iCOM Floppy Disk Systems BASIC-M Operator's Manual

E MICROPERIPHERALS
_
_
A Division of Pertec Computer Corporation
6741 VARIEL AVENUE - CANOGA PARK - CALIFORNIA 91303 -
TELEX/TWX
OPERATOR'S MANUAL
BASIC-M
PHONE: (213) 348-1391
910-494-2788
© December 1976
М
‘и
BASIC-M has be
System and FDO
level language
English langua
arrive at quic
The text in th
only; it is no
techniques.
The first sect
BASIC-M, its O
Section II lis
mands are simp
conversational
Section III de
iCOM BASIC-M
en designed for use with the iCOM Floppy Disk
S-II, or FDOS-M. BASIC-M is a useful high
due to its ease of implementation and its
ge-like features, enabling the programmer to
k solutions to programming problems.
is manual is provided as a guide and reference
t intended to instruct in BASIC programming
ion of this manual describes the features of
peration and preparation for programming.
ts and describes BASIC-M commands. These com-
le to follow and remember because of their
nature.
scribes the four types of statements in BASIC-M
and how they are used.
Subprograms for BASIC-M are defined in Section IV.
Section V cont:
statement and (
ains error messages, followed by appendix for
command summary.
Throughout this manual, when discussing statements, commands
and use of BASIC-M, parenthetical statements in lower case
letters that appear in examples have the following meanings:
(statement n)
Statement Number
(var) Variable Name
(exp) Mathematical Expression
(rel exp) Relational Expression
"textstring" Concatenation of literal alpha-numeric
characters surrounded by quotation
marks.
(cr) Carriage Return
SECTION III -
iCOM BASIC-M
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I - OPERATION OF BASIC-M
BASIC-M FEATURES
OPERATION
PREPARING
CLEAR
LIST
RESTART
NULL
RUN
NEW
DLOAD
DSAVE
a LINE ERASE
C
SHIFT/RUB
, (comma)
TO PROGRAM
SECTION II - BASIC-M COMMANDS
HARACTER ERASE
DIRECT EXECUTION COMMANDS
BASIC~-M STATEMENTS
Use of Statements
Declaration Statements
DATA and READ
RESTORE
DIM
Assignment Statements
LET
Mathematical Operators
Control St
FOR an
GOTO
atements
d NEXT
IF and THEN
Relati
STOP
END
Input/Outp
DSKIN
DSKOUT
OPENR
OPENW
PRINT
TAB
onal Operators
ut Statements
UT UI UT UT UIT UIT UNI UT UT > ue
O
o
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
PAGE
Input/Output Statements (continued)
TAB (continued)
Formatted Print 15
Automatic Format Override 15
: (colon) 15
CLOSE 15
SECTION IV - BASIC-M SUBPROGRAMS 16
GOSUB
Nesting
Functions
PASS and CALL 17
SECTION V - BASIC-M ERROR MESSAGES 19
APPENDIX A
Index - Summary of Commands and Statements I.
APPENDIX B
Summary of Character set IV.
ii.
SECTION I
OPERATION OF BASIC-M
BASIC-M FEATURES
1. Multiple
statements may be entered on a line.
2. All mathematical operations are performed in BCD
arithmetic.
3. Data output may be formatted.
4. Programs
5. FUNCTION
may be saved and recovered from diskette.
subprograms may be implemented.
6. Program statements may be executed in the direct mode
for immed
7. Programs
memory.
8. PASS and
tion with
OPERATION
Using FDOS-M
ways:
1. To simply
versation
Ty
2. To bring
be saved,
Ty
3. To write
program,
Ty
liate calculations and debugging.
generally require no more than 8K bytes of
CALL functions aid in programming in conjunc-
| other 8080 machine language programs.
or FDOS-II, BASIC-M may be used in one of four
input a program, or to use BASIC-M in the con-
lal mode without requiring that it be saved,
pe: RUNGO, BASIC (cr)
in and run a program without reguiring that it
or written out to another file,
pe: RUNGO, BASIC, "ifile" (cr)
out to file, code which has been entered as a
RUNGO, BASIC, , "ofile" (cr)
pe
4. To bring up
out to anoth
Type:
When one of the
be loaded and ex
work READY.
To load a progra
When loading is
the console.
To see a progran
To execute a pro
To save a BASIC
The program will
PREPARING TO PRC
When BASIC-M has
the console, the
ments.
1. Data Format
The range of
a BASIC program which is to be written back
er file,
RUNGO,BASIC, "ifile" ,"ofile" (cr)
above commands has been entered, BASIC-M will
ecuted. The console will then display the
m file, type: DLOAD(cr)
completed, READY will again be displayed on
| listing, type: LIST(cr)
gram, type: RUN(cr)
program after input, type: DSAVE
then be written to the output file.
'GRAM
been loaded and the word READY appears on
system is ready to accept commands or state-
numbers which may be represented in BASIC-M
is .E-127 to .999999E+127. BASIC-M has 6-digit preci-
sion, and numbers will automatically be rounded to fit.
Numbers may
be entered and displayed in the following
formats:
FORMAT EXAMPLE
Integer 153
Decimal 34.52
Exponential 136E-2
2. Variable Names
A variable may be specified by one or two characters, but
may not exceed two characters. The first character in
the variable
must be an alphabetic letter. The second
may be either alphabetic or numeric.
EXAMPLE: A, B5, X, Dl
REM Statement
This 1s a
remark or comment statement which is not exe-
cuted as part of the program, but is used to clarify
programming statements.
inated by
with a carriage return.
A REM statement may not be term-
a semicolon, but must be terminated each time
In the example below, the LET
statement for line 255 will not be recognized or executed.
EXAMPLE: 255 REM ACCOUNT SUBROUTINE (cr)
Illegal
Example: 255 REM ACCOUNT SUBROUTINE; LET Z1=10
The LET statement must be assigned its own line number
in order to execute.
Automatic
Sequence
Regardless of how statements are written, they will auto-
matically |be numerically sequenced.
PROGRAM 124 REM "ACCOUNTING PROGRAM"
EXAMPLE: 139 OPENR "FILE1"
140 DSKIN X
15% Y=X+3/2
160 PRINT Y
176 STOP
If a statement is needed between two existing statements,
type a statement number which would fall numerically be-
tween the
statement.
EXAMPLE:
two existing statement numbers, followed by the
155 IF Y>100 THEN GOTO 178
The new line is automatically sequenced between 150 and
160.
Line Replacement
To replace a statement, type the new statement using the
same line
number. The new statement automatically replaces
the original "Y" statement in the example below.
EXAMPLE:
150 LET Q=SIN X(cr)
Line Termination
To terminate a line entered, hit carriage return (cr).
Line feed
Erase
is automatic.
A character may be erased by using SHIFT/RUB key. An
entire line may be erased by using the "@" key prior to
hitting carriage return. |
Program E
ecution
To execute
the program, enter RUN(cr).
3.
Direct communi
of commands an
mode of commun
Neither command
ed by a state
tion may be re
and BASIC-M is
of the direct
section.
BASIC-M comman
CLE
LIS
RES
NUL
RUN
NEW
DLO
DSA
e
SHI
, |
1. CLEAR
All variab
and the pr;
ning. CLE!
grams, and
STATEMENTS
2. LIST
This comma!
ments will
numericall
gram, by t]
A specifies
following
The first |
list will |
line liste
If no line
SECTION II
BASIC-M COMMANDS
cation with BASIC-M is accomplished with the use
d DIRECT EXECUTION statements. When either
ication is employed, it is immediately executed.
s, nor direct execution statements, are preceed-
ent line number. Upon execution, more informa-
quired of the user; if not, READY is displayed
ready to receive input. Further discussion
mode of execution appears in Part B of this
ds are:
AR
T
TART
Г
AD
VE
FT /RUB
comma)
les are set to zero. The READ pointer is reset
opgram is initialized to be run from the begin-
AR may also be used as a statement in subpro-
statements that exit FOR-TO loops. (See CONTROL
Section III, D)
7
nd may be used in one of two ways. All state-
be displayed on the console with lines listed
y beginning from the start of the current pro-
vping: LiIST(cr)
1 number of lines may be listed by using the
format:
LIST (n), (n) (cr)
number in the LIST command specifies where the
begin, and the second number will be the last
1.
is specified, the entire program will be listed.
4.
10.
11.
RESTART
Clears all
program. U
command mod
NULL
Null charac
vice after
RUN
Execution o
entire prog
forms a CLE]
NEW
Removes all
ers, variab
other words
DLOAD
Loads BASIC
the RUNGO s
DSAVE
Stores, or +
by "ofile"
a
Deletes an
error conditions without altering the current
pon execution, control is returned to the
e.
ter codes are transmitted to the console de-
a carriage return.
f the program begins at the beginning, for the
ram. The data pointer is then reset and per-
AR.
program data from memory and resets all point-
les and working storage to begin again. In
, the entire current program is erased.
-M program from disk specified by "ifile" in
tatement.
writes, the program to disk file specified
in the RUNGO statement.
entire line. To erase a line the "e" must
be used pripr to hitting carriage return.
SHIFT/RUBOUT
Deletes as
two keys a
ingle character. The number of times these
re struck simultaneously will determine the
number of cprresponding characters to be deleted, follow-
ing which t
, (Comma)
he correct characters may be typed.
More than one argument in a command is established when
separated by commas.
EXAM]
PLE: PRINT Y, "NEXT", X
DIRECT EXECUTI(
Statements may
calculate mathe
executes immed:
These commands
as debugging tc
The direct exed
used as progran
numbers.
STZ
DIN
GOT
IF
LET
PRI
DN COMMANDS
be used as commands which allow the user to
matical problems immediately.
Lately upon input while in the command mode.
are also useful in program development and
pols.
TEMENT & FORMAT
| (van (exp)
O (n)
(rel exp) THEN (n)
(var=exp)
NT
EXAMPLE :
DIM AR(189)
GOT
IF
LET
D 250
A>B THEN 1090
PI=3.14
PRINT "AREA IS",PI*R*R
The computer
ution statements listed below, which are also
1 statements, are not preceeded by statement
All program ste
followed by thi
return. Termil
making multiple
be used to ter
The four types
Det
AS!
Inj
Col
These four sta!
this section.
USE OF STATEMEN
SECTION III
BASIC-M STATEMENTS
atements must begin with a statement number,
Ss statement body, and terminated by a carriage
nation using a semicolon (;) is employed when
pe statements. The semicolon may not, however,
ninate a line.
of statements in BASIC-M are:
rlarations
signments
put/Output
ntrol
rements are described in detail further on in
NTS
1. Each statement is assigned a number between 1 and 65000.
2. BASIC-M sequentially orders the program according to state-
ment number.
3. A statement number may be used only once per program.
4. Each statement may contain up to, but not in excess of,
72 characters and spaces.
5. Use of blamk spaces is optional in BASIC-M. Spaces are
not executed unless found within a character string and
surrounded | by quotation marks.
EXAMPLE: LET Е = М*С*С
would
execute
the same
as: LETE=M*C*C
6. Multiple statements, separated by semicolons, may be used
on a line |!
EX}
1aving only one statement number.
AMPLE: 150 LET A=1; B=3.2; C=2.5E+10 (cr)
7.
Commas (,) me
within a comn
EXAME
ly be used to separate multiple arguments
and or statement.
LE: 1098 PRINT X, "NEXT", Z
DECLARATION STATEMENTS
The declaration statements are:
DATA and REAL
RESTORE
DIM
DATA and REAL
)
)
These two ste
to a variable
value in the
the next avai
less of where
combined sequ
The READ stat
to be accesses
designated.
FORMA
EXAME
RESTORE
Causes the da
ning of the
as a result
EXAME
DIM
Memory space
Sion arrays only.
elements are
itements are used together to assign a value
в. As each DATA statement is encountered, the
argument field is assigned sequentially to
lable position of the data buffer. Regard-
> DATA statements occur in a program, they are
lentially into a single data list.
ements causes the values in the data buffer
id sequentially and assigned to the variable
NT: DATA (n), (n), (n) (cr)
READ (var), (var), (var)
"LE:
DATA 18,-6,25
READ A,B,C
ta buffer pointer to be reset to the begin-
buffer. The buffer pointer has been advanced
of the READ statement having been executed.
LE: 118 DATA 50, 75, 125
120 READ A; REM (A NOW = 50)
139 RESTORE
14ÿ READ B,C ;REM (B NOW =
150 REM (C NOW = 75)
50)
is allocated for an array, using single dimen-
Maximum array size is 10,000, and all
set to zero by the DIM statement. An array
that is not specifically designated by a DIM statement is
assumed to be
erence in the
à an array of 10 elements from the first ref-
> program. An array may be dimensioned only
8.
once either
DIM may als
FORMAT:
dynamically or statically, within a program.
Оо be used as a direct execution command
DIM (var) (exp)
ASSIGNMENT STATEMENTS
The LET statement, with the use of mathematical operators,
assign values tp variables.
1.
LET
Use
is:
LET
of the word LET is optional, but the statement format
(var) = (exp)
EXAMPLE: 108 LET B=827
May also 119 LET B5=87E2
be shown: 128 R=(X*X)/2*b
The equal s
structs the
with the va
sist of a s
Lue of the expression.
ign "=" is the replacement operator which in-
program to replace the value of the variable
The expression may con-
ingle numerical value, or an expression of sev-
eral numerical values, variables, mathematical operators
and functions.
The LET statement may also be used as a direct execution
command.
MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS
Mathematica
l operators, used to form expressions, are
evaluated by the computer in specific.
order, and from
left to right if the same operator is shown more than
once. Those operators and the order of evaluation are:
- (unary) Negate
* and / Multiply and divide
+ and - Add and subtract
Negation requires only one operand.
The sequence of eval-
uation may be controlled with the use of parentheses:
pairs, evaluating the inside pair first, then the outside
pair.
EXAMPLE FOR STATEMENT EVALUATION:
LET R=A+B-C/2*3
Evaluated as:
Temp.
Temp,
2
R = A+B
EXAMPLE FOR US
LET R
Evaluated as:
Temp.
Temp.
Temp.
E
1
2
3
C/2
Temp. 1*3
Temp. 2
OF PARENTHESES:
( (A+B) -C) / (2*3)
A+B
Temp. 1 - С
2* 3
nnn
R = Temp. 2/Temp. 3
CONTROL STATEMENTS
Control statements, which direct the sequential progression of
program statement execution, transfer control to other sections
of the program, terminate execution, or set up loops. Those
statements are:
FOR
NEXT
GOTO
IF
STOP
END
1. FOR and NEXT
These two statements, used together, create program loops
which cause execution of one or more statements to be re-
peated a specified number of times,
FORMAT:
FOR (var)=(expl) TO (exp2) STEP (exp3)
statement body
NEXT (var)
A variable is set to the value of the first expression for
which statements following the FOR(var) are executed.
When the NEXT statement is encountered, the specified var-
iable is added to the value specified by the STEP expres-
sion, and execution resumes at the statement following the
FOR-TO. If adding the STEP value creates a sum greater
than the TO expression (exp2), the next instruction exe-
10,
—
cuted will
STEP is specified, a value of one is assumed.
be that following the NEXT statement. If no
If the TO
value is less than the initial value, the FOR-NEXT loop
will still be executed, once.
EXAMPLE: 188 FOR J = 1 TO 9
128 PRINT J, 1/7, SQR(J)
138 NEXT J
148 END
Expressions
in the FOR
loop is entered only.
are used for the first, final and STEP values
statement and are evaluated the first time the
If a variable in the NEXT statement
is not named, the program will automatically add the STEP
value to the variable in the last FOR statement.
EXAMPLE:
The NEXT at
ment 110.
199 FOR J=1 TO 9
(statement body)
119 FOR X=25 TO 18
(statement body)
138 NEXT
135 NEXT
148 (statement)
130 will STEP the FOR loop beginning at state-
The NEXT at statement 135 will step the FOR
loop beginning at 100.
The same variable may not be used in two loops which are
nested.
Nesting FOR-NEXT may be five deep.
When the statement following the last NEXT has been exe-
cuted, the
the loop to terminate,
variable becomes equal to the value which caused
and not the TO value itself. In
the example above, J would be equal to 10 when that loop
terminated.
GOTO
This 1s an
unconditional jump statement which instructs
the program to go to the specified line number and resume
execution at that point.
FORMAT :
GOTO (statement n)
11.
3a.
The GOTO statement is also used as a direct execution command.
IF and THEN
Since the GOTO statement produces an unconditional jump,
or a non-stop loop,
the IF statement introduces a condition,
which when satisfied requires the program to proceed to the
next statement.
FORMAT:
IF (rel exp) THEN (statement n)
EXAMPLE: 119 IF A>B+3 THEN 169
The IF statement controls the sequence of program state-
ments to be executed, depending on specific conditions.
If the expression A>B+3 is true, then control is given to
statement lit
program execi
1e 160. If the relational expression is false,
1tion proceeds to the next statement.
A statement may be given after the THEN statement,
FORMA
If the relational expression is true,
will be exect
statement.
as a direct €
EXAM]
RELATIONAL (
AT: IF (rel exp) THEN (BASIC statement)
the BASIC statement
ited and the program will proceed to the next
In this case, the IF statement may also be used
pxecution command,
PLE: IF A>B+3 THEN PRINT A,B
DPERATORS
When evaluaf
tions are eq
Item 2 of tl
tors.
CHAR!
cing relational expressions, arithmetic opera-
valuated in the specific order described in
nis section, followed by the relational opera-
ACTER MEANING
= Equal
> Not Equal
K Less Than
> Greater Than
<= Less Than or Equal
=> Greater Than or Equal
12.
INPUT/OUTPUT STA
Relational dperators have a value of -1 if they are true,
they are false.
and zero if
EXAMPLE:
STOP
10+2#*3<25*2
(12>10) = -1
(A<>A) = @
False statement
True Statement
False Statement
This statement causes the program to stop executing and
returns program control to the command mode,
will display
The program
STOP message
The program
the statement number where the program halted.
is resumed by using the GOTO statement.
The
is displayed on the consoled as follows:
"STOP IN LINE (n)"
END
The END statement is assigned the last number in the pro-
gram and causes the program to stop executing.
given to the
command mode.
FORMAT:
504 END
TEMENTS
When using input
of each type of
EXAMPLE:
INPUT/OUTPUT
DSK]
DSKQ
OPEN
OPEN
PRIN
CLOS
нон = ‚с
or
1/0
119
129
139
149
159
169
Control is
output statement:s, note that only one file
at a time may be used.
OPENR
OPENW
"filel"
"file2"
DSKIN P
DSKOUT P
CLOSE
STOP
STATEMENTS
13,
+ REM
: REM
+ REM
; REM
+ REM
; REM
(Open file for read)
(open file for write)
(read a value)
(write to file?)
(close file 2)
(done)
5a.
DSKIN
This statemer
to the consol
DSKOUT
Data is outpu
OPENR
Used prior tc
FORMA
OPENW
Causes a file
FORMA
PRINT
Directs progr
Values of exp
strings may LE
print list by
carriage retu
FORMAT:
EXAMPLE:
lt causes data to be brought in from a disk file
Le.
ıt to the disk file,
> a disk READ of data to open a specific file.
IT: OPENR "file-name" (cr)
? to be open to write data.
T: OPENW "file-name" (cr)
am to print out to the user console device.
ressions, literal values, variables and text
e printed out, and may be combined in the
separating each form with a comma, ending in
rn.
PRINT (var)
PRINT "string"
PRINT (exp)
PRINT %(Z) (E) (F) (N)
11ÿ PRINT
128 PRINT
139 PRINT
14ÿ PRINT
X,Y,5(cr)
(cr) sREM (creates blank line)
"VALUE=-B", X3, "YZ2=",A2 (cr)
A,B(cr)
A PRINT statement containing no argument causes a line to
be skipped, as shown for line 120 in the above example.
Values printed on a single line should have intervening
blank spaces
to be printed
for easy comprehension, If the next position
is greater than, or equal to, position 56,
a carriage return is given prior to printing the next value.
PRINT may also be used as a direct execution command.
TAB
This function
causes data to be printed in specified format.
The TAB argument may be an expression, as follows:
EXAMP
The result of
run, will be
LE: 190 PRINT TAB(2),B,TAB(2*R),C
this PRINT statement, when the program is
two aligned columns of figures.
14,
5b.
BC.
5d.
FORMATTED
RINT
The format
four ways:
of the print output may be specified in one of
free format, exponential format, trailing
zeros, degree of accuracy in numbers of digits to right
of decimal
point.
If format is not specified, six digits of precision will
automatically be printed, with the low order digit rounded,
and traili]
be made be
mats, base‘
AUTOMATIC
ng zeros suppressed. Automatic selection will
tween the decimal, integer and exponential for-
à on the size of the stored value,
FORMAT OVERRIDE
Formatting
included in the output list.
may be overridden if format specification is
Specification is designated
by two percent signs (%%) between which are the code charac-
ters, as shown in the example below.
FORMAT CODE:
F - Free format (automatic)
Z - Print trailing zeros
E - Print in exponential format
N - Print N (N=l-6)places to right
of decimal point
Once a format is specified, it will repeat until new for-
mat specification is given.
The program may be returned
to normal default format by specifying %(exp)*%.
EXAMPLE: 11ÿ PRINT %6E%
: (colon)
Use of the
200 PRINT %22%,A,B; PRINT %$23%,3D,%%
colon may be substituted for PRINT.
EXAMPLE: 1g PRINT X,Z,3
the same
as
CLOSE
: 19 Х, 7,3
This statement must be written when all data has been com-
pletely wr
itten to a file. CLOSE ensures that the last
buffer of data is truly written to the file,
15.
Nr’
A subprogram is
more than once in the BASIC program.
used are subrout
SECTION IV
BASIC-M SUBPROGRAMS
a set of instructions that will be executed
Two types of subprograms
ines and functions. Use of subroutines helps
to simplify program writing and debugging, and limits the need
for excessive us
GOSUB
e of GOTO statements.
Access to subroutines is accomplished by using the statement pair
GOSUB-RETURN.
FORMAT :
When the subrout
to the statement
of RETURN.
1. NESTING
Subroutines
call other s
call itself.
Avoid the us
been used el
EXAMPLE: 148
FUNCTIONS
Program control
ment, when the G
is computed for
execution, passe
GOSUB (statement n)
statement body
RETURN
ine has completed execution, control is returned
following the subroutine, or upon execution
may call other subroutines, which may in turn
ubroutines. A subrcutine may not however,
Subroutines may be nested up to six deep.
e of variables in a subroutine which have
sewhere in the program.
X=15
GOSUB
PRINT
х=4. 9
GOSUB
PRINT
STOP
X=RND (X) + X*X
RETURN
END
118
129
139
135
149
158
208
219
220
298
X
298
X
is given to a function, or unit of the state-
OSUB statement is executed. A numerical value
the function name in the expression, and upon
6 control back to the GOSUB statement,
16,
FUNCTION
ABS (exp)
INT (exp)
RND (exp)
SGN (exp)
SOR (exp)
SIN (exp)
COS (arg)
TAB (exp)
PASS (exp) and
CALL (exp)
PASS and CALI
DEFINITION
Absolute value of expression
Largest integer less than, or equal to
argument
Generates pseudo-random numbers ranging
from 0,0 and 1,0. The argument does not
alter the function, but is necessary for
syntax. Execution is reset with the use
of the CLEAR command,
If an argument is greater than, or equal
to zero, it is given a value of +1, ТЕ
the argument is negative, a value of -l1
is given.
Square root of the argument
Sine of the argument when given in radians
Cosine of the argument when given in
radians
Positions output characters in PRINT
statement
Used together to link to assembly lan-
guage program. May be used as command
for direct execution.
A PASS argument is evaluated as a sixteen bit integer and
is temporarily stored in the monitor.
EXAMPLE: B=PASS (X2)
If linkage to an 8080 assembly language program segment is
made via the
be passed to
ster pair,
CALL function, previously stored 16 bits will
the assembly language code in the D,E regi-
A CALL function is executed by coding it into a BASIC
statement and the CALL argument will be evaluated as a 16
bit address.
BASIC automatically transfers control to the
specified address.
EXAMPLE: Y6=CALL(5,2*A4)
17,
The machine| language code will load register pair H,L with
any specified information, which is passed back into the
BASIC program as the value of CALL.
EXAMPLE: 118 REM "LINK TO ASSY LANG PROGRAM"
128 LET X=10; Y5=4280
138 L=PASS(X/6)
140 LET K=CALL(Y5)
15¢ PRINT K
16% END
In the example above, L is assigned the value of the PASS
argument, linkage is made to the assembly language pro-
gram at address 4280, and L is set to the data returned in
the H,L pair.
18.
L
NN
AE
CE
DE
FE
IA
IE
IS
LE
LO
NE
NS
OV
RE
UL
Floating po
made to div
a number to
format. Un
cated.
Command err
not be proc
Dimension e
gram.
File refere
Illegal arg
Input error.
when a numb
Illegal syn
Limit error
TAB value o
Line Overfl
Nesting err
lacks corre
limit of 5
Negative sq
Overflow of
symbol tabl
Read error.
exceeded nu
Undefined 1
GOSUB, or I
SECTION V
ERROR MESSAGES
int arithmetic error. Occurs when attempt is
ide by Zero, or when calculation results in
p large for representation in BASIC number
derflow results in zero and no error is indi-
or, Attempt to give BASIC a command that can-
essed in direct execution mode,
rror. Attempt to DIM more than once in a pro-
nce error,
ument
Response to INPUT or DISKIN statement error
er has been given incorrectly.
tax
. Allowable limited is exceeded for array index,
r other integer.
ow. 72 character limit has been exceeded.
or. Stack exceeds 6 deep in FOR-NEXT, FOR
sponding NEXT, or GOSUB-RETURN exceeds nest
deep.
uare root function argument.
storage. Insufficient room in memory for text,
e, array space, or program data.
Data buffer is full. READ statements have
mber of DATA values given.
ine. Line number reference error in GOTO,
F statement.
19.
MNEMONIC
ABS
AE
CALL
CE
CLEAR
CLOSE
COS
DE
DATA
DIM
DLOAD
DSAVE
DSKIN
DSKOUT
END
FE
FOR
GOTO
GOSUB
APPENDIX A
INDEX
SUMMARY OF COMMANDS AND STATEMENTS
DEFINITION
Subprogram function;
Error message; floating point math erron
Function; used with PASS to link to
assembly language program -.esscoeceeocoro
Error message; command error .....eeovero
Command; variables set to zero ....... ......
I/O statement; completes writing of data
to
a file ® a añ «a E e SS E | 8 9 SS & SS 0 HU BS 8 bee PE BD
Function; cosinée...w..eoeocoacaaoooooocaoooa
Error message; dimension error ......….….….
Dec
to
рес
laration statement; used with READ
devine Variables vi ieee teeeeeoeescceeess
laration statement; dimensions arrays
Command; loads program from diskK......e..
Command; stores program to disK....ceosececo.
1/0 Statement; brings data from disk file
during PRINT, to console
PAGE
SE
absolute value sses eee 17
» 19
|
I/0 statement; data is output to disk file
dur
ing PRINT to console
Control statement: final command in
a program | 22 000800000000000000000000008484
Err
or message; file reference error ,
Control statement; used with NEXT to set
up
Control statement; unconditional jump
loops
Subroutine statement; used with RETURN
to
give control to subroutine
Ie
11
MNEMONIC
IA
IE
IF
IS
INT
LE
LET
LIST
LO
NE
NEW
NEXT
NS
NULL
OPENR
OPENW
ov
PASS
PRINT
RE
READ
DEFINITION PAGE
Error message) illegal argument ...........19
Error message; input error....eosceooccoacocol9
Control statement; used with THEN to con-
trol execution sequence ....ooscossorsecca. 6,
Error message; illegal syntax..............19
Function; largest integer less than or
equal to argUumente.a.scacoaccoancoacacacecccarl?7
Error message; Limit error..s..wo.nancoosaacoo.l19
Assignment statement; assigns value to
variable . 0.0.0.0.0.0.0. 0.00.00 000 0000 00000000000004056,
Command; displays current program ......... 4
Error message; line overflow...............19
Error message; nesting errOfCf..........0..0...19
Command; erases program from memory.........5
Control statement; used with FOR to
STEP 100PS0 00000000000 000000000 0000000000001L0
Error message; negative square root
argument... 0000000000 0000000000000 000000000019
Command; transfers nulls to console
device ..eseenacoaccooacacoocooaasooro ooaoaaaaco D
I/O statement; opens file prior to
disk read e ervcocaococoanoao oo oa aaacaooocaoeaoaaoelá4
1/0 statement; open file to write data.....14
Error message; memory overflow.s....0......19
Function; used with CALL to link to
assembly language program «..s.eesosssceococol7
I/0 statement; directs program to print
on console deviCe...eccsoacosracocoaaancaroD,
Error message; read error.e.es«sesrecoreonacos. 19
Declaration statement; used with DATA to
access values in buffer.q«.=s.ss«scoarccacacaagooaodO
IT,
12
14
С
MNEMONIC
REM
RESTART
RESTORE
RETURN
RND
RUN
RUNGO
SIN
SGN
SQR
STEP
STOP
TAB
TAN
THEN
UL
DEFINITION
Statement;
Command;
remarks,
non-executable. ...e..
clears error conditions....eeoÑo
Declaration statement;
pointer to beginning after DATA-READ,...
resets buffer
Subroutine statement; used with GOSUB,
returns control to program. ....sceeoceccoo
Function:
Command; program is executed........
Command;
Function;
Function;
Function;
Control statement; value in FOR-NEXT
random number generator...
initializes BASTC-M. че еее ое
sine
gives value relative to zero..
Square root.....
statement...c_seesccoceo
Control statement; program stops execut-
ing/.
1/0
list
Function;
tangent
Statement; used in PRINT to format
Control statement: used within IF
statement
Error message;
III.
undefined line...
.10
‚ 13
‚14
‚ 17
‚12
‚ 19
CODE
@
SHIFT/RUB
- 0
()
DEF]
APPENDIX B
SUMMARY OF CHARACTER SET
NITION
Clea
Cles
(Sen
on à
(Con
comn
(Col
PRIN
Retu
forn
Mult
Divi
Add
Subt
Caus
to Г
Nege
(Par
Equa
Not
Less
Grea
Less
Gres
irs current line buffer... ooo cee eseseso
Irs single character, .....csesoesnocscooo
|) line
ma) Permits multiple arguments in a
land a + q | E +6 46 6 4 6 6 9% 4 € € € @ € ва € 6 à 6 % à % à à A © AAA
on) May be used in place of the word
IT
irns specified format to normal default
lat in PRINT-TAB statement..
ciply 00000004
de...…......
[ract..…….…....
tes literal alpha-numeric characters
Print in output.,........
te.
‘entheses) Controls negation sequence,.
1]: relational operator.....ooessccocoooo
Equal; " 000000 000000008
; Than " " 000 a 000000 00000
ter than" " 00000 000000000008
; than or equal " 000000000000 00
ter than or equal
IV,
1icolon) Permits multiple statements....
‚5,8
‚15
‚ 15
‚ 12
‚ 12
‚ 12
‚ 12
‚12
‚ + 12
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