char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sends command to LCD.

Parameters :

- out_char

: command to be sent

Note: Predefined constants can be passed to the function, see

Available LCD Commands.

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd_Config routines.

Example // Clear LCD display:

Spi_Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);

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Available LCD Commands

LCD Command

LCD_FIRST_ROW

LCD_SECOND_ROW

LCD_THIRD_ROW

Purpose

Move cursor to the 1st row

Move cursor to the 2nd row

Move cursor to the 3rd row

LCD_FOURTH_ROW

LCD_CLEAR

LCD_RETURN_HOME

LCD_CURSOR_OFF

LCD_UNDERLINE_ON

Move cursor to the 4th row

Clear display

Return cursor to home position, returns a shifted display to its original position. Display data RAM is unaffected.

Turn off cursor

Underline cursor on

LCD_BLINK_CURSOR_ON Blink cursor on

LCD_MOVE_CURSOR_LEFT Move cursor left without changing display data RAM

LCD_MOVE_CURSOR_RIGH

LCD_TURN_ON

Move cursor right without changing display data RAM

Turn LCD display on

LCD_TURN_OFF

LCD_SHIFT_LEFT

Turn LCD display off

Shift display left without changing display data RAM

LCD_SHIFT_RIGHT Shift display right without changing display data RAM

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Library Example

This example demonstrates how to communicate LCD via the SPI module, using serial to parallel convertor MCP23S17.

char *text = "mikroElektronika";

// Port Expander module connections sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

// End Port Expander module connections

void main() {

Spi_Init(); // Initialize SPI

Spi_Lcd_Config(0); // Initialize LCD over SPI interface

Spi_Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display

Spi_Lcd_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off

Spi_Lcd_Out(1,6, "mikroE"); // Print text to LCD, 1st row, 6th column

Spi_Lcd_Chr_CP('!'); // Append '!'

Spi_Lcd_Out(2,1, text); // Print text to LCD, 2nd row, 1st column

Spi_Lcd_Out(3,1,"mikroE"); // For LCD with more than two rows

Spi_Lcd_Out(4,15,"mikroE"); // For LCD with more than two rows

}

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HW Connection

MCP23S17

P1.1

P1.7

P1.5

P1.6

GPB0

GPB1

VDD

VSS

SCK

GPB2

GPB3

GPB4

GPB5

GPB6

GPB7 GPA0

INTA

INTB

RESET

GPA7

GPA6

GPA5

GPA4

GPA3

GPA2

GPA1

P1.0

mikroC for 8051

P1.0

P1.1

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

VCC

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

VCC

Contrast

Adjustment

1 14

6.14.SPI LCD HW connection

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SPI LCD8 (8-BIT INTERFACE) LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for communication with LCD (with

HD44780 compliant controllers) in 8-bit mode via SPI interface.

For creating a custom set of LCD characters use LCD Custom Character Tool.

Note: Library uses the SPI module for communication. The user must initialize the

SPI module before using the SPI LCD Library.

Note: This Library is designed to work with mikroElektronika's Serial LCD/GLCD

Adapter Board pinout, see schematic at the bottom of this page for details.

External dependencies of SPI LCD Library

The implementation of SPI LCD Library routines is based on Port Expander Library routines.

External dependencies are the same as Port Expander Library external dependencies.

Library Routines

- Spi_Lcd8_Config

- Spi_Lcd8_Out

- Spi_Lcd8_Out_Cp

- Spi_Lcd8_Chr

- Spi_Lcd8_Chr_Cp

- Spi_Lcd8_Cmd

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Spi_Lcd8_Config

Prototype void Spi_Lcd8_Config(char DeviceAddress);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initializes the LCD module via SPI interface.

Parameters :

DeviceAddress

: spi expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

Requires

SPExpanderCS and

SPExpanderRST variables must be defined before using this function.

The SPI module needs to be initialized. See Spi_Init and

Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

Example // port expander pinout definition sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

...

Spi_Init();

Spi_Lcd8_Config(0);

// initialize spi interface

// intialize lcd in 8bit mode via spi

Spi_Lcd8_Out

Prototype void Spi_Lcd8_Out(unsigned short row, unsigned short column, char *text);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on LCD starting from specified position. Both string variables and literals can be passed as a text.

Parameters :

- row: starting position row number

- column

: starting position column number

- text

: text to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd8_Config routines.

Example // Write text "Hello!" on LCD starting from row 1, column 3:

Spi_Lcd8_Out(1, 3, "Hello!");

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Spi_Lcd8_Out_Cp

Prototype void Spi_Lcd8_Out_CP(char *text);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints text on LCD at current cursor position. Both string variables and literals can be passed as a text.

Parameters :

- text

: text to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd8_Config routines.

Example // Write text "Here!" at current cursor position:

Spi_Lcd8_Out_Cp("Here!");

Spi_Lcd8_Chr

Prototype void Spi_Lcd8_Chr(unsigned short row, unsigned short column , char out_char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on LCD at specified position. Both variables and literals can be passed as character.

Parameters :

- row

: writing position row number

- column

: writing position column number

- out_char

: character to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd8_Config routines.

Example // Write character "i" at row 2, column 3:

Spi_Lcd8_Chr(2, 3, 'i');

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Spi_Lcd8_Chr_Cp

Prototype void Spi_Lcd8_Chr_CP(char out_char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Prints character on LCD at current cursor position. Both variables and literals can be passed as character.

Parameters :

- out_char

: character to be written

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd8_Config routines.

Example Print “e” at current cursor position:

// Write character "e" at current cursor position:

Spi_Lcd8_Chr_Cp('e');

Spi_Lcd8_Cmd

Prototype void Spi_Lcd8_Cmd(char out_char);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sends command to LCD.

Parameters :

- out_char

: command to be sent

Note: Predefined constants can be passed to the function, see

Available LCD Commands.

Requires LCD needs to be initialized for SPI communication, see

Spi_Lcd8_Config routines.

Example // Clear LCD display:

Spi_Lcd8_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR);

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Available LCD Commands

LCD Command Purpose

LCD_FIRST_ROW

LCD_SECOND_ROW

LCD_THIRD_ROW

LCD_FOURTH_ROW

Move cursor to the 1st row

Move cursor to the 2nd row

Move cursor to the 3rd row

Move cursor to the 4th row

LCD_CLEAR

LCD_RETURN_HOME

LCD_CURSOR_OFF

LCD_UNDERLINE_ON

Clear display

Return cursor to home position, returns a shifted display to its original position. Display data RAM is unaffected.

Turn off cursor

Underline cursor on

LCD_BLINK_CURSOR_ON

LCD_MOVE_CURSOR_LEFT

Blink cursor on

Move cursor left without changing display data RAM

LCD_MOVE_CURSOR_RIGHT Move cursor right without changing display data RAM

LCD_TURN_ON

LCD_TURN_OFF

Turn LCD display on

Turn LCD display off

LCD_SHIFT_LEFT

LCD_SHIFT_RIGHT

Shift display left without changing display data RAM

Shift display right without changing display data RAM

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Library Example

This example demonstrates how to communicate LCD in 8-bit mode via the SPI module, using serial to parallel convertor MCP23S17.

char *text = "mikroE";

// Port Expander module connections sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

// End Port Expander module connections

void main() {

Spi_Init(); // Initialize SPI interface

Spi_Lcd8_Config(0); // Intialize LCD in 8bit mode via SPI

Spi_Lcd8_Cmd(LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display

Spi_Lcd8_Cmd(LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Turn cursor off

Spi_Lcd8_Out(1,6, text);

// Print text to LCD, 1st row, 6th column...

Spi_Lcd8_Chr_CP('!'); // Append '!'

Spi_Lcd8_Out(2,1, "mikroelektronika");

// Print text to LCD, 2nd row, 1st column...

Spi_Lcd8_Out(3,1, text);

// For LCD modules with more than two rows

Spi_Lcd8_Out(4,15, text);

// For LCD modules with more than two rows

}

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HW Connection

MCP23S17

P1.1

P1.7

P1.5

P1.6

GPB0

GPB1

GPB2

VSS

SCK

GPB3

GPB4

GPB5

GPB6

GPB7

VDD

GPA7

GPA6

GPA5

GPA4

GPA3

GPA2

GPA1

GPA0

INTA

INTB

RESET

18 P1.0

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

P1.0

P1.1

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

VCC

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

VCC

Contrast

Adjustment

1 14

6.15. SPI LCD8 HW connection

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SPI T6963C GRAPHIC LCD LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for working with GLCDs based on TOSHI-

BA T6963C controller via SPI interface. The Toshiba T6963C is a very popular

LCD controller for the use in small graphics modules. It is capable of controlling displays with a resolution up to 240x128. Because of its low power and small outline it is most suitable for mobile applications such as PDAs, MP3 players or mobile measurement equipment. Although this controller is small, it has a capability of displaying and merging text and graphics and it manages all interfacing signals to the displays Row and Column drivers.

For creating a custom set of GLCD images use GLCD Bitmap Editor Tool.

Note: The library uses the SPI module for communication. The user must initialize

SPI module before using the Spi T6963C GLCD Library.

Note: This Library is designed to work with mikroElektronika's Serial GLCD

240x128 and 240x64 Adapter Boards pinout, see schematic at the bottom of this page for details.

Note: Some mikroElektronika's adapter boards have pinout different from T6369C datasheets. Appropriate relations between these labels are given in the table below:

Adapter Board

R/W

T6369C datasheet

C/D

/RD

/WR

External dependencies of Spi T6963C Graphic LCD Library

The implementation of Spi T6963C Graphic LCD Library routines is based on Port

Expander Library routines.

External dependencies are the same as Port Expander Library external dependencies.

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Library Routines

- Spi_T6963C_Config

- Spi_T6963C_WriteData

- Spi_T6963C_WriteCommand

- Spi_T6963C_SetPtr

- Spi_T6963C_WaitReady

- Spi_T6963C_Fill

- Spi_T6963C_Dot

- Spi_T6963C_Write_Char

- Spi_T6963C_Write_Text

- Spi_T6963C_Line

- Spi_T6963C_Rectangle

- Spi_T6963C_Box

- Spi_T6963C_Circle

- Spi_T6963C_Image

- Spi_T6963C_Sprite

- Spi_T6963C_Set_Cursor

Note: The following low level library routines are implemented as macros. These macros can be found in the

Spi_T6963C.h

header file which is located in the SPI

T6963C example projects folders.

- Spi_T6963C_ClearBit

- Spi_T6963C_SetBit

- Spi_T6963C_NegBit

- Spi_T6963C_DisplayGrPanel

- Spi_T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel

- Spi_T6963C_SetGrPanel

- Spi_T6963C_SetTxtPanel

- Spi_T6963C_PanelFill

- Spi_T6963C_GrFill

- Spi_T6963C_TxtFill

- Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Height

- Spi_T6963C_Graphics

- Spi_T6963C_Text

- Spi_T6963C_Cursor

- Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Blink

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Spi_T6963C_Config

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Config(unsigned int width, unsigned

char height, unsigned char fntW, char DeviceAddress,

unsigned char wr, unsigned char rd, unsigned char cd,

unsigned char rst);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initalizes the Graphic Lcd controller.

Parameters :

- width

: width of the GLCD panel

- height

: height of the GLCD panel

- fntW

: font width

DeviceAddress

: SPI expander hardware address, see schematic at the bottom of this page

- wr

: write signal pin on GLCD control port

- rd

: read signal pin on GLCD control port

- cd

: command/data signal pin on GLCD control port

- rst

: reset signal pin on GLCD control port

Display RAM organization:

The library cuts RAM into panels : a complete panel is one graphics panel followed by a text panel (see schematic below). schematic:

GRAPHICS PANEL #0

TEXT PANEL #0

GRAPHICS PANEL #1

TEXT PANEL #2

PANEL 0

PANEL 1

Requires

SPExpanderCS and

SPExpanderRST variables must be defined before using this function.

The SPI module needs to be initialized. See the Spi_Init and

Spi_Init_Advanced routines.

Example // port expander pinout definition sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

...

Spi_Init_Advanced(MASTER_OSC_DIV4 | CLK_IDLE_LOW |

IDLE_2_ACTIVE | DATA_ORDER_MSB);

Spi_T6963C_Config(240, 64, 8, 0, 0, 1, 3, 4) ;

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Spi_T6963C_WriteData

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_WriteData(unsigned char Ddata);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes data to T6963C controller via SPI interface.

Parameters :

Ddata

: data to be written

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_WriteData(AddrL);

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

Spi_T6963C_WriteCommand

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_WriteCommand(unsigned char Ddata);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes command to T6963C controller via SPI interface.

Parameters :

Ddata

: command to be written

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_WriteCommand(Spi_T6963C_CURSOR_POINTER_SET)

;

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Spi_T6963C_SetPtr

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_SetPtr(unsigned int p, unsigned char c);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets the memory pointer p for command c.

Parameters :

- p

: address where command should be written

- c

: command to be written

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_WriteCommand(Spi_T6963C_CURSOR_POINTER_SET)

;

Spi_T6963C_WaitReady

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_WaitReady(void);

Returns Nothing.

Description Pools the status byte, and loops until Toshiba GLCD module is ready.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_WaitReady();

Spi_T6963C_Fill

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Fill(unsigned char v, unsigned int start , unsigned int len);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fills controller memory block with given byte.

Parameters :

- v

: byte to be written

- start

: starting address of the memory block

- len

: length of the memory block in bytes

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Fill(0x33,0x00FF,0x000F);

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Spi_T6963C_Dot

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Dot(int x, int y, unsigned char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a dot in the current graphic panel of GLCD at coordinates

(x, y).

Parameters :

- x

: dot position on x-axis

- y

: dot position on y-axis

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: Spi_T6963C_BLACK and

Spi_T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Dot(x0, y0, pcolor);

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Spi_T6963C_Write_Char

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Write_Char(unsigned char c, unsigned

char x, unsigned char y, unsigned char mode);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes a char in the current text panel of GLCD at coordinates (x, y).

Parameters :

- c: char to be written

- x: char position on x-axis

- y: char position on y-axis

- mode

: mode parameter. Valid values:

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_OR,

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR,

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_AND and \

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_TEXT

Mode parameter explanation:

- OR Mode: In the OR-Mode, text and graphics can be displayed and the data is logically “OR-ed”. This is the most common way of combining text and graphics for example labels on buttons.

- XOR-Mode: In this mode, the text and graphics data are com bined via the logical “exclusive OR”. This can be useful to dis play text in negative mode, i.e. white text on black background.

- AND-Mode: The text and graphic data shown on display are combined via the logical “AND function”.

- TEXT-Mode: This option is only available when displaying just a text. The Text Attribute values are stored in the graphic area of display memory.

For more details see the T6963C datasheet.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Write_Char("A",22,23,AND);

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Spi_T6963C_Write_Text

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Write_Text(unsigned char *str,

unsigned char x, unsigned char y, unsigned char mode);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes text in the current text panel of GLCD at coordinates (x, y).

Parameters :

- str

: text to be written

- x

: text position on x-axis

- y: text position on y-axis

- mode

: mode parameter. Valid values:

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_OR,

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR,

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_AND and

Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_TEXT

Mode parameter explanation:

- OR Mode: In the OR-Mode, text and graphics can be displayed and the data is logically “OR-ed”. This is the most common way of combining text and graphics for example labels on buttons.

- XOR-Mode: In this mode, the text and graphics data are com bined via the logical “exclusive OR”. This can be useful to dis play text in negative mode, i.e. white text on black background.

- AND-Mode: The text and graphic data shown on the display are combined via the logical “AND function”.

- TEXT-Mode: This option is only available when displaying just a text. The Text Attribute values are stored in the graphic area of display memory.

For more details see the T6963C datasheet.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Write_Text("GLCD LIBRARY DEMO, WELCOME !",

0, 0, T6963C_ROM_MODE_EXOR);

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Spi_T6963C_Line

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Line(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1,

unsigned char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a line from (x0, y0) to (x1, y1).

Parameters :

- x0

: x coordinate of the line start

- y0

: y coordinate of the line end

- x1

: x coordinate of the line start

- y1

: y coordinate of the line end

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: Spi_T6963C_BLACK and Spi_T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Line(0, 0, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE);

Spi_T6963C_Rectangle

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Rectangle(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1 , unsigned char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a rectangle on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x0

: x coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner

- y0

: y coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner

- x1

: x coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner

- y1

: y coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: Spi_T6963C_BLACK and Spi_T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Rectangle(20, 20, 219, 107, T6963C_WHITE);

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Spi_T6963C_Box

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Box(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1,

unsigned char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a box on the GLCD

Parameters :

- x0

: x coordinate of the upper left box corner

- y0

: y coordinate of the upper left box corner

- x1

: x coordinate of the lower right box corner

- y1

: y coordinate of the lower right box corner

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: Spi_T6963C_BLACK and Spi_T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Box(0, 119, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE);

Spi_T6963C_Circle

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Circle(int x, int y, long r, unsigned

char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a circle on the GLCD.

Parameters :

- x

: x coordinate of the circle center

- y

: y coordinate of the circle center

- r

: radius size

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: Spi_T6963C_BLACK and Spi_T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Box(0, 119, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE);

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Spi_T6963C_Image

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Image(const code char *pic);

Returns Nothing.

Description Displays bitmap on GLCD.

Parameters :

- pic

: image to be displayed. Bitmap array can be located in both code and RAM memory (due to the mikroC for 8051 pointer to const and pointer to RAM equivalency).

Use the mikroC’s integrated GLCD Bitmap Editor (menu option

Tools › GLCD Bitmap Editor) to convert image to a constant array suitable for displaying on GLCD.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Image(my_image);

Spi_T6963C_Sprite

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Sprite(unsigned char px, unsigned char py , const char *pic, unsigned char sx, unsigned

char sy);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fills graphic rectangle area (px, py) to (px+sx, py+sy) with custom size picture.

Parameters :

- px

: x coordinate of the upper left picture corner. Valid values: multiples of the font width

- py

: y coordinate of the upper left picture corner

- pic

: picture to be displayed

- sx

: picture width. Valid values: multiples of the font width

- sy

: picture height

Note: If px and sx parameters are not multiples of the font width they will be scaled to the nearest lower number that is a multiple of the font width.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Sprite(76, 4, einstein, 88, 119);

// draw a sprite

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Spi_T6963C_Set_Cursor

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Set_Cursor(unsigned char x, unsigned

char y);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets cursor to row x and column y

Parameters :

- x: cursor position row number

- y

: cursor position column number

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Set_Cursor(cposx, cposy);

Spi_T6963C_ClearBit

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_ClearBit(char b);

Returns Nothing.

Description Clears control port bit(s).

Parameters :

- b

: bit mask. The function will clear bit x on control port if bit x in bit mask is set to 1.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // clear bits 0 and 1 on control port

Spi_T6963C_ClearBit(0x03);

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Spi_T6963C_SetBit

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_SetBit(char b);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets control port bit(s).

Parameters :

- b

: bit mask. The function will set bit x on control port if bit x in bit mask is set to

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // set bits 0 and 1 on control port

Spi_T6963C_SetBit(0x03);

Spi_T6963C_NegBit

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_NegBit(char b);

Returns Nothing.

Description Negates control port bit(s).

Parameters :

- b

: bit mask. The function will negate bit x on control port if bit x in bit mask is set to

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // negate bits 0 and 1 on control port

Spi_T6963C_NegBit(0x03);

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Spi_T6963C_DisplayGrPanel

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_DisplayGrPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Display selected graphic panel.

Parameters :

- n: graphic panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // display graphic panel 1

Spi_T6963C_DisplayGrPanel(1);

Spi_T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Display selected text panel.

Parameters :

- n

: text panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // display text panel 1

Spi_T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel(1);

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

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Spi_T6963C_SetGrPanel

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_SetGrPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Compute start address for selected graphic panel and set appropriate internal pointers. All subsequent graphic operations will be preformed at this graphic panel.

Parameters :

- n

: graphic panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // set graphic panel 1 as current graphic panel.

Spi_T6963C_SetGrPanel(1);

Spi_T6963C_SetTxtPanel

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_SetTxtPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Compute start address for selected text panel and set appropriate internal pointers. All subsequent text operations will be preformed at this text panel.

Parameters :

- n: text panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // set text panel 1 as current text panel.

Spi_T6963C_SetTxtPanel(1);

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Spi_T6963C_PanelFill

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_PanelFill(unsigned char v);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fill current panel in full (graphic+text) with appropriate value (0 to clear).

Parameters :

- v

: value to fill panel with.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example clear current panel

Spi_T6963C_PanelFill(0);

Spi_T6963C_GrFill

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_GrFill(unsigned char v);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fill current graphic panel with appropriate value (0 to clear).

Parameters :

- v: value to fill graphic panel with.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // clear current graphic panel

Spi_T6963C_GrFill(0);

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Spi_T6963C_TxtFill

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_TxtFill(unsigned char v);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fill current text panel with appropriate value (0 to clear).

Parameters :

- v: this value increased by 32 will be used to fill text panel.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // clear current text panel

Spi_T6963C_TxtFill(0);

Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Height

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Height(unsigned char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Set cursor size.

Parameters :

- n: cursor height. Valid values:

0..7

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Height(7);

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Spi_T6963C_Graphics

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Graphics(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Enable/disable graphic displaying.

Parameters :

- n: graphic enable/disable parameter. Valid values:

(disable graphic dispaying) and

(enable graphic displaying).

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // enable graphic displaying

Spi_T6963C_Graphics(1);

Spi_T6963C_Text

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Text(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Enable/disable text displaying.

Parameters :

- n: text enable/disable parameter. Valid values:

(disable text dispaying) and

(enable text displaying).

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // enable text displaying

Spi_T6963C_Text(1);

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Spi_T6963C_Cursor

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Cursor(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Set cursor on/off.

Parameters :

- n

: on/off parameter. Valid values:

(set cursor off) and

(set cursor on).

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // enable text displaying

Spi_T6963C_Text(1);

Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Blink

Prototype void Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Blink(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Enable/disable cursor blinking.

Parameters :

- n: cursor blinking enable/disable parameter. Valid values:

(disable cursor blinking) and

(enable cursor blinking).

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See

Spi_T6963C_Config routine.

Example // enable cursor blinking

Spi_T6963C_Cursor_Blink(1);

Library Example

The following drawing demo tests advanced routines of the Spi T6963C GLCD library. Hardware configurations in this example are made for the T6963C

240x128 display, Easy8051B board and AT89S8253.

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#include "Spi_T6963C.h"

* bitmap pictures stored in ROM

extern const code char mc[] ;

extern const code char einstein[] ;

// Port Expander module connections sbit SPExpanderRST at P1.B0; sbit SPExpanderCS at P1.B1;

// End Port Expander module connections

void main() {

char idata txt1[] = " EINSTEIN WOULD HAVE LIKED mC";

char idata txt[] = " GLCD LIBRARY DEMO, WELCOME !"; unsigned char panel ; // current panel unsigned int i ; // general purpose register unsigned char unsigned int curs ; // cursor visibility cposx, cposy ; // cursor x-y position

P0 = 255; // Configure PORT0 as input

* init display for 240 pixel width and 128 pixel height

* 8 bits character width

* data bus on MCP23S17 portB

* control bus on MCP23S17 portA

* bit 2 is !WR

* bit 1 is !RD

* bit 0 is !CD

* bit 4 is RST

* chip enable, reverse on, 8x8 font internaly set in library

// Initialize SPI module

Spi_Init_Advanced(MASTER_OSC_DIV4 | CLK_IDLE_LOW | IDLE_2_ACTIVE

| DATA_ORDER_MSB);

// Initialize SPI Toshiba 240x128

Spi_T6963C_Config(240, 128, 8, 0, 2, 1, 0, 4) ;

Delay_ms(1000);

* Enable both graphics and text display at the same time

Spi_T6963C_graphics(1) ;

Spi_T6963C_text(1) ;

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Libraries mikroC for 8051 panel = 0 ; i = 0 ; curs = 0 ; cposx = cposy = 0 ;

* Text messages

Spi_T6963C_write_text(txt, 0, 0, Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR) ;

Spi_T6963C_write_text(txt1, 0, 15, Spi_T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR) ;

* Cursor

Spi_T6963C_cursor_height(8) ; // 8 pixel height

Spi_T6963C_set_cursor(0, 0) ; // move cursor to top left

Spi_T6963C_cursor(0) ; // cursor off

* Draw rectangles

Spi_T6963C_rectangle(0, 0, 239, 127, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_rectangle(20, 20, 219, 107, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_rectangle(40, 40, 199, 87, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_rectangle(60, 60, 179, 67, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

* Draw a cross

Spi_T6963C_line(0, 0, 239, 127, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_line(0, 127, 239, 0, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

* Draw solid boxes

Spi_T6963C_box(0, 0, 239, 8, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_box(0, 119, 239, 127, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

* Draw circles

Spi_T6963C_circle(120, 64, 10, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_circle(120, 64, 30, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_circle(120, 64, 50, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_circle(120, 64, 70, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_circle(120, 64, 90, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_circle(120, 64, 110, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

Spi_T6963C_circle(120, 64, 130, Spi_T6963C_WHITE) ;

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Spi_T6963C_sprite(76, 4, einstein, 88, 119) ; // Draw a sprite

Spi_T6963C_setGrPanel(1) ; // Select other graphic panel

Spi_T6963C_image(mc) ; // Fill the graphic screen with a picture

for(;;) { // Endless loop

* If P0_0 is pressed, toggle the display between graphic panel 0 and graphic 1

if(!P0_0) { panel++ ; panel &= 1 ;

Spi_T6963C_displayGrPanel(panel) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

* If P0_1 is pressed, display only graphic panel

else if(!P0_1) {

Spi_T6963C_graphics(1) ;

Spi_T6963C_text(0) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

* If P0_2 is pressed, display only text panel

else if(!P0_2) {

Spi_T6963C_graphics(0) ;

Spi_T6963C_text(1) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

* If P0_3 is pressed, display text and graphic panels

else if(!P0_3) {

Spi_T6963C_graphics(1) ;

Spi_T6963C_text(1) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

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* If P0_4 is pressed, change cursor

else if(!P0_4) { curs++ ;

if(curs == 3) curs = 0 ;

switch(curs) {

case 0:

// no cursor

Spi_T6963C_cursor(0) ;

break ;

case 1:

// blinking cursor

Spi_T6963C_cursor(1) ;

Spi_T6963C_cursor_blink(0) ;

break ;

}

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

Spi_T6963C_cursor(1) ;

Spi_T6963C_cursor_blink(1) ; break ;

case 2:

// non blinking cursor

* Move cursor, even if not visible

*/ cposx++ ;

if(cposx == Spi_T6963C_txtCols) { cposx = 0 ; cposy++ ;

if(cposy == Spi_T6963C_grHeight /

Spi_T6963C_CHARACTER_HEIGHT) { cposy = 0 ;

}

Spi_T6963C_set_cursor(cposx, cposy) ;

}

Delay_ms(100) ;

} mikroC for 8051

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HW Connection

MCP23S17

P1.B1

P1.B7

P1.B5

P1.B6

GPB0

GPB1

GPB2

GPB3

GPB4

GPB5

GPB6

GPB7

VDD

VSS

SCK

GPA7

GPA6

GPA5

GPA4

GPA3

GPA2

GPA1

GPA0

INTA

INTB

RESET

RST

P1.B0

P1.0

P1.1

P1.5

P1.6

P1.7

VCC

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

Toshiba T6963C Graphic LCD (240x128)

VCC

50R

K A

mikroE

Easy8051B

Dev. SYSTEM

VCC

10K

Contrast

Adjustment

6.16. Spi T6963C GLCD HW connection

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Libraries mikroC for 8051

T6963C GRAPHIC LCD LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a library for working with GLCDs based on TOSHI-

BA T6963C controller. The Toshiba T6963C is a very popular LCD controller for the use in small graphics modules. It is capable of controlling displays with a resolution up to 240x128. Because of its low power and small outline it is most suitable for mobile applications such as PDAs, MP3 players or mobile measurement equipment. Although small, this contoller has a capability of displaying and merging text and graphics and it manages all the interfacing signals to the displays Row and

Column drivers.

For creating a custom set of GLCD images use GLCD Bitmap Editor Tool.

Note: ChipEnable(CE), FontSelect(FS) and Reverse(MD) have to be set to appropriate levels by the user outside of the

T6963C_Init function. See the Library

Example code at the bottom of this page.

Note: Some mikroElektronika's adapter boards have pinout different from T6369C datasheets. Appropriate relations between these labels are given in the table below:

Adapter Board

R/W

T6369C datasheet

C/D

/RD

/WR

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External dependencies of T6963C Graphic LCD Library

The following variables must be defined in all projects using T6963C

Graphic LCD library:

Description : Example :

CHAPTER 6

Libraries extern unsigned char

sfr T6963C_dataPort;

T6963C Data Port.

unsigned char sfr

T6963C_dataPort at P0; extern unsigned char

sfr T6963C_ctrlPort;

T6963C Control Port.

unsigned char sfr

T6963C_ctrlPort at P1; extern sbit

T6963C_ctrlwr; extern sbit

T6963C_ctrlrd; extern sbit

T6963C_ctrlcd; extern sbit

T6963C_ctrlrst;

Write signal.

Read signal.

sbit

T6963C_ctrlwr at P1.B2; sbit

T6963C_ctrlrd at P1.B1;

Command/Data signal.

sbit

T6963C_ctrlcd at P1.B0;

Reset signal.

sbit

T6963C_ctrlrst at

P1.B4;

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Library Routines

- T6963C_Init

- T6963C_WriteData

- T6963C_WriteCommand

- T6963C_SetPtr

- T6963C_WaitReady

- T6963C_Fill

- T6963C_Dot

- T6963C_Write_Char

- T6963C_Write_Text

- T6963C_Line

- T6963C_Rectangle

- T6963C_Box

- T6963C_Circle

- T6963C_Image

- T6963C_Sprite

- T6963C_Set_Cursor

Note: The following low level library routines are implemented as macros. These macros can be found in the

T6963C.h

header file which is located in the T6963C example projects folders.

- T6963C_ClearBit

- T6963C_SetBit

- T6963C_NegBit

- T6963C_DisplayGrPanel

- T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel

- T6963C_SetGrPanel

- T6963C_SetTxtPanel

- T6963C_PanelFill

- T6963C_GrFill

- T6963C_TxtFill

- T6963C_Cursor_Height

- T6963C_Graphics

- T6963C_Text

- T6963C_Cursor

- T6963C_Cursor_Blink

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T6963C_Init

Prototype void T6963C_Init(unsigned int width, unsigned char height , unsigned char fntW);

Returns Nothing.

Description Initalizes the Graphic Lcd controller.

Parameters :

- width

: width of the GLCD panel

- height

: height of the GLCD panel

- fntW

: font width

Display RAM organization:

The library cuts the RAM into panels : a complete panel is one graphics panel followed by a text panel (see schematic below). schematic:

GRAPHICS PANEL #0

PANEL 0

TEXT PANEL #0

GRAPHICS PANEL #1

PANEL 1

TEXT PANEL #2

Requires Global variables :

T6963C_dataPort

: Data Port

T6963C_ctrlPort

: Control Port

T6963C_ctrlwr

: write signal pin

T6963C_ctrlrd

: read signal pin

T6963C_ctrlcd

: command/data signal pin

T6963C_ctrlrst

: reset signal pin must be defined before using this function.

Example // T6963CGLCD pinout definition unsigned char sfr T6963C_dataPort at P0;

// pointer to DATA BUS port unsigned char sfr T6963C_ctrlPort at P1;

// pointer to CONTROL port sbit T6963C_ctrlwr at P1.B2; // WR write signal sbit sbit

T6963C_ctrlrd

T6963C_ctrlcd

at P1.B1;

at P1.B0;

// RD read signal

// CD command/data signal sbit T6963C_ctrlrst at P1.B4; // RST reset signal

...

// init display for 240 pixel width, 128 pixel height and 8 bits character width

T6963C_init(240, 128, 8) ;

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T6963C_WriteData

Prototype void T6963C_WriteData(unsigned char mydata);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes data to T6963C controller.

Parameters :

- mydata

: data to be written

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_WriteData(AddrL);

T6963C_WriteCommand

Prototype void T6963C_WriteCommand(unsigned char mydata);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes command to T6963C controller.

Parameters :

- mydata

: command to be written

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_WriteCommand(T6963C_CURSOR_POINTER_SET);

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T6963C_SetPtr

Prototype void T6963C_SetPtr(unsigned int p, unsigned char c);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets the memory pointer p for command c.

Parameters :

- p: address where command should be written

- c: command to be written

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_SetPtr(T6963C_grHomeAddr + start,

T6963C_ADDRESS_POINTER_SET);

T6963C_WaitReady

Prototype void T6963C_WaitReady(void);

Returns Nothing.

Description Pools the status byte, and loops until Toshiba GLCD module is ready.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_WaitReady();

T6963C_Fill

Prototype void T6963C_Fill(unsigned char v, unsigned int start,

unsigned int len);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fills controller memory block with given byte.

Parameters :

- v

: byte to be written

- start

: starting address of the memory block

- len

: length of the memory block in bytes

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Fill(0x33,0x00FF,0x000F);

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T6963C_Dot

Prototype void T6963C_Dot(int x, int y, unsigned char color);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a dot in the current graphic panel of GLCD at coordinates

(x, y).

Parameters :

- x

: dot position on x-axis

- y

: dot position on y-axis

- color

: color parameter. Valid values: T6963C_BLACK and

T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Dot(x0, y0, pcolor);

T6963C_Write_Char

Prototype void T6963C_Write_Char(unsigned char c, unsigned char x, unsigned char y, unsigned char mode);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes a char in the current text panel of GLCD at coordinates (x, y).

Parameters :

- c

: char to be written

- x

: char position on x-axis

- y

: char position on y-axis

- mode: mode parameter. Valid values:

T6963C_ROM_MODE_OR, T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR,

T6963C_ROM_MODE_AND and T6963C_ROM_MODE_TEXT

Mode parameter explanation:

- OR Mode: In the OR-Mode, text and graphics can be displayed and the data is logically “OR-ed”. This is the most common way of combining text and graphics for example labels on buttons.

- XOR-Mode: In this mode, the text and graphics data are com bined via the logical “exclusive OR”. This can be useful to dis play text in the negative mode, i.e. white text on black back ground.

- AND-Mode: The text and graphic data shown on display are combined via the logical “AND function”.

- TEXT-Mode: This option is only available when displaying just a text. The Text Attribute values are stored in the graphic area of display memory.

For more details see the T6963C datasheet.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Write_Char('A',22,23,AND);

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T6963C_Write_Text

Prototype void T6963C_Write_Text(unsigned char *str, unsigned

char x, unsigned char y, unsigned char mode);

Returns Nothing.

Description Writes text in the current text panel of GLCD at coordinates (x, y).

Parameters :

- str

: text to be written

- x: text position on x-axis

- y: text position on y-axis

- mode

: mode parameter. Valid values:

T6963C_ROM_MODE_OR, T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR,

T6963C_ROM_MODE_AND and T6963C_ROM_MODE_TEXT

Mode parameter explanation:

- OR Mode: In the OR-Mode, text and graphics can be displayed and the data is logically “OR-ed”. This is the most common way of combining text and graphics for example labels on buttons.

- XOR-Mode: In this mode, the text and graphics data are com bined via the logical “exclusive OR”. This can be useful to dis play text in the negative mode, i.e. white text on black back ground.

- AND-Mode: The text and graphic data shown on display are combined via the logical “AND function”.

- TEXT-Mode: This option is only available when displaying just a text. The Text Attribute values are stored in the graphic area of display memory.

For more details see the T6963C datasheet.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Write_Text(" GLCD LIBRARY DEMO, WELCOME !", 0,

0, T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR);

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T6963C_Line

Prototype void T6963C_Line(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1,

unsigned char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a line from (x0, y0) to (x1, y1).

Parameters :

- x0: x coordinate of the line start

- y0

: y coordinate of the line end

- x1

: x coordinate of the line start

- y1

: y coordinate of the line end

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: T6963C_BLACK and

T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Line(0, 0, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE);

T6963C_Rectangle

Prototype void T6963C_Rectangle(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1,

unsigned char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a rectangle on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x0

: x coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner

- y0

: y coordinate of the upper left rectangle corner

- x1

: x coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner

- y1

: y coordinate of the lower right rectangle corner

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: T6963C_BLACK and

T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Rectangle(20, 20, 219, 107, T6963C_WHITE);

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T6963C_Box

Prototype void T6963C_Box(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1,

unsigned char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a box on GLCD

Parameters :

- x0

: x coordinate of the upper left box corner

- y0

: y coordinate of the upper left box corner

- x1

: x coordinate of the lower right box corner

- y1

: y coordinate of the lower right box corner

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: T6963C_BLACK and

T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Box(0, 119, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE);

T6963C_Circle

Prototype void T6963C_Circle(int x, int y, long r, unsigned

char pcolor);

Returns Nothing.

Description Draws a circle on GLCD.

Parameters :

- x: x coordinate of the circle center

- y

: y coordinate of the circle center

- r: radius size

- pcolor

: color parameter. Valid values: T6963C_BLACK and

T6963C_WHITE

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Circle(120, 64, 110, T6963C_WHITE);

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T6963C_Image

Prototype void T6963C_Image(const code char *pic);

Returns Nothing.

Description Displays bitmap on GLCD.

Parameters :

- pic

: image to be displayed. Bitmap array can be located in both code and RAM memory (due to the mikroC for 8051 pointer to const and pointer to RAM equivalency).

Use the mikroC’s integrated GLCD Bitmap Editor (menu option

Tools › GLCD Bitmap Editor) to convert image to a constant array suitable for displaying on GLCD.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Image(mc);

T6963C_Sprite

Prototype void T6963C_Sprite(unsigned char px, unsigned char py,

const code char *pic, unsigned char sx, unsigned

char sy);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fills graphic rectangle area (px, py) to (px+sx, py+sy) with custom size picture.

Parameters :

- px

: x coordinate of the upper left picture corner. Valid values: multiples of the font width

- py

: y coordinate of the upper left picture corner

- pic

: picture to be displayed

- sx: picture width. Valid values: multiples of the font width

- sy

: picture height

Note: If px and sx parameters are not multiples of the font width they will be scaled to the nearest lower number that is a multiple of the font width.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Sprite(76, 4, einstein, 88, 119); // draw a sprite

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Libraries

T6963C_Set_Cursor

Prototype void T6963C_Set_Cursor(unsigned char x, unsigned char y);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets cursor to row x and column y.

Parameters :

- x

: cursor position row number

- y

: cursor position column number

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Set_Cursor(cposx, cposy);

T6963C_ClearBit

Prototype void T6963C_ClearBit(char b);

Returns Nothing.

Description Clears control port bit(s).

Parameters :

- b

: bit mask. The function will clear bit x on control port if bit x in bit mask is set to 1.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // clear bits 0 and 1 on control port

T6963C_ClearBit(0x03);

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T6963C_SetBit

Prototype void T6963C_SetBit(char b);

Returns Nothing.

Description Sets control port bit(s).

Parameters :

- b

: bit mask. The function will set bit x on control port if bit x in bit mask is set to 1.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // set bits 0 and 1 on control port

T6963C_SetBit(0x03);

T6963C_NegBit

Prototype void T6963C_NegBit(char b);

Returns Nothing.

Description Negates control port bit(s).

Parameters :

- b: bit mask. The function will negate bit x on control port if bit x in bit mask is set to 1.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // negate bits 0 and 1 on control port

T6963C_NegBit(0x03);

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T6963C_DisplayGrPanel

Prototype void T6963C_DisplayGrPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Display selected graphic panel.

Parameters :

- n

: graphic panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // display graphic panel 1

T6963C_DisplayGrPanel(1);

T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel

Prototype void T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Display selected text panel.

Parameters :

- n

: graphic panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // display text panel 1

T6963C_DisplayTxtPanel(1);

CHAPTER 6

Libraries

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T6963C_SetGrPanel

Prototype void T6963C_SetGrPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Compute start address for selected graphic panel and set appropriate internal pointers. All subsequent graphic operations will be preformed at this graphic panel.

Parameters :

- n: graphic panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // set graphic panel 1 as current graphic panel.

T6963C_SetGrPanel(1);

T6963C_SetTxtPanel

Prototype void T6963C_SetTxtPanel(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Compute start address for selected text panel and set appropriate internal pointers. All subsequent text operations will be preformed at this text panel.

Parameters :

- n: text panel number. Valid values:

0 and

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // set text panel 1 as current text panel.

T6963C_SetTxtPanel(1);

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T6963C_PanelFill

Prototype void T6963C_PanelFill(unsigned char v);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fill current panel in full (graphic+text) with appropriate value (0 to clear).

Parameters :

- v: value to fill panel with.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example clear current panel

T6963C_PanelFill(0);

T6963C_GrFill

Prototype void T6963C_GrFill(unsigned char v);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fill current graphic panel with appropriate value (0 to clear).

Parameters :

- v: value to fill graphic panel with.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // clear current graphic panel

T6963C_GrFill(0);

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T6963C_TxtFill

Prototype void T6963C_TxtFill(unsigned char v);

Returns Nothing.

Description Fill current text panel with appropriate value (0 to clear).

Parameters :

- v

: this value increased by 32 will be used to fill text panel.

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // clear current text panel

T6963C_TxtFill(0);

T6963C_Cursor_Height

Prototype void T6963C_Cursor_Height(unsigned char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Set cursor size.

Parameters :

- n: cursor height. Valid values:

0..7

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example T6963C_Cursor_Height(7);

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T6963C_Graphics

Prototype void T6963C_Graphics(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Enable/disable graphic displaying.

Parameters :

- n

: on/off parameter. Valid values:

(disable graphic dispaying) and

(enable graphic displaying

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // enable graphic displaying

T6963C_Graphics(1);

T6963C_Text

Prototype void T6963C_Text(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Enable/disable text displaying.

Parameters :

- n: on/off parameter. Valid values:

(disable text dispaying) and

(enable text displaying).

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // enable text displaying

T6963C_Text(1);

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T6963C_Cursor

Prototype void T6963C_Cursor(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Set cursor on/off.

Parameters :

- n: on/off parameter. Valid values:

(set cursor off) and

(set cursor on).

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // set cursor on

T6963C_Cursor(1);

T6963C_Cursor_Blink

Prototype void T6963C_Cursor_Blink(char n);

Returns Nothing.

Description Enable/disable cursor blinking.

Parameters :

- n: on/off parameter. Valid values:

(disable cursor blinking) and

(enable cursor blinking).

Requires Toshiba GLCD module needs to be initialized. See the

T6963C_Init routine.

Example // enable cursor blinking

T6963C_Cursor_Blink(1);

Library Example

The following drawing demo tests advanced routines of the T6963C GLCD library.

Hardware configurations in this example are made for the T6963C 240x128 display,

Easy8051B board and AT89S8253.

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#include "T6963C.h"

// T6963C module connections unsigned char sfr T6963C_dataPort at P0;

// Pointer to DATA BUS port unsigned char sfr T6963C_ctrlPort at P1;

// Pointer to CONTROL port sbit sbit sbit sbit

T6963C_ctrlwr at P1.B2; // WR write signal

T6963C_ctrlrd at P1.B1; // RD read signal

T6963C_ctrlcd at P1.B0; // CD command/data signal

T6963C_ctrlrst at P1.B4; // RST reset signal

// End T6963C module connections

* bitmap pictures stored in ROM

const code char mc[] ;

const code char einstein[] ;

void main() {

char idata txt1[] = " EINSTEIN WOULD HAVE LIKED mC";

char idata txt[] = " GLCD LIBRARY DEMO, WELCOME !"; unsigned char panel ; // Current panel unsigned int i ; // General purpose register unsigned char curs ; // Cursor visibility unsigned int cposx, cposy ; // Cursor x-y position

P1 = 0;

P0 = 0;

// Clear T6963C ports

* init display for 240 pixel width and 128 pixel height

* 8 bits character width

* data bus on P0

* control bus on P1

* bit 2 is !WR

* bit 1 is !RD

* bit 0 is C!D

* bit 4 is RST

// Initialize T6369C

T6963C_init(240, 128, 8) ;

* Enable both graphics and text display at the same time

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T6963C_graphics(1) ;

T6963C_text(1) ; panel = 0 ; i = 0 ; curs = 0 ; cposx = cposy = 0 ;

* Text messages

T6963C_write_text(txt, 0, 0, T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR) ;

T6963C_write_text(txt1, 0, 15, T6963C_ROM_MODE_XOR) ;

* Cursor

T6963C_cursor_height(8) ; // 8 pixel height

T6963C_set_cursor(0, 0) ; // Move cursor to top left

T6963C_cursor(0) ; // Cursor off

* Draw rectangles

T6963C_rectangle(0, 0, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_rectangle(20, 20, 219, 107, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_rectangle(40, 40, 199, 87, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_rectangle(60, 60, 179, 67, T6963C_WHITE) ;

* Draw a cross

T6963C_line(0, 0, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_line(0, 127, 239, 0, T6963C_WHITE) ;

* Draw solid boxes

T6963C_box(0, 0, 239, 8, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_box(0, 119, 239, 127, T6963C_WHITE) ;

* Draw circles

T6963C_circle(120, 64, 10, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_circle(120, 64, 30, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_circle(120, 64, 50, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_circle(120, 64, 70, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_circle(120, 64, 90, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_circle(120, 64, 110, T6963C_WHITE) ;

T6963C_circle(120, 64, 130, T6963C_WHITE) ;

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T6963C_sprite(76, 4, einstein, 88, 119) ; // Draw a sprite

T6963C_setGrPanel(1) ; // Select other graphic panel

T6963C_sprite(0, 0, mc, 240, 128) ;

// Fill the graphic screen with a picture

T6963C_image(mc) ;

for(;;) { // Endless loop

* If P2_0 is pressed, toggle the display between graphic panel 0 and graphic 1

if(!P2_0) { panel++ ; panel &= 1 ;

T6963C_displayGrPanel(panel) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

* If P2_1 is pressed, display only graphic panel

else if(!P2_1) {

T6963C_graphics(1) ;

T6963C_text(0) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

* If P2_2 is pressed, display only text panel

else if(!P2_2) {

T6963C_graphics(0) ;

T6963C_text(1) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

* If P2_3 is pressed, display text and graphic panels

else if(!P2_3) {

T6963C_graphics(1) ;

T6963C_text(1) ;

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

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}

* If P2_4 is pressed, change cursor

else if(!P2_4) { curs++ ;

if(curs == 3b) curs = 0 ;

switch(curs) {

case 0:

// no cursor

T6963C_cursor(0) ;

break ;

case 1:

// blinking cursor

T6963C_cursor(1) ;

T6963C_cursor_blink(1) ; break ;

case 2:

// non blinking cursor

T6963C_cursor(1) ;

T6963C_cursor_blink(0) ; break ;

}

Delay_ms(300) ;

}

* Move cursor, even if not visible

*/ cposx++ ;

if(cposx == T6963C_txtCols) { cposx = 0 ; cposy++ ;

if(cposy == T6963C_grHeight / T6963C_CHARACTER_HEIGHT) { cposy = 0 ;

}

T6963C_set_cursor(cposx, cposy) ;

Delay_ms(100) ;

}

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Reset

VCC

C/D

RST

P1.0

P1.1

P1.2

P1.3

P1.4

P1.5

P1.6

RST

VCC

P0.0

P0.1

P0.2

P0.3

P0.4

P0.5

P0.6

P0.7

VCC

OSCILLATOR

XTAL1

GND

VCC

50R

Toshiba T6963C Graphic LCD (240x128)

K A mikroE

EASY8051B

Dev. SYSTEM

VCC

10K

Contrast

Adjustment

6.17. T6963C GLCD HW connection

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UART LIBRARY

The UART hardware module is available with a number of 8051 compliant MCUs.

The mikroC for 8051 UART Library provides comfortable work with the

Asynchronous (full duplex) mode.

Library Routines

- Uart_Init

- Uart_Data_Ready

- Uart_Read

- Uart_Write

Uart_Init

Prototype void Uart_Init(unsigned long baud_rate);

Returns Nothing.

Description Configures and initializes the UART module.

The internal UART module module is set to:

- 8-bit data, no parity

- 1 STOP bit

- disabled automatic address recognition

- timer1 as baudrate source (mod2 = autoreload 8bit timer)

Parameters :

- baud_rate

: requested baud rate

Refer to the device data sheet for baud rates allowed for specific

Fosc.

Requires MCU with the UART module and TIMER1 to be used as baudrate source.

Example // Initialize hardware UART and establish communication at 2400 bps

Uart_Init(2400);

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Uart_Data_Ready

Prototype char Uart_Data_Ready();

Returns -

1 if data is ready for reading

0 if there is no data in the receive register

Description The function tests if data in receive buffer is ready for reading.

Requires MCU with the UART module.

The UART module must be initialized before using this routine.

See the Uart_Init routine.

Example char receive;

...

// read data if ready

if (Uart_Data_Ready()) receive = Uart_Read();

Uart_Read

Prototype char Uart_Read();

Returns Received byte.

Description The function receives a byte via UART. Use the Uart_Data_Ready function to test if data is ready first.

Requires MCU with the UART module.

The UART module must be initialized before using this routine.

See Uart_Init routine.

Example char receive;

...

// read data if ready

if (Uart_Data_Ready()) receive = Uart_Read();

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Uart_Write

Prototype void Uart_Write(char TxData);

Returns Nothing.

Description The function transmits a byte via the UART module.

Parameters :

TxData

: data to be sent

Requires MCU with the UART module.

The UART module must be initialized before using this routine.

See Uart_Init routine.

Example char data = 0x1E;

...

Uart_Write(data);

Library Example

This example demonstrates simple data exchange via UART. If MCU is connected to the PC, you can test the example from the mikroC for 8051 USART Terminal.

char uart_rd;

void main() {

Uart_init(4800); // Initialize UART module at 4800 bps

Delay_ms(100); // Wait for UART module to stabilize

// Check if UART module has received data uart_rd = Uart_Read(); // Read data

Uart_Write(uart_rd); // Send the same data back

}

while(1) { // Endless loop

if (Uart_Data_Ready()) {

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RS-232

CON

SERIAL

CABLE

RS-232

CON 1

SUB-D 9p

CONNECT

MCU TO PC

Receive data (Rx)

CONNECT

PC TO MCU

SUB-D 9p

Send

Data (Tx)

VCC

10uF

C1+

VS+

C1-

C2+

C2-

VS-

T2OUT

R2IN

VCC

GND

T1OUT

R1IN

R1OUT

T1IN

T2IN

R2OUT

VCC

10uF

OSCILLATOR

P3.0

P3.1

6.18. UART HW connection

XTAL1

GND

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ANSI C CTYPE LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a set of standard ANSI C library functions for testing and mapping characters.

Note: Not all of the standard functions have been included.

Note: The functions have been mostly implemented according to the ANSI C standard, but certain functions have been modified in order to facilitate 8051 programming. Be sure to skim through the description before using standard C functions.

Library Functions

- isalnum

- isalpha

- iscntrl

- isdigit

- isgraph

- islower

- ispunct

- isspace

- isupper

- isxdigit

- toupper

- tolower

isalnum

Prototype unsigned short isalnum(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is alphanumeric (A-Z, a-z, 0-

9), otherwise returns zero.

isalpha

Prototype unsigned short isalpha(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is alphabetic (A-Z, a-z), otherwise returns zero.

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iscntrl

Prototype unsigned short iscntrl(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is a control or delete character(decimal 0-31 and 127), otherwise returns zero.

isdigit

Prototype unsigned short isdigit(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is a digit (0-9), otherwise returns zero.

isgraph

Prototype unsigned short isgraph(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is a printable, excluding the space (decimal 32), otherwise returns zero.

islower

Prototype int islower(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is a lowercase letter (a-z), otherwise returns zero.

ispunct

Prototype unsigned short ispunct(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is a punctuation (decimal 32-

47, 58-63, 91-96, 123-126), otherwise returns zero.

isspace

Prototype unsigned short isspace(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is a white space (space, tab,

CR, HT, VT, NL, FF), otherwise returns zero.

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isupper

Prototype unsigned short isupper(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is an uppercase letter (A-Z), otherwise returns zero.

isxdigit

Prototype unsigned short isxdigit(char character);

Description Function returns 1 if the character is a hex digit (0-9, A-F, a-f), otherwise returns zero.

toupper

Prototype unsigned short toupper(char character);

Description If the character is a lowercase letter (a-z), the function returns an uppercase letter. Otherwise, the function returns an unchanged input parameter.

tolower

Prototype unsigned short tolower(char character);

Description If the character is an uppercase letter (A-Z), function returns a lowercase letter. Otherwise, function returns an unchanged input parameter.

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ANSI C MATH LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a set of standard ANSI C library functions for floating point math handling.

Note: Not all of the standard functions have been included.

Library Functions

- acos

- asin

- atan

- atan2

- ceil

- cos

- cosh

- eval_poly

- exp

- fabs

- floor

- frexp

- ldexp

- log

- log10

- modf

- pow

- sin

- sinh

- sqrt

- tan

- tanh

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acos

Prototype double acos(double x);

Description Function returns the arc cosine of parameter x

; that is, the value whose cosine is x

. The input parameter x must be between -1 and

1 (inclusive). The return value is in radians, between 0 and ð

(inclusive).

asin

Prototype double asin(double x);

Description Function returns the arc sine of parameter x; that is, the value whose sine is x

. The input parameter x must be between -1 and 1

(inclusive). The return value is in radians, between -ð/2 and ð/2

(inclusive).

atan

Prototype double atan(double f);

Description Function computes the arc tangent of parameter f; that is, the value whose tangent is f.

The return value is in radians, between

-ð/2 and ð/2 (inclusive).

atan2

Prototype double atan2(double y, double x);

Description This is the two-argument arc tangent function. It is similar to computing the arc tangent of y/x

, except that the signs of both arguments are used to determine the quadrant of the result and x is permitted to be zero. The return value is in radians, between -ð and ð (inclusive).

ceil

Prototype double ceil(double x);

Description Function returns value of parameter x rounded up to the next whole number.

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cos

Prototype double cos(double f);

Description Function returns the cosine of f in radians. The return value is from -1 to 1.

cosh

Prototype double cosh(double x);

Description Function returns the hyperbolic cosine of x

, defined mathematically as

(ex+e-x)/2

. If the value of x is too large (if overflow occurs), the function fails.

eval_poly

Prototype static double eval_poly(double x, const double code * d, int n);

Description Function Calculates polynom for number x

, with coefficients stored in d[], for degree n.

exp

Prototype double exp(double x);

Description Function returns the value of e — the base of natural logarithms

— raised to the power x

(i.e. ex

fabs

Prototype double fabs(double d);

Description Function returns the absolute (i.e. positive) value of d

floor

Prototype double floor(double x);

Description Function returns the value of parameter x rounded down to the nearest integer.

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frexp

Prototype double frexp(double value, int *eptr);

Description Function splits a floating-point value into a normalized fraction and an integral power of 2. The return value is the normalized fraction and the integer exponent is stored in the object pointed to by eptr

ldexp

Prototype double ldexp(double value, int newexp);

Description Function returns the result of multiplying the floating-point number num by

2 raised to the power n

(i.e. returns x * 2n

log

Prototype double log(double x);

Description Function returns the natural logarithm of x

(i.e. loge(x)

log10

Prototype double log10(double x);

Description Function returns the base-10 logarithm of x

(i.e. log10(x) ).

modf

Prototype double modf(double val, double * iptr);

Description Returns argument val split to the fractional part (function return val) and integer part (in number iptr).

pow

Prototype double pow(double x, double y);

Description Function returns the value of x raised to the power y

(i.e. xy

). If x is negative, the function will automatically cast y into unsigned long

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sin

Prototype double sin(double f);

Description Function returns the sine of f in radians. The return value is from -

1 to 1.

sinh

Prototype double sinh(double x);

Description Function returns the hyperbolic sine of x

, defined mathematically as

(ex-e-x)/2

. If the value of x is too large (if overflow occurs), the function fails.

sqrt

Prototype double sqrt(double x);

Description Function returns the non negative square root of x

tan

Prototype double tan(double x);

Description Function returns the tangent of x in radians. The return value spans the allowed range of floating point in the mikroC for 8051.

tanh

Prototype double tanh(double x);

Description Function returns the hyperbolic tangent of x

, defined mathematically as sinh(x)/cosh(x).

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ANSI C STDLIB LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a set of standard ANSI C library functions of general utility.

Note: Not all of the standard functions have been included.

Note: Functions have been mostly implemented according to the ANSI C standard, but certain functions have been modified in order to facilitate 8051 programming.

Be sure to skim through the description before using standard C functions.

Library Functions

- abs

- atof

- atoi

- atol

- div

- ldiv

- uldiv

- labs

- max

- min

- rand

- srand

- xtoi

abs

Prototype int abs(int a);

Description Function returns the absolute (i.e. positive) value of a.

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atof

Prototype double atof(char *s)

Description Function converts the input string s into a double precision value and returns the value. Input string s should conform to the floating point literal format, with an optional whitespace at the beginning.

The string will be processed one character at a time, until the function reaches a character which it doesn’t recognize (including a null character).

atoi

Prototype int atoi(char *s);

Description Function converts the input string s into an integer value and returns the value. The input string s should consist exclusively of decimal digits, with an optional whitespace and a sign at the beginning. The string will be processed one character at a time, until the function reaches a character which it doesn’t recognize

(including a null character).

atol

Prototype long atol(char *s)

Description Function converts the input string s into a long integer value and returns the value. The input string s should consist exclusively of decimal digits, with an optional whitespace and a sign at the beginning. The string will be processed one character at a time, until the function reaches a character which it doesn’t recognize

(including a null character).

div

Prototype div_t div(int number, int denom);

Description Function computes the result of division of the numerator number by the denominator denom; the function returns a structure of type div_t comprising quotient (quot) and remainder (rem), see Div

Structures.

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ldiv

Prototype ldiv_t ldiv(long number, long denom);

Description Function is similar to the div function, except that the arguments and result structure members all have type long

Function computes the result of division of the numerator number by the denominator denom

; the function returns a structure of type ldiv_t comprising quotient ( quot

) and remainder ( rem

), see Div

Structures.

uldiv

Prototype uldiv_t uldiv(unsigned long number, unsigned long denom);

Description Function is similar to the div function, except that the arguments and result structure members all have type unsigned long.

Function computes the result of division of the numerator number by the denominator denom

; the function returns a structure of type uldiv_t comprising quotient ( quot

) and remainder ( rem

), see Div

Structures.

labs

Prototype long labs(long x);

Description Function returns the absolute (i.e. positive) value of long integer x

max

Prototype int max(int a, int b);

Description Function returns greater of the two integers, a and b

min

Prototype int min(int a, int b);

Description Function returns lower of the two integers, a and b

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rand

Prototype int rand();

Description Function returns a sequence of pseudo-random numbers between

0 and 32767. The function will always produce the same sequence of numbers unless srand is called to seed the start point.

srand

Prototype void srand(unsigned x);

Description Function uses x as a starting point for a new sequence of pseudorandom numbers to be returned by subsequent calls to rand. No values are returned by this function.

xtoi

Prototype unsigned xtoi(register char *s);

Description Function converts the input string s consisting of hexadecimal digits into an integer value. The input parameter s should consist exclusively of hexadecimal digits, with an optional whitespace and a sign at the beginning. The string will be processed one character at a time, until the function reaches a character which it doesn’t recognize (including a null character).

Div Structures

typedef struct divstruct {

int quot;

int rem;

} div_t;

typedef struct ldivstruct {

long quot;

long rem;

} ldiv_t;

typedef struct uldivstruct {

unsigned long quot;

unsigned long rem;

} uldiv_t;

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ANSI C STRING LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides a set of standard ANSI C library functions useful for manipulating strings and RAM memory.

Note: Not all of the standard functions have been included.

Note: Functions have been mostly implemented according to the ANSI C standard, but certain functions have been modified in order to facilitate 8051 programming.

Be sure to skim through the description before using standard C functions.

Library Functions

- memchr

- memcmp

- memcpy

- memmove

- memset

- strcat

- strchr

- strcmp

- strcpy

- strlen

- strncat

- strncpy

- strspn

- strncmp

- strstr

- strcspn

- strpbrk

- strrchr

memchr

Prototype void *memchr(void *p, char n, unsigned int v);

Description Function locates the first occurrence of n in the initial v bytes of memory area starting at the address p

. The function returns the pointer to this location or

0 if the n was not found.

For parameter p you can use either a numerical value (literal/variable/constant) indicating memory address or a dereferenced value of an object, for example

&mystring or &P0.

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memcmp

Prototype int memcmp(void *s1, void *s2, int n);

Description Function compares the first n characters of objects pointed to by s1 and s2 and returns zero if the objects are equal, or returns a difference between the first differing characters (in a left-to-right evaluation). Accordingly, the result is greater than zero if the object pointed to by s1 is greater than the object pointed to by s2 and vice versa.

memcpy

Prototype void *memcpy(void *d1, void *s1, int n);

Description Function copies n characters from the object pointed to by s2 into the object pointed to by d1

. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. The function returns address of the object pointed to by d1

memmove

Prototype void *memmove(void *to, void *from, register int n);

Description Function copies n characters from the object pointed to by from into the object pointed to by to

. Unlike memcpy, the memory areas to and from may overlap. The function returns address of the object pointed to by to

memset

Prototype void *memmove(void *to, void *from, register int n);

Description Function copies the value of the character into each of the first n characters of the object pointed by p1

. The function returns address of the object pointed to by p1

strcat

Prototype char *strcat(char *to, char *from);

Description Function appends a copy of the string from to the string to

, overwriting the null character at the end of to

. Then, a terminating null character is added to the result. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. to string must have enough space to store the result. The function returns address of the object pointed to by to

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strchr

Prototype char *strchr(char *ptr, char chr);

Description Function locates the first occurrence of character chr in the string ptr. The function returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character chr

, or a null pointer if chr does not occur in ptr

. The terminating null character is considered to be a part of the string.

strcmp

Prototype int strcmp(char *s1, char *s2);

Description Function compares strings s1 and s2 and returns zero if the strings are equal, or returns a difference between the first differing characters (in a left-to-right evaluation). Accordingly, the result is greater than zero if s1 is greater than s2 and vice versa.

strcpy

Prototype char *strcpy(char *to, char *from);

Description Function copies the string from into the string to

. If copying is successful, the function returns to

. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined.

strlen

Prototype int strlen(char *s);

Description Function returns the length of the string s

(the terminating null character does not count against string’s length).

strncat

Prototype char *strncat(char *to, char *from, int size);

Description Function appends not more than size characters from the string from to to

. The initial character of from overwrites the null character at the end of to

. The terminating null character is always appended to the result. The function returns to

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strncpy

Prototype char *strncpy(char *to, char *from, int size);

Description Function copies not more than size characters from string from to to

. If copying takes place between objects that overlap, the behavior is undefined. If from is shorter than size characters, then to will be padded out with null characters to make up the difference. The function returns the resulting string to

strspn

Prototype int strspn(char *str1, char *str2);

Description Function returns the length of the maximum initial segment of str1 which consists entirely of characters from str2

. The terminating null character at the end of the string is not compared.

Strncmp

Prototype int strncmp(char *s1, char *s2, char len);

Description Function lexicographically compares not more than len characters

(characters that follow the null character are not compared) from the string pointed by s1 to the string pointed by s2

. The function returns a value indicating the s1 and s2 relationship:

Value Meaning

< 0 s1 "less than" s2

= 0 s1 "equal to" s2

> 0 s1 "greater than" s2

Strstr

Prototype char *strstr(char *s1, char *s2);

Description Function locates the first occurrence of the string s2 in the string s1

(excluding the terminating null character).

The function returns pointer to first occurrence of s2 in s1

; if no string was found, function returns

. If s2 is a null string, the function returns

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Strcspn

Prototype char *strcspn(char * s1, char *s2);

Description Function locates the first occurrence of the string s2 in the string s1

(excluding the terminating null character).

The function returns pointer to first occurrence of s2 in s1

; if no string was found, function returns

. If s2 is a null string, the function returns

Strpbrk

Prototype char *strpbrk(char * s1, char *s2);

Description Function searches s1 for the first occurrence of any character from the string s2

. The terminating null character is not included in the search. The function returns pointer to the matching character in s1

. If s1 contains no characters from s2

, the function returns

Strrchr

Prototype char *strrchr(char * ptr, unsigned int chr);

Description Function searches the string ptr for the last occurrence of character chr

. The null character terminating ptr is not included in the search. The function returns pointer to the last chr found in ptr

; if no matching character was found, function returns

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BUTTON LIBRARY

The Button library contains miscellaneous routines useful for a project development.

External dependecies of Button Library

The following variable must be defined in all projects using

Button library:

Description: Example : extern sbit

Button_Pin;

Declares Button_Pin, which will be used by

Button Library.

sbit Button_Pin at P0_0;

Library Routines

- Button

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Button

Prototype unsigned short Button(unsigned short time, unsigned

short active_state)

Returns

- 255 if the pin was in the active state for given period.

- 0 otherwise

Description The function eliminates the influence of contact flickering upon pressing a button (debouncing). The Button pin is tested just after the function call and then again after the debouncing period has expired. If the pin was in the active state in both cases then the function returns 255 (true).

Parameters :

- time

: debouncing period in milliseconds

- active_state

: determines what is considered as active state.

Valid values:

(logical zero) and

(logical one)

Requires Button_Pin variable must be defined before using this function.

Button pin must be configured as input.

Example P2 is inverted on every P0.B0 one-to-zero transition :

// Button connections

sbit Button_Pin at P0.B0;

// Declare Button_Pin. It will be used by Button

Library.

// End Button connections

// Old state flag bit oldstate;

void main() {

P0 = 255;

P2 = 0xAA;

// Configure PORT0 as input

// Initial PORT2 value

do {

if (Button(1, 1)) // Detect logical one oldstate = 1; // Update flag

if (oldstate && Button(1, 0)) {

// Detect one-to-zero transition

P2 = ~P2; // Invert PORT2 oldstate = 0;

}

// Update flag

} while(1); // Endless loop

}//~!

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CONVERSIONS LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 Conversions Library provides routines for numerals to strings and BCD/decimal conversions.

Library Routines

You can get text representation of numerical value by passing it to one of the following routines:

- ByteToStr

- ShortToStr

- WordToStr

- IntToStr

- LongToStr

- LongWordToStr

- FloatToStr

The following functions convert decimal values to BCD and vice versa:

- Dec2Bcd

- Bcd2Dec16

- Dec2Bcd16

ByteToStr

Prototype void ByteToStr(unsigned short input, char *output);

Returns Nothing.

Description Converts input byte to a string. The output string has fixed width of 4 characters including null character at the end (string termination). The output string is right justified and remaining positions on the left (if any) are filled with blanks.

Parameters :

- input

: byte to be converted

- output

: destination string

Requires Destination string should be at least 4 characters in length.

Example unsigned short t = 24;

char txt[4];

...

ByteToStr(t, txt); // txt is " 24" (one blank here)

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ShortToStr

Prototype void ShortToStr(short input, char *output);

Returns Nothing.

Description Converts input signed short number to a string. The output string has fixed width of 5 characters including null character at the end

(string termination). The output string is right justified and remaining positions on the left (if any) are filled with blanks.

Parameters :

- input

: signed short number to be converted

- output

: destination string

Requires Destination string should be at least 5 characters in length.

Example short t = -24;

char txt[5];

...

ShortToStr(t, txt); // txt is " -24" (one blank here)

WordToStr

Prototype void WordToStr(unsigned input, char *output);

Returns Nothing.

Description Converts input word to a string. The output string has fixed width of 6 characters including null character at the end (string termination). The output string is right justified and the remaining positions on the left (if any) are filled with blanks.

Parameters :

- input

: word to be converted

- output

: destination string

Requires Destination string should be at least 5 characters in length.

Example unsigned t = 437;

char txt[6];

...

WordToStr(t, txt); // txt is " 437" (two blanks here)

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IntToStr

Prototype void IntToStr(int input, char *output);

Returns Nothing.

Description Converts input signed integer number to a string. The output string has fixed width of 7 characters including null character at the end (string termination). The output string is right justified and the remaining positions on the left (if any) are filled with blanks.

Parameters :

- input

: signed integer number to be converted

- output

: destination string

Requires Destination string should be at least 7 characters in length.

Example int j = -4220;

char txt[7];

...

IntToStr(j, txt); // txt is " -4220" (one blank here)

LongToStr

Prototype void LongToStr(long input, char *output);

Returns Nothing.

Description Converts input signed long integer number to a string. The output string has fixed width of 12 characters including null character at the end (string termination). The output string is right justified and the remaining positions on the left (if any) are filled with blanks.

Parameters :

- input

: signed long integer number to be converted

- output

: destination string

Requires Destination string should be at least 12 characters in length.

Example long jj = -3700000;

char txt[12];

...

LongToStr(jj, txt);

// txt is " -3700000" (three blanks here)

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LongWordToStr

Prototype void LongWordToStr(unsigned long input, char *output);

Returns Nothing.

Description

Converts input unsigned long integer number to a string. The output string has fixed width of 11 characters including null character at the end (string termination). The output string is right justified and the remaining positions on the left (if any) are filled with blanks.

Parameters :

- input

: unsigned long integer number to be converted

- output

: destination string

Requires Destination string should be at least 11 characters in length.

Example

unsigned long jj = 3700000;

char txt[11];

...

LongToStr(jj, txt);

// txt is " 3700000" (three blanks here)

FloatToStr

Prototype

Returns

unsigned char FloatToStr(float fnum, unsigned char

*str);

- 3 if input number is NaN

- 2 if input number is -INF

- 1 if input number is +INF

- 0 if conversion was successful

Converts a floating point number to a string.

Parameters :

Description

- fnum

: floating point number to be converted

- str

: destination string

The output string is left justified and null terminated after the last digit.

Note: Given floating point number will be truncated to 7 most significant digits before conversion.

Requires Destination string should be at least 14 characters in length.

Example

float ff1 = -374.2;

float ff2 = 123.456789;

float ff3 = 0.000001234;

char txt[15];

...

FloatToStr(ff1, txt); // txt is "-374.2"

FloatToStr(ff2, txt); // txt is "123.4567"

FloatToStr(ff3, txt); // txt is "1.234e-6"

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Dec2Bcd

Prototype unsigned short Dec2Bcd(unsigned short decnum);

Returns Converted BCD value.

Description Converts input unsigned short integer number to its appropriate

BCD representation.

Parameters :

- decnum

: unsigned short integer number to be converted

Requires Nothing.

Example unsigned short a, b;

...

a = 22; b = Dec2Bcd(a); // b equals 34

Bcd2Dec16

Prototype unsigned Bcd2Dec16(unsigned bcdnum);

Returns Converted decimal value.

Description Converts 16-bit BCD numeral to its decimal equivalent.

Parameters :

- bcdnum

: 16-bit BCD numeral to be converted

Requires Nothing.

Example unsigned a, b;

...

a = 0x1234; // a equals 4660 b = Bcd2Dec16(a); // b equals 1234

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Dec2Bcd16

Prototype unsigned Dec2Bcd16(unsigned decnum);

Returns Converted BCD value.

Description Converts unsigned 16-bit decimal value to its BCD equivalent.

Parameters :

- decnum unsigned 16-bit decimal number to be converted

Requires Nothing.

Example unsigned a, b;

...

a = 2345; b = Dec2Bcd16(a); // b equals 9029

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SPRINT LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 provides the standard ANSI C Sprintf function for easy data formatting.

Note: In addition to ANSI C standard, the Sprint Library also includes two limited versions of the sprintf function (sprinti and sprintl). These functions take less ROM and RAM and may be more convenient for use in some cases.

Functions

- sprintf

- sprintl

- sprinti

sprintf

Prototype sprintf( char *wh, const char *f,...);

Returns The function returns the number of characters actually written to destination string.

Description sprintf is used to format data and print them into destination string.

Parameters :

- wh:

- f: destination string format string

The f argument is a format string and may be composed of characters, escape sequences, and format specifications. Ordinary characters and escape sequences are copied to the destination string in the order in which they are interpreted. Format specifications always begin with a percent sign

(%) and require additional arguments to be included in the function call.

The format string is read from left to right. The first format specification encountered refers to the first argument after f and then converts and outputs it using the format specification. The second format specification accesses the second argument after f, and so on. If there are more arguments than format specifications, then these extra arguments are ignored. Results are unpredictable if there are not enough arguments for the format specifications. The format specifications have the following format:

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Description % [flags] [width] [.precision] [{ l | L }] conversion_type

Each field in the format specification can be a single character or a number which specifies a particular format option. The conversion_type field is where a single character specifies that the argument is interpreted as a character, string, number, or pointer, as shown in the following table: conversion_type d

Argument

Type int

Output Format

Signed decimal number u unsigned int Unsigned decimal number o x

X f e

E g c unsigned int unsigned int unsigned int double double double double int

Unsigned octal number

Unsigned hexadecimal number using

0123456789abcdef

Unsigned hexadecimal number using

0123456789ABCEDF

Floating-point number using the format

[-]dddd.dddd

Floating-point number using the format

[-]d.dddde[-]dd

Floating-point number using the format

[-]d.ddddE[-]dd

Floating-point number using either e or f format, whichever is more compact for the specified value and precision int is converted to unsigned char, and the resulting character is written

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Description s p

% char * void *

<none>

String with a terminating null character

Pointer value, the X format is used

A % is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification shall be

%%.

The flags field is where a single character is used to justify the output and to print +/- signs and blanks, decimal points, and octal and hexadecimal prefixes, as shown in the following table.

* flags space (' ')

Meaning

Left justify the output in the specified field width.

Prefix the output value with + or - sign if the output is a signed type.

Prefix the output value with a blank if it is a signed positive value. Otherwise, no blank is prefixed

Prefixes a non-zero output value with

0, 0x, or

0X when used with o, x, and

X field types, respectively. When used with e, E, f, g, and

G field types, the

# flag forces the output value to include a decimal point. The # flag is ignored in all other cases.

Ignore format specifier.

The width field is a non-negative number that specifies the minimum number of printed characters. If a number of characters in the output value is less than width, then blanks are added on the left or right (when the - flag is specified) to pad to the minimum width. If width is prefixed with 0, then zeros are padded instead of blanks. The width field never truncates a field. If a length of the output value exceeds the specified width, all characters are output.

The precision field is a non-negative number that specifies a number of characters to print, number of significant digits or number of decimal places. The precision field can cause truncation or rounding of the output value in the case of a floating-point number as specified in the following table.

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Description flags Meaning of the precision field d, u, o, x,

X f e,E g c,C s

The precision field is where you specify a minimum number of digits that will be included in the output value. Digits are not truncated if the number of digits in the argument exceeds that defined in the precision field. If a number of digits in the argument is less than the precision field, the output value is padded on the left with zeros.

The precision field is where you specify a number of digits to the right of the decimal point.

The last digit is rounded.

The precision field is where you specify a number of digits to the right of the decimal point.

The last digit is rounded.

The precision field is where you specify a maximum number of significant digits in the output value.

The precision field has no effect on these field types.

The precision field is where you specify a maximum number of characters in the output value.

Excess characters are not output.

The optional characters l or L may immediately precede conversion_type to respectively specify long versions of the integer types d, i, u, o, x, and

You must ensure that the argument type matches that of the format specification. You can use type casts to ensure that the proper type is passed to sprintf

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sprintl

Prototype sprintl( char *wh, const char *f,...);

Returns The function returns the number of characters actually written to destination string.

Description The same as sprintf, except it doesn't support float-type numbers.

sprinti

Prototype sprinti( char *wh, const char *f,...);

Returns The function returns the number of characters actually written to destination string.

Description The same as sprintf, except it doesn't support long integers and float-type numbers.

Library Example

This is a demonstration of the standard C library sprintf routine usage. Three different representations of the same floating poing number obtained by using the sprintf routine are sent via UART.

double ww = -1.2587538e+1; char buffer[15];

// Function for sending string to UART

void UartWriteText(char *txt) {

while(*txt)

Uart_Write(*txt++);

}

// Function for sending const string to UART

void UartWriteConstText(const char *txt) {

while(*txt)

Uart_Write(*txt++);

}

void main(){

Uart_Init(4800); // Initialize UART module at 4800 bps

Delay_ms(10);

UartWriteConstText("Floating point number representation");

// Write message on UART

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UartWriteConstText("\r\ne format:"); // Write message on UART

UartWriteText(buffer); // Write buffer on UART sprintf(buffer, "%12f", ww); // Format ww and store it to buffer

UartWriteConstText("\r\nf format:"); // Write message on UART

UartWriteText(buffer); // Write buffer on UART

} sprintf(buffer, "%12g", ww); // Format ww and store it to buffer

UartWriteConstText("\r\ng format:"); // Write message on UART

UartWriteText(buffer); // Write buffer on UART

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TIME LIBRARY

The Time Library contains functions and type definitions for time calculations in the

UNIX time format which counts the number of seconds since the "epoch". This is very convenient for programs that work with time intervals: the difference between two UNIX time values is a real-time difference measured in seconds.

What is the epoch?

Originally it was defined as the beginning of 1970 GMT. ( January 1, 1970 Julian day ) GMT, Greenwich Mean Time, is a traditional term for the time zone in

England.

The TimeStruct type is a structure type suitable for time and date storage. Type declaration is contained in timelib.h which can be found in the mikroC for 8051 Time

Library Demo example folder.

Library Routines

- Time_dateToEpoch

- Time_epochToDate

Time_dateToEpoch

Prototype long Time_dateToEpoch(TimeStruct *ts);

Returns Number of seconds since January 1, 1970 0h00mn00s.

Description This function returns the unix time : number of seconds since

January 1, 1970 0h00mn00s.

Parameters :

- ts: time and date value for calculating unix time.

Requires Nothing.

Example #include "timelib.h"

...

TimeStruct ts1;

long epoch ;

...

* what is the epoch of the date in ts ?

*/ epoch = Time_dateToEpoch(&ts1) ;

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Time_epochToDate

Prototype void Time_epochToDate(long e, TimeStruct *ts);

Returns Nothing.

Description Converts the unix time to time and date.

Parameters :

- e: unix time (seconds since unix epoch)

- ts: time and date structure for storing conversion output

Requires Nothing.

Example #include "timelib.h"

...

TimeStruct long epoch ; ts2;

...

* what date is epoch 1234567890 ?

*/ epoch = 1234567890 ;

Time_epochToDate(epoch, &ts2) ;

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Library Example

This example demonstrates Time Library usage.

#include "timelib.h"

TimeStruct ts1, ts2 ;

long epoch ;

long diff ;

void main() { ts1.ss = 0 ; ts1.mn = 7 ; ts1.hh = 17 ; ts1.md = 23 ; ts1.mo = 5 ; ts1.yy = 2006 ;

* What is the epoch of the date in ts ?

*/ epoch = Time_dateToEpoch(&ts1) ;

* What date is epoch 1234567890 ?

*/ epoch = 1234567890 ;

Time_epochToDate(epoch, &ts2) ;

}

* How much seconds between this two dates ?

*/ diff = Time_dateDiff(&ts1, &ts2) ;

CHAPTER 6

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TRIGONOMETRY LIBRARY

The mikroC for 8051 implements fundamental trigonometry functions. These functions are implemented as look-up tables. Trigonometry functions are implemented in integer format in order to save memory.

Library Routines

- sinE3

- cosE3

sinE3

Prototype int sinE3(unsigned angle_deg);

Returns The function returns the sine of input parameter.

Description The function calculates sine multiplied by 1000 and rounded to the nearest integer: result = round(sin(angle_deg)*1000)

Parameters :

- angle_deg

: input angle in degrees

Note: Return value range: -1000..1000.

Requires Nothing.

Example int res;

...

res = sinE3(45); // result is 707

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cosE3

Prototype int cosE3(unsigned angle_deg);

Returns The function returns the cosine of input parameter.

Description The function calculates cosine multiplied by 1000 and rounded to the nearest integer: result = round(cos(angle_deg)*1000)

Parameters :

- angle_deg

: input angle in degrees

Note: Return value range:

-1000..1000.

Requires Nothing.

Example int res;

...

res = cosE3(196); // result is -193

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