Koganei KSHES Multi orifice adjustment type Instruction manual
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INSTRUCTION MANUAL Ver.1.0
BKUA002 Ver.1.0
SHOCK ABSORBERS
Auxiliary
BKUA002 Ver.1.0
SHOCK ABSORBERS
Auxiliary
Caution
The following is a safety precaution to Shock Absorbers. For
other safety precautions, be sure to read the precautions on
p.49.
Danger
Safety Precautions (Shock Absorbers)
Warning
Do not touch or approach too close to the product while it is
in operation. Also, do not attempt to mount a shock absorber
or adjust operations while devices are operating. Unintended
movement of devices could result in personal injury.
Never loosen or remove the small screw on the rear end
surface of the shock absorber. The oil inside will leak out and
damage shock absorber function, which could result in injury.
For product mounting, always observe the handling
instructions and precautions. In addition, when a product has
been mounted, before starting operation always check
whether mounting nuts have been attached and are secured,
etc. Looseness in the mounting nuts could lead to equipment
damage, or to accidents.
Do not coat the sliding sections with any lubricant
whatsoever. Such lubrication could alter or degrade the
properties of the product materials, or reduce performance.
Attempting to use the shock absorber with cap over the
specification range could result in damage to the cap or to its
flying off and causing personal injury. Moreover, if cracks or
fractures appear in the cap, replace it as quickly as possible.
Attention
When the product’s service life is completed or when it is no
longer needed, dispose of it as an industrial waste product,
in accordance with the Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning
Law, or with other local laws and ordinances. Note that
because the special oil used in the KSHC series (clean room
specification) gives off hydrofluoric acid, a corrosive, toxic
substance, when incinerated, disposal should be performed
at an incinerator equipped with acid-resisting toxic removal
facilities. If large volumes need disposal, consign the
operation to a registered waste disposal company.
The maximum absorption performance in the specifications
are values at normal temperatures (20 25°C [68 77°F]).
Be aware that performance and characteristics may change
depending on the operating temperature.
The shock absorber’s absorption capacity can change
depending on the impact speed. Use it within the range
shown in the selection graphs (impact mass and impact
speed graphs) on p.572, 580, 586 and 593.
If mounting in locations subject to dripping water, dripping oil,
etc., or to large amounts of dust, use something to cover and
protect the unit. Accumulations of water, oil, or dust can reduce
the shock absorber’s service life.
General precautions
Handling Instructions and Precautions
Adjustable absorption capacity type : KSHE and KSH series
1. Align the white mark on the shock absorption adjusting knob
to 2 or 3 on the scale.
2. For cases where the stroke end is still undergoing shocks,
turn the adjusting knob toward 6 on the scale. In cases
where the rod stops before the preset stroke end, or when
the shock at time of impact is very large, turn the adjusting
knob toward “0” on the scale.
3. When adjustment is complete, always be sure to tighten the
lock screw to secure the adjusting knob in place.
4. The KSHE series are designed so that the final orifice hole is
closed at the stroke end. Shortening the stroke could lead to
an inability to adequately absorb the impact energy. It is
recommended that use of the full stroke be made.
Moreover, the shock absorber for the KSHE series operate
differently when its rod is manually pushed in as opposed to
actual operation.
Fixed absorption capacity type : KSHJ, KSHA, KSHC series
For the fixed absorption capacity type, shock absorption
capacity cannot be adjusted. See the Selection Guideline on
p.572, 580, 586 to select a model with the optimum shock
absorption capacity.
Adjustment of shock absorption capacity
1. Mount the shock absorber so that the load contacts at the
center of the rod, and it is not subjected to off-centered
loads. An off-centered load could result in breakage or
defective rod returns. If there is concern that off-centered
loads will occur, install a guide, etc.
2. Two or more shock absorbers can be mounted in parallel, to
boost absorption capacity. In such an arrangement, however,
be careful to ensure that the load is evenly distributed to
each shock absorber.
3. The surface in direct contact with the shock absorber rod
should have a hardness of HRc40 or more (excluding with
cap models).
4. When mounting the shock absorber, do not exceed the
maximum tightening torque for the hexagon nut, shown in the
table below. Excessive tightening could damage the unit.
Mounting
Model
KSHJ4 3 C -01,-02
KSHJ6 4 C -01,-02
KSHJ8 5 C -01,-11
KSHJ8 8 C -01,-02,-11,-12
KSHJ10 10 C -01,-02
KSHJ10 15 C -01,-03
KSHJ12 10 C -01,-02
KSHJ14 12 C -01,-02
KSHJ16 15 C -01,-02
KSHJ18 16 C -01,-02
KSHJ20 16 C -01,-02
KSHJ22 25 C -01,-02
KSHJ25 25 C -01,-11,-12
KSHJ27 25 C -01,-02,-11,-12
Maximum tightening torque
0.5 [0.37]
0.85 [0.63]
2.5 [1.8]
2.5 [1.8]
6.5 [4.8]
6.5 [4.8]
6.5 [4.8]
12.0 [8.9]
20.0 [14.8]
25.0 [18.4]
30.0 [22.1]
35.0 [25.8]
42.0 [31.0]
42.0 [31.0]
N m [ft lbf]
The following is a safety precaution to Shock Absorbers. For
other safety precautions, be sure to read the precautions on
p.49.
Danger
Safety Precautions (Shock Absorbers)
Warning
Do not touch or approach too close to the product while it is
in operation. Also, do not attempt to mount a shock absorber
or adjust operations while devices are operating. Unintended
movement of devices could result in personal injury.
Never loosen or remove the small screw on the rear end
surface of the shock absorber. The oil inside will leak out and
damage shock absorber function, which could result in injury.
For product mounting, always observe the handling
instructions and precautions. In addition, when a product has
been mounted, before starting operation always check
whether mounting nuts have been attached and are secured,
etc. Looseness in the mounting nuts could lead to equipment
damage, or to accidents.
Do not coat the sliding sections with any lubricant
whatsoever. Such lubrication could alter or degrade the
properties of the product materials, or reduce performance.
Attempting to use the shock absorber with cap over the
specification range could result in damage to the cap or to its
flying off and causing personal injury. Moreover, if cracks or
fractures appear in the cap, replace it as quickly as possible.
Attention
When the product’s service life is completed or when it is no
longer needed, dispose of it as an industrial waste product,
in accordance with the Waste Disposal and Public Cleaning
Law, or with other local laws and ordinances. Note that
because the special oil used in the KSHC series (clean room
specification) gives off hydrofluoric acid, a corrosive, toxic
substance, when incinerated, disposal should be performed
at an incinerator equipped with acid-resisting toxic removal
facilities. If large volumes need disposal, consign the
operation to a registered waste disposal company.
The maximum absorption performance in the specifications
are values at normal temperatures (20 25°C [68 77°F]).
Be aware that performance and characteristics may change
depending on the operating temperature.
The shock absorber’s absorption capacity can change
depending on the impact speed. Use it within the range
shown in the selection graphs (impact mass and impact
speed graphs) on p.572, 580, 586 and 593.
If mounting in locations subject to dripping water, dripping oil,
etc., or to large amounts of dust, use something to cover and
protect the unit. Accumulations of water, oil, or dust can reduce
the shock absorber’s service life.
General precautions
Handling Instructions and Precautions
Adjustable absorption capacity type : KSHE and KSH series
1. Align the white mark on the shock absorption adjusting knob
to 2 or 3 on the scale.
2. For cases where the stroke end is still undergoing shocks,
turn the adjusting knob toward 6 on the scale. In cases
where the rod stops before the preset stroke end, or when
the shock at time of impact is very large, turn the adjusting
knob toward “0” on the scale.
3. When adjustment is complete, always be sure to tighten the
lock screw to secure the adjusting knob in place.
4. The KSHE series are designed so that the final orifice hole is
closed at the stroke end. Shortening the stroke could lead to
an inability to adequately absorb the impact energy. It is
recommended that use of the full stroke be made.
Moreover, the shock absorber for the KSHE series operate
differently when its rod is manually pushed in as opposed to
actual operation.
Fixed absorption capacity type : KSHJ, KSHA, KSHC series
For the fixed absorption capacity type, shock absorption
capacity cannot be adjusted. See the Selection Guideline on
p.572, 580, 586 to select a model with the optimum shock
absorption capacity.
Adjustment of shock absorption capacity
1. Mount the shock absorber so that the load contacts at the
center of the rod, and it is not subjected to off-centered
loads. An off-centered load could result in breakage or
defective rod returns. If there is concern that off-centered
loads will occur, install a guide, etc.
2. Two or more shock absorbers can be mounted in parallel, to
boost absorption capacity. In such an arrangement, however,
be careful to ensure that the load is evenly distributed to
each shock absorber.
3. The surface in direct contact with the shock absorber rod
should have a hardness of HRc40 or more (excluding with
cap models).
4. When mounting the shock absorber, do not exceed the
maximum tightening torque for the hexagon nut, shown in the
table below. Excessive tightening could damage the unit.
Mounting
Model
KSHJ4 3 C -01,-02
KSHJ6 4 C -01,-02
KSHJ8 5 C -01,-11
KSHJ8 8 C -01,-02,-11,-12
KSHJ10 10 C -01,-02
KSHJ10 15 C -01,-03
KSHJ12 10 C -01,-02
KSHJ14 12 C -01,-02
KSHJ16 15 C -01,-02
KSHJ18 16 C -01,-02
KSHJ20 16 C -01,-02
KSHJ22 25 C -01,-02
KSHJ25 25 C -01,-11,-12
KSHJ27 25 C -01,-02,-11,-12
Maximum tightening torque
0.5 [0.37]
0.85 [0.63]
2.5 [1.8]
2.5 [1.8]
6.5 [4.8]
6.5 [4.8]
6.5 [4.8]
12.0 [8.9]
20.0 [14.8]
25.0 [18.4]
30.0 [22.1]
35.0 [25.8]
42.0 [31.0]
42.0 [31.0]
N m [ft lbf]
Model
KSHA4 4, CS-KSHC4 4
KSHA5 5, CS-KSHC5 5
KSHA6 5
KSHA6 8, CS-KSHC6 8
KSHA7 8, CS-KSHC8 8
KSHA8 10, CS-KSHC9 10
CS-KSHC11 15C
CS-KSHC14 16C
CS-KSHC18 25C
Maximum tightening torque
0.85 [0.63]
2.5 [1.84]
6.5 [4.79]
12.0 [8.85]
N m [ft lbf]
Handling Instructions and Precautions
Model
KSHE5 8, KSH5 8
KSHE6 10, KSH6 10
KSHE(S)8 15, KSH8 10
KSHE(S)10 20, KSH10 15
KSHE(S)12 22, KSH12 22
Maximum tightening torque
8.0 [5.90]
15.0 [11.1]
24.0 [17.7]
30.0 [22.1]
N m [ft lbf]
Fixed absorption capacity type
KSHJ, KSHA, KSHC series
1. If using “with cap” or changing the stroke to adjust absorption
capacity, use a stopper.
2. If using “with cap”, always mount a stopper nut (-S) or an
external stopper to ensure that the cap is not subjected to
loads at the stroke end. For the stopper nut mounting
position, see the dimensions in the table below.
While the shock absorber can be used without a stopper nut
(-S) or external stopper, in such an arrangement, the stop
position may change due to deformation of the cap after a
long period of use.
Model
KSHJ4 3C-01,-02
KSHJ6 4C-01,-02
KSHJ8 5C-01,-11
KSHJ8 8C-01,-02,-11,-12
KSHJ10 10C-01,-02
KSHJ10 15C-01,-03
KSHJ12 10C-01,-02
KSHJ14 12C-01,-02
KSHJ16 15C-01,-02
KSHJ18 16C-01,-02
KSHJ20 16C-01,-02
KSHJ22 25C-01,-02
KSHJ25 25C-01,-11,-12
KSHJ27 25C-01,-02,-11,-12
A
3 [0.118]
4 [0.157]
5 [0.197]
8 [0.315]
10 [0.394]
15 [0.591]
10 [0.394]
12 [0.472]
15 [0.591]
16 [0.630]
16 [0.630]
25 [0.984]
25 [0.984]
25 [0.984]
mm [in.]
Model
KSHA4 4C, CS-KSHC4 4C
KSHA5 5C, CS-KSHC5 5C
KSHA6 5C
KSHA6 8C, CS-KSHC6 8C
KSHA7 8C, CS-KSHC8 8C
KSHA8 10C, CS-KSHC9 10C
CS-KSHC11 15C
CS-KSHC14 16C
CS-KSHC18 25C
A
3.5 3.9 [0.138 0.154]
4.5 4.9 [0.177 0.193]
7.5 7.9 [0.295 0.311]
9.5 9.9 [0.374 0.390]
[0.571 0.587]
[0.610 0.626]
[0.965 0.980]
mm [in.]
3. For swing impacts, ensure that the angle of eccentricity
between the load direction and the center line of the shock
absorber is at or below the specification values shown on
p.571, p.579 and p.585.
4. Do not loosen or remove the small screw on the rear end of
the shock absorber. The oil contained inside could leak out,
damaging shock absorber functions.
Insert mounting : KSHA -X
1. For the dimensions of the mounting hole for the insert mount,
see the insert mounting hole drawings on p.583.
2. When using a panel mounting, use the values in the table
below to determine the maximum thickness of the panel.
Model
KSHA6 8 -X
KSHA7 8 -X
Maximum panel thickness
8 [0.315]
10 [0.394]
mm [in.]
Adjustable absorption capacity type
KSHE and KSH series
1. Do not use the end surface of the shock absorber body in the
rod side as a stopper. Always use a stopper nut (Order code:
-S) or external stopper.
2. When using the stopper nut, adjust the stopper nut location
so that it protrudes 0.5 mm [0.02 in.] from the end surface of
the KSHE series shock absorber body, and 0.5 to 1.0 mm
[0.02 to 0.04 in.] from the KSH series.
3. When using an external stopper, mount so that impacting
objects are stopped 0.5 mm [0.02 in.] in front of the end
surface of the KSHE series shock absorber body, and 0.5 to
1.0 mm [0.02 to 0.04 in.] in front of the KSH series.
4. For swing impacts, ensure that the angle of eccentricity
between the load direction and the center line of the shock
absorber is 3° or less.
KSHES series
1. For holders that can directly stop loads, use a stopper type
holder (-HS). If using holders that do not have a stopper
function (-H), use an external stopper.
2. Holders and external stoppers should receive all the
remaining energy for loads when stopping. Do not let the cap
become subjected to loads at the stroke end.
KSHA4 4, CS-KSHC4 4
KSHA5 5, CS-KSHC5 5
KSHA6 5
KSHA6 8, CS-KSHC6 8
KSHA7 8, CS-KSHC8 8
KSHA8 10, CS-KSHC9 10
CS-KSHC11 15C
CS-KSHC14 16C
CS-KSHC18 25C
Maximum tightening torque
0.85 [0.63]
2.5 [1.84]
6.5 [4.79]
12.0 [8.85]
N m [ft lbf]
Handling Instructions and Precautions
Model
KSHE5 8, KSH5 8
KSHE6 10, KSH6 10
KSHE(S)8 15, KSH8 10
KSHE(S)10 20, KSH10 15
KSHE(S)12 22, KSH12 22
Maximum tightening torque
8.0 [5.90]
15.0 [11.1]
24.0 [17.7]
30.0 [22.1]
N m [ft lbf]
Fixed absorption capacity type
KSHJ, KSHA, KSHC series
1. If using “with cap” or changing the stroke to adjust absorption
capacity, use a stopper.
2. If using “with cap”, always mount a stopper nut (-S) or an
external stopper to ensure that the cap is not subjected to
loads at the stroke end. For the stopper nut mounting
position, see the dimensions in the table below.
While the shock absorber can be used without a stopper nut
(-S) or external stopper, in such an arrangement, the stop
position may change due to deformation of the cap after a
long period of use.
Model
KSHJ4 3C-01,-02
KSHJ6 4C-01,-02
KSHJ8 5C-01,-11
KSHJ8 8C-01,-02,-11,-12
KSHJ10 10C-01,-02
KSHJ10 15C-01,-03
KSHJ12 10C-01,-02
KSHJ14 12C-01,-02
KSHJ16 15C-01,-02
KSHJ18 16C-01,-02
KSHJ20 16C-01,-02
KSHJ22 25C-01,-02
KSHJ25 25C-01,-11,-12
KSHJ27 25C-01,-02,-11,-12
A
3 [0.118]
4 [0.157]
5 [0.197]
8 [0.315]
10 [0.394]
15 [0.591]
10 [0.394]
12 [0.472]
15 [0.591]
16 [0.630]
16 [0.630]
25 [0.984]
25 [0.984]
25 [0.984]
mm [in.]
Model
KSHA4 4C, CS-KSHC4 4C
KSHA5 5C, CS-KSHC5 5C
KSHA6 5C
KSHA6 8C, CS-KSHC6 8C
KSHA7 8C, CS-KSHC8 8C
KSHA8 10C, CS-KSHC9 10C
CS-KSHC11 15C
CS-KSHC14 16C
CS-KSHC18 25C
A
3.5 3.9 [0.138 0.154]
4.5 4.9 [0.177 0.193]
7.5 7.9 [0.295 0.311]
9.5 9.9 [0.374 0.390]
[0.571 0.587]
[0.610 0.626]
[0.965 0.980]
mm [in.]
3. For swing impacts, ensure that the angle of eccentricity
between the load direction and the center line of the shock
absorber is at or below the specification values shown on
p.571, p.579 and p.585.
4. Do not loosen or remove the small screw on the rear end of
the shock absorber. The oil contained inside could leak out,
damaging shock absorber functions.
Insert mounting : KSHA -X
1. For the dimensions of the mounting hole for the insert mount,
see the insert mounting hole drawings on p.583.
2. When using a panel mounting, use the values in the table
below to determine the maximum thickness of the panel.
Model
KSHA6 8 -X
KSHA7 8 -X
Maximum panel thickness
8 [0.315]
10 [0.394]
mm [in.]
Adjustable absorption capacity type
KSHE and KSH series
1. Do not use the end surface of the shock absorber body in the
rod side as a stopper. Always use a stopper nut (Order code:
-S) or external stopper.
2. When using the stopper nut, adjust the stopper nut location
so that it protrudes 0.5 mm [0.02 in.] from the end surface of
the KSHE series shock absorber body, and 0.5 to 1.0 mm
[0.02 to 0.04 in.] from the KSH series.
3. When using an external stopper, mount so that impacting
objects are stopped 0.5 mm [0.02 in.] in front of the end
surface of the KSHE series shock absorber body, and 0.5 to
1.0 mm [0.02 to 0.04 in.] in front of the KSH series.
4. For swing impacts, ensure that the angle of eccentricity
between the load direction and the center line of the shock
absorber is 3° or less.
KSHES series
1. For holders that can directly stop loads, use a stopper type
holder (-HS). If using holders that do not have a stopper
function (-H), use an external stopper.
2. Holders and external stoppers should receive all the
remaining energy for loads when stopping. Do not let the cap
become subjected to loads at the stroke end.
v
Horizontal impact
Simple horizontal impact
Impact mass m kg
[Impact weight w' lbf.]
Impact speed v m/s [ft./sec.]
Impact example
Impact conditions
Item
m w'
v v v v v R v R
m w' m w' m w' m w' m w'
m v2
2
E1 E1+E2 E1+E2
Kinetic energy
E1 J [ft lbf]
Thrust, mass, and other
additional energy
E2 J [ft lbf]
Total energy
E J [ft lbf]
Calculation
For the calculations, use the speed immediately before striking the absorber. For air cylinders, the speed immediately before striking is
larger than the average speed obtained from the “time required for cylinder stroke”. In this case, shorter strokes increase the speed,
and it reaches 1.2 to 2.0 times higher than the average speed.
Selection procedure of shock absorber
Impact mass m kg
[Impact weight w' lbf.]
Impact speed v m/s [ft./sec.]
Maximum operating frequency cycle/min
Operating ambient temperature °C [°F]
Select models where the m,v,E,L, operating
frequency and temperature satisfy the
specifications.
v
v
v
v
Horizontal impact Vertical impact Swing impact
Cylinder impact Free fall Cylinder impact Arm swing Turn table
w' v2
2 g
w' v2
2 g w' h w' v2
2 g
I' 2
2
I' 2
2
w' L w'+F' L T' L
R
T' L
R
m v2
2
F L
m g h
m g L
E1+E2
m v2
2
m g+F L
E1+E2
I 2
2
T L
R
E1+E2
I 2
2
T L
R
When additional energy is not applied. When additional energy from the cylinder, rotary actuator, etc., is applied
Shaded areas show calculations using the
imperial units.
[ ] shows imperial units.
Code explanations
(Unit)
Remark: The shock absorber’s absorption energy will vary depending on speed, temper-
ature, and other conditions. This calculation equation is provided for a general
indication only. We recommend selecting from the selection graphs on p.572
573, 580, 586, and 593.
m : Impact mass kg
w : Impact weight
v : Impact speed m/s
E : Total energy J
E1 : Kinetic energy J
E2 : Additional energy J
g : Acceleration of gravity 9.8m/s2
F : Cylinder thrust N
F /4 D2 P
D : Bore size mm
P : Operating air pressure MPa
F : Cylinder thrust N
F : Cylinder thrust
F /4 D 2 P
D : Bore size
P : Operating air pressure
L : Shock absorber stroke m
h : Height of fall m
T : Torque N m
T : Torque
: Angular velocity rad/s
90 1.57rad.
N : Rotating speed rpm
2 N/60
R : Distance from center of rotation to point of impact m
I : Inertia moment relating to center of gravity kg m2
I : Inertia moment relating to center of gravity
[lbf.]
[ft./sec.]
[ft lbf]
[ft lbf]
[ft lbf]
[32.2ft./sec.2]
[lbf.]
[in.]
[psi. = lbf./in.2]
[ft.]
[ft.]
[ft lbf]
[ft.]
[ft lbf sec2]
Horizontal impact
Simple horizontal impact
Impact mass m kg
[Impact weight w' lbf.]
Impact speed v m/s [ft./sec.]
Impact example
Impact conditions
Item
m w'
v v v v v R v R
m w' m w' m w' m w' m w'
m v2
2
E1 E1+E2 E1+E2
Kinetic energy
E1 J [ft lbf]
Thrust, mass, and other
additional energy
E2 J [ft lbf]
Total energy
E J [ft lbf]
Calculation
For the calculations, use the speed immediately before striking the absorber. For air cylinders, the speed immediately before striking is
larger than the average speed obtained from the “time required for cylinder stroke”. In this case, shorter strokes increase the speed,
and it reaches 1.2 to 2.0 times higher than the average speed.
Selection procedure of shock absorber
Impact mass m kg
[Impact weight w' lbf.]
Impact speed v m/s [ft./sec.]
Maximum operating frequency cycle/min
Operating ambient temperature °C [°F]
Select models where the m,v,E,L, operating
frequency and temperature satisfy the
specifications.
v
v
v
v
Horizontal impact Vertical impact Swing impact
Cylinder impact Free fall Cylinder impact Arm swing Turn table
w' v2
2 g
w' v2
2 g w' h w' v2
2 g
I' 2
2
I' 2
2
w' L w'+F' L T' L
R
T' L
R
m v2
2
F L
m g h
m g L
E1+E2
m v2
2
m g+F L
E1+E2
I 2
2
T L
R
E1+E2
I 2
2
T L
R
When additional energy is not applied. When additional energy from the cylinder, rotary actuator, etc., is applied
Shaded areas show calculations using the
imperial units.
[ ] shows imperial units.
Code explanations
(Unit)
Remark: The shock absorber’s absorption energy will vary depending on speed, temper-
ature, and other conditions. This calculation equation is provided for a general
indication only. We recommend selecting from the selection graphs on p.572
573, 580, 586, and 593.
m : Impact mass kg
w : Impact weight
v : Impact speed m/s
E : Total energy J
E1 : Kinetic energy J
E2 : Additional energy J
g : Acceleration of gravity 9.8m/s2
F : Cylinder thrust N
F /4 D2 P
D : Bore size mm
P : Operating air pressure MPa
F : Cylinder thrust N
F : Cylinder thrust
F /4 D 2 P
D : Bore size
P : Operating air pressure
L : Shock absorber stroke m
h : Height of fall m
T : Torque N m
T : Torque
: Angular velocity rad/s
90 1.57rad.
N : Rotating speed rpm
2 N/60
R : Distance from center of rotation to point of impact m
I : Inertia moment relating to center of gravity kg m2
I : Inertia moment relating to center of gravity
[lbf.]
[ft./sec.]
[ft lbf]
[ft lbf]
[ft lbf]
[32.2ft./sec.2]
[lbf.]
[in.]
[psi. = lbf./in.2]
[ft.]
[ft.]
[ft lbf]
[ft.]
[ft lbf sec2]
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
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