Data Definition Statements in MS Access
(See “SQL reserved words” in MS help for more information
SELECT...INTO Statement
Creates a make-table query .
Syntax
SELECT field1[, field2[, ...]] INTO newtable [IN externaldatabase]
FROM source
The SELECT...INTO statement has these parts:
Part Description
field1, field2
newtable
The name of the fields to be copied into the new table.
The name of the table to be created. It must conform to standard naming conventions . If newtable is the same as the name of an existing table, a trappable error occurs.
externaldatabase The path to an external database . For a description of the path, see the IN clause.
source The name of the existing table from which records are selected.
This can be single or multiple tables or a query.
Remarks
You can use make-table queries to archive records, make backup copies of your tables, or make copies to export to another database or to use as a basis for reports that display data for a particular time period. For example, you could produce a Monthly Sales by Region report by running the same make-table query each month.
Notes
You may want to define a primary key for the new table. When you create the table, the fields in the new table inherit the data type and field size of each field in the query's underlying tables, but no other field or table properties are transferred.
To add data to an existing table, use the INSERT INTO statement instead to create an append query .
To find out which records will be selected before you run the make-table query, first examine the results of a SELECT statement that uses the same selection criteria.
See Also
ALL, DISTINCT, DISTINCTROW,
TOP Predicates (Microsoft Jet SQL)
FROM Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL)
IN Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL)
SELECT Statement (Microsoft Jet SQL)
UNION Operation (Microsoft Jet SQL)
WHERE Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL)
INSERT INTO Statement (Microsoft Jet
SQL)
Example
SELECT...INTO Statement Example
INSERT INTO Statement
Adds a record or multiple records to a table. This is referred to as an append query .
Syntax
Multiple-record append query:
INSERT INTO target [(field1[, field2[, ...]])] [IN externaldatabase]
SELECT [source.]field1[, field2[, ...]
FROM tableexpression
Single-record append query:
INSERT INTO target [(field1[, field2[, ...]])]
VALUES (value1[, value2[, ...])
The INSERT INTO statement has these parts:
Part
target
Description
The name of the table or query to append records to.
field1, field2 Names of the fields to append data to, if following a target argument, or the names of fields to obtain data from, if following a
source argument.
externaldatabase The path to an external database . For a description of the path, see the IN clause.
source The name of the table or query to copy records from.
tableexpression The name of the table or tables from which records are inserted.
This argument can be a single table name or a compound resulting from an INNER JOIN , LEFT JOIN , or RIGHT JOIN operation or a saved query.
value1, value2 The values to insert into the specific fields of the new record. Each value is inserted into the field that corresponds to the value's position in the list: value1 is inserted into field1 of the new record,
value2 into field2, and so on. You must separate values with a comma, and enclose text fields in quotation marks (' ').
Remarks
You can use the INSERT INTO statement to add a single record to a table using the single-record append query syntax as shown above. In this case, your code specifies the name and value for each field of the record. You must specify each of the fields of the record that a value is to be assigned to and a value for that field. When you do not specify each field, the default value or
Null
is inserted for missing columns. Records are added to the end of the table.
You can also use INSERT INTO to append a set of records from another table or query by using the SELECT ... FROM clause as shown above in the multiple-record append query syntax. In this case, the SELECT clause specifies the fields to append to the specified target table.
The source or target table may specify a table or a query. If a query is specified, the
Microsoft Jet database engine appends records to any and all tables specified by the query.
INSERT INTO is optional but when included, precedes the SELECT statement.
If your destination table contains a primary key , make sure you append unique, non-Null values to the primary key field or fields; if you do not, the Microsoft Jet database engine will not append the records.
If you append records to a table with an AutoNumber field and you want to renumber the appended records, do not include the AutoNumber field in your query. Do include the
AutoNumber field in the query if you want to retain the original values from the field.
Use the IN clause to append records to a table in another database.
To create a new table, use the SELECT... INTO statement instead to create a make-table query .
To find out which records will be appended before you run the append query, first execute and view the results of a select query that uses the same selection criteria.
An append query copies records from one or more tables to another. The tables that contain the records you append are not affected by the append query.
Instead of appending existing records from another table, you can specify the value for each field in a single new record using the VALUES clause. If you omit the field list, the
VALUES clause must include a value for every field in the table; otherwise, the INSERT operation will fail. Use an additional INSERT INTO statement with a VALUES clause for each additional record you want to create.
See Also
FROM Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL) SELECT Statement (Microsoft Jet SQL)
IN Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL) SELECT...INTO Statement (Microsoft Jet
SQL)
INNER JOIN Operation (Microsoft Jet WHERE Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL)
SQL)
LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN Operations
(Microsoft Jet SQL)
Example
INSERT INTO Statement Example
DELETE Statement
Creates a delete query that removes records from one or more of the tables listed in the
FROM clause that satisfy the WHERE clause.
Syntax
DELETE [table.*]
FROM table
WHERE criteria
The DELETE statement has these parts:
Part
table
table
Description
The optional name of the table from which records are deleted.
The name of the table from which records are deleted.
criteria An expression that determines which records to delete.
Remarks
DELETE is especially useful when you want to delete many records.
To drop an entire table from the database, you can use the
Execute
method with a DROP statement. If you delete the table, however, the structure is lost. In contrast, when you use
DELETE, only the data is deleted; the table structure and all of the table properties, such as field attributes and indexes, remain intact.
You can use DELETE to remove records from tables that are in a one-to-many relationship with other tables. Cascade delete operations cause the records in tables that are on the many side of the relationship to be deleted when the corresponding record in the one side of the relationship is deleted in the query. For example, in the relationship between the Customers and Orders tables, the Customers table is on the one side and the
Orders table is on the many side of the relationship. Deleting a record from Customers results in the corresponding Orders records being deleted if the cascade delete option is specified.
A delete query deletes entire records, not just data in specific fields. If you want to delete values in a specific field, create an update query that changes the values to
Null
.
Important
After you remove records using a delete query, you cannot undo the operation. If you want to know which records were deleted, first examine the results of a select
query that uses the same criteria, and then run the delete query.
Maintain backup copies of your data at all times. If you delete the wrong records, you can retrieve them from your backup copies.
See Also
DROP Statement (Microsoft Jet SQL) SELECT Statement (Microsoft Jet SQL)
FROM Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL) UPDATE Statement (Microsoft Jet SQL)
IN Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL) WHERE Statement (Microsoft Jet SQL)
INNER JOIN Operation (Microsoft
Jet SQL)
Example
DELETE Statement Example
UPDATE Statement
Creates an update query that changes values in fields in a specified table based on specified criteria.
Syntax
UPDATE table
SET newvalue
WHERE criteria;
The UPDATE statement has these parts:
Part
table
newvalue
Description
The name of the table containing the data you want to modify.
An expression that determines the value to be inserted into a particular field in the updated records.
criteria An expression that determines which records will be updated.
Only records that satisfy the expression are updated.
Remarks
UPDATE is especially useful when you want to change many records or when the records that you want to change are in multiple tables.
You can change several fields at the same time. The following example increases the
Order Amount values by 10 percent and the Freight values by 3 percent for shippers in the United Kingdom:
UPDATE Orders
SET OrderAmount = OrderAmount * 1.1,
Freight = Freight * 1.03
WHERE ShipCountry = 'UK';
Important
UPDATE does not generate a result set. Also, after you update records using an update query, you cannot undo the operation. If you want to know which records
were updated, first examine the results of a select query that uses the same criteria, and then run the update query.
Maintain backup copies of your data at all times. If you update the wrong records, you can retrieve them from your backup copies.
See Also
SELECT Statement (Microsoft Jet
SQL)
Example
UPDATE Statement Example
WHERE Clause (Microsoft Jet SQL)
ALTER TABLE Statement
Modifies the design of a table after it has been created with the CREATE TABLE statement.
Note The
Microsoft Jet database engine does not support the use of ALTER TABLE, or any of the data definition language (DDL) statements, with non-Microsoft Jet databases.
Use the DAO Create
methods instead.
Syntax
ALTER TABLE table {ADD {COLUMN field type[(size)] [NOT NULL]
[CONSTRAINT index] |
ALTER COLUMN field type[(size)] |
CONSTRAINT multifieldindex} |
DROP {COLUMN field I CONSTRAINT indexname} }
The ALTER TABLE statement has these parts:
Part
table
field
Description
The name of the table to be altered.
The name of the field to be added to or deleted from table. Or, the name of the field to be altered in table.
type
size
The data type of field.
The field size in characters (Text and Binary fields only).
index The index for field. For more information on how to construct this index see CONSTRAINT Clause .
multifieldindex The definition of a multiple-field index to be added to table. For more information on how to construct this index see CONSTRAINT
Clause .
indexname The name of the multiple-field index to be removed.
Remarks
Using the ALTER TABLE statement you can alter an existing table in several ways. You can:
Use ADD COLUMN to add a new field to the table. You specify the field name, data type, and (for Text and Binary fields) an optional size. For example, the following statement adds a 25-character Text field called Notes to the Employees table:
ALTER TABLE Employees ADD COLUMN Notes TEXT(25)
You can also define an index on that field. For more information on single-field indexes see CONSTRAINT Clause .
If you specify NOT NULL for a field then new records are required to have valid data in that field.
Use ALTER COLUMN to change the data type of an existing field. You specify the field name, the new data type, and an optional size for Text and Binary fields.
For example, the following statement changes the data type of a field in the
Employees table called ZipCode (originally defined as Integer) to a 10-character
Text field:
ALTER TABLE Employees ALTER COLUMN ZipCode TEXT(10)
Use ADD CONSTRAINT to add a multiple-field index. For more information on multiple-field indexes see CONSTRAINT Clause .
Use DROP COLUMN to delete a field. You specify only the name of the field.
Use DROP CONSTRAINT to delete a multiple-field index. You specify only the index name following the CONSTRAINT reserved word.
Notes
You cannot add or delete more than one field or index at a time.
You can use the CREATE INDEX statement to add a single- or multiple-field index to a table, and you can use ALTER TABLE or the DROP statement to
delete an index created with ALTER TABLE or CREATE INDEX.
You can use NOT NULL on a single field or within a named CONSTRAINT clause that applies to either a single field or to a multiple-field named
CONSTRAINT. However, you can apply the NOT NULL restriction only once to a field. Attempting to apply this restriction more than once restuls in a run-time error.
See Also
ADD USER Statement
ALTER USER or DATABASE
Statement
CONSTRAINT Clause
CREATE INDEX Statement
CREATE PROCEDURE Statement
CREATE TABLE Statement
Example
ALTER TABLE Statement Example
CREATE USER or GROUP Statement
CREATE VIEW Statement
DROP Statement
DROP USER or GROUP Statement
GRANT Statement
REVOKE Statement
CONSTRAINT Clause
A constraint is similar to an index , although it can also be used to establish a relationship with another table.
You use the CONSTRAINT clause in ALTER TABLE and CREATE TABLE statements to create or delete constraints. There are two types of CONSTRAINT clauses: one for creating a constraint on a single field and one for creating a constraint on more than one field.
Note The
Microsoft Jet database engine does not support the use of CONSTRAINT, or any of the data definition language (DDL) statements, with non-Microsoft Jet databases.
Use the DAO Create methods instead.
Syntax
Single-field constraint:
CONSTRAINT name {PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE | NOT NULL |
REFERENCES foreigntable [(foreignfield1, foreignfield2)]
[ON UPDATE CASCADE | SET NULL]
[ON DELETE CASCADE | SET NULL]}
Multiple-field constraint:
CONSTRAINT name
{PRIMARY KEY (primary1[, primary2 [, ...]]) |
UNIQUE (unique1[, unique2 [, ...]]) |
NOT NULL (notnull1[, notnull2 [, ...]]) |
FOREIGN KEY [NO INDEX] (ref1[, ref2 [, ...]]) REFERENCES foreigntable
[(foreignfield1 [, foreignfield2 [, ...]])]
[ON UPDATE CASCADE | SET NULL]
[ON DELETE CASCADE | SET NULL]}
The CONSTRAINT clause has these parts:
Part
name
Description
The name of the constraint to be created.
primary1, primary2 The name of the field or fields to be designated the primary key .
unique1, unique2 The name of the field or fields to be designated as a unique key.
notnull1, notnull2 The name of the field or fields that are restricted to nonNull values.
ref1, ref2 The name of a foreign key field or fields that refer to fields in another table.
foreigntable The name of the foreign table containing the field or fields specified by foreignfield.
foreignfield1,
foreignfield2
The name of the field or fields in foreigntable specified by ref1,
ref2. You can omit this clause if the referenced field is the primary key of foreigntable.
Remarks
You use the syntax for a single-field constraint in the field-definition clause of an
ALTER TABLE or CREATE TABLE statement immediately following the specification of the field's data type.
You use the syntax for a multiple-field constraint whenever you use the reserved word
CONSTRAINT outside a field-definition clause in an ALTER TABLE or CREATE
TABLE statement.
Using CONSTRAINT you can designate a field as one of the following types of constraints:
You can use the UNIQUE reserved word to designate a field as a unique key. This means that no two records in the table can have the same value in this field. You can constrain any field or list of fields as unique. If a multiple-field constraint is designated as a unique key, the combined values of all fields in the index must be unique, even if two or more records have the same value in just one of the fields.
You can use the PRIMARY KEY reserved words to designate one field or set of fields in a table as a primary key. All values in the primary key must be unique and not Null, and there can be only one primary key for a table.
Note Do not set a PRIMARY KEY constraint on a table that already has a
primary key; if you do, an error occurs.
You can use the FOREIGN KEY reserved words to designate a field as a foreign key. If the foreign table's primary key consists of more than one field, you must use a multiple-field constraint definition, listing all of the referencing fields, the name of the foreign table, and the names of the referenced fields in the foreign table in the same order that the referencing fields are listed. If the referenced field or fields are the foreign table's primary key, you do not have to specify the referenced fields. By default the database engine behaves as if the foreign table's primary key is the referenced fields.
Foreign key constraints define specific actions to be performed when a corresponding primary key value is changed:
You can specify actions to be performed on the foreign table based on a corresponding action performed on a primary key in the table on which the
CONSTRAINT is defined. For example, consider the following definition for the table Customers:
CREATE TABLE Customers (CustId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, CLstNm NCHAR
VARYING (50))
Consider the following definition of the table Orders, which defines a foreign key relationship referencing the primary key of the Customers table:
CREATE TABLE Orders (OrderId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, CustId INTEGER,
OrderNotes NCHAR VARYING (255), CONSTRAINT FKOrdersCustId FOREIGN
KEY (CustId) REFERENCES Customers ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE
CASCADE
Both an ON UPDATE CASCADE and an ON DELETE CASCADE clause are defined on the foreign key. The ON UPDATE CASCADE clause means that if a customer's identifier (CustId) is updated in the Customer table, the update will be cascaded through the Orders table. Each order containing a corresponding customer identifier value will be updated automatically with the new value. The
ON DELETE CASCADE clause means that if a customer is deleted from the
Customer table, all rows in the Orders table containing the same customer identifier value will also be deleted.
Consider the following different definition of the table Orders, using the SET
NULL action instead of the CASCADE action:
CREATE TABLE Orders (OrderId INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, CustId INTEGER,
OrderNotes NCHAR VARYING (255), CONSTRAINT FKOrdersCustId FOREIGN
KEY (CustId) REFERENCES Customers ON UPDATE SET NULL ON DELETE
SET NULL
The ON UPDATE SET NULL clause means that if a customer's identifier
(CustId) is updated in the Customer table, the corresponding foreign key values in the Orders table will automatically be set to NULL. Similarly, the ON DELETE
SET NULL clause means that if a customer is deleted from the Customer table, all corresponding foreign keys in the Orders table will automatically be set to
NULL.
To prevent the automatic creation of indexes for foreign keys, the modifier NO INDEX can be used. This form of foreign key definition should be used only in cases where the resulting index values would be frequently duplicated. Where the values in a foreign key index are frequently duplicated, using an index can be less efficient than simply performing a table scan. Maintaining this type of index, with rows inserted and deleted from the table, degrades performance and does not provide any benefit.
See Also
ADD USER Statement CREATE USER or GROUP Statement
ALTER USER or DATABASE
Statement
CREATE VIEW Statement
ALTER TABLE Statement
CREATE INDEX Statement
DROP Statement
DROP USER or GROUP Statement
CREATE PROCEDURE Statement GRANT Statement
CREATE TABLE Statement REVOKE Statement
Example
CREATE TABLE Statement, CONSRAINT Clause Example Example
CREATE TABLE Statement, CONSTRAINT Clause Example
This example creates a new table called ThisTable with two text fields.
Sub CreateTableX1()
Dim dbs As Database
' Modify this line to include the path to Northwind
' on your computer.
Set dbs = OpenDatabase("Northwind.mdb")
' Create a table with two text fields.
dbs.Execute "CREATE TABLE ThisTable " _
& "(FirstName CHAR, LastName CHAR);"
dbs.Close
End Sub
This example creates a new table called MyTable with two text fields, a Date/Time field, and a unique index made up of all three fields.
Sub CreateTableX2()
Dim dbs As Database
' Modify this line to include the path to Northwind
' on your computer.
Set dbs = OpenDatabase("Northwind.mdb")
' Create a table with three fields and a unique
' index made up of all three fields.
dbs.Execute "CREATE TABLE MyTable " _
& "(FirstName CHAR, LastName CHAR, " _
& "DateOfBirth DATETIME, " _
& "CONSTRAINT MyTableConstraint UNIQUE " _
& "(FirstName, LastName, DateOfBirth));"
dbs.Close
End Sub
This example creates a new table with two text fields and an Integer field. The SSN field is the primary key.
Sub CreateTableX3()
Dim dbs As Database
' Modify this line to include the path to Northwind
' on your computer.
Set dbs = OpenDatabase("Northwind.mdb")
' Create a table with three fields and a primary
' key.
dbs.Execute "CREATE TABLE NewTable " _
& "(FirstName CHAR, LastName CHAR, " _
& "SSN INTEGER CONSTRAINT MyFieldConstraint " _
& "PRIMARY KEY);"
dbs.Close
End Sub
