Sophos UTM Administration guide

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Sophos UTM administration guide

Product version:

9.101

Document date:

03 June 2013

The specifications and information in this document are subject to change without notice. Companies, names, and data used in examples herein are fictitious unless otherwise noted. This document may not be copied or distributed by any means, in whole or in part, for any reason, without the express written permission of Astaro GmbH & Co. KG. Translations of this original manual must be marked as follows:

"Translation of the original manual".

Amalienbadstraße 41/Bau 52,

76227 Karlsruhe,

Germany http://www.sophos.com

Sophos UTM, Sophos UTM Manager, Astaro Security Gateway, Astaro Command Center, Astaro

Gateway Manager, and WebAdmin are trademarks of Astaro GmbH & Co. KG. Cisco is a registered trademark of Cisco Systems Inc. iOS is a trademark of Apple Inc. Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds.

All further trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Limited Warranty

No guarantee is given for the correctness of the information contained in this document. Please send any comments or corrections to [email protected].

1 Installation

1.1 Recommended Reading

1.2 System Requirements

1.2.1 UPS Device Support

1.2.2 RAID Support

1.3 Installation Instructions

1.3.1 Key Functions During Installation

1.3.2 Special Options During Installation

1.3.3 Installing Sophos UTM

1.4 Basic Configuration

1.5 Backup Restoration

2 WebAdmin

2.1 WebAdmin Menu

2.2 Button Bar

2.3 Lists

2.4 Searching in Lists

2.5 Dialog Boxes

2.6 Buttons and Icons

2.7 Object Lists

3 Dashboard

3.1 Dashboard Settings

4 Management

4.1.6 Reset Configuration or Passwords

4.2 WebAdmin Settings

4.2.1 General

4.2.2 Access Control

4.2.3 HTTPS Certificate

4.2.4 User Preferences

4.2.5 Advanced

Contents iv

4.3 Licensing

4.3.1 How To Obtain A License

4.3.2 Licensing Model

4.3.3 Overview

4.3.4 Installation

4.3.5 Active IP Addresses

4.5.2 Automatic Backups

4.8.2.1 Modifying a Web Message

4.8.2.2 Download Manager

4.8.3 Web Templates

4.8.3.1 Customizing Web Templates

4.8.3.2 Uploading Custom Web Templates and Images

4.10 Central Management

4.10.1 Sophos UTM Manager

4.11 High Availability

4.11.1 Hardware and Software Requirements

4.11.2 Status

4.11.3 System Status

4.11.4 Configuration

4.12 Shutdown and Restart

5 Definitions & Users

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5.1 Network Definitions

5.1.1 Network Definitions

5.1.2 MAC Address Definitions

5.2 Service Definitions

5.3 Time Period Definitions

5.4 Users & Groups

5.4.1 Users

5.4.2 Groups

5.5 Client Authentication

5.6 Authentication Servers

5.6.1 Global Settings

5.6.2 Servers

5.6.2.1 eDirectory

5.6.2.2 Active Directory

6 Interfaces & Routing

6.1 Interfaces

6.1.1 Interfaces

6.1.1.1 Automatic Interface Network Definitions

6.1.1.2 Interface Types

6.1.1.3 Group

6.1.1.4 3G/UMTS

6.1.1.5 Ethernet Static

6.1.1.6 Ethernet VLAN

6.1.1.7 Ethernet DHCP

6.1.1.8 DSL (PPPoE)

6.1.1.9 DSL (PPPoA/PPTP)

6.1.1.10 Modem (PPP)

6.1.2 Additional Addresses

6.1.3 Link Aggregation

6.1.4 Uplink Balancing

6.1.5 Multipath Rules

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6.3 Quality of Service (QoS)

6.3.1 Status

6.3.2 Traffic Selectors

6.3.3 Bandwidth Pools

6.3.4 Download Throttling

6.3.5 Advanced

6.4 Uplink Monitoring

6.5.2 Prefix Advertisements

6.6.1 Standard Static Routes

6.6.2 Policy Routes

6.7 Dynamic Routing (OSPF)

6.7.1 Global

6.7.2 Area

6.7.3 Interfaces

6.7.4 Message Digests

6.7.5 Debug

6.7.6 Advanced

6.8 Border Gateway Protocol

6.9 Multicast Routing (PIM-SM)

7 Network Services

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7.1 DNS

7.1.1 Global

7.1.2 Forwarders

7.1.3 Request Routing

7.2.3 Static Mappings

7.2.4 IPv4 Lease Table

7.2.5 IPv6 Lease Table

7.2.6 Options

7.3 NTP

8 Network Protection

8.1 Firewall

8.1.1 Rules

8.1.2 Country Blocking

8.1.3 Country Blocking Exceptions

8.3 Intrusion Prevention

8.3.1 Global

8.3.2 Attack Patterns

8.3.3 Anti-DoS/Flooding

8.3.4 Anti-Portscan

8.3.5 Exceptions

8.3.6 Advanced

8.4 Server Load Balancing

8.4.1 Balancing Rules

8.6.3 IDENT Reverse Proxy

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Contents viii

9 Web Protection

9.1 Web Filtering

9.1.1 Global

9.1.2 Antivirus/Malware

9.1.3 URL Filtering

9.1.4 URL Filtering Categories

9.1.5 Exceptions

9.1.6 Advanced

9.1.7 HTTPS CAs

9.2 Web Filtering Profiles

9.2.1 Overview

9.2.2 Proxy Profiles

9.2.3 Filter Assignments

9.2.4 Filter Actions

9.2.5 Parent Proxies

9.3 Application Control

9.3.1 Network Visibility

9.3.2 Application Control Rules

10 Email Protection

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10.4.3 Internal Users

10.4.4 S/MIME Authorities

10.4.5 S/MIME Certificates

10.4.6 OpenPGP Public Keys

10.5 Quarantine Report

10.6.1 Mail Manager Window

10.6.1.1 SMTP/POP3 Quarantine

11 Endpoint Protection

11.1 Computer Management

11.1.1 Global

11.1.2 Deploy Agent

11.1.3 Manage Computers

11.4 Endpoint Web Control

11.4.1 Global

11.4.2 Advanced

11.4.3 Features Not Supported

12 Wireless Protection

12.1 Global Settings

12.1.1 Global Settings

12.1.2 Advanced

12.2 Wireless Networks

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12.5 Wireless Clients

12.6 Hotspots

12.6.1 Global

12.6.2 Hotspots

12.6.3 Voucher Definitions

12.6.4 Advanced

13 Webserver Protection

13.1 Web Application Firewall

13.1.1 Global

13.1.2 Virtual Webservers

13.1.3 Real Webservers

13.1.4 Firewall Profiles

13.1.5 Exceptions

13.1.6 Site Path Routing

13.1.7 Advanced

13.2 Certificate Management

13.2.1 Certificates

13.2.2 Certificate Authority

13.2.3 Revocation Lists (CRLs)

13.2.4 Advanced

14 RED Management

14.1 Overview

14.2 Global Settings

14.3 Client Management

14.4 Deployment Helper

14.5 Tunnel Management

15 Site-to-site VPN

15.2.2 Remote Gateways

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15.4 Certificate Management

15.4.1 Certificates

15.4.2 Certificate Authority

15.4.3 Revocation Lists (CRLs)

16.5 HTML5 VPN Portal

16.5.1 Global

16.6 Cisco VPN Client

16.8 Certificate Management

16.8.1 Certificates

16.8.2 Certificate Authority

16.8.3 Revocation Lists (CRLs)

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Contents xii

17 Logging & Reporting

17.1 View Log Files

17.1.1 Today's Log Files

17.1.2 Archived Log Files

17.1.3 Search Log Files

17.3.5 Bandwidth Usage

17.4 Network Protection

17.5.1 Web Usage Report

17.5.2 Search Engine Report

17.5.3 Departments

17.5.4 Scheduled Reports

17.5.5 Application Control

17.5.6 Deanonymization

17.6 Email Protection

17.6.1 Usage Graphs

17.6.2 Mail Usage

17.6.3 Blocked Mail

17.6.4 Deanonymization

17.7 Wireless Protection

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17.9 Webserver Protection

17.9.1 Usage Graphs

17.9.2 Details

17.10 Executive Report

17.10.1 View Report

17.10.2 Archived Executive Reports

17.10.3 Configuration

17.11 Log Settings

17.11.1 Local Logging

17.11.2 Remote Syslog Server

17.11.3 Remote Log File Archives

17.12 Reporting Settings

18 Support

18.2 Printable Configuration

18.5.2 LAN Connections

18.5.3 Routes Table

18.5.4 Interfaces Table

18.5.5 Config Dump

18.5.6 Resolve REF

19 Log Off

20 User Portal

20.1 User Portal: Mail Quarantine

20.2 User Portal: Mail Log

20.3 User Portal: POP3 Accounts

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20.4 User Portal: Sender Whitelist

20.5 User Portal: Sender Blacklist

20.6 User Portal: Hotspots

20.7 User Portal: Client Authentication

20.8 User Portal: Remote Access

20.9 User Portal: HTML5 VPN Portal

20.10 User Portal: Change Password

20.11 User Portal: HTTPS Proxy

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1 Installation

This section provides information on installing and setting up Sophos UTM on your network.

The installation of Sophos UTM proceeds in two steps: first, installing the software; second, configuring basic system settings. The initial setup required for installing the software is performed through a console-based installation menu. The internal configuration can be performed from your management workstation through the web-based administrative interface of Sophos UTM called WebAdmin. Before you start the installation, check if your hardware meets the minimum system requirements.

Note – If you are employing a Sophos UTM hardware appliance, you can skip the following sections and directly jump to the Basic Configuration section, as all Sophos UTM hardware appliances ship with UTM Software preinstalled.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

2 WebAdmin

WebAdmin is the web-based administrative interface that allows you to configure every aspect of Sophos UTM. WebAdmin consists of a menu and pages, many of which have multiple tabs.

The menu on the left of the screen organizes the features of Sophos UTM in a logical manner.

When you select a menu item, such as Network Protection, it expands to reveal a submenu and the associated page opens. Note that for some menu items no page is associated. Then, the page of the previously selected menu or submenu item keeps being displayed. You have to select one of the submenu items, which opens the associated page at its first tab.

The procedures in this documentation direct you to a page by specifying the menu item, submenu item, and the tab, for example: "On the Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces > Hardware tab, configure ..."

Figure 4 WebAdmin: Overview

2.1 WebAdmin Menu

2 WebAdmin

2.1 WebAdmin Menu

The WebAdmin menu provides access to all configuration options of Sophos UTM, that is, there is no need for using a command line interface to configure specific parameters.

Dashboard: The Dashboard graphically displays a snapshot of the current operating status of the Sophos UTM unit.

Management: Configure basic system and WebAdmin settings as well as all settings that concern the configuration of the Sophos UTM unit.

Definitions & Users: Configure network, service, and time period definitions as well as user accounts, user groups, and external authentication servers for use with the Sophos

UTM unit.

Interfaces & Routing: Configure system facilities such as network interfaces as well as routing options, among other things.

Network Services: Configure network services such as DNS and DHCP, among other things.

Network Protection: Configure basic network protection features such as firewall rules, voice over IP, or intrusion prevention settings.

Web Protection: Configure the Web Filter and application control of Sophos UTM unit as well as the FTP proxy.

Email Protection: Configure the SMTP and POP3 proxies of the Sophos UTM unit as well as email encryption.

Endpoint Protection: Configure and manage the protection of endpoint devices in your network.

Wireless Protection: Configure wireless access points for the gateway.

Webserver Protection: Protect your webservers from attacks like cross-site scripting and SQL injection.

RED Management: Configure your remote Ethernet device (RED) appliances.

Site-to-site VPN: Configure site-to-site Virtual Private Networks.

Remote Access: Configure remote access VPN connections to the Sophos UTM unit.

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2.2 Button Bar l

Logging & Reporting: View log messages and statistics about the utilization of the

Sophos UTM unit and configure settings for logging and reporting.

Support: Access to the support tools available at the Sophos UTM unit.

Log Off: Log out of the user interface.

Searching The Menu

Above the menu a search box is located. It lets you search the menu for keywords in order to easily find menus concerning a certain subject. The search function matches the name of menus but additionally allows for hidden indexed aliases and keywords.

As soon as you start typing into the search box, the menu automatically reduces to relevant menu entries only. You can leave the search box at any time and click the menu entry matching your prospect. The reduced menu stays intact, displaying the search results, until you click the reset button next to it.

Tip – You can set focus on the search box via the keyboard shortcut CTRL+Y.

2.2 Button Bar

The buttons in the upper right corner of WebAdmin provide access to the following features: l

Username/IP: Shows the currently logged in user and the IP address from which

WebAdmin is accessed. If other users are currently logged in, their data will be shown, too.

Open Live Log: Clicking this button opens the live log that is associated with the

WebAdmin menu or tab you are currently on. To see a different live log without having to change the menu or tab, hover over the Live Log button. After some seconds a list of all available live logs opens where you can select a live log to display. Your selection is memorized as long as you stay on the same WebAdmin menu or tab.

Tip – You can also open live logs via the Open Live Log buttons provided on multiple

WebAdmin pages.

Online Help: Every menu, submenu, and tab has an online help screen that provides context-sensitive information and procedures related to the controls of the current

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2 WebAdmin

WebAdmin page.

Note – The online help is version-based and updated by means of patterns. If you update to a new firmware version, your online help will also be updated, if available.

Reload: To request the already displayed WebAdmin page again, always click the

Reload button.

Note – Never use the reload button of the browser, because otherwise you will be logged out of WebAdmin.

2.3 Lists

Many pages in WebAdmin consist of lists. The buttons on the left of each list item enable you to edit, delete, or clone the item (for more information see section Buttons and Icons). To add an item to the list, click the New … button, where "…" is a placeholder for the object being created

(e.g., interface). This opens a dialog box where you can define the properties of the new object.

Figure 5 WebAdmin: Example of a List

With the first drop-down list on the top you can filter all items according to their type or group.

The second field on the top lets you search for items specifically. Enter a search string and click

Find.

Lists with more than ten items are split into several chunks, which can be browsed with Forward

(>>) and Backward (<<) buttons. However, you can change this setting on the Management

> WebAdmin Settings >

User Preferences

tab.

The header of a list provides some functionality. Normally, clicking a header field sorts the list for that object field of that name, e.g. clicking the field Name sorts the list by the objects' names. The

Action field in the header contains some batch options you can carry out on previously selected

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2.4 Searching in Lists list objects. To select objects, select their checkbox. Note that the selection stays valid across multiple pages, that is, while browsing between pages of a list already selected objects stay selected.

Tip – Clicking on the Info icon will show all configuration options in which the object is used.

2.4 Searching in Lists

A filter field helps you to quickly reduce the number of items displayed in a list. This makes it much easier to find the object(s) you were looking for.

Important Facts

A search in a list typically scans several fields for the search expression. A search in

Users & Groups for example considers the username, the real name, the comment, and the first email address. Generally speaking, the search considers all texts which you can see in the list, excluding details displayed via the Info icon.

The list search is case-insensitive. That means it makes no difference whether you enter upper- or lower-case letters. The search result will contain matches both with uppercase and lower-case letters. Searching explicitly for upper-case or lower-case letters is not possible.

The list search is based on Perl regular expression syntax (although case-insensitive).

Typical search expressions known from e.g. text editors like * and ? as simple wildcard characters or the AND and OR operators do not work in list search.

Examples

The following list is a small selection of useful search strings:

Simple string: Matches all words that contain the given string. For example, "inter" matches

"Internet", "interface", and "printer".

Beginning of a word: Mark the search expression with a \b at the beginning. For example,

\binter matches "Internet" and "interface" but not "printer".

End of a word: Mark the search expression with a \b at the end. For example, http\b matches "http" but not "https".

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2 WebAdmin

Beginning of an entry: Mark the search expression with a ^ at the beginning. For example,

^inter matches "Internet Uplink" but not "Uplink Interfaces".

IP addresses: Searching for IP addresses, you need to escape dots with a backslash. For example, 192\.168 matches "192.168".

To search more generally for IP addresses use \d which matches any digit. \d+ matches multiple digits in a row. For example, \d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+ matches any IPv4 address.

Note – It makes sense to rather use an easy, fail-safe search expression which will lead to more matches than to rack your brains for a supposedly more perfect one which can easily lead to unexpected results and wrong conclusions.

You can find a detailed description of regular expressions and their usage in Sophos UTM in the

Sophos Knowledgebase .

2.5 Dialog Boxes

Dialog boxes are special windows which are used by WebAdmin to prompt you for entering specific information. The example shows a dialog box for creating a new static route in the Inter-

faces & Routing > Static Routing menu.

Figure 6 WebAdmin: Example of a Dialog Box

Each dialog box can consist of various widgets such as text boxes, checkboxes, and so on. In addition, many dialog boxes offer a drag-and-drop functionality, which is indicated by a special background reading DND. Whenever you encounter such a box, you can drag an object into the box. To open the object list from where to drag the objects, click the Folder icon that is

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2.6 Buttons and Icons located right next to the text box. Depending on the configuration option, this opens the list of available networks, interfaces, users/groups, or services. Clicking the green Plus icon opens a dialog window letting you create a new definition. Some widgets that are not necessary for a certain configuration are grayed out. In some cases, however, they can still be edited, but having no effect.

Note – You may have noticed the presence of both Save and Apply buttons in WebAdmin.

The Save button is used in the context of creating or editing objects in WebAdmin such as static routes or network definitions. It is always accompanied by a Cancel button. The Apply button, on the other hand, serves to confirm your settings in the backend, thus promptly activating them.

2.6 Buttons and Icons

WebAdmin has some buttons and functional icons whose usage is described here.

Buttons Meaning

Shows a dialog box with detailed information on the object.

Opens a dialog box to edit properties of the object.

Deletes the object. If an object is still in use somewhere, there will be a warning. Not all objects can be deleted if they are in use.

Opens a dialog box for creating an object with identical settings/properties. Helps you to create similar objects without having to type all identical settings over and over again.

Functional

Icons

Meaning

Info: Shows all configurations where the object is in use.

Details: Links to another WebAdmin page with more information about the topic.

Toggle switch: Enables or disables a function. Green when enabled, gray when disabled, and amber when configuration is required before enabling.

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2 WebAdmin

Functional

Icons

Meaning

Folder: Has two different functions: (1) Opens an object list (see section below) on the left side where you can choose appropriate objects from. (2)

Opens a dialog window to upload a file.

Plus: Opens a dialog window to add a new object of the required type.

Action: Opens a drop-down menu with actions. The actions depend on the location of the icon: (1) Icon in list header: the actions, e.g., Enable, Disable,

Delete, apply to the selected list objects. (2) Icon in text box: with the actions

Import and Export you can import or export text, and with Empty you delete the entire content. There is also a filter field which helps you to drill down a list to relevant elements. Note that the filter is case-sensitive.

Empty: Removes an object from the current configuration when located in front of the object.

Removes all objects from a box when located in the Actions menu.

Objects are however never deleted.

Import: Opens a dialog window to import text with more than one item or line.

Enhances adding multiple items without having to type them individually, e.g.

a large blacklist to the URL blacklist. Copy the text from anywhere and enter it using CTRL+V.

Export: Opens a dialog window to export all existing items. You can select a delimiter to separate the items, which can either be new line, colon, or comma. To export the items as text, mark the whole text in the Exported Text field and press CTRL+C to copy it. You can then paste it into all common applications using CTRL+V, for example a text editor.

Sort: Using these two arrows, you can sort list elements by moving an element down or up, respectively.

Forward/Backward: Depending on the location you can navigate through the pages of a long list, or move back and forth along the history of changes and settings.

PDF: Saves the current view of data in a PDF file and then opens a dialog window to download the created file.

CSV: Saves the current view of data in a CSV (comma-separated values) file and then opens a dialog window to download the created file.

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2.7 Object Lists

An object list is a drag-and-drop list which is temporarily displayed on the left side of WebAdmin, covering the main menu.

Figure 7 WebAdmin: Dragging an Object From the Object List Networks

An object list is opened automatically when you click the Folder icon (see section above), or you

can open it manually via a keyboard shortcut (see Management > WebAdmin Settings >

User

Preferences

The object list gives you quick access to WebAdmin objects like users/groups, interfaces, networks, and services to be able to select them for configuration purposes. Objects are selected simply by dragging and dropping them onto the current configuration.

According to the different existing object types, there are five different types of object lists. Clicking the Folder icon will always open the type required by the current configuration.

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3 Dashboard

The Dashboard graphically displays a snapshot of the current operating status of Sophos UTM.

The Dashboard displays by default when you log in to WebAdmin and shows the following information:

Hint – Clicking the Dashboard Settings icon on the top right opens a dialog window where you can, amongst others, configure which topic sections are displayed.

General Information: Hostname, model, license ID, subscriptions, and uptime of the unit. The display color of a subscription switches to orange 30 days before its expiration date. During the last 7 days and after expiration, a subscription is displayed in red.

Version Information: Information on the currently installed firmware and pattern versions as well as available updates.

Resource Usage: Current system utilization, including the following components: l

The CPU utilization in percent l

The RAM utilization in percent. Please note that the total memory displayed is the part that is usable by the operating system. With 32-bit systems, in some cases that does not represent the actual size of the physical memory installed, as part of it is reserved for hardware.

The amount of hard disk space consumed by the log partition in percent l

The amount of hard disk space consumed by the root partition in percent l

The status of the UPS (uninterruptible power supply) module (if available) l

Today's Threat Status: A counter for the most relevant security threats detected since midnight: l

The total of dropped and rejected data packets for which logging is enabled l

The total of blocked intrusion attempts l

The total of blocked viruses (all proxies) l

The total of blocked spam messages (SMTP/POP3) l

The total of blocked spyware (all proxies)

3 Dashboard

The total of blocked URLs (HTTP/S) l

The total of blocked webserver attacks (WAF) l

Interfaces: Name and status of configured network interface cards. In addition, information on the average bit rate of the last 75 seconds for both incoming and outgoing traffic is shown. The values presented are obtained from bit rate averages based on samples that were taken at intervals of 15 seconds. Clicking a traffic value of an interface opens a

Flow Monitor in a new window. The Flow Monitor displays the traffic of the last ten minutes and refreshes automatically at short intervals. For more information on the Flow

Monitor see chapter

Flow Monitor

Current System Configuration: Enabled/disabled representation of the most relevant security features. Clicking one of the entries opens the WebAdmin page with the respective settings: l

Firewall: Information about the total of active firewall rules.

Intrusion Prevention: The intrusion prevention system (IPS) recognizes attacks by means of a signature-based IPS rule set.

Web Filtering: An application-level gateway for the HTTP/S protocol, featuring a rich set of web filtering techniques for the networks that are allowed to use its services.

Network Visibility: Sophos' layer 7 application control allows to categorize and control network traffic.

SMTP Proxy: An application-level gateway for messages sent via the Simple Mail

Transfer Protocol (SMTP).

POP3 Proxy: An application-level gateway for messages sent via the Post Office

Protocol 3 (POP3).

RED: Configuration of Remote Ethernet Device (RED) appliances for branch office security.

Wireless Protection: Configuration of wireless networks and access points.

Endpoint Protection: Management of endpoint devices in your network. Displays the number of connected endpoints and alerts.

Site-to-Site VPN: Configuration of site-to-site VPN scenarios.

Remote Access: Configuration of road warrior VPN scenarios.

Web Application Firewall: An application-level gateway to protect your webservers from attacks like cross-site scripting and SQL injection.

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3 Dashboard

3.1 Dashboard Settings l

HA/Cluster: High availability (HA) failover and clustering, that is, the distribution of processing-intensive tasks such as content filtering, virus scanning, intrusion detection, or decryption equally among multiple cluster nodes.

Sophos UTM Manager: Management of your Sophos UTM appliance via the central management tool Sophos UTM Manager (SUM).

Antivirus: Protection of your network from web traffic that carries harmful and dangerous content such as viruses, worms, or other malware.

Antispam: Detection of unsolicited spam emails and identification of spam transmissions from known or suspected spam purveyors.

Antispyware: Protection from spyware infections by means of two different virus scanning engines with constantly updated signature databases and spyware filtering techniques that protects both inbound and outbound traffic.

3.1 Dashboard Settings

You can modify several settings concerning the Dashboard. Click the Dashboard Settings icon on the top right of the Dashboard to open the Edit Dashboard Settings dialog window.

Refresh dashboard: By default, the Dashboard is updated at intervals of five seconds. You can configure the refresh rate from Never to 60 seconds.

Left Column – Right Column: The Dashboard is divided into different topic sections providing information on the respective topic. With the two boxes Left Column and Right Column you can arrange those topic sections and add or remove them from display. Those settings will then be reflected by the Dashboard. Use the Sort icons to sort the topic sections of a column. To add or remove a particular topic section from display, select or unselect its checkbox.

The topic sections displayed by default are described in the Dashboard chapter. There are some additional topic sections which can be displayed and which are described here: l

Web Protection: Top Apps: Overview of the most used applications. In this section, hovering the cursor on an application displays one or two icons with additional functionality: l

Click the Block icon to block the respective application from now on. This will create a rule on the

Application Control Rules

page. This option is unavailable for applications relevant to the flawless operation of Sophos UTM. WebAdmin traffic, for example, cannot be blocked as this might lead to shutting yourself out of

WebAdmin. Unclassified traffic cannot be blocked, either.

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3 Dashboard

Click the Shape icon to enable traffic shaping of the respective application. A dialog window opens where you are asked to define the rule settings. Click Save when

you are done. This will create a rule both on the

Traffic shaping is not available when viewing the All Interfaces Flow Monitor as shaping works interface-based.

Web Protection: Top Sites by Time: Overview of the most visited domains according to time.

Web Protection: Top Sites by Traffic: Overview of the most visited domains according to traffic.

Logging: Status of the log partition of your Sophos UTM unit, including information about the disk space left and fillup rate.

News Feed: News about Sophos and its products.

Chart: Concurrent Connections: Daily statistics and histogram of the total of concurrent connections.

Chart: Log Partition Status: Four-week statistics and histogram of the log partition usage.

Chart: CPU Usage: Daily statistics and histogram of the current processor usage in percent.

Chart: Memory/Swap Usage: Daily statistics and histogram of the memory and swap usage in percent.

Chart: Partition Usage: Daily statistics and histogram of the usage of selected partitions in percent.

Enable autogrouping on Dashboard: Select this option to display the information on the

Dashboard compactly. This option only affects the selected Web Protection items in the left column and the selected Chart items in the right column. If selected, the respective information elements will be displayed as overlaying tabs on the Dashboard. If unselected, the information elements are displayed side by side.

Click Save to save your settings.

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3 Dashboard

3.2 Flow Monitor

The Flow Monitor of Sophos UTM is an application which gives quick access to information on network traffic currently passing the interfaces of UTM. It can be easily accessed via the Dashboard by clicking one of the interfaces at the top right. By clicking All Interfaces the Flow Monitor displays the traffic accumulated on all active interfaces. By clicking a single interface, the Flow

Monitor displays the traffic of this interface only.

Note – The Flow Monitor opens in a new browser window. As pop-up blockers are likely to block this window it is advisable to deactivate pop-up blockers for WebAdmin.

The Flow Monitor provides two views, a chart and a table, which are described in the next sections. It refreshes every five seconds. You can click the Pause button to stop refreshing. After clicking Continue to start refreshing again, the Flow Monitor updates to the current traffic information.

Chart View

The Flow Monitor chart displays the network traffic for the past ten minutes. The horizontal axis reflects time, the vertical axis reflects the amount of traffic while dynamically adapting the scale to the throughput.

At the bottom of the chart view a legend is located which refers to the type of traffic passing an interface. Each type of traffic has a different color so that it can be easily distinguished in the chart.

Note – The Flow Monitor displays much more differentiated information on traffic if Network

Visibility is enabled (see chapter Web Protection > Application Control >

Network Visibility

When hovering the mouse cursor on a chart a big dot will appear, which gives detailed information of this part of the chart. The dot is clung to the line of the chart. As you move the mouse cursor the dot follows. In case a chart has several lines, the dot switches between them according to where you move the mouse cursor. Additionally, the dot changes its color depending on which line its information refer to, which is especially useful with lines running close to each other. The dot provides information on type and size of the traffic at the respective point of time.

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Tabular View

The Flow Monitor table provides information on network traffic for the past five seconds:

#: Traffic is ranked based on its current bandwidth usage.

Application: Protocol or name of the network traffic if available. Unclassified traffic is a type of traffic unknown to the system. Clicking an application opens a window which provides information on the server, the port used, bandwidth usage per server connection, and total traffic.

Clients: Number of client connections using the application. Clicking a client opens a window which provides information on the client's IP address, bandwidth usage per client connection, and total traffic. Note that with unclassified traffic the number of clients in the table may be higher than the clients displayed in the additional information window. This is due to the fact that the term "unclassified" comprises more than one application. So, there might be only one client in the information window but three clients in the table, the latter actually being the connections of the single client to three different, unclassified applications.

Bandwidth Usage Now: The bandwidth usage during the last five seconds. Clicking a bandwidth opens a window which provides information on the download and upload rate of the application connection.

Total Traffic: The total of network traffic produced during the "lifetime" of a connection.

Example 1: A download started some time in the past and still going on: the whole traffic produced during the time from the beginning of the download will be displayed. Example 2: Several clients using facebook: as long as one client keeps the connection open, the traffic produced by all clients so far adds up to the total traffic displayed.

Clicking a total traffic opens a window which provides information on the overall download and upload rate of the application connection.

Actions: Depending on the application type, there are actions available (except for unclassified traffic).

Blocking: Click the Block button to block the respective application from now on. This will create a rule on the

Application Control Rules

page. This option is unavailable for applications relevant to the flawless operation of Sophos UTM. WebAdmin traffic, for example, cannot be blocked as this might lead to shutting yourself out of WebAdmin. Unclassified traffic cannot be blocked, either.

Traffic shaping: Click the Shape button to enable traffic shaping of the respective application. A dialog window opens where you are asked to define the rule settings. Click Save

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3.2 Flow Monitor

when you are done. This will create a rule both on the

Traffic shaping is not available when viewing the All Interfaces Flow Monitor as shaping works interface-based.

Download throttling: Click the Throttle button to enable download throttling for the respective application. A dialog window opens where you are asked to define the rule settings. Click Save when you are done. This will create a rule both on the

Traffic Selectors

and on the

Download Throttling

page. Download throttling is not available when viewing the All Interfaces Flow Monitor as throttling works interface-based.

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This chapter describes how to configure basic system settings as well as the settings of the webbased administrative interface of Sophos UTM, WebAdmin, among others. The Overview page shows statistics of the last WebAdmin sessions including possible changes. Click the Show button in the Changelog column to view the changes in detail.

In the State column, the end times of previous WebAdmin sessions are listed.

Note – You can end a WebAdmin session by clicking the Log off menu. If you close the browser without clicking the Log off menu, the session times out after the time span defined on the Management > WebAdmin Settings >

Advanced

tab.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

4.1 System Settings

The tabs under System Settings allow you to configure basic settings of your UTM such as hostname, date, and time.

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4 Management

4.1.1 Organizational

Enter the name and location of your organization and an email address to reach the person or group technically responsible for the operation of your Sophos UTM. Note that this data is also used in certificates for IPsec, email encryption and WebAdmin.

4.1.2 Hostname

Enter the hostname of your UTM as a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) into this field, for example utm.example.com. A hostname may contain alphanumeric characters, dots, and hyphens. At the end of the hostname there must be a special designator such as com, org, or de

. The hostname will be used in notification messages to identify UTM. It will also appear in status messages sent by the Web Filter. Note that the hostname does not need to be registered in the DNS zone for your domain.

4.1.3 Time and Date

On your UTM, date and time should always be set correctly. This is needed both for getting correct information from the logging and reporting systems and to assure interoperability with other computers on the Internet.

Usually, you do not need to set the time and date manually. By default, automatic synchronization with public Internet time servers is enabled (see section Synchronize Time with

Internet Server below).

In the rare case that you need to disable synchronization with time servers, you can change the time and date manually. However, when doing so, pay attention to the following caveats: l

Never change the system time from standard time to daylight saving time or vice versa.

This change is always automatically covered by your time zone settings even if automatic synchronization with time servers is disabled.

Never change date or time manually while synchronization with time servers is enabled, because automatic synchronization would typically undo your change right away. In case you must set the date or time manually, remember to first remove all servers from the

NTP Servers box in the Synchronize Time with Internet Server section below and click

Apply.

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4.1 System Settings l

After manually changing the system time, wait until you see the green confirmation message, stating that the change was successful. Then reboot the system (Management >

Shutdown/Restart). This is highly recommended as many services rely on the fact that time is changing continuously, not abruptly. Jumps in time therefore might lead to malfunction of various services. This advice holds universally true for all kind of computer systems.

In rare cases, changing the system time might terminate your WebAdmin session. In case this happens, log in again, check whether the time is now correctly set and restart the system afterwards.

If you operate multiple interconnected UTMs that span several time zones, select the same time zone for all devices, for example UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)—this will make log messages much easier to compare.

Note that when you manually change the system time, you will encounter several side-effects, even when having properly restarted the system: l

Turning the clock forward

Time-based reports will contain no data for the skipped hour. In most graphs, this time span will appear as a straight line in the amount of the latest recorded value.

Accounting reports will contain values of 0 for all variables during this time.

Turning the clock backward

There is already log data for the corresponding time span in time-based reports.

Most diagrams will display the values recorded during this period as compressed.

The elapsed time since the last pattern check (as displayed on the Dashboard) shows the value "never", even though the last check was in fact only a few minutes ago.

Automatically created certificates on UTM may become invalid because the beginning of their validity periods would be in the future.

Accounting reports will retain the values recorded from the future time. Once the time of the reset is reached again, the accounting data will be written again as normal.

Because of these drawbacks the system time should only be set once when setting up the system with only small adjustments being made thereafter. This especially holds true if accounting and reporting data needs to be processed further and accuracy of the data is important.

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Set Date And Time

To configure the system time manually, select date and time from the respective drop-down lists. Click Apply to save your settings.

Set Time Zone

To change the system's time zone, select an area or a time zone from the drop-down list. Click

Apply to save your settings.

Changing the time zone does not change the system time, but only how the time is represented in output, for example in logging and reporting data. Even if it does not disrupt services, we highly recommend to reboot afterwards to make sure that all services use the new time setting.

Synchronize Time With Internet Server

To synchronize the system time using a timeserver, select one or more NTP servers. Click

Apply after you have finished the configuration.

NTP servers: The NTP Server Pool is selected by default. This network definition is linked to the big virtual cluster of public timeservers of the pool.ntp.org project. In case your Internet service provider operates NTP servers for customers and you have access to these servers, it is recommended to remove the NTP Server Pool and use your provider's servers instead. When choosing your own or your provider's servers, using more than one server is useful to improve precision and reliability. The usage of three independent servers is almost always sufficient.

Adding more than three servers rarely results in additional improvements, while increasing the total server load. Using both NTP Server Pool and your own or your provider's servers is not recommended because it will usually neither improve precision nor reliability.

Tip – If you want client computers to be able to connect to these NTP servers, add them to the allowed networks on the

Network Services > NTP

page.

Test Configured Servers: Click this button if you want to test whether a connection to the selected NTP server(s) can be established from your device and whether it returns usable time data. This will measure the time offset between your system and the servers. Offsets should generally be well below one second if your system is configured correctly and has been operating in a stable state for some time.

Right after enabling NTP or adding other servers, it is normal to see larger offsets. To avoid large time jumps, NTP will then slowly skew the system time, such that eventually, it will become correct without any jumping. In that situation, please be patient. In particular, in this case, do not

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4.1 System Settings restart the system. Rather, return to check about an hour later. If the offsets decrease, all is working as it should.

4.1.4 Shell Access

Secure Shell (SSH) is a command-line access mode primarily used to gain remote shell access to UTM. It is typically used for low-level maintenance or troubleshooting. To access this shell you need an SSH client, which usually comes with most Linux distributions.

Allowed Networks

Use the Allowed networks control to restrict access to this feature to certain networks only. Networks listed here will be able to connect to the SSH service.

Authentication

In this section you can define an authentication method for SSH access and the strictness of access. The following authentication methods are available: l

Password (default) l

Public key l

Password and public key

To use Public Key Authentication you need to upload the respective public key(s) into the field

Authorized keys for loginuser for each user allowed to authenticate via their public key(s).

Allow root login: You can allow SSH access for the root user. This option is disabled by default as it leads to a higher security risk. When this option is enabled, the root user is able to login via their public key. Upload the public key(s) for the root user into the field Authorized keys

for root.

Click Apply to save your settings.

Shell User Passwords

Enter passwords for the default shell accounts root and loginuser. To change the password for one out of these two accounts only, just leave both input boxes for the other account blank.

Note – To enable SSH shell access, passwords must be set initially. In addition, you can only specify passwords that adhere to the password complexity settings as configured on the Defin-

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4 Management

itions & Users > Authentication Servers >

Advanced

tab. That is, if you have enabled complex passwords, shell user passwords must meet the same requirements.

SSH Daemon Listen Port

This option lets you change the TCP port used for SSH. By default, this is the standard SSH port

. To change the port, enter an appropriate value in the range from 1024 to 65535 in the Port

number box and click Apply.

4.1.5 Scan Settings

Antivirus Engine Preferences

Select the antivirus engine which will be used in all single scan configurations throughout

WebAdmin. In dual scan configurations, both antivirus engines will be used. Note that dual scan is not available with BasicGuard subscription. Click Apply to save your settings.

4.1.6 Reset Configuration or Passwords

The options on the Reset Configuration or Passwords tab let you delete the passwords of the shell users. In addition, you can execute a factory reset.

Reset System Passwords: Executing this function will reset the passwords of the following users: l root (shell user) l loginuser (shell user) l admin (predefined administrator account)

In addition, to halt the system, select the Shutdown System Afterwards option.

Security Note – The next person connecting to the WebAdmin will be presented an Admin

Password Setup dialog window. Thus, after resetting the passwords, you should usually quickly log out, reload the page in your browser, and set a new admin password.

Besides, shell access will not be possible anymore until you set new shell passwords on the Man-

agement > System Settings >

Shell Access

tab.

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4.2 WebAdmin Settings

Factory Reset: This function resets the device back to the factory default configuration. The following data will be deleted: l

System configuration l

Web Filter cache l

Logs and reporting data l

Databases l

Update packages l

Licenses l

Passwords l

High availability status

However, the version number of Sophos UTM Software will remain the same, that is, all firmware and pattern updates that have been installed will be retained.

Note – Sophos UTM will shut down once a factory reset has been initiated.

4.2 WebAdmin Settings

The tabs under Management > WebAdmin Settings allow you to configure basic WebAdmin settings such as access control, the TCP port, user preferences, and the WebAdmin language, among other things.

4.2.1 General

On the WebAdmin Settings > General tab you can configure the WebAdmin language and basic access settings.

WebAdmin Language

Select the language of WebAdmin. The selected language will also be used for some

WebAdmin output, e.g., email notifications or the executive report. Note that this setting is global and applies to all users. Click Apply to save your settings.

After changing the language, it might be necessary to empty your browser cache to make sure that all texts are displayed in the correct language.

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WebAdmin Access Configuration

Here you can configure which users and/or networks should have access to WebAdmin.

Allowed administrators: Sophos UTM can be administered by multiple administrators simultaneously. In the Allowed administrators box you can specify which users or groups should have unlimited read and write access to the WebAdmin interface. By default, this is the group of

SuperAdmins.

Allowed networks: The Allowed networks box lets you define the networks that should be able to connect to the WebAdmin interface. For the sake of a smooth installation of UTM, the default is Any. This means that the WebAdmin interface can be accessed from everywhere.

Change this setting to your internal network(s) as soon as possible. The most secure solution, however, would be to limit the access to only one administrator PC through HTTPS.

Log access traffic: If you want to log all WebAdmin access activities in the firewall log, select the Log access traffic checkbox.

4.2.2 Access Control

On the WebAdmin Settings > Access Control tab you can create WebAdmin roles for specific users. This allows for a fine-grained definition of the rights a WebAdmin user can have.

There are two user roles predefined:

Auditor: Users having this role can view logging and reporting data.

Readonly: Users having this role can view everything in WebAdmin without being able to edit, create, or delete anything.

To assign users or groups one of these roles, click the Edit button and add the respective user

(s) or group(s) to the Members box.

You can create further roles, according to your security policies. Do the following:

On the Access Control tab, click New Role.

The Create Role dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this definition.

Members: Add users and groups to this box who are to have this role.

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4.2 WebAdmin Settings

Grant read-only access (optional): Select this checkbox to grant read-only access to all areas of WebAdmin to the given members.

Rights: This box contains different rights levels for the different functions of WebAdmin: auditor and manager. A manager has full administration rights for the respective function

(s), whereas an auditor has only viewing rights. You can choose one or more rights by selecting the respective checkbox in front of a right.

Example: You could give the user Jon Doe manager rights for Email Protection and additionally select the checkbox Grant read-only access. He would then be able to change settings in the Email Protection section and view all other areas of WebAdmin without being able to change anything there.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved.

To either edit or delete a role, click the corresponding buttons. Note that the Auditor and

Readonly roles cannot be deleted.

4.2.3 HTTPS Certificate

On the Management > WebAdmin Settings > HTTPS Certificate tab you can import the

WebAdmin CA certificate into your browser, regenerate the WebAdmin certificate, or choose a signed certificate to use for WebAdmin and User Portal.

During the initial setup of the WebAdmin access you have automatically created a local CA certificate on UTM. The public key of this CA certificate can be installed into your browser to get rid of the security warnings when accessing the WebAdmin interface.

To import the CA certificate, proceed as follows:

On the HTTPS Certificate tab, click Import CA Certificate.

The public key of the CA certificate will be exported.

You can either save it to disk or install it into your browser.

Install the certificate (optional).

The browser will open a dialog box letting you choose to install the certificate immediately.

Note – Due to different system times and time zones the certificate might not be valid directly after its creation. In this case, most browsers will report that the certificate has expired, which

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4 Management

is not correct. However, the certificate will automatically become valid after a maximum of 24 hours and will stay valid for 27 years.

Re-generate WebAdmin Certificate

The WebAdmin certificate refers to the hostname you have specified during the initial login. If the hostname has been changed in the meantime, the browser will display a security warning.

To avoid this, you can create a certificate taking the new hostname into account. For that purpose, enter the hostname as desired and click Apply. Note that due to the certificate change, to be able to continue working in WebAdmin, you probably need to reload the page via your web browser, accept the new certificate, and log back into WebAdmin.

Choose WebAdmin/User Portal Certificate

If you do not want to import the CA certificate but instead use your own signed certificate for

WebAdmin and User Portal, you can select it here. However, for the certificate to be selectable from the drop-down list, you need to upload it first on the Remote Access > Certificate Man-

agement > Certificates tab in PKCS#12 format, containing the certificate, its CA and its private key. To use the uploaded certificate, select it from the Certificates drop-down list and click Apply.

4.2.4 User Preferences

On the Management > WebAdmin Settings > User Preferences tab you can configure some user preferences such as global shortcuts and items per page for the currently logged in user.

WebAdmin Shortcuts Configuration

Here you can configure keyboard shortcuts to open and close the drag-and-drop object lists used in many configurations (for more information see WebAdmin >

Object Lists

) or to set the

cursor focus on the menu search box (see also WebAdmin >

WebAdmin Menu

). Use the drop-

down list to select a different modifier key and the text box to enter a different character. You can also turn off the keyboard shortcut by selecting Off from the drop-down list.

If you want to return to the default settings, click the Reset to Defaults button. Click Apply to save your settings.

Table Pager Options

Here you can globally define the pagination of tables for WebAdmin, i.e. how many items are displayed per page. Click the drop-down list and select a value. Click Apply to save your settings.

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4.2 WebAdmin Settings

WebAdmin Browser Title Customization

Here you can change the label which is displayed on the WebAdmin browser window or tab.

You can enter plain text and/or use the following variables: l

%h: hostname l

%u: username l

%i: remote IP address

The default setting is WebAdmin - User %u - Device %h which translates for example into

WebAdmin - User admin - Device my_gateway.example.com. Click Apply to save your settings.

4.2.5 Advanced

WebAdmin Idle Timeout

Log Out After: In this field you can specify the period of time (in seconds) how long a

WebAdmin session can remain idle before the administrator is forced to log in again. By default, the idle timeout is set to 300 seconds. The range is from 60 to 86,400 seconds.

Log Out on Dashboard: By default, when you have opened the Dashboard page of

WebAdmin, the auto logout function is disabled. You can, however, select this option to enable the auto logout function for Dashboard, too.

WebAdmin TCP Port

By default, port 4444 is used as WebAdmin TCP port. In the TCP Port box you can enter either

443 or any value between 1024 and 65535. However, certain ports are reserved for other services. In particular, you can never use port 10443, and you cannot use the same port you are using for the User Portal or for SSL remote access. Note that you must add the port number to the IP address (separated by a colon) in the browser's address bar when accessing

WebAdmin, for example https://192.168.0.1:4444

Terms of Use

Your company policies might demand that users accept terms of use when they want to access

WebAdmin. Select the checkbox Display "Terms of Use" After Login to enforce that users must accept the terms of use each time they log into WebAdmin. Users will then be presented the terms of use after having logged in. If they do not accept them they will be logged out again.

You can change the terms of use text according to your needs. Click Apply to save your settings.

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Sophos UTM Improvement Program

You can help improving Sophos UTM by allowing it to transfer anonymous general information of your current configuration as well as information about detected viruses to Sophos. That kind of information cannot and will not be tracked back to you. No user-specific information is collected, i.e., no user or object names, no comments, or other personalized information.

However, URLs for which a virus was found will be transmitted if web filter antivirus scanning is enabled.

The information is encrypted and transmitted to Sophos using SSL. Once delivered, the data is stored in an aggregated form and made available to Sophos' software architects for making educated design decisions and thus improve future versions of Sophos UTM.

If you enable the Send anonymous usage statistics option, UTM gathers the following information: l

Configuration and usage data: The system will send the following data to Sophos' servers once a week.

Hardware and license information (not the owner), for example: processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo CPU E8200 @ 2.66GHz

memory 512MiB System Memory eth0 network 82545EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller id: UTM version: 9.000000

type: virtual license: standard mode: standalone active_ips: 2 system_id: 58174596-276f-39b8-854b-ffa1886e3c6c

The system ID identifies your UTM only in the way that information of your system is not accidentally collected twice, e.g. after a re-installation.

Features in use (only whether they are turned on or off), for example: main->backup->status: 1 main->ha->status: off l

Amount of configured objects, for example:

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4.3 Licensing objects->interface->ethernet: 2 objects->http->profile: 5 l

CPU, memory and swap usage values in percent over the last seven days l

Virus data: The system writes the following data into a file that will be uploaded automatically to Sophos' servers every 15 minutes.

Information about viruses found by web protection, for example threat name,

MIME type, URL of the request, or file size.

Intrusion prevention data: The IPS log will be checked every minute for new alerts. If there is a new alert, the following data will be sent instantly to Sophos: l

Information about the alert, for example snort rule identifier and timestamp.

4.3 Licensing

The availability of certain features on Sophos UTM is defined by licenses and subscriptions, i.e. the licenses and subscriptions you have purchased with your UTM enable you to use certain features and others not.

4.3.1 How To Obtain A License

Sophos UTM ships with a 30-day trial license with all features enabled. After expiration, you must install a valid license to further operate Sophos UTM. All licenses (including free home use licenses) are created in the MyAstaro Portal .

Once you have received the activation keys by email after purchasing a UTM license, you must use these keys in order to create your license or upgrade an existing license. To activate a license, you have to log in to the MyAstaro Portal and visit the license management page. At the top of the page is a form where you can cut and paste the activation key from the email into this field.

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Figure 8 MyAstaro Portal

Another form appears asking you to fill in information about the reseller you purchased the license from as well as your own details. The portal tries to pre-fill as much of this form as possible. Also, Sophos collects the UTM hardware serial number on this form if appropriate. After submitting this form, your license is created, and you are forwarded to the license detail page to download the license file.

To actually use the license, you must download the license file to your hard drive and then log in to your WebAdmin installation. In WebAdmin, navigate to the Management > Licensing > Install-

ation tab and use the upload function to find the license text file on your hard drive. Upload the license file, and WebAdmin will process it to activate any subscriptions and other settings that the license outlines.

Note – The activation key you received by email cannot be imported into WebAdmin. This key is only used to activate the license. Only the license file can be imported to UTM.

4.3.2 Licensing Model

The modular licensing model of Sophos is very flexible. First, there is a base license, providing basic functions for free (see table below). Second, there are six additional subscriptions:

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4.3 Licensing l

Network Protection l

Web Protection l

Email Protection l

Endpoint Protection l

Wireless Protection l

Webserver Protection

Those can be purchased separately or in combination according to your needs. The FullGuard license contains all subscriptions. Each of the subscriptions enables certain features of the product. The table below gives you an overview which features are enabled with which subscription.

Web Email Endpoint

Wireless

Webserver

Feature

Management

(Backup, Notifications,

SNMP, SUM,

...)

Local

Authentication (Users,

Groups)

Basic Networking

(Static Routing, DHCP,

DNS, Auto

QoS, NTP,

...)

Firewall/NAT

(DNAT,

SNAT, ...)

Base

License

Network

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Feature

Advanced

Networking

(Link Aggregation, link balancing, Policy

Routing,

OSPF, Multicast, custom

QoS, Server

Load Balancing, Generic

Proxy ...)

User Portal

High Availability

PPTP &

L2TP

Remote

Access

Local Logging, standard executive reports

Intrusion Prevention (Patterns, DoS,

Flood, Portscan ...)

IPsec & SSL

Site-to-site

VPN, IPsec &

SSL Remote

Access

Base

License

Network

Web Email Endpoint

( ) ( )

Wireless

Webserver

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4.3 Licensing

Feature

Remote Auth

(AD, eDir,

RADIUS, ...)

Remote Logging, advanced executive reports

(archiving, configuration)

Basic Web Filtering & FTP

Proxy

Web & FTP malware filtering

Application

Control

Basic SMTP

Proxy, Quarantine

Report, Mail

Manager

SMTP &

POP3 malware filtering

Endpoint Protection,

Antivirus

Endpoint Protection,

Device Control

Base

License

Network

Web Email Endpoint

Wireless

Webserver

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Feature Base

License

Network

Web Email Endpoint

Wireless

Webserver

Wireless Protection

Webserver

Protection

There is also a BasicGuard subscription, available for UTM appliance model 100, which offers its own subset of the above mentioned features (for more information visit the product webpage ).

UTMs can also be managed and licensed by Sophos UTM Manager (SUM). In this case, the

SUM provides the MSP (Managed Service Provider) license to the UTM, and the Installation tab is disabled. Subscriptions can only be enabled by your SUM service provider.

For more detailed information on subscriptions and their feature set please refer to your certified UTM Partner or the Sophos UTM webpage .

Missing subscriptions result in disabled tabs in WebAdmin. Above the tabs a licensing warning message is displayed.

Figure 9 Licensing: Subscription Warning Message

Up2Dates

Each subscription enables full automatic update support, i.e. you will be automatically informed about new firmware updates. Also, firmware and pattern updates can be downloaded (and installed) automatically.

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4.3 Licensing

A base license without any subscriptions supports only limited automatic updates: solely pattern updates such as online help updates and the like will continue to be downloaded and installed automatically. You will, however, not be informed about available firmware updates, and the firmware updates have to be downloaded manually. Announcements for new firmware updates can be found in the Sophos UTM Up2Date Blog .

Support and Maintenance

The base license comes with Web Support. You can use the Sophos UTM Support Forum and the Sophos Knowledgebase .

As soon as you purchase one of the subscriptions you will be automatically upgraded to Stand-

ard Support, where you can additionally open a support case in MyAstaro Portal or contact your certified UTM Partner.

There is also the possibility to purchase a Premium Support subscription, which offers 24/7 support with a UTM Engineer being your contact person.

4.3.3 Overview

The Licensing > Overview tab provides detailed information about your license and is divided into multiple areas: l

Base License: Shows basic license parameters such as ID, registration date, or type.

BasicGuard, Network Protection, Email Protection, Web Protection, Webserver

Protection, Wireless Protection, Endpoint AntiVirus: These sections show information for subscriptions, such as whether they have been purchased and are therefore enabled, their expiration date, and a short description of the features they provide.

Note – When using MSP licensing, no expirations will be displayed, as licenses are managed by Sophos UTM Manager (SUM). Traditional keys and subscriptions are replaced with the SUM MSP system. For information about the managing SUM, see

Central Management > Sophos UTM Manager

Support Services: Shows the support level plus the date until it is valid.

4.3.4 Installation

On the Management > Licensing > Installation tab you can upload and install a new license.

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Note – When using MSP licensing, the tab is disabled, as licenses are managed by Sophos

UTM Manager (SUM). New licenses can be installed by your SUM service provider. For

information about the managing SUM, see Central Management >

Sophos UTM Manager

To install a license, proceed as follows:

Open the Upload File dialog window.

Click the Folder icon next to the License file box.

The Upload File dialog window opens.

Select the license file.

Browse to the directory where your license file resides.

Select the license file you want to upload.

Click Start Upload.

Your license file will be uploaded.

Click Apply.

Your license will be installed. Note that the new license will automatically replace any other license already installed.

The installation of the license will take approximately 60 seconds.

4.3.5 Active IP Addresses

The free Sophos UTM Manager license allows for unlimited IP addresses.

If you do not have a license allowing unlimited users (IP addresses), this tab displays information on IP addresses covered by your license. IP addresses that exceed the scope of your license are listed separately. If the limit is exceeded you will receive an email notification at regular intervals.

Note – IP addresses not seen for a period of seven days will automatically be removed from the license counter.

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4.4 Up2Date

The Management > Up2Date menu allows the configuration of the update service of Sophos

UTM. Regularly installed updates keep your UTM up-to-date with the latest bug-fixes, product improvements, and virus patterns. Each update is digitally signed by Sophos—any unsigned or forged update will be rejected.

There are two types of updates available: l

Firmware updates: A firmware update contains bug-fixes and feature enhancements for Sophos UTM Software.

Pattern updates: A pattern update keeps the antivirus, antispam, intrusion prevention definitions as well as the online help up-to-date.

In order to download Up2Date packages, UTM opens a TCP connection to the update servers on port 443—allowing this connection without any adjustment to be made by the administrator.

However, if there is another firewall in between, you must explicitly allow the communication via the port 443 TCP to the update servers.

4.4.1 Overview

The Management > Up2Date > Overview tab provides a quick overview whether your system is up-to-date. From here, you can install new firmware and pattern updates.

Up2Date Progress

This section is only visible when you have triggered an installation process. Click the button

Watch Up2Date Progress in New Window to monitor the update progress. If your browser does not suppress pop-up windows, a new window showing the update progress will be opened. Otherwise you will have to explicitly allow the pop-up window.

Note – A backup will be sent to the standard backup email recipients before an installation process is started.

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Figure 10 Up2Date: Progress Window

Firmware

The Firmware section shows the currently installed firmware version. If an update package is available, a button Update to Latest Version Now is displayed. Additionally, you will see a message in the Available Firmware Up2Dates section. You can directly download and install the most recent update from here. Once you have clicked Update To Latest Version Now, you can watch the update progress in new a window. For this, click the Reload button of WebAdmin.

Available Firmware Up2Dates

If you have selected Manual on the Configuration tab, you can see a Check for Up2Date Pack-

ages Now button in this section, which you can use to download firmware Up2Date packages manually. If there are more than one Up2Dates available, you can select which one you are going to install. You can use the Update to Latest Version Now button in the Firmware section if you want to install the most recent version directly.

There is a Schedule button available for each Up2Date with which you can define a specific date and time where an update is to be installed automatically. To cancel a scheduled installation, click Cancel.

A note on "implicit" installations: There can be a constellation, where you schedule an Up2Date package which requires an older Up2Date package to be installed first. This Up2Date package

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4.4 Up2Date will be automatically scheduled for installation before the actual Up2Date package. However, you can define a specific time for this package, too, but you cannot prevent its installation.

Pattern

The Pattern section shows the current version of the installed patterns. If you have selected

Manual on the Configuration tab, you can see a Update Patterns Now button. Use this button to download and install new patterns if available.

Note – The current pattern version does not need to be identical with the latest available pattern version in order for the UTM unit to be working correctly. A deviation between the current and the latest available pattern version might occur when new patterns are available, which, however, do not apply to the unit you are using. What patterns are downloaded is dependent on your settings and hardware configuration. For example, if you do not use the intrusion prevention feature of Sophos UTM, newly available IPS patterns will not be installed, thus increasing the divergence between the currently installed and the latest available pattern version.

4.4.2 Configuration

By default, new update packages are automatically downloaded to UTM.

Firmware Download Interval

This option is set to 15 minutes by default, that is Sophos UTM checks every 15 minutes for available firmware updates. Sophos UTM will automatically download (but not install) available firmware update packages. The precise time when this happens is distributed randomly within the limits of the selected interval. You can change the interval up to Monthly or you can disable automatic firmware download by selecting Manual from the drop-down list. If you select Manual you will find a Check for Up2Date Packages Now button on the Overview tab.

Pattern Download/Installation Interval

This option is set to 15 minutes by default, that is Sophos UTM checks every 15 minutes for available pattern updates. Sophos UTM will automatically download and install available pattern update packages. The precise time when this happens is distributed randomly within the limits of the selected interval. You can change the interval up to Monthly or you can disable automatic pattern download and installation by selecting Manual from the drop-down list. If you select

Manual you will find a Update Patterns Now button on the Overview tab.

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4.4.3 Advanced

The Management > Up2Date > Advanced tab lets you configure further Up2Date options such as selecting a parent proxy or Up2Date cache for your UTM.

Note – Update packages can be downloaded from Sophos UTM FTP server .

Manual Up2Date Package Upload: If your UTM does not have direct access to the Internet or an Up2Date cache to download new update packages directly, you can upload the update package manually. To do so, proceed as follows:

Open the Upload File dialog window.

Click the Folder icon next to the Up2Date file box.

The Upload File dialog window opens.

Select the update package.

Click Browse in the Upload File dialog window and select the update package you want to upload.

Click Start Upload.

The update package will be uploaded to UTM.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Parent Proxy

A parent proxy is often required in those countries that require Internet access to be routed through a government-approved proxy server. If your security policy requires the use of a parent proxy, you can set it up here by selecting the host definition and port.

Use a parent proxy: Select the checkbox to enable parent proxy use. Enter the hostname and the port of the proxy.

Proxy requires authentication: If the parent proxy requires authentication, enter username and password here.

If a parent proxy is configured, Sophos UTM fetches both firmware and pattern Up2Dates from it.

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4.5 Backup/Restore

The backup restoring function allows you to save the UTM settings to a file on a local disk. This backup file allows you to install a known good configuration on a new or misconfigured system.

Be sure to make a backup after every system change. This will ensure that the most current settings are always available. In addition, keep your backups in a safe place, as it also contains security-relevant data such as certificates and cryptographic keys. After generating a backup, you should always check it for readability. It is also a good idea to use an external program to generate MD5 checksums, for this will allow you to check the integrity of the backup later on.

4.5.1 Backup/Restore

On the Management > Backup/Restore > Backup/Restore tab you can create backups, import backups, as well as restore, download, send, and delete existing backups.

Available Backups

This section is only visible if at least one backup has been created before, either by the automatic backup function or manually (see section Create Backup).

All backups are listed giving date and time of their creation, their UTM version number, the user who created it, and the comment.

You can decide whether to download, restore, delete, or send a backup.

Download: Opens a dialog window where you can decide to download the file encrypted (provide password) or unencrypted. Click Download Backup. You are prompted to select a location in the file system for the downloaded backup to reside.

Encrypt before downloading: Before downloading or sending it, you have the option to encrypt the backup. Encryption is realized with Blowfish cipher in CBC mode. Provide a password (second time for verification). You will be asked for this password when importing the backup. The file extension for encrypted backups is ebf

, for unencrypted backups abf.

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Note – A backup does include administrator passwords, the high availability passphrase if configured, as well as all RSA keys and X.509 certificates. Since this information is confidential, it is good practice to enable encryption.

Restore: Replaces the current system settings by the settings stored in a backup. You will have to log in again afterwards. If the selected backup contains all data you can log in directly. If the selected backup does not contain all data (see section Create Backup) you will have to enter the necessary data during the login procedure. If only the host data has been removed in the selected backup you can add an additional administrative email address if you want. It will be used where no recipient is given and as additional address where multiple recipients are possible.

Restoring backups from USB flash drive: You can also restore unencrypted backup files (file extension abf) from a FAT formatted USB flash drive such as a simple USB stick. To restore a backup from a USB flash drive, copy the backup file to the USB flash drive and plug the device into Sophos UTM prior to boot up. If several backup files are stored on the device, the lexicographically first file will be used

(numbers precede letters). For example, suppose the backup files gateway_ backup_2012-04-17.abf

and 2011-03-20_gateway_backup.abf are both stored on the USB flash drive. During the boot up, the second file will be used because it begins with a number, although it is much older than the other one.

In addition, a lock file is created after the successful recovery of a backup, preventing the installation of the same backup over and over again while the USB flash drive is still being plugged in. However, if you want to install a previous backup once again, you must first reboot with no USB flash drive plugged in. This will delete all lock files. When you now boot with the USB flash drive plugged in again, the same backup can be installed.

Delete: Deletes a backup from the list. Using the Delete icon on the bottom of the list, you can delete all selected backups. To select backups, click the checkboxes to the left of the backups or use the checkbox on the bottom to select all backups.

Send: Opens a dialog window where you can decide to send the file encrypted (provide password) or unencrypted. Click Send Now to send the backup. Recipients will be the standard recipients, that is, the backup will be sent to the address(es) provided on the

Automatic Backups tab.

Encrypt before sending: See Encrypt before downloading above.

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Create Backup

Backups are not only useful to restore your system after an (unwanted) change or failure.

Moreover, they can be used as templates to set up systems that should have a similar configuration so that those systems are already pre-configured in some way which can save you a lot of time. For that, you can strip certain information from a backup before it is created, e.g. hostname, certificates, etc.

To create a backup with the current system state, proceed as follows:

In the Create Backup section, enter a comment (optional).

The comment will be displayed along with the backup in the backup list.

Make the following settings (optional):

Remove unique site data: Select this option to create the backup without host-specific data. This includes hostname, system ID, SNMP data, HA data, license, shell user passwords, and anonymization passwords as well as all certificates, public and private keys, fingerprints and secrets of Email Protection, Web Protection, Client Authentication,

IPsec, SSL VPN, RED, WebAdmin, Web Application Firewall, and proxies.

Such backups are a convenient means to set up multiple similar systems. There are some things to consider though: 1) After restoring you are presented the basic system setup. 2) Only the first interface is configured, the primary IP address being the one that has been configured during installation. All other interfaces will be disabled and set to IP address 0.0.0.0.

Caution – Although most of the host-specific data is being removed, such a backup template still contains confidential information, such as user passwords. Therefore it is good practice to always encrypt it.

Remove administrative mail addresses: Select this option to additionally remove the administrator email addresses used in various parts of UTM, e.g. postmaster addresses in Email Protection, notifications, etc. This option is especially useful for IT partners who set up Sophos UTM devices at customers' sites.

Click Create Backup Now.

The backup appears in the list of available backups.

If a backup is created with one or both of the options selected, the backup entry contains a respective additional comment.

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Import Backup

To import a backup, click the Folder icon and select a backup file to upload, then click Start

Upload. When importing an encrypted backup file, you must provide the correct passphrase prior to importing the backup. Note that the backup will not instantly be restored. Instead, it will be added to the Available Backups list.

4.5.2 Automatic Backups

On the Management > Backup/Restore > Automatic Backup tab you can configure several options dealing with the automatic generation of backups. To have backups created automatically, proceed as follows:

Enable automatic backups on the Automatic Backups tab.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the Options and Send Backups by Email areas become editable.

Select the interval.

Automatic backups can be created at various intervals.

You can choose between daily, weekly, and monthly.

Specify the maximum number of backups to be stored.

Backups are stored up to the number you enter here. Once the maximum has been reached, the oldest backups will be deleted.

Note that this applies to automatically created backups only. Backups created manually and backups created automatically before a system update will not be deleted.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To save you the work of backing up your UTM manually, the backup feature supports emailing the backup file to a list of defined email addresses.

Recipients: Automatically generated backups will be sent to users contained in the Recipients box. Multiple addresses can be added. By default, the first administrator's email address is used.

Encrypt email backups: In addition, you have the option to encrypt the backup (Triple DES encryption).

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4.6 User Portal

Password: Once you have selected the Encrypt email backups option, provide a password

(second time for verification). You will be prompted for this password when importing the backup.

Automatically created backups will appear in the Available Backups list on the Backup/Restore tab, marked with the System flag indicating the Creator. From there, they can be restored, downloaded, or deleted as any backup you have created by yourself.

4.6 User Portal

The User Portal of Sophos UTM is a special browser-based application on the unit providing personalized email and remote access services to authorized users. It can be accessed by browsing to the URL of Sophos UTM, for example, https://192.168.2.100 (note the

HTTPS protocol and the missing port number 4444 you would normally enter for accessing the

WebAdmin interface).

Among other things, the User Portal contains the email quarantine, which holds messages that are infected by malicious software, contain suspicious attachments, are identified as spam, or contain certain expressions you have explicitly declared forbidden.

On the login page, users can select a language from the drop-down list located on the right side of the header bar.

Figure 11 User Portal: Welcome Page

On the User Portal, users have access to the following services: l

SMTP Quarantine: Users can view and release messages held in quarantine. Which types of messages they are allowed to release can be determined on the Email

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Protection > Quarantine Report >

Advanced

tab. (The tab is called Mail Quarantine when

POP3 is disabled.) l

SMTP Log: Here, users can view the SMTP log of their mail traffic. (The tab is called

Mail Log when POP3 is disabled.) l

POP3 Quarantine: Users can view and release messages held in quarantine. Which types of messages they are allowed to release can be determined on the Email Pro-

tection > Quarantine Report >

Advanced

tab. (The tab is called Mail Quarantine when

SMTP is disabled.) l

POP3 Accounts: Users can enter their credentials of POP3 accounts they use. Only those spam emails will appear in the User Portal for which POP3 account credentials are given. A user for whom POP3 account credentials are stored will receive an individual

Quarantine Report for each email address. Note that allowed POP3 servers must be specified on the Email Protection > POP3 >

Advanced

tab.

Sender Whitelist: Here, senders can be whitelisted, thus messages from them are not regarded as spam. However, emails with viruses or unscannable emails will still be quarantined. Whitelisted senders can be specified by either entering valid email addresses

(e.g., [email protected]) or all email addresses of a specific domain using an asterisk as wildcard (e.g., *@example.com).

Sender Blacklist: Here, users can blacklist email senders, e.g.

[email protected]

, or whole domains, e.g. *@hotmail.com. The blacklist is applied to both SMTP and POP3 email, if these are in use on the system. Blacklisted senders can be specified by clicking the Plus icon, entering the address and clicking the

Tick icon to save it.

Hotspots: Here, users can find and manage access data for hotspots. The tab is only available if at least one hotspot has been enabled for the specific user. For hotspots of the type password-of-the-day, the current password is available and can be changed. For hotspots of the type voucher, vouchers can be generated, printed, exported, and deleted. A list of generated vouchers shows information on their usage. For more information see Wireless Protection >

Hotspots

Client Authentication: Here, users can download the setup file of Sophos Authentication Agent (SAA). The SAA can be used as authentication mode for the Web Filter. The

Client Authentication tab is only available if Client Authentication is enabled. For more information see Definitions & Users >

Client Authentication

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4.6 User Portal l

Remote Access: Users can download remote access client software and configuration files provided for them. However, the Remote Access tab is only available if at least one remote access mode has been enabled for the specific user.

HTML5 VPN Portal: Here, users can open VPN connections to predefined hosts using predefined services. The tab is only available if at least one VPN connection has been

enabled for the specific user. For more information see Remote Access >

HTML5

VPN Portal

Change Password: Users can change the password for accessing the User Portal.

HTTPS Proxy: Users can import the HTTP/S Proxy CA certificate to get rid of error messages when visiting secure websites. After clicking Import Proxy CA Certificate, users will be prompted by their browser to trust the CA for different purposes. For more information see Web Protection > Web Filter >

HTTPS CAs

Log out: Click here to log out of the User Portal. This is only necessary when you have selected Remember My Login at login (which creates a cookie) and you want to explicitly logout and have this cookie deleted. Otherwise, there is no need to use the Log out link— closing the browser tab or window is sufficient.

4.6.1 Global

On the Management > User Portal > Global tab you can enable the User Portal. Additionally you can specify which networks and which users should be granted access to the User Portal.

To enable User Portal access, proceed as follows:

Enable the User Portal.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the End-User Portal Options area becomes editable.

Select the allowed networks.

Select the networks that should be allowed to access the User Portal.

Select the allowed users.

Select the users or user groups that should be able to access the User Portal.

If you do not want to grant access to all users, unselect the Allow all users checkbox and select the users and user groups individually.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

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4.6.2 Advanced

On the Advanced tab you can configure an alternative hostname and port number for the User

Portal as well as language and security options.

Language

During login, the User Portal fetches the language settings of the web browser and loads the respective locales to display the portal in the same language as the browser defaults. For browser language settings that are not available for the User Portal, you can select here which language will be the fallback language. Users have additionally the option to select a language on the User Portal login page.

Security

The User Portal uses cookies to track sessions. Persistent cookies permit to return after having closed a session without having to log in again. They can always be deleted from user-side, however, by using the Log Out button of the User Portal.

Disable Portal Items

For the features listed here a menu item is displayed in the User Portal when the respective feature has been enabled in WebAdmin. However, here you can define menu items that should not be displayed in the User Portal. To do so, select the respective option(s) and click Apply.

Network Settings

Hostname: By default, this is UTM's hostname as given on the Management > System Settings

Hostname

tab. However, if you want to grant access to the User Portal for users gaining access over the Internet, it might be necessary to enter an alternative hostname here that can be publicly resolved.

Listen Address: Default value is Any. When using the web application firewall you need to give a specific interface address for the service to listen for User Portal connections. This is necessary for the User Portal connection handler and the web application firewall to be able to differentiate between the incoming SSL connections.

Port: By default, port 443 for HTTPS is selected. You can change the port to any value in the range from 1024 to 65535. Note that you cannot select either 10443 or the WebAdmin TCP

Port, which is configured on the Management > WebAdmin Settings >

Advanced

tab. Independent of the defined port, the User Portal can always be accessed via HTTPS only.

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4.7 Notifications

Welcome Message

You can customize the welcome message of the User Portal. Simple HTML markup and hyperlinks are allowed.

Note – Changing the welcome message is not possible when using a home use license.

4.7 Notifications

Sophos UTM comes with a notification feature that informs you immediately about all sorts of security-relevant events occurring on UTM, either by email or SNMP trap. All events that might possibly be of interest to an administrator are represented by various error, warning, and information codes. What notifications are sent depends on the selection you have configured on the Notifications tab.

4.7.1 Global

On the Management > Notifications > Global tab you can configure the sender address (i.e., the

From address) to be taken for notification emails sent by UTM. By default, this is [email protected]

. If you want to change this address, it is advisable to enter an email address of your domain, as some mail servers might be configured to check whether a given sender address really exists.

In addition, you can specify the recipients of UTM notifications. By default, this is the administrator's email address you had entered during the initial setup.

Limit Notifications: Some security-relevant events such as detected intrusion attempts will create a lot of notifications, which may quickly clog the notification recipients' email inboxes. For this reason, Sophos UTM has sensible default values to limit the number of notifications sent per hour. If you disable this option, every security-relevant event will create a notification, provided the event is configured so as to send a notification on the Management > Notifications > Noti-

fications tab.

Device Specific Text

Here you can enter a description of Sophos UTM, e.g. its location, which will be displayed in the notifications sent.

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4.7.2 Notifications

Notifications are divided into three categories: l

CRIT: Messages informing about critical events that might render UTM inoperable.

WARN: Warnings about potential problems that need your attention, for example, exceeding thresholds.

INFO: Merely informational messages such as the restart of a system component, for example.

You can select whether you want to send the notification as email or SNMP trap.

4.7.3 Advanced

In case your UTM cannot send emails directly, you can configure a smarthost to send the emails. Proceed as follows:

Enable External SMTP on the Management > Notifications > Advanced tab.

Click the toggle switch.

Enter your smarthost.

You can use drag-and-drop. The port is preset to the default SMTP port 25.

Use TLS: Select this checkbox if you want to enforce TLS when sending notifications. Note that notifications will not be sent if the smarthost does not support

TLS.

Specify the authentication settings.

If the smarthost requires authentication, check the Authentication checkbox and enter the corresponding username and password.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

4.8 Customization

The tabs under Management > Customization allow you to customize and localize email notifications and status messages created by Sophos UTM, making it possible to adapt those messages to both your policy and your corporate identity.

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4.8 Customization

In addition, you can edit and upload custom web templates to further change the way that users receive block messages and other notifications.

Note – Customization is not possible when using a home use license.

4.8.1 Global

On the Management > Customization > Global tab you can customize global display options for the system messages presented to users. Note that UTF-8/Unicode is supported.

The example below shows the customizable global options (Company Logo and Custom Com-

pany Text), along with an example of a "Content Block" message, which is configured on the

Management > Customization > Web Messages page.

Figure 12 Customization: Example Blocked Page and Its Customizable Parts

Company Logo

You can upload your own logo/banner (in png format only), which is used in the following contexts: l

Web messages l

POP3 blocked messages l

Quarantine release status messages (which will appear in the Quarantine Report after a spam email has been released from the quarantine or whitelisted.) l

Quarantine Report

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Some of the messages displayed to users have been optimized for the default logo (195 x 73 pixels with a transparent background). For the best-looking results, use an image that has the same attributes.

To upload a logo:

Open the Upload file dialog window.

Click the Folder icon next to the Upload new logo box.

The Upload file dialog window opens.

Select the logo.

Browse to the location where the logo that you want to upload resides.

Once you have selected the logo, click Start Upload.

Click Apply.

The logo will be uploaded, replacing the file that is already installed.

Custom Company Text

Customize the message that will be displayed beneath the company logo whenever a website was blocked by the virus scanner or the content filter of Sophos UTM. For example, you might want to enter the administrator's contact data here.

4.8.2 Web Messages

Customize the text for web filtering messages displayed by Sophos UTM. Some messages are displayed when users are restricted from downloading files that are too large, are of a certain type, or contain a virus. Other messages are displayed when users attempt to access restricted websites or applications, while users are downloading files, or when users are required to authenticate with the UTM. You can translate messages into other languages or, for example, modify the messages to show customer support contact information.

Note – The text entered in the fields of the Web Messages tab can be referenced in custom web templates. For more information, see

Web Templates

The following messages are configurable:

Content Block

Surf Protection: This message is displayed when a user attempts to access a webpage whose URL matches a category that is configured to be blocked or the site's reputation

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falls below the specified threshold. For more information, see Web Protection >

Web Filtering

Blacklist: This message is displayed when a user attempts to retrieve a webpage that

matches a blacklisted URL. To blacklist URLs, see Web Protection > Web Filtering >

URL

Filtering

MIME Type: This message is displayed when a user requests a file that is a blocked

MIME type. For more about specifying MIME types, see Web Protection > Web Filtering

Antivirus/Malware

File Extension: This message is displayed when a user requests a blocked file extension. For more about specifying file extensions, see Web Protection > Web Filtering >

Antivirus/Malware

File Size: This message is displayed when a user requests a file that exceeds the file size limit. To configure download size limits, see Web Protection > Web Filtering >

Advanced

Application Control: This message is displayed when a user attempts to use a type of network traffic that is configured to be blocked by Application Control. For more information on Application Control, see Web Protection >

Application Control

Virus Detected: This message is displayed when a file is blocked due to a virus infection.

For more information on configuring virus protection, see Web Protection > Web Filtering

Antivirus/Malware

Download/Scan

Download in Progress: This message is displayed while a file is being downloaded.

See

Download Manager

Virus Scan in Progress: This message is displayed while the UTM scans files for malicious content. See

Download Manager

Download Complete: This message is displayed after a file has been fully downloaded, scanned, and determined safe. See

Download Manager

Authentication

Transparent Mode Authentication: This option only applies if you use Web Filtering in Transparent Mode, and you have selected the "Browser" authentication mode. For more information, see Web Protection > Web Filtering Profiles >

Proxy Profiles

. The text

is displayed on the authentication page, where users must log in before using the Web Filter. If the Terms of Use field is filled in, a disclaimer is displayed on the authentication page. If this field is empty (as it is by default), a disclaimer is not displayed.

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Bypass Content Block: This message is displayed when a page is blocked by Surf Protection and the option to bypass blocking option is enabled (see Web Protection > Web Fil-

tering >

URL Filtering

). If the Terms of Use field is filled in, a disclaimer is displayed on the

authentication page. If this field is empty (as it is by default), a disclaimer is not displayed.

Error

Server Error: This message is displayed if an error occurs while processing the user's request.

Administrator Information: Here you can enter information about the administrator managing the Web Filter, including the administrator's email address.

4.8.2.1 Modifying a Web Message

To modify a Content Block, Download/Scan, Authentication, or Error message:

Select the message.

From the Page drop-down list, select the end user message that you want to edit.

The Subject and Description for that message are displayed.

Modify the Subject and/or Description.

Modify the default text as necessary.

Click Apply.

The text changes are saved.

4.8.2.2 Download Manager

If the Web Filter is enabled, the web browser will display the following download pages while downloading content greater than 1 MB in size that is neither text nor an image. The download page will not be displayed when video or audio streams are requested or more than 50 % of the file has been downloaded within five seconds.

The information provided on the download pages can be customized on the Web Messages tab.

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Figure 13 Customization: HTTP Download Page Step 1 of 3: Downloading File

Figure 14 Customization: HTTP Download Page Step 2 of 3: Virus Scanning

Figure 15 Customization: HTTP Download Page Step 3 of 3: File Download Completed

4.8.3 Web Templates

To customize both the appearance and content of messages that are displayed to users, you can upload HTML files to Sophos UTM. As a guide, Sophos provides several sample

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templates.These templates show you how to use variables that can dynamically insert information that is relevant for individual user messages. For example, if a file is blocked because it contains a virus, you can include a variable that inserts the name of the virus that was blocked.

4.8.3.1 Customizing Web Templates

Caution – Customizing Sophos UTM notifications is an advanced topic. Only those with sufficient knowledge of HTML and JavaScript should attempt these tasks.

You can upload custom versions of Sophos UTM notifications, including block messages, status messages, error messages, and authentication prompts. The four sample templates contain working examples of variables as well as several sample images. Either use the sample templates as a basis for your custom messages and notifications or upload your own HTML files.

Valid variables are described in Using Variables in UTM Web Templates in the Sophos Knowledgebase .

If you want to use the text from a message configured on the Web Messages tab, you can insert the appropriate variable in your custom template. For more information, see Web Messages.

To download the sample templates and images, click the link below, and save the .zip file: http://www.astaro.com/lists/Web_Templates.zip

4.8.3.2 Uploading Custom Web Templates and Images

Once you have edited and saved your custom template, you are ready to upload it to the UTM.

To upload a web template or image:

Open the Upload file dialog window.

Click the Folder icon next to the name of the type of template that you want to upload, or click the Folder icon next to Images if you want to upload an image.

Note – The supported file types are .png,.jpg, .jpeg, and .gif.

The Upload file dialog window opens.

Select the template or image.

Browse to the location of the template or image that you want to upload.

Once you have selected the template or image, click Start Upload.

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The Upload file dialog window closes.

Click Apply.

The template or image will be uploaded.

4.8.4 Email Messages

Customize the text that is displayed in user messages generated by the SMTP/POP3 proxies of

Sophos UTM. You can translate these messages into other languages or modify them to show customer support contact information, for example. The following messages can be customized: l

Message released from quarantine: This message is shown when a message was successfully released from the quarantine.

Error while releasing message from quarantine: This message is shown when an error occurred while releasing a message from the quarantine.

POP3 message blocked: This message is sent to the recipient when a POP3 email message was blocked.

Figure 16 Customization: POP3 Proxy Blocked Message

4.9 SNMP

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used by network management systems to monitor network-attached devices such as routers, servers, and switches. SNMP allows the administrator to make quick queries about the condition of each monitored network device. You can configure Sophos UTM to reply to SNMP queries or to send SNMP traps to SNMP management tools. The former is achieved with so-called management information bases (MIBs).

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An MIB specifies what information can be queried for which network device. Sophos UTM supports SNMP version 2 and 3 and the following MIBs: l

DISMAN-EVENT-MIB: Event Management Information Base l

HOST-RESOURCES-MIB: Host Resources Management Information Base l

IF-MIB: Interfaces Group Management Information Base l

IP-FORWARD-MIB: IP Forwarding Table Management Information Base l

IP-MIB: Management Information Base for the Internet Protocol (IP) l

NOTIFICATION-LOG-MIB: Notification Log Management Information Base l

RFC1213-MIB: Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IPbased Internet: MIB II l

SNMPv2-MIB: Management Information Base for the Simple Network Management

Protocol (SNMP) l

TCP-MIB: Management Information Base for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) l

UDP-MIB: Management Information Base for the User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

In order to get Sophos UTM system information, an SNMP manager must be used that has at least the RFC1213-MIB (MIB II) compiled into it.

4.9.1 Query

On the Management > SNMP > Query page you can enable the usage of SNMP queries.

To configure SNMP queries, proceed as follows:

Enable SNMP Queries.

Click the toggle switch.

The sections SNMP Version and SNMP Access Control become editable.

Select the SNMP version.

In the SNMP Version section, select a version from the drop-down list. SNMP version 3 requires authentication.

Select allowed networks.

Networks listed in the Allowed networks box are able to query the SNMP agent running on Sophos UTM. Note that the access is always read-only.

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Community String: When using version 2, enter a community string. An SNMP community string acts as a password that is used to protect access to the SNMP agent. By default, the SNMP community string is "public", but you can change it to any setting that best suits your needs.

Note – Allowed characters for the community string are: (a-z), (A-Z), (0-9), (+),

(_), (@), (.), (-), (blank).

Username/Password: When using version 3, authentication is required. Enter a username and password (second time for verification) to enable the remote administrator to send queries. The password must have at least eight characters. SNMP v3 uses SHA for authentication and AES for encryption. Note that username and password are used for both of them.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Furthermore, you can enter additional information about UTM.

Device Information

The Device Information text boxes can be used to specify additional information about UTM such as its name, location, and administrator. This information can be read by SNMP management tools to help identify UTM.

Note – All SNMP traffic (protocol version 2) between UTM and the Allowed networks is not encrypted and can be read during the transfer over public networks.

Sophos UTM Notifier MIB

This section allows you to download the Sophos UTM notifier MIB which contains the definitions of the Sophos UTM SNMP notification based on your current settings for the notification traps.

4.9.2 Traps

In the Traps tab you can define an SNMP trap server to which notifications of relevant events occurring on UTM can be sent as SNMP traps. Note that special SNMP monitoring software is needed to display those traps.

The messages that are sent as SNMP traps contain so-called object identifiers (OID), for example, .1.3.6.1.4.1.9789, which belong to the private enterprise numbers issued by

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IANA . Note that .1.3.6.1.4.1 is the iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprise prefix, while 9789 is Astaro's Private Enterprise Number. The OID for notification events is 1500, to which are appended the OIDs of the type of the notification and the corresponding error code

(000-999). The following notification types are available: l DEBUG = 0 l INFO = 1 l WARN = 2 l CRIT = 3

Example: The notification "INFO-302: New firmware Up2Date installed" will use the OID

.1.3.6.1.4.1.9789.1500.1.302

and has the following string assigned:

[<HOST>][INFO][302]

Note that <HOST> is a placeholder representing the hostname of the system and that only type and error code from the notification's subject field are transmitted.

To select an SNMP trap server, proceed as follows:

Click New SNMP Trap Sink.

The Create New SNMP Trap Sink dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Host: The host definition of the SNMP trap server.

Community string: An SNMP community string acts as a password that is used to protect access to querying SNMP messages. By default, the SNMP community string is set to "public". Change it to the string that is configured on the remote SNMP trap server.

Note – Allowed characters for the community string are: (a-z), (A-Z), (0-9), (+), (_),

(@), (.), (-), (blank).

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new SNMP trap server will be listed on the Traps tab.

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4.10 Central Management

The pages of the Central Management menu let you configure interfaces to management tools that can be used to monitor or remotely administer the gateway.

4.10.1 Sophos UTM Manager

Sophos UTM Manager (SUM) is Sophos' central management product. You can connect several UTM appliances to a SUM where they centrally can be monitored, configured and maintained.

On this tab, you can configure the connection of your UTM to one or two SUMs.

Note – When using MSP licensing, disabling SUM, changing the SUM host, or modifying the rights of the SUM administrator can only be done by Sophos UTM Manager (SUM).

To prepare Sophos UTM to be monitored by a SUM server, proceed as follows:

On the Sophos UTM Manager tab, enable SUM.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the SUM Settings area becomes editable.

Specify the SUM host.

Select or add the SUM server UTM should connect to.

Authentication (optional): If the SUM server requires authentication, select this option and enter the same password (shared secret) as configured on the SUM server.

Use SUM server as Up2Date cache (optional): Up2Date packages can be fetched from a cache located on the SUM server. If you want to use this functionality for your gateway, select the option Use SUM server as Up2Date cache.

Please ensure that on your managing SUM server the Up2Date cache functionality is enabled accordingly. Note that usage of the Up2Date cache functionality is mutually exclusive with using a parent proxy configuration for Up2Dates.

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Define the rights of the SUM administrator.

On SUM, the administrator responsible for this UTM can only administer those areas of your UTM which are explicitly allowed to be administered here. The rights listed here correspond to the SUM Gateway Manager main menu and administrative options.

Administration: If selected, the administrator can use all features located in the Main-

tenance and Management menus. He can, for example, view the inventory, create and restore backups, and schedule actions like firmware updates.

Reporting: If selected, the administrator can use all features located in the Reporting menu. He can, for example, request reports from UTM.

Monitoring: If selected, UTM will be displayed on the Monitoring pages and the administrator can use all associated features.

Configuration: If selected, the administrator can use all features located in the Con-

figuration menu. He can, for example, deploy objects (networks, hosts, VPNs) to UTM.

Note – Please refer to the Sophos UTM Manager Administration Guide for detailed information.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

UTM will now try to establish a connection to Sophos UTM Manager. Once the connection between both systems is established, the connection status will turn green. Then

UTM can be monitored and administered by the SUM server selected here. You will be able to see the current connection status and health in the SUM Health section. Reloading the page will update this data. Please use the Open Live Log button and read carefully the messages from the message board to be able to diagnose connection problems should they occur.

Settings for a Second SUM

In this section, you can optionally add a second SUM. This is useful in case for example you do the configuration by yourself (first SUM server) but want your machines still to be monitored by a third party, e.g. your MSSP (second SUM server). The settings are almost identical to the first

SUM's settings, except that the Configuration option is missing because they are limited to the first SUM.

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Note – The communication between the gateway and SUM takes place on port 4433, whereas the Sophos UTM Manager can be accessed through a browser via the HTTPS protocol on port 4444 for the WebAdmin and on port 4422 for the Gateway Manager interface.

SUM Health

You will be able to see the current connection status and health in the section called SUM

Health. Reloading the page will update this data.

SUM Objects

This area is disabled (grayed-out) unless there are objects that have been created via a SUM and if this SUM is now disconnected from the Sophos UTM. SUM-created objects can be network definitions, remote host definitions, IPsec VPN tunnels, etc.

The button Cleanup Objects can be pressed to release any objects that were created by the

SUM the device has formerly been managed with. These objects are normally locked and can only be viewed on the local device. After pressing the button, the objects become fully accessible and can be reused or deleted by a local administrator.

Note – In case former SUM-created objects are cleaned up, they cannot be re-transformed when reconnecting to that same SUM. This means that if the remote SUM still hosts object definitions for a device which later re-establishes a connection to it, those objects will be deployed to the device again—although local copies will then already exist.

Live Log

You can use the live log to monitor the connection between your Sophos UTM and the SUM.

Click the Open Live Log button to open the live log in a new window.

4.11 High Availability

The main cause for an Internet security system to fail is because of a hardware failure. The ability of any system to continue providing services after a failure is called failover. Sophos UTM provides high availability (HA) failover, allowing you to set up a hot standby system in case the primary system fails (active-passive). Alternatively, you can use Sophos UTM to set up a cluster, which operates by distributing dedicated network traffic to a collection of nodes (active-active)

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similar to conventional load-balancing approaches in order to get optimal resource utilization and decrease computing time.

The concepts high availability and cluster as implemented in Sophos UTM are closely related.

For a high availability system can be considered a two-node cluster, which is the minimum requirement to provide redundancy.

Each node within the cluster can assume one of the following roles: l

Master: The primary system in a hot standby/cluster setup. Within a cluster, the master is responsible for synchronizing and distributing of data.

Slave: The standby system in a hot standby/cluster setup which takes over operations if the master fails.

Worker: A simple cluster node, responsible for data processing only.

All nodes monitor themselves by means of a so-called heart-beat signal, a periodically sent multicast UDP packet used to check if the other nodes are still alive. If any node fails to send this packet due to a technical error, the node will be declared dead. Depending on the role the failed node had assumed, the configuration of the setup changes as follows: l

If the master node fails, the slave will take its place and the worker node with the highest

ID will become slave.

If the slave node fails, the worker node with the highest ID will become slave.

If a worker node fails, you may notice a performance decrease due to the lost processing power. However, the failover capability is not impaired.

Reporting

All reporting data is consolidated on the master node and is synchronized to the other cluster nodes at intervals of five minutes. In case of a takeover, you will therefore lose not more than five minutes of reporting data. However, there is a distinction in the data collection process. The graphs displayed in the Logging & Reporting > Hardware tabs only represent the data of the node currently being master. On the other hand, accounting information such as shown on the

Logging & Reporting > Network Usage page represents data that was collected by all nodes involved. For example, today's CPU usage histogram shows the current processor utilization of the master node. In the case of a takeover, this would then be the data of the slave node.

However, information about top accounting services, for example, is a collection of data from all nodes that were involved in the distributed processing of traffic that has passed the unit.

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Notes

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is only used by the actual master. That is to say, slave and worker nodes do not send or reply to ARP requests.

In case of a failover event, the unit that takes over operations performs an ARP announcement (also known as gratuitous ARP), which is usually an ARP request intended to update the ARP caches of other hosts which receive the request. Gratuitous ARP is utilized to announce that the IP of the master was moved to the slave.

All interfaces configured on the master must have a physical link, that is, the port must be properly connected to any network device.

4.11.1 Hardware and Software Requirements

The following hardware and software requirements must be met to provide HA failover or cluster functionality: l

Valid license with the high availability option enabled (for the stand-by unit you only need an additional base license).

Two UTM units with identical software versions and hardware or two UTM appliances of the same model.

Heartbeat-capable Ethernet network cards. Check the HCL to figure out which network cards are supported. The HCL is available at the Sophos Knowledgebase (use "HCL" as search term).

Ethernet crossover cable (for connecting master and slave in a hot standby system).

UTM appliance models 320, 425, and 525, whose dedicated HA interface is a Gigabit auto-MDX device, can be connected through a standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet cable as the Ethernet port will automatically exchange send/receive pairs.

Network switch (for connecting cluster nodes).

4.11.2 Status

The Management > High Availability > Status tab lists all devices involved in a hot standby system or cluster and provides the following information:

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ID: The device's node ID. In a hot standby system, the node ID is either 1 (master) or 2

(slave).

The node ID in a cluster can range from 1-10, as a cluster can have up to a maximum of

10 nodes.

Role: Each node within the cluster can assume one of the following roles: l

MASTER: The primary system in a hot standby/cluster setup. It is responsible for synchronizing and distributing of data within a cluster.

SLAVE: The standby system in a hot standby/cluster setup which takes over operations if the master fails.

WORKER: A simple cluster node, responsible for data processing only.

Device Name: The name of the device.

Status: The state of the device concerning its HA status; can be one of the following: l

ACTIVE: The node is fully operational.

UNLINKED: One ore more interface links are down.

UP2DATE: An Up2Date is in progress.

UP2DATE-FAILED: An Up2Date has failed.

DEAD: The node is not reachable.

SYNCING: Data Synchronization is in progress. This status is displayed when a takeover process is going on. The initial synchronizing time is at least 5 minutes. It can, however, be lengthened by all synchronizing-related programs. While a

SLAVE is synchronizing and in state SYNCING, there is no graceful takeover, e.g.

due to link failure on master node.

Version: Version number of Sophos UTM Software installed on the system.

Last Status Change: The time when the last status change occurred.

Reboot/Shutdown: With these buttons, a device can be manually rebooted or shut down.

Remove Node: Use this button to remove a dead cluster node via WebAdmin. All node-specific data like mail quarantine and spool is then taken over by the master.

Click the button Open HA Live Log in the upper right corner to open the high availability live log in a separate window.

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4.11.3 System Status

The Management > High Availability > System Status tab lists all devices involved in a hot standby system or cluster and provides information about the resource usage of each device: l

The CPU utilization in percent l

The RAM utilization in percent l

The swap utilization in percent l

The amount of hard disk space consumed by the log partition in percent l

The amount of hard disk space consumed by the root partition in percent l

The status of the UPS (uninterruptible power supply) module (if available)

4.11.4 Configuration

The high availability functionality of Sophos UTM covers three basic settings: l

Automatic Configuration l

Hot standby (active-passive) l

Cluster (active-active)

Automatic configuration: Sophos UTM features a plug-and-play configuration option for

UTM appliances that allows the setup of a hot standby system/cluster without requiring reconfiguration or manual installation of devices to be added to the cluster. Simply connect the dedicated HA interfaces (eth3) of your UTM appliances with one another, select Automatic con-

figuration for all devices, and you are done.

Note – For Automatic configuration to work, all UTM appliances must be of the same model.

For example, you can only use two UTM 320 appliances to set up a HA system; one UTM 220 unit on the one hand and one UTM 320 unit on the other hand cannot be combined.

If you connect two UTM appliances through this dedicated interface, all devices will recognize each other and configure themselves automatically as an HA system—the device with the longer uptime becoming master. If the unlikely case should occur that the uptime is identical, the decision which device is becoming master will be made based on the MAC address.

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Using UTM Software, the Automatic configuration option is to be used on dedicated slave systems to automatically join a master or already configured hot standby system/cluster. For that reason, Automatic configuration can be considered a transition mode rather than a high availability operation mode in its own right. For the high availability operation mode will change to Hot

Standby or Cluster as soon as a device with Automatic configuration selected joins a hot standby system or cluster, respectively. The prerequisite, however, for this feature to work is that the option Enable automatic configuration of new devices is enabled on the master system.

This function will make sure that those devices will automatically be added to the hot standby system/cluster whose high availability operation mode is set to Automatic configuration.

Hot Standby (active-passive): Sophos UTM features a hot standby high availability concept consisting of two nodes, which is the minimum required to provide redundancy. One of the major improvements introduced in Sophos UTM Software 9 is that the latency for a takeover could be reduced to less than two seconds. In addition to firewall connection synchronization, the gateway also provides IPsec tunnel synchronization. This means that road warriors as well as remote VPN gateways do not need to re-establish IPsec tunnels after the takeover. Also, objects residing in the quarantine are also synchronized and are still available after a takeover.

Cluster (active-active): (Not available with BasicGuard subscription.) To cope with the rising demand of processing large volumes of Internet traffic in real time, Sophos UTM features a clustering functionality that can be employed to distribute processing-intensive tasks such as content filtering, virus scanning, intrusion prevention, or decryption equally among multiple cluster nodes. Without the need of a dedicated hardware-based load balancer, the overall performance of the gateway can be increased considerably.

Note – When configuring a cluster, make sure you have configured the master node first before connecting the remaining units to the switch.

Setting up the master, slaves, or workers is pretty similar. Proceed as follows:

Select a high availability operation mode.

By default, high availability is turned off. The following modes are available: l

Automatic Configuration l

Hot Standby (active-passive) l

Cluster (active-active)

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Note – If you want to change the high availability operation mode, you must always set the mode back to Off before you can change it to either Automatic configuration, Hot

Standby, or Cluster.

Depending on your selection, one or more options will be displayed.

Make the following settings:

Sync NIC: Select the network interface card through which master and slave systems will communicate. If link aggregation is active you can select here a link aggregation interface, too.

Note – Only those interfaces are displayed that have not been configured yet. It is possible to change the synchronization interface in a running configuration. Note that afterwards all nodes are going to reboot.

The following options can only be configured if you either select Hot Standby or Cluster as operation mode:

Device name: Enter a descriptive name for this device.

Device node ID: Select the node ID of the device. In a case of a failure of the primary system, the node with the highest ID will become master.

Encryption key: The passphrase with which the communication between master and slave is encrypted (enter the passphrase twice for verification). Maximum key length is 16 characters.

Click Apply.

The high-availability failover is now active on the device.

The gateway in hot standby mode will be updated at regular intervals over the data transfer connection. Should the active primary system encounter an error, the secondary will immediately and automatically change to normal mode and take over the primary system’s functions.

Note – When you deactivate a hot standby system/cluster, the slave and worker nodes will perform a factory reset and shut down.

More information (especially use cases) can be found in the HA/Cluster Guide, which is available at the Sophos Knowledgebase .

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Advanced

This section allows you to make some advanced settings.

Enable automatic configuration of new devices: If you have configured a hot standby system/cluster manually, this option will make sure that those devices will automatically be added to the hot standby system/cluster whose high-availability operation mode is set to Automatic con-

figuration. However, this option is of no effect on slave systems, so you can leave it enabled, which is the default setting.

Keep node(s) reserved during Up2Date: If selected, during an update to a new system version, half of the HA/Cluster nodes will keep the current system version. When the new version is stable, you can update the remaining nodes on the Management > High Availability > Status page. In case the new version leads to a failure of all updated nodes, the remaining nodes will build a new HA/Cluster with the old version. You can then install the old version on the failed nodes or wait for the next update.

If Keep node(s) reserved during Up2Date is enabled, reserved nodes will not be synchronized anymore after an update, because synchronization is restricted to nodes having the same system version. Instead, the state of the reserved nodes will be preserved. So, if for whatever reason you decide to reactivate the reserved nodes, configuration changes or reporting data coming up in the time span between update start and reactivation will be lost.

Preferred master: Here you can define a designated master node by selecting a node from the drop-down list. In case of a failover, the selected node will not stay in Slave mode after the link recovers but instead will switch back to Master mode.

Backup interface: To prevent that both master and slave become master at the same time

(master-master situations), for example, because of a failure of the HA synchronization interface or an unplugged network cable, a backup heartbeat interface can be selected. This additional heartbeat interface can be any of the configured and active Ethernet interfaces. If a backup interface is selected, an additional heartbeat signal is sent via this interface in one direction from the master to the slave to make sure that the master-slave configuration stays intact. If the master-slave connection is disabled and the backup interface becomes involved, the administrator will receive a notification informing that one of the cluster nodes is dead.

However, this option is of no effect on slave systems, so you can leave it unconfigured.

Note – In case of a failure of the HA synchronization interface, no configuration is synchronized anymore. The backup interface only prevents master-master situations.

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4.12 Shutdown and Restart

On this tab you can manually shut down or restart Sophos UTM.

Shutdown: This action allows you to shut down the system and to stop all services in a proper manner. For systems without a monitor or LCD display, the end of the shutdown process is signaled by an endless series of beeps at intervals of one second.

To shut down Sophos UTM, proceed as follows:

Click Shutdown (Halt) the System Now.

Confirm the warning message.

When asked "Really shut down the system?", click OK.

The system is going down for halt.

Depending on your hardware and configuration, this process may take several minutes to complete. Only after the system has completely shut down you should turn off the power. If you turn off the power without the system being shut down properly, the system will check the consistency of its file system during the next booting, meaning that the boot-up process will take much longer than usual. In the worst case, data may have been lost.

The system will beep five times in a row to indicate a successful system start.

Restart: This action will shut down the system completely and reboot. Depending on your hardware and configuration, a complete restart can take several minutes.

To restart Sophos UTM, proceed as follows:

Click Restart (Reboot) the System Now.

Confirm the warning message.

When asked "Really restart the system?", click OK.

The system is going down for halt and reboot.

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5 Definitions & Users

This chapter describes how to configure network, service, and time period definitions used throughout Sophos UTM. The Definitions Overview page in WebAdmin shows the number of network definitions according to type as well as the numbers of service definitions according to protocol type.

The pages of the Definitions & Users menu allow you to define networks and services that can be used in all other configuration menus in one central place. This allows you to work with the names you define rather than struggling with IP addresses, ports, and network masks. Another benefit of definitions is that you can group individual networks and services together and configure them all at once. If, for example, you assign certain settings to these groups at a later time, these settings will apply to all networks and services contained therein.

Additionally, this chapter describes how to configure user accounts, user groups, and external authentication servers of Sophos UTM as well as authentication for client PCs.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Network Definitions

Service Definitions

Time Period Definitions

Users & Groups

Client Authentication

Authentication Servers

5.1 Network Definitions

The Definitions & Users > Network Definitions menu lets you create hosts, networks, and network groups as well as MAC address definitions. The definitions created here can be used in many other WebAdmin configurations.

5.1.1 Network Definitions

The Definitions & Users > Network Definitions > Network Definitions tab is the central place for defining hosts, networks, and network groups on UTM. The definitions created here can be

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5 Definitions & Users

used on many other WebAdmin configuration menus.

Opening the tab, by default, all network definitions are displayed. Using the drop-down list on top of the list, you can choose to display network definitions with certain properties.

Tip – When you click on the Info icon of a network definition in the Network Definitions list, you can see all configuration options in which the network definition is used.

The network table also contains static networks, which were automatically created by the system and which can neither be edited nor deleted: l

Interface Address: A definition of this type will be added for each network interface. It contains the current IP address of the interface. Its name consists of the interface name with "(Address)" appended to it.

Interface Broadcast Address: A definition of this type will be added for each Ethernettype network interface. It contains the current IPv4 broadcast address of the interface. Its name consists of the interface name with "(Broadcast)" appended to it.

Interface Network Address: A definition of this type will be added for each Ethernettype network interface. It contains the current IPv4 network of the interface. Its name consists of the interface name with "(Network)" appended to it.

Internet (IPv4/IPv6): A network definition (for IPv4 and IPv6 each, if IPv6 is enabled) bound to the interface which serves as default gateway. Making use of it in your configuration should make the configuration process easier. With uplink balancing enabled, the definition Internet is bound to Uplink Interfaces.

Note – User network objects authenticated via client authentication will always be shown as unresolved due to performance reasons.

To create a network definition, proceed as follows:

On the Network Definitions tab, click New Network Definition.

The Create New Network Definition dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

(Note that further parameters of the network definition will be displayed depending on the selected definition type.)

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this definition.

Type: Select the network definition type. The following types are available:

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Host: A single IP address. Provide the following information: l

IPv4 address/IPv6 address: The IP address of the host (note that you cannot enter the IP address of a configured interface).

DHCP Settings (optional): In this section you can create static mappings between hosts and IP address. For that purpose, you need a configured

DHCP server (see Network Services > DHCP > Servers).

Note – To avoid an IP address clash between regularly assigned addresses from the DHCP pool and those statically mapped make sure that the latter are not in the scope of the DHCP pool. For example, a static mapping of 192.168.0.200 could result in two systems receiving the same IP address if the DHCP pool is 192.168.0.100 – 192.168.0.210.

IPv4 DHCP: Select the IPv4 DHCP server to be used for static mapping.

MAC addresses: Enter the MAC addresses of the hosts' network interface cards. The MAC addresses are usually specified in a format consisting of six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by colons (e.g.,

00:04:76:16:EA:62

IPv6 DHCP: Select the IPv6 DHCP server to be used for static mapping.

DHCP Unique IDs: Enter the DUIDs of the hosts. With e.g. Windows operating systems, the DUID can be found in the Windows Registry:

HKEY_LOCAL_

MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\TCPIP6\Paramete rs

Please note that you have to enter the groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g.,

00:01:00:01:13:30:65:56:00:50:56:b2:07:51

DNS Settings (optional): If you do not want to set up your own DNS server but need static DNS mappings for a few hosts of your network, you can enter these mappings in this section of the respective hosts. Note that this only scales for a limited number of hosts and is by no means intended as a replacement of a fully operable DNS server.

Hostname: Enter the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the host.

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Reverse DNS: Select the checkbox to enable the mapping of the host's IP address to its name. Note that although several names can map to the same IP address, one IP address can only ever map to one name.

Additional hostnames: Click the Plus icon to add additional hostnames for the host.

DNS host: A DNS hostname, dynamically resolved by the system to produce an

IP address. DNS hosts are useful when working with dynamic IP endpoints. The system will re-resolve these definitions periodically according to the TTL (Time To

Live) values and update the definition with the new IP address (if any). Provide the following information: l

Hostname: The hostname you want to resolve.

DNS group: Similar to DNS host, but can cope with multiple RRs (Resource

Records) in DNS for a single hostname. It is useful for defining firewall rules and exceptions in transparent proxies.

Network: A standard IP network, consisting of a network address and a netmask.

Provide the following information: l

IPv4 address/IPv6 address: The network address of the network (note that you cannot enter the IP address of a configured interface).

Netmask: The bit mask used to tell how many bits in an octet(s) identify the subnetwork, and how many bits provide room for host addresses.

Range: Select to define a whole IPv4 address range. Provide the following information: l

IPv4 from: First IPv4 address of the range.

IPv4 to: Last IPv4 address of the range.

IPv6 from: First IPv6 address of the range.

IPv6 to: Last IPv6 address of the range.

Multicast group: A network that comprises a defined multicast network range.

IPv4 address: The network address of the multicast network, which must be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.

Netmask: The bit mask used to tell how many bits in an octet(s) identify the subnetwork, and how many bits provide room for host addresses.

Network group: A container that includes a list of other network definitions. You can use them to bundle networks and hosts for better readability of your

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5.1 Network Definitions configuration. Once you have selected Network group, the Members box appears where you can add the group members.

Availability group: A group of hosts and/or DNS hosts sorted by priority. Alive status of all hosts is checked with ICMP pings at an interval of 60 seconds, by default. The host with the highest priority and an alive status is used in configuration. Once you have selected Availability group, the Members box appears where you can add the group members.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

The options displayed depend on the selected Type above.

Interface (optional): You can bind the network definition to a certain interface, so that connections to the definition will only be established via this interface.

Monitoring type (only with type Availability group): Select the service protocol for the alive status checks. Select either TCP (TCP connection establishment), UDP (UDP connection establishment), Ping (ICMP Ping), HTTP Host (HTTP requests), or HTTPS

Hosts (HTTPS requests) for monitoring. When using UDP a ping request will be sent initially which, if successful, is followed by a UDP packet with a payload of 0. If ping does not succeed or the ICMP port is unreachable, the host is regarded as down.

Port (only with monitoring type TCP or UDP): Number of the port the request will be sent to.

URL (optional, only with monitoring types HTTP Host or HTTPS Host): URL to be requested. You can use other ports than the default ports 80 or 443 by adding the port information to the URL, e.g., http://example.domain:8080/index.html

. If no URL is entered, the root directory will be requested.

Interval: Enter a time interval in seconds at which the hosts are checked.

Timeout: Enter a maximum time span in seconds for the hosts to send a response. If a host does not respond during this time, it will be regarded as dead.

Always resolved: This option is selected by default, so that if all hosts are unavailable, the group will resolve to the host which was last available. Otherwise the group will be set to unresolved if all hosts are dead.

Click Save.

The new definition appears on the network definition list.

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To either edit or delete a network definition, click the corresponding buttons.

5.1.2 MAC Address Definitions

The Definitions & Users > Network Definitions > MAC Address Definitions tab is the central place for defining MAC address definitions, i.e., lists of MAC addresses. A MAC address definition can be used like a network definition. Additionally it can be used to further restrict a rule based on hosts/IP addresses to only match devices which have one of the defined

MAC addresses.

Tip – When you click on the Info icon of a MAC address definition, you can see all configuration options in which the definition is used.

To create a MAC address definition, proceed as follows:

On the MAC Address Definitions tab, click New MAC Address List.

The Create MAC Address List dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this definition.

MAC addresses: Click the Plus icon to enter individual MAC addresses subsequently or use the Action icon to import a list of MAC addresses via copy and paste. The MAC addresses are usually specified in a format consisting of six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by colons (e.g., 00:04:76:16:EA:62).

Hosts: Add the hosts whose MAC addresses you want to add to the MAC address definition. The MAC addresses defined in the DHCP Settings section of the host definition will be added to the MAC address list.

Note – You can either enter MAC addresses or hosts or both.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new definition appears on the MAC Address Definition list.

To either edit or delete a MAC address definition, click the corresponding buttons.

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5.2 Service Definitions

On the Definitions & Users > Service Definitions page you can centrally define and manage services and service groups. Services are definitions of certain types of network traffic and combine information about a protocol such as TCP or UDP as well as protocol-related options such as port numbers. You can use services to determine the types of traffic accepted or denied by

UTM.

Tip – When you click on the Info icon of a service definition in the Service Definitions list, you can see all configuration options in which the service definition is used.

To create a service definition, proceed as follows:

On the Service Definitions page, click New Service Definition.

The Create New Service Definition dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

(Note that further parameters of the service definition will be displayed depending on the selected definition type.)

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this definition.

Type of Definition: Select the service type. The following types are available: l

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections use port numbers ranging from 0 to 65535. Lost packets can be recognized through TCP and be requested again. In a TCP connection, the receiver notifies the sender when a data packet was successfully received (connection related protocol). TCP sessions begin with a three way handshake and connections are closed at the end of the session. Provide the following information: l

Destination Port: Enter the destination port either as single port number

(e.g., 80) or as a range (e.g., 1024:64000), using a colon as delimiter.

Source Port: Enter the source port either as single port number (e.g., 80) or as a range (e.g., 1024:64000), using a colon as delimiter.

UDP: The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) uses port numbers between 0 and

65535 and is a stateless protocol. Because it does not keep state, UDP is faster than TCP, especially when sending small amounts of data. This statelessness, however, also means that UDP cannot recognize when packets are lost or

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dropped. The receiving computer does not signal the sender when receiving a data packet. When you have selected UDP, the same configuration options can be edited as for TCP.

TCP/UDP: A combination of TCP and UDP appropriate for application protocols that use both sub protocols such as DNS. When you have selected TCP/UDP, the same configuration options can be edited as for TCP or UDP.

ICMP/ICMPv6: The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is chiefly used to send error messages, indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. Once you have opted for ICMP or ICMPv6, select the ICMP code/type. Note that IPv4 firewall rules do not work with ICMPv6 and IPv6 firewall rules do not work with ICMP.

IP: The Internet Protocol (IP) is a network and transport protocol used for exchanging data over the Internet. Once you have selected IP, provide the number of the protocol to be encapsulated within IP, for example 121 (representing the SMP protocol).

ESP: The Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) is a part of the IPsec tunneling protocol suite that provides encryption services for tunneled data via VPN. Once you have selected ESP or AH, provide the Security Parameters Index (SPI), which identifies the security parameters in combination with the IP address. You can either enter a value between 256 and 4,294,967,296 or keep the default setting given as the range from 256 to 4,294,967,296 (using a colon as delimiter), especially when using automatic IPsec key exchange. Note that the numbers 1-255 are reserved by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

AH: The Authentication Header (AH) is a part of the IPsec tunneling protocol suite and sits between the IP header and datagram payload to maintain information integrity, but not secrecy.

Group: A container that includes a list of other service definitions. You can use them to bundle service definitions for better readability of your configuration. Once you have selected Group, the Members box opens where you can add group members (i.e., other service definitions).

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new definition appears on the Service Definitions list.

To either edit or delete a definition, click the corresponding buttons.

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5.3 Time Period Definitions

Note – The type of definition cannot be changed afterwards. If you want to change the type of definition, you must delete the service definition and create a new one with the desired settings.

5.3 Time Period Definitions

On the Definitions & Users > Time Period Definitions page you can define single or recurring time slots that can in turn be used to limit for example firewall rules or content filter profile assignments to specific time ranges.

Tip – When you click on the Info icon of a time period definition in the Time Period Definitions list, you can see all configuration options in which the time period definition is used.

To create a time period definition, proceed as follows:

On the Time Period Definitions tab, click New Time Period Definition.

The Create New Time Period Definition dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this time period definition.

Type: Select the time period definition type. The following types are available: l

Recurring event: These events will be repeated periodically. You can select the start time, the end time, and the weekdays on which the time period definition should be applied. If the time span extends into the next day, the selected weekdays refer to the start time. Start and stop dates cannot be selected for this type.

Single event: These events will only take place once. You can both select a start date/time and an end date/time. As these definitions do not recur, the option Week-

days cannot be selected for this type.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new time period definition appears on the Time Period Definitions list.

To either edit or delete a time period definition, click the corresponding buttons.

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5.4 Users & Groups

The Definitions & Users > Users & Groups menu lets you create users and groups for

WebAdmin access as well as for remote access, User Portal access, email usage etc.

5.4.1 Users

On the Definitions & Users > Users & Groups > Users tab you can add user accounts to UTM. In its factory default configuration, Sophos UTM has one administrator called admin.

Tip – When you click on the Info icon of a user definition in the Users list, you can see all configuration options in which the user definition is used.

When you specify an email address in the New User dialog box, an X.509 certificate for this user will be generated simultaneously while creating the user definition, using the email address as the certificate's VPNID. On the other hand, if no email address is specified, a certificate will be created with the user's Distinguished Name (DN) as VPN ID. That way, if a user is authenticated by means of a backend group such as eDirectory, a certificate will be created even if no email address is set in the corresponding backend user object.

Because the VPN ID of each certificate must be unique, each user definition must have a different and unique email address. Creating a user definition with an email address already present in the system will fail. The certificates can be used for various

remote access

methods supported by Sophos UTM with the exception of PPTP, L2TP over IPsec using PSK, and native

IPsec using RSA or PSK.

To add a user account, proceed as follows:

On the Users tab, click New User.

The Create New User dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Username: Enter a descriptive name for this user (e.g. jdoe). Note that for using remote access via PPTP or L2TP over IPsec, the username may only contain ASCII printable characters

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters

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Real name: Enter the user's real name (e.g. John Doe).

Email address: Enter the user's primary email address.

Additional email addresses (optional): Enter additional email addresses of this user.

Spam emails sent to any of these addresses will be listed in an individual Quarantine

Report for each email address, which is sent to the primary email address specified above.

Authentication: Select the authentication method. The following methods are available: l

Local: Select to authenticate the user locally on UTM.

Remote: Select to authenticate the user using one of the external authentication methods supported by Sophos UTM. For more information, see Definitions &

Users > Authentication Servers.

None: Select to prevent the user from authentication completely. This is useful, for example, to disable a user temporarily without the need to delete the user definition altogether.

Password: Enter a user password (second time for verification). Only available if you selected Local as authentication method. Note that Basic User Authentication does not support umlauts. Note that for using remote access via PPTP or L2TP over IPsec, the password may only contain ASCII printable characters

Backend sync: Some basic settings of the user definition such as the real name or the user's email address can be updated automatically by synchronizing the data with external backend authentication servers (only available if you selected Remote as authentication method). Note that the option will automatically be set according to the Enable

Backend Sync on Login option on the Authentication Servers > Advanced tab, if the user is selected for prefetching.

Note – Currently, only data with Active Directory and eDirectory servers can be synchronized.

X.509 certificate: Once the user definition has been created, you can assign an X.509

certificate for this user when editing the user definition. By default, this is the certificate

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters

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that was automatically generated upon creating the user definition. However, you can also assign a third-party certificate, which you can upload on the Remote Access > Cer-

tificate Management >

Certificates

tab.

Use static remote access IP (optional): Select if you want to assign a static IP address for a user gaining remote access instead of assigning a dynamic IP address from an IP address pool. For IPsec users behind a NAT router, for example, it is mandatory to use a static remote access IP address.

Note – The static remote access IP can only be used for remote access through PPTP,

L2TP, and IPsec. It cannot be used, however, for remote access through SSL.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Users can create and maintain their own email whitelist and blacklist (see chapter User

Portal ). You can view those lists here and, if necessary, modify them.

Click Save.

The new user account appears on the Users list.

If you want to make this user a regular administrator having access to the web-based administrative interface WebAdmin, add the user to the group of SuperAdmins, which is configured on the Definitions & Users > Users & Groups >

Groups

tab in WebAdmin.

Note – If you have deleted a user object and want to create a user object with the same name, make sure you have also deleted the certificate associated with this user on the

Remote Access > Certificate Management >

Certificates

tab. Otherwise you will get an error message stating that an item with that name already exists.

You can download remote access certificates and/or configurations of users for whom some sort of remote access has been enabled. For that, select the checkbox in front of the respective users and select the desired option from the Actions drop-down list in the list header. Remote access users can also download those files themselves when they are allowed to use the User

Portal.

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5.4.2 Groups

On the Definitions & Users > Users & Groups > Groups page you can add user groups to UTM.

In its factory default configuration, Sophos UTM has one user group called SuperAdmins. If you want to assign administrative privileges to users, that is, granting access to WebAdmin, add them to the group of SuperAdmins; this group should not be deleted.

Tip – When you click on a group definition in the Groups list, you can see all configuration options in which the group definition is used.

To add a user group, proceed as follows:

On the Groups tab, click New Group.

The Create New Group dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Group name: Enter a descriptive name for this group. Note that this name does not need to correspond to the names of your backend groups.

Group type: Select the type of the group. You can choose between a group of static members and two group types promoting dynamic membership.

Static members: Select the local users who shall become member of this group.

IPsec X509 DN mask: Users are dynamically added to an IPsec X509 DN group definition if they have successfully logged in to the gateway through an IPsec connection and if specific parameters of their distinguished names match the values specified in the DN Mask box.

Backend membership: Users are dynamically added to a group definition if they have been successfully authenticated by one of the supported authentication mechanisms. To proceed, select the appropriate backend authentication type: l

Active Directory: An Active Directory user group of UTM provides group memberships to members of Active Directory server user groups configured on a Windows network. Enter the name of the Active Directory server groups the user is a member of. For more information, see Defin-

itions & Users > Authentication Servers >

Servers

eDirectory: An eDirectory user group of UTM provides group memberships to members of eDirectory user groups configured on an

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eDirectory network. Enter the name of the eDirectory groups the user is a member of. For more information, see Definitions & Users > Authentication

Servers >

Servers

RADIUS: Users are automatically added to a RADIUS backend group when they have been successfully authenticated using the RADIUS authentication method.

TACACS+: Users are automatically added to a TACACS+ backend group when they have been successfully authenticated using the TACACS+ authentication method.

LDAP: Users are automatically added to an LDAP backend group when they have been successfully authenticated using the LDAP authentication method.

Limit to backend group(s) membership (optional): For all X.500-based directory services you can restrict the membership to various groups present on your backend server if you do not want all users of the selected backend server to be included in this group definition. The group(s) you enter here once selected this option must match a Common

Name as configured on your backend server. Note that if you select this option for an Active Directory backend, you can omit the CN= prefix. If you select this option for an eDirectory backend, you can use the eDirectory browser that lets you conveniently select the eDirectory groups that should be included in this group definition. However, if you do not use the eDirectory browser, make sure to include the CN= prefix when entering eDirectory containers.

Check an LDAP attribute (optional): If you do not want all users of the selected backend LDAP server to be included in this group definition, you can select this checkbox to restrict the membership to those users matching a certain LDAP attribute present on your backend server. This attribute is then used as an LDAP search filter. For example, you could enter groupMembership as attribute with CN=Sales,O=Example as its value.

That way you could include all users belonging to the sales department of your company into the group definition.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new user group appears on the Groups list.

To either edit or delete a group, click the corresponding buttons.

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5.5 Client Authentication

Figure 17 Groups: eDirectory Browser of Sophos UTM

5.5 Client Authentication

Sophos provides an authentication client for Windows and Mac OS so that users directly authenticate at the UTM. This gives you user-based control on web surfing and network traffic by, for example, creating firewall rules based on user networks or group networks. Additionally, wherever possible, IP addresses, hostnames, and the like are replaced by usernames to provide a better readability of reporting data and objects.

Note – In WebAdmin, user network objects authenticated via client authentication will always be shown as unresolved due to performance reasons.

Users who want or should use Client Authentication need to install the Sophos Authentication

Agent (SAA) on their client PC or Mac OS computer. The SAA can be downloaded either via this WebAdmin page or via the User Portal. Note that only users who are within the user group of the Client Authentication configuration will find a download link on their User Portal page.

To configure Client Authentication, do the following:

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On the Client Authentication tab, enable Client Authentication.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the Client Authentication Options area becomes editable.

Select the allowed networks.

Select the networks that should use Client Authentication. Note that those networks need to be directly connected to the UTM for Client Authentication to work.

Select the allowed users and groups.

Select or add single users and groups into the Allowed Users and Groups box. This can be also your already existing authentication group, e.g. an Active Directory user group.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Client Authentication is now available for the selected networks.

Client Authentication Program

When Client Authentication is enabled, you can download the Sophos Authentication Agent

(SAA) here. You can either distribute the SAA manually or have your users download the client from the User Portal.

Download EXE: Downloads the Client Authentication program including the CA certificate for direct installation on client PCs. This is the same file as can be downloaded from the User Portal.

Download MSI: Downloads the Client Authentication MSI package. This package is designed for automatic package installation via domain controller (DC) and does not contain the CA certificate.

Download DMG: Downloads the Client Authentication Mac OS X disk image. This image is designed for installation on client computers having an OS X operating system.

Download CA: Downloads the CA certificate that has to be rolled out in addition to the

MSI package.

The SAA can be used as authentication mode for the Web Filter. For more information see chapter Web Protection > Web Filtering > Global.

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5.6 Authentication Servers

On the Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers page databases and backend servers of external user authentication services can be managed. External user authentication allows you to validate user accounts against existing user databases or directory services on other servers of your network. Authentication services currently supported are: l

Novell's eDirectory l

Microsoft's Active Directory l

RADIUS l

TACACS+ l

LDAP

5.6.1 Global Settings

The Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers > Global Settings tab lets you configure basic authentication options. The following options are available:

Create users automatically: When this option is selected, Sophos UTM will automatically create a user object whenever an unknown user of a configured backend group successfully authenticates against one of the various authentication services supported by Sophos UTM.

For example, if you configure a RADIUS backend group and you add this group as a member to one of the roles defined on the Management > WebAdmin Settings >

Access Control

tab,

Sophos UTM will automatically create a user definition for a RADIUS user who has successfully logged in to WebAdmin.

Automatic User Creation for Facilities: Automatic user creation can be enabled or disabled for specific services. Users are only created for enabled services. This option is not available—and automatic user creation is disabled for all facilities—when the Create

users automatically option is not selected.

Note – This feature does not work for Active Directory Single Sign-On (SSO).

Those user objects are also needed to grant access to the

User Portal

of Sophos UTM. In addition, for all user objects created automatically an X.509 certificate will be generated. Note, however, that automatic user creation will fail in case of an email address conflict, for the user

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definition to be created automatically must not have configured an email address that is already present on the system. All email addresses must be unique within the system because they are used as identifiers for X.509 certificates.

Important Note – Authentication (i.e., the action of determining who a user is) and authorization (i.e., the action of determining what a user is allowed to do) for a user whose user object was created automatically are always done on the remote backend server/directory service. Therefore, automatically created user objects in Sophos UTM are useless if the corresponding backend server is not available or if the user object has been deleted on the remote site.

Note also that except for Active Directory Single Sign-On (SSO) Sophos UTM caches user authentication data it has retrieved from a remote authentication server for 300 seconds. For this reason, changes made to the remote user settings will only take effect after the cache has expired.

Authentication Cache

Every time Sophos UTM gets a user request, e.g., http, from a yet unknown user and authentication is required, the Sophos User Authentication (SUA) writes an entry to the authentication cache. Over time, in environments with frequently changing users it can be reasonable to empty the cache from time to time. Also, if you want to force an immediate new authentication for all users. Use the button Flush Authentication Cache to empty the authentication cache.

An authentication is valid for 300 seconds. During this time, other authentication requests by the same user are looked up directly in the cache. This technique takes load off backend authentication services like eDirectory.

Note – Flushing the cache does not affect users that are remotely logged on.

Live Log

Open Live Log: Click the button to see the log of the Sophos User Authentication (SUA) in a new window.

5.6.2 Servers

On the Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers > Servers tab, you can create one or more authentication servers, such as

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5.6.2.1 eDirectory

Novell eDirectory is an X.500 compatible directory service for centrally managing access to resources on multiple servers and computers within a given network. eDirectory is a hierarchical, object-oriented database that represents all the assets in an organization in a logical tree. Those assets can include people, servers, workstations, applications, printers, services, groups, and so on.

To configure eDirectory authentication, proceed as follows:

On the Servers tab, click New Authentication Server.

The dialog box Create New Authentication Server opens.

Make the following settings:

Backend: Select eDirectory as backend directory service.

Position: Select a position for the backend server. Backend servers with lower numbers will be queried first. For better performance, make sure that the backend server that is likely to get the most requests is on top of the list.

Server: Select (or add) an eDirectory server.

SSL: Select this option to enable SSL data transfer. The Port will then change from 389

(LDAP) to 636 (ldaps = LDAP over SSL).

Port: Enter the port of the eDirectory server. By default, this is port 389.

Bind DN: The Distinguished Name (DN) of the user to bind to the server with. This user is needed if anonymous queries to the eDirectory server are not allowed. Note that the user must have sufficient privileges to obtain all relevant user object information from the eDirectory server in order to authenticate users. eDirectory users, groups, and containers can be specified by the full distinguished name in LDAP notation, using commas as delimiters (e.g., CN=administrator,DC=intranet,DC=example,DC=com).

Password: Enter the password of the bind user.

Test server settings: Pressing the Test button performs a bind test with the configured server. This verifies that the settings on this tab are correct, and the server is up and accepts connections.

Base DN: The starting point relative to the root of the LDAP tree where the users are included who are to be authenticated. Note that the base DN must be specified by the full

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distinguished name (FDN) in LDAP notation, using commas as delimiters (e.g.,

O=Example,OU=RnD

). Base DN may be empty. In this case, the base DN is automatically retrieved from the directory.

Username: Enter the username of a test user to perform a regular authentication.

Password: Enter the password of the test user.

Authenticate example user: Click the Test button to start the authentication test for the test user. This verifies that all server settings are correct, the server is up and accepting connections, and users can be successfully authenticated.

Click Save.

The server will be displayed in the Servers list.

5.6.2.2 Active Directory

Active Directory (AD) is Microsoft's implementation of a directory service and is a central component of Windows 2000/2003 servers. It stores information about a broad range of resources residing on a network, including users, groups, computers, printers, applications, services, and any type of user-defined objects. As such it provides a means of centrally organizing, managing, and controlling access to these resources.

The Active Directory authentication method allows you to register Sophos UTM at a Windows domain, thus creating an object for Sophos UTM on the primary domain controller (DC). UTM is then able to query user and group information from the domain.

Note – UTM supports Active Directory 2003 and newer.

To configure Active Directory authentication, proceed as follows:

On the Servers tab, click New Authentication Server.

The dialog box Create New Authentication Server opens.

Make the following settings:

Backend: Select Active Directory as backend directory service.

Server: Select (or add) an Active Directory server.

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SSL: Select this option to enable SSL data transfer. The Port will then change from 389

(LDAP) to 636 (ldaps = LDAP over SSL).

Port: Enter the port of the Active Directory server. By default, this is port 389.

Bind DN: The full Distinguished Name (DN) of the user to bind to the server in LDAP notation. This user is needed if anonymous queries to the Active Directory server are not allowed. The bind user must have sufficient privileges to obtain all relevant user object information from the Active Directory server in order to authenticate users; a requirement usually met by the administrator of the domain.

Each DN consists of one or more Relative Distinguished Names (RDN) constructed from some attributes of the Active Directory user object and includes its username, the node where it resides, and the top-level DN of the server, all specified in LDAP notation and separated by commas.

The username must be the name of the user who is able to access the directory and is to be specified by the CN designator (e.g., CN=user). While using a popular account with domain permissions, such as "admin" is possible, it is highly recommended for best practices that the user not have admin rights, as it is sufficient for them to have read permission on all objects of the subtree starting at the given base DN.

The information of the node where the user object resides must include all subnodes between the root node and the user object and is usually comprised of socalled organizational units and common name components. Organizational units

(indicated by the combined folder/book icon in the Microsoft Management Console) are to be specified by the OU designator. Note that the order of the nodes is from the lowest to the highest node, that is, the more specific elements come first

(e.g., OU=Management_US,OU=Management). On the other hand, default Active

Directory containers (indicated by a simple Folder icon) such as the pre-defined

Users node are to be specified using the CN designator (e.g., CN=Users).

The top-level DN of the server can consist of several domain components, each specified by the DC designator. Note that the domain components are given in the same order as the domain name (for example, if the domain name is example.com

, the DN part would be DC=example,DC=com).

An example bind user DN for a user named administrator whose object is stored in the Users container in a domain called example.com would look like this:

CN=administrator,CN=Users,DC=example,DC=com

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Figure 18 Authentication: Microsoft Management Console

Now, suppose you create an organizational unit called Management with the subnode

Management_US and move the administrator user object into it, the DN of the administrator would change to: CN=administrator,OU=Management_

Password: Enter the password of the bind user.

Base DN: The starting point relative to the root of the LDAP tree where the users are included who are to be authenticated. Note that the base DN must be specified by the full distinguished name (FDN) in LDAP notation, using commas as delimiters (e.g.,

O=Example,OU=RnD

). Base DN may be empty. In this case, the base DN is automatically retrieved from the directory.

Username: Enter the username of a test user to perform a regular authentication.

Password: Enter the password of the test user.

Click Save.

The server will be displayed in the Servers list.

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5.6.2.3 LDAP

LDAP, an abbreviation for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, is a networking protocol for querying and modifying directory services based on the X.500 standard. Sophos UTM uses the

LDAP protocol to authenticate users for several of its services, allowing or denying access based on attributes or group memberships configured on the LDAP server.

To configure LDAP authentication, proceed as follows:

On the Servers tab, click New Authentication Server.

The dialog box Create New Authentication Server opens.

Make the following settings:

Backend: Select LDAP as backend directory service.

Server: Select (or add) an LDAP server.

SSL: Select this option to enable SSL data transfer. The Port will then change from 389

(LDAP) to 636 (ldaps = LDAP over SSL).

Port: Enter the port of the LDAP server. By default, this is port 389.

Bind DN: The Distinguished Name (DN) of the user to bind to the server with. This user is mandatory. For security reasons, anonymous queries to the LDAP server are not supported. Note that the user must have sufficient privileges to obtain all relevant user object information from the LDAP server in order to authenticate users. LDAP users, groups, and containers can be specified by the full distinguished name in LDAP notation, using commas as delimiters (e.g.,

CN=administrator,DC=intranet,DC=example,DC=com

Password: Enter the password of the bind user.

User attribute: Select the user attribute that is to be used as the filter for searching the

LDAP directory. The user attribute contains the actual login name each user is prompted

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for, for example by remote access services. The following user attributes can be selected: l

CN (Common Name) l

SN (Surname) l

UID (User ID)

If usernames in your LDAP directory are not stored in any of these forms, select <<Cus-

tom>> from the list and enter your custom attribute into the Custom field below. Note that this attribute must be configured on your LDAP directory.

O=Example,OU=RnD

). Base DN may be empty. In this case, the base DN is automatically retrieved from the directory.

Username: Enter the username of a test user to perform a regular authentication.

Password: Enter the password of the test user.

Click Save.

The server will be displayed in the Servers list.

5.6.2.4 RADIUS

RADIUS, the acronym of Remote Authentication Dial In User Service is a widespread protocol for allowing network devices such as routers to authenticate users against a central database.

In addition to user information, RADIUS can store technical information used by network devices, such as supported protocols, IP addresses, routing information, and so on. This information constitutes a user profile, which is stored in a file or database on the RADIUS server.

The RADIUS protocol is very flexible, and servers are available for most operating systems.

The RADIUS implementation on UTM allows you to configure access rights on the basis of proxies and users. Before you can use RADIUS authentication, you must have a running RADIUS server on the network. As passwords are transmitted in clear text (unencrypted), place the

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RADIUS server inside the same network as your UTM and make sure that UTM and server are on the same switch.

To configure RADIUS authentication, proceed as follows:

On the Servers tab, click New Authentication Server.

The dialog box Create New Authentication Server opens.

Make the following settings:

Backend: Select RADIUS as backend directory service.

Server: Select (or add) a RADIUS server.

Port: Enter the port of the RADIUS server. By default, this is port 1812.

Shared Secret: The shared secret is a text string that serves as a password between a

RADIUS client and a RADIUS server. Enter the shared secret.

Username: Enter the username of a test user to perform a regular authentication.

Password: Enter the password of the test user.

NAS identifier: Select the appropriate NAS identifier from the list. For more information see the Note and the table below.

Click Save.

The server will be displayed in the Servers list.

Note – Each user authentication service of Sophos UTM such as

PPTP

L2TP

querying the

RADIUS server sends a different identifier (NAS identifier) to the RADIUS server. For example, the PPTP service sends the NAS identifier pptp to the RADIUS server when trying to authenticate this user.That way, the various services can be differentiated on the RADIUS

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server, which is useful for authorization purposes, that is, the granting of specific types of service to a user. Below you can find the list of user authentication services and their corresponding NAS identifier.

User Authentication Service

SSL VPN

PPTP

IPsec

L2TP over IPsec

SMTP proxy

User Portal

WebAdmin

SOCKS proxy

Web Filter

Authentication Client

NAS Identifier

ssl pptp ipsec l2tp smtp portal webadmin socks http agent

Wireless Access Points NAS ID is the wireless network name.

Table 1: RADIUS NAS Identifiers

5.6.2.5 TACACS+

TACACS+ (the acronym of Terminal Access Controller Access Control System) is a proprietary protocol by Cisco Systems, Inc. and provides detailed accounting information and administrative control over authentication and authorization processes. Whereas RADIUS combines authentication and authorization in a user profile, TACACS+ separates these operations.

Another difference is that TACACS+ utilizes the TCP protocol (port 49) while RADIUS uses the

UDP protocol.

To configure TACACS+ authentication, proceed as follows:

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On the Servers tab, click New Authentication Server.

The dialog box Create New Authentication Server opens.

Make the following settings:

Backend: Select TACACS+ as backend directory service.

Server: Select (or add) a TACACS+ server.

Port: Enter the port of the TACACS+ server. By default, this is port 49.

Key: Enter the authentication and encryption key for all TACACS+ communication between Sophos UTM and the TACACS+ server. The value for the key to be entered here should match the one configured on the TACACS+ server. Enter the key (second time for verification).

Username: Enter the username of a test user to perform a regular authentication.

Password: Enter the password of the test user.

Click Save.

The server will be displayed in the Servers list.

5.6.3 Single Sign-On

On the Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers > Single Sign-On tab you can configure single sign-on functionality for Active Directory and/or eDirectory.

Active Directory Single Sign-On (SSO)

Note that the Active Directory SSO facility is currently only used with the Web Filter to provide single sign-on with browsers that support NTLMv2 or Kerberos authentication.

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To activate the single sign-on functionality, UTM must join the Active Directory domain. In order for the domain joining to work, the following prerequisites must be met: l

The time zone on the gateway and the domain controller (DC) must be the same.

There MUST NOT be a time difference of more than five minutes between the gateway clock and the DC clock.

The UTM hostname must exist in the ADDNS system.

UTM must use the AD DNS as forwarder, or must have a DNS request route for the AD domain which points to the AD DNS server.

To configure Active Directory SSO, do the following:

Create an Active Directory server on the Servers tab.

Make the following settings:

Domain: Name of the domain (for example intranet.mycompany.com). UTM searches all DCs retrievable via DNS.

Admin username: User with administrative privileges who is allowed to add computers to that domain (usually "Administrator").

Password: The password of the admin user.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Note on Kerberos authentication support: In order for opportunistic SSO Kerberos support to work, the clients MUST use the FQDN hostname of UTM in their proxy settings—using the IP address will not work. NTLMv2 mode is not affected by this requirement, and will automatically be used if it is not met, or if the browser does not support Kerberos authentication.

eDirectory Single Sign-On (SSO)

Here, you can configure SSO for eDirectory. If you have configured eDirectory SSO as authentication method in Web Protection > Web Filtering, the eDirectory server selected here will be used.

To configure eDirectory SSO, do the following:

Create an eDirectory server on the Servers tab.

Make the following settings:

Server: eDirectory server for which you want to enable SSO.

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Sync interval: Time (in seconds) between two synchronization events between UTM and eDirectory server.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

5.6.4 Advanced

Block Password Guessing

This function can be used to prevent password guessing. After a configurable number of failed login attempts (default: 3), the IP address trying to gain access to one of the facilities will be blocked for a configurable amount of time (default: 600 seconds).

Drop packets from blocked hosts: If enabled, all packets coming from blocked hosts will be dropped for the specified time. This option serves to avoid DoS attacks.

Facilities: The check will be performed for the selected facilities.

Never block networks: Networks listed in this box are exempt from this check.

Local Authentication Passwords

Using this option, you can force the use of strong passwords for administrators or locally registered users having administrative privileges. You can configure password complexity to adhere to the following security requirements: l

Minimum password length, default is eight characters l

Require at least one lowercase character l

Require at least one uppercase character l

Require at least one numeral l

Require at least one non-alphanumeric character

To enable the selected password properties select the Require complex passwords checkbox and click Apply.

Prefetch Directory Users

Users from eDirectory or Active Directory can be synchronized with UTM. This will pre-create user objects on UTM such that these user objects already exist, when the user logs in. The synchronization process can run weekly or daily.

To enable prefetching, make the following settings:

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Server: The drop-down list contains servers that have been created on the Servers tab. Select a server for which you want to enable prefetching.

Prefetch interval: Select an interval to prefetch users. To run the synchronization weekly, select the day of the week when synchronization should start. To run the synchronization daily, select Daily.

Prefetch time: Select a time to prefetch users.

Groups: To specify which groups should be pre-created, enter the groups here. You can use the integrated LDAP browser to select these groups.

Enable Backend Sync on Login (optional): With every prefetch event, the Backend sync option of the involved users (Users & Groups > Users tab) will be set to the value defined here. If the option is enabled, the users' Backend sync option will be enabled, if the option is disabled, the users' Backend sync option will be disabled.

Click Apply to save your settings.

Prefetch Now: Click this button to start prefetching immediately.

Open Prefetch Live Log: Click this button to open the prefetch live log.

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This chapter describes how to configure interfaces and network-specific settings in Sophos

UTM. The Network Statistics page in WebAdmin provides an overview of today's top ten accounting services, top source hosts, and concurrent connections. Each of the sections contains a Details link. Clicking the link redirects you to the respective reporting section of

WebAdmin, where you can find more statistical information.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Interfaces

Bridging

Quality of Service (QoS)

Uplink Monitoring

IPv6

Static Routing

Dynamic Routing (OSPF)

Border Gateway Protocol

Multicast Routing (PIM-SM)

6.1 Interfaces

A gateway requires at least two network interface cards to connect an internal LAN to an external one (e.g., the Internet) in a secure fashion. In the following examples, the network card eth0 is always the interface connected to the internal network. Network card eth1 is the interface connected to the external network (for example, to the Internet). These interfaces are also called the trusted and untrusted interfaces, respectively.

Network cards are automatically recognized during the installation. With the Software Appliance, if new network cards are added later, a new installation will be necessary. To reinstall the system, simply make a backup of your configuration, install the software, and restore your backup.

The gateway must be the only point of contact between internal and external networks. All data must pass through UTM. We strongly recommend against connecting both internal and

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6 Interfaces & Routing

external interfaces to one hub or switch, except if the switch is configured as a VLAN switch.

There might be wrong ARP resolutions (Address Resolution Protocol), also known as "ARP clash", which cannot be administered by all operating systems (for example, such as those from

Microsoft). Therefore, one physical network segment has to be used for each gateway network interface.

The Interfaces menu allows you to configure and manage all network cards installed on UTM and also all interfaces with the external network (Internet) and interfaces to the internal networks (LAN, DMZ).

Note – While planning your network topology and configuring UTM, take care to note which interface is connected to which network. In most configurations, the network interface with

SysID eth1 is chosen as the connection to the external network. In order to install the high availability (HA) failover, the selected network cards on both systems must have the same

SysID. Installing the HA failover is described in more detail on page Management >

High Availability

The following sections explain how to manage and configure different interface types on the tabs Interfaces, Additional Addresses, Link Aggregation, Uplink Balancing, Multipath Rules, and

Hardware.

6.1.1 Interfaces

On the Interfaces tab you can configure network cards and virtual interfaces. The list shows the already defined interfaces with their symbolic name, hardware device, and current addresses.

The interface status is also displayed. By clicking the toggle switch, you can activate and deactivate interfaces. Please note that interface groups do not have a toggle switch.

Tip – When you click the Info icon of an interface definition in the Interfaces list, you can see all configuration options in which the interface definition is used.

Newly added interfaces may show up as Down while they are in the process of being set up.

You can select to edit and delete interfaces by clicking the respective buttons.

6.1.1.1 Automatic Interface Network Definitions

Each interface on your UTM has a symbolic name and a hardware device assigned to it. The symbolic name is used when you reference an interface in other configuration settings. For

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6.1 Interfaces each interface, a matching set of network definitions is automatically created by UTM: l

A definition containing the current IP address of the interface, its name consisting of the interface name and the (Address) suffix.

A definition containing the network attached to the interface, its name consisting of the interface name and the (Network) suffix. This definition is not created for Point-to-Point

(PPP) type interfaces.

A definition containing the broadcast address of the interface, its name consisting of the interface name and the (Broadcast) suffix. This definition is not created for Point-to-Point

(PPP) type interfaces.

When the interface uses a dynamic address allocation scheme (such as DHCP or remote assignment), these definitions are automatically updated. All settings referring to these definitions, for example firewall and NAT rules, will also automatically be updated with the changed addresses.

One interface with the symbolic name Internal is already predefined. It is the management interface and will typically be used as the "internal" UTM interface. If you want to rename it, you should do so right after the installation.

6.1.1.2 Interface Types

The following list shows which interface types can be added to UTM, and what type of hardware is needed to support them:

Group: You can organize your interfaces in groups. In appropriate configurations, you can then select a single interface group instead of multiple interfaces individually.

3G/UMTS: This is an interface based on a USB modem stick. The stick needs to be plugged in and UTM needs to be rebooted before interface creation.

DSL (PPPoA/PPTP): PPP over ATM. A DSL PPPoA device lets you attach your gateway to

PPP-over-ATM compatible DSL lines. These devices use the PPTP protocol to tunnel IP packets. They require a dedicated Ethernet connection (they cannot co-exist with other interfaces on the same hardware). You must attach a DSL modem to the interfaces network segment.

The network parameters for these device types can be assigned by the remote station (typically, your ISP). In addition, you need to enter username and password for your ISP account.

You also need to enter the IP address of your modem. This address is usually hardwired in the modem and cannot be changed. To communicate with the modem, you have to enter a NIC IP address and netmask. The modem's IP address must be inside the network defined by these parameters. The Ping Address must be a host on the other side of the PPTP link that responds

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to ICMP ping requests. You can try to use the DNS server of your ISP. If this address cannot be pinged, the connection is assumed to be dead, and will be reinitiated.

DSL (PPPoE): PPP over Ethernet. A DSL PPPoE device lets you attach your gateway to PPP-

over-Ethernet compatible DSL lines. These devices require a dedicated Ethernet connection

(they cannot co-exist with other interfaces on the same hardware). You must attach a DSL modem to the interfaces network segment. The network parameters for these device types can be assigned by the remote station (typically, your ISP). In addition, you need to enter username and password for your ISP account.

Ethernet DHCP: This is a standard Ethernet interface with DHCP.

Ethernet Static: This is a normal Ethernet interface, with 10, 100, or 1000 Mbit/s bandwidth.

Ethernet VLAN: VLAN (Virtual LAN) is a method to have multiple layer-2 separated network segments on a single hardware interface. Every segment is identified by a "tag", which is just an integer number. When you add a VLAN interface, you will create a "hardware" device that can be used to add additional interfaces (aliases), too. PPPoE and PPPoA devices cannot be run over VLAN virtual hardware.

Modem (PPP): This type of interface lets you connect UTM to the Internet through a PPP modem. For the configuration you need a serial interface and an external modem on the UTM.

And you also need the DSL access data including username and password. You will get these data from your (ISP).

About Flexible Slots

Certain types of Sophos hardware appliances allow to easily change interface hardware by providing so-called slots where slot modules can be inserted and switched flexibly. If such hardware is being used, WebAdmin displays the slot information along with the hardware interfaces.

This looks for example like eth1 [A6] Intel Corporation 82576 Gigabit Network Connection, where the slot information is provided in the square brackets, A6 being the 6th port in slot A. Currently, up to three slots are possible, labeled A-C with up to eight ports each. Onboard interface cards will be labeled [MGMT1] and [MGMT2].

Slot information is provided in the following places of WebAdmin: l

Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces > Interfaces

Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces > Hardware

Throughout WebAdmin in Hardware drop-down lists and lists where hardware interface information is displayed

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For up-to-date information on which appliance types come with flexible slots, please refer to the

Sophos UTM webpage .

6.1.1.3 Group

You can combine two or more interfaces to a group. Groups can ease your configuration tasks.

When creating multipath rules, you need to configure a group if you want to balance traffic over a defined group of uplink interfaces only instead of using all uplink interfaces.

To configure a Group interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select Group from the drop-down list.

Interfaces: Add the interfaces to be grouped.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The group is added to the interface list. Groups do not have a status.

To show only interfaces of a certain type, select the type of the interfaces you want to have displayed from the drop-down list. To either edit or delete an interface, click the corresponding buttons.

6.1.1.4 3G/UMTS

Sophos UTM supports network connections via 3G/UMTS USB sticks.

To configure a 3G/UMTS interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select 3G/UMTS from the drop-down list.

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Hardware: Select a USB modem stick from the drop-down list. Note that you need to reboot after you plugged the USB stick in.

Network: Select the mobile network type, which is either GSM/W-CDMA, CDMA, or

LTE.

IPv4/IPv6 default GW (optional): Select this option if you want to use the default gateway of your provider.

PIN (optional): Enter the PIN of the SIM card if a PIN is configured.

APN Autoselect: (optional): By default, the APN (Access Point Name) used is retrieved from the USB modem stick. If you unselect the checkbox, enter APN information into the

APN field.

Username/Password (optional): If required, enter a username and password for the mobile network.

Dial String (optional): If your provider uses a different dial string, enter it here. Default is

*99#

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Init String: Enter the string to initialize the USB modem stick. Remember that it might become necessary to adjust the init string to the USB modem stick. In this case, the init string can be gathered from the associated USB modem stick manual. If you do not have the required documentation available, keep the default setting ATZ.

Reset String: Enter the reset string for the USB modem stick. Keep in mind that it might be necessary to adjust the reset string to the USB modem stick. In this case you can gather it from the associated USB modem stick manual. If you do not have the required documentation available, keep the default setting ATZ.

MTU: Enter the maximum transmission unit for the interface in bytes. You must enter a value fitting your interface type here if you want to use traffic management. A sensible value for the interface type is entered by default. Changing this setting should only be done by technically adept users. Entering wrong values here can render the interface unusable. An MTU size greater than 1500 bytes must be supported by the network operator and the network card (e.g., Gigabit interface).By default, an MTU of 1500 bytes is set for the 3G/UMTS interface type.

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Asymmetric (optional): Select this option if your connection's uplink and downlink bandwidth are not identical and you want the Dashboard to reflect this. Then, two textboxes are displayed, allowing you to enter the maximum uplink bandwidth in either MB/s or

KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

Displayed Max (optional): Here you can enter the maximum downlink bandwidth of your connection, if you want the Dashboard to reflect it. The bandwidth can be given in either MB/s or KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the interface.

Click the toggle switch to activate the interface.

The interface is now enabled (toggle switch is green). The interface might still be displayed as being Down. The system requires a short time to configure and load the settings. Once the Up message appears, the interface is fully operable.

6.1.1.5 Ethernet Static

To configure a network card for a static Ethernet connection to an internal or external network, you must configure the network card with an IP address and netmask.

To configure a static Ethernet interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select Ethernet Static from the drop-down list.

Hardware: Select an interface from the drop-down list.

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Tip – For an external connection (e.g., to the Internet) choose the network card with

SysID eth1. Please note that one network card cannot be used as both an Ethernet

Static interface and a PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE DSL) or PPTP over Ethernet

(PPPoA DSL) connection simultaneously.

IPv4/IPv6 address: Enter the IP address of the interface.

Netmask: Select a network mask (IPv4) and/or enter an IPv6 network mask.

IPv4/IPv6 default GW (optional): Select this option if you want to use a statically defined default gateway.

Default GW IP (optional): Enter the IP address of the default gateway.

Note – You can configure an interface to have an IPv4 and an IPv6 address simultaneously.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Proxy ARP: To enable the function, select the checkbox. By default, the Proxy ARP function is disabled (Off).

This option is available on broadcast-type interfaces. When you switch it on, UTM will

"attract" traffic on that interface for hosts "behind" it and pass it on. It will do that for all hosts that it has a direct interface route for. This allows you to build "transparent" network bridging while still doing firewalling. Another use for this feature is when your ISP's router just puts your "official" network on its Ethernet interface (does not use a host route).

Asymmetric (optional): Select this option if your connection's uplink and downlink bandwidth are not identical and you want the Dashboard to reflect this. Then, two textboxes

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6.1 Interfaces are displayed, allowing you to enter the maximum uplink bandwidth in either MB/s or

KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the interface.

Click the toggle switch to activate the interface.

6.1.1.6 Ethernet VLAN

In order to connect UTM to the virtual LANs, the system requires a network card with a tag-capable driver. A tag is a 4-byte header attached to packets as part of the Ethernet header. The tag contains the number of the VLAN that the packet should be sent to: the VLAN number is a 12-bit number, allowing up to 4095 virtual LANs. In WebAdmin this number is referred to as the VLAN

tag.

Note – Sophos maintains a list of supported tag-capable network interface cards. The Hard-

ware Compatibility List (HCL) is available at the Sophos Knowledgebase . Use "HCL" as search term to locate the corresponding page.

To configure an Ethernet VLAN interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

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Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select Ethernet VLAN from the drop-down list.

Hardware: Select an interface from the drop-down list.

VLAN Tag: Enter the VLAN tag to use for this interface.

IPv4/IPv6 address: Enter the IP address of the interface.

Netmask: Select a network mask (IPv4) and/or enter an IPv6 network mask.

IPv4/IPv6 default GW (optional): Select this option if you want to use a statically defined default gateway.

Default GW IP (optional): Enter the IP address of the default gateway.

Note – You can configure an interface to have an IPv4 and an IPv6 address simultaneously.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

MTU: Enter the maximum transmission unit for the interface in bytes. You must enter a value fitting your interface type here if you want to use traffic management. A sensible value for the interface type is entered by default. Changing this setting should only be done by technically adept users. Entering wrong values here can render the interface unusable. An MTU size greater than 1500 bytes must be supported by the network operator and the network card (e.g., Gigabit interface). By default, an MTU of 1500 bytes is set for the Ethernet VLAN interface type.

Proxy ARP: To enable the function, select the checkbox. By default, the Proxy ARP function is disabled (Off).

This option is available on broadcast-type interfaces. When you switch it on, UTM will

Asymmetric (optional): Select this option if your connection's uplink and downlink bandwidth are not identical and you want the Dashboard to reflect this. Then, two textboxes

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6.1 Interfaces are displayed, allowing you to enter the maximum uplink bandwidth in either MB/s or

KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the interface.

Click the toggle switch to activate the interface.

6.1.1.7 Ethernet DHCP

To configure an Ethernet DHCP interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select Ethernet DHCP from the drop-down list.

Hardware: Select an interface from the drop-down list.

Tip – For an external connection (e.g., to the Internet) choose the network card with

SysID eth1. Please note that one network card cannot be used as both a Ethernet

DHCP and a PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE-DSL) or PPTP over Ethernet (PPPoA-DSL) connection simultaneously.

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IPv4/IPv6 default GW (optional): Select this option if you want to use the default gateway of your provider.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Hostname: If your ISP requires to receive the hostname of your system, enter it here.

MTU: Enter the maximum transmission unit for the interface in bytes. You must enter a value fitting your interface type here if you want to use traffic management. A sensible value for the interface type is entered by default. Changing this setting should only be done by technically adept users. Entering wrong values here can render the interface unusable. An MTU size greater than 1500 bytes must be supported by the network operator and the network card (e.g., Gigabit interface). By default, an MTU of 1500 bytes is set for the Ethernet DHCP interface type.

Proxy ARP: To enable the function, select the checkbox. By default, the Proxy ARP function is disabled (Off).

This option is available on broadcast-type interfaces. When you switch it on, UTM will

KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the interface.

Click the toggle switch to activate the interface.

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6.1.1.8 DSL (PPPoE)

The configuration will require the DSL connection information, including username and password, provided by your ISP. VDSL is also supported by this interface type.

Note – Once the DSL connection is activated, the UTM will be connected to your ISP 24 hours a day. You should therefore ensure that your ISP bills on a flat-rate or bandwidth-based system rather than based on connection time.

To configure a DSL (PPPoE) interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select DSL (PPPoE) from the drop-down list.

Hardware: Select an interface from the drop-down list.

VDSL: Select this checkbox if and only if your connection is a VDSL connection. The

MTU changes to 1476.

Static PPPoE IP (optional): Select the checkbox if you have a static IP address assigned by your ISP, and enter the IP address and corresponding netmask into the appearing textboxes.

IPv4/IPv6 Address: Enter the IP address of the interface.

Netmask: Select a netmask from the drop-down list and/or enter an IPv6 netmask.

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Note – You can configure an interface to have an IPv4 and an IPv6 address simultaneously.

IPv4/IPv6 Default GW (optional): Select this option if you want to use the default gateway of your provider.

Username: Enter the username, provided by your ISP.

Password: Enter the password, provided by your ISP.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

MTU: Enter the maximum transmission unit for the interface in bytes. You must enter a value fitting your interface type here if you want to use traffic management. A sensible value for the interface type is entered by default. Changing this setting should only be done by technically adept users. Entering wrong values here can render the interface unusable. An MTU size greater than 1500 bytes must be supported by the network operator and the network card (e.g., Gigabit interface). By default, an MTU of 1492 bytes is set for the DSL (PPPoE) interface type.

VLAN tag (only if VDSL is enabled): Enter the VLAN tag to be added to the PPPoE packets. For the correct tag, refer to your VDSL provider. Default is 7, which is currently used for the PPPoE connection of the Deutsche Telekom.

Daily reconnect: Define at what time you want the connection to close and reopen. You can select either Never or pick a specific time.

Reconnect delay: Here you can change the reconnect delay. By default, it is set to 5

Seconds. If your ISP demands a longer delay you can set it to One Minute or Fifteen

Minutes.

KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

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Multilink: If enabled, you can bundle multiple PPP connections. A multilink

PPP connection only works if your ISP supports Multilink PPP.

Multilink slaves: Select the interfaces you want to bundle with the hardware selected above to one multilink.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the interface.

Click the toggle switch to activate the interface.

6.1.1.9 DSL (PPPoA/PPTP)

To configure a connection using the PPP over ATM Protocol (PPPoA), you will need an unused

Ethernet interface on the UTM as well as an external ADSL modem with an Ethernet port. The connection to the Internet proceeds through two separate connections. Between the UTM and the ADSL modem, a connection using the PPTP over Ethernet Protocol is established. The

ADSL modem is, in turn, connected to the ISP using the PPP over ATM Dialing Protocol.

The configuration will require the DSL connection information, including username and password, provided by your Internet Service Provider (ISP).

To configure a DSL (PPPoA/PPTP) interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

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Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select DSL (PPPoA/PPTP) from the drop-down list.

Hardware: Select an interface from the drop-down list.

IPv4/IPv6 default GW (optional): Select this option if you want to use the default gateway of your provider.

Username: Enter the username, provided by your ISP.

Password: Enter the password, provided by your ISP.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Modem IP: Enter the IP address of your ADSL modem here. This address will usually be provided by your ISP or the modem hardware and cannot be changed. Example:

10.0.0.138

(with AonSpeed).

NIC address: Enter the IP address of the network card on the UTM which is attached to the modem here. This address must be in the same subnet as the modem. Example:

10.0.0.140

(with AonSpeed).

NIC netmask: Enter the network mask to use here.

Example: 255.255.255.0 (with AonSpeed).

Ping address (optional): Enter the IP address of a host on the Internet that responds to

ICMP ping requests. In order to test the connection between the UTM and the external network, you have to enter an IP address of a host on the other side of the PPTP link. You can try to use the DNS server of your ISP. The UTM will send ping requests to this host: if no answer is received, the connection will be broken.

MTU: Enter the maximum transmission unit for the interface in bytes. You must enter a value fitting your interface type here if you want to use traffic management. A sensible value for the interface type is entered by default. Changing this setting should only be done by technically adept users. Entering wrong values here can render the interface unusable. An MTU size greater than 1500 bytes must be supported by the network operator and the network card (e.g., Gigabit interface). By default, an MTU of 1492 bytes is set for the DSL (PPPoA) interface type.

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Daily reconnect: Define at what time you want the connection to close and reopen. You can select either Never or pick a specific time.

Reconnect delay: Here you can change the reconnect delay. By default, it is set to 5

Seconds. If your ISP demands a longer delay you can set it to One Minute or Fifteen

Minutes.

KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the interface.

Click the toggle switch to activate the interface.

6.1.1.10 Modem (PPP)

For the configuration you need a serial interface and an external PPP modem on the UTM. And you also need the DSL access data including username and password. You will get these data from your Internet Service Provider (ISP).

To configure a Modem (PPP) interface, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New Interface.

The Create New Interface dialog box opens.

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Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the interface.

Type: Select Modem (PPP) from the drop-down list.

Hardware: Select an interface from the drop-down list.

IPv4/IPv6 default GW (optional): Select this option if you want to use the default gateway of your provider.

Username: Enter the username, provided by your ISP.

Password: Enter the password, provided by your ISP.

Dial String: Enter the phone number. Example: 5551230

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Line Speed: Set the speed in bits per seconds for the connection between the UTM and the modem. Common values are 57,600 Bits/s and 115,200 Bits/s.

Flow Control: Select the method to control the data flow.

If the data is transferred via the serial connection it might happen that the system cannot process incoming data fast enough. To ensure that no data is lost, this method of controlling the data flow becomes necessary. With the serial connection two methods are available: l

Hardware signals l

Software signals

Since in a PPP connection all eight bits are used for the data transfer line and the transferred data contains the bytes of the command signs Control S and Control Q, we recommend keeping the default setting Hardware and using a serial connection cable.

Init String: Enter the string to initialize the modem. Remember that it might become necessary to adjust the init string to the modem. In this case, the init string can be gathered from the associated modem manual. If you do not have the required documentation available, keep the default setting ATZ.

Reset String: Enter the reset string for the modem. Keep in mind that it might be necessary to adjust the reset string to the modem. In this case you can gather it from the associated modem manual. If you do not have the required documentation available, keep the default setting ATZ.

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KB/s. Select the appropriate unit from the drop-down list.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the interface.

Click the toggle switch to activate the interface.

6.1.2 Additional Addresses

One network card can be configured with additional IP addresses (also called aliases). This function allows you to manage multiple logical networks on one physical network card. It can also be used to assign further addresses to a UTM running NAT (Network Address Translation).

To configure additional addresses on standard Ethernet interfaces, proceed as follows:

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On the Additional Addresses tab, click New Additional Address.

The Create New Additional Address dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the new additional address.

On Interface: Select an interface from the drop-down list to which the address is to be assigned.

IPv4/IPv6 Address: Enter the additional IP address of the interface.

Netmask: Select a netmask from the drop-down list and/or enter an IPv6 netmask.

Note – You can configure an interface to have an IPv4 and an IPv6 address simultaneously.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The system will now check the settings for validity. After a successful check the new interface will appear in the interface list. The interface is not yet enabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable the additional address.

Click the toggle switch to activate the additional address.

The additional address is now enabled (toggle switch is green). The additional address might still be displayed as being Down. The system requires a short time to configure and load the settings. Once the Up message appears, the additional address is fully operable.

To either edit or delete an additional address, click the corresponding buttons.

6.1.3 Link Aggregation

Link aggregation, which is also known as "port trunking" or "NIC bonding", allows you to aggregate multiple Ethernet network ports into one virtual interface. The aggregated ports appear as a single IP address to your system. Link aggregation is useful to increase the link speed beyond the speed of any one single NIC or to provide basic failover and fault tolerance by redundancy in the event any port or switch fails. All traffic that was being routed over the failed port or switch is automatically re-routed to use one of the remaining ports or switches. This failover is completely transparent to the system using the connection.

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Note – In a high-availability environment, Ethernet connections can even be on different HA units.

You can define up to four different link aggregation groups. A group can consist of one or multiple interfaces.

To create a link aggregation group (LAG), proceed as follows:

For each LAG, select the interfaces you want to add.

A group can consist of a configured interface and/or one or more unconfigured interfaces.

To use a configured interface, select it from the Convert Interface drop-down list. To use unconfigured interfaces, select the respective checkbox(es).

Enable the LAG.

Activate a group by clicking the button Enable this group.

Once the link aggregation group has been configured, a new LAG interface (e.g., lag0) becomes available for selection if you are going to create an interface definition on the

Interfaces tab. On top of the bonding interface you can create one of the following: l

Ethernet Static l

Ethernet VLAN l

Ethernet DHCP l

Alias interfaces

To disable a LAG, clear the checkboxes of the interfaces that make up the LAG, click Update this

Group, and confirm the warning message. The status of the LAG interface is shown on the Sup-

port > Advanced > Interfaces Table tab.

6.1.4 Uplink Balancing

With the uplink balancing function you can combine more than one Internet uplink, either for having backup uplinks available or for using load balancing among multiple uplinks. Combining up to

32 different uplinks is supported. Note that with BasicGuard subscription, only two uplinks can be combined.

Uplink balancing is automatically enabled when you assign a default gateway to an interface in addition to an already existing interface with a default gateway. All interfaces possessing a

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default gateway will be added to the Active interfaces box and uplink balancing automatically organizes the balancing between those interfaces from then on. Any other interface with a default gateway will automatically be added, too.

On the Multipath Rules tab you can define specific rules for the traffic to be balanced.

To manually set up uplink balancing, proceed as follows:

Enable uplink balancing.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Uplink Balancing area becomes editable.

Select active interfaces.

Add one or more interfaces by clicking the Folder icon and dragging interfaces from the object list. With multiple interfaces, traffic coming from clients is balanced by source, i.e., all traffic coming from one source uses the same interface, whereas traffic from another source can be sent to another interface. If one of the interfaces is unavailable, traffic will be taken over by the remaining interface(s).

Note – Initially, when uplink balancing has been enabled automatically, the Active inter-

faces list already contains all interfaces having a default gateway. If you remove an interface from the list, the Default gateway checkbox of the interface will automatically be unselected. Thus, every interface having a default gateway has to be either on this list or on the Standby interfaces box below. However, you can add interfaces without default gateway and enter the default gateway address later on.

Note – The sequence of the interfaces is important: In configurations where only one interface can be used, and for packets sent from the UTM itself, by default the first available active interface is used. You can change the interface sequence by clicking the

Sort icons in the box.

Using the Edit Scheduler icon on the box header, you can set individual balancing behavior and interface persistence of the active interfaces:

Weight: Weight can be set from 0 to 100 and specifies how much traffic is processed by an interface relative to all other interfaces. A weighted round robin algorithm is used for this, a higher value meaning that more traffic is routed to the respective interface. The values are evaluated relative to each other so they need not add up to 100. Instead, you can have a configuration for example, where interface 1 has value 100, interface 2 has value

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50 and interface 3 has value 0. Here, interface 2 gets only half the traffic of interface 1, whereas interface 3 only comes into action when none of the other interfaces is available.

A value of zero means that always another interface with a higher value is chosen if available.

Persistence: Interface persistence is a technique which ensures that traffic having specific attributes is always routed over the same uplink interface. Persistence has a default timeout of one hour.

Select standby interfaces (optional).

Here, you can optionally add failover interfaces that should only come into action if all active interfaces become unavailable. In this case, the first available standby interface in the given order will be used. You can change the interface sequence by clicking the Sort icons in the box.

Change monitoring settings (optional).

By default, Automatic monitoring is enabled to detect possible interface failures. This means that the health of all uplink interfaces is monitored by having them contact a specific host on the Internet at an interval of 15 seconds. By default, the monitoring host is the third ping-allowing hop on the route to one of the root DNS servers. However, you can define the hosts for monitoring the server pool yourself. For these hosts you can select another service instead of ping, and modify the monitoring interval and timeout.

If the monitoring hosts do not send a response anymore, the respective interface is regarded as dead and not used anymore for distribution. On the Dashboard, in the Link column of the interface, Error will be displayed.

Note – Automatically, the same monitoring settings are used for both uplink monitoring

(Uplink Monitoring > Advanced) and uplink balancing (Interfaces > Uplink Balancing).

To define hosts for monitoring the server pool yourself, proceed as follows:

Unselect the Automatic monitoring checkbox.

The Monitoring hosts box becomes editable.

Add monitoring hosts.

Add one or more hosts that you want to use for monitoring instead of random hosts. If an interface is monitored by more than one host, it will only be regarded as dead if all monitoring hosts do not respond in the defined time span.

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Note – If a selected host is bound to an interface, it will only be used to monitor this interface. If a host is not bound to an interface, it will be used to monitor all interfaces. Interfaces not covered by the selected hosts will be monitored by automatic monitoring.

Click the Monitoring Settings icon in the box header to set the monitoring details:

Monitoring type: Select the service protocol for the monitor checks. Select either

TCP (TCP connection establishment), UDP (UDP connection establishment),

Ping (ICMP Ping), HTTP Host (HTTP requests), or HTTPS Host (HTTPS requests) for monitoring. When using UDP a ping request will be sent initially which, if successful, is followed by a UDP packet with a payload of 0. If ping does not succeed or the ICMP port is unreachable, the connection is regarded as down.

Port (only with monitoring types TCP and UDP): Port number the request will be sent to.

URL (optional, only with monitoring types HTTP/S Host): URL to be requested.

You can use other ports than the default ports 80 or 443 by adding the port information to the URL, e.g., http://example.domain:8080/index.html. If no URL is entered, the root directory will be requested.

Interval: Enter a time interval in seconds at which the hosts are checked.

Timeout: Enter a maximum time span in seconds for the monitoring hosts to send a response. If all monitoring hosts of an interface do not respond during this time, the interface will be regarded as dead.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

A new virtual network interface named Uplink Interfaces is automatically created and now available for use by other functions of the Sophos UTM, e.g. IPsec rules. The virtual network interface Uplink Interfaces comprises all uplink interfaces added to the interface list.

Additionally, a new network group named Uplink Primary Addresses is automatically created and now available for use by other functions of the Sophos UTM, e.g. firewall rules. It refers to the primary addresses of all Uplink Interfaces.

In case of an interface failure, open VPN tunnels can be automatically re-established over the next available interface provided DynDNS is used or the remote server accepts the IP

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faces as Local interface.

6.1.5 Multipath Rules

On the Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces > Multipath Rules tab you can set rules for uplink balancing. The rules are applied to the active interfaces on the Uplink Balancing tab when there is more than one interface to balance traffic between. Without multipath rules, all services are balanced by source, i.e., all traffic coming from one source uses the same interface, whereas traffic from another source can be sent to another interface. Multipath rules allow you to change this default interface persistence.

Note – Multipath rules can be set up for the service types TCP, UDP, or IP.

To create a multipath rule, proceed as follows:

On the Multipath Rules tab, click New Multipath Rule.

The Create New Multipath Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the multipath rule.

Position: The position number, defining the priority of the rule. Lower numbers have higher priority. Rules are matched in ascending order. Once a rule has matched, rules with a higher number will not be evaluated anymore. Place the more specific rules at the top of the list to make sure that more vague rules match last.

Source: Select or add a source IP address or network to match.

Service: Select or add the network service to match.

Destination: Select or add a destination IP address or network to match.

Itf. persistence: Interface persistence is a technique which ensures that traffic having specific attributes is always routed over the same uplink interface. Persistence has a default timeout of one hour, however you can change this timeout on the Uplink Balan-

cing tab. You can decide what should be the basis for persistence: l

By connection: (default) Balancing is based on the connection, i.e., all traffic belonging to a particular connection uses the same interface, whereas traffic of another connection can be sent to another interface.

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By source: Balancing is based on the source IP address, i.e., all traffic coming from one source uses the same interface, whereas traffic from another source can be sent to another interface.

Note – Basically, persistence by source cannot work when using a proxy because the original source information is lost. The HTTP proxy however is an exception: Traffic generated by the HTTP proxy will match against the original client source IP address and thus complies with interface persistence rules By

source, too.

By destination: Balancing is based on the destination IP address, i.e., all traffic going to one destination uses the same interface, whereas traffic to another destination can be sent to another interface.

By source/destination: Balancing is based on the source/destination IP address combination, i.e., all traffic coming from a specific source A and going to a specific destination B uses the same interface. Traffic with another combination can be sent to another interface. Also, please notice the note above.

By interface: Select an interface from the Bind Interface drop-down list. All traffic applying to the rule will be routed over this interface. In case of an interface failure and if no subsequent rules match, the connection falls back to default behavior.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Balanced to (not with persistence by interface): Add an interface group to the field. All traffic applying to the rule will be balanced over the interfaces of this group. By default,

Uplink Interfaces is selected, so connections are balanced over all uplink interfaces.

Skip rule on interface error: If selected, in case of an interface failure, the next matching multipath rule will be used for the traffic. If unselected, no other multipath rule will be used for the defined traffic in case of an interface failure. This for example makes sense when you want to ensure that SMTP traffic is only sent from a specific static IP address to prevent your emails from being classified as spam by the recipients due to an invalid sender IP address.

Click Save.

The new multipath rule is added to the Multipath Rules list.

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Enable the multipath rule.

The new rule is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the rule.

The rule is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

To either edit or delete a rule, click the corresponding buttons.

6.1.6 Hardware

The Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces > Hardware tab lists all configured interfaces showing information such as the Ethernet mode of operation or the MAC address. On UTM hardware devices, for each interface, auto negotiation can be enabled or disabled.

Auto Negotiation: Usually, the Ethernet mode of operation (1000BASE-T full-duplex,

100BASE-T full-duplex, 100BASE-T half-duplex, 10BASE-T full-duplex, 10BASE-T halfduplex, and so on) between two network devices is automatically negotiated by choosing the best possible mode of operation supported by both devices, where higher speed (e.g. 1000

Mbit/sec) is preferred over lower speed (e.g. 100 Mbit/sec), and full duplex is preferred over half duplex at the same speed.

Caution – For proper 1000 Mbit/sec operation, auto negotiation is always required and mandatory by IEEE Std 802.3ab. Thus, be careful to never switch Auto Negotiation off for any interface with Link mode 1000BASE-T. The timing of your network link may fail, causing service degradation or failure. For 100 Mbit/sec and 10 Mbit/sec operation, auto negotiation is optional, but still recommended for use whenever possible.

Auto negotiation is enabled by default. In the rare case that you need to switch it off, click the Edit button of the corresponding interface card and change the setting in the appearing dialog box

Edit NIC Parameters via the drop-down list Link Mode. Note that the drop-down list is only available with UTM hardware devices. Click Save to save your changes.

Caution – Be careful when disabling auto negotiation, as this might lead to mismatches, resulting in a significant performance decrease or even disconnect. If the respective network interface card is your interface to WebAdmin you may lose access to WebAdmin!

In case one of your interfaces lost its network link due to manipulation of auto negotiation or speed settings, just changing the settings back will typically not bring the interface back to

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normal operation: Changing auto negotiation or speed settings on disconnected interfaces is not reliable. Therefore first switch on auto negotiation and then reboot UTM to bring back normal operation.

HA Link Monitoring: If high availability is enabled, all configured interfaces are monitored for link status. In case of a link failure, a takeover is triggered. If a configured interface is not always connected (e.g. management interface) please disable HA link monitoring for the corresponding interface. Otherwise all HA nodes will stay in status UNLINKED. To disable HA link monitoring click the Edit button of the corresponding interface card and change the setting in the appearing dialog box Edit NIC Parameters. Click Save to save your changes.

Set Virtual MAC: Sometimes it is useful to be able to change the MAC address of a device. For example, there are some ISPs where the modem must be reset when the device connected to it changes and by that the MAC address of that device. By setting the MAC address to the value of the former device, a reset of the modem can be avoided.

UTM, however, does not overwrite the original MAC address of the device but instead sets a virtual MAC address. To do so, click the Edit button of the corresponding interface card. In the appearing dialog box Edit NIC Parameters, select the checkbox Set Virtual MAC and enter a valid MAC address. Click Save to save your changes.

To restore the original MAC address, click the Edit button of the corresponding interface card.

In the appearing dialog box Edit NIC Parameters, unselect the checkbox Set Virtual MAC. Click

Save to save your changes.

6.2 Bridging

Bridging is a packet forwarding technique primarily used in Ethernet networks. Unlike routing, bridging makes no assumptions about where in a network a particular address is located.

Instead, it depends on broadcasting to locate unknown devices.

Through bridging, several Ethernet networks or segments can be connected to each other.

The data packets are forwarded through bridging tables, which assign the MAC addresses to a bridge port. The resulting bridge will transparently pass traffic across the bridge interfaces.

Note – Such traffic must explicitly be allowed by means of appropriate firewall rules.

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Note – Most virtual hosts do not permit MAC address changes or promiscuous mode by default on their virtual interfaces. For bridging to work on virtual hosts, make sure that on the virtual host MAC address validation is disabled and promiscuous mode is allowed.

6.2.1 Status

To configure a bridge, proceed as follows:

Enable bridging on the Status tab.

On the Interfaces & Routing > Bridging > Status tab, click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Bridge Configuration area becomes editable.

Select the bridging mode.

You can choose between two bridging modes: l

Bridge all NICs: Select this option to have all available Ethernet network interface cards joined to a bridge. Specifying a Convert Interface is mandatory with this mode. All interfaces except for the converted interface will be deleted.

Bridge Selected NICs: You can select individual NICs that should form the bridge. This requires that there are unused network interface cards available.

Select one or more of them to form the bridge. It is also possible to specify a Con-

vert Interface that will be copied to the new bridge.

Select the interface that should be converted to a bridge.

Only an already configured interface can be selected. The bridge will inherit the address settings of that interface, as well as alias addresses and VLAN settings.

Click Create Bridge.

The network interfaces are being combined and the bridge is being activated (toggle switch shows green).

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

Once the bridge has been configured, the converted interface appears as a bridge device with

SysID br0 on the Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces tab. All interfaces that are members of the bridge are displayed in the Bridge Configuration area. To remove an interface from the bridge, clear its checkbox and click Update Bridge.

To remove the bridge, proceed as follows:

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On the Status tab, click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber.

Click Confirm Removal of Bridge.

The toggle switch turns gray. The bridge has been successfully removed.

6.2.2 Advanced

On the Interfaces & Routing > Bridging > Advanced tab, the following bridging options can be configured:

Allow ARP broadcasts: This function allows you to configure whether global ARP broadcasts should be forwarded by the bridge. If enabled, the bridge will allow broadcasts to the MAC destination address FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. This, however, could be used by an alleged attacker to gather various information about the network cards employed within the respective network segment or even the security product itself. Therefore, the default setting is not to let such broadcasts pass the bridge.

Spanning Tree Protocol: Enabling this option will activate the Spanning Tree Protocol

(STP). This network protocol detects and prevents bridge loops.

Caution – Be aware that the Spanning Tree Protocol is known to provide no security, therefore attackers may be able to alter the bridge topology.

Ageing Timeout: The amount of time in seconds after which an inactive MAC address will be deleted. The default time is 300 seconds.

Allow IPv6 Pass Through: Enabling this option will allow IPv6 traffic to pass the bridge without any inspection.

Virtual MAC Address: Here you can enter a static MAC address for the bridge. By default

(and as long as the entry is 00:00:00:00:00:00), the bridge uses the lowest MAC address of all member interfaces.

Forwarded EtherTypes: By default, a bridge configured on the Sophos UTM only forwards IP packets. If you want additional protocols to be forwarded, you have to add their EtherType to this box. The types have to be entered as four-digit hexadecimal numbers. Popular examples are AppleTalk (type 809B), Novell (type 8138), or PPPoE (types 8863 and 8864). A typical use case would be a bridge between your RED interfaces which should forward additional protocols between the connected networks.

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6.3 Quality of Service (QoS)

Generally speaking, Quality of Service (QoS) refers to control mechanisms to provide better service to selected network traffic, and to provide priority in terms of guaranteed bandwidths in particular. In Sophos UTM, priority traffic is configured on the Quality of Service (QoS) tabs, where you can reserve guaranteed bandwidths for certain types of outbound network traffic passing between two points in the network, whereas shaping of inbound traffic is optimized internally by various techniques such as Stochastic Fairness Queuing (SFQ) or Random Early Detection

(RED).

6.3.1 Status

The Quality of Service (QoS) > Status tab lists the interfaces for which QoS can be configured.

By default, QoS is disabled for each interface.

To configure QoS for an interface, proceed as follows:

Click the Edit button of the respective interface.

The Edit Interface dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Downlink kbit/sec/Uplink kbit/sec: Enter the uplink and downlink bandwidth (in

Kbit/s) provided by your ISP. For example, for a 5 Mbit/s Internet connection for both uplink and downlink, enter 5120).

If you have a fluctuating bandwidth, enter the lowest value that is guaranteed by your

ISP. For example, if you have a 5 Mbit/s Internet connection for both uplink and downlink with a variation of 0.8 Mbit/s, enter 4300 Kbit/s. Note that if the available bandwidth becomes temporarily higher than the configured lowest guaranteed value, the gateway can make a projection taking the new bandwidth into account, so that the percentage bandwidth for the priority traffic will be increased as well; unfortunately, this does not work vice versa.

Limit Uplink: Selecting this option tells the QoS function to use the configured downlink and uplink bandwidth as the calculation base for prioritizing traffic that passes this interface. The Limit Uplink option is selected by default and should be used for the following interface types:

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Ethernet Static interface (with a router sitting in between the gateway and the Internet—the bandwidth provided by the router is known) l

Ethernet VLAN interface (with a router sitting in between the gateway and the

Internet—the bandwidth provided by the router is known) l

DSL (PPPoE) l

DSL (PPPoA) l

Modem (PPP)

Clear the Limit Uplink checkbox for these interfaces whose traffic shaping calculation base can be determined by the maximum speed of the interface. However, this only applies to the following interface types: l

Ethernet Static interface (directly connected to the Internet) l

Ethernet VLAN interface (directly connected to the Internet) l

Ethernet DHCP

For interfaces with no specific uplink limit given, the QoS function shapes the entire traffic proportionally. For example, if you have configured 512 Kbit/s for VoIP traffic on a Ethernet DHCP interface and the available bandwidth has decreased by half, then 256

Kbit/s would be used for this traffic (note that proportional shaping works in both directions in contrast to interfaces that rely on a fix maximum limit).

Download Equalizer: If enabled, Stochastic Fairness Queuing (SFQ) and Random

Early Detection (RED) queuing algorithms will avoid network congestion. In case the configured downlink speed is reached, packets from the most downlink consuming stream will be dropped.

Upload Optimizer: If enabled, this option will automatically prioritize outgoing TCP connection establishments (TCP packets with SYN flag set), acknowledgment packets of

TCP connections (TCP packets with ACK flag set and a packet length between 40 and

60 bytes) and DNS lookups (UDP packets on port 53).

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved.

Enable QoS for the interface.

Click the toggle switch of the interface. The toggle switch turns green.

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6.3.2 Traffic Selectors

A traffic selector can be regarded as a QoS definition which describes certain types of network traffic to be handled by QoS. These definitions later get used inside the bandwidth pool definition. There you can define how this traffic gets handled by QoS, like limiting the overall bandwidth or guarantee a certain amount of minimum bandwidth.

To create a traffic selector, proceed as follows:

On the Traffic Selector tab, click New Traffic Selector.

The Create New Traffic Selector dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this traffic selector.

Selector type: You can define the following types: l

Traffic selector: Using a traffic selector, traffic will be shaped based on a single service or a service group.

Application selector: Using an application selector, traffic will be shaped based on applications, i.e. which traffic belongs to which application, independent from the port or service used.

Group: You can group different service and application selectors into one traffic selector rule. To define a group, there must be some already defined single selectors.

Source: Select the source network for which you want to enable QoS.

Service: Only with Traffic selector. Select the network service for which you want to enable QoS. You can select among various predefined services and service groups. For example, select VoIP protocols (SIP and H.323) if you want to reserve a fixed bandwidth for VoIP connections.

Destination: Select the destination network for which you want to enable QoS.

Control by: Only with Application selector. Select whether to shape traffic based on its application type or by a dynamic filter based on categories.

Applications: The traffic is shaped application-based. Select one or more applications in the box Control these applications.

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Dynamic filter: The traffic is shaped category-based. Select one or more categories in the box Control these categories.

Control these applications/categories: Only with Application selector. Click the

Folder icon to select applications/categories. A dialog window opens, which is described in detail in the next section.

Productivity: Only with Dynamic filter. Reflects the productivity score you have chosen.

Risk: Only with Dynamic filter. Reflects the risk score you have chosen.

Note – Some applications cannot be shaped. This is necessary to ensure a flawless operation of Sophos UTM. Such applications miss a checkbox in the application table of the Select Application dialog window, e.g. WebAdmin, Teredo and SixXs (for IPv6 traffic), Portal (for User Portal traffic), and some more. When using dynamic filters, shaping of those applications is also prevented automatically.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

TOS/DSCP (only with selector type Traffic Selector): In special cases it can be useful to distinguish traffic to be handled by QoS not only by its source, destination, and service but additionally based on its TOS or DSCP flags in the IP header.

Off: With this default option all traffic matching the source, service and destination selected above will be handled by QoS.

TOS bits: Select this option if you want to restrict the traffic handled by QoS to IP packets with specific TOS bits (Type of Service) settings. You can choose between the following settings: l

Normal service l

Minimize monetary cost l

Maximize reliability l

Maximize throughput l

Minimize delay l

DSCP bits: Select this option if you want to restrict the traffic handled by QoS to IP packets with specific DSCP bits (Differentiated Services Code Point) settings. You

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6.3 Quality of Service (QoS) can either specify a single DSCP Value (an integer in the range from 0-63) or select a predefined value from the DSCP Class list (e.g., BE default dscp

(000000)).

Amount of data sent/received: Select the checkbox if you want the traffic selector to match based on the amount of bytes transferred by a connection so far. With this feature you can e.g. limit the bandwidth of large HTTP uploads without constraining regular

HTTP traffic.

Sent/Received: From the drop-down list, select More than to define the traffic selector only for connections which exceed a certain amount of traffic. Select Less

than to define it for connections with less traffic so far.

kByte: Enter the threshold for the amount of traffic.

Helper: Some services use dynamic port ranges for data transmission. For each connection, the ports to be used are negotiated between the endpoints via a control channel.

The UTM uses a special connection tracking helper monitoring the control channel to determine which dynamic ports are being used. To include the traffic sent through the dynamic ports in the traffic selector, select Any in the Service box above, and select the respective service from the Helper drop-down list.

Click Save.

The new selector appears on the Traffic Selectors list.

If you defined many traffic selectors, you can combine multiple selectors inside a single traffic selector group, to make the configuration more convenient.

This traffic selector or traffic selector group can now be used in each bandwidth pool. These pools can be defined on the Bandwidth Pools tab.

The Select Application or Category Dialog Window

When creating application control rules you need to choose applications or application categories from a dialog window called Select one or more applications/categories to control.

The table in the lower part of the dialog window displays the applications you can choose from or which belong to a defined category. By default, all applications are displayed.

The upper part of the dialog window provides three configuration options to limit the number of applications in the table: l

Category: Applications are grouped by category. This list contains all available categories. By default, all categories are selected, which means that the table below displays

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all applications available. If you want to limit the displayed applications to certain categories, click into the category list and select only one or more categories relevant to you.

Productivity: Applications are also classified by their productivity impact which means how much they influence productivity. Example: Salesforce, a typical business software, has the score 5 which means its usage adds to productivity. On the contrary, Farmville, an online game, has the score 1 which means its usage is counterproductive. The network service DNS has the score 3 which means its productivity impact is neutral.

Risk: Applications are also classified by the risk they carry when used with regard to malware, virus infections, or attacks. A higher number means a higher risk.

Tip – Each application has an Info icon which, when clicked, displays a description of the respective application. You can search the table by using the filter field in the table header.

Now, depending on the type of control you selected in the Create New Traffic Selector dialog box, do the following: l

Control by dynamic filter: Select the categories from the Category box and click Apply to adopt the selected categories to your rule.

Control by application: From the table, select the applications you want to control by clicking the checkbox in front. Click Apply to adopt the selected applications to your rule.

After clicking Apply, the dialog window closes and you can continue to edit the settings of your traffic selector rule.

6.3.3 Bandwidth Pools

On the Quality of Service (QoS) > Bandwidth Pools tab you can define and manage bandwidth pools for bandwidth management. With a bandwidth pool, you reserve a guaranteed bandwidth for a specific outgoing traffic type, optionally limited by a maximum bandwidth limit.

To create a bandwidth pool, proceed as follows:

On the Bandwidth Pools tab, select an interface.

From the Bound to interface drop-down list, select the interface for which you want to create a bandwidth pool.

Click New Bandwidth Pool.

The Create New Bandwidth Pool dialog box opens.

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Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this bandwidth pool.

Position: The position number, defining the priority of the bandwidth pool. Lower numbers have higher priority. Bandwidth pools are matched in ascending order. Once a bandwidth pool has matched, bandwidth pools with a higher number will not be evaluated anymore. Place the more specific pools at the top of the list to make sure that more vague pools match last. For example, if you have configured a traffic selector for web traffic

(HTTP) in general and for web traffic to a particular host, place the bandwidth pool that uses the latter traffic selector on top of the bandwidth pool list, that is, select position 1 for it.

Bandwidth: Enter the uplink bandwidth (in Kbit) you want to reserve for this bandwidth pool. For example, if you want to reserve 1 Mbit/s for a particular type of traffic, enter

1024

Note – You can only assign up to 90 % of the entire available bandwidth to a bandwidth pool. The gateway always reserves 10 % of the bandwidth for so-called unshaped traffic. To stay with the example above, if your uplink Internet connection is 5 Mbit/s and you want to assign as much bandwidth as possible to VoIP traffic, you can at most enter a value of 4608 Kbit/s.

Specify upper bandwidth limit: The value you entered in the Bandwidth field above represents the guaranteed bandwidth to be reserved for a specific kind of traffic.

However, a bandwidth pool usually allocates more bandwidth for its traffic if available. If you want a particular traffic not to consume more than a certain amount of your bandwidth, select this option to restrict the allocation of bandwidth to be used by this bandwidth pool to an upper limit.

Traffic selectors: Select the traffic selectors you want to use for this bandwidth pool.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new bandwidth pool appears on the Bandwidth Pools list.

Enable the rule.

The new rule is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the rule.

The rule is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

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To either edit or delete a bandwidth pool, click the corresponding buttons.

6.3.4 Download Throttling

On the Quality of Service (QoS) > Download Throttling tab you can define and manage rules to throttle incoming traffic. If packets are coming in faster than the configured threshold, excess packets will be dropped immediately without being listed in the firewall rules log file. As a result of

TCP congestion avoidance mechanisms, affected senders should reduce their sending rates in response to the dropped packets.

To create a download throttling rule, proceed as follows:

On the Download Throttling tab, select an interface.

From the Bound to interface drop-down list, select the interface for which you want to create a download throttling rule.

Click New Download Throttling Rule.

The Create New Download Throttling Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this download throttling rule.

Limit (kbit/s): The upper limit (in Kbit) for the specified traffic. For example, if you want to limit the rate to 1 Mbit/s for a particular type of traffic, enter 1024.

Limit: Combination of traffic source and destination where the above defined limit should apply: l

shared: The limit is equally distributed between all existing connections. I.e., the overall download rate of the traffic defined by this rule is limited to the specified value.

each source address: The limit applies to each particular source address.

each destination address: The limit applies to each particular destination address.

each source/destination: The limit applies to each particular pair of source or destination address.

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Traffic selectors: Select the traffic selectors for which you want to throttle the download rates. The defined limit will be divided between the selected traffic selectors.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new download throttling rule appears on the Download Throttling list.

Enable the rule.

The new rule is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the rule.

The rule is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

To either edit or delete a rule, click the corresponding buttons.

6.3.5 Advanced

Keep classification after encapsulation

Select this checkbox if you want to make sure that after encapsulation a packet will still match the traffic selector of the original service if no other traffic selector matches.

The assignment of an encapsulated IP packet to a traffic selector works as follows:

The original IP packet is compared with the existing traffic selectors in the given order.

The packet is assigned to the first matching traffic selector (e.g., Internal -> HTTP ->

Any).

The IP packet gets encapsulated, and the service changes (e.g., to IPsec).

The encapsulated packet is compared with the existing traffic selectors in the given order.

The packet is assigned to the first matching traffic selector (e.g., Internal -> IPsec -> Any).

If no traffic selector matches, the assignment depends on the Keep classification after

encapsulation option: l

If the option is selected, the encapsulated packet will be assigned to the traffic selector found in step 1.

If the option is not selected, the encapsulated packet will not be assigned to any traffic selector and therefore cannot be part of a bandwidth pool.

Explicit Congestion Notification support

ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and allows endto-end notifications of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN only works if both

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endpoints of a connection successfully negotiate to use it. Selecting this checkbox, the UTM will send the information that it is willing to use ECN. If the other endpoint agrees, they will exchange

ECN information. Note that the underlying network and involved routers must support ECN as well.

6.4 Uplink Monitoring

The menu Interfaces & Routing > Uplink Monitoring gives you the possibility to monitor your uplink connection and to define certain actions which will be automatically applied in case the connection status changes.

For example, you can automatically turn on a backup VPN tunnel using another link, or disable an alias IP address so that it will trigger a monitoring service.

6.4.1 Global

On the Uplink Monitoring > Global tab you can enable or disable uplink monitoring.

To enable uplink monitoring, click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green.

If uplink monitoring is enabled, the Uplink Status section shows all current uplink interfaces and their statuses: l

ONLINE: The uplink connection is established and functional.

OFFLINE: According to the monitoring, the uplink connection is defective.

DOWN: Either the uplink interface is disabled administratively, or—in case of a dynamic interface—the remote PPP or DHCP server is not reachable.

STANDBY: The interface is defined as a standby interface on the Interfaces > Uplink

Balancing tab, and it is currently not in use.

Note – If uplink balancing is enabled, the uplinks will always be monitored, even if uplink monitoring is disabled. Therefore, even if uplink monitoring is disabled, the uplink interfaces are displayed on this page when uplink balancing is enabled. In this case, the monitoring settings can be modified on the Interfaces > Uplink Balancing tab.

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6.4.2 Actions

On the Interfaces & Routing > Uplink Monitoring > Actions tab you can define actions that will be automatically applied in case the uplink connection status changes. For example, you might want to disable an additional address, when your uplink connection is down.

To create a new action, do the following:

On the Actions tab, click New Action.

The dialog box Create New Action If Uplink Goes Offline opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the action.

Type: Select the connection type for which you want to define an action.

IPsec tunnel: Select this option from the drop-down list if you want to define an action for an IPsec tunnel.

Additional address: Select this option from the drop-down list if you want to define an action for an additional address.

IPsec tunnel: (Only available with Type IPsec Tunnel.) If there are any IPsec tunnels defined, you can select one of them here. For more information on IPsec tunnels see chapter Remote Access >

IPsec

Add. address: (Only available with Type Additional Address.) If there are any additional addresses defined, you can select one of them here. For more information on additional addresses see chapter Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces >

Additional Addresses

Action: You can either select Enable or Disable here, which means that, in case of an uplink interruption, the above selected IPsec tunnel or additional address is going to be enabled or disabled.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The action will be saved and applied in case the uplink connection is interrupted.

To either edit or delete an action, click the corresponding buttons.

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6.4.3 Advanced

On the Uplink Monitoring > Advanced tab you can disable automatic monitoring of the uplink connection and define one or more hosts instead which are used for monitoring.

By default, Automatic monitoring is enabled to detect possible interface failures. This means that the health of all uplink interfaces is monitored by having them contact a specific host on the

Internet at an interval of 15 seconds. By default, the monitoring host is the third ping-allowing hop on the route to one of the root DNS servers. However, you can define the hosts for monitoring the server pool yourself. For these hosts you can select another service instead of ping, and modify the monitoring interval and timeout.

The monitoring hosts will then be contacted in certain periods and if none of them is reachable, the uplink connection is regarded as down. Subsequently, the actions defined on the Actions tab will be carried out.

Note – Automatically, the same monitoring settings are used for both uplink monitoring

(Uplink Monitoring > Advanced) and uplink balancing (Interfaces > Uplink Balancing).

To use your own hosts for monitoring, do the following:

Unselect the Automatic monitoring checkbox.

The Monitoring hosts box becomes editable.

Add monitoring hosts.

Click the Monitoring Settings icon in the box header to set the monitoring details:

Monitoring type: Select the service protocol for the monitor checks. Select either TCP

(TCP connection establishment), UDP (UDP connection establishment), Ping (ICMP

Ping), HTTP Host (HTTP requests), or HTTPS Host (HTTPS requests) for monitoring.

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6.5 IPv6

When using UDP a ping request will be sent initially which, if successful, is followed by a

UDP packet with a payload of 0. If ping does not succeed or the ICMP port is unreachable, the connection is regarded as down.

Port (only with monitoring types TCP and UDP): Port number the request will be sent to.

URL (optional, only with monitoring types HTTP/S Host): URL to be requested. You can use other ports than the default ports 80 or 443 by adding the port information to the

URL, e.g., http://example.domain:8080/index.html. If no URL is entered, the root directory will be requested.

Interval: Enter a time interval in seconds at which the hosts are checked.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

6.5 IPv6

Starting with version 8, Sophos UTM supports IPv6, the successor of IPv4.

The following functions of UTM fully or partly support IPv6.

Access to WebAdmin and User Portal l

SSH l

NTP l

SNMP l

SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration) and DHCPv6 client support for all dynamic interface types l

DNS l

DHCP server l

BGP l

OSPF l

IPS

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Firewall l

NAT l

ICMP l

Server Load Balancing l

Web Filter l

Web Application Firewall l

SMTP l

IPsec (Site-to-site only) l

Syslog server

6.5.1 Global

On the IPv6 > Global tab you can enable IPv6 support for Sophos UTM. Moreover, if enabled,

IPv6 information is provided here, e.g., status information or prefix delegation information.

IPv6 support is disabled by default. To enable IPv6, do the following:

On the Global tab, enable IPv6.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green. If IPv6 has never been enabled or configured before, the

Connectivity area displays the string None.

As soon as IPv6 is enabled, you will find several network and other object definitions referring explicitly to IPv6 around WebAdmin. You can generally use them as you are used to from IPv4 objects.

Note – If IPv6 is enabled, the icons of network objects and the like bear an additional mark that tells you whether the respective object is an IPv6 object or IPv4 object or both.

6.5.2 Prefix Advertisements

On the IPv6 > Prefix Advertisements tab you can configure your Sophos UTM to assign clients an IPv6 address prefix which in turn enables them to pick an IPv6 address by themselves. Prefix advertisement (or router advertisement) is an IPv6 feature where routers (or in this case the

UTM) behave like a DHCP server in IPv4, in a way. However, the routers do not assign IPs

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6.5 IPv6 directly to clients. Instead, clients in an IPv6 network assign themselves a so-called link-local address for the primary communication with the router. The router then tells the client the prefix for its network segment. Subsequently, the clients generate an IP address consisting of the prefix and their MAC address.

To create a new prefix, do the following:

On the Prefix Advertisements tab, click New Prefix.

The dialog box Create New Prefix opens.

Make the following settings:

Interface: Select an interface that has an IPv6 address with a 64 bit netmask configured.

DNS server 1/2 (optional): The IPv6 addresses of the DNS servers.

Domain (optional): Enter the domain name that will be transmitted to the clients (e.g., intranet.example.com

Valid lifetime: The time the prefix is to be valid. Default is 30 days.

Preferred lifetime: The time after which another prefix, whose preferred lifetime has not yet expired, is to be selected by the client. Default is 7 days.

Other config (optional): This option is selected by default. It ensures that a given DNS server and domain name are additionally announced via DHCPv6 for the given prefix.

This is useful since, at the moment, there are too few clients which are able to fetch the

DNS information from the prefix advertisement ( RFC 5006 / RFC 6106 ). Note that this

DHCPv6 configuration is hidden and therefore not visible or editable via the DHCP configuration menu.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new prefix configuration appears on the Prefix Advertisements list.

6.5.3 Renumbering

On the IPv6 > Renumbering tab you can allow automatic renumbering of IPv6 addresses managed by the UTM in case of a prefix change. Additionally, you can renumber IPv6 addresses manually.

The following IPv6 addresses will be modified:

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Hosts, networks, and range definitions l

Primary and secondary interface addresses l

DHCPv6 server ranges and mappings l

DNS mappings

An IPv6 prefix provided via tunnel brokerage will not be renumbered.

Automatic IPv6 Renumbering

By default, IPv6 addresses managed by your UTM are automatically renumbered in the event that the IPv6 prefix changes. Prefix changes are initiated by your ISP via DHCPv6 prefix delegation. To deactivate renumbering, unselect the checkbox and click Apply.

Manual IPv6 Renumbering

You can renumber particular IPv6 addresses managed by the UTM manually. This can be useful if you change your ISP, and your new provider assigns a new IPv6 prefix statically to you instead of automatically via DHCPv6.

Specify the current prefix of the IPv6 addresses to be renumbered.

Enter the prefix into the Old prefix field.

Specify the new prefix.

Enter the prefix into the New prefix field.

Click Apply.

All IPv6 addresses with the defined current prefix will be renumbered using the new prefix.

6.5.4 6to4

On the IPv6 > 6to4 tab you can configure your Sophos UTM to automatically tunnel IPv6 addresses over an existing IPv4 network. With 6to4, every IPv4 address has a /48 prefix from the IPv6 network to which it is mapped. The resulting IPv6 address consists of the prefix 2002 and the IPv4 address in hexadecimal notation.

Note – You can either have 6to4 enabled or Tunnel Broker.

To enable IP address tunneling for a certain interface, do the following:

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6.5 IPv6

On the 6to4 tab, enable 6to4.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the 6to4 area and the Advanced area become editable.

Select an interface.

Select an interface from the Interface drop-down list which has a public IPv6 address configured.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved. The interface status is displayed on the Global tab.

Advanced

You can change the Server Address to use a different 6to4 relay server.

Click Apply to save your settings.

6.5.5 Tunnel Broker

On the IPv6 > Tunnel Broker tab you can enable the use of a tunnel broker. Tunnel brokerage is a service offered by some ISPs which allows you to access the Internet using an IPv6 address.

Note – You can either have 6to4 enabled or Tunnel Broker.

Sophos UTM supports the following tunnel brokers: l

Teredo (only anonymous) l

Freenet6 (by GoGo6 ) (anonymous or with user account) l

SixXS (user account necessary)

To use a tunnel broker, do the following:

On the Tunnel Broker tab, enable the use of tunnel broker.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the Tunnel Broker area and the Advanced area become editable. The tunnel broker is immediately active using anonymous authentication at Teredo. The connection status is displayed on the Global tab.

Tunnel Broker

You can change the default tunnel broker settings.

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Authentication: Select an authentication method from the drop-down list.

Anonymous: Using this method you do not need a user account at the respective broker. The IP address assigned will be, however, temporary.

User: You need to register at the respective broker to get a user account.

Broker: You can select another broker from the drop-down list.

Username (only available with User): Provide your username for the respective broker.

Password (only available with User): Provide your password for the username.

Click Apply to save your settings.

Advanced

Here you can provide another server address for your selected tunnel broker.

Click Apply to save your settings.

6.6 Static Routing

Every computer connected to a network uses a routing table to determine the path along which an outbound data packet must be sent to reach its destination. For example, the routing table contains the information whether the destination address is on the local network or if the data packet must be forwarded to a router. If a router is involved, the table contains information about which router is to be used for which network.

Two types of routes can be added to the routing table of Sophos UTM: standard static routes and policy routes. With static routes, the routing target is exclusively determined by the packet's destination address. With policy routes, however, it is possible to make routing decisions based on the source interface, source address, service, or destination address.

Note – You do not need to set additional routes for networks attached to UTM's interfaces, as well as default routes. The system inserts these routes automatically.

6.6.1 Standard Static Routes

The system automatically inserts routing entries into the routing table for networks that are directly connected to the system. Manual entries are necessary in those cases where there is an additional router which is to be accessed via a specific network. Routes for networks, that are

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6.6 Static Routing not directly connected and that are inserted to the routing table via a command or a configuration file, are called static routes.

To add a standard static route, proceed as follows:

On the Standard Static Routes tab click New Static Route.

The Create New Static Route dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Route type: The following route types are available: l

Interface route: Packets are sent out on a particular interface. This is useful in two cases. First, for routing on dynamic interfaces (PPP), because in this case the

IP address of the gateway is unknown. Second, for defining a default route having a gateway located outside the directly connected networks.

Gateway route: Packets are sent to a particular host (gateway).

Blackhole route: Packets are discarded silently. This is useful in connection with

OSPF or other dynamic adaptive routing protocols to avoid routing loops, route flapping, and the like.

Network: Select the destination networks of data packets UTM must intercept.

Interface: Select the interface through which the data packets will leave UTM (only available if you selected Interface Route as route type).

Gateway: Select the gateway/router to which UTM will forward data packets (only available if you selected Gateway Route as route type).

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced setting:

Metric: Enter a metric value which can be an integer from 0 to 4294967295 with a default of 5. The metric value is used to distinguish and prioritize routes to the same destination. A lower metric value is preferred over a higher metric value. IPsec routes automatically have the metric 0.

Click Save.

The new route appears on the Standard Static Route list.

Enable the route.

Click the toggle switch to activate the route.

To either edit or delete a route, click the corresponding buttons.

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6.6.2 Policy Routes

When a router receives a data packet, it normally decides where to forward it based on the destination address in the packet, which is then used to look up an entry in a routing table. However, in some cases, there may be a need to forward the packet based on other criteria. Policy-based routing allows for forwarding or routing of data packets according to your own policies.

To add a policy route, proceed as follows:

On the Policy Routes tab click New Policy Route.

The Create New Policy Route dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Position: The position number, defining the priority of the policy route. Lower numbers have higher priority. Routes are matched in ascending order. Once a route has matched, routes with a higher number will not be evaluated anymore.

Route type: The following route types are available: l

Interface route: Packets are sent out on a particular interface. This is useful in two cases. First, for routing on dynamic interfaces (PPP), because in this case the

IP address of the gateway is unknown. Second, for defining a default route having a gateway located outside the directly connected networks.

Gateway route: Packets are sent to a particular host (gateway).

Source interface: The interface on which the data packet to be routed has arrived. The

Any setting applies to all interfaces.

Source network: The source network of the data packets to be routed. The Any setting applies to all networks.

Service: The service definition that matches the data packet to be routed. The dropdown list contains all predefined services as well as the services you have defined yourself. These services allow you to specify precisely which kind of traffic should be processed. The Any setting matches any combination of protocols and source and destination ports.

Destination network: The destination network of the data packets to be routed. The

Any setting applies to all networks.

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Target interface: The interface for the data packets to be sent to (only available if you selected Interface Route as route type).

Gateway: Select the gateway/router to which the gateway will forward data packets

(only available if you selected Gateway Route as route type).

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new route appears on the Policy Routes list.

Enable the route.

Click the toggle switch to activate the route.

To either edit or delete a route, click the corresponding buttons.

6.7 Dynamic Routing (OSPF)

The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is a link-state hierarchical routing protocol primarily used within larger autonomous system networks. Sophos UTM supports OSPF version 2. Compared to other routing protocols, OSPF uses cost as its routing metric. The cost of an OSPF-enabled interface is an indication of the overhead required to send packets across a certain interface. The cost of an interface is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of that interface. Therefore, a higher bandwidth indicates a lower cost. For example, there is more overhead (higher cost) and time delays involved in crossing a 56 Kbit/s serial line than crossing a 10

Mbit/s Ethernet line.

The OSPF specification does not specify how the cost of an attached network should be computed—this is left to the vendor. Therefore you are free to define your own computation formula. However, if your OSPF network is adjacent to other networks that have cost already defined, you are advised to apply the same computation base.

By default, the cost of an interface is calculated based on the bandwidth. Cisco, for example, computes the cost by dividing 10

8 through the bandwidth of the interface in bits per second.

Using this formula, it will cost 10

/10000000 = 10 to cross a 10 Mbit/s Ethernet line, whereas it will cost 10

/1544000 = 64 to cross a 1.544 Mbit/s line (T1) (note that the cost is rounded down to the nearest integer).

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6.7.1 Global

On the Interfaces & Routing > Dynamic Routing (OSPF) > Global tab you can make the basic settings for OSPF. Before you can enable the OSPF function, you must have at least one OSPF area configured (on the Area tab).

Caution – Configuring the OSPF function of Sophos UTM requires a technically adept and experienced administrator who is familiar with the OSPF protocol. The descriptions of configuration options given here are by far not sufficient to provide a comprehensive understanding of the OSPF protocol. You are thus advised to use this feature with caution, as a misconfiguration may render your network inoperable.

To configure OSPF, proceed as follows:

On the Area tab, create at least one OSPF area.

On the Global tab, enable OSPF.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Router area becomes editable.

Enter the router ID.

Enter a unique router ID to identify the Sophos UTM device to other OSPF routers.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To disable OSPF click the toggle switch.

6.7.2 Area

An OSPF network is divided into areas. These are logical groupings of routers whose information may be summarized towards the rest of the network. Areas are identified by a 32-bit ID in dot-decimal notation similar to the notation of IP addresses.

Altogether, there are six types of OSPF areas: l

Backbone: The area with ID 0 (or 0.0.0.0) is reserved for the OSPF network backbone, which forms the core of an OSPF network—all other areas are connected to it.

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Normal: A normal or regular area has a unique ID ranging from 1 (or 0.0.0.1) to

4,294,967,295 (or 255.255.255.255). Normal areas handle external routes by flooding them bi-directionally across the Area Border Router (ABR). Note that external routes are defined as routes which were distributed in OSPF from another routing protocol.

Stub: Typically, a stub area does not have direct connections to any external networks.

Injecting external routes into a stub area is unnecessary because all traffic to external networks must be routed through an Area Border Router (ABR). Therefore, a stub area substitutes a default route for external routes to send traffic to external networks.

Stub No-Summary: A Stub No-Summary or totally stubby area is similar to a stub area, however this area does not allow so-called summary routes, that is, it restricts type 3 summary link state advertisements (LSAs) from flowing into the area.

NSSA: A not-so-stubby area (NSSA) is a type of stub area that in contrast to stub areas can support external connections. Note that NSSAs do not support virtual links.

NSSA No-Summary: A NSSA No-Summary is similar to a NSSA, however this area does not allow so-called summary routes, that is, it restricts type 3 summary link state advertisements (LSAs) from flowing into the area.

To create an OSPF area, proceed as follows:

On the Area tab, click New OSPF Area.

The Create New OSPF Area dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the area.

Area ID: Enter the ID of the area in dot-decimal notation (e.g., 0.0.0.1 for a normal area or 0.0.0.0 for the backbone area).

Area Type: Select an area type (see description above) to specify the characteristics of the network that will be assigned to the area in question.

Auth-Type: Select the authentication type used for all OSPF packets sent and received through the interfaces in the area. The following authentication types are available: l

MD5: Select to enable MD5 authentication. MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely-used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value.

Plain-Text: Select to enable plain-text authentication. The password is transmitted in clear text over the network.

Off: Select to disable authentication.

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Connect Via Interface: Select an OSPF-enabled interface. Note that to specify an

OSPF-enabled interface here it must have been created on the Interfaces tab first.

Connect Virtual Links: All areas in an OSPF autonomous system (AS) must be physically connected to the backbone area (area 0). In some cases where this physical connection is not possible, you can use a virtual link to connect to the backbone through a non-backbone area. In the Connect Virtual Links box, enter the router ID associated with the virtual link neighbor in decimal dot notation (e.g., 10.0.0.8).

Cost: The cost of sending or receiving a data packet in this area. Valid values for cost are in the range from 1 to 65535.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new area definition appears on the Area tab.

To either edit or delete an OSPF area, click the corresponding buttons.

Open Live Log: The OSPF live log logs all activities on the OSPF interface. Click the button to open the live log in a new window.

6.7.3 Interfaces

On the Interfaces & Routing > Dynamic Routing (OSPF) > Interfaces tab you can create interface definitions to be used within an OSPF area. Each definition contains various parameters that are specific for OSPF-enabled interfaces.

To create an OSPF interface definition, proceed as follows:

On the Interfaces tab, click New OSPF Interface.

The Create New OSPF Interface dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this interface.

Interface: Select the interface to associate with this OSPF interface definition.

Auth-Type: Select the authentication type used for all OSPF packets sent and received through this interface. The following authentication types are available: l

MD5: Select to enable MD5 authentication. MD5 (Message-Digest algorithm 5) is a widely-used cryptographic hash function with a 128-bit hash value.

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Plain-Text: Select to enable plain-text authentication. The password is transmitted in clear text over the network.

Off: Select to disable authentication.

Message Digest: Select the message digest (MD) to specify that MD5 authentication is used for this OSPF interface. Note that to select a message digest here it must have been created on the Message Digests tab first.

Cost: The cost of sending a data packet on this interface. Valid values for cost are in the range from 1 to 65535.

Advanced Options (optional): Selecting the Advanced Options checkbox will reveal further configuration options: l

Hello Interval: Specify the period of time (in seconds) that Sophos UTM waits between sending Hello packets through this interface. The default value is ten seconds.

Retransmit Interval: Specify the period of time (in seconds) between link state advertisement (LSA) retransmissions for the interface when an acknowledgment for the LSA is not received. The default value is five seconds.

Dead Interval: Specify the period of time (in seconds) Sophos UTM waits to receive a Hello data packet through the interface. The default value is 40 seconds.

By convention, the Dead Interval value is four times greater than the value for the

Hello Interval.

Priority: Specify the router priority, which is an 8-bit number ranging from 1 to 255 primarily used in determining the designated router (DR) for the particular network. The default value is 1.

Transmit Delay: Specify the estimated period of time (in seconds) it takes to transmit a link state update packet on the interface. The range is from 1 to 65535 seconds; the default value is 1.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The OSPF interface definition appears on the Interfaces tab.

To either edit or delete an OSPF interface, click the corresponding buttons.

Open Live Log: The OSPF live log logs all activities on the OSPF interface. Click the button to open the live log in a new window.

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6.7.4 Message Digests

On the Interfaces & Routing > Dynamic Routing (OSPF) > Message Digests tab so-called message digest keys can be generated. Message digest keys are needed to enable MD5 authentication with OSPF. MD5 authentication uses the password to generate a message digest, which is a 128-bit checksum of the data packet and password. The message digest is sent with the data packet along with a key ID associated with the password.

Note – The receiving routers must be configured with an identical message digest key.

To create a message digest key, proceed as follows:

On the Message Digest tab, click New Message Digest Key.

The Create New Message Digest Key dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

ID: Enter the key identifier for this message digest key; the range is from 1 to 255.

MD5-key: Enter the associated password, which must be a string of up to 16 alphanumeric characters.

Click Save.

The new key appears on the Message Digests list.

To either edit or delete a digest key, click the corresponding buttons.

6.7.5 Debug

The Interfaces & Routing > Dynamic Routing (OSPF) > Debug tab shows detailed information about relevant OSPF parameters in a separate browser window. The following information is available: l

Show IP OSPF Neighbor: Used to display OSPF neighbor information on a per-interface basis.

Show IP OSPF Routes: Used to display the current state of the routing table.

Show IP OSPF Interface: Used to display OSPF-related interface information.

Show IP OSPF Database: Used to display lists of information related to the OSPF database for a specific router.

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Show IP OSPF Border-Routers: Used to display the internal OSPF routing table entries to an Area Border Router (ABR) and Autonomous System Boundary Router

(ASBR).

6.7.6 Advanced

On the Interfaces & Routing > Dynamic Routing (OSPF) > Advanced tab further OSPF-related configuration options are located concerning the injection (redistribution) of routing information from a domain other than OSPF into the OSPF domain.

Note – Policy routes cannot be redistributed.

Redistribute connected: Select if you want to redistribute routes of directly connected networks; the default metric (cost) value is 10.

Redistribute static: Select if you want to redistribute static routes and IPsec routes; the default metric (cost) value is 10.

Note – IPsec tunnels must have strict routing disabled to be redistributed (see chapter Connections ).

Redistribute BGP: Select if you want to redistribute BGP routes; the default metric (cost) value is 10.

Announce default route: Select if you want to redistribute a default route into the OSPF domain.

Note – A default route will be advertised into the OSPF domain regardless of whether it has a route to 0.0.0.0/0.

Interface link detection: Select if routes on interfaces should only be announced if an interface link is detected.

6.8 Border Gateway Protocol

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a routing protocol used mainly by Internet Service Providers (ISP) to enable communication between multiple autonomous systems (AS), that is

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between multiple ISPs, thus being the backbone of the Internet. An autonomous system is a collection of connected IP networks controlled by one or more ISPs and connected via an internal routing protocol (e.g. IGP). BGP is described as path vector protocol and, in contrast to IGP, makes routing decisions based on path, network policies, and/or rulesets. For this reason it can be regarded as a reachability protocol rather than a routing protocol.

Each ISP (or other network provider) must have an officially registered Autonomous System

Number (ASN) to identify themselves on the network. Although an ISP may support multiple autonomous systems internally, to the Internet only the routing protocol is relevant. ASN with a number of the range 64512-65534 are private and can only be used internally.

BGP uses TCP as the transport protocol, on port 179.

When BGP is used between routers of a single AS it's called interior BGP (iBGP); when it is used between routers of different AS it is called exterior BGP (eBGP).

A strength of eBGP is that it prevents routing loops, that is an IP packet never passes an AS twice. This is accomplished in the following way: An eBGP router maintains a complete list of all

AS an IP packet needs to pass to reach a certain network segment. When sending, it shares that information with neighbor eBGP routers which in turn update their routing list if necessary.

When an eBGP router finds that it is already on such an UPDATE list it does not add itself again.

6.8.1 Global

On the Border Gateway Protocol > Global page, you can enable and disable BGP for the UTM.

To be able to enable BGP, create at least one neighbor on the Neighbor page.

On the Global page, enable BGP.

Click the toggle switch. The toggle switch turns amber and the BGP System section becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

AS Number: Enter the Autonomous System Number (ASN) of your system.

Router ID: Enter an IPv4 address as router ID which is sent to neighbors during session initialization.

Networks: Add or select the networks that should be announced to the neighbors by the system.

Click Apply.

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The toggle switch turns green and BGP becomes active. After a short time, the

BGP Summary section displays status information.

6.8.2 Systems

On the Border Gateway Protocol > Systems page you can create an environment with multiple autonomous systems.

Note – This page is only accessible if you enable the use of multiple AS on the Advanced page.

To create a new BGP system, do the following:

On the Systems page, click New BGP System.

The Create a new BGP System dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the system.

ASN: Enter the Autonomous System Number (ASN) of your system.

Router ID: Enter an IPv4 address as router ID which is sent to neighbors during session initialization.

Neighbor: Select the checkboxes of those neighbors who belong to the AS of this system. Note that you need to create the neighbors beforehand on the Neighbor page.

Networks: Add or select the networks that should be announced by the system.

Install Routes: This option is enabled by default and should only be disabled if you want a BGP router to know the routes but not to actively take part in the BGP routing process. If there are multiple AS systems where this option is selected, filter lists must be created to ensure that there are no duplicate networks. Otherwise the routing behavior for identical networks is undefined.

Click Save.

The system appears on the Systems list.

6.8.3 Neighbor

On the Border Gateway Protocol > Neighbor page, you can create one or more BGP neighbor routers. A neighbor router (or peer router) builds the connection between multiple autonomous

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systems (AS) or within a single AS. During the first communication, two neighbors exchange their BGP routing tables. After that they send each other updates about changes in the routing table. Keepalive packets are sent to ensure that the connection is up. In case of errors, notifications packets are sent.

Policy routing in BGP differentiates between inbound and outbound policies. This is why defined route maps and filter lists can be applied separately for inbound or outbound traffic.

You need to create at least one neighbor router to be able to enable BGP on the Global page.

To create a new BGP neighbor, do the following:

On the Neighbor page, click New BGP Neighbor.

The Create a new BGP neighbor dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter the name of the BGP neighbor router.

Host: Add or select the host definition of the neighbor. The defined IP address must be reachable from the UTM.

Remote ASN: Enter the Autonomous System Number (ASN) of the neighbor.

Authentication: If the neighbor requires authentication, select TCP MD5 Signature from the drop-down list and enter the password which must correspond to the password the neighbor has set.

Make the following advanced settings, if required:

Route in/out: If you have defined a route map, you can select it here. With In or Out you define whether to apply the route map to ingoing or outgoing announcements.

Filter in/out: If you have defined a filter list, you can select it here. With In or Out you define whether to apply the filter to ingoing or outgoing announcements.

Next-Hop-Self: In an iBGP network, when a router announces an external eBGP network internally, iBGP routers with no direct external connection will not know how to route packets to that network. Selecting this option, the eBGP router announces itself as next hop to reach the external network.

Multihop: In some cases, a Cisco router can run eBGP with a third-party router that does not allow direct connection of the two external peers. To achieve the connection, you can use eBGP multihop. The eBGP multihop allows a neighbor connection between two external peers that do not have direct connection. The multihop is only for eBGP and not for iBGP.

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Soft-Reconfiguration: Enabled by default. This option enables storing updates sent by the neighbor.

Default Originate: Sends the default route 0.0.0.0 to the neighbor. The neighbor uses this route only if he needs to reach a network that is not in his routing table.

Weight: Cisco-specific option. Sets a generic weight for all routes learned from this neighbor. You can enter a value between 0 and 65535. The route with the highest weight is preferred to reach a particular network. The weight given here overrides route map weight.

Click Save.

The neighbor appears on the Neighbor list.

6.8.4 Route Map

In BGP, route-map is a command to set conditions for redistributing routes and to enable policy routing. On the Border Gateway Protocol > Route Map page, you can create route maps for particular networks, setting metric, weight, and/or preference values.

The best path algorithm, which decides which route to take, works as follows:

Weight is checked.*

Local preference is checked.*

Local route is checked.

AS path length is checked.

Origin is checked.

Metric is checked.*

This is only a short description. Since the calculation of the best path is very complex, please refer to pertinent documentation for detailed information which is available on the Internet.

The items followed by an asterisk (*) can be directly configured.

To create a BGP route map, do the following:

On the Route Map page, click New BGP Route Map.

The Create a new BGP Route Map dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the route map.

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Match By: Select whether the route map should match the IP address of a particular router or a whole AS.

IP Address: In the Networks box, add or select hosts or networks the filter should apply to.

AS Number: In the AS Regex box, use BGP regular expressions to define AS numbers the filter should apply to. Example: _100_ matches any route going through AS100.

Networks: Add or select networks and/or hosts the route map should apply to.

Metric: By default, a router dynamically learns route metrics. However, you can set your own metric value which can be an integer from 0 to 4294967295. A lower metric value is preferred over a higher metric value.

Weight: Weight is used to select a best path. It is specified for a specific router and it is not propagated. When multiple routes to the same destination exist, routes with a higher weight value are preferred. Weight is based on the first matched AS path and can be an integer from 0 to 4294967295.

Note – If a neighbor has been given a weight, it overrides the route map weight if the route to a specified network matches.

Preference: You can set a preference value for the AS path which is sent only to all routers in the local AS. Preference (or local preference) tells the routers in an AS which path has to be preferred to reach a certain network outside the AS. It can be an integer from 0 to 4294967295 and the default is 100.

AS Prepend: AS path prepending is used if preference settings for some reason do not suffice to avoid a certain route, for example a backup route which should only be taken in case the main route is unavailable. It allows you to extend the AS path attribute by repeating your own AS number, e.g. 65002 65002 65002. This influences the BGP route selection since the shortest AS path is preferred. Note that route maps with AS prepend set need to be selected in the Route Out field of a neighbor to work as intended.

Click Save.

The route map appears on the Route Map list.

You can now use the route map on a neighbor definition.

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6.8.5 Filter List

On the Border Gateway Protocol > Filter List page you can create filter lists used to regulate traffic between networks based on IP address or AS number.

To create a filter list, do the following:

On the Filter List page, click New BGP Filter List.

The Create a new BGP Filter List dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the filter list.

Filter By: Select whether the filter should match the IP address of a particular router or a whole AS.

IP Address: In the Networks box, add or select hosts or networks the filter should apply to.

AS Number: In the AS Regex box, use BGP regular expressions to define AS numbers the filter should apply to. Example: _100_ matches any route going through AS100.

Networks: Add or select networks and/or hosts that should be denied or permitted information on certain networks.

Action: From the drop-down list, select an action that should be taken if a filter matches.

You can either deny or permit traffic.

Deny: If you deny a network for a particular neighbor via the Filter In field on the

Neighbor page, the UTM will ignore announcements for that network. If you do the same via the Filter Out field, the UTM will not send announcements to that neighbor for that network.

Permit: If you permit a network for a particular neighbor via the Filter In field on the

Neighbor page, the UTM will receive announcements for that network only. If you do the same via the Filter Out field, the UTM will send announcements to that neighbor for that network only, but not for any other network you might have defined on the Global or Systems page.

Click Save.

The filter list appears on the Filter List list.

You can now use the filter list on a neighbor definition.

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6.8.6 Advanced

On the Border Gateway Protocol > Advanced page you can make some additional settings for

BGP and you can access BGP debug information windows.

Allow Multiple Autonomous Systems

Allow multiple AS: Select this checkbox if you want to configure multiple AS. This will enable the Systems page, where you can then add multiple AS. At the same time, the BGP System section on the Global page will be disabled, and the Global page will display information for all AS.

Strict IP Address Match

Strict IP address match: Select this checkbox to strictly match IP addresses. Example:

10.0.0.0/8 will only match 10.0.0.0/8, but not 10.0.1.0/24.

Multiple Path Routing

Normally only one route path is used, even if there are multiple routes with the same cost. If selected, up to eight equal routes can be used at the same time. This allows load balancing between multiple interfaces.

BGP Debug

This section provides access to three debug information windows. Click a button to open a window. The name of a button corresponds to the BGP command you would normally invoke on the command line. The window will then display the result of that command in form of a command line output.

Show IP BGP Neighbor: Displays information on the neighbors of the UTM. Check that the link state for each neighbor is Established.

Show IP BGP Unicast: Displays the current BGP routing table which gives the preferred paths. This is especially useful to get an overview of your metric, weight, and preference settings and their impact.

Show IP BGP Summary: Displays the status of all BGP connections. This information is also displayed in the BGP Summary section on the Global page.

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6.9 Multicast Routing (PIM-SM)

The menu Interfaces & Routing > Multicast Routing (PIM-SM) enables you to configure Pro-

tocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) for use on your network. PIM is a protocol to dynamically route multicast packets in networks. Multicast is a technique to deliver packets that are to be received by more than one client efficiently using as little traffic as possible.

Normally, packets for more than one client are simply copied and sent to every client individually, multiplying the consumed bandwidth by the number of users. Thus servers which have a lot of clients requesting the same packets at the same time, like e.g. servers for streaming content, need a lot of bandwidth.

Multicast, in contrast, saves bandwidth by sending packets only once over each link of the network. To achieve this, multicast includes adequately configured routers in the decision when to create copies on the way from the server (sender) to the client (receiver). The routers use PIM-

SM to keep track of active multicast receiver(s) and use this information to configure routing.

A rough scheme of PIM-SM communication is as follows: A sender starts transmitting its multicast data. The multicast router for the sender registers via PIM-SM with the RP router which in turn sends a join message to the sender's router. Multicast packets now flow from the sender to the RP router. A receiver registers itself via an IGMP broadcast for this multicast group at its local PIM-SM router. This router sends a join request for the receiver towards the RP router, which then in turn forwards multicast traffic to the receiver.

Multicast has its own IP address range which is 224.0.0.0/4.

6.9.1 Global

On the Multicast Routing (PIM-SM) > Global tab you can enable and disable PIM. The Routing

Daemon Settings area displays the status of interfaces and routers involved.

Before you can enable PIM you need to define at least two interfaces to serve as PIM interfaces on the Interfaces tab and one router on the RP Routers tab.

To enable PIM-SM, do the following:

On the Global tab enable PIM-SM.

Click the toggle switch.

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The toggle switch turns amber and the Routing Daemon Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Active PIM-SM Interfaces: Select at least two interfaces to use for PIM-SM. Interfaces can be configured on the Interfaces tab.

Active PIM-SM RP Routers: Select at least one RP router to use for PIM-SM. RP routers can be defined on the RP Routers tab.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved. PIM-SM communication is now active in your network.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch. To disable PIM-SM click the green toggle switch.

Live Log

Click the Open Live Log button to open the PIM live log in a new window.

6.9.2 Interfaces

On the Multicast Routing (PIM-SM) > Interfaces tab you can define over which interfaces of

Sophos UTM multicast communication should take place.

To create a new PIM-SM interface, do the following:

On the Interfaces tab, click New PIM-SM Interface.

The dialog box Create a New PIM-SM Interface opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for PIM-SM interface.

Interface: Select an interface that is to accept PIM and IGMP network traffic.

DR priority (optional): Enter a number that defines the designated router (DR) priority for the interface. The router with the highest priority honors IGMP requests if more than one PIM-SM routers are present on the same network segment. Numbers from 0 to 2

32 are possible. If you do not provide a priority, 0 is used by default.

IGMP: Select the version of the Internet Group Management Protocol that is to be supported. IGMP is used by recipients to establish multicast group memberships.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

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Click Save.

The new PIM-SM interface is added to the interfaces list.

To either edit or delete a PIM-SM interface, click the corresponding buttons.

6.9.3 RP Routers

In order to be able to use multicast on your network you need to configure one or more rendezvous point routers (RP routers). An RP router accepts registrations both from multicast receivers and senders. An RP router is a regular PIM-SM router that is chosen to be the RP router for certain multicast groups as well. All PIM-SM routers must agree on which router is to be the RP router.

To create an RP router, do the following:

On the RP Routers tab, click New Rendezvous Point Router.

The dialog box Create a New RP Router opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the RP router.

Host: Create (or select) the host that should act as rendezvous point router.

Priority: Enter a number that defines the priority of the RP router. Join messages are sent to the RP router with the lowest priority. Numbers from 0 to 255 are possible. If you do not provide a priority, 0 is used by default.

Multicast Group Prefixes: Enter the multicast group the RP router is responsible for.

You can define group prefixes like 224.1.1.0/24 if the RP is responsible for more than one multicast group. The multicast group (prefix) must be within the multicast address range which is 224.0.0.0/4.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new RP router is added to the routers list.

To either edit or delete an RP router, click the corresponding buttons.

6.9.4 Routes

You need to set up a continuous communication route between receivers and sender(s). If recipient, sender and/or RP router are not within the same network segment, you will need to

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create a route to enable communication between them.

To create a PIM-SM route, do the following:

On the Routes tab, click New PIM-SM route.

The dialog box Create a New PIM-SM Route opens.

Make the following settings:

Route type: The following route types are available: l

Interface route: Packets are sent out on a particular interface. This is useful in two cases. First, for routing on dynamic interfaces (PPP), because in this case the

IP address of the gateway is unknown. Second, for defining a default route having a gateway located outside the directly connected networks.

Gateway route: Packets are sent to a particular host (gateway).

Network: Select the destination address range where the PIM traffic is to be routed to.

Gateway: Select the gateway/router to which the gateway will forward data packets

(only available if you selected Gateway Route as route type).

Interface: Select the interface to which the gateway will forward data packets (only available if you selected Interface Route as route type).

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new PIM-SM route is added to the routes list.

To either edit or delete a PIM-SM route, click the corresponding buttons.

6.9.5 Advanced

On the Interfaces & Routing > Multicast Routing (PIM-SM) > Advanced tab you can configure some advanced settings for PIM.

Shortest Path Tree Settings

In some networks the PIM communication route between sender, RP, and recipient is not the shortest network path possible. The option Enable Switch to Shortest Path Tree allows to move an existing communication between sender and recipient to the shortest path available, omitting the RP as moderator, when a certain traffic threshold is reached.

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Auto Firewall Settings

With this option enabled, the system will automatically create all necessary firewall rules needed to forward multicast traffic for the specified multicast groups.

Debug Settings

Select the option Enable Debug Mode to see additional debugging information in the PIM-SM routing daemon log.

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7 Network Services

This chapter describes how to configure several network services of Sophos UTM for your network.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

DNS

DHCP

NTP

7.1 DNS

The tabs of the Network Services > DNS menu contain miscellaneous configuration options, all related to the Domain Name System (DNS), a system primarily used to translate domain names (computer hostnames) to IP addresses.

7.1.1 Global

Allowed Networks

You can specify the networks that are to be allowed to use UTM as a recursive DNS resolver.

Typically, you will select your internal networks here.

Note – If you already run an internal DNS server, for example as part of Active Directory, you should leave this box empty.

DNSSEC

The Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is a set of extensions to DNS to enhance security. It works by digitally signing DNS lookup records using public-key cryptography. If unselected, the UTM accepts all DNS records. If selected, the UTM validates incoming DNS requests with regard to DNSSEC signing. Only correctly signed records will be accepted from signed zones.

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Note – If selected, DNS records might be rejected by DNSSEC-incapable forwarders that are manually installed or assigned by ISP. In this case, on the Forwarders tab, remove the

DNS forwarders from the box and/or disable the Use forwarders assigned by ISP checkbox.

Flush Resolver Cache

The DNS proxy uses a cache for its records. Each record has an expiration date (TTL, time-tolive) at which it will be deleted, which is normally one day. However, you can empty the cache manually e.g. if you want recent changes in DNS records to take effect immediately, not having to wait for the TTL to expire. To empty the cache, click Flush Resolver Cache Now.

7.1.2 Forwarders

On the Network Services > DNS > Forwarders tab you can specify so-called DNS forwarders. A

DNS forwarder is a Domain Name System (DNS) server on a network used to forward DNS queries for external DNS names to DNS servers outside of that network. If possible, add a DNS forwarder to your configuration. This should be a host "near" your site, preferably one provided by your Internet provider. It will be used as a "parent" cache. This will speed up DNS requests considerably. If you do not specify a forwarding name server, the root DNS servers will be queried for zone information first, taking a longer time to complete requests.

To create a DNS forwarder, proceed as follows:

Select a DNS forwarder.

Select or add a DNS forwarder.

Use Forwarders Assigned By ISP (optional): Select the Use Forwarders

Assigned by ISP checkbox to forward DNS queries to the DNS servers of your

ISP. When this box is checked, all forwarders automatically assigned by your ISP will be listed in the line below the box.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

7.1.3 Request Routing

Suppose you run your own internal DNS server, this server could be used as an alternate server to resolve DNS queries for a domain you do not want to be resolved by DNS forwarders.

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On the Network Services > DNS > Request Routing tab you can define routes to your own DNS servers.

To create a DNS request route, proceed as follows:

On the Request Routing tab, click New DNS Request Route.

The Create New DNS Request Route dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Domain: Enter the domain for which you want to use an alternate DNS server.

Target servers: Select one or more DNS servers to use for resolving the domain entered above.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new route appears on the DNS Request Route list and is immediately active.

To either edit or delete a DNS request route, click the corresponding buttons.

7.1.4 Static Entries

If you do not want to set up your own DNS server but need a static DNS mapping for a few hosts of your network, you can enter these mappings.

Starting with UTM version 9.1, this feature has moved to the Definitions & Users > Network

Definitions tab. DNS mappings are now defined along with the involved hosts.

When you click the Static Entries button, the Definitions & Users > Network Definitions tab opens. Automatically, only hosts with static entry are displayed. Use the drop-down list on top of the list to change the filter settings.

7.1.5 DynDNS

Dynamic DNS, or DynDNS for short, is a domain name service which allows static Internet domain names to be assigned to a computer with a varying IP address. You can sign up for the

DynDNS service at the website of the respective DynDNS service provider to get a DNS alias that will automatically be updated when your uplink IP address changes. Once you have registered to this service, you will receive a hostname, username, and password, which are necessary for the configuration.

To configure DynDNS, proceed as follows:

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On the DynDNS tab, click New DynDNS.

The Create New DynDNS dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Type: The following DynDNS services are available: l

DNS Park: Official website: www.dnspark.com

DtDNS: Official website: www.dtdns.com

DynDNS: Standard DNS service of the service provider Dynamic Network Services Inc. (Dyn). Official website: www.dyndns.com

DynDNS-custom: Custom DNS service of the service provider Dynamic Network Services Inc. (Dyn) ( www.dyndns.com

). Custom DNS is designed primarily to work with domains owned or registered by yourself.

easyDNS: Official website: www.easydns.com

FreeDNS: Official website: freedns.afraid.org

Namecheap: Official website: www.namecheap.com

zoneedit: Official website: www.zoneedit.com

Note – In the Server field the URL is displayed to which the UTM sends the IP changes.

Assign (not with type FreeDNS): Define the IP address the DynDNS name is to be associated with. Selecting IP of Local Interface is useful when the interface in question has a public IP address. Typically, you will use this option for your DSL uplink. When you select

First public IP on the default route no interface needs to be specified. Instead, your UTM will send a WWW request to a public DynDNS server which in return will respond with the public IP you are currently using. This is useful when your UTM does not have a public IP address but is located inside a private network, connected to the Internet via a masquerading router.

Note – FreeDNS always uses the first public IP address on the default route.

Interface (not with type FreeDNS, only with IP of local interface): Select the interface for which you want to use the DynDNS service, most likely this will be your external interface connected to the Internet.

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Hostname: Enter the domain name you received from your DynDNS service provider

(e.g., example.dyndns.org). Note that you need not adhere to a particular syntax for the hostname to be entered here. What you must enter here exclusively depends on what your DynDNS service provider requires. Apart from that, you can also use your Dyn-

DNS hostname as the gateway's main hostname, which, however, is not mandatory.

Aliases (optional): Use this box to enter additional hostnames which should point to the same IP address as the main hostname above (e.g., mail.example.com, example.com

MX (optional, only with type DNS Park, DynDNS, or easyDNS): Mail exchangers are used for directing mail to specific servers other than the one a hostname points to. MX records serve a specific purpose: they let you specify the host (server) to which mail for a specific domain should be sent. For example, if you enter mail.example.com as Mail

Exchanger, mail addressed to [email protected] would be delivered to the host mail.example.com

MX priority (optional, only with type DNS Park): Enter a positive integer number indicating whether the specified mail server should be preferred for delivery of mail to the domain. Servers with lower numbers are preferred over servers with higher numbers.

You can usually leave the field blank because DNS Park uses a default value of 5 which is appropriate for almost all purposes. For technical details about mail exchanger priorities, see RFC 5321 .

Backup MX (optional, only with type DynDNS or easyDNS): Select this checkbox only if the hostname named in the Hostname text box is to serve as main mail exchanger. Then the hostname from the MX text box will only be advertised as a backup mail exchanger.

Wildcard (optional, only with type DynDNS or easyDNS): Select this option if you want subdomains to point to the same IP address as your registered domain. Using this option an asterisk (*) will be added to your domain serving as a wildcard (e.g.,

*.example.dyndns.org

), thus making sure that, for example, www.example.dyndns.org

will point to the same address as example.dyndns.org.

Username: Enter the username you received from the DynDNS service provider.

Password: Enter the password you received from the DynDNS service provider.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

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Click Save.

The new DynDNS appears on the DynDNS list. The service is still disabled (toggle switch is gray).

Enable DynDNS.

Click the toggle switch to enable the DynDNS service.

The service is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

To either edit or delete a DynDNS, click the corresponding buttons.

You can use multiple DynDNS objects at the same time. When all settings for two hostnames are identical, it is recommended to use the Aliases option—instead of creating two distinct objects.

7.2 DHCP

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) automatically distributes addresses from a defined IP address pool to client computers. It is designed to simplify network configuration on large networks, and to prevent address conflicts. DHCP distributes IP addresses, default gateway information, and DNS configuration information to its clients.

In addition to simplifying the configuration of client computers and allowing mobile computers to move painlessly between networks, DHCP helps to localize and troubleshoot IP addressrelated problems, as these are mostly issues with the configuration of the DHCP server itself. It also allows for a more effective use of address space, especially when not all computers are active at the same time, as addresses can be distributed as needed and reused when unneeded.

7.2.1 Servers

The tab Network Services > DHCP > Server allows to configure a DHCP server. Sophos UTM provides the DHCP service for the connected network as well as for other networks. The DHCP server can be used to assign basic network parameters to your clients. You can run the DHCP service on multiple interfaces, with each interface and each network to be provided having its own configuration set.

Note – On the Options tab you can define additional or different DHCP options to be sent to the clients. A DHCP option defined on the Options tab overwrites a setting made on the

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Servers tab if its scope is not set to be global. For example, defining DHCP options for selected hosts only, you can assign them a DNS server or lease time different from what is defined for the DHCP server.

To configure a DHCP server, proceed as follows:

On the Servers tab, click New DHCP Server.

The Create New DHCP Server dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Interface: The interface from which the IP addresses should be assigned to the clients.

You can only select an already configured interface.

Address type: This option is only available when IPv6 is globally enabled. Select the IP version of the DHCP server.

Range start/end: The IP range to be used as an address pool on that interface. By default, the configured address area of the network card will appear in the text boxes. If the clients are in the same network, the range must be inside the network attached to the interface. If the clients are in another network, the range must be inside the network where the relayed DHCP requests are forwarded from.

Note – The bigger a defined DHCP IP range, the more memory the UTM will reserve.

Please make sure to reduce the DHCP range size to the values you need. The maximum allowed range is a /9 network.

DNS server 1/2: The IP addresses of the DNS servers.

Default gateway (only with IPv4): The IP address of the default gateway.

Note – Both wireless access points and RED appliances need the default gateway to be within the same subnet as the interface they are connected to.

Domain (optional): Enter the domain name that will be transmitted to the clients (e.g., intranet.example.com

Lease time (only with IPv4): The DHCP client automatically tries to renew its lease. If the lease is not renewed during its lease time, the IP address lease expires. Here you can define this time interval in seconds. The default is 86,400 seconds (one day). The

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minimum is 600 seconds (10 minutes) and the maximum is 2,592,000 seconds (one month).

Valid lifetime (only with IPv6): The DHCP client automatically tries to renew its lease. If the lease is not renewed during its valid lifetime, the IP address lease status becomes invalid, the address is removed from the interface, and it may be assigned somewhere else. You can select an interval between five minutes and infinity, however the valid lifetime must be equal or greater than the preferred lifetime.

Preferred lifetime (only with IPv6): The DHCP client automatically tries to renew its lease. If the lease is not renewed during its preferred lifetime, the IP address lease status becomes deprecated, i.e., it is still valid but will not be used for new connections. You can select an interval between 5 minutes and infinity.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

WINS node type (only with IPv4): Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) is

Microsoft's implementation of NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) on Windows, a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. A WINS server acts as a database that matches computer names with IP addresses, thus allowing computers using NetBIOS to take advantage of the TCP/IP network. The following WINS node types are available: l

Do not set: The WINS node type is not set and will be chosen by the client.

B-node (no WINS): B-node systems use broadcasts only.

P-node (WINS only): P-node systems use only point-to-point name queries to a

Windows name server (WINS).

M-node (Broadcast, then WINS): M-node systems broadcast first, then query the name server.

H-node (WINS, then Broadcast): H-node systems query the name server first, then broadcast.

WINS server: Depending on your WINS node type selection, this text box appears.

Enter the IP address of the WINS server.

Clients with static mappings only (optional): Select this option to have the DHCP server assign IP addresses only to clients that have a static DHCP mapping (see Defin-

ition & Users > Network Definitions > Network Definitions).

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Enable HTTP proxy auto configuration: Select this option if you want to provide a

PAC file for automatic proxy configuration of browsers. For more information see chapter Web Protection > Web Filtering >

Advanced

, section Proxy Auto Configuration.

Note – HTTP proxy auto configuration is currently not supported with IPv6 by Microsoft

Windows.

Clients via DHCP relay agent: If selected, the DHCP server assigns IP addresses to clients which are not in the network of the attached interface. In this case, the address range defined above has to be inside the network where relayed DHCP requests are forwarded from, and not within the network of the attached interface.

Netmask: Select the netmask of the network where relayed DHCP requests are forwarded from.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new DHCP server definition appears on the DHCP server list and is immediately active.

To either edit or delete a DHCP server definition, click the corresponding buttons.

7.2.2 Relay

The Network Services > DHCP > Relay tab allows you to configure a DHCP relay. The DHCP service is provided by a separate DHCP server and the UTM works as a relay. The DHCP relay can be used to forward DHCP requests and responses across network segments. You need to specify the DHCP server and a list of interfaces between which DHCP traffic shall be forwarded.

To configure a DHCP relay, proceed as follows:

On the Relay tab, enable DHCP Relay.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the DHCP Relay Configuration area becomes editable.

Select the DHCP server.

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Add the interfaces involved.

Add the interface to the DHCP server as well as all interfaces to the clients' network(s) between which DHCP requests and responses should be forwarded.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

7.2.3 Static Mappings

You can create static mappings between client and IP address for some or all clients. Starting with UTM version 9.1, this feature has moved to the Definitions & Users > Network Definitions tab. DHCP mappings are now defined along with the involved hosts.

When you click the Static Mappings button, the Definitions & Users > Network Definitions tab opens. Automatically, only hosts with static mapping are displayed. Use the drop-down list on top of the list to change the filter settings.

7.2.4 IPv4 Lease Table

Using DHCP, a client no longer owns an IP address, but rather leases it from the DHCP server, which gives permission for a client to use the address for a period of time.

The lease table on the Network Services > DHCP > IPv4 Lease Table tab shows the current leases issued by the DHCP server, including information about the start date and the date when the lease will expire.

Add Static Mapping to New Host Definition

You can use an existing lease as template for a static MAC/IP mapping with a host to be defined.

Do the following:

For the desired lease, click the button Make Static in the Make static column.

The dialog window Make Static opens.

Make the following settings:

Action: Select Create a new host.

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the new host.

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DHCP server: Select the DHCP server to be used for static mapping. The corresponding DHCP range is displayed below the drop-down list.

IPv4 address: Change the IP address to an address outside the DHCP pool range.

Note – When converting a lease to a static mapping you should change the IP address so that it is no longer inside the scope of the DHCP pool. However, if you change the IP address, the address used by the client will not change immediately, but only when it tries to renew its lease for the next time.

DNS hostname: If you provide a DNS hostname, it will be used as static DNS entry of the host.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved.

You can find the new host with the static mapping on the Definitions & Users > Network Defin-

itions tab.

Add Static Mapping to Existing Host Definition

You can use an existing lease as template for a new static MAC/IP mapping with an existing host definition. Do the following:

For the desired lease, click the Make Static button in the Make Static column.

The dialog window Make Static opens.

Make the following settings:

Action: Select Use an existing host.

Host: Add the host by clicking the Folder icon.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved.

You can find the host with the static mapping on the Definitions & Users > Network Definitions tab.

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7.2.5 IPv6 Lease Table

Using DHCP, a client no longer owns an IP address, but rather leases it from the DHCP server, which gives permission for a client to use the address for a period of time.

The lease table on the Network Services > DHCP > IPv6 Lease Table tab shows the current leases issued by the DHCP server, including information about the start date and the date when the lease will expire.

Note – Leases that have been granted via prefix advertisements are not shown in the table.

Add Static Mapping to New Host Definition

You can use an existing lease as template for a static MAC/IP mapping with a host to be defined.

Do the following:

For the desired lease, click the button Make Static.

The dialog window Make Static opens.

Make the following settings:

Action: Select Create a new host.

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the new host.

DHCP server: Select the DHCP server to be used for static mapping. The corresponding DHCP range is displayed below the drop-down list.

IPv6 address: Change the IP address to an address outside the DHCP pool range.

DNS hostname: If you provide a DNS hostname, it will be used as static DNS entry of the host.

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Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved.

Add Static Mapping to Existing Host Definition

You can use an existing lease as template for a new static MAC/IP mapping with an existing host definition. Do the following:

For the desired lease, click the Make Static button in the Make Static column.

The dialog window Make Static opens.

Make the following settings:

Action: Select Use an existing host.

Host: Add the host by clicking the Folder icon.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved.

You can find the host with the static mapping on the Definitions & Users > Network Definitions tab.

7.2.6 Options

The Network Services > DHCP > Options tab allows to configure DHCP options. DHCP options are additional configuration parameters provided by a DHCP server to DHCP clients.

Example: For some VoIP phones, to provide them with the necessary information from your

DHCP servers you have to create and activate three additional DHCP options on this page: l

filename: Name of the boot file.

next-server: Name of the TFTP server which provides the boot file.

4 (time-servers): IP address of the time server.

DHCP options can have different scopes: They can e.g. be provided to selected hosts only, or from selected servers only, or even globally. For this reason it is possible to define different parameters for the same host. Some DHCP options are already defined on the DHCP > Servers tab, e.g., DNS server (option 6). In case of conflicting parameter values, the parameters are provided to the client according to the following priority:

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DHCP option with scope Host

DHCP option with scope MAC prefix

DHCP option with scope Vendor ID

DHCP option with scope Server

DHCP server parameter (DHCP > Servers tab)

DHCP option with scope Global

Note – With the DHCP request, a DHCP client submits the information which DHCP options it can deal with. As a result the DHCP server only provides the DHCP options the client understands, no matter which options are defined here.

To create a DHCP option, proceed as follows:

Click New DHCP Option.

The Create New DHCP Option dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Address type (only if IPv6 is enabled): Select the IP version which you create the DHCP option for.

Code: Select the code of the DHCP option you want to create.

Note – With the entry filename you can specify a file to be loaded into the DHCP client to be executed there. With next-server you define the boot server. The numbered

DHCP option codes are defined in RFC 2132 and others.

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this option.

Type: Only available if you selected a code with the comment (unknown). Select the data type of the option. The data types IP Address, Text and Hex are available. Depending on the selected data type enter the appropriate data in the corresponding field below:

Address: Select the host or network group with the IP address(es) to be submitted with this DHCP option to the DHCP client.

Text: Enter the text to be submitted with this DHCP option to the DHCP client.

With code filename, you can enter the name of the file here.

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Hex: Enter the hexadecimal value to be submitted with this DHCP option to the

DHCP client. Please note that you have to enter the groups of two hexadecimal digits separated by colons (e.g., 00:04:76:16:EA:62).

Scope: Define on which condition the DHCP option should be sent.

Global: The DHCP option will be sent by all defined DHCP servers to all

DHCP clients.

Server: In the Server box, select the DHCP servers which should send the

DHCP option. The box displays all DHCP servers defined on the DHCP Servers tab.

Host: In the Host box, add or select the hosts which should be provided the

DHCP option.

MAC prefix: Enter a MAC prefix. All DHCP clients with a matching MAC address will be provided the DHCP option.

Vendor ID: Enter a vendor ID or the prefix of a vendor ID. All DHCP clients which match this string will be provided the DHCP option.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new DHCP option appears on the DHCP Options list and is immediately active.

To either edit or delete a DHCP option, click the corresponding buttons.

7.3 NTP

The menu Network Services > NTP allows you to configure an NTP server for the connected networks. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a protocol used for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over IP networks. Instead of just synchronizing the time of Sophos UTM, which can be configured on the Management > System Settings > Time and Date tab, you can explicitly allow certain networks to use this service as well.

To enable the use of NTP time synchronization for specific networks, proceed as follows:

Enable the NTP server.

Click the toggle switch.

Select Allowed networks.

Select the networks that should be allowed to access the NTP server.

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Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

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This chapter describes how to configure basic network protection features of Sophos UTM.

The Network Protection Statistics page in WebAdmin shows an overview of intrusion prevention events and dropped data packets for both source and destination hosts. Each of the sections contains a Details link. Clicking the link redirects you to the respective reporting section of

WebAdmin, where you can find more statistical information.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Firewall

NAT (Network Address Translation)

Intrusion Prevention

Server Load Balancing

VoIP (Voice over IP)

Advanced Settings

8.1 Firewall

The menu Network Protection > Firewall allows you to define and manage firewall rules of the gateway. Generally speaking, the firewall is the central part of the gateway which functions in a networked environment to prevent some communications forbidden by the security policy. The default security policy of Sophos UTM states that all network traffic is to be blocked and logged, except for automatically generated rule sets that are necessary for other software components of the gateway to work. However, those auto-generated rule sets are not shown on the Firewall

> Rules tab. This policy requires you to define explicitly which data traffic is allowed to pass the gateway.

8.1.1 Rules

On the Network Protection > Firewall > Rules tab you can manage the firewall rule set. Opening the tab, by default, user-created firewall rules are displayed only. Using the drop-down list on top of the list, you can choose to display automatic firewall rules instead, or both types of rules combined. Automatic firewall rules are displayed with a distinct background color. Automatic

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firewall rules are generated by UTM based on a selected Automatic firewall rules checkbox in one of your configurations, e.g., when creating IPsec or SSL connections.

All newly defined firewall rules are disabled by default once added to the rules table. Automatic firewall rules and enabled user-created firewall rules are applied in the given order until the first rule matches. Automatic firewall rules are always on top of the list. The processing order of the user-created firewall rules is determined by the position number, so if you change the order of the rules by their position numbers, the processing order changes as well.

Caution – Once a firewall rule matched, all other rules are ignored. For that reason, the sequence of rules is very important. Never place a rule such as Any (Source) – Any (Service)

– Any (Destination) – Allow (Action) at the top of the rule table, as this will allow each packet to traverse the gateway in both directions, ignoring all other rules that may follow.

To create a firewall rule, proceed as follows:

On the Rules tab, click New Rule.

The Create New Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Group: The Group option is useful to group rules logically. With the drop-down list on top of the list you can filter the rules by their group. Grouping is only used for display purposes, it does not affect rule matching. To create a new group select the << New group

>> entry and enter a descriptive name in the Name field.

Sources: Add source network definitions, describing from which host(s) or networks the packets are originating.

Services: Add service definitions, describing the protocol(s) and, in case of TCP or UDP, the source and destination port(s) of the packets.

Destinations: Add destination network definitions, describing the target host(s) or network(s) of the packets.

Note – When you select more than one source, service and/or destination, the rule applies to every possible source-service-destination combination. A rule with e.g. two

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8.1 Firewall sources, two services and two destinations equates to eight single rules, from each source to each destination using both services.

Action: The action that describes what to do with traffic that matches the rule. The following actions can be selected: l

Allow: The connection is allowed and traffic is forwarded.

Drop: Packets matching a rule with this action will be silently dropped.

Reject: Connection requests matching rules with this action will be actively rejected. The sender will be informed via an ICMP message.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Time period: By default, no time period definition is selected, meaning that the rule is always valid. If you select a time period definition, the rule will only be valid at the time specified by the time period definition. For more information, see

Time Period Definitions

Log traffic: If you select this option, logging is enabled and packets matching the rule are logged in the firewall log.

Source MAC addresses: Select a MAC address list definition, describing from which

MAC addresses the packets are originating. If selected, packets only match the rule if their source MAC address is listed in this definition. Note that you cannot use a

MAC address list in combination with the source Any. MAC address list definitions are defined on the Definitions & Users > Network Definitions > MAC Address Definitions tab.

Click Save.

The new rule appears on the Rules list.

Enable the firewall rule.

The new rule is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the rule.

The rule is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

To either edit or delete a rule, click the corresponding buttons.

Open Live Log: This will open a pop-up window containing a real-time log of filtered packets, whose regularly updating display shows recent network activity. The background color indicates which action has been applied:

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Red: The packet was dropped.

Yellow: The packet was rejected.

Green: The packet was allowed.

Gray: The action could not be determined.

The live log also contains information about which firewall rule caused a packet to be rejected.

Such information is essential for rule debugging.

Using the search function, you can filter the firewall log for specific entries. The search function even allows to negate expressions by typing a dash in front of the expression, e.g. -WebAdmin which will successively hide all lines containing this expression.

Selecting the Autoscroll checkbox will automatically scroll down the window's scrollbar to always show the most recent results.

Below are some basic hints for configuring the firewall: l

Dropped Broadcasts: By default, all broadcasts are dropped, which in addition will not be logged (for more information, see

Advanced ). This is useful for networks with many

computers utilizing NetBIOS (for example, Microsoft Windows operating systems), because broadcasts will rapidly clutter up your firewall log file. To define a broadcast drop rule manually, group the definitions of the broadcast addresses of all attached networks, add another "global_broadcast" definition of 255.255.255.255/255.255.255.255, then add a rule to drop all traffic to these addresses on top of your firewall configuration.

On broadcast-heavy networks, this also has the benefit of increasing the system performance.

Rejecting IDENT Traffic: If you do not want to use the IDENT reverse proxy, you can actively reject traffic to port 113 (IDENT) of your internal networks. This may prevent longer timeouts on services that use IDENT, such as FTP, IRC, and SMTP.

Note – If you use masquerading, IDENT requests for masqueraded networks will arrive on the masquerading interface.

Since NAT will change the addresses of network packets, it has implications on the firewall functionality.

DNAT is applied before the firewall. This means that the firewall will "see" the already translated packets. You must take this into account when adding rules for

DNAT related services.

SNAT and Masquerading is applied after the firewall. This means that the firewall still "sees" the untranslated packets with the original source addresses.

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The control panels in the table header can be used to filter firewall rules for specific criteria to rearrange rules for better readability. If you have defined groups you can select a group from the drop-down menu and thus see all rules that belong to this group. Using the search field you can look for a keyword or just a string to see the rules related to it. The search comprises a rule's source, destination, service, group name, and comment.

8.1.2 Country Blocking

On the Network Protection > Firewall > Country Blocking tab you can enable blocking of traffic coming from or going to a certain country or location. You can either block single countries/locations or whole continents. The blocking is based on the GeoIP information of the host's

IP address.

To enable country blocking, proceed as follows:

Enable country blocking.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Countries section becomes editable.

Select the locations to block.

Via the drop-down lists in front of the location names, specify the blocking status for the respective location: l

All: All traffic coming from or going to this location is blocked.

From: Traffic coming from this location is blocked.

To: Traffic going to this location is blocked.

Off: Traffic from as well as to this location is allowed.

Tip – You can easily select an identical blocking status for all locations of a region. To do so, select the desired blocking status in the drop-down list in front of the respective region name.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved. Traffic from and/or to selected locations will be blocked now according to your settings. Note that you can define exceptions for the blocked locations on the Country Blocking Exceptions tab.

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Tip – Each section of this page can be collapsed and expanded by clicking the Collapse icon on the right of the section header.

8.1.3 Country Blocking Exceptions

On the Network Protection > Firewall > Country Blocking Exceptions tab you can define exceptions for countries that are blocked on the Country Blocking tab. Exceptions can be made for traffic between a blocked country/location and specific hosts or networks, taking into account the direction and the service of the traffic.

To create a country blocking exception, proceed as follows:

Click New Exception List.

The Create Exception dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the exception.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Skip blocking of these:

Region: Using this drop-down list, you can narrow down the countries displayed in the Countries box.

Countries: Select the checkbox in front of the locations or countries you want to make the exception for. To select all countries at once, select the Select All checkbox.

For all requests: Select the condition under which the country blocking should be skipped. You can choose between outgoing and incoming traffic, referring to the hosts/networks to be selected in the box below.

Hosts/networks: Add or select the hosts/networks that should be allowed to send traffic to or receive traffic from the selected countries—depending on the entry selected in the drop-down list above.

Using these services: Add the services that should be allowed between the selected hosts/networks and the selected countries/locations.

Click Save.

The new country blocking exception appears on the Country Blocking Exception list.

To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

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8.1.4 ICMP

On the Network Protection > Firewall > ICMP tab you can configure the settings for the Internet

Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP is used to exchange connection-related status information between hosts. ICMP is important for testing network connectivity or troubleshooting network problems.

Allowing any ICMP traffic on this tab will override ICMP settings being made in the firewall. If you only want to allow ICMP for certain hosts or networks, you should use the Firewall > Rules tab instead.

Global ICMP Settings

The following global ICMP options are available: l

Allow ICMP on gateway: This option enables the gateway to respond to ICMP packets of any kind.

Allow ICMP through gateway: This option enables the forwarding of ICMP packets through the gateway if the packets originate from an internal network, i.e., a network without default gateway.

Log ICMP redirects: ICMP redirects are sent from one router to another to find a better route for a packet's destination. Routers then change their routing tables and forward the packet to the same destination via the supposedly better route. If you select this option, all ICMP redirects received by the gateway will be logged in the firewall log.

Note – If enabled, the ICMP settings apply to all ICMP packets, including ping and traceroute—if sent via ICMP—, even if the corresponding ping and traceroute settings are disabled.

Ping Settings

The program ping is a computer network tool used to test whether a particular host is reachable across an IP network. Ping works by sending ICMP echo request packets to the target host and listening for ICMP echo response replies. Using interval timing and response rate, ping estimates the round-trip time and packet loss rate between hosts.

The following ping options are available: l

Gateway is ping visible: The gateway responds to ICMP echo request packets. This feature is enabled by default.

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Ping from Gateway: You can use the ping command on the gateway. This feature is enabled by default.

Gateway forwards pings: The gateway forwards ICMP echo request and echo

response packets originating from an internal network, i.e., a network without default gateway.

Note – If enabled, the ping settings also allow traceroute ICMP packets, even if the corresponding traceroute settings are disabled.

Traceroute Settings

The program traceroute is a computer network tool used to determine the route taken by packets across an IP network. It lists the IP addresses of the routers that were involved in transporting the packet. If the packet's route cannot be determined within a certain time frame, traceroute will report an asterisk (*) instead of the IP address. After a certain number of failures, the check will end. An interruption of the check can have many causes, but most likely it is caused by a firewall along the network path that blocks traceroute packets.

The following traceroute options are available: l

Gateway is traceroute visible: The gateway responds to traceroute packets.

Gateway forwards traceroute: The gateway forwards traceroute packets originating from an internal network, i.e., a network without default gateway.

Note – In addition, the UDP ports for UNIX traceroute applications are opened, too.

Note – If enabled, the traceroute settings also allow ping packets, even if the corresponding ping settings are disabled.

8.1.5 Advanced

The Network Protection > Firewall > Advanced tab contains advanced settings for the firewall and the NAT rules.

Connection Tracking Helpers

So-called connection tracking helpers enable protocols that use multiple network connections to work with firewall or NAT rules. All connections handled by the firewall are tracked by the con-

ntrack kernel module, a process better known as connection tracking. Some protocols such as

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FTP and IRC require several ports to be opened, and hence require special connection tracking helpers supporting them to operate correctly. These helpers are special kernel modules that help identify additional connections by marking them as being related to the initial connection, usually by reading the related addresses out of the data stream.

For example, for FTP connections to work properly, the FTP conntrack helper must be selected. This is due to the specifics of the FTP protocol, which first establishes a single connection that is called the FTP control connection. When commands are issued through this connection, other ports are opened to carry the rest of the data (e.g., downloads or uploads) related to that specific command. The problem is that the gateway will not know about these extra ports, since they were negotiated dynamically. Therefore, the gateway will be unable to know that it should let the server connect to the client over these specific ports (active FTP connections) or to let clients on the Internet connect to the FTP server (passive FTP connections).

This is where the FTP conntrack helper becomes effective. This special helper is added to the connection tracking module and will scan the control connection (usually on port 21) for specific information. When it runs into the correct information, it will add that specific information to a list of expected connections as being related to the control connection. This in return enables the gateway to track both the initial FTP connection as well as all related connections properly.

Connection tracking helpers are available for the following protocols: l

FTP l

IRC (for DCC) l

PPTP l

TFTP

Note – The PPTP helper module needs to be loaded if you want to offer PPTP VPN services on the gateway. Otherwise PPTP sessions cannot be established. The reason for this is that

PPTP first establishes a TCP port 1723 connection before switching to Generic Routing

Encapsulation (GRE) communication, which is a separate IP protocol. If the PPTP helper module is not loaded, all GRE packets will be blocked by the gateway. Alternatively, if you do not want to use the PPTP helper module, you can manually add firewall rules allowing GRE packets for incoming and outgoing traffic.

Protocol Handling

Enable TCP Window Scaling: The TCP receive window (RWin) size is the amount of received data (in bytes) that can be buffered during a connection. The sending host can send

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only that amount of data before it must wait for an acknowledgment and window update from the receiving host. For more efficient use of high bandwidth networks, a larger TCP window size may be used. However, the TCP window size field controls the flow of data and is limited to

2 bytes, or a window size of 65535 bytes. Since the size field cannot be expanded, a scaling factor is used. TCP window scaling is a kernel option of the TCP/IP stack and can be used to increase the maximum window size from 65535 bytes to 1 Gigabyte. Window scaling is enabled by default. However, since some network devices such as routers, load balancers, gateways, and so on still do not fully support window scaling, depending on your environment it might be necessary to turn it off.

Use Strict TCP Session Handling: By default, the system can "pick up" existing TCP connections that are not currently handled in the connection tracking table due to a network facility reset. This means that interactive sessions such as SSH and Telnet will not quit when a network interface is temporarily unavailable. Once this option is enabled, a new three-way handshake will always be necessary to re-establish such sessions. It is generally recommended to leave this option turned off.

Validate Packet Length: If enabled, the firewall will check the data packets for minimal length if the ICMP, TCP, or UDP protocol is used. If the data packets are smaller than the minimal values, they will be blocked and a record will be written to the firewall log.

Spoof Protection: By default, spoof protection is disabled. You can choose between the following settings: l

Normal: The gateway will drop and log packets which either have the same source IP address as the interface itself or which arrive on an interface which has a source IP of a network assigned to another of its interfaces.

Strict: The gateway will also drop and log all packets which have a destination IP for an interface but arriving on an interface other than assigned, that is, if it arrives on an interface for which it is not destined. For example, those packets will be dropped that were sent from an external network to the IP address of the internal interface which is supposed to accept packets from the internal network only.

Logging Options

Log FTP Data Connections: The UTM will log the FTP data connections of (file and directory listings). The log records are marked by the string "FTP data".

Log Unique DNS Requests: The UTM will log all outgoing requests to DNS servers as well as their outcome. The log records are marked by the string "DNS request".

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Log Dropped Broadcasts: By default, the firewall drops all broadcasts, which in addition will not be logged. However, if you need broadcasts to be logged in the firewall log, for example, for audit purposes, select this option.

8.2 NAT

The menu Network Protection > NAT allows you to define and manage NAT rules of the gateway. Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of rewriting the source and/or destination addresses of IP packets as they pass through a router or gateway. Most systems using

NAT do so in order to enable multiple hosts on a private network to access the Internet using a single public IP address. When a client sends an IP packet to the router, NAT translates the sending address to a different, public IP address before forwarding the packet to the Internet.

When a response packet is received, NAT translates the public address into the original address and forwards it to the client. Depending on system resources, NAT can handle arbitrarily large internal networks.

8.2.1 Masquerading

Masquerading is a special case of Source Network Address Translation (SNAT) and allows you to masquerade an internal network (typically, your LAN with private address space) behind a single, official IP address on a network interface (typically, your external interface connected to the Internet). SNAT is more generic as it allows to map multiple source addresses to several destination addresses.

Note – The source address is only translated if the packet leaves the gateway system via the specified interface. Note further that the new source address is always the current IP address of that interface (meaning that this address can be dynamic).

To create a masquerading rule, proceed as follows:

On the Masquerading tab, click New Masquerading Rule.

The Create New Masquerading Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Network: Select the (internal) network you want to masquerade.

Interface: Select the (external) interface that is connected to the Internet.

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Use Address: If the interface you selected has more than one IP address assigned (see

Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces >

Additional Addresses

), you can define here which IP address is to be used for masquerading.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new masquerading rule appears on the Masquerading rule list.

Enable the masquerading rule.

Click the toggle switch to activate the masquerading rule.

To either edit or delete a rule, click the corresponding buttons.

Note – You need to allow traffic from the internal network to the Internet in the firewall if you want your clients to access external servers.

IPsec packets are never affected by masquerading rules. To translate the source address of

IPsec packets create an SNAT or Full NAT rule.

8.2.2 NAT

Destination Network Address Translation (DNAT) and Source Network Address Translation

(SNAT) are both special cases of NAT. With SNAT, the IP address of the computer which initiated the connection is rewritten, while with its counterpart DNAT, the destination addresses of data packets are rewritten. DNAT is especially useful when an internal network uses private IP addresses, but an administrator wants to make some services available to the outside.

This is best demonstrated with an example. Suppose your internal network uses the address space 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0 and a webserver running at IP address 192.168.0.20

port 80 should be available to Internet-based clients. Because the 192.168. address space is private, the Internet-based clients cannot send packets directly to the webserver. It is, however, possible for them to communicate with the external (public) address of the UTM. DNAT can, in this case, take packets addressed to port 80 of the system’s address and forward them to the internal webserver.

Note – PPTP VPN Access is incompatible with DNAT.

In contrast to masquerading, which always maps to the primary network interface address,

SNAT maps the source address to the address specified in the SNAT rule.

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1:1 NAT is a special case of DNAT or SNAT. In this case all addresses of an entire network are being translated one-to-one into the addresses of another network having the same netmask.

So the first address of the original network will be translated into the first address of the other network, the second into the second and so on. A 1:1 NAT rule can be applied to either the source or the destination address.

Note – By default, port 443 (HTTPS) is used for the User Portal. If you plan to forward port

443 to an internal server, you need to change the TCP port of the User Portal to another value

(e.g., 1443) on the Management > User Portal > Advanced tab.

Because DNAT is done before firewalling, you must ensure that appropriate firewall rules are defined. For more information, see Network Protection > Firewall > Rules.

To define a NAT rule, proceed as follows:

On the NAT tab, click New NAT Rule.

The Create New NAT Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

>> entry and enter a descriptive name in the Name field.

Rule type: Select the network address translation mode. Depending on your selection, various options will be displayed. The following modes are available: l

SNAT (source): Maps the source address of defined IP packets to one new source address. The service can be changed, too.

DNAT (destination): Maps the destination address of defined IP packets to one new destination address. The service can be changed, too.

1:1 NAT (whole networks): Maps IP addresses of a network to another network one-to-one. The rule applies either for the source or for the destination address of the defined IP packets.

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Full NAT (source + destination): Maps both the source address and the destination address of defined IP packets to one new source and one new destination address. The source service and the target service can be changed, too.

No NAT: This option can be regarded as a kind of exception rule. For example, if you have a NAT rule for a defined network you can create a No NAT rule for certain hosts inside this network. Those hosts will then be exempted from NAT.

Matching Condition: Select the source and destination network/host and the service for which you want to translate addresses.

For traffic from: The original source address of the packets. This can be either a single host or an entire network, or, except for the 1:1 NAT rule type, a network range.

Using service: The original service type of the packets (consisting of source and destination ports as well as a protocol type).

Note – A traffic service can only be translated when the corresponding addresses are translated as well. In addition, a service can only be translated to another service when the two services use the same protocol.

Going to: The original destination address of the packets. This can be either a single host or an entire network. With SNAT and No NAT, it can also be a network range.

Action: Select the source and/or destination and/or the service type into which you want to translate the original IP packet data. The displayed parameters depend on the selected Rule type.

Change the source to (only with SNAT or Full NAT mode): Select the source host, that is, the new source address of the packets.

Change the destination to (only with DNAT or Full NAT mode): Select the destination host, that is, the new destination address of the packets.

And the service to (only with DNAT, SNAT or Full NAT mode): Select the new service of the packets. Depending on the selected Rule type this can be the source and/or destination service.

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1:1 NAT mode (only with 1:1 NAT mode): Select one of the following modes: l

Map destination: Changes the destination address.

Map source: Changes the source address.

Note – You need to add an entire network into the field For traffic from when you want to map the source, or into the field Going to when you want to map the destination.

Map to (only with 1:1 NAT mode): Select the network you want to translate the original IP addresses into. Please note that the original network and the translated network must have the same netmask.

Automatic firewall rule (optional): Select this option to automatically generate firewall rules to allow the corresponding traffic passing through the firewall.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Rule applies to IPsec packets (only with SNAT or Full NAT mode): Select this option if you want to apply the rule to traffic which is going to be processed by IPsec. By default this option is not selected, thus IPsec traffic is excluded from source network address translation.

Log initial packets (optional): Select this option if you want to write the initializing packet of a communication to the firewall log. Whenever the NAT rule is used, you will then find a message in the firewall log saying "Connection using NAT". This option works for stateful as well as stateless protocols.

Click Save.

The new rule appears on the NAT list.

Enable the NAT rule.

The new rule is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the rule.

To either edit or delete a rule, click the corresponding buttons.

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8.3 Intrusion Prevention

On the menu Network Protection > Intrusion Prevention you can define and manage IPS rules of the gateway. The Intrusion Prevention system (IPS) recognizes attacks by means of a signature-based IPS rule set. The system analyzes the complete traffic and automatically blocks attacks before they can reach the network. The existing rule set and attack patterns are updated through the pattern updates. New IPS attack pattern signatures are automatically imported to the rule set as IPS rules.

8.3.1 Global

On the Network Protection > Intrusion Prevention > Global tab you can activate the Intrusion

Prevention System (IPS) of Sophos UTM.

To enable IPS, proceed as follows:

Enable the intrusion prevention system.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Global IPS Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Local networks: Select the networks that should be protected by the intrusion prevention system. If no local network is selected, intrusion prevention will automatically be deactivated and no traffic is monitored.

Policy: Select the security policy that the intrusion prevention system should use if a blocking rule detects an IPS attack signature.

Drop silently: The data packet will be dropped without any further action.

Terminate connection: A terminating data packet (RST for TCP and ICMP Port

Unreachable for UDP connections) will be sent to both communication partners to close the connection.

Note – By default, Drop silently is selected. There is usually no need to change this, especially as terminating data packets can be used by an alleged intruder to draw conclusions about the gateway.

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Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Live Log

The intrusion prevention live log can be used to monitor the selected IPS rules. Click the button to open the live log in a new window.

8.3.2 Attack Patterns

The Network Protection > Intrusion Prevention > Attack Patterns tab contains IPS rules grouped according to common attack patterns. Attack patterns have been combined as follows: l

Operating System Specific Attacks: Attacks trying to exploit operating system related weaknesses.

Attacks Against Servers: Attacks targeted at all sorts of servers (for example, webservers, mail servers, and so on).

Attacks Against Client Software: Attacks aimed at client software such as web browsers, mutimedia players, and so on.

Protocol Anomaly: Attack patterns look out for network anomalies.

Malware: Software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent (for example, trojans, DoS communication tools, and the like).

To improve performance, you should clear the checkboxes that do not apply to services or software employed in your local networks. For example, if you do not operate a webserver in your local network, you can cancel the selection for HTTP Servers.

For each group, the following settings are available:

Action: By default, each rule in a group has an action associated with it. You can choose between the following actions: l

Drop: The default setting. If an alleged attack attempt has been determined, the causing data packets will be dropped.

Alert: Unlike the Drop setting, critical data packets are allowed to pass the gateway but will create an alert message in the IPS log.

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Note – To change the settings for individual IPS rules, use the Modified Rules box on the Intru-

sion Prevention > Advanced tab. A detailed list of IPS rules used in Sophos UTM 9 is available at the UTM website .

Add Extra Warnings: When this option is selected, each group will include additional rules increasing the IPS detection rate. Note that these rules are more general and vague than the explicit attack patterns and will therefore likely produce more alerts. For that reason, the default action for these rules is Alert, which cannot be configured.

Notify: When this option is selected, a notification is sent to the administrator for every IPS event matching this group. Note that this option only takes effect if you have enabled the notification feature for the intrusion prevention system on the Management > Notifications > Noti-

fications tab. In addition, what type of notification (i.e., email or SNMP trap) is to be sent depends on the settings made there. Note further that it might take up to five minutes before changes of the notification settings will become effective.

8.3.3 Anti-DoS/Flooding

On the Anti-DoS/Flooding tab you can configure certain options aimed at defending Denial of

Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks.

Generally speaking, DoS and DDoS attacks try to make a computer resource unavailable for legitimate requests. In the simplest case, the attacker overloads the server with useless packets in order to overload its performance. Since a large bandwidth is required for such attacks, more and more attackers start using so-called SYN flood attacks, which do not aim at overloading the bandwidth, but at blocking the system resources. For this purpose, they send so-called SYN packets to the TCP port of the service often with a forged sender address, thus causing the server to spawn a half-open connection by sending back a TCP/SYN-ACK packet, and waiting for an TCP/ACK packet in response from the sender address. However, because the sender address is forged, the response never comes. These half-open connections saturate the number of available connections the server is able to make, keeping it from responding to legitimate requests.

Such attacks, however, can be prevented by limiting the amount of SYN (TCP), UDP, and

ICMP packets being sent into your network over a certain period of time.

TCP SYN Flood Protection

To enable SYN (TCP) flood protection, proceed as follows:

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On the Anti-DoS/Flooding tab, select the checkbox Use TCP SYN Flood Pro-

tection.

Make the following settings:

Mode: The following modes are available: l

Source and destination addresses: Select this option if you want to drop SYN packets by both their source and destination IP address. First, SYN packets matching the source IP address are restricted to the source packet rate value specified below. Second, if there are still too many requests, they will additionally be filtered according to their destination IP address and restricted to the destination packet rate value specified below. This mode is set as default.

Destination address only: Select this option if you want to drop SYN packets according to the destination IP address and destination packet rate only.

Source address only: Select this option if you want to drop SYN packets according to the source IP address and source packet rate only.

Logging: This option lets you select the log level. The following levels are available: l

Off: Select this log level if you want to turn logging completely off.

Limited: Select this log level to limit logging to five packets per seconds. This level is set as default.

Everything: Select this log level if you want verbose logging for all SYN (TCP) connection attempts. Note that SYN (TCP) flood attacks may lead to extensive logging.

Source packet rate: Here you can specify the rate of packets per second that is allowed for source IP addresses.

Destination packet rate: Here you can specify the rate of packets per second that is allowed for destination IP addresses.

Note – It is important to enter reasonable values here, for if you set the rate too high, your webserver, for instance, might fail because it cannot deal with such an amount of

SYN (TCP) packets. On the other hand, if you set the rate too low, your gateway might show some unpredictable behavior by blocking regular SYN (TCP) requests. Reasonable settings for every system heavily depend on your hardware. Therefore, replace the default values by numbers that are appropriate for your system.

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Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

UDP Flood Protection

UDP Flood Protection detects and blocks UDP packet floods.

The configuration of UDP Flood Protection is identical to TCP SYN Flood Protection.

ICMP Flood Protection

ICMP Flood Protection detects and blocks ICMP packet floods.

The configuration of ICMP Flood Protection is identical to TCP SYN Flood Protection.

8.3.4 Anti-Portscan

The Network Protection > Intrusion Prevention > Anti-Portscan tab lets you configure general portscan detection options.

Portscans are used by hackers to probe secured systems for available services: In order to intrude into a system or to start a DoS attack, attackers need information on network services. If this information is available, attackers might take advantage of the security deficiencies of these services. Network services using the TCP and UDP Internet protocols can be accessed via special ports and this port assignment is generally known, for example the SMTP service is assigned to the TCP port 25. Ports that are used by the services are referred to as open, since it is possible to establish a connection to them, whereas unused ports are referred to as closed; every attempt to connect with them will fail. Attackers try to find the open ports with the help of a particular software tool, a port scanner. This program tries to connect with several ports on the destination computer. If it is successful, the tool displays the relevant ports as open and the attackers have the necessary information, showing which network services are available on the destination computer.

Since there are 65535 distinct and usable port numbers for the TCP and UDP Internet protocols, the ports are scanned at very short intervals. If the gateway detects an unusually large number of attempts to connect to services, especially if these attempts come from the same source address, the gateway is most likely being port scanned. If an alleged attacker performs a scan of hosts or services on your network, the portscan detection feature will recognize this. As an option, further portscans from the same source address can be blocked automatically.

Please note that the portscan detection is limited to Internet interfaces, i.e. interfaces with a default gateway.

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Technically speaking, a portscan is detected when a detection score of 21 points in a time range of 300 ms for one individual source IP address is exceeded. The detection score is calculated as follows: l

Scan of a TCP destination port less than 1024 = 3 points l

Scan of a TCP destination port greater or equal 1024 = 1 point

To enable portscan detection, proceed as follows:

On the Anti-Portscan tab, enable Portscan Detection.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the Global Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Action: The following actions are available: l

Log event only: No measures are taken against the portscan. The event will be logged only.

Drop traffic: Further packets of the portscan will be silently dropped. A port scanner will report these ports as filtered.

Reject traffic: Further packets of the portscan will be dropped and an ICMP "destination unreachable/port unreachable" response will be sent to the originator. A port scanner will report these ports as closed.

Limit logging: Enable this option to limit the amount of log messages. A portscan detection may generate many logs while the portscan is being carried out. For example, each

SYN packet that is regarded as belonging to the portscan will generate an entry in the firewall log. Selecting this option will restrict logging to five lines per second.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

8.3.5 Exceptions

On the Network Protection > Intrusion Prevention > Exceptions tab you can define source and destination networks that should be excluded from intrusion prevention.

To create an exception, proceed as follows:

On the Exceptions tab, click New Exception List.

The Create Exception List dialog box opens.

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Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this exception.

Skip These Checks: Select the security checks that should be skipped: l

Intrusion Prevention: When you select this option, the IPS of Sophos UTM will be disabled.

Portscan Protection: Selecting this option disables the protection from attacks aimed at searching your network hosts for open ports.

TCP SYN Flood Protection: Once selected, the protection from TCP SYN flooding attacks will be disabled.

UDP Flood Protection: Once selected, the protection from UDP flooding attacks will be disabled.

ICMP Flood Protection: Once selected, the protection from ICMP flooding attacks will be disabled.

For All Requests: Select at least one condition for which the security checks are to be skipped. You can logically combine several conditions by selecting either And or Or from the drop-down list in front of a condition. The following conditions can be set: l

Coming from These Source Networks: Select to add source hosts/networks that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule. Enter the respective hosts or networks in the Networks box that opens after selecting the condition.

Using These Services: Select to add services that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule. Add the respective services to the Services box that opens after selecting the condition.

Going to These Destinations: Select to add hosts/networks that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule. Enter the respective hosts or networks in the Destinations box that opens after selecting the condition.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new exception appears on the Exceptions list.

Enable the exception.

The new exception is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the exception.

The exception is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

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To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

Note – If you want to except intrusion prevention for packets with the destination address of the gateway, selecting Any in the Destinations box will not succeed. You must instead select an interface definition of the gateway that contains the gateway's IP address, for example,

Internal (Address) if you want to exclude intrusion prevention for the gateway's internal address.

8.3.6 Advanced

On the Network Protection > Intrusion Prevention > Advanced tab you can configure manual modifications to each IPS rule overwriting the default policy, which is taken from the attack pattern groups. Such modifications should be configured by experienced users only.

To create a modified rule, proceed as follows:

In the Modified rules box, click the Plus icon.

The Modify Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Rule ID: Enter the ID of the rule you want to modify. To look up the rule ID, go to the list of IPS rules at the Sophos website . (In the folder, look for files with IPS-rules in their names, available for different UTM versions and pattern versions, and both in HTML and

XML format.) In addition, they can either be determined from the IPS log or the IPS report.

Disable this rule: When you select this option, the rule of the respective ID will be disabled.

If you do not select this option, however, the following two options are available: l

Disable notifications: Selecting this option will not trigger a notification in case the rule in question was applied.

Action: The action each rule is associated with it. You can choose between the following actions: l

Drop: If an alleged attack attempt has been determined, the causing data packets will be dropped.

Alert: Unlike the Drop setting, critical data packets are allowed to pass the gateway but will create an alert message in the IPS log.

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Click Save.

The rule appears in the Modified rules box. Please note that you also need to click Apply on the bottom of the page to commit the changes.

Note – If you add a rule ID to the Modified rules box and set the action to Alert, for example, this modification will only take effect if the group to which the rule belongs is enabled on the

Attack Patterns tab. If the corresponding attack pattern group is disabled, modifications to individual IPS rules will have no effect.

Performance Tuning

In addition, to increase the performance of the intrusion prevention system and to minimize the amount of false positive alerts, you can limit the scope of IPS rules to only some of your internal servers. For example, suppose you have activated the HTTP Servers group on the Attack Pat-

terns tab and you have selected a particular HTTP server here. Then, even if the intrusion prevention system recognizes an attack against an HTTP server, the associated action (Drop or

Alert) will only be applied if the IP address of the affected server matches the IP address of the

HTTP server selected here.

You can limit the scope of IPS rules for the following server types: l

HTTP: All attack pattern groups subsumed under HTTP Servers l

DNS: Attack pattern group DNS l

SMTP: Attack pattern groups Exchange and Sendmail l

SQL: All attack pattern groups subsumed under Database Servers

8.4 Server Load Balancing

With the server load balancing function you can distribute incoming connections (e.g., SMTP or

HTTP traffic) to several servers behind the gateway. Balancing is based on the source IP address with a persistence time of one hour. If the interval between two requests from the same source IP address exceeds that interval, the balancing is redecided. The traffic distribution is based on a simple round-robin algorithm.

All servers from the server pool are monitored either by ICMP ping, TCP connection establishment, or HTTP/S requests. In case of a failure the affected server is not used anymore for distribution, any possible source IP persistence is overruled.

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Note – A return code of HTTP/S requests must either be 1xx Informational, 2xx

Success

, 3xx Redirection, or 4xx Client Error. All other return codes are taken as failure.

8.4.1 Balancing Rules

On the Network Protection > Server Load Balancing > Balancing Rules tab you can create load balancing rules for Sophos UTM Software. After having created a rule, you can additionally define weight distribution between servers and set interface persistence.

To create a load balancing rule, proceed as follows:

On the Balancing Rules tab, click New Load Balancing Rule.

The Create New Load Balancing Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Service: Select the network service you want to balance.

Virtual server: The original target host of the incoming traffic. Typically, the address will be the same as the gateway's external address.

Real servers: The hosts that will in turn accept traffic for the service.

Check type: Select either TCP (TCP connection establishment), UDP (UDP connection establishment), Ping (ICMP Ping), HTTP Host (HTTP requests), or HTTPS

Hosts (HTTPS requests) for service monitoring. When using UDP a ping request will be sent initially which, if successful, is followed by a UDP packet with a payload of 0. If ping does not succeed or the ICMP port is unreachable, the server is regarded as down. For

HTTP and HTTPS requests you can enter a URL, which can either be with or without hostname, e.g. index.html or http://www.example.com/index.html.

Interval: Enter a check interval in seconds. The default is 15 seconds, i.e., every 15 seconds the health status of all real servers is checked.

Timeout: Enter a maximum time span in seconds for the real servers to send a response. If a real server does not respond during this time, it will be regarded as dead.

Automatic firewall rules (optional): Select this checkbox to automatically generate firewall rules. These rules allow forwarding traffic from any host to the real servers.

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Shutdown virtual server address (optional): If and only if you use an additional

address as virtual server for load balancing (see chapter Interfaces >

Additional

Addresses

) this checkbox can be enabled. In case all real servers become unavailable

that additional address interface will be automatically shut down.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new rule appears on the Balancing Rules list.

Enable the load balancing rule.

The new rule is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the rule.

The rule is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

To either edit or delete a rule, click the corresponding buttons.

Example: Suppose that you have two HTTP servers in your DMZ with the IP addresses

192.168.66.10

and 192.168.66.20, respectively. Assumed further you want to distribute

HTTP traffic arriving on the external interface of your gateway equally to both servers. To set up a load balancing rule, select or create a host definition for each server. You may call them http_

server_1 and http_server_2. Then, in the Create New Load Balancing Rule dialog box, select

HTTP as Service. In addition, select the external address of the gateway as Virtual server. Finally, put the host definitions into the Real servers box.

Weight Distribution and Interface Persistence

To distribute weight between the load balancing servers and/or to set interface persistence of them, do the following:

Click the Edit button of a load balancing rule.

The Edit Load Balancing Rule dialog box opens.

Click the Scheduler button on the header of the Real servers box.

The Edit Scheduler dialog window opens.

Make the following settings:

Weight: Weight can be set from 0 to 100 and specifies how much traffic is processed by a server relative to all other servers. A weighted round robin algorithm is used for this, a higher value meaning more traffic is routed to the respective server. The values are evaluated relative to each other so they need not add up to 100. Instead, you can have a

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8.5 VoIP configuration for example, where server 1 has value 100, server 2 has value 50 and server 3 has value 0. Here, server 2 gets only half the traffic of server 1, whereas server 3 only comes into action when none of the other servers is available. A value of zero means that always another server with a higher value is chosen if available.

Persistence: Interface persistence is a technique which ensures that subsequent connections from a client are always routed over the same uplink interface. Persistence has a default timeout of one hour. You can also disable interface persistence for this balancing rule.

Click Save.

The Edit Scheduler dialog window closes and your settings are saved.

Click Save.

The Edit Load Balancing Rule dialog box closes.

8.5 VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is the routing of voice conversations over the Internet or through any other IP-based network. Sophos UTM offers support for the most frequently employed protocols used to carry voice signals over the IP network: l

SIP

H.323

8.5.1 SIP

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signalization protocol for the setup, modification, and termination of sessions between two or several communication partners. It is primarily used in setting up and tearing down voice or video calls. To use SIP, you first have to register your

IP address and URLs at your ISP. SIP uses UDP or TCP on port 5060 to indicate which

IP addresses and port numbers are to be used between the endpoints to exchange media data

(video or voice). Since opening all ports for all addresses would cause a severe security issue, the gateway is able to handle SIP traffic on an intelligent basis. This is achieved by means of a special connection tracking helper monitoring the control channel to determine which dynamic ports are being used and then only allowing these ports to pass traffic when the control channel is busy. For that purpose you must specify both a SIP server network and a SIP client network

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definition in order to create appropriate firewall rules enabling the communication via the SIP protocol.

To enable support for the SIP protocol, proceed as follows:

On the SIP tab, enable SIP protocol support.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Global SIP Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

SIP server networks: Here you can select the SIP servers (provided by your ISP) the

SIP clients should be allowed to connect to; for security reasons, do not select Any.

SIP client networks: Select the hosts/networks of the SIP clients that should be allowed to initiate or respond to a SIP communication. A SIP client is an endpoint in the LAN that participates in real-time, two-way communications with another SIP client.

Expectation mode: Select how strict the initializing of communication sessions should be: l

Strict: Incoming calls are only allowed from the ISP's registrar, i.e. the IP address the REGISTER SIP message was sent to. Additionally, the UTM only accepts media (voice or video) data sessions from signaling endpoints, i.e., the devices that exchanged the SIP message. Some providers send the media data from another

IP address than the SIP message, which will be rejected by the UTM.

Client/server networks: Incoming calls are allowed from all clients of the defined

SIP server or client networks. Media data is accepted from another sender

IP address than the one that sent the SIP message, provided that the address belongs to the defined SIP server or client networks.

Any: Incoming calls as well as media data are permitted from anywhere.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

8.5.2 H.323

H.323 is an international multimedia communications protocol standard published by the Inter-

national Telecommunications Union (ITU-T) and defines the protocols to provide audio-visual

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8.6 Advanced communication sessions on any packet-switched network. H.323 is commonly used in Voice

over IP (VoIP) and IP-based videoconferencing.

H.323 uses TCP on port 1720 to negotiate which dynamic port range is to be used between the endpoints when setting up a call. Since opening all ports within the dynamic range would cause a severe security issue, the gateway is able to allow H.323-related traffic on an intelligent basis.

This is achieved by means of a special connection tracking helper monitoring the control channel to determine which dynamic ports are being used and then only allowing these ports to pass traffic when the control channel is busy. For that purpose you must specify both an H.323 gatekeeper and a client network definition in order to create appropriate firewall rules enabling the communication via the H.323 protocol.

To enable support for the H.323 protocol, proceed as follows:

On the H.323 tab, enable H.323 protocol support.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Global H.323 Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

H.323 Gatekeeper: Select an H.323 gatekeeper. An H.323 gatekeeper controls all

H.323 clients (endpoints such as Microsoft's NetMeeting) in its zone. More specifically, it acts as a monitor of all H.323 calls within its zone on the LAN. Its most important task is to translate between symbolic alias addresses and IP addresses.

H.323 Client: Here you can select the host/network to and from which H.323 connections are initiated. An H.323 client is an endpoint in the LAN that participates in realtime, two-way communications with another H.323 client.

Enable Strict Mode (optional): Select this option to enhance security. However, if you are facing connection problems with your ISP, disable strict mode.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

8.6 Advanced

The tabs of the Network Protection > Advanced menu let you configure additional network protection features such as a generic proxy, SOCKS proxy, and IDENT reverse proxy.

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8.6.1 Generic Proxy

A generic proxy, also known as a port forwarder, combines both features of DNAT and masquerading, forwarding all incoming traffic for a specific service to an arbitrary server. The difference to standard DNAT, however, is that a generic proxy also replaces the source IP address of a request with the IP address of the interface for outgoing connections. In addition, the destination (target) port number can be changed as well.

To add a generic proxy rule, proceed as follows:

On the Generic Proxy tab, click New Generic Proxy Rule.

The Create New Generic Proxy Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Interface: Select the interface for incoming connections.

Service: Select the service definition of the traffic to be proxied.

Host: Select the target host where the traffic should be forwarded to.

Service: Select the target service of the traffic to be proxied.

Allowed Networks: Select the networks to which port forwarding should be applied.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new rule appears on the Generic Proxy rule list.

Enable the generic proxy rule.

The new rule is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the rule.

The rule is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

To either edit or delete a rule, click the corresponding buttons.

8.6.2 SOCKS Proxy

SOCKS is a versatile Internet protocol that allows client-server applications to transparently use the services of a network firewall. It is used by many client applications behind a firewall to communicate with hosts on the Internet. Examples are IRC/Instant Messaging clients, FTP clients, and Windows SSH/Telnet clients. Those clients behind a firewall wanting to access exterior

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8.6 Advanced servers connect to a SOCKS proxy server instead. This proxy server controls the eligibility of the client to access the external server and passes the request on to the server. Your client application must explicitly support the SOCKS 4 or SOCKS 5 protocol versions.

The default port for SOCKS is 1080. Almost all clients have implemented this default port setting, so it normally does not have to be configured. The differences between SOCKS and NAT are that SOCKS also allows "bind" requests (listening on a port on behalf of a client—a feature which is supported by very few clients only) and that SOCKS 5 allows user authentication.

When enabling the SOCKS proxy, you must define one or more networks which should have access to the proxy. When you require user authentication, you can also select the users or groups that should be allowed to use the SOCKS proxy.

Note – Without user authentication, the SOCKS proxy can be used with both the SOCKS 4 and SOCKS 5 protocols. When user authentication is selected, only SOCKS 5 will work. If you want the proxy to resolve hostnames in SOCKS 5 mode, you must also activate the DNS proxy, because otherwise DNS resolution will fail.

To configure the SOCKS proxy, proceed as follows:

On the SOCKS Proxy tab, enable the SOCKS proxy.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the SOCKS Proxy Options area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Allowed networks: Select the networks that should be allowed to use the SOCKS proxy.

Enable user authentication: If you select this option, users must provide a username and password to log in to the SOCKS proxy. Because only SOCKS 5 supports user authentication, SOCKS 4 is automatically disabled.

Allowed users: Select the users or groups that should be allowed to use the SOCKS proxy.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

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8.6.3 IDENT Reverse Proxy

The IDENT protocol is used by remote servers for a simple verification of the identity of accessing clients. Although this protocol is unencrypted and can easily be spoofed, many services still use (and sometimes require) the IDENT protocol.

To configure the IDENT relay, proceed as follows:

On the IDENT Reverse Proxy tab, enable the IDENT relay.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the Global Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Forward to Internal Hosts (optional): Since IDENT queries are not covered by the gateway's connection tracking, they will get "stuck" if masquerading is used. You can select the Forward to Internal Hosts option to pass on IDENT queries to masqueraded hosts behind the gateway. Note that the actual IP connection will not be forwarded.

Instead, the gateway will in turn ask the internal client for an IDENT reply and will forward that string to the requesting server. This scheme will work with most "mini-IDENT" servers built into popular IRC and FTP clients.

Default Response: The gateway offers support for answering IDENT requests when you enable the IDENT relay. The system will always reply with the string entered in the

Default Response box, regardless of the local service that has initiated the connection.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

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This chapter describes how to configure basic web protection features of Sophos UTM.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Web Filtering

Web Filtering Profiles

Application Control

FTP Proxy

The Web Protection Statistics page in WebAdmin provides an overview of the most used applications and application categories, the most surfed domains according to time and traffic as well as the top users surfing. In addition, the top blocked website categories are shown. Each of the sections contains a Details link. Clicking the link redirects you to the respective reporting section of WebAdmin, where you can find more statistical information.

In the Top Applications section, hovering the cursor on an application displays one or two icons with additional functionality: l

Click the Block icon to block the respective application from now on. This will create a rule on the

Application Control Rules

Click the Shape icon to enable traffic shaping of the respective application. A dialog window opens where you are asked to define the rule settings. Click Save when you are done. This will create a rule both on the

Traffic Selectors

and on the

Bandwidth Pools

page.

Traffic shaping is not available when viewing the All Interfaces Flow Monitor as shaping works interface-based.

Note – The collection of web surfing data is session-based. To achieve good approximations all data for top domains and users is gathered as follows: each web request is logged by taking the traffic volume and the duration between requests into account. If for a period of five minutes of inactivity no requests are recorded for either a user or a domain, the session is considered closed. To take into account that users might still view a webpage within five minutes

9.1 Web Filtering

9 Web Protection

of inactivity, one minute is always added to the Time Spent values. Note further that reporting data is updated every 15 minutes.

When clients try to request invalid URLs, the Web Filter will log the request but will not be able to serve it. Those links will be counted with error on the Web Protection Statistics page. This is not an error of the reporting or the Web Filter; in most cases, those errors occur because invalid or malformed links are placed in web content by the page creator.

9.1 Web Filtering

The tabs of the Web Protection > Web Filtering menu allow you to configure Sophos UTM Software as an HTTP/S caching proxy. In addition to simple caching services, the HTTP/S proxy of

Sophos UTM features a rich set of web filtering techniques for the networks that are allowed to use its services. This includes preventing virus and spyware infections by means of two different virus scanning engines with constantly updated signature databases and spyware filtering techniques that protects both inbound and outbound traffic. Moreover, Sophos UTM can control access to various webpages by employing sophisticated website categorization, using the world's largest real-time URL database. Used in conjunction with Sophos Endpoint Software,

Sophos UTM can enforce and monitor these same web policies on endpoint machines that are on external networks. To enable Endpoint Web Control, see Endpoint Protection > Web Con-

trol.

9.1.1 Global

On the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Global tab you can make the global settings for the

Web Filter.

To configure the Web Filter, proceed as follows:

On the Global tab, enable the Web Filter.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the Global Web Filtering Settings area becomes editable.

Select the allowed networks.

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Select the networks that should be allowed to use the Web Filter. By default, the Web Filter listens for client requests on TCP port 8080 and allows any client from the networks listed in the Allowed networks box to connect.

Scan HTTPS (SSL) traffic.

Select the checkbox to not only scan HTTP traffic but HTTPS traffic, too.

Select a mode of operation.

Note that when you select an operation mode that requires user authentication, you need to select the users and groups that shall be allowed to use the Web Filter. The following modes of operation are available: l

Standard mode: In standard mode, the Web Filter will listen for client requests on port 8080 by default and will allow any client from the networks listed in Source net-

works box to connect. When used in this mode, clients must have specified the

Web Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

Select an authentication mode:

None: Select to not use any authentication.

Active Directory SSO: Select when you have configured Active Directory

Single Sign-On (SSO) on the Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers >

Servers tab. This has the effect that NTLM user authentication will be used to authenticate clients. Note that this is only guaranteed to work with Internet Explorer. When used in this mode, clients must have specified the Web

Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

Note – When defining the Active Directory user group, we highly recommend to add the desired entries to the Active Directory groups box by manually entering the plain Active Directory group or user names instead of the LDAP strings. Example: Instead of an LDAP string CN=ads_ group1,CN=Users,DC=example,DC=com

, just enter the name ads_ group1

Note – When using Kerberos, only add groups to the Active Directory

groups box, as entries for users are not be accepted by the Web Filter.

Agent: Select to use the Sophos Authentication Agent (SAA). Users need to start the agent and authenticate in order to be able to use the Web Filter.

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Apple OpenDirectory SSO: Select when you have configured LDAP on the Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers > Servers tab and you are using Apple OpenDirectory. Additionally, you have to upload a MAC OS X

Single Sign-On Kerberos keyfile on the Web Protection > Web Filtering >

Advanced tab for the proxy to work properly. When used in this mode, clients must have specified the Web Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration. Note that the Safari browser does not support SSO.

Basic user authentication: In this mode, each client must authenticate itself against the proxy before using it. For more information about which

authentication methods are supported, see Definitions & Users >

Authentication Servers

. When used in this mode, clients must have specified the Web

Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

eDirectory SSO: Select when you have configured eDirectory on the Defin-

itions & Users > Authentication Servers > Servers tab. When used in this mode, clients must have specified the Web Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

Note – For eDirectory and Active Directory Single-Sign-On (SSO) modes, the Web Filter caches accessing IP addresses and credentials for up to fifteen minutes, for Apple OpenDirectory SSO it caches only the group information. This is done to reduce the load on the authentication servers. However it also means that changes to users, groups, or the login status of accessing users may take up to fifteen minutes to be reflected by the Web Filter.

Allowed users/groups: If you selected an authentication mode that requires user authentication, add or select the users or groups that shall be allowed to use the Web Filter.

Transparent mode: In transparent mode, all connections made by client browser applications on port 80 (port 443, respectively, if SSL is used) are intercepted and redirected to the Web Filter without client-side configuration. The client is entirely unaware of the Web Filter server. The advantage of this mode is that no additional administration or client-side configuration is necessary, the disadvantage however is that only HTTP (port 80) requests can be processed. Thus, when you select the transparent mode, the client's proxy settings will become ineffective.

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Note – In transparent mode, the Web Filter will strip NTLM authentication headers from HTTP requests. Furthermore, the Web Filter cannot handle FTP requests in this mode. If your clients want to access such services, you must open the port (21) in the firewall. Note further that some webservers transmit some data, in particular streaming video and audio, over a port different from port 80.

These requests will not be noticed when the Web Filter operates in transparent mode. To support such traffic, you must either use a different mode or enter an explicit firewall rule allowing them.

Full transparent (optional): Select to preserve the client source IP instead of replacing it by the gateway's IP. This is useful if your clients use public IP addresses that should not be disguised by the Web Filter. The option is only meaningful and therefore only available when running in bridged mode.

Select an authentication mode:

None: Select to not use any authentication.

Agent: Select to use the Sophos Authentication Agent (SAA). Users need to start the agent and authenticate in order to be able to use the Web Filter.

You can select or add users and/or groups to the Allowed users/groups text box who are to be allowed to use the Web Filter.

Browser: When selected the users will be presented a login dialog window in their browser to authenticate themselves at the Web Filter. This mode allows for username-based tracking, reporting, and surfing without clientside browser configuration. Moreover, you can enable a disclaimer that is additionally displayed on that dialog window and needs to be accepted by users to be able to go on. For more information on the disclaimer, please refer to chapter Management > Customization >

Web Messages

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Important Note – When SSL scanning is enabled in combination with the transparent mode, certain SSL connections are destined to fail, e.g. SSL VPN tunnels. To enable SSL VPN connections, add the respective target host to the Transparent Mode Skiplist (see Web Protection

> Web Filtering >

Advanced

Furthermore, to access hosts with a self-signed certificate you need to create an exception for

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those hosts, selecting the option Certificate trust check. The proxy will then not check their certificates.

Live Log

The Web Filtering live log gives you information on web requests. Click the Open Live Log button to open the Web Filtering live log in a new window.

9.1.2 Antivirus/Malware

On the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Antivirus/Malware tab you can configure those options aiming at protecting your network from web traffic that carries harmful and dangerous content such as viruses, worms, or other malware.

Antivirus Scanning

Select the option Use Antivirus scanning to have inbound and outbound web traffic scanned.

Sophos UTM features several antivirus engines for best security.

Single Scan: Default setting; provides maximum performance using the engine defined

on the System Settings >

Scan Settings

tab.

Dual Scan: Provides maximum recognition rate by scanning the respective traffic twice using different virus scanners. Note that dual scan is not available with BasicGuard subscription.

Max scanning size: Specify the maximum size of files to be scanned by the antivirus engine

(s). Files exceeding this size will be exempt from scanning.

Tip – If you want to prevent files exceeding the maximum scanning size from being downloaded, set the Block downloads larger than value on the

Advanced

page accordingly.

Click Apply to save your settings.

File Extension Filter

This feature filters certain types of files based on their extensions (e.g., executable binaries) from web traffic that have a file extension listed in the Blocked file extensions box. You can add additional file extensions or delete file extensions that are not to be blocked. To add a file extension, click the Plus icon in the Blocked File Extensions box and enter the file extension you want to block, for example exe (without the delimiting dot).

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Click Apply to save your settings.

Note – Archives, e.g. zip files, cannot be scanned for malicious content and will pass through the virus scanner. To protect your network from malware included in archived files you might want to consider blocking the respective file extensions altogether.

MIME Type Filter

To add a MIME type that shall be blocked, click the Plus icon in the Blocked MIME types box and enter the MIME type (e.g., image/gif). It is possible to use wildcards (*) here, e.g. audio/*.

Active Content Removal

In the Active Content Removal area you can configure the automatic elimination of specific web content such as embedded objects (e.g., multimedia files) in webpages. You can make the following settings: l

Remove embedded objects: When selected, this feature will remove all <OBJECT> tags from HTML pages, stripping off dynamic content such as ActiveX, Flash, or Java from incoming HTTP traffic.

Disable JavaScript: When selected, this feature will disable all <SCRIPT> tags in HTML pages, resulting in the deactivation of functions that are embedded in or included from

HTML pages.

9.1.3 URL Filtering

On the Web Protection > Web Filtering > URL Filtering tab you can configure your default settings for controlling access to certain kinds of websites.

Note – The whitelist is always queried first, i.e. each website request is compared with the whitelist and if no match can be found the request is compared to the blacklist. If a match with the blacklist is found, the website is blocked.

You can make the following settings:

URL Filter

Allow/Block selection: Decide whether your selection of website categories should be allowed or blocked. The following options are available:

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Allow content that does not match the criteria below: If this option is selected, your selection of website categories will be blocked while all other categories not selected will be allowed.

Block content that does not match the criteria below: If this option is selected, all website categories except the ones you selected will be blocked.

The default option is Allow. When you switch to Block, note that the options below are subsequently "inverted" in their meaning which is displayed by a change of wording from Block to

Allow and vice versa, respectively.

Note – For accessing the categorization database, TCP port 6000 or TCP port 80 needs to be open in upstream firewalls. If you have a parent proxy configured, all requests to the database will be sent through the parent proxy.

Block spyware infection and communication: Spyware is malicious software that can probe systems and reports user behavior to an advertiser without the user's knowledge. Selecting this option will detect and block spyware on the way from the server to the client. This prevents computers within your network from getting infected by new spyware. Moreover, activating this feature will detect and block traffic from already installed spyware applications. That way, gathered user information will no longer be submitted to the Internet. Note that this option is only available if the first option on the page is set to Allow.

Note – The spyware category cannot be assigned to any of the 18 available groups, therefore protection from spyware purveyors can only be enabled by selecting the Block spyware

infection and communication checkbox.

Block URLs with a reputation below a threshold of: Websites can be classified as either

Trusted, Neutral, Suspicious, or malicious, the latter not being listed (since it would allow for all kind of sites which is equivalent to not using the threshold option at all). Unclassified websites are referred to as Unverified. You can determine which reputation a website must have to be accessible from your network. Websites below the selected threshold will be blocked. Note that this option is only available if the first option on the page is set to Allow. For more information on website reputations please refer to http://www.trustedsource.org

Block these website categories: Select the website categories that should be blocked. The mapping between the website categories to be selected here and their underlying subcategories can be changed on the Web Protection > Web Filtering > URL Filtering Categories

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9.1 Web Filtering tab. Note that this option changes to Allow these website categories if the first option on the page is set to Block.

Note – If you are of the opinion that a website is wrongly categorized, you can use the following URL report form to suggest new categories.

Block access to uncategorized websites: Enabling this option will prevent the browser from opening websites of unknown content. This function can be considered as a fallback security mechanism in case a potentially unwanted website has not yet been categorized as such.

One benefit of this function is to protect the user from so-called phishing attacks. Usually, phishing emails contain suspicious links to faked websites, tricking the user into revealing personal and confidential information. If not already classified as harmful, those links are either of category Uncategorized or Suspicious. By selecting this option, those categories will be blocked.

Thus, even if a phishing message has been delivered, the user won't be able to open the fraudulent URL.

Note that this option changes to Allow access to uncategorized websites if the first option on the page is set to Block.

Additional URLs/sites to block: If you want to block a specific URL or website, or a subset of webpages of a specific domain, regardless of its category, define it here. This has the effect that websites defined here can be blocked even if they belong to a category you want to allow.

Click the Plus icon to open the Add Regular Expression Object dialog window.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the regular expression object.

Domains: Enter the domains for which you want to block all or specific webpages.

Note that you have to enter the entire domain name, including e.g.

www

Webpages of the specified domains will be blocked if one of the regular expressions defined below matches the URL. If no regular expression is given, the entire domain will be blocked.

Regular expressions: Enter the regular expressions that you want to prohibit for the above defined domains. If no domain is specified above, the regular expressions will be applied to all domains. Note that regular expressions do match the

URL as well as search results and parts of similar URLs which may lead to unwanted blocking behavior.

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Cross Reference – For detailed information on using regular expressions for web filtering, see the Sophos Knowledgebase .

Note – You should define the webpages as precisely as possible. Defining regular expressions without a domain may have a negative impact on performance.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

Click Apply.

Note that this option changes to Additional URLs/sites to allow if the first option on the page is set to Block.

Always allow these URLs/sites: If you explicitly want to allow a specific URL or website, or a subset of webpages of a specific domain, regardless of its category or an entry in the block list, define it here.

Click the Plus icon to open the Add Regular Expression Object dialog window. Enter your data as described for the element above. The meaning is analogue.

Note that this option changes to Always block these URLs/sites if the first option on the page is set to Block.

Safe Search

SafeSearch: You can enforce the usage of SafeSearch for the search engines Google, Bing, and Yahoo. The SafeSearch filter removes content from search results that is not appropriate for children, such as offending or illegal material. If enabled, users surfing via the Web Filter are unable to turn the filter off.

YouTube for Schools: If enabled, users trying to open a YouTube video are restricted to

YouTube videos either belonging to the sub-section YouTube EDU or uploaded by your school account. To make this work, you have to sign up at the YouTube for Schools program to get a

School ID which you need to enter below.

Note – On the Sophos UTM, you have to make sure that the top-level domains youtube.com

and ytimg.com as well as videos in general are not blocked.

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YouTube School ID: If you have enabled YouTube for Schools, you need to enter the

School ID or code supplied by YouTube.

Bypass Blocking

Users/Groups allowed to bypass blocking: If you want to give certain users or groups the permission to access pages which are blocked by default, add them to this drag-and-drop box.

Subsequently, blocked pages will contain a button called Unblock URL. Clicking the button opens a page where users can enter their credentials and a reason why they want to access the blocked page. If they are listed in the bypass blocking box, either directly or via a group, they will be able to access the blocked page. The bypassing will be logged and is part of the reporting

(see Logging & Reporting > Web Protection > Web Usage Report). Note that the authentication timeout defined on the

Advanced

tab, section Misc Settings, also applies to bypassing.

9.1.4 URL Filtering Categories

On the Web Protection > Web Filtering > URL Filtering Categories tab you can customize the mapping of website categories to category groups, which can be selected on the URL Filtering tab. Sophos UTM can identify and block access to 60 different categories of websites. Sophisticated URL classification methods ensure accuracy and completeness in identifying questionable websites. If a user requests a webpage that is not included in the database, the URL is sent to the web crawlers and classified automatically.

Note – If you are of the opinion that a website is wrongly categorized, you can use the following URL report form to suggest new categories.

To assign website categories to a category group, proceed as follows:

Click Edit in the category group you want to edit.

The Edit Filter Category dialog box opens.

Select the subcategories.

Select or clear the checkboxes of the subcategories you want to add to or remove from the group.

Click Save.

The group will be updated with your settings.

Alternatively, you can also create a new filter category. Proceed as follows:

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Click the New Filter Category button on the top of the page.

The Create Filter Category dialog box opens.

Enter a name.

Enter a descriptive name for the new filter category.

Select the subcategories.

Select the checkboxes of the subcategories you want to add to the group.

Click Save.

The group will be updated with your settings.

To either edit or delete a category, click the corresponding buttons.

9.1.5 Exceptions

On the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Exceptions tab you can define whitelist client networks, users/groups, and domains. All entries contained in these lists can be excluded from certain web protection services.

To create an exception, proceed as follows:

On the Exceptions tab, click New Exception List.

The Create Exception List dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this exception.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Skip These Checks: Select the security checks that should be skipped: l

Authentication: If the Web Filter runs in Authentication mode, you can skip authentication for the source hosts/networks or target domains.

Caching: Select to disable caching for specific domains or source hosts/networks.

Block by download size: Select to disable blocking content according to the size of the download.

Antivirus: Select to disable virus scanning, which checks messages for unwanted content such as viruses, trojan horses and the like.

Extension blocking: Select to disable the file extension filter, which can be used to block content that contains certain types of files based on their extensions.

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MIME type blocking: Select to disable the MIME type filter, which can be used to block content that has a certain MIME type.

URL filter: Select to disable the URL filter, which controls the access to certain kinds of websites.

Content removal: Select to bypass the removal of special content in webpages such as embedded objects (e.g., multimedia files) or JavaScript.

SSL scanning: Select to skip SSL scanning for the webpage in request. This is useful with online banking websites or with websites that do not play well with SSL interception. Note that for technical reasons this option does not work for any transparent Web Filter mode. With transparent mode, use the Transparent Skiplist instead (see

Advanced

tab). In standard mode, exceptions can only be made based on the destination host or IP address depending on what the client sends.

With exceptions based on categories, instead of the whole URL, only the hostname will be classified.

Certificate trust check: Select to skip the trust check of the HTTPS server certificate. Note that, when the Web Filter works in transparent mode with authentication, skipping the certificate trust check based on a users/groups match (For All

Requests Coming From These Users/Groups) is technically impossible.

Certificate date check: Select to skip the check of whether the HTTPS certificate's date is valid.

The following two options are useful if there are persons or members of e.g. a works council whose activities must not be logged at all: l

Accessed pages: Select to not log pages that have been accessed. Those page requests will also be excluded from reporting.

Blocked pages: Select to not log pages that have been blocked. Those page requests will also be excluded from reporting.

For all requests: Select at least one condition for which the security checks are to be skipped. You can logically combine several conditions by selecting either And or Or from the drop-down list in front of a condition. The following conditions can be set: l

Coming from these source networks: Select to add source hosts/networks that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule. Enter the respective hosts or networks in the Hosts/Networks box that opens after selecting the condition.

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Coming from these source endpoint groups: Select to add computer groups (see Endpoint Protection > Computer Management > Manage Groups tab) that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule. Enter the respective groups in the Source Endpoint Groups box that opens after selecting the condition.

Matching these URLs: Select to add target domains that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule. Add the respective domains to the

Target Domains box that opens after selecting the condition. Regular expressions are allowed here. Example: ^https?://[^.]*\.domain.com matches HTTP

(S) connections to all subdomains of the domain.

Cross Reference – For detailed information on using regular expressions for web filtering, see the Sophos Knowledgebase .

Note – When using Transparent mode with SSL scanning enabled, you need to enter the target domain(s) as IP addresses. Otherwise the exception will fail for technical reasons.

Coming from these users/groups: Select to add users or user groups that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule. Enter the respective users or groups in the Users/Groups box that opens after selecting the condition. Also, in Standard mode, matching for certain users/groups does not work due to the missing authentication.

Going to these categories of websites: Select to skip security checks for certain categories. Select then the categories from the list that opens after selecting the condition.

Click Save.

The new exception appears on the Exceptions list.

To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

9.1.6 Advanced

The Web Protection > Web Filtering > Advanced tab contains various other configuration options of the Web Filter such as caching or port settings.

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Misc Settings

Web filtering port: Here you can define the port number that the Web Filter will use for client requests. The default is 8080.

Note – This only applies if you do not operate the proxy in transparent mode.

Log accessed pages: Select to log accessed URLs along with username and client IP of the request.

Log blocked pages: Select to log blocked URLs along with username and client IP of the request.

Note – The log options can be also set individually by means of an exception (see chapter

Web Filtering >

Exceptions

) or a filter action for profiles (see chapter Web Filtering Profiles >

Filter Actions

Block unscannable and encrypted files: Select this option to block files that could not be scanned. The reason for that may be, among other things, that files are encrypted or corrupt.

MIME blocking inspects HTTP body: Not only the HTTP header but also the HTTP body is checked for blocked MIME types. Note that turning on this feature may have a negative impact on performance.

Block downloads larger than: Select this option to prevent users from downloading files that exceed the specified size (in MB).

Note – If in the Streaming Settings section the Bypass scanning for streaming content checkbox is turned off, content that a user streams will be capped at the size specified here.

Allowed target services: In the Allowed target services box you can select the target services the Web Filter should be allowed to access. The default setting consists of target services

(ports) that are usually safe to connect to and which are typically used by browsers, namely

HTTP (port 80), HTTPS (port 443), FTP (port 21), LDAP (port 389), LDAP-SSL (port 636),

Web Filter (port 8080), UTM Spam Release (ports 3840-4840), and UTM WebAdmin (port

4444

Default charset: This option affects how the proxy displays filenames in the Download Man-

ager window. URLs (and filenames that they may reference) that are encoded in foreign

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charsets will be converted to UTF-8 from the charset specified here unless the server sends a different charset. If you are in a country or region that uses a double-byte charset, you should set this option to the "native" charset for that country or region.

Search domain: You can add an additional domain here, which will be searched when the first

DNS lookup returns no result ("NXDOMAIN"). Then, a second DNS request is initiated which appends the domain given here to the original hostname. Example: A user enters http://wiki

, meaning to address wiki.intranet.example.com. However, the URL can only be resolved when you enter intranet.example.com into the Search domain field.

Authentication timeout: This option allows you to set the number of seconds between user authentication prompts when using the transparent user authentication feature or the bypass blocking feature.

Authentication realm: The authentication realm is the name of the source which a browser displays along with the authentication request when the proxy works in Basic User Authentic-

ation mode. It defines the protection space according to RFC 2617 . You can give any string here.

Transparent Mode Skiplist

Using this option is only meaningful if the Web Filter runs in transparent mode. Hosts and networks listed in the Skip transparent mode hosts/nets boxes will not be subject to the transparent interception of HTTP traffic. There is one box for source and one for destination hosts/networks. To allow HTTP traffic (without proxy) for these hosts and networks, select the Allow

HTTP/S traffic for listed hosts/nets checkbox. If you do not select this checkbox, you must define specific firewall rules for the hosts and networks listed here.

Proxy Auto Configuration

The proxy auto configuration is a feature that enables you to centrally provide a proxy auto configuration file (PAC file) which can be fetched by browsers. The browsers will in turn configure their proxy settings according to the details outlined in the PAC file.

The PAC file is named wpad.dat, has the MIME type application/x-ns-proxyautoconfig and will be provided by the UTM. It contains the information you enter into the text box, for example: function FindProxyForURL(url, host)

{ return "PROXY proxy.example.com:8080; DIRECT"; }

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The function above instructs the browser to redirect all page requests to the proxy of the server proxy.example.com

on port 8080. If the proxy is not reachable, a direct connection to the Internet will be established.

The hostname can also be written as a variable called ${asg_hostname}. This is especially useful when you want to deploy the same PAC file to several Sophos UTM appliances using

Sophos UTM Manager. The variable will then be instantiated with the hostname of the respective UTM. Using the variable in the example above would look like the following: function FindProxyForURL(url, host)

{ return "PROXY ${asg_hostname}:8080; DIRECT"; }

To provide the PAC file for your network, you have the following possibilities: l

Providing via browser configuration: If you select the option Enable Proxy Auto Con-

figuration, the PAC file will be available via the UTM Web Filter under the URL of the following type: http://IP-of-UTM:8080/wpad.dat. To use this file, enter its URL in the automatic proxy configuration setting of those browsers which are to use the proxy.

Providing via DHCP: You can have your DHCP server(s) hand out the URL of the PAC file together with the client IP address. To do that, select the option Enable HTTP Proxy

Auto Configuration in your DHCP server configuration (see chapter Network Services >

DHCP

). A browser will then automatically fetch the PAC file and configure its settings

accordingly.

Note – Providing via DHCP works with Microsoft's Internet Explorer only. Regarding all other browsers you need to provide the PAC file manually.

HTTP/S Parent Proxy Routing

A parent proxy is often required in those countries that require Internet access to be routed through a government-approved proxy server. If your security policy requires the use of one or more parent proxies, you can add or select them here.

If the box is empty you need to create a parent proxy definition first. Do the following:

Click the Plus icon in the box header.

The Add Parent Proxy dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this parent proxy.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

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Use proxy for these hosts: Add hosts to this box for which the parent proxy is to be used, e.g. *.wikipedia.org. Note that you can use pattern matching here. Regular expressions, however, are not allowed. If you leave the box empty, an asterisk (*) is automatically added when clicking Save, which matches all hosts. Such a proxy definition can therefore be regarded as a fallback proxy which matches when none of the other proxies, if existent, do.

Parent proxy: Select or add the network definition of the parent proxy.

Port: The default port for the connection to the parent proxy is 8080. If your parent proxy requires a different port, you can change it here.

Proxy requires authentication: If the parent proxy requires authentication, select the checkbox and enter username and password in the appearing textboxes.

Click Save.

The new parent proxy appears on the Parent proxies box.

The proxy can now be used in filter actions or globally. To edit or delete parent proxy definitions, go to the Web Filtering Profiles > Parent Proxies tab.

Enable the usage of parent proxies by selecting the checkbox in front of the respective proxy. If you selected more than one proxy, you can sort the proxies via the Sort icons. Selected parent proxies are applied in the given order until the first proxy matches. The processing order is determined by the position number, so if you change the order of the proxies by their position numbers, the processing order will change as well.

You can make the usage of parent proxies also profile-based (for more information see chapter

Web Filtering Profiles > Filter Actions).

Parent Proxies and Website Categorization

When you want to get database updates and to do categorization lookups via a parent proxy you need to specify the following hosts for that parent proxy: l list.smartfilter.com

(with local categorization database) l cffs*.astaro.com

(with TCP categorization)

If you have one parent proxy configured to match all hosts (*), specifying those hosts is unnecessary. Note that you can also define different parent proxies for certain hosts and have the last parent proxy match all hosts (*). Then only that traffic is routed via the last parent proxy where all other parent proxies do not match.

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Web Caching

Enable caching: When this option is enabled, the Web Filter keeps an on-disk object cache to speed up requests to frequently visited webpages.

Cache SSL content: With this option enabled, SSL-encrypted data will be stored unencrypted on disk as well.

Cache content that contains cookies: Cookies are often used for authentication purposes. With this option enabled, HTTP answers containing cookies will be cached as well.

This may be critical, as users requesting the same page are likely to get the cached page, containing the cookie of another user.

Important Note – Caching SSL and/or cookie content is an important security issue as the content is readable by every user with SuperAdmin rights.

Force caching for Sophos Endpoint updates: If enabled, certain data related to

Sophos Auto Update (SAU) requests from endpoints will be cached. We recommend to enable this feature when using endpoint protection. If disabled, this type of data will not be cached. This can lead to uplink saturation when many endpoints simultaneously try to download data from the update servers in the Internet.

Clear Cache: You can delete all cached pages by clicking Clear Cache.

Streaming Settings

Bypass content scanning for streaming content: When this option is active, typical audio and video streaming content is not subject to content scanning. Disabling this option will effectively disable most media streams, since they cannot be scanned in a reasonable timeframe. It is therefore recommended to leave this option turned on.

Apple OpenDirectory Single Sign-On

When you are using Apple OpenDirectory SSO as authentication method, you need to upload a

MAC OS X Single Sign-On Kerberos keyfile for authentication to work properly. Generate that keyfile and upload it by clicking the Folder icon. For more information on how to generate that keyfile please refer to the Kerberos documentation.

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9.1.7 HTTPS CAs

On the Web Protection > Web Filtering > HTTPS CAs tab you can manage Signing and Verification Certificate Authorities (CAs) for HTTPS connections.

Signing CA

In this area you can upload your Signing CA certificate, regenerate the Signing CA certificate, or download the existing Signing CA certificate. By default, the Signing CA certificate is created according to the information provided during setup, i.e. it is consistent with the information on the Management > System Settings >

Organizational

tab—unless there have been any changes applied since.

To upload a new Signing CA certificate, proceed as follows:

Click the button Upload.

The Upload PKCS#12 Certificate File dialog window opens.

Browse for the certificate to upload.

Click the Folder icon next to the File box, click Browse in the opening Upload File dialog window, select the certificate to upload and click Start Upload.

You can only upload certificates in PKCS#12 format which are password protected.

Enter the password.

Enter the password twice into the corresponding fields and click Save.

The new Signing CA certificate will be installed.

To regenerate your Signing CA certificate, proceed as follows:

Click the button Regenerate.

The Create New Signing CA dialog box opens.

Change the information.

Change the given information according to your needs and click Save.

The new Signing CA certificate will be generated. The Signing CA information in the Sign-

ing CA area will change accordingly.

To download the Signing CA certificate, proceed as follows:

Click the button Download.

The Download Certificate File dialog window opens.

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Select the file format to download.

You can choose between two different formats: l

PKCS#12: This format will be encrypted, so enter an export password.

PEM: Unencrypted format.

Click Download.

The file will be downloaded.

If you use certificates for your internal webservers signed by a custom CA, it is advisable to upload this CA certificate to WebAdmin as Trusted Certificate Authority. Otherwise users will be prompted with an error message by the Web Filter claiming to be confronted with an untrustworthy server certificate.

To facilitate supplying client PCs with the proxy CA certificate, users can download the certificate themselves via http://passthrough.fw-notify.net/cacert.pem

and install it in their browser.

The website request is directly accepted and processed by the proxy. It is therefore necessary to enable the Web Filter on the Web Filtering > Global tab first.

Note – In case the proxy's operation mode is not Transparent Mode the proxy has to be enabled in the user's browser. Otherwise the certificate download link will not be accessible.

Alternatively, if the User Portal is enabled, users can download the proxy CA certificate from the

User Portal, tab HTTPS Proxy.

Preventing HTTPS Problems

When using HTTPS, Windows system programs like Windows Update and Windows Defender will not be able to establish connections because they are run with system user rights.

However, this user, by default, does not trust the proxy CA. It is therefore necessary to import the HTTPS proxy CA certificate for the system user. Do the following:

In Windows, open the Microsoft Management Console (mmc).

Click on the File menu and then Add/Remove Snap-in.

The Add or Remove Snap-ins dialog window opens.

Click Add at the bottom of the window.

The dialog window Add Standalone Snap-In opens.

Select Certificates from the list and click Add.

A wizard appears.

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Select Computer account and click Next.

Make sure that Local computer is selected and click Finish and then Close.

The first dialog window now contains the item Certificates (Local Computer).

Click OK.

The dialog window closes and the Console Root now contains the item Certificates

(Local Computer).

In the Console Root window on the left open Certificates > Trusted Root Cer-

tification Authorities, right-click Certificates and select All Tasks > Import from the context menu.

The import dialog wizard opens.

Click Next.

The next wizard step is displayed.

10.

Browse to the previously downloaded HTTPS proxy CA certificate, click Open and then Next.

The next wizard step is displayed.

11.

Make sure that Place all certificates in the following store is selected and click

Next and Close.

The wizard reports the import success.

12.

Confirm the wizard's message.

The proxy CA certificate is now displayed among the trusted certificates.

13.

Save the changes.

Click on the File menu and then Save to save the changes on the Console Root.

After importing, the CA is system-widely accepted and connection problems resulting from the

HTTPS proxy should not occur.

Verification CAs

This area allows you to manage Verifications CAs. Those are Certificate Authorities you trust in the first place, i.e. websites presenting valid certificates signed by these CAs are regarded trustworthy by the HTTPS proxy.

Local Verification CAs: You can upload Verification CAs additionally to the CA list below. Proceed as follows:

Click the Folder icon next to the Upload local CA field.

The Upload File dialog window opens.

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Select the certificate to upload.

Click Browse and select the CA certificate to upload. The following certificate extensions are supported: l cer

, crt, or der: These certificate types are binary and basically the same.

l pem

: Base64 encoded DER certificates.

Upload the certificate.

Click Start Upload to upload the selected CA certificate.

The certificate will be installed and displayed in the Local Verification CAs area.

Global Verification CAs: The list of Verification CAs shown here is identical to the Verification

CAs pre-installed by Mozilla Firefox. However, you can disable one or all Verification CAs of the list if you do not regard them as trustworthy. To revoke a CA's certificate click its toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns gray and the HTTPS proxy will no longer accept websites signed by this

CA.

Tip – Click the blue Info icon to see the fingerprint of a CA.

The HTTPS proxy will present a "Blocked Content" error page to a client if the CA is unknown or disabled. However, you can create an exception for such pages: either via the Create Exception link on the error page of the Web Filter or via the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Exceptions tab.

Note – When clicking the Create Exception link on the Web Filter error page a login dialog window is presented. Only users with admin rights are allowed to create exceptions.

9.2 Web Filtering Profiles

Sophos UTM features a Web Filter designed and optimized for controlling what web content is available on a particular network. It thus prevents persons from viewing content which you may consider objectionable. You can configure the Web Filter to apply globally to selected networks.

Alternatively, you can create individual Web Filtering profiles that can be used to enforce various security policies to be applied to different segments of your network. That way you can define different content filtering policies for the various departments within your organization, even with varying user authentication methods.

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This chapter describes how to add filter actions and how to use them in the Web Filtering profiles framework of Sophos UTM. You are advised to configure the Web Filtering Profiles tabs from backward to forward. That is to say, begin with specifying your filter actions first, which are then assigned to particular users and user groups in so-called filter assignments, which in turn are taken to configure the actual Web Filtering profiles.

9.2.1 Overview

Note – To configure Web Filtering profiles, the Web Filtering must be enabled.

The flowchart shows how filter actions, filter assignments, and Web Filtering profiles interact. If an HTTP request comes in, the Web Filter first determines which Web Filtering profile must be applied. This is entirely dependent on the source IP address of the request. The first profile that matches the source IP of the request will be used. All other Web Filtering profiles that may exist will be ignored.

Internally, all profiles are stored in a single file with the default profile being at the bottom of the list. In the beginning, when no other HTTP profile is configured, the default profile is the only one present. When you start adding individual web filtering profiles and sort them using the Position drop-down list, the default profile will stay at the end of list, thus making sure that it will always be applied last.

The default profile, however, is not a profile to be explicitly configured on the Web Protection >

Web Filtering Profiles tabs. Instead, it is automatically created when you globally configure the

Web Filter on the Web Protection > Web Filtering tabs. The Allowed networks to be configured on the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Global tab correspond to the Source networks of a web filtering profile. The settings in the Allowed users/groups box (located on Web Protection > Web

Filtering > Global tab when operation mode Basic user authentication is selected) become the default filter assignment, while the settings on the Web Protection > Web Filtering > URL Fil-

tering tab correspond to a filter action. Finally, if not even the default profile matches, the HTTP request will be blocked.

It is then checked which filter assignment is associated with this web filtering profile. If no filter assignment matches, the fallback action will be applied to the request. The fallback action is a special filter action that should reflect the security policy of your company. If you must adhere to a strict security policy, you could create a filter action that blocks all web traffic without exception.

To provide different levels of protection for various users within the same network segment, you only need to configure one single web filtering profile with different filter assignments

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9.2 Web Filtering Profiles associated. What is allowed for specific users is dependent upon the order of the selected filter assignments. For that reason it does not make sense to configure two profiles with exactly the same source networks, as the second profile will never be used.

9.2.2 Proxy Profiles

Proxy profiles can be used to create various content filtering policies, enabling you to apply different policies to different addresses of your network. That way you can define different policies for the various departments within your organization. In addition, each proxy profile can have its own user authentication method.

To create a proxy profile, proceed as follows:

Click New Proxy Profile.

The Create Proxy Profile dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this profile.

Position: The position number, defining the priority of the proxy profile. Lower numbers have higher priority. Proxy profiles are matched in ascending order. Once a proxy profile has matched, proxy profiles with a higher number will not be evaluated anymore. Place the more specific profiles at the top of the list to make sure that less restrictive profiles match last.

Source networks: Select the networks that should use this proxy profile (note that this field is mandatory).

Source endpoint groups: Select the endpoint groups that should use this proxy profile. Endpoint groups are groups created on the Endpoint Protection > Computer Man-

agement > Manage Groups tab. If a group has Web Control enabled, you can enforce a

Proxy Profile on the referenced endpoint machine.

Caution – Make sure to not select source networks and endpoint groups here that are used in other proxy profiles because this may lead to an inconsistent mapping between content filter actions and users/groups, possibly allowing users who reside in a certain network segment to open websites you do not want them to access.

Filter assignments: Select a filter assignment. A filter assignment is a set of web protection configuration settings that can be used to assign different levels of protection to

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various users/groups at various times (for more information, see Web Protection > Web

Filtering Profiles > Filter Assignments). Note that you can select multiple filter assignments. In addition, you can specify which filter assignment should be applied first. This is useful, for example, if you want to assign different filter assignments for the same users or user groups to be applied at different times. Generally speaking, place the more specific assignments at the top of the list to make sure that the least restrictive assignments match last. For this, use the Sort icons that appear after you have selected at least two filters.

Note – You can also select a Default filter assignment, which has assigned the Default

filter action to the users/groups configured on the Web Filtering > Global tab, provided the Web Filter runs in either Basic user authentication, Active Directory SSO, or eDir-

ectory SSO mode. Note further that you can use a filter assignment that has users and groups selected even when you set the operation mode to Standard or Transparent, but in that case, the users and groups will be ignored and only the time period definitions specified in the filter assignment will be taken into account when using this proxy profile.

Fallback action: The fallback action is a special filter action that should reflect the security policy of your company and will be applied to the request if none of the selected filter assignments matches. For example, if you must adhere to a strict security policy, you could create a special filter action as fallback that blocks all web traffic without exception.

By the way, the Default filter action you can select here corresponds to the settings of the

Web Protection > Web Filtering > URL Filtering tab.

Operation mode: For each proxy profile, you can select among several user authentication methods. Different proxy profiles can have different authentication methods, but only one user authentication method can be used for each proxy profile. You can even select a different operation mode than configured on the Web Filtering > Global tab.

Note, however, that authentication will only work as expected if the authentication mode selected here matches the authentication mode of all user and group objects used in all filter assignments. The following operation modes are available: l

Standard: In standard mode, the Web Filter will listen for client requests on port

8080 by default and will allow any client from the networks listed in Source net-

works box to connect. When used in this mode, clients must have specified the

Web Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

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Authentication type:

None: Select to not use any authentication.

Active Directory SSO: Select when you have configured Active Directory

Single Sign-On (SSO) on the Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers >

Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

, just enter the name ads_ group1

Note – When using Kerberos, only add groups to the Active Directory

groups box, as entries for users are not be accepted by the Web Filter.

Agent: Select to use the Sophos Authentication Agent (SAA). Users need to start the agent and authenticate in order to be able to use the Web Filter.

Single Sign-On Kerberos keyfile on the Web Protection > Web Filtering >

Basic user authentication: In this mode, each client must authenticate itself against the proxy before using it. For more information about which

authentication methods are supported, see Definitions & Users >

Authentication Servers

. When used in this mode, clients must have specified the Web

Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

eDirectory SSO: Select when you have configured eDirectory on the Defin-

itions & Users > Authentication Servers > Servers tab. When used in this

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mode, clients must have specified the Web Filter as HTTP proxy in their browser configuration.

These requests will not be noticed when the Web Filter operates in transparent mode. To support such traffic, you must either use a different mode or enter an explicit firewall rule allowing them.

Authentication type:

None: Select to not use any authentication.

Agent: Select to use the Sophos Authentication Agent (SAA). Users need to start the agent and authenticate in order to be able to use the Web Filter.

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Web Messages

Full transparent mode (optional): Select to preserve the client source IP instead of replacing it by the gateway's IP. This is useful if your clients use public IP addresses that should not be disguised by the Web Filter. The option is only meaningful and therefore only available when running in bridged mode.

Scan HTTPS (SSL) traffic: Select the checkbox to not only scan HTTP traffic but

HTTPS traffic, too.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new profile appears on the Proxy Profiles list.

> Web Filtering >

Advanced

Furthermore, to access hosts with a self-signed certificate you need to create an exception for those hosts, selecting the option Certificate Trust Check. The proxy will then not check their certificates.

To either edit or delete a proxy profile, click the corresponding buttons.

9.2.3 Filter Assignments

On the Web Filtering Profiles > Filter Assignments tab you can assign filter actions to particular users and user groups. While a filter action rather refers to the "What" by defining which websites or categories of websites should be blocked, a filter assignment refers to the "Who" and

"When" by assigning those actions to users and user groups at specific times.

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Note – Various settings you have configured on the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Antivir-

us/Malware tab (Antivirus scanning, file extension filter, MIME type filter, content removal) and the URL Filtering tab (categories, blocked URLs) are stored as a Default Filter Action, which can be selected from the Filter action drop-down list below.

To create a filter assignment, proceed as follows:

Click New Filter Assignment.

The Create New Filter Assignment dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this assignment.

Allowed users/groups: Select the users and groups that should use a specific filter action. Note that your new filter assignment should only be added to Web Filtering profiles using the same authentication mode as the users and groups you select here.

Time period: Time periods are single or recurring time slots that can be used to limit firewall rules or filter profiles to specific time ranges. For more information, see Definitions &

Users > Time Period Definitions.

Filter action: Select the filter action you want to assign to the users and user groups defined above.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new assignment appears on the Filter Assignments list.

To either edit or delete a filter assignment, click the corresponding buttons.

Each filter assignment can be selected when creating a Web Filtering profile.

9.2.4 Filter Actions

On the Web Filtering Profiles > Filter Actions tab you can create and edit a set of web protection configuration settings that can be used to customize different types and levels of protection. Filter actions can be assigned to different users and user groups, providing a flexible way to control web access.

To create a filter action, proceed as follows:

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Click New Filter Action.

The Create New Filter Action dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this action.

Mode: Select whether your selection of websites should be blocked or allowed. The following options are available: l

Allow By Default: If this option is selected, your selection of websites will be blocked while all other websites will be allowed.

Block By Default: If this option is selected, all websites except the ones you selected will be blocked.

Threshold: Websites can be classified as either Trusted, Neutral, or Suspicious. Unclassified websites are referred to as Unverified. You can determine which reputation a website must have to be accessible from your network. Websites below the selected threshold will be blocked.

Block Spyware Communication: Selecting this option will detect and block spyware on the way from the server to the client. This prevents computers within your network from getting infected by new spyware. Moreover, activating this feature will detect and block traffic from already installed spyware applications. That way, gathered user information will no longer be submitted to the Internet. Note that this option is not available if you change the mode to Block By Default.

Block these Website Categories: Select the website categories that should be blocked. The mapping between the website categories to be selected here and their underlying subcategories can be changed on the Web Protection > Web Filtering > URL

Filtering Categories tab. Note that this option is changed to Allow these Website Cat-

egories if Mode is set to Block by Default above.

Block Uncategorized Sites: Enabling this option will prevent the browser from opening websites of unknown content. This function can be considered as a fallback security mechanism in case a potentially unwanted website has not yet been categorized as such.

Note that this option is changed to Allow Uncategorized Sites if Mode is set to Block by

Default above.

Block these URLs/sites: If you want to block a specific URL or website, or a subset of webpages of a specific domain, regardless of its category, define it here. This has the effect that websites defined here can be blocked even if they belong to a category you

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want to allow. To add a URL definition, click the Plus icon to open the Add Regular Expres-

sion Object dialog window and enter the following data: l

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the regular expression object.

Domains: Enter the domains for which you want to block all or specific webpages.

Note that you have to enter the entire domain name, including e.g.

www

Webpages of the specified domains will be blocked if one of the regular expressions defined below matches the URL. If no regular expression is given, the entire domain will be blocked.

URL as well as search results and parts of similar URLs which may lead to unwanted blocking behavior.

Cross Reference – For detailed information on using regular expressions for web filtering, see the Sophos Knowledgebase .

Note – You should define the webpages as precisely as possible. Defining regular expressions without a domain may have a negative impact on performance.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Note that this option changes to Allow these URLs/sites if Mode is set to Block by default above.

Click the Plus icon to open the Add Regular Expression Object dialog window. Enter your data as described for the element above. The meaning is analogue.

Note that this option changes to Always block these URLs/sites if Mode is set to Block by

default above.

Cross Reference – For detailed information on using regular expressions for web filtering, see the Sophos Knowledgebase .

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SafeSearch: You can enforce the usage of SafeSearch for the search engines Google,

Bing, and Yahoo. The SafeSearch filter removes content from search results that is not appropriate for children, such as offending or illegal material. If enabled, users surfing via the Web Filter are unable to turn the filter off.

YouTube for Schools: If enabled, users trying to open a YouTube video are restricted to YouTube videos either belonging to the sub-section YouTube EDU or uploaded by your school account. To make this work, you have to sign up at the YouTube for Schools program to get a School ID which you need to enter below.

Note – On the Sophos UTM, you have to make sure that the top-level domains youtube.com

and ytimg.com as well as videos in general are not blocked.

YouTube School ID: If you have enabled YouTube for Schools, you need to enter the School ID or code supplied by YouTube.

Blocked File Extensions: By specifying a file extension, you can block certain types of files based on their extensions (e.g., executable binaries). To add a file extension, click the Plus icon in the Blocked File Extensions box and enter the extension you want to block, for example exe (without the delimiting dot).

Blocked MIME Types: To add a MIME type that shall be blocked, click the Plus icon in the Blocked MIME Types box and enter the MIME type (e.g., image/gif).

Content Removal: When selected, the Remove JavaScript and Remove Embedded options become visible. Using these options you can configure whether <SCRIPT> and

<OBJECT> tags shall be removed from HTML pages, on the one hand deactivating

JavaScript functions that are embedded in or included from HTML pages, on the other hand stripping off dynamic content such as ActiveX, Flash or Java applets from the incoming HTTP/S traffic. As there are other methods to embed dynamic content, if you want to make sure to exclude certain content, use the Blocked MIME Types box.

Use Antivirus Scanning: When selecting this option, inbound web traffic is scanned for malicious content. Sophos UTM features several antivirus engines for best security.

Single Scan: Default setting; provides maximum performance using the engine

defined on the System Settings >

Scan Settings

tab.

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Dual Scan: Provides maximum recognition rate by scanning the respective traffic twice using different virus scanners. Note that dual scan is not available with

BasicGuard subscription.

Max scanning size: Specify the maximum size of files to be scanned by the antivirus engine(s). Files exceeding this size will be exempt from scanning.

Block downloads larger than: Specify this option to prevent users from downloading files that exceed the specified size (in MB).

The following two options are useful if there are persons or members of e.g. a works council whose activities must not be logged at all: l

Log Accessed Pages: Unselect to exclude accessed pages from logging and reporting.

Log Blocked Pages: Unselect to exclude blocked pages from logging and reporting.

Parent Proxies: You can decide to use one or more parent proxies. If the box is empty, you need to create a parent proxy definition on the Parent Proxies tab first. Enable the usage of parent proxies by selecting the checkbox in front of the respective proxy. If you selected more than one proxy, you can sort the proxies via the Sort icons. Selected parent proxies are applied in the given order until the first proxy matches. The processing order is determined by the position number, so if you change the order of the proxies by their position numbers, the processing order will change as well.

Click Save.

The new filter action appears on the Filter Actions list.

To either edit or delete a filter action, click the corresponding buttons.

Each filter action can be selected when creating a filter assignment or Web Filtering profile.

Note – You can see here also the Default Content Filter Block Action which by default blocks every HTTP/S request that does not match any other filter action or the settings in the Web Fil-

tering menu.

9.2.5 Parent Proxies

A parent proxy is often required in those countries that require Internet access to be routed through a government-approved proxy server. On the Web Protection > Web Filtering Profiles

> Parent Proxies page you can configure the usage of parent proxies, globally and profile-

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9.3 Application Control based. Parent proxies always need to be configured on this page (or the Web Filtering >

Advanced page) first, before they can be used in profiles.

Note – For technical reasons, with parent proxies enabled, HTTPS requests are not possible in Transparent mode when SSL scanning is enabled.

To configure a parent proxy, do the following:

Click New Parent Proxy.

The Create New Parent Proxy dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this parent proxy.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Parent proxy: Select or add the network definition of the parent proxy.

Port: The default port for the connection to the parent proxy is 8080. If your parent proxy requires a different port, you can change it here.

Proxy requires authentication: If the parent proxy requires authentication, select the checkbox and enter username and password in the appearing textboxes.

Click Save.

The new parent proxy appears on the Parent Proxies list.

The proxy can now be used in filter actions or globally.

To either edit or delete a parent proxy, click the corresponding buttons.

9.3 Application Control

The Application Control functionality of UTM allows you to shape and block network traffic based on the type of traffic. In contrast to the Web Filtering functionality of UTM (see chapter

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Web Filtering ), the application control classification engine distinguishes network traffic not only

by protocol or by URL but more fine-grained. This is especially useful regarding web traffic: traffic to websites normally uses the HTTP protocol on port 80 or the HTTPS protocol on port

443. When you want to block traffic to a certain website, e.g. facebook.com, you can do that either based on that website's URL (Web Filtering). Or you can block facebook traffic independent from any URL by relying on network traffic classification.

The classification engine of UTM uses layer 7 packet inspection to classify network traffic.

Application control can be used in two ways. In a first step, you need to generally enable application control on the Network Visibility page which makes applications "visible" in a way. Now you can leave it that way (or for a certain time) to see which applications are used by your users (e.g.

in Flow Monitor, logging, reporting). In a second step you can block certain applications and allow others. This is achieved by rules which can be created on the Application Control Rules page. Additionally, you can use traffic shaping to privilege traffic of defined applications which can be configured via Sophos' Quality of Service function.

9.3.1 Network Visibility

On the Web Protection > Application Control > Network Visibility page, you can enable and disable application control.

When application control is enabled all network traffic is classified and logged according to its classification. Current network traffic can be viewed via the Flow Monitor with in-depth information about its type (see chapter Flow Monitor). For example information on HTTP traffic is drilled down to the underlying applications, e.g. "twitter", "facebook", etc. To open the Flow Monitor, select the desired interface in the Flow Monitor section and click the Open Flow Monitor button.

Regarding logging and reporting, there is extensive information available on network traffic and its classification, as well as clients and servers which use those applications. For more information on logging and reporting see chapter Logging & Reporting, section View Log Files for logging and section Network Usage > Bandwidth Usage and Web Protection > Application Control for reporting.

9.3.2 Application Control Rules

On the Web Protection > Application Control > Application Control Rules page you can create rules based on network traffic classification which define applications whose traffic should be

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9.3 Application Control blocked or explicitly allowed for your network.

By default, all network traffic is allowed when application control is enabled.

Application control rules can be created either via this page or via the Flow Monitor. The latter method may be more convenient, however you can only create rules for traffic currently monitored in your network.

To create an application control rule, proceed as follows:

On the Application Control Rules tab, click New Rule.

The Create New Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name (optional): You can enter a name for the rule. If you leave the field empty the system is going to generate a name for the rule.

>> entry and enter a descriptive name in the Name field.

Action: Select whether the traffic is to be blocked or allowed.

Control by: Select whether to control traffic based on its application type or by a dynamic filter based on categories.

Applications: The traffic is controlled application-based. Select one or more applications in the box Control These Applications.

Dynamic filter: The traffic is controlled category-based. Select one or more categories in the box Control These Categories.

Control these applications/categories: Click the Folder icon to select applications/categories. A dialog window opens, which is described in detail in the next section.

Note – Some applications cannot be blocked. This is necessary to ensure a flawless operation of Sophos UTM. Such applications miss a checkbox in the application table of the Select Application dialog window, e.g. WebAdmin, Teredo and SixXs (for IPv6

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traffic), Portal (for User Portal traffic), and some more. When using dynamic filters, blocking of those applications is also prevented automatically.

Productivity (only with Dynamic filter): Reflects the productivity score you have chosen.

Risk (only with Dynamic filter: Reflects the risk score you have chosen.

For: Select or add networks or hosts to this box whose network traffic is to be controlled by this rule. This applies only to source hosts/networks.

Log: This option is selected by default and enables logging of traffic which matches the rule.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new rule appears on the Application Control Rules list.

The Select Application or Category Dialog Window

When creating application control rules you need to choose applications or application categories from a dialog window called Select one or more applications/categories to control.

The table in the lower part of the dialog window displays the applications you can choose from or which belong to a defined category. By default, all applications are displayed.

The upper part of the dialog window provides three configuration options to limit the number of applications in the table: l

Category: Applications are grouped by category. This list contains all available categories. By default, all categories are selected, which means that the table below displays all applications available. If you want to limit the displayed applications to certain categories, click into the category list and select only one or more categories relevant to you.

Risk: Applications are also classified by the risk they carry when used with regard to malware, virus infections, or attacks. A higher number means a higher risk.

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Tip – Each application has an Info icon which, when clicked, displays a description of the respective application. You can search the table by using the filter field in the table header.

Now, depending on the type of control you selected in the Create New Rule dialog box, do the following: l

Control by dynamic filter: Select the categories from the Category box and click Apply to adopt the selected categories to your rule.

Control by application: From the table, select the applications you want to control by clicking the checkbox in front. Click Apply to adopt the selected applications to your rule.

After clicking Apply, the dialog window closes and you can continue to edit the settings of your application rule.

9.3.3 Advanced

On the Web Protection > Application Control > Advanced page you can configure advanced options for application control.

Sophos UTM AppAccuracy Program

You can help to improve the recognition and classification abilities of network visibility and application control by participating in the Sophos UTM AppAccuracy Program. The system will then collect data in form of anonymous application fingerprints and will send that to Sophos' research team. There the fingerprints will be used to identify unclassified applications and to improve and enlarge the network visibility and application control library.

Application Control Skiplist

Hosts and networks listed in this box will not be monitored by application control and can therefore neither be controlled by application control nor by the application selector of Quality of Service. This applies both to source and destination hosts/networks.

9.4 FTP

On the Web Protection > FTP tab you can configure the FTP proxy. The File Transfer Protocol

(FTP) is a widely used protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. Sophos UTM presents a proxy service acting as a go-between for all FTP traffic passing your network. The FTP proxy

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provides such useful features as virus scanning of FTP traffic or blocking of certain file types that are transferred via the FTP protocol.

The FTP proxy can work transparently, that is, all FTP clients within your network would establish a connection to the proxy instead of their ultimate destination. The proxy would then initiate a new network connection on behalf of the request, invisible to the client. The advantage of this mode is that no additional administration or client-side configuration is necessary.

9.4.1 Global

On the Web Protection > FTP > Global tab you can configure the basic settings of the FTP proxy.

To configure the FTP proxy, proceed as follows:

On the Global tab, enable the FTP proxy.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the FTP Settings area becomes editable.

Select the allowed networks.

Select the networks that are allowed to use the FTP proxy.

Select an operation mode.

Select an operation mode for the FTP proxy. The following modes are available: l

Transparent: The proxy forwards the client request to the target server and scans the content. No configuration on client side is necessary.

Non-Transparent: Using this mode you need to configure the FTP clients. Use the gateway's IP address and port 2121.

Both: This mode allows you to use transparent mode for some clients and nontransparent mode for others. Configure FTP clients that are to work in non-transparent mode to use a proxy with the gateway's IP address and port 2121.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Note – The FTP proxy is unable to communicate with FTP servers that use Active Directory authentication. To enable FTP clients to connect to an FTP server of that kind, add the server to the FTP proxy skiplist, which is configured on the

Advanced

tab.

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9.4.2 Antivirus

The Web Protection > FTP > Antivirus tab contains all measures that can be taken against FTP traffic that carries harmful and dangerous content such as viruses, worms, or other malware.

Use Antivirus scanning: When selecting this option, the entire inbound FTP traffic will be scanned. Sophos UTM features several antivirus engines for best security.

Single Scan: Default setting; provides maximum performance using the engine defined

on the System Settings >

Scan Settings

tab.

Dual Scan: Provides maximum recognition rate by scanning the respective traffic twice using different virus scanners. Note that dual scan is not available with BasicGuard subscription.

Max scanning size: Specify the maximum size of files to be scanned by the antivirus engine

(s). Files exceeding this size will be exempt from scanning.

Click Apply to save your settings.

File Extension Filter

This feature filters FTP transfers that transmit certain types of files based on their extensions

(e.g., executable binaries) from web traffic that have a file extension listed in the Blocked File

Extensions box. You can add additional file extensions or delete file extensions that are not to be blocked. To add a file extension, click the Plus icon in the Blocked File Extensions box and enter the file extension you want to block, for example exe (without the delimiting dot). Click Apply to save your settings.

9.4.3 Exceptions

On the FTP > Exceptions tab you can define whitelist hosts/networks that should be excluded from selectable security options offered by the FTP proxy.

To create an exception, proceed as follows:

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On the Exceptions tab, click New Exception List.

The Create Exception List dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this exception.

Skip these checks: Select the security checks that should be skipped: l

Antivirus checking: Select to disable virus scanning, which checks traffic for unwanted content such as viruses, trojan horses, and the like.

Extension blocking: Select to disable the file extension filter, which can be used to block file transfers based on file extensions.

Allowed servers: Select to disable checks for allowed servers which can be set on the Advanced tab. If selected, the selected client hosts/networks will have access to any FTP server, whereas the selected server hosts/networks will be allowed for any client.

For these client hosts/networks: When selecting this option, the Client Host-

s/Networks box opens. Select the client hosts/networks that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule.

OR For these server hosts/networks: When selecting this option, the Server Host-

s/Networks box opens. Select the server hosts/networks that should be exempt from the security checks of this exception rule.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new exception appears on the Exceptions list.

To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

9.4.4 Advanced

On the FTP > Advanced tab you can specify hosts and networks that can skip the transparent mode of the FTP proxy. Additionally, you can define which FTP servers are allowed to be accessed.

FTP Proxy Skiplist

Hosts and networks (FTP clients as well as FTP servers) listed here are excluded from the transparent interception of FTP traffic. However, to allow FTP traffic for these hosts and

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9.4 FTP networks, select the Allow FTP traffic for listed hosts/nets checkbox. If you do not select this checkbox, you must define specific firewall rules for the hosts and networks listed here.

FTP Servers

Select or add FTP servers or networks that are allowed to be accessed from your hosts/networks. You can create exceptions for some FTP clients or FTP servers to bypass this list on the Exceptions tab.

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10 Email Protection

This chapter describes how to configure basic email protection features of Sophos UTM. The

Email Protection Statistics page in WebAdmin shows an overview of today's top ten email senders, email recipients, spammers (by country), recognized malware, and concurrent connections. Each of the sections contains a Details link. Clicking the link redirects you to the respective reporting section of WebAdmin, where you can find more statistical information.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

10.1 SMTP

The menu Email Protection > SMTP allows you to configure the SMTP proxy. SMTP is the abbreviation of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol used to deliver emails to a mail server.

Sophos UTM includes an application level gateway for SMTP, which can be used to protect your internal mail server from remote attacks and additionally provides powerful virus scanning and email filtering services.

Note – To use the SMTP proxy correctly, a valid name server (DNS) must be configured.

10.1.1 Global

On the Email Protection > SMTP > Global tab you can decide whether to use Simple Mode for

SMTP configuration or Profile Mode.

Enable SMTP.

Click the toggle switch.

10.1 SMTP

10 Email Protection

The toggle switch turns green and the Configuration Mode area becomes editable.

Select a configuration mode.

Simple Mode: Use this mode if all domains share the same settings. However, you can still define exceptions based on domain name, email addresses, and hosts. There is no functionality restriction compared with Profile Mode.

Profile Mode: (Not available with BasicGuard subscription.) In this mode you can override or extend global settings e.g., of antispam and antivirus, for individual domains or domain groups by creating profiles for them in the menu SMTP Profiles. Settings made in the SMTP menu still apply to their assigned domains and, moreover, serve as defaults for profiles. In Profile Mode, you will find additional notes with some of the settings regarding recommendations for profile mode and behavior of the UTM.

Click Apply.

The selected mode will be enabled.

10.1.2 Routing

On the Routing tab you can configure domain and routing targets for the SMTP proxy and define how recipients are to be verified.

To configure the SMTP proxy routing, proceed as follows:

Enter your internal domain(s).

To enter your email domains, click the Plus icon in the Domains box.

In the appearing text box, enter the domain in the form example.com and click Apply.

Repeat this step until all domains are listed.

In Profile Mode: Enter only domains that use global settings. All other domains should be listed in their respective profiles.

Specify the internal server.

From the drop-down list Route by, select the host to which emails for the domains listed above should be forwarded to. A typical target host would be the Microsoft Exchange

Server on your local network. You can choose between different server types: l

Static host list: Select a host definition of the target route in the Host list box.

Note that you can select several host definitions for basic failover purposes. If delivery to the first host fails, mail will be routed to the next one. However, the (static) order of hosts cannot be determined with the current version of Sophos UTM and

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10.1 SMTP is somewhat accidental. To randomize delivery to a group of hosts so as to additionally achieve basic load balancing capability, use the DNS hostname route type and specify a hostname that has multiple A records (an A record or address record maps a hostname to an IP address).

DNS hostname: Specify the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of your target route (e.g., exchange.example.com). Note that when you select a DNS name having multiple A records, mail to each server will be delivered randomly. In addition, if one server fails, all mail destined for it will automatically be routed to the remaining servers.

MX records: You can also route mail to your domain(s) by means of MX record

(s). If you select this route type, the mail transfer agent of Sophos UTM makes a

DNS query requesting the MX record for the recipient's domain name, which is the portion of the email address following the "@" character. Make sure that the gateway is not the primary MX for the domain(s) specified above, since it will not deliver mail to itself.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Recipient verification

Verify recipients: Here you can specify whether and how email recipients are to be verified.

With callout: A request is sent to the server to verify the recipient.

In Active Directory: A request is sent to the Active Directory server to verify the recipient. To be able to use Active Directory you must have an Active Directory server specified in Definitions & Users > Authentication Servers >

Servers

. Enter a base DN into the

Alternative Base DN field.

Note – The use of Active Directory recipient verification may lead to bounced messages in case the server does not respond.

Off: You can turn off recipient verification completely but this is not recommended for it will lead to higher spam traffic volume and dictionary attacks. Thus your quarantine is likely to be flooded with unsolicited messages.

Click Apply to save your settings.

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10.1.3 Antivirus

The Antivirus tab contains various measures against emails that carry harmful and dangerous content such as viruses, worms, or other malware.

Note – Outgoing emails will be scanned if the checkbox Scan relayed (outgoing) messages on the Relaying tab is selected.

Scan During SMTP Transaction

Select the checkbox Reject malware during SMTP transaction if you want to have messages scanned already during SMTP transaction and to have them rejected in case they contain malware.

In Profile Mode: This setting cannot be changed per profile. Messages with more than one recipient will skip this feature if one of the recipient profiles has Antivirus Scanning turned off. This means it is advisable to leave the regular antivirus setting below set to either Blackhole or Quar-

antine.

Click Apply to save your settings.

Antivirus Scanning

When using this option, emails will be scanned for unwanted content such as viruses, trojan horses, or suspicious file types. Messages containing malicious content will be blocked and stored in the email quarantine. Users can review and release their quarantined messages either through the Sophos

User Portal

or the daily

Quarantine Report . However, messages con-

taining malicious content can only be released from the quarantine by the administrator in the

Mail Manager .

Antivirus: You can configure how to proceed with messages that contain malicious content.

The following actions are available: l

Off: There will be no antivirus scans.

Blackhole: Incoming messages will be accepted and instantly removed. Outgoing messages will never be blackholed to avoid unintended mail loss. They will be quarantined instead.

Quarantine: The message will be blocked and stored in the email quarantine. Quarantined messages can be reviewed either through the User Portal or the daily Quar-

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10.1 SMTP antine Report. Note that messages containing malicious content can only be released from the quarantine by an administrator.

Sophos UTM features several antivirus engines for best security: l

Single Scan: Default setting; provides maximum performance using the engine defined

on the System Settings >

Scan Settings

tab.

Dual Scan: Provides maximum recognition rate by scanning the respective traffic twice using different virus scanners. Note that dual scan is not available with BasicGuard subscription.

Quarantine unscannable and encrypted content: Select this option to quarantine emails whose content could not be scanned. Unscannable content may be encrypted or corrupt archives or oversized content, or there may be a technical reason like a scanner failure.

Click Apply to save your settings.

MIME Type Filter

The MIME type filter reads the MIME type of email contents. You can define how the different

MIME types are to be dealt with.

Quarantine audio content: When you select this checkbox audio content like e.g., mp3 or wav files, will be quarantined.

Quarantine video content: When you select this checkbox video content like e.g., mpg or mov files, will be quarantined.

Quarantine executable content: When you select this checkbox executable content like e.g., exe files, will be quarantined.

Additional types to quarantine: To add a MIME type other than above that shall be quarantined, click the Plus icon in the Additional Types To Quarantine box and enter the MIME type

(e.g., image/gif). You can use wildcards (*) on the right side of the slash, e.g., application/*

Whitelisted content types: You can use this box to allow generally certain MIME types. To add a MIME type click the Plus icon in the Whitelisted content types box and enter the MIME type. Click Apply to save your settings.

MIME type

audio/* video/*

MIME type class

audio files video files

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MIME type

application/x-dosexec application/x-msdownload application/exe application/x-exe application/dos-exe vms/exe application/x-winexe application/msdos-windows application/x-msdos-program

MIME type class

applications

Table 2: MIME types known by the MIME Type Filter

File Extension Filter

This feature filters and quarantines emails (with warnings) that contain certain types of files based on their extensions (e.g., executables). To add file extensions, click the Plus icon in the

Blocked file extensions box and enter a critical file extension you want to be restricted, e.g., exe or jar (without the dot delimiter). Click Apply to save your settings.

Note – Archives cannot be scanned for forbidden file extensions. To protect your network from malware included in archives you might want to consider blocking the respective archive file extensions altogether.

Antivirus Check Footer

For each outgoing email, you can add and customize a special footer informing users that the email has been scanned for malicious content. However, the footer will only be added if the checkbox Scan Relayed (Outgoing) Messages on the Relaying tab is selected. In addition, the antivirus check footer will not be appended to the email if the email is a reply (i.e. having In-

Reply-To header) or if the content type of the email could not be determined. Click Apply to save your settings.

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Note – Adding a footer to messages already signed or encrypted by an email client (e.g.,

Microsoft's Outlook or Mozilla's Thunderbird) will break their signature and render them invalid. If you want to create digital signatures on the client side, disable the antivirus check footer option. However, if you do not wish to forgo the privacy and authentication of your email communication and still want to apply a general antivirus check footer, consider using the builtin

email encryption

feature of Sophos UTM. Email encryption done on the gateway means that the footer is added to the message prior to creating the digital signature, thus leaving the signature intact.

10.1.4 Antispam

Sophos UTM can be configured to detect unsolicited spam emails and to identify spam transmissions from known or suspected spam purveyors. Configuration options located on the Antis-

pam tab let you configure SMTP security features aimed at preventing your network from receiving unsolicited commercial emails.

Note – Outgoing emails will be scanned if the checkbox Scan relayed (outgoing) messages on the Relaying tab is selected.

Note – Some of the features on this tab are not available with BasicGuard subscription.

Spam Detection During SMTP Transaction

You have the possibility to reject spam already during SMTP transaction. Select one of the following settings for the option Reject at SMTP Time: l

Off: Spam detection is disabled and no email is going to be rejected for spam reasons.

Confirmed spam: Only confirmed spam is rejected.

Spam: All emails that the system regards as spam are rejected. Note that there may be a higher false positive rate because emails regarded as probable spam may be rejected such as newsletters.

Emails which are not rejected during SMTP transaction will be treated according to your settings in the Spam Filter section below.

In Profile Mode: This setting cannot be changed per profile. Messages with more than one recipient will skip this feature if one of the recipient profiles has spam scanning completely turned off.

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This means it is advisable to leave the regular spam scanning setting set to either Spam or Con-

firmed spam.

RBLs (Realtime Blackhole Lists)

A Realtime Blackhole List (RBL) is a means by which an Internet site may publish a list of IP addresses linked to spamming.

Use recommended RBLs: Selecting this option causes the mail transfer agent to query external databases of known spam senders (so-called Realtime Blackhole Lists). Messages sent from a site included in one or more of such lists can easily be rejected. Several services of this type are available on the Internet. This function massively helps to reduce the amount of spam.

By default, the following RBLs are queried: l

Commtouch IP Reputation (ctipd.org) l cbl.abuseat.org

Note – The list of RBLs queried by Sophos UTM is subject to change without notice. Sophos does not warrant for the contents of these databases.

You can also add further RBL sites to enhance the antispam capability of Sophos UTM. To do so, click the Plus icon in the Extra RBL zones box. In the appearing textbox, enter the RBL zone.

Click Apply to save your settings.

Spam Filter

Sophos UTM includes a heuristic check of emails for characteristics suggestive of spam. It uses

SMTP envelope information and an internal database of heuristic tests and characteristics. This spam filtering option scores messages based on their content and SMTP envelope information.

Higher scores indicate a higher spam probability.

With the following two options you can specify what to do with messages that have been assigned a certain spam score. This ensures that potential spam emails are treated differently by the gateway.

Spam action: Here you can define what to do with messages that are classified as probable spam. Note that there may be false positives, such as newsletters, thus blackholing may lead to email loss.

Confirmed spam action: Here you can define what to do with confirmed spam messages.

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You can choose between different actions for those two types of spam: l

Off: No messages will be marked as spam or filtered out.

Warn: No messages will be filtered out. Instead, for incoming messages, a spam flag will be added to the message's header and a spam marker will be added to the message's subject. Outgoing messages will be sent without action.

Quarantine: Messages will be blocked and stored in the email quarantine. Quarantined messages can be reviewed either through the User Portal or the daily Quarantine

Report.

Blackhole: Incoming messages will be accepted and instantly removed. Outgoing messages will never be blackholed to avoid unintended mail loss. They will be quarantined instead.

Spam marker: With this option you can specify a spam marker, that is, a string that will be added to the message's subject line making it easy to identify spam messages quickly. By default, the string *SPAM* is used to tag messages as spam.

Sender Blacklist

The envelope sender of incoming SMTP sessions will be matched against the addresses on this blacklist. If the envelope sender is found on the blacklist the message will be blackholed.

To add a new address pattern to the blacklist click the Plus icon in the Blacklisted Address Pat-

terns box, enter (a part of) an address, and click Apply. You can use an asterisk (*) as a wildcard, e.g., *@abbeybnknational.com.

Tip – End-users can create their personal blacklist and whitelist in the User Portal.

Expression Filter

The expression filter scans messages' content passing through the SMTP proxy for specific expressions. Suspicious emails will be blocked. Expressions can be entered as Perl Compatible

Regular Expressions. Simple strings such as "online dating" are interpreted in a case-insensitive manner. Click Apply to save your settings.

Cross Reference – For detailed information on using regular expressions in the expression filter, see the Sophos Knowledgebase .

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Advanced Antispam Features

This area gathers various other advanced options increasing the antispam capability of Sophos

UTM.

Reject invalid HELO/missing RDNS: Select this option if you want to reject hosts that send invalid HELO entries or lack RDNS entries. If you want to exempt hosts from this check, please refer to the Exceptions tab.

Do strict RDNS checks: Select this option if you want to additionally reject mail from hosts with invalid RDNS records. An RDNS record is invalid if the found hostname does not resolve back to the original IP address.

Use Greylisting: Greylisting basically means the temporary rejection of emails for a certain amount of time. Typically, a mail server using greylisting will record the following pieces of information for all incoming messages: l

The sender address l

The IP address of the host the message is sent from l

The recipient address l

The message subject

This data set is checked against the SMTP proxy's internal database; if the data set has not been seen before, a record is created in the database along with a special time stamp describing it. This data set causes the email to be rejected for a period of five minutes. After that time the data set is known to the proxy and the message will be accepted when it is sent again. Note that the data set will expire after a week if it is not updated within this period.

Greylisting uses the fact that most senders of spam messages use software based on the "fireand-forget" method: Try to deliver the mail and if it doesn’t work, forget it! This means that senders of spam mail do not try to send emails again when there is a temporary failure, contrary to RFC-conform mail servers. The assumption is that since temporary failures are built into the

RFC specifications for email delivery, a legitimate server will try again to send the email later, at which time the destination will accept it.

Use BATV: BATV is a draft of the IETF, facing the challenge to distinguish legitimate uses from unauthorized uses of email addresses. BATV provides a method to sign the envelope sender of outgoing mail by adding a simple shared key to encode a hash of the address and time-varying information as well as some random data proving that the email was really sent by you. It is basically used to reject bounce messages not sent by you. By using BATV, you can now check if bounces you receive are really caused by your initial email, and not from a spammer forging an

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10.1 SMTP email with your address. If a bounce returns and the email address is not signed according to

BATV, the SMTP proxy will not accept the message. Note that the signature provided by BATV expires after seven days. To change the key (also known as BATV secret) that is used to encode the hash of an email's envelope MAIL FROM address, go to the Email Protection >

SMTP > Advanced tab.

Note – Some mail transfer agents may reject a message whose envelope sender address was modified using BATV. In this case, you need to create an exception rule for the senders, recipients, or domains affected.

Perform SPF check: SPF (Sender Policy Framework) is a framework where domain owners can publish information about their outgoing email servers. Domains use public records to direct requests for different services (web, email, etc.) to the machines that perform those services. All domains already publish MX records for email related services to let others know what machines receive mail for the domain. SPF works by domains publishing some sort of "reverse

MX" records to tell the world what machines send mail from the domain. When receiving a message from a certain domain, the recipient can check those records to make sure that mail is coming from where it should be coming from.

Cross Reference – Further information is available at the Sender Policy Framework website.

As an additional antispam feature, the SMTP proxy tacitly checks each recipient address it receives with your backend mail server(s) before accepting mail for this address. Emails for invalid recipient addresses will not be accepted. In order for this function to work, your backend mail server(s) must reject mails for unknown recipients at the SMTP stage. The general rule is that if your backend server rejects a message, the SMTP proxy will reject it, too.

Note, however, that recipient verification is not done for trusted (authenticated) or relay hosts, because some user agents may encounter problems when recipients get rejected in the SMTP transaction. In the usual scenario (backend mail server rejects unknown recipients in the SMTP transaction), Sophos UTM will only generate bounces in the following cases: l

When a trusted or relay source sends a message to an undeliverable recipient.

When the backend mail server has been down so that Sophos UTM was not able to verify the recipient.

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However, Sophos UTM does not prevent your backend mail server(s) from sending non-delivery reports (NDRs) or bounces. In addition, Sophos UTM caches positive callout replies from the mail server for 24 hours, and negative ones for two hours.

10.1.5 Exceptions

On the SMTP > Exceptions tab you can define whitelist hosts, networks, senders, and recipients that can be excluded from antispam, antivirus, or other security checks.

Note – Since emails can have many recipients, and Sophos UTM implements inline scanning for the SMTP protocol, scanning of an email is skipped for all recipients if one of the email's recipients is listed in the Recipients box.

To create an exception, proceed as follows:

On the Exceptions tab, click New Exception List.

The Create Exception List dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this exception.

Skip these checks: Select the security checks that should be skipped. For more information, see Email Protection > SMTP >

Antivirus

and

Antispam

For these source hosts/networks: Select the source hosts/networks (i.e., the host or network messages originate from) that should skip the security checks defined by this exception rule.

Note – No exception needs to be created for localhost because local messages will not be scanned by default.

When selecting this option, the Hosts/Networks box opens. You can add a host or network by either clicking the Plus icon or the Folder icon.

OR these sender addresses: Select the senders' email addresses that should skip the defined security checks.

When selecting this option, the Senders box opens. You can either enter a complete valid email address (e.g., [email protected]) or all email addresses of a specific domain using an asterisk as wildcard (e.g., *@example.com).

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Note – Use the Senders option with caution, as sender addresses can easily be forged.

OR these recipient addresses: Select the recipients' email addresses that should skip the defined security checks.

When selecting this option, the Recipients box opens. You can either enter a complete valid email address (e.g., [email protected]) or all email addresses of a specific domain using an asterisk as wildcard (e.g., *@example.com).

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new exception appears on the Exceptions list.

To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

10.1.6 Relaying

The SMTP proxy can be used as a mail relay. A mail relay is an SMTP server configured in such a way that it allows specific users, user groups, or hosts to relay (i.e., send) emails through it to domains that are not local.

Note – Some of the features on this tab are not available with BasicGuard subscription.

Upstream Host List

An upstream host is a host that forwards email to you, e.g., your ISP or external MX. If you get inbound email from static upstream hosts, it is necessary that you enter the hosts here. Otherwise spam protection will not work properly.

To add an upstream host either click the Plus icon or the Folder icon for drag-and-drop from the

Networks object list. If you would like to only allow upstream hosts select the checkbox Allow

upstream/relay hosts only. SMTP access will then be limited to the defined upstream hosts.

Upstream hosts can authenticate to get relaying rights. Click Apply to save your settings.

Authenticated Relay

SMTP clients can authenticate to get relaying privileges. Select the checkbox Allow authen-

ticated relaying and specify the users and user groups that should be able to use this feature.

Click Apply to save your settings.

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Note – If the checkbox Allow upstream/relay hosts only is enabled then Authenticated Relay does only work when the sending host is configured as upstream/relay host.

Host-based Relay

Mail relaying can also be enabled host-based. If your local mail server or mail clients should be able to use the SMTP proxy as a mail relay, you need to add the networks and hosts which should be able to send mail through the relay to the Allowed hosts/networks box. The networks and hosts listed are allowed to send messages to any addresses.

Caution – It is extremely important not to select Any in the Allowed hosts/networks box, because this would result in an open relay, allowing anyone on the Internet to send messages through the SMTP proxy. Spammers will quickly recognize this, leading to massive email traffic. In the worst case, you will be listed on 3rd party spammer blacklists. In most configurations, the only hosts that should be allowed to relay mail are the mail servers in your network.

Click Apply to save your settings.

Host/Network Blacklist

Here you can define hosts and networks that shall be blocked by the SMTP proxy. Click Apply to save your settings.

Content Scan For Relayed Messages

When this option is enabled, also messages sent by either authenticated or host-based relays will be scanned for malicious content. If there are many outgoing mails, turning this option off can improve your performance. Click Apply to save your settings.

Note that your global antivirus and antispam settings also apply to outgoing messages. But regardless of those settings, infected or spam messages are never blackholed but always sent to quarantine to avoid unintended mail loss.

10.1.7 Advanced

On the SMTP > Advanced tab you can configure additional security options of the SMTP proxy such as smarthost settings or transparent mode skiplist, among others.

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Parent Proxy

Use a parent proxy: Select the checkbox to enable parent proxy use. Enter the hostname and the port of the proxy.

Proxy requires authentication: If the parent proxy requires authentication, enter username and password here.

Transparent Mode

To enable transparent mode for SMTP select the checkbox and click Apply.

Hosts and networks listed in the Skip transparent mode hosts/nets box will not be subject to the transparent interception of SMTP traffic. However, to allow SMTP traffic for these hosts and networks, select the Allow SMTP traffic for listed hosts/nets checkbox. If you do not select this checkbox, you must define specific firewall rules for the hosts and networks listed here.

TLS Settings

TLS certificate: Select a certificate from the drop-down list which will be used to negotiate TLS encryption with all remote hosts supporting it. You can create or upload certificates on the Site-

to-site VPN > Certificate Management > Certificates tab.

Require TLS negotiation host/nets: Add hosts or nets here which always require TLS encryption for email communication. The UTM will then hold back emails if TLS encryption is not available for those hosts/nets for some reason, that means messages will stay in the mail queue until TLS becomes available again. In case TLS is not available within a reasonable period of time, sending attempts will be stopped and the user will get a notification that their email could not be sent.

Require TLS negotiation sender domains: If you want to enforce TLS encryption for incoming emails for certain domains, enter those domains here. Emails sent from those domains without TLS will be rejected immediately.

Skip TLS negotiation host/nets: If a particular host or network should encounter problems with TLS encryption, you can enter it in the box and select the appropriate TLS certificate from the drop-down menu. This will cause the UTM to skip TLS negotiation for this host or network.

Click Apply to save your settings.

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Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM)

DKIM is a method to cryptographically sign outgoing messages. To use DKIM signing, enter your private RSA key and the corresponding key selector into the respective fields and add the domains you want to sign emails for to the DKIM domains box. Click Apply to save your settings.

Confidentiality Footer

For each outgoing email, you can add and customize a confidentiality footer informing users, for example, that the email may contain confidential or privileged information. However, the confidentiality footer will not be appended to the email if the email is a reply (i.e. having an In-Reply-

To header) or if the content type of the email could not be determined.

Note – Adding a footer to messages already signed or encrypted by an email client (e.g.,

email encryption

feature of Sophos UTM. Email encryption done on the gateway means that the footer is added to the message prior to creating the digital signature, thus leaving the signature intact.

Advanced Settings

Here you can configure the SMTP hostname and the postmaster address, among other things.

SMTP hostname: Setting the SMTP hostname will cause the proxy to use the specified name in HELO and SMTP banner messages. By default, the normal system hostname is selected.

Postmaster address: Specify the email address of the postmaster of the UTM to whom messages are to be forwarded that are sent in the form of postmaster@[192.168.16.8], where the IP literal address is one of the IP addresses of the UTM. Accepting such messages is an

RFC requirement.

BATV secret: Here you can change the automatically generated BATV secret used by the

SMTP proxy. The BATV secret is a shared key used to sign an email's envelope MailFrom address, thus enabling detection of invalid bounce addresses. If you are using several MXs for your domains, you can change the BATV secret to be the same on all systems.

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Max message size: The maximum message size that is accepted by the proxy. This setting applies to both incoming and outgoing emails. If your backend server has a limitation with regard to message sizes, you should set the same or a lower value here.

Max connections: The maximum number of concurrent connections the proxy allows.

Default is 20.

Max connections/host: The maximum number of connections per host the proxy allows.

Default is 10.

Max mails/connection: The maximum number of mails per connection the proxy allows.

Default is 1000.

Max rcpt/mail: The maximum number of recipients per mail the proxy allows. Default is 500.

Footers mode: Here you can define how footers will be added to mails. MIME part will add the footer as extra MIME part. Existing part encodings are not changed and national language characters are preserved. The other method is Inline which means that the footer is separated from the main mail by the -- separator. With this mode you can choose whether the footer should be

Unicode (UTF-8) converted or not. Unicode conversion upgrades the message to preserve national language characters in the footer.

Smarthost Settings

A smarthost is a type of mail relay server which allows an SMTP server to route mail to an upstream mail server rather than directly to the recipient’s server. Often this smarthost requires authentication from the sender to verify that the sender has privileges to have mail forwarded through the smarthost.

Use a smarthost: If you want to use a smarthost to send mail, select the checkbox. In that case, the proxy will never deliver mail itself, but rather send anything to the smarthost.

Smarthost: Select or add a smarthost object.

Smarthost port: The default port for the smarthost connection is 25. You can change it if required.

This smarthost requires authentication: Select this checkbox if the smarthost requires authentication. Both Plain and Login authentication types are supported. Enter a username and password into the respective fields.

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10.2 SMTP Profiles

The SMTP proxy of Sophos UTM lets you create alternative SMTP profiles, which can then be associated with different domains. That way you can specify domains that should use a different profile other than the default profile configured in Email Protection >

SMTP

. The order of the functions, structured as tabs, reflects how each step gets processed one after the other during

SMTP time.

To create an SMTP profile, proceed as follows:

Enable the SMTP profile mode.

On the Email Protection > SMTP > Global tab select Profile Mode and click Apply.

The SMTP profiles creation in the Email Protection > SMTP Profiles menu is enabled.

On the SMTP Profiles tab, click New Profile.

A dialog box opens.

Enter a descriptive name for the profile.

Add one or more domains.

Add one or more domains to the Domains box.

Settings of this profile will be applied for those domains.

Make the following settings:

You only need to make settings for functions you want to use. For each of the following functions you can decide whether to use individual settings defined here or global settings defined under Email Protection >

SMTP

. By default, the global settings option is selected.

The individual settings for each function are described below.

Note – Encrypted emails whose sender address includes a domain name configured here cannot be decrypted when using the email encryption/decryption engine of

Sophos UTM. Therefore, no profile should be added for external email domains.

All settings that you can define here can also be set globally in Email Protection > SMTP.

Therefore only a list of settings and the differences from the global settings are given here, along with cross-references to the respective global setting where detailed information can be found.

The following settings can be made:

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Routing: On the Routing tab you can configure domain and routing targets for the SMTP proxy and define how recipients shall be verified.

Static Host List l

DNS Hostname l

MX Records

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Routing

Recipient verification

Verify recipients: Here you can specify whether and how email recipients are to be verified.

With callout: A request is sent to the server to verify the recipient.

ers >

Servers

. Enter a Base DN into the Alternative Base DN field.

Note – The use of Active Directory recipient verification may lead to bounced messages in case the server does not respond.

Off: You can turn off recipient verification completely but this is not recommended for it will lead to higher spam traffic volume and dictionary attacks.

Thus your quarantine is likely to be flooded with unsolicited messages.

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Routing

Sophos UTM RBLs: Here you can block IP addresses linked to spamming.

Use recommended RBLs

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antispam

Extra RBLs: You can add further RBL sites to enhance the antispam capability of

Sophos UTM. For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antispam

. Note that, as a third option, you can add the global settings to your indi-

vidual settings here.

BATV/RDNS/HELO/SPF/Greylisting: This tab gathers various other advanced options increasing the antispam capability of Sophos UTM.

Reject Invalid HELO/Missing RDNS l

Use Greylisting

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Use BATV l

Perform SPF Check

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antispam

Antivirus scanning: You can configure how to proceed with messages that contain malicious content. The following actions are available: l

Off l

Quarantine l

Blackhole

You can choose between the following antivirus scan options: l

Single Scan: Default setting; provides maximum performance using the

engine defined on the System Settings >

Scan Settings

tab.

Dual Scan: Provides maximum recognition rate by scanning the respective traffic twice using different virus scanners. Note that dual scan is not available with BasicGuard subscription.

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antivirus

Antispam scanning: Here you can decide how to deal with unsolicited commercial emails. Both for spam and confirmed spam you can choose between the following actions: l

Off l

Warn l

Quarantine l

Blackhole

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antispam

Sender blacklist: The envelope sender of incoming SMTP sessions will be matched against the addresses on this blacklist. If the envelope sender is found on the blacklist the message will be blackholed. For detailed information please refer

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10.2 SMTP Profiles to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antispam

. Note that, as a third option, you can add the global settings to your individual settings here.

MIME Audio/Video/Executables blocking: The MIME type filter reads the

MIME type of email contents. You can select which content types you would like to quarantine: l

Audio Content l

Video Content l

Executable Content

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antivirus

MIME type blacklist: Here you can add additional MIME types to quarantine.

For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antivirus

. Note

that, as a third option, you can add the global settings to your individual settings here.

MIME type whitelist: Here you can add MIME types not to quarantine. For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antivirus

. Note

that, as a third option, you can add the global settings to your individual settings here.

Blocked file extensions: Using the File extension filter you can quarantine emails (with warnings) that contain certain types of files based on their extensions

(e.g., executables). For detailed information please refer to Email Protection >

SMTP >

Antivirus

. Note that, as a third option, you can add the global settings to your individual settings here.

Blocked expressions: The expression filter scans messages' content passing through the SMTP proxy for specific expressions. Suspicious emails will be

blocked. For detailed information please refer to Email Protection > SMTP >

Antispam

. Note that, as a third option, you can add the global settings to your individual

settings here.

Confidentiality footer: For each outgoing email, you can add and customize a confidentiality footer informing users, for example, that the email may contain confidential or privileged information. However, the confidentiality footer will not be appended to the email if the email is a reply (i.e. having an In-Reply-To header) or if the content type of the email could not be determined. Note that the footer is appended depending on the sender domain. To use a footer, select the checkbox and enter the footer text.

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Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.The new profile appears on the SMTP Profiles list.

Note – When you select Use global settings for a topic and click Apply, the icon of the function changes to the global settings icon. By this, you can easily get an overview on which functions global settings or individual settings are applied.

To either disable, rename or delete a profile click the corresponding buttons at the top below the profile drop-down list.

10.3 POP3

The menu Email Protection > POP3 lets you configure the POP3 proxy for incoming emails. The

Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is an application-layer Internet standard protocol that allows the retrieval of emails from a remote mail server. The POP3 proxy works transparently, meaning that all POP3 requests coming from the internal network on port 110 or 995 (TLS encrypted) are intercepted and redirected through the proxy invisible to the client. The advantage of this mode is that no additional administration or client-side configuration is necessary.

Note – It might be necessary to increase the server timeout settings in the email clients' configuration. Usual default settings of about one minute or less might be too low, especially when fetching large emails.

The POP3 protocol does not have server-side tracking of which mails have already been retrieved. Generally, a mail client retrieves a mail and deletes it on the server afterwards.

However, if the client is configured to not delete mails, then server-side deleting is omitted and the client keeps track of which mail has already been fetched.

10.3.1 Global

On the Email Protection > POP3 > Global tab you can configure basic settings for the POP3 proxy.

To configure the POP3 proxy, proceed as follows:

Enable the POP3 proxy.

Click the toggle switch.

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The toggle switch turns amber and the POP3 Settings area becomes editable.

Select the allowed networks.

Select the networks that should be allowed to proxy POP3 traffic. Typically, this is the internal network.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

Live Log

The POP3 Live Log logs the POP3 proxy activities, showing all incoming emails. Click the button to open the live log in a new window.

10.3.2 Antivirus

The Antivirus tab contains various measures against emails that carry harmful and dangerous content such as viruses, worms, or other malware.

Antivirus Scanning

User Portal

or the daily

Quarantine Report . However, messages con-

taining malicious content can only be released from the quarantine by the administrator in the

Mail Manager .

Sophos UTM features several antivirus engines for best security.

Single Scan: Default setting; provides maximum performance using the engine defined

on the System Settings >

Scan Settings

tab.

Dual Scan: Provides maximum recognition rate by scanning the respective traffic twice using different virus scanners. Note that dual scan is not available with BasicGuard subscription.

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Max scanning size: Specify the maximum size of files to be scanned by the antivirus engine

(s). Files exceeding this size will be exempt from scanning.

Click Apply to save your settings.

File Extension Filter

This feature filters and quarantines emails (with warnings) that contain certain types of files based on their extensions (e.g., executables). To add file extensions, click the Plus icon in the

Blocked File Extensions box and enter a critical file extension you want to be scanned, e.g., exe or jar (without the dot delimiter). Click Apply to save your settings.

10.3.3 Antispam

Sophos UTM can be configured to detect unsolicited spam emails and to identify spam transmissions from known or suspected spam purveyors. Configuration options located on the Antis-

pam tab let you configure POP3 security features aimed at preventing your network from receiving unsolicited commercial emails.

Spam Filter

Sophos UTM includes a heuristic check of incoming emails for characteristics suggestive of spam. It uses SMTP envelope information and an internal database of heuristic tests and characteristics. This spam filtering option scores messages based on their content and SMTP envelope information. Higher scores indicate a higher spam probability.

With the following two options you can specify what to do with messages that have been assigned a certain spam score. This ensures that potential spam emails are treated differently by the gateway.

Spam action: Here you can define what to do with messages that are classified as probable spam.

Confirmed spam action: Here you can define what to do with confirmed spam messages.

You can choose between different actions for those two types of spam:

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Off: No messages will be marked as spam or filtered out.

Warn: No messages will be filtered out. Instead, a spam flag will be added to the message's header and a spam marker will be added to the message's subject.

Quarantine: The message will be blocked and stored in the email quarantine. Quarantined messages can be reviewed either through the User Portal or the daily Quarantine Report.

Expression Filter

The expression filter scans the message's subject and body for specific expressions. Emails that contain an expression listed here will be blocked. However, if the prefetch option is enabled on the Email Protection > POP3 >

Advanced

tab, the email will be sent to the quarantine. Expressions can be entered as Perl Compatible Regular Expressions. Simple strings such as "online dating" are interpreted in a case-insensitive manner.

Cross Reference – For detailed information on using regular expressions in the expression filter, see the Sophos Knowledgebase .

Click Apply to save your settings.

Sender Blacklist

The envelope sender of incoming POP3 sessions will be matched against the addresses on this blacklist. If the envelope sender is found on the blacklist the message will be quarantined and marked as Other in the subject line.

To add a new address pattern to the blacklist click the Plus icon in the Blacklisted Address Pat-

terns box, enter (a part of) an address, and click Apply. You can use an asterisk (*) as a wildcard, e.g., *@abbeybnknational.com.

Tip – End-users can create their personal blacklist and whitelist in the User Portal.

10.3.4 Exceptions

On the POP3 > Exceptions tab you can define client hosts/networks and sender addresses that shall be excluded from various security features.

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To create an exception, proceed as follows:

On the Exceptions tab, click New Exception List.

The Create Exception List dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this exception.

Skip these checks: Select the security checks that should be skipped. For more information, see Email Protection > POP3 >

Antivirus

and

Antispam

For these client hosts/networks: Select the source hosts/networks (i.e., the hosts or networks messages originate from) that should skip the security checks.

Note – No exception needs to be created for localhost because local messages will not be scanned by default.

When selecting this option, the Client hosts/networks dialog box opens. You can add a host or network by either clicking the plus symbol or the folder symbol.

OR these sender addresses: Select the senders' email addresses that should skip the defined security checks.

Note – Use the Senders option with caution, as sender addresses can easily be forged.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new exception appears on the Exceptions list.

To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

10.3.5 Advanced

On the POP3 > Advanced tab you can specify those hosts and networks that can skip the transparent mode of the POP3 proxy. In addition, it contains the POP3 proxy's prefetch option, which allows the prefetching of messages from a POP3 server and storing them in a database.

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Transparent Mode Skiplist

Hosts and networks listed in the Skip transparent mode hosts/nets box will not be subject to the transparent interception of POP3 traffic. However, to allow POP3 traffic for these hosts and networks, select the Allow POP3 traffic for listed hosts/nets checkbox. If you do not select this checkbox, you must define specific firewall rules for the hosts and networks listed here.

POP3 Servers and Prefetch Settings

You can enter one or more POP3 servers here that are used in your network or by your endusers, so that the servers are known to the proxy. Additionally, you can turn on prefetching.

To define a POP3 server, do the following:

Add the DNS name of the POP3 server(s).

In the POP3 servers box, click the Plus icon. In the Add Server dialog window, enter the

DNS name and click Save.

A new entry with the entered DNS name and the suffix Servers is displayed in the box.

The UTM automatically creates a DNS group with the specified DNS name and associates it with the new POP3 server entry.

Specify the POP3 server's properties.

In the POP3 servers box, click the Edit icon in front of the POP3 server. The Edit Server dialog window opens. Make the following settings:

Name: If you want, modify the POP3 server's name.

Hosts: The box automatically contains a DNS group with the DNS name specified above. Add or select additional hosts or DNS groups. Make sure to add only such hosts or DNS groups that serve the same POP3 accounts.

Note – For POP3 servers not defined here or not having a TLS certificate, you can select a default TLS certificate in the TLS Settings section.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The POP3 server is defined.

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If no POP3 server is specified and a mail gets caught by the proxy, the proxy replaces the mail with a notification to the recipient right away in the same connection stating that the mail has been quarantined. The quarantined mail can be viewed in Mail Manager, but is not associated to a server or account and therefore cannot be released in a later connection. Generally, releasing of emails from quarantine does only work for prefetched messages.

There are two scenarios: l

If POP3 server(s) are given and prefetching is disabled, the proxy keeps track which quarantined mails belong to which server/account. Thus, quarantined mail can be released when the client polls the mailbox next time. For this to work, the proxy has to safely identify which IP addresses belong to which server (by their FQDN which you have entered in your mail client).

If POP3 server(s) are given and prefetching is enabled, the POP3 proxy periodically checks the POP3 server(s) for new messages. If a new message has arrived, it will be copied to the POP3 proxy, scanned and stored into a database on the UTM. The message remains on the POP3 server. When a client tries to fetch new messages, it communicates with the POP3 proxy instead and only retrieves messages from this database.

A POP3 proxy supporting prefetching has a variety of benefits, among others: l

No timeout problems between client and proxy or vice versa.

Delivery of messages is much faster because emails have been scanned in advance.

Blocked messages can be released from the User Portal—they will then be included in the next fetch.

If a message was blocked because it contained malicious content or because it was identified as spam, it will not be delivered to the client. Instead, such a message will be sent to the quarantine.

A message held in quarantine is stored in the Mail Manager section of the User Portal, from where it can be deleted or released.

Use prefetch mode: To enable prefetch mode, select the checkbox and add one or more

POP3 servers to the POP3 Servers box.

Prefetch interval: Select the time interval at which the POP3 proxy contacts the POP3 server to prefetch messages.

Note – The interval at which mail clients are allowed to connect to the POP3 server may vary from server to server. The prefetch interval should therefore not be set to a shorter interval than allowed by the POP3 server, because otherwise the download of

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POP3 messages would fail as long as the access to the POP3 server is blocked.

Note further that several mail clients may query the same POP3 account. Whenever messages were successfully fetched from a POP3 server, this will restart the timer until the server can be accessed for the next time. If for that reason the POP3 proxy cannot access a POP3 server four times in a row (default is every 15 minutes), the account password will be deleted from the proxy's mail database and no emails will be fetched until a mail client sends the password to the POP3 server again and successfully logs in.

Delete quarantined mails from server: When you select this option, quarantined messages will be deleted from the POP3 server immediately. This is useful to prevent that users get spam or virus messages when they connect to the POP3 server not via the

UTM, but for example via the POP3 server's web portal.

If the email client is configured to delete messages from the server after retrieving them, this information will be stored in the database, too. The next time the proxy is going to prefetch messages for this POP3 account, it will delete the messages from the server. This means, as long as no client fetches the messages from the Sophos UTM and no delete command is configured, no message will be deleted from the POP3 server. Therefore, they can still be read, for example, via the web portal of the email provider.

Quarantined messages are deleted from the POP3 server in the following cases: l

Messages are manually deleted via the

Mail Manager

Messages are manually deleted by the user via the

User Portal .

The message was released (either through the

Quarantine Report

or the

User Portal )

and the user's email client is configured to delete messages upon delivery.

The notification message has been deleted.

After the storage period has expired (see section

Configuration

in chapter Mail

Manager).

In prefetch mode however, spam messages in quarantine cannot be deleted from the POP3 server directly by means of a client command.

Note – The email client must successfully connect to the POP3 server at least once for the prefetch function to operate properly. This is because Sophos UTM needs to store the name of the POP3 server, the username, and the user's password in a database in order to fetch

POP3 messages on behalf of this user. This, however, cannot be achieved by configuring

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POP3 account credentials in the Sophos User Portal. The POP3 account credentials in the

User Portal are needed for prefetched messages to appear in this user's portal and daily Quarantine Report.

Note for fetchmail users: The TOP method is not supported to download emails from the mail server for security reasons—messages that are received through TOP cannot be scanned. It will work if you specify the fetchall option (-a on command line). For more information please read "RETR or TOP" in the fetchmail manual.

Preferred Charset

In this section you can select a charset different than UTF-8 that will be used for those mail headers, which have been in some way changed by the UTM (e.g. BATV). This is useful if your users who use mail clients which do not understand UTF-8. Generally the default charset for mail headers works fine for every region. Therefore only change this setting if you are sure this is what you want. If in doubt keep the default UTF-8.

TLS Settings

TLS certificate: Select a certificate from the drop-down list which will be used for TLS encryption with all POP3 clients supporting TLS and trying to access a POP3 server that either is not listed in the POP3 servers box above or does not have a matching TLS certificate associated. The selected certificate will be presented to the POP3 client. POP3 clients usually verify that the

TLS certificate presented by the POP3 server matches the configured POP3 server name. For this reason, most POP3 clients will display a warning that the certificate's hostname does not match the expected configured POP3 server's name. However, the user can dismiss the warning and connect nevertheless. If you want to avoid this warning, add all used POP3 servers to the POP3 servers box above and configure matching TLS certificates for each of them.

If no certificate is selected here, and a POP3 client tries to access a POP3 server via TLS that is not listed in the POP3 servers box or does not have a matching TLS certificate associated, the connection will not be established.

Tip – You can create or upload certificates on the Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management

> Certificates tab.

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10.4 Encryption

Ever since email became the primary electronic communication medium for personal and business purposes, a legitimate concern over privacy and authentication has arisen. In general terms, the email format is transmitted in clear text, similar to a postcard which anyone could read. Moreover, as assimilating false identities is an easy process, it is important for the recipient to be able to tell if the sender is who they claim to be.

Solutions to these issues are typically accomplished with email encryption and digital certificates, where an email message is electronically signed and cryptographically encoded. This assures that the message recipient exclusively can open and view the contents of the email (privacy), verifying the identity of the sender (authentication). In other words, this process negates the idea of being sent an "e-postcard", and introduces a process much like registered or certified mail.

Modern cryptography has two methods to encrypt email: symmetric and asymmetric. Both have become standard methods and are utilized in several types of applications. Symmetric key cryptography refers to encryption methods in which both, the sender and receiver, share the same key.

On the other hand, asymmetric key cryptography (also known as public key cryptography) is a form of cryptography in which each user has a pair of cryptographic keys; a public key, which encrypts data, and a corresponding private or secret key for decryption. Whereas the public key is freely published, the private key will be securely kept by the user.

One drawback with symmetric encryption is that for a sender and recipient to communicate securely, they must agree upon a key and keep it secret between themselves. If they are in different physical locations, they must prevent the disclosure of the secret key during transmission.

Therefore, the persistent problem with symmetric encryption is key distribution: how do I get the key to the recipient without someone intercepting it? Public key cryptography was invented to exactly address this problem. With public key cryptography, users can securely communicate over an insecure channel without having to agree upon a shared key beforehand.

The need for email encryption has produced a variety of public key cryptography standards, most notably S/MIME and OpenPGP, both of which are supported by Sophos UTM. S/MIME

(Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a standard for asymmetric encryption and the signing of emails encapsulated in MIME. It is typically used within a public key infrastructure

(PKI) and is based on a hierarchical structure of digital certificates, requiring a trusted instance

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as Certificate Authority (CA). The CA issues a digital certificate by binding an identity to a pair of electronic keys; this can be seen as a digital counterpart to a traditional identity document such as a passport. Technically speaking, the CA issues a certificate binding a public key to a particular Distinguished Name in the X.500 standard, or to an Alternative Name such as an email address.

A digital certificate makes it possible to verify someone's claim that they have the right to use a given key. The idea is that if someone trusts a CA and can verify that a public key is signed by this

CA, then one can also be assured that the public key in question really does belong to the purported owner.

OpenPGP (Pretty Good Privacy), on the other hand, uses asymmetric encryption typically employed in a web of trust (WOT). This means that public keys are digitally signed by other users who, by that act, endorse the association of that public key with the person.

Note – Although both standards offer similar services, S/MIME and OpenPGP have very different formats. This means that users of one protocol cannot communicate with the users of the other. Furthermore, authentication certificates also cannot be shared.

The entire email encryption is transparent to the user, that is, no additional encryption software is required on the client side. Generally speaking, encryption requires having the destination party's certificate or public key on store. For incoming and outgoing messages, email encryption functions as follows: l

By default, outgoing messages from internal users will be scanned, automatically signed, and encrypted using the recipient's certificate (S/MIME) or public key (OpenPGP), provided the S/MIME certificate or OpenPGP public key of the recipient is existent on the

UTM.

Encrypted incoming messages from external users whose S/MIME certificate or

OpenPGP public key are known to the UTM will automatically be decrypted and scanned for malicious content. To decrypt the message, the S/MIME key or OpenPGP private key of the internal user must be existent on the UTM.

Encrypted incoming messages from external users or for internal users unknown to the

UTM will be delivered, although they cannot be decrypted and therefore not scanned for viruses or spam. It is then the responsibility of the recipient (internal user) to ensure that the email does not contain any malware, for example, by using a personal firewall.

Outgoing messages already encrypted on the client side will directly be sent to the recipient if the recipient's S/MIME certificate or OpenPGP public key are unknown. However, if

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10.4 Encryption the recipient's S/MIME certificate or OpenPGP public key are available, the message will be encrypted a second time. Note that pre-encrypted messages cannot be scanned for malicious content.

Decryption is only possible for incoming emails, where "incoming" means that the domain name of the sender's email address must not be part of any SMTP profile. For example, to decrypt a message sent by [email protected], the domain example.com must not be configured in either the

routing

settings or any

SMTP profile .

A summary of the signing/encryption result is written into the subject line of each email.

For example, an email that was correctly signed and encrypted with S/MIME, has "

(S/MIME: Signed and encrypted)" appended to the subject line.

Note – Adding a footer to messages already signed or encrypted by an email client (e.g.,

email encryption

feature of Sophos UTM. Email encryption done on the gateway means that the footer is added to the message prior to creating the digital signature, thus leaving the signature intact.

10.4.1 Global

On the Email Protection > Encryption > Global tab you can configure the basic settings of the email encryption functionality.

Note – Encryption is only working for SMTP, not for POP3.

Before you can use email encryption, you must first create a Certificate Authority (CA) consisting of a CA certificate and CA key. The CA certificate can be downloaded and stored locally.

In addition, it can be installed as an external CA (S/MIME Authority) in other units as illustrated in the diagram to enable transparent email encryption between two Sophos UTM units.

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Figure 19 Email Encryption: Using Two Sophos UTM Units

To configure email encryption, proceed as follows:

On the Global tab, enable email encryption.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Email Encryption Certificate Authority (CA) area becomes editable.

Create a certificate authority (CA).

Fill out the form in the Email Encryption Certificate Authority (CA) area. By default, the form is filled out with the values of the Management > System Settings > Organizational tab.

Click Save.

The toggle switch turns green and the following certificates and keys are being created: l

S/MIME CA Certificate l

OpenPGP Postmaster Key

Note that this may take several minutes to complete. If you do not see the fingerprints of the S/MIME CA certificate or the OpenPGP Postmaster key, click the Reload button in the upper right corner of WebAdmin. The certificate and the key can be downloaded and locally stored.

Use the Reset Email Encryption System Now button to reset all settings in the Encryption menu to the factory default configuration.

10.4.2 Options

On the Encryption > Options tab you can define the default policy to be used within the public key cryptography framework of Sophos UTM.

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Default Policy: Specify your default policy for emails in terms of cryptography. These settings can, however, be overwritten by customized settings.

The following actions are available: l

Sign outgoing email l

Encrypt outgoing email l

Verify incoming email l

Decrypt incoming email

Click Apply to save your settings.

Note – For encryption to work, the sender must be within the Internal Users list. Outgoing emails for recipients whose S/MIME certificate or OpenPGP public key are existent on the gateway will be encrypted by default. If you want to disable encryption for these recipients, delete their S/MIME certificates or OpenPGP public keys. If certificates or public keys are unknown to the UTM, emails will be sent unencrypted.

Automatic Extraction of S/MIME Certificates

When this option is selected, S/MIME certificates will automatically be extracted from incoming emails provided the certificate that is appended to the email is signed by a trusted certificate authority, that is, a CA present on the unit as shown on the Email Protection > Encryption >

S/MIME Authorities tab. In addition, the time and date of Sophos UTM must be within the certificate's validity period for the automatic extraction of certificates to work. Once a certificate has been successfully extracted, it will appear on the Email Protection > Encryption > S/MIME Cer-

tificates tab. Note that this may take five to ten minutes to complete. Click Apply to save your settings.

OpenPGP Keyserver

OpenPGP keyserver host public PGP keys. You can add an OpenPGP keyserver here. For signed incoming emails and for outgoing emails that shall be encrypted, the UTM will try to retrieve the public key from the given server if the respective public key is yet unknown to the

UTM.

10.4.3 Internal Users

For signing and decrypting messages, either the S/MIME key or the OpenPGP private key must be existent on the UTM. On the Encryption > Internal Users tab you can create both an

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individual S/MIME key/certificate and/or OpenPGP key pair for those users for whom email encryption should be enabled.

To create an internal email user, proceed as follows:

On the Internal Users tab, click New Email Encryption User.

The Create New User dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Email address: Enter the email address of the user.

Full name: Enter the name of the user.

Signing: The following signing options are available: l

Use default policy: The policy from the Options tab will be used.

On: Emails will be signed using the certificate of the user.

Off: Emails will not be signed.

Encryption: The following encryption options are available: l

Use default policy: The policy from the Options tab will be used.

On: Emails will be encrypted using the public key of the recipient.

Off: Emails will not be encrypted.

Verifying: The following verification options are available: l

Use default policy: The policy from the Options tab will be used.

On: Emails will be verified using the public key of the sender.

Off: Emails will not be verified.

Decryption: The following decryption options are available: l

Use default policy: The policy from the Options tab will be used.

On: Emails will be decrypted using the certificate of the user.

Off: Emails will not be decrypted.

S/MIME: Select whether you want to have the S/MIME certificate and key automatically generated by the system or whether you want to upload a certificate in PKCS#12 format.

When uploading the certificate, you must know the passphrase the PKCS#12 file was protected with. Note that the PKCS#12 file must both contain the S/MIME key and certificate.

Any CA certificate that may be included in this PKCS#12 file will be ignored.

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OpenPGP: Select whether you want to have the OpenPGP key pair consisting of a private key and the public key automatically generated by the system or whether you want to upload the key pair in ASCII format. Note that both private and public key must be included in one single file and that the file must not contain a passphrase.

Note – If you configure both S/MIME and OpenPGP for an individual user, emails sent by this user will be signed using S/MIME.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new user appears on the Internal Users list.

Use the toggle switch to turn the usage of one or both keys off without having to delete the key

(s).

Note – For security reasons, the files offered for download only contain the S/MIME certificate and the OpenPGP public key, respectively. The S/MIME key and the OpenPGP private key cannot be downloaded from the system.

10.4.4 S/MIME Authorities

On the Encryption > S/MIME Authorities tab you can manage certificate authorities (CA) for email encryption. In addition to pre-installed CAs, you can upload certificates of external certificate authorities. All incoming emails whose certificates are signed by one of the CAs listed and enabled here will be trusted automatically.

Note – If you have selected the Enable automatic S/MIME certificate extraction option on the

Email Protection > Encryption > Options tab, certificates signed by a CA listed and enabled here will be extracted automatically and placed on the Email Protection > Encryption >

S/MIME Certificates tab.

Local S/MIME Authorities

You can import the certificate (i.e., the public key) of an external certification authority you trust.

That way, all incoming emails whose certificates were signed by this CA will be trusted, too. For example, you can install the CA of another Sophos UTM unit, thus enabling transparent email encryption between two Sophos UTM units.

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To import an external S/MIME authority certificate, proceed as follows:

Click the Folder icon next to the Upload local authority field.

The Upload File dialog window opens.

Select the certificate to upload.

Click Browse and select the CA certificate to upload. The following certificate extensions are supported: l cer

, crt, or der: These certificate types are binary and basically the same.

l pem

: Base64 encoded DER certificates.

Upload the certificate.

Click Start Upload to upload the selected CA certificate.

The certificate will be installed and displayed in the Local S/MIME Authorities area.

You can delete or disable an S/MIME authority certificate if you do not regard the CA as trustworthy. To revoke an S/MIME authority's certificate click its toggle switch. The toggle switch turns gray and the SMTP proxy will no longer accept mails signed by this S/MIME authority. To delete a certificate, click the Empty icon.

Tip – Click the blue Info icon to see the fingerprint of a CA.

Global S/MIME Authorities

The list of S/MIME CAs shown here is identical to the S/MIME CAs pre-installed by Mozilla Firefox. This facilitates email encryption between your company and your communication partners who maintain a PKI based on those CAs. However, you can disable an S/MIME authority certificate if you do not regard the CA as trustworthy. To revoke an S/MIME authority's certificate click its toggle switch. The toggle switch turns gray and the SMTP proxy will no longer accept mails signed by this S/MIME authority.

The following links point to URLs of notable root certificates: l

Trustcenter l

S-TRUST l

Thawte l

VeriSign l

GeoTrust

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10.4 Encryption

10.4.5 S/MIME Certificates

On the Encryption > S/MIME Certificates tab, you can import external S/MIME certificates.

Emails for recipients whose certificates are listed here will automatically be encrypted. If you want to disable encryption for a particular recipient, simply delete its certificate from the list.

Note – If for a recipient an OpenPGP public key is imported additionally to an

S/MIME certificate, emails will be encrypted using OpenPGP.

Note – When you upload an S/MIME certificate manually, messages from the email address associated with the certificate are always trusted, although no CA certificate is available that may identify the person noted in the certificate. That is to say, manually uploading an S/MIME certificate labels the source as trusted.

To import an external S/MIME certificate, proceed as follows:

On the S/MIME Certificates tab, click New External S/MIME Certificate.

The Add S/MIME Certificate dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Format: Select the format of the certificate. You can choose between the following formats: l der

(binary) l pem

(ASCII)

Note – Microsoft Windows operating systems use the cer file extension for both der and pem formats. You must therefore determine in advance whether the certificate you are about to upload is in binary or ASCII format. Then select the format from the dropdown list accordingly.

Certificate: Click the Folder icon to open the Upload File dialog window. Select the file and click Start Upload.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new S/MIME certificate appears on the S/MIME Certificates list.

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10.4.6 OpenPGP Public Keys

On the Encryption > OpenPGP Public Keys tab you can install OpenPGP public keys. Files must be provided in .asc format. The upload of entire keyrings is supported.

Note – Do not upload a keyring that is protected by a passphrase.

All public keys included in the keyring will be imported and can be used to encrypt messages.

Emails for recipients whose public keys are listed here will automatically be encrypted. If you want to disable encryption for a particular recipient, simply delete its public key from the list.

Note – Only one email address per key is supported. If there are multiple addresses attached to a key, only the "first" one will be used (the order may depend on how OpenPGP sorts addresses). If the key you want to import has several addresses attached, you must remove the unneeded addresses with OpenPGP or other tools prior to importing the key into Sophos

UTM.

To import an OpenPGP public key, proceed as follows:

On the OpenPGP Public Keys tab, click Import Keyring File.

The Import OpenPGP Keyring File dialog box opens.

Upload the OpenPGP key(s).

Click the Folder icon to open the Upload File dialog window. Select the file and click Start

Upload.

The key or, if the file contains several keys, a list of keys is displayed.

Select one or more keys and click Import Selected Keys.

The key(s) appear(s) on the OpenPGP Public Keys list.

Note – An email address must be attached to the key. Otherwise the installation will fail.

10.5 Quarantine Report

Sophos UTM features an email quarantine containing all messages (SMTP and POP3) that have been blocked and redirected to the quarantine for various reasons. This includes

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10.5 Quarantine Report messages waiting for delivery as well as messages that are infected by malicious software, contain suspicious attachments, are identified as spam, or simply contain unwanted expressions.

To minimize the risk of messages being withheld that were quarantined mistakenly (so-called

false positives), Sophos UTM sends a daily Quarantine Report to the users informing them of messages in their quarantine. If users have several email addresses configured, they will get an individual Quarantine Report for each email address. This also applies if a user has additional

POP3 accounts configured in his User Portal, provided the POP3 proxy of Sophos UTM is in

prefetch mode, which allows the prefetching of messages from a POP3 server and storing them in a local database. In a Quarantine Report a user can click on any spam entry to release the message from the quarantine or to whitelist the sender for the future.

The following list contains some more information about the Quarantine Report: l

Quarantine Reports are only sent to those users whose email address is part of a domain contained in any SMTP profile. This includes the specification in the Domains box on the

SMTP >

Routing

tab as well as the specifications in the Domains box of any SMTP Profile.

If the POP3 prefetch option is disabled, quarantined messages sent to this account will not appear in the Quarantine Report. Instead, each user will find the typical Sophos

POP3 blocked message in his inbox. It is therefore not possible to release the message by means of the Quarantine Report or the User Portal. The only way to deliver such an email is to download it in zip format from the

Mail Manager

by the administrator.

On the Advanced tab, the administrator defines which types of quarantined mail can be released by the users. By default, only spam emails can be released from the quarantine.

Messages quarantined for other reasons, for example because they contain viruses or suspicious file attachments, can only be released from the quarantine by the administrator in the Mail Manager of Sophos UTM. In addition, users can also review all of their messages currently held in quarantine in the Sophos User Portal.

If a spam email has multiple recipients, as is the case with mailing lists, when any one recipient releases the email, it is released for that recipient only, provided the email address of the mailing list is configured on the system. Otherwise the email will be sent to all recipients simultaneously. For more information, see the Define internal mailing lists option on the Email Protection > Quarantine Report >

Exceptions

tab.

Emails sent to an SMTP email address for which no user is configured in Sophos UTM can be released (but not whitelisted) from the Quarantine Report or in the Mail Manager by the administrator. However, as this user is not configured, no access to the User

Portal is possible.

Spam emails sent to mailing lists cannot be whitelisted.

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Some email clients do not encode the header of an email correctly, which may result in an awkward representation of the email in the daily Quarantine Report.

10.5.1 Global

On the Quarantine Report > Global tab you can define at what time the daily Quarantine Report shall be sent and write a message text that will appear in the Quarantine Reports.

To edit the Quarantine Report settings, enable the Quarantine Report: Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green.

Time to Send Report

Here you can define when the daily Quarantine Report will be sent. Select the time using the drop-down lists and click Apply.

You can also send an additional report. For this, select the checkbox Send Additional Report, set the time, and click Apply.

Customizable Message Text

Here you can customize the text which forms the introduction of the Quarantine Report.

Change the message text according to your needs and click Apply.

Note – It is not possible to use HTML tags in the customizable message text box.

Note – Customization is not possible when using a home use license.

10.5.2 Exceptions

On the Quarantine Report > Exception tab you can define a skiplist of email addresses that should be exempt from receiving daily Quarantine Reports.

Skipping Quarantine Reports

Here you can configure internal email addresses for which no quarantine notifications should be sent. Users whose email addresses are listed here will not receive daily Quarantine Reports.

You can enter full email addresses or use an asterisk (*) as wildcard, for example

*@example.com

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Note – The skiplist only applies for the SMTP Quarantine Report. If there is a POP3 account specified for the respective user, the POP3 Quarantine Report will be sent nonetheless.

Define Internal Mailing Lists

If the email address of a mailing list is configured in the Mailing list address patterns box (e.g., [email protected]

) and a spam message sent to this mailing list was detected and redirected to the email quarantine, the Quarantine Report of all recipients included in this mailing list will contain a link to this spam message. Thus, each recipient can release this spam message individually by entering his email address in a user prompt that appears once the recipient has clicked the Release link in the Quarantine Report.

Note – Mailing lists cannot be whitelisted in the Quarantine Report or the User Portal.

Alternatively, you could enter the email address of that particular mailing list as an additional email address in a local user's profile; this user becoming some sort of a mail manager. Then only this user's Quarantine Report will contain a link to the spam message that was sent to the mailing list. Clicking the Release link will deliver the spam message to all recipients of that mailing list at once.

Note – If the email address of a mailing list is configured as an additional email address in a user's profile, no recipient included in that mailing list gets displayed the links to spam messages that were sent to this mailing list.

However, if the email address of a mailing list is both configured as an additional email address in a user's profile and in the Mailing list address patterns box, then the Release link in that user's

Quarantine Report will open a user prompt. The user is then to decide who is going to receive the spam mail by manually entering the respective email address(es) to forward the spam message to.

Finally, if the email address of a mailing list is neither configured as an additional email address in a user's profile nor as a mailing list address pattern, a spam message sent to the mailing list is handled like a normal email, meaning that if any one recipient releases the spam mail, it will be sent to all recipients of the mailing list.

To sum up, whenever the email address of a mailing list is configured as a mailing list address pattern, each user having a link to the spam message in his Quarantine Report is prompted to enter an email address to release the spam message to.

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10.5.3 Advanced

On the Quarantine Report > Advanced tab you can configure an alternative hostname and port number for the Release links contained in daily Quarantine Reports. Additionally, you can change the release options for spam emails.

Advanced Quarantine Report Options

Hostname: By default, this is the gateway's hostname as given on the Management > System

Settings > Hostname tab. The quarantine report, for example, which is sent by the gateway, contains hyperlinks a user can click to release messages from the email quarantine. By default, these links point to the hostname specified here. If you want to enable users to release their emails from across the Internet, it might be necessary to enter an alternative hostname here that can be publicly resolved.

Port: By default, port 3840 is configured. You can change the port to any value in the range from 1024 to 65535.

Allowed networks: You can also specify the networks that should be allowed to connect to the email release service. By default, only the internal network is selected.

Click Apply to save your settings.

Release Options

Here you can select which types of quarantined messages shall be releasable by users. You can choose between the following options: l

Malware l

Spam l

Expression l

File extension l

Unscannable l

MIME type l

Other

Click Apply to save your settings.

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10.6 Mail Manager

The Mail Manager is an administrative tool to manage and organize all email messages currently stored on the unit. This includes messages waiting for delivery as well as quarantined messages that are infected by malicious software, contain suspicious attachments, are identified as spam, or contain unwanted expressions. You can use the Mail Manager to review all messages before downloading, releasing, or deleting them. The Mail Manager is fully UTF-8 capable.

10.6.1 Mail Manager Window

Figure 20 Mail Manager of Sophos UTM

To open the Mail Manager window click the button Open Mail Manager in New Window on the

Email Protection > Mail Manager > Global tab. The Mail Manager is divided into five different tabs: l

SMTP Quarantine: Displays all messages that are currently quarantined.

SMTP Spool: Displays all messages currently in /var/spool. This may be due to them waiting for delivery or because of an error.

SMTP Log: Displays the delivery log for all messages processed via SMTP.

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POP3 Quarantine: Displays all messages fetched via POP3 that are currently quarantined.

Close: Click here to close the Mail Manager window.

10.6.1.1 SMTP/POP3 Quarantine

Messages in SMTP and POP3 Quarantine can be displayed according to their respective quarantine cause: l

Malware l

Spam l

Expression l

File Extension l

MIME Type (SMTP only) l

Unscannable l

Other

Use the checkboxes to select/unselect quarantine causes. Double-click the checkbox of a cause to solely select this cause.

Tip – Double-click a message to view it.

Profile/Domain: Select a profile/domain to show its messages only.

Sender/Rcpt/Subject substring: Here you can enter a sender, recipient, or subject to search for in the messages.

Received date: To only show messages processed during a certain time frame, enter a date, or select a date from the calendar icon.

Sort by: By default, the list is sorted by time of arrival. Messages can be sorted by date, subject line, sender address, and message size.

and show: The checkbox allows to display 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, or all messages per page. Note that showing all messages may take a lot of time.

Use the checkbox in front of each message or click a message to select it to apply actions on the selected messages. The following actions are available:

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View (only available for an individual message): Opens a window with the contents of the email.

Download: Selected messages will be downloaded.

Delete: Selected messages will be deleted irrevocably.

Release: Selected messages will be released from quarantine.

Release and report as false positive: Selected messages will be released from quarantine and reported as false positive to the spam scan engine.

Note that only the administrator can release all messages held in quarantine. Users reviewing their messages in the Sophos User Portal can only release messages they are explicitly allowed to. The authorization settings for this can be found on the Email Protection > Quarantine Report

Advanced

tab.

Select global cleanup action: Here you find several deletion options that will be applied on messages globally, that is, regardless whether they are selected and/or displayed or not.

Caution – Deleted messages are irrevocable.

10.6.1.2 SMTP Spool

Here you see messages that are either waiting for delivery or have produced an error. The delivery log is also part of the message header. Use the following checkboxes to select only one type of messages for display: l

Waiting: Messages waiting for delivery.

Error: Messages that caused an error. If a messages produces an error more than once, please report the case to your Sophos Partner or the Sophos Support Team.

Hint – Double-click a message to view it.

Profile/Domain: Select a profile/domain to show its messages only.

Sender/Rcpt/Subject substring: Here you can enter a sender, recipient, or subject to search for in the messages.

Received date: To only show messages processed during a certain time frame, enter a date, or select a date from the calendar icon.

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Sort by: By default, the list is sorted by time of arrival. Messages can be sorted by date, subject line, sender address, and message size.

and show: The checkbox allows to display 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, or all messages per page. Note that showing all messages may take a lot of time.

Use the checkbox in front of each message or click a message to select it to apply actions on the selected messages. The following actions are available: l

Download: Selected messages will be downloaded.

Retry: For selected messages delivery will be retried immediately.

Delete: Selected messages will be deleted irrevocably.

Bounce: Selected messages will be bounced, that is the sender will receive a message that the delivery of their message has been canceled.

Select Global Cleanup Action: Here you find a retry option and several deletion options that will be applied on messages globally, that is, regardless whether they are selected and/or displayed or not.

Caution – Deleted messages are irrevocable.

10.6.1.3 SMTP Log

The SMTP Log displays the log messages for all messages processed via SMTP.

Result Filter: Select which type of message will be displayed by selecting the corresponding checkboxes.

Delivered: Successfully delivered messages.

Rejected: Messages rejected by the UTM.

Quarantined: Quarantined messages.

Blackholed: Messages that have been deleted without notification.

Canceled: Messages that have been manually bounced in SMTP Spool.

Bounced: Messages that could not be delivered, for example because of false routing settings.

Deleted: Messages that have been manually deleted.

Unknown: Messages whose status is unknown.

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Use the checkboxes to select/unselect Result Filter items. Double-click an item to solely select this item.

Reason Filter: Use the checkboxes to further filter the message log display.

Note – Double-click a message log to view it. Click on the server icon of a message to resolve the IP address. An asterisk (*) denotes a successful reverse DNS lookup.

Profile/Domain: Select a profile/domain to show its messages only.

IP/Net/Address/Subj. Substring: Here you can enter an IP address, network address, or subject to search for in the SMTP log messages.

Received Date: To only show messages processed during a certain time frame, enter a date, or select a date from the calendar icon.

Sort by: By default, the list is sorted by event time. Messages can be sorted by event time, sender address, and message size.

and show: The checkbox allows to display 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, or all messages per page. Note that showing all messages may take a lot of time.

10.6.2 Global

In the upper part of the Mail Manager > Global tab you can open the Mail Manager by clicking the Open Mail Manager in New Window button.

In the lower part, the Statistics Overview area provides an overview of all messages currently stored on the unit. Data is divided into messages that were delivered via the SMTP or POP3 protocol. For both types, the following information is displayed: l

Waiting for Delivery (Spooled) (SMTP only): Mails that are currently in spool, for example because they were being scanned and could not be delivered yet.

Clean total (POP3 only): Mails that have been prefetched by the unit and have not yet been collected by a client/user.

Quarantined Malware: The total of messages that contain malware, such as viruses or other harmful content.

Quarantined Spam: The total of messages that were identified as spam.

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Quarantined Expression: The total of messages that were diverted to the quarantine because they contain forbidden expressions.

Quarantined File Extension: The total of messages held in quarantine because they contain suspicious attachments (identified by their file extension).

Quarantined Unscannable: The total of messages held in quarantine because it could not be scanned.

Quarantined MIME Type (SMTP only): The total of messages held in quarantine because they contain MIME types that are to be filtered according to the SMTP settings.

Quarantined Total: The total of messages that are held in quarantine.

Note – The numbers for Waiting for Delivery represent a real-time snapshot for SMTP messages. However, for POP3 messages, the numbers presented are the accumulation of data since the last time

prefetching

was enabled.

Below you see a short statistic for SMTP quarantining and rejections of the last 24 hours: l

Malware Quarantined/Rejected: Messages quarantined/rejected because they contain harmful content.

Spam Quarantined/Rejected: Messages quarantined/rejected because they have been identified as spam.

Blacklist Rejects: Messages rejected because the sender is on a blacklist.

Address Verification Rejects: Messages rejected because the sender address could not be verified.

SPF Rejects: Messages rejected because sending host is not allowed.

RBL Rejects: Messages rejected because the sender is on a real time blackhole list.

BATV Rejects: Messages rejected because BATV tag could not be validated.

RDNS/HELO Rejects: Messages rejected due to invalid HELO or missing RDNS entries.

Whether there are any rejects depends on your settings in Email Protection > SMTP.

10.6.3 Configuration

On the Mail Manager > Configuration tab you can configure how long the database log will be kept and after how many days quarantined messages are to be deleted from the quarantine.

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Any logs and messages that are older than the number of days in the expiration settings will be deleted automatically.

The default settings are as follows: l

Database log will be deleted after three days. Maximum number permitted: 30 days.

Quarantined messages will be deleted after 14 days. Maximum number permitted: 999 days.

The minimum number of days permitted for both database log and quarantine is one day.

Flush Database Log

This option is useful if your database log has accumulated an immense amount of data to clear the log immediately. That way you do not have to wait for the normal cleanup action to apply.

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11 Endpoint Protection

The Endpoint Protection menu allows you to manage the protection of endpoint devices in your network, e.g. desktop computers, servers, and laptops. UTM is the configuration side of endpoint protection where you deploy the software for endpoints, get an overview of the protected endpoints, set up antivirus and device control policies, group endpoints, and assign the defined policies to endpoint groups.

Endpoint protection uses a central service called Sophos LiveConnect. This cloud-based service is automatically set up for the use with your UTM once you enable endpoint protection.

LiveConnect allows you to always manage all of your endpoints, whether they are on your local network, at remote sites, or with traveling users. The LiveConnect service provides: l

A pre-configured installation package for the endpoint agent l

Policy deployment & updates for endpoints l

Security updates and definitions for endpoints l

Central logging & reporting data to monitor endpoints centrally through WebAdmin

As LiveConnect is a cloud-based service you will need an active Internet connection in order for the service to work. Managed endpoints will need an Internet connection to receive policy and security updates, too.

The figure below shows a deployment example of Sophos UTM Endpoint Protection with the use of the LiveConnect Service.

11 Endpoint Protection

Figure 21 Endpoint Protection: Overview

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Computer Management

Antivirus

Device Control

If endpoint protection is enabled, the overview page gives you general information on registered computers and their status. You can sort and search this list. If the status of an endpoint is not Ok, you can click on the status to open a window with more information. The status

Not Compliant indicates that the device's settings are currently not the same as configured on the UTM. To resolve this problem you find a link in the window to send the current endpoint settings to the endpoint. For the other statuses you can acknowledge the information and decide what actions have to be taken.

Open Endpoint Protection Live Log

The endpoint protection live log gives you information about the connection between the endpoints, LiveConnect, and the UTM, as well as security information concerning the endpoints.

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11.1 Computer Management

Click the Open Endpoint Protection Live Log button to open the endpoint protection live log in a new window.

11.1 Computer Management

On the Endpoint Protection > Computer Management pages you can enable and manage the protection of individual computers connected to your Sophos UTM.

You can find and deploy an installation file for endpoints and you get an overview of all computers where the endpoint protection software is installed. You can define computer groups with differing protection settings.

11.1.1 Global

On the Endpoint Protection > Computer Management > Global tab you can enable or disable endpoint protection.

To enable endpoint protection, do the following:

On the Global tab, enable endpoint protection.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and some fields with your organization details become visible.

Enter your organization details.

By default the settings from the Management > System Settings > Organizational tab is used.

Click Activate Endpoint Protection.

The toggle switch turns green and endpoint protection is activated.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

On the Deploy Agent page you can now continue by deploying an endpoint protection installation package to computers to be monitored.

Note – When using endpoint protection, we recommend to enable the Force caching for

Sophos Endpoint updates feature on the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Advanced tab, section Web Caching, to prevent uplink saturation when endpoints download data from the update servers in the Internet.

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Note – If the Web Filter is activated and works in transparent mode, additional settings are necessary to ensure that endpoints can correctly use endpoint protection: As soon as endpoint protection is enabled, the UTM automatically creates a DNS group named Sophos

LiveConnect. Add this DNS group to the Skip transparent mode destination hosts/nets box on the Web Protection > Web Filtering > Advanced tab.

To disable endpoint protection, do the following:

On the Global tab, disable endpoint protection.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and two options are available.

Select whether you want to delete your endpoint data.

Keep ALL data: Use this option if you want to temporarily disable endpoint protection.

Your endpoint settings will be preserved. When enabling the feature again, the previously installed endpoints will automatically connect again and all defined policies will be available.

Delete ALL data: Use this option if you want to reset all endpoint settings and start from scratch. All connections to endpoints and all policy settings will be deleted. After enabling the feature again, deploy new installation packages to the endpoints for them to get the new registration data (see section Computer Management >

Advanced

Click Disable Endpoint Protection.

The toggle switch turns gray and endpoint protection is disabled.

11.1.2 Deploy Agent

On the Endpoint Protection > Computer Management > Deploy Agent tab you can deploy the installation files for the individual computers to be monitored via endpoint protection.

There are two different installation packages available, both providing identical software. They are alternatives having different advantages concerning deployment and installation: l

Slim Installation Package: This package is small (12 MB) and can easily be provided via email. The data not contained in the package will be downloaded during installation.

Full Installation Package: The package contains the complete installation data

(approx. 90 MB), thus the data volume to be downloaded during installation is minimized.

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With both packages, there are two different ways to deploy the endpoint protection software to endpoints: l

Use the Download Slim Installer or Download Full Installer button to download and save the installation package. Then give endpoint users access to the package.

Copy the URL which is displayed in the gray box and send it to the endpoint users. Using the URL, endpoint users can download and install the installation package by themselves.

Note – The name of the installation packages must not be changed. During installation

LiveConnect compares the package name with the current registration data of the UTM. If the information does not match, the installation will be aborted.

After installation on an endpoint, the respective computer will be displayed on the Manage Com-

puters tab. Additionally it will automatically be assigned to the computer group defined on the

Advanced tab.

Note – The installation package can be invalidated using the Reset Registration Token button on the Advanced tab.

11.1.3 Manage Computers

The Endpoint Protection > Computer Management > Manage Computers tab gives you an overview of the computers which have endpoint protection installed for your UTM. The computers are added to the list automatically. You can assign a computer to a group, add additional information, modify a computer's tamper protection settings, or delete a computer from the list.

To edit the settings of a listed computer proceed as follows:

Click the Edit button of the respective computer.

The Edit Computer dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Computer group: Select the computer group you want to assign the computer to. The computer will receive the protection settings of the assigned group.

Type: Select the computer type, i.e. desktop, laptop, or server. The type serves to filter the list.

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Tamper protection: If enabled, modification of the protection settings on the computer locally is only possible with a password. The password is defined on the Advanced tab. If disabled, the endpoint user can modify protection settings without password. By default, the setting matches the setting of the group the computer belongs to.

Inventory # (optional): Enter the inventory number of the computer.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved.

To delete a computer from the list, click the Delete button.

Note – When you delete a computer from the list it will no longer be monitored by the UTM.

However, the installed endpoint software will not automatically be uninstalled, and the policies last deployed will still be active.

11.1.4 Manage Groups

On the Endpoint Protection > Computer Management > Manage Groups tab you can combine the protected computers to groups, and define endpoint protection settings for groups. All computers belonging to a group share the same antivirus and device policies.

Note – Every computer belongs to exactly one group. Initially, all computers belong to the

Default group. After adding groups, on the Advanced tab you can define which group should be the default, i.e., which group a newly installed computer will be assigned to automatically.

To create a computer group, proceed as follows:

Click Add Computer Group.

The Add Computer Group dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this group.

Antivirus policy: Select the antivirus policy to be applied to the group. The policies are defined on the Antivirus > Policies tab. Note that you can define group-specific exceptions from this policy on the Antivirus > Exceptions tab.

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Device policy: Select the device policy to be applied to the group. The policies are defined on the Device Control > Policies tab. Note that you can define group-specific exceptions from this policy on the Device Control > Exceptions tab.

Tamper protection: If enabled, modification of the protection settings on the respective endpoints locally is only possible with a password. The password is defined on the

Advanced tab. If disabled, the endpoint user can modify protection settings without password. Note that you can change the tamper protection setting for individual computers on the Manage Computers tab.

Web Control: If enabled, endpoints in this group can enforce and report on web filtering policy, even if they are not on a Sophos UTM network. To enable Endpoint Web Control, see the Endpoint Protection > Web Control tab.

Use proxy for AutoUpdate: If enabled, the proxy attributes specified in the fields below will be sent to the endpoints of this group. The endpoints will use the proxy data to connect to the Internet.

Note – Make sure to enter the correct data. If the endpoints receive wrong proxy data they cannot connect to the Internet and to the UTM any more. In this case you will have to change the configuration on each affected endpoint manually.

Address: Enter the proxy's IP address.

Port: Enter the proxy's port number.

User: Enter the proxy's username if required.

Password: Enter the proxy's password if required.

Computers: Add the computers to belong to the group.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The group will be created and appears on the Manage Groups list. Please note that it may take up to 15 minutes until all computers are reconfigured.

To either edit or delete a group, click the corresponding buttons.

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11.1.5 Advanced

On the Endpoint Protection > Computer Management > Advanced tab, the following options can be configured:

Tamper Protection: With tamper protection enabled, protection settings can only be changed on endpoints using this password.

Default Computers Group: Select the computer group a computer will be assigned to automatically, shortly after installation of endpoint protection.

Sophos LiveConnect – Registration: This section contains registration information about your endpoint protection. Amongst others, the information is used to identify installation packages, and it can be used for support purposes.

Reset registration token: Click this button to prevent endpoints from being installed with a previously deployed installation package. Typically you do this to finish your rollout.

If you want new endpoints to be installed, provide a new installation package via the

Deploy Agent tab.

11.2 Antivirus

On the Endpoint Protection > Antivirus pages you can define antivirus settings for the endpoint protection feature. You can create antivirus policies, i.e., sets of antivirus settings, which you can subsequently apply to your computer groups to be monitored by endpoint protection. Additionally you can define exceptions for the antivirus features to be applied to specific computer groups.

11.2.1 Policies

On the Endpoint Protection > Antivirus > Policies tab you can manage different sets of antivirus settings which you can subsequently apply to the computer groups monitored by endpoint protection.

By default, the antivirus policy Basic protection represents the best balance between protecting your computer against threats and overall system performance. It cannot be modified.

To add a new antivirus policy, proceed as follows:

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Click the Add Policy button.

The Add Policy dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this policy.

On-access scanning: If enabled, whenever you copy, move, or open a file, the file will be scanned and access will only be granted if it does not pose a threat to your computer or has been authorized for use.

Scan for PUA: If enabled, the on-access scanning will include a check for potentially unwanted applications (PUAs).

Automatic cleanup: If enabled, items that contain viruses or spyware will automatically be cleaned up, any items that are purely malware will be deleted, and any items that have been infected will be disinfected. These disinfected files should be considered permanently damaged, as the virus scanner cannot know what the file contained before it was damaged.

Sophos Live Protection: If the antivirus scan on an endpoint computer has identified a file as suspicious, but cannot further identify it as either clean or malicious based on the

Sophos threat identity (IDE) files stored on the computer, certain file data (such as its checksum and other attributes) is sent to Sophos to assist with further analysis.

The in-the-cloud checking performs an instant lookup of a suspicious file in the

SophosLabs database. If the file is identified as clean or malicious, the decision is sent back to the computer and the status of the file is automatically updated.

Send sample file: If a file is considered suspicious, but cannot be positively identified as malicious based on the file data alone, you can allow Sophos to request a sample of the file. If this option is enabled, and Sophos does not already hold a sample of the file, the file will be submitted automatically. Submitting sample files helps Sophos to continuously enhance detection of malware without the risk of false positives.

Suspicious behavior (HIPS): If enabled, all system processes are watched for signs of active malware, such as suspicious writes to the registry, file copy actions, or buffer overflow techniques. Suspicious processes will be blocked.

Web protection: If enabled, the website URLs are looked up in the Sophos online database of infected websites.

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Block malicious sites: If enabled, sites with malicious contents will be blocked.

Download scanning: If enabled, during a download data will be scanned by antivirus scanning and blocked if the download contains malicious content.

Scheduled scanning: If enabled, a scan will be executed at a specified time.

Rootkit scan: If enabled, with each scheduled scan the computer will be scanned for rootkits.

Low priority scan: If enabled, the on-demand scans will be conducted with a lower priority. Note that this only works from Windows Vista Service Pack 2 onwards.

Time event: Select a time event when the scans will take place, taking the time zone of the endpoint into account.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new policy appears on the antivirus policies list. Please note that settings changes may need up to 15 minutes until all computers are reconfigured.

To either edit or delete a policy, click the corresponding buttons.

11.2.2 Exceptions

On the Endpoint Protection > Antivirus > Exceptions tab you can define computer group-specific exceptions from the antivirus settings of endpoint protection. An exception serves to exclude items from scanning which would be scanned due to an antivirus policy setting.

To add an exception, proceed as follows:

On the Exceptions tab, click Add Exception.

The Add Exception dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Type: Select the type of items you want to skip from on-access and on-demand scanning.

Adware and PUA: If selected, you can exclude a specific adware or PUA (Potentially Unwanted Applications) from scanning and blocking. Adware displays advertising (for example, pop-up messages) that may affect user productivity and system efficiency. PUAs are not malicious, but are generally considered unsuitable for

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11.2 Antivirus business networks. Add the name of the adware or PUA in the Filename field, e.g., example.stuff

Scanning exclusions: If selected, you can exclude a file, a folder, or a network drive from antivirus scanning. Enter the file, folder, or network drive in the File/Path field, e.g., C:\Documents\ or \\Server\Users\Documents\CV.doc.

Scanning extensions: If selected, you can exclude files with a specific extension from antivirus scanning. Enter the extension in the Extension field, e.g., html.

Buffer overflow: If selected, you can prevent an application using buffer overflow techniques from being blocked through behavior monitoring. Optionally enter the name of the application file in the Filename field and upload the file via the Upload field.

Suspicious files: If selected, you can prevent a suspicious file from being blocked through antivirus scanning. Upload the file via the Upload field. UTM generates the MD5 checksum of the file. The name of the uploaded file will automatically be used for the Filename field. Optionally modify the filename. If a file having the defined filename and the stored MD5 sum is found on the client, it will not be blocked through antivirus scanning.

Suspicious behaviors: If selected, you can prevent a file from being blocked through suspicious behavior detection. Optionally enter the name of the file in the

Filename field and upload the file via the Upload field.

Websites: If selected, websites matching the properties specified in the Web

format field will not be scanned through antivirus protection.

Web format: Specify the server(s) with the websites you want to allow to visit.

Domain name: Enter the name of the domain to be allowed into the Web-

site field.

IP address with subnet mask: Enter the IPv4 address and netmask of the computers to be allowed.

IP address: Enter the IPv4 address of the computer to be allowed.

Upload (only with types Buffer overflow, Suspicious files, and Suspicious behaviors):

Upload the file that should be skipped from antivirus scanning.

Computers Groups: Add or select the computer groups for which this exception is valid.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

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Click Save.

The new exception appears on the Exceptions list.

To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

11.3 Device Control

On the Endpoint Protection > Device Control pages you can control devices attached to computers monitored by endpoint protection. Basically, in a device policy, you define which types of devices are allowed or blocked for the computer groups the policy is assigned to. As soon as a device is detected, the endpoint protection checks if it is allowed according to the device policy applied to the computer group of the respective computer. If it is blocked or restricted due to the device policy it will be displayed on the Exceptions tab, where you can add an exception for the device.

11.3.1 Policies

On the Endpoint Protection > Device Control > Policies tab you can manage different sets of device control settings which can subsequently be applied to the computer groups monitored by endpoint protection. These sets are called device policies.

By default two device policies are available: Blocked All prohibits the usage of all types of devices, whereas Full Access permits all rights for all devices. These policies cannot be modified.

To add a new policy, proceed as follows:

Click the Add Policy button.

The Add Policy dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this policy.

Storage Devices: For different types of storage devices you can configure whether they should be Allowed or Blocked. Where applicable, a Read only entry is available, too.

Network Devices: For modems and wireless networks you can configure whether they should be Allowed, Block bridged, or Blocked.

Short Range Devices: For Bluetooth and infrared devices you can configure whether they should be Allowed or Blocked.

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Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new policy appears on the device control policies list. It can now be applied to a computer group. Please note that settings changes may need up to 15 minutes until all computers are reconfigured.

To either edit or delete a policy, click the corresponding buttons.

11.3.2 Exceptions

On the Endpoint Protection > Device Control > Exceptions tab you can create protection exceptions for devices. An exception always allows something which is forbidden by the device policy assigned to a computer group. Exceptions are made for computer groups, therefore an exception always applies to all computers of the selected group(s).

The Exceptions list automatically shows all detected devices that are blocked or access-restricted by the applied device control policies. For floppy drives technically cannot be distinguished, if multiple floppy drives are connected, only one entry will be displayed which serves as a placeholder for all floppy drives.

To add an exception for a device, proceed as follows:

Click the Edit button of the device.

The Edit Device dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Allowed: Add the computer groups for which this device should be allowed.

Read only or bridged: Add the computer groups for which this device should be allowed in read-only mode (applies to storage devices) or bridged mode (applies to network devices).

Apply to all: If you select this option, the current settings will be applied to all devices with the same device ID. This is for example useful if you want to assign a generic exception to a set of USB sticks of the same type.

Mode: This option is only available when you unselect the Apply to all checkbox. In this case you have to specify what becomes of other devices having the generic exception. If you want to keep the generic exception for the affected devices, select Keep for others. If you want to delete the generic exception, click Delete for others.

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Tip – For more information and examples concerning generic exceptions, see section

Working With Generic Device Exceptions

below.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The computer groups along with their exceptions will be displayed with the edited device.

Note – Once a device exists on the Exceptions list, it will stay on the list until you delete it using the Delete button. Typically you would delete a device after the corresponding hardware device has been removed irrevocably (e.g., optical drive does not exist any longer) or after changing your device policies (e.g., wireless network adapters are now generally allowed).

When you delete a device which is still in use, a message box opens that you need to confirm with OK. After that the device will be deleted from the list. If an exception existed for this device, the exception will automatically be invalidated, i.e. the current device policy will be applied to the device.

Working With Generic Device Exceptions

A generic device exception is an exception which is automatically applied to all devices having the same device ID.

Creating a Generic Exception

Click the Edit button of a device that does not have a generic exception, i.e., the Apply to

all checkbox is unselected.

Configure the exception and select the Apply to all checkbox.

Save the exception.

The exception will be applied to all devices having the same device ID.

Excluding a Device From a Generic Exception

Click the Edit button of the device you want to exclude from an existing generic exception.

Configure the individual exception and unselect the Apply to all checkbox.

In the Mode drop-down list, select Keep for others.

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Save the exception.

The edited device will have an individual exception, whereas the others will keep the generic exception.

Changing the Settings for All Devices Having the Generic Exception

Click the Edit button of one of the devices having a generic exception.

Configure the exception while keeping the Apply to all checkbox selected.

Save the exception.

The settings of all devices having the same device ID where the Apply to all checkbox is selected will be changed accordingly.

Deleting a Generic Exception

Click the Edit button of one of the devices having the generic exception.

Unselect the Apply to all checkbox.

In the Mode drop-down list, select Delete for others.

Save the exception.

The exceptions of all devices having the same device ID where the Apply to all checkbox was selected will be deleted. Only the edited device still has an exception—an individual one.

11.4 Endpoint Web Control

While the Sophos UTM provides security and productivity protection for systems browsing the web from within your corporate network, Endpoint Web Control extends this protection to user's machines. This provides protection, control, and reporting for endpoint machines that are located, or roam, outside your corporate network. When enabled, all policies that are defined in Web Protection > Web Filtering and Web Protection > Web Filtering Profiles > Proxy

Profiles are enforced by Endpoint Web Control, even if the computer is not on a UTM network.

Sophos UTM and Sophos endpoints communicate through LiveConnect, a cloud service that enables instant policy and reporting updates by seamlessly connecting Sophos UTM and roaming Sophos endpoints. For instance, a roaming laptop at home or in a coffee shop would still enforce Web Control policy, and the Sophos UTM will receive logging information from the roaming laptop.

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11.4.1 Global

On the Endpoint Protection > Web Control > Global tab you can enable or disable endpoint web control. To configure filtering policies for Endpoint Web Control, Web Control must be enabled for the relevant group on the Endpoint Protection > Computer Management > Manage Groups page, and that group must be referenced in a proxy profile on the Web Protection > Web Fil-

tering Profiles > Proxy Profiles tab.

11.4.2 Advanced

On the Endpoint Protection > Web Control > Advanced tab you can select Scan traffic on both

gateway and endpoint . By default, the Sophos UTM does not scan web traffic for endpoints that have Web Control enabled. If this option is selected, both the endpoint and the Sophos

UTM will filter web traffic. To help provide additional security, configure Web Protection > Web

Filtering > Antivirus/Malware to use Dual Scan (Maximum Security). Alternately, select a different scan engine on the Management > System Settings > Scan Settings tab. Either option will provide a different antivirus scanning engine on the Sophos UTM than is included on the endpoint, increasing security.

11.4.3 Features Not Supported

While there are many benefits to extending Web Control to the Endpoint, some features are only available from within a Sophos UTM network. The following features are supported on the

Sophos UTM, but not supported by Endpoint Web Control: l

Scan HTTPS (SSL) Traffic: HTTPS traffic cannot be scanned by the Endpoint. If the

Endpoint is proxying through the UTM and this feature is turned on, the traffic will be scanned by the UTM.

Authentication Mode: The Endpoint will always use the currently logged on user

(SSO). The Endpoint cannot perform authentication because if the Endpoint is roaming it will not be able to talk to the UTM to authenticate.

Antivirus/Malware: Sophos endpoint antivirus settings are configured on the Endpoint

Protection > Antivirus page. If Web Protection (Download scanning) is turned on it will always perform a virus single scan for all web content. Dual scan and max scanning size are not supported.

Active Content Removal

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YouTube for Schools

Streaming settings: The Sophos Endpoint will always scan streaming content for viruses.

Block unscannable and encrypted files

Block by download size

Allowed target services: This feature applies only to the Sophos UTM.

Web Caching: This feature applies only to the Sophos UTM.

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The Wireless Protection menu allows you to configure and manage wireless access points for your Sophos UTM, the corresponding wireless networks, and the clients which use wireless access. The access points are automatically configured on your UTM, so there is no need to configure them individually. The communication between the UTM and the access point, which is used to exchange the access point configuration and status information, is encrypted using

AES.

Important Note – When the lights of your access point blink furiously, do not disconnect it from power! Furiously blinking lights mean that a firmware flash is currently in progress. A firmware flash takes place for example after an UTM system update that comes with a Wireless

Protection update.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

The Wireless Protection overview page gives you general information on connected access points, their status, connected clients, wireless networks, mesh networks, and mesh peer links.

In the Currently Connected section, you can sort the entries by SSID or by access point, and you can expand and collapse the individual entries by clicking the Collapse icon on the left.

Live Log

You can click the Open Wireless Protection Live Log button to see detailed connection and debug information for the access points and clients trying to connect.

12.1 Global Settings

12 Wireless Protection

12.1 Global Settings

On the Wireless Protection > Global Settings pages you can enable Wireless Protection, configure network interfaces for Wireless Protection and WPA/WPA2 enterprise authentication.

12.1.1 Global Settings

On the Wireless Protection > Global Settings > Global Settings tab you can enable or disable

Wireless Protection.

To enable Wireless Protection do the following:

On the Global Settings tab, enable Wireless Protection.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Access Control area becomes editable.

When enabling Wireless Protection for the first time, the Initial Setup section appears. It shows the configuration which will be created: A separate wireless "Guest" network using

WPA2 personal encryption with DHCP for wireless clients, which will be allowed to use

DNS on the UTM and the Web Surfing service. The pre-shared key is auto-generated and will only be shown in this section. This initial configuration is intended as a template.

You can edit the settings at any time on the Wireless Protection > Wireless Networks page.

Skip Automatic Configuration: You can also skip the initial setup by selecting this option. You will then need to configure the wireless settings manually.

Select a network interface for the access point.

Click the Folder icon in the Allowed interfaces section to select a configured interface where the access point is going to be plugged in. Make sure that a DHCP server is associated to this interface.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved. The toggle switch turns green to indicate that Wireless Protection is active.

You can now continue by plugging the access point into the configured network interface.

If you decided to skip the automatic configuration, proceed the configuration on the Wire-

less Networks page.

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To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

As soon as you plug in an access point it will automatically connect to the system. Newly connected, unconfigured access points are listed as Pending Access Points on the Access Points >

Overview page.

12.1.2 Advanced

On the Wireless Protection > Global Settings > Advanced tab you can configure your access points to use WPA/WPA2 enterprise authentication.

For enterprise authentication, you need to provide some information of your RADIUS server.

Note that the AP(s) do not communicate with the RADIUS server for authentication but only the

UTM. Port 414 is used for the RADIUS communication between the UTM and the AP(s).

To use WPA/WPA2 enterprise authentication, make the following settings:

RADIUS server: Select or create a server where clients are to authenticate themselves, e.g.

your Active Directory server.

RADIUS port (optional): The default RADIUS port 1812 is selected. You can change the port if necessary.

RADIUS secret: Enter the RADIUS passphrase which is needed by the access point to be able to communicate with the RADIUS server.

Repeat secret: Repeat the RADIUS passphrase here for security reasons.

Click Apply to save your settings.

12.2 Wireless Networks

On the Wireless Protection > Wireless Networks page you can define your wireless networks, such as their SSID and encryption method. Moreover, you can define whether the wireless network should have a separate IP address range or be bridged into the LAN of the access point.

To define a new wireless network, do the following:

On the Wireless Networks page, click Add Wireless Network.

The Add Wireless Network dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Network name: Enter a descriptive name for the network.

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Network SSID: Enter the Service Set Identifier (SSID) for the network which will be seen by clients to identify the wireless network. The SSID may consist of 1-32 ASCII printable characters

. It must not contain a comma and must not begin or end with a space.

Encryption mode: Select an encryption mode from the drop-down list. Default is WPA

2 Personal. We recommend to prefer WPA2 over WPA, if possible. For security reasons, it is recommended to not use WEP unless there are clients using your wireless network that do not support one of the other methods. When using an enterprise authentication method, you also need to configure a RADIUS server on the Global Settings > Advanced tab. As NAS ID of the RADIUS server enter the wireless network name.

Passphrase/PSK: Only available with WPA/WPA2 Personal encryption mode. Enter the passphrase to protect the wireless network from unauthorized access and repeat it in the next field. The passphrase may consist of 8-63 ASCII printable characters.

128-bit WEP key: Only available with WEP encryption mode. Enter a WEP key here that exactly consists of 26 hexadecimal characters.

Client traffic: Select a method how the wireless network is to be integrated into your local network.

Separate zone (default): The wireless network is handled as a separate network, having an IP address range of its own. Using this option, after adding the wireless

network you have to continue your setup as described in the section below ( Next

Steps for Separate Zone Network ).

Note – When switching an existing Separate Zone network to Bridge to AP LAN or Bridge to VLAN, already configured WLAN interfaces on the UTM will be disabled and the interface object will become unassigned. However, you can assign a new hardware interface to the interface object by editing it and thus re-enable it.

Bridge to AP LAN: You can also bridge the wireless network into the network of the access point, that means that the wireless clients share the same IP address range.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters

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Note – If VLAN is enabled, the wireless clients will be bridged into the VLAN network of the access point.

Bridge to VLAN: You can decide to have this wireless network's traffic bridged to a VLAN of your choice. This is useful when you want the access points to be in a common network separate from the wireless clients.

Bridge to VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN ID of the network that the wireless clients should be part of.

Client VLAN ID (only available with an Enterprise encryption mode): Select how the VLAN ID is defined: l

Static: Uses the VLAN ID defined in the Bridge to VLAN ID field.

RADIUS & Static: Uses the VLAN ID delivered by your RADIUS server:

When a user connects to one of your wireless networks and authenticates at your RADIUS server, the RADIUS server tells the access point what

VLAN ID to use for that user. Thus, when using multiple wireless networks, you can define per user who has access to which internal networks. If a user does not have a VLAN ID attribute assigned, the VLAN ID defined in the

Bridge to VLAN ID field will be used.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Algorithm (only available with WPA/WPA2 encryption mode): Select an encryption algorithm which can be either AES or TKIP & AES. For security reasons, it is recommended to use AES.

Frequency band: The access points assigned to this wireless network will transmit on the selected frequency band(s). The 5 GHz band generally has higher performance, lower latency, and is typically less disturbed. Hence it should be preferred for e.g. VoIP communication. Note that only AP 50 is able to send on the 5 GHz band.

Time-based access: Select this option if you want to automatically enable and disable the wireless network according to a time schedule.

Select active time: Select a time period definition which determines when the wireless network is enabled. You can add a new time period definition by clicking the Plus icon.

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Client isolation: Clients within a network normally can communicate with one another.

If you want to prevent this, for example in a guest network, select Enabled from the dropdown list.

Hide SSID: Sometimes you want to hide your SSID. Select Yes from the drop-down list to do so. Please note that this is no security feature.

MAC filtering type: To restrict the MAC addresses allowed to connect to this wireless network, select Blacklist or Whitelist. With Blacklist, all MAC addresses are allowed except those listed on the MAC address list selected below. With Whitelist, all MAC addresses are prohibited except those listed on the MAC address list selected below.

MAC addresses: The list of MAC addresses used to restrict access to the wireless network. MAC address lists can be created on the Definitions & Users > Net-

work Definitions > MAC Address Definitions tab.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved. The wireless network appears on the Wireless Networks list.

Next Steps for Separate Zone Networks

When you created a wireless network with the option Separate Zone, a new corresponding virtual hardware interface will be created automatically, e.g., wlan0. To be able to use the wireless network, some further manual configuration steps are required. Proceed as follows:

Configure a new network interface.

On the Interfaces & Routing > Interfaces > Interfaces tab create a new interface and select your wlan interface (e.g., wlan0) as hardware. Make sure that type is “Ethernet” and specify the IP address and netmask of your wireless network.

Enable DHCP for the wireless clients.

For your clients to be able to connect to UTM, they need to be assigned an IP address and a default gateway. Therefore, on the Network Services > DHCP > Servers tab, set up a DHCP server for the interface.

Enable DNS for the wireless clients.

For your clients to be able to resolve DNS names they have to get access to

DNS servers. On the Network Services > DNS > Global tab, add the interface to the list of allowed networks.

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Create a NAT rule to mask the wireless network.

As with any other network you have to translate the wireless network's addresses into the address of the uplink interface. You create the NAT rule on the Network Protection >

NAT > Masquerading tab.

Create one or more packet filter rules to allow traffic from and to the wireless network.

As with any other network you have to create one or more packet filter rules to allow the traffic to pass the UTM, e.g., web surfing traffic. You create packet filter rules on the Net-

work Protection > Firewall > Rules tab.

12.3 Access Points

The Wireless Protection > Access Points pages provide an overview of the access points (AP) known to the system. You can edit AP attributes, delete or group APs and assign wireless networks to APs or AP groups.

Note – With BasicGuard subscription, only one access point can connect to UTM.

Types of Access Points

Currently, Sophos provides four different access points: l

AP 5: standards 802.11b/g/n, 2.4 GHz band

It can only be connected to a RED rev2 or rev3 with USB connector and exactly supports one SSID with the WLAN type Bridge to AP LAN and a maximum of 7 wireless clients.

AP 10: standards 802.11b/g/n, 2.4 GHz band l

AP 30: standards 802.11b/g/n, 2.4 GHz band l

AP 50: standards 802.11a/b/g/n, 2.4/5 GHz dual-band/dual-radio

There are two different AP 50 models available where the available channels differ: l

FCC regulatory domain (mainly US): channels 1-11, 36, 40, 44, 48 l

ETSI regulatory domain (mainly Europe): channels 1–13, 36, 40, 44, 48

Note that the country setting of an AP regulates the available channels to be compliant with local law.

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Cross Reference – For detailed information about access points see the Operating Instruc-

tions in the Sophos UTM Resource Center .

12.3.1 Overview

The Wireless Protection > Access Points > Overview page provides an overview of access points (AP) known to the system. The Sophos UTM distinguishes between active, inactive and pending APs. To make sure that only genuine APs connect to your network, APs need to be authorized first.

Note – If you want to use an AP 5, first enable RED management and set up the RED. Then make sure that the RED interface is added to the allowed interfaces on the Wireless Pro-

tection > Global Settings page. After connecting the AP 5 to the RED the AP 5 should be displayed in the Pending Access Points section.

Access points can be temporarily disabled on the Grouping tab. When an AP is physically removed from your network, you can delete it here by clicking the Delete button. As long as the

AP remains connected to your network, it will automatically re-appear in Pending state after deletion.

Tip – Each section of this page can be collapsed and expanded by clicking the Collapse icon on the right of the section header.

Active Access Points

Here, APs are listed that are connected, configured, and running. To edit an AP, click the Edit button (see Editing an Access Point below).

Inactive Access Points

Here, APs are listed that have been configured in the past but are currently not connected to the

UTM. If an AP remains in this state for more than five minutes, please check the network connectivity of the AP and the configuration of your system. A restart of the Wireless Protection service will erase Last Seen timestamps. To edit an AP, click the Edit button (see Editing an Access

Point below).

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Pending Access Points

Here, APs are listed that are connected to the system but not yet authorized. To authorize an access point, click the Accept button (see Editing an Access Point below).

After receiving its configuration, the now authorized access point will be immediately displayed in one of the above sections, depending on whether it is currently active or not.

Editing an Access Point

Click the Edit or Accept button of the respective access point.

The Edit Access Point dialog window opens.

Make the following settings:

Label (optional): Enter a label to easily identify the AP in your network.

Country: Select the country where the AP is located.

Important Note – The country code regulates which channels will be available for transmit. To comply with local law, always select the correct country (see also chapter

Access Points

Group (optional): You can organize APs in groups. If a group has been created before, you can select it from the drop-down list. Otherwise select << New group >> and enter a name for the group into the appearing Name text box. Groups can be organized on the

Grouping tab.

In the Wireless Networks section, make the following settings:

Wireless network selection (only if no group or a new group is selected): Select the wireless networks the access point should broadcast. This is useful if you have, for example, a company wireless network that should only be broadcasted in your offices, and a guest wireless network that should only be broadcasted in public parts of your building. You can search the wireless network list by using the filter field in the list header.

Note – For an access point to broadcast a wireless network some conditions have to be fulfilled. They are explained in section

Rules for Assigning Networks to APs

below.

Optionally, in the Mesh Networks section, make the following settings (only available with AP 50 and only if a mesh network is defined on the

Mesh Networks

tab):

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Mesh roles: Click the Plus icon to select mesh networks that should be broadcasted by the access point. A dialog window opens.

Mesh: Select the mesh network.

Role: Define the access point's role for the selected mesh network. A root access point is directly connected to the UTM. A mesh access point, after having received its initial configuration, once unplugged from the UTM will connect to a root access point via the mesh network. Note that an access point can be mesh access point only for one single mesh network.

After saving, the access point icon in the Mesh roles list designates the access point's role.

Via the functional icons you can edit a mesh role or delete it from the list.

Important Note – If you delete a mesh role from the Mesh roles list, you have to plug the access point into your Ethernet again to get its initial configuration. To change the mesh network without having to plug the access point into your Ethernet again, do not delete the mesh role but instead click the Edit icon of the mesh role, and select the desired mesh network.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Channel 2.4 GHz: You can keep the default setting Auto which will automatically select the least used channel for transmit. Or you can select a fix channel.

Channel 5 GHz (only available with AP 50): You can keep the default setting Auto which will automatically select the least used channel for transmit. Or you can select a fix channel.

TX power 2.4 GHz: You can keep the default setting 100 % for the access point to send with maximum power. Or you can down-regulate the power to reduce the operating distance, e.g., to minimize interference.

TX power 5 GHz (only available with AP 50): For AP 50 you can down-regulate the power output for the 5 GHz band separately.

STP: To enable Spanning Tree Protocol, select Enabled from the drop-down list. This network protocol detects and prevents bridge loops. STP is mandatory if the access point broadcasts a mesh network.

VLAN tagging: To enable VLAN, select Enabled from the drop-down list. VLAN tagging is disabled by default. If you want to connect the AP with an existing VLAN Ethernet

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12.3 Access Points interface, you have to enable VLAN tagging. Make sure that the VLAN Ethernet interface is added to the Allowed interfaces box on the Global Settings > Global Settings page.

Note – To introduce the usage of VLAN for your access points in your network, take the following steps: Connect the AP to the UTM using standard LAN for at least a minute. This is necessary for the AP to get its configuration. Connecting it via VLAN from the beginning, the AP would not know of being in a VLAN and therefore would not be able to connect to the UTM to get its configuration. When the AP is displayed, enable

VLAN tagging and enter the VLAN ID. Then connect the AP to its intended VLAN, e.g., a switch.

Note – VLAN tagging is not possible with AP 5.

AP VLAN ID: When VLAN tagging is enabled, enter the VLAN tag of the VLAN the access point should use to connect to the UTM. Do not use the VLAN tags 0 and 1 as they usually have a special meaning on networking hardware like switches, and 4095 is reserved by convention.

Note – When VLAN tagging is configured, the AP will try DHCP on the configured

VLAN for 60 seconds. If no IP address is received during that time, the AP will try DHCP on the regular LAN as a fallback.

Click Save.

The access point receives its configuration or configuration update, respectively.

Note – A configuration change needs approximately 15 seconds until all interfaces are reconfigured.

If VLAN tagging is configured but the AP cannot contact the UTM via VLAN, the AP will reboot itself and try again after receiving the configuration.

Rules for Assigning Networks to APs

An access point can only be assigned to a wireless network if the Client traffic option of the wireless network and the VLAN tagging option of the access point fit together. The following rules apply:

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Wireless network with client traffic Separate Zone: VLAN tagging of the access point can be enabled or disabled.

Wireless network with client traffic Bridge to AP LAN: VLAN tagging of the access point has to be disabled.

Wireless network with client traffic Bridge to VLAN: VLAN tagging of the access point has to be enabled. The respective wireless clients will use the Bridge to VLAN ID specified for the wireless network, or they will receive their VLAN ID from the RADIUS server, if specified.

Note – An AP 5 can only be assigned one single wireless network with the Client traffic option

Bridge to AP LAN.

12.3.2 Grouping

On the Wireless Protection > Access Points > Grouping page you can organize access points in groups. The list provides an overview of all access point groups and ungrouped access points.

Access points and groups can be distinguished by their respective icon.

To create an access point group, proceed as follows:

On the Grouping page, click New Group.

The New Access Point Group dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the access point group.

VLAN tagging: VLAN tagging is disabled by default. If you want to connect the AP with an existing VLAN Ethernet interface, you need to enable VLAN tagging by selecting the checkbox. Make sure that the VLAN Ethernet interface is added to the Allowed interfaces box on the Global Settings > Global Settings page.

AP VLAN ID: Enter the VLAN tag that should be used by this group of APs to connect to UTM. Do not use the VLAN tags 0 and 1 as they usually have a special meaning on networking hardware like switches, and 4095 is reserved by convention.

Access point selection: Select the access points that should become members of the group. Only access points that are not assigned to any other group are displayed.

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12.4 Mesh Networks

Wireless network selection: Select the wireless networks that should be broadcasted by the access points of this group.

Note – For an access point to broadcast a wireless network some conditions have to

be fulfilled. They are explained in chapter Access Points >

Overview

, section Rules for

Assigning Networks to APs .

Click Save.

The new access point group appears on the Grouping list.

To either edit or delete a group, click the corresponding buttons of a group.

To either edit or delete an access point, click the corresponding buttons of an access point. For

more information about editing and deleting access points see chapter Access Points >

Overview

12.4 Mesh Networks

On the Wireless Protection > Mesh Networks page you can define mesh networks, and associate access points that should broadcast them. In general, in a mesh network multiple access points communicate with each other and broadcast a common wireless network. On the one hand, access points connected via a mesh network can broadcast the same wireless network to clients, thus working as a single access point, while covering a wider area. On the other hand, a mesh network can be used to bridge Ethernet networks without laying cables.

Access points associated with a mesh network can play one of two roles: root access point or mesh access point. Both broadcast the mesh network, thus the amount of other wireless networks they can broadcast is reduced by one.

Root access point: It has a wired connection to the UTM and provides a mesh network. An access point can be root access point for multiple mesh networks.

Mesh access point: It needs a mesh network to connect to the UTM via a root access point. An access point can be mesh access point for only one single mesh network at a time.

A mesh network can be used for two main use cases: you can implement a wireless bridge or a wireless repeater:

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Wireless bridge: Using two access points, you can establish a wireless connection between two Ethernet segments. A wireless bridge is useful when you cannot lay a cable to connect those Ethernet segments. While the first Ethernet segment with your UTM is connected to the Ethernet interface of the root access point, the second Ethernet segment has to be connected to the Ethernet interface of the mesh access point. Using multiple mesh access points, you can connect more Ethernet segments.

Figure 22 Mesh Network Use Case Wireless Bridge l

Wireless repeater: Your Ethernet with your UTM is connected to the Ethernet interface of a root access point. The root access point has a wireless connection via the mesh network to a mesh access point, which broadcasts wireless networks to wireless clients.

Figure 23 Mesh Network Use Case Wireless Repeater

To define a new mesh network, do the following:

On the Mesh Networks page, click Add Mesh Network.

The Add Mesh Network dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Mesh-ID: Enter a unique ID for the mesh network.

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Frequency band: Access points assigned to this network will transmit the mesh network on the selected frequency band. Generally, it is a good idea to use a different frequency band for the mesh network than for the broadcasted wireless networks.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Access points: Click the Plus icon to select access points that should broadcast the mesh network. A dialog window Add Mesh Role opens: l

AP: Select an access point. Note that only AP 50 access points can be used for broadcasting mesh networks at the moment.

Note – It is crucial for the initial configuration to plug the mesh access point like every other access point into one of the Ethernet segments selected in the Allowed interfaces box on the Global Settings tab.

Use the Delete icon in the Access Points list to delete an access point from the list.

Important Note – If you delete a mesh access point from the Access Points list, you have to plug the access point into your Ethernet again to get its initial configuration. To change the mesh network without having to plug the access point into your Ethernet again, do not delete the access point but instead click the access point's Edit button on the Access Points >

Overview

tab, click the Edit icon in the Mesh Networks section, and select the desired mesh network.

The access point icon designates an access point's role. You can search the access point list by using the filter field in the list header.

Click Save.

Your settings will be saved. The mesh network appears on the Mesh Networks list.

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12.5 Wireless Clients

The Wireless Protection > Wireless Clients page gives you an overview of clients that are currently connected to an access point or have been connected in the past.

As not all clients transmit their name you can give them a name here to ease distinguishing known clients in the overview. If clients transmit their NetBIOS name during the DHCP request, their name is displayed in the table. Otherwise they will be listed as [unknown]. You can change the name of (unknown) clients by clicking the Key icon in front of the name. Then enter a name and click Save. It takes a few seconds for the change to take effect. Click the Reload button in the upper right corner of WebAdmin to see the name of the client.

You can also delete clients from the table by clicking the Empty icon in the first column.

A restart of the Wireless Protection service will erase Last seen timestamps.

Note – IP addresses assigned to clients can only be displayed if the UTM serves as DHCP server for the corresponding wireless network. Additionally, for static DHCP mappings the IP address 0.0.0.0 is displayed at the moment.

12.6 Hotspots

On the Wireless Protection > Hotspots pages you can manage access with the captive portal system. The Hotspot feature allows cafés, hotels, companies, etc. to provide time- and trafficrestricted Internet access to guests. The feature is available within the wireless subscription, but also works with wired networks.

Note – Technically, the Hotspot feature serves to restrict traffic which is basically allowed by the firewall. Therefore you have to ensure that a firewall rule exists which allows the traffic to be managed via the hotspots. It is recommended to test the traffic with the hotspot feature disabled before enabling the hotspots.

Hotspot Generation

In a first step, the administrator creates and enables a hotspot with a specific type of access.

The following types are available:

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Terms of use acceptance: The guest is presented a terms of use, which you can define, and has to select a checkbox to get access.

Password of the day: The guest has to enter a password to get access. The password changes on a daily basis.

Voucher: The guest gets a voucher and has to enter the voucher code to get access.

The voucher can be limited in the number of devices, in time, and traffic.

Distribution of Access Information to Guests

With the types Password of the day and Voucher, the access information has to be handed out to the guests. Therefore you can define users who are allowed to manage and distribute access information. Those users receive and distribute the access information via the Hotspot tab of the User Portal: l

Password of the day: The current password can be sent via email and the users find the password in the User Portal. The users forward the password to the guests. They can generate or enter a new password. Hereby, the former password automatically becomes invalid and active sessions will be terminated. Potential other users will be informed of the new password, either by email or via the User Portal, depending on what is configured for them.

Voucher: In the User Portal, users have the possibility to create vouchers, each with a unique code. Different types of vouchers can be available if specified by the administrator. The vouchers can be printed or exported and given to the guests. A list of created vouchers gives an overview about their usage and helps to manage them.

Legal Information

In many countries, operating a public wireless LAN is subject to specific national laws, restricting access to websites of legally questionable content (e.g., file sharing sites, extremist websites, etc.). To meet this requirement, you can combine the hotspot with the web protection capabilities of the Sophos UTM, which allow you to control web access by blocking and allowing everything from an entire website category type to a single URL. The UTM gives you complete control over what is allowed to be accessed, by whom, and when. That way you can put the hotspot under heavy restrictions, if national or corporate policies require you to do so.

Using the built-in HTTP proxy of Sophos UTM also gives you advanced logging and reporting capabilities. The reporting will show who visited what site, when, and how many times, allowing

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you to identify inappropriate usage in case you want to operate a hotspot without any access restrictions.

In addition to that, legal regulations may require you to register your hotspot at the national's regulatory body.

12.6.1 Global

On the Wireless Protection > Hotspots > Global tab you can enable the Hotspots feature and define users who are allowed to view and distribute hotspot access information.

To configure hotspots, proceed as follows:

On the Global tab, enable the Hotspots.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the Global Hotspot Settings area becomes editable.

Select the allowed users.

Select the users that should be able to provide hotspot access information via the User

Portal. Users selected here can change the password of the day and are able to create hotspot vouchers.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Live Log

The Hotspots live log gives you information on the usage of the hotspots. Click the Open Live

Log button to open the Hotspots live log in a new window.

12.6.2 Hotspots

On the Wireless Protection > Hotspots > Hotspots tab you can manage different hotspots.

Note – A hotspot has to be assigned to an existing interface, typically a WLAN interface. All hosts using this interface will automatically be restricted by the hotspot. Therefore, before you create a hotspot you would typically create a wireless network with client traffic Separate

Zone, then create an interface for the respective WLAN interface hardware. For more information see Wireless Protection >

Wireless Networks

To create a hotspot, proceed as follows:

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Click Add Hotspot.

The Add Hotspot dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this hotspot.

Interfaces: Add the interfaces which are to be restricted by the hotspot. Please ensure that for the selected interfaces a firewall rule exists which allows the desired traffic. An interface can only be used by one hotspot.

Caution – You should not select an uplink interface here because traffic to the Internet will completely be blocked afterwards. Additionally, we strongly advise against using interfaces used by servers which provide essential services like authentication. You may irreversibly lock yourself out of WebAdmin!

Hotspot type: Select the hotspot type for the selected interfaces.

Password of the day: A new password will be created automatically once a day.

This password will be available in the User Portal on the Hotspots tab which is available to all users specified on the Global tab. Additionally it will be sent to the specified email addresses.

Voucher: (Not available with BasicGuard subscription.) With this hotspot type, in the User Portal tokens with different limitations and properties can be generated, printed and given to customers. After entering the code, the customers can then directly access the Internet.

Terms of Use Acceptance: Customers can access the Internet after accepting the Terms of Use.

Password creation time (only with Hotspot type Password of the day): The assigned time of the day at which the new password will be created. At this time the former password will immediately get invalid and current sessions will be cut off.

Send password by email to (only with Hotspot type Password of the day): Add email addresses to which the password shall be sent.

Voucher definitions (only with Hotspot type Voucher): The list shows the defined voucher definitions. Select the definitions you want to use for the hotspot.

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Devices per voucher (only with Hotspot type Voucher): Enter the number of devices which are allowed to log in with one voucher during its lifetime. It is not recommended to use the unlimited entry.

Session expires (only with Hotspot type Terms of Use Acceptance): Select the time span after which the access will expire. After that, the users have to accept the terms of use again to log in.

Users have to accept terms of use (only with Hotspot types Password of the day or Voucher): Select this option if you want the hotspot users to accept your terms of use before accessing the Internet.

Terms of use: Add the text to be displayed as terms of use. Simple HTML markup and hyperlinks are allowed.

Redirect to URL after login: If selected, after entering the password or the voucher data, the users will be redirected automatically to a particular URL, e.g., your hotel's website or a webpage stating your portal system policies.

URL: URL to which the user is redirected.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Remove logo: Remove the logo from the login page.

Upload new logo: Add a logo for the login page.

Title: Add a title for the login page. Simple HTML markup and hyperlinks are allowed.

Custom text: Add an additional text for the login page. You can for example enter the

SSID of the wireless network to be used. Simple HTML markup and hyperlinks are allowed.

Note – Title and Custom text will be printed on the vouchers if the respective checkboxes on the Advanced tab are selected.

Click Save.

The hotspot will be created and appears on the Hotspot list.

Tip – You can open a preview of the login page after saving the hotspot. In the hotspot list just click the button Preview Login Page in the respective hotspot.

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12.6 Hotspots

To either edit or delete a hotspot, click the corresponding buttons.

12.6.3 Voucher Definitions

On the Wireless Protection > Hotspots > Voucher Definitions tab you can manage different voucher definitions for voucher type hotspots.

To create a voucher definition, proceed as follows:

Click Add Voucher Definition.

The Add Voucher Definition dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this voucher definition.

Validity period: Enter the time span for which a voucher with this definition will be valid.

Counting is started at the first login. It is highly recommended to enter a time period.

Time quota: Here you can restrict the allowed online time. Enter the maximum online time after which a voucher of this definition expires. Counting is started at login and is stopped at logout. Additionally, counting is stopped after 5 minutes of inactivity.

Data volume: Here you can restrict the allowed data volume. Enter the maximum data volume to be transmitted with this voucher definition.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The voucher definition will be created. It can now be selected when creating a vouchertype hotspot.

To either edit or delete a voucher definition, click the corresponding buttons.

12.6.4 Advanced

Voucher Print Options

Page size: Select the size of the vouchers to be printed in the User Portal.

Vouchers per page: Determine how many vouchers shall be printed on one page.

Print title/Print custom text: Select if a title or custom text shall be printed on the vouchers.

Both title and text are defined with each hotspot on the Hotspots tab in the Login Page Cus-

tomization section.

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General Voucher Options

Here you can decide if and after which time interval you want to delete expired vouchers from the database. In the hotspot log you will still find information about the deleted vouchers.

Walled Garden

Add specific hosts or networks to be always accessible by all users, without entering a password or a voucher code.

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This chapter describes how to configure the web application firewall of Sophos UTM which protects your webservers against attacks and malicious behavior.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Web Application Firewall

Certificate Management

13.1 Web Application Firewall

Using the Web Application Firewall (WAF), also known as reverse proxy, Sophos UTM lets you protect your webservers from attacks and malicious behavior like cross-site scripting (XSS),

SQL injection, directory traversal, and other potent attacks against your servers. You can define external addresses (virtual servers) which should be translated into the "real" machines in place of using the DNAT rule(s). From there, servers can be protected using a variety of patterns and detection methods. In simpler terms, this area of UTM allows the application of terms and conditions to requests which are received and sent from the webserver. It also offers load balancing across multiple targets.

13.1.1 Global

On the Web Application Firewall > Global tab you can enable and disable the web application firewall (WAF).

Note – Before you can enable the WAF, you need to create at least one virtual webserver on the Virtual Webservers tab.

To enable the WAF, do the following:

Create at least one real webserver and a virtual webserver.

See the sections

Real Webservers

and

Virtual Webservers

for more information.

Enable the web application firewall.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the web application firewall is active.

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13 Webserver Protection

Live Log

The WAF live log gives you debug information on WAF events. Click the Open Live Log button to open the WAF live log in a new window.

13.1.2 Virtual Webservers

On the Web Application Firewall > Virtual Webservers tab you can create virtual webservers.

Those webservers, as part of the UTM, build the firewall between the Internet and your webservers. That is why this kind of intervention is also known as reverse proxy. The UTM picks up the requests for the webservers and protects the real webservers from various attacks. Each virtual server maps to a real webserver and determines what level of protection is applied. You can also use more than one real webserver in one virtual webserver definition. That way you get load balancing for your real webservers.

To add a virtual server, do the following:

Click the New Virtual Webserver button.

The Create Virtual Webserver dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the virtual webserver.

Interface: Select an interface from the drop-down list over which the webserver can be reached.

Type: Determine whether you want the communication between the client and the virtual webserver to be encrypted (HTTPS) or not (HTTP).

Port: Enter a port number on which the virtual webserver can be reached from external.

Default is port 80 with HTTP and port 443 with HTTPS.

Certificate (only with HTTPS): Select the webserver's certificate from the drop-down list. The certificate needs to be created beforehand on the web server, and be uploaded on the Certificate Management > Certificates tab.

Domain: This field displays the hostname for which the certificate had been created.

Domains (only with SAN certificates): The WAF supports Subject Alternative

Name (SAN) certificates. All hostnames covered by a certificate will be listed in this

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13.1 Web Application Firewall box. You can then select one or more hostnames by selecting the checkbox in front of a hostname.

Domains (only with HTTP): Enter the domains the webserver is responsible for as

FQDN, e.g. shop.example.com.

Real webservers: Select the checkbox in front of the webserver you want to apply the firewall profile to. If you have mirroring webservers you can also select more than one webserver. By default, traffic will be load-balanced between the selected webservers.

The implemented request counting algorithm automatically assigns each new request to the webserver with the lowest number of active requests at present. On the Site Path

Routing tab you can specify detailed balancing rules.

Firewall profile: Select a firewall profile from the drop-down list. This profile is applied to protect the selected webservers. You can also select No Profile to not use any firewall profile.

Enable HTML rewriting (optional): Select this option to have the UTM rewrite links of the returned webpages in order for the links to stay valid. Example: One of your real webserver instances has the hostname yourcompany.local but the virtual server's hostname on the UTM is yourcompany.com. Thus, absolute links like <a href="http://yourcompany.local/"> will be broken if the link is not rewritten to <a href="http://yourcompany.com/"> before delivery to the client. However, you do not need to enable this option if either yourcompany.com is configured on your webserver or if internal links on your webpages are always realized as relative links. It is recommended to use the option with Microsoft's Outlook Web Access and/or Sharepoint

Portal Server.

Note – It is likely that some links cannot be rewritten correctly and are therefore rendered invalid. Ask your website author(s) to format links consistently.

Apart from URL rewriting, the HTML rewriting feature also fixes malformed HTML, for example: o

<title>

tags are moved in DOM tree from node html > title to correct html

> head > title o

Quotes around HTML attribute values are fixed (e.g., name="value"" becomes name="value"

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Note – HTML rewriting affects all files with a HTTP content type of text/* or *xml*, where * is a wildcard. Make sure that other file types, e.g. binary files, have the correct

HTTP content type, otherwise they may get corrupted by the HTML rewriting feature.

Cross Reference – Please see the libxml documentation for further information

( http://xmlsoft.org/html/libxml-HTMLparser.html

Pass host header (optional): When you select this option, the host header as requested by the client will be preserved and forwarded along with the web request to the webserver. Whether passing the host header is necessary in your environment however depends on the configuration of your webserver.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The server is added to the Virtual Webservers list.

If there is more than one webserver configured for a virtual server the Virtual Webservers list displays a status icon for each webserver. The status icon of a webserver is red when the server has not been enabled. It is amber when the webserver is down or unavailable and green if everything is working.

13.1.3 Real Webservers

On the Web Application Firewall > Real Webservers tab you can add the webservers that are to be protected by the WAF.

To add a webserver, do the following:

Click the New Real Webservers button.

The Create Real Webserver dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the webserver.

Host: Add or select a host, which can either be of the type Host or DNS Host. We highly recommend to use the DNS hostname here because hosts listed with their IP address transmit empty host headers which leads to problems with some browsers.

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Type: Determine whether you want the communication between the UTM and the webserver to be encrypted (HTTPS) or not (HTTP).

Port: Enter a port number for the communication between the UTM and the webserver.

Default is port 80 with HTTP and port 443 with HTTPS.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Use HTTP keepalive: By default, the WAF uses HTTP keepalive, i.e., HTTP persistent connections, which helps to reduce CPU and memory usage. In rare cases where the real webserver does not support HTTP keepalive properly, this feature can provoke reading errors or timeouts and should then be disabled for the affected webserver. When a virtual webserver is assigned at least one real webserver with HTTP keepalive disabled, the feature will automatically be disabled for all real webservers assigned to this virtual webserver.

Click Save.

The server is added to the Real Webservers list.

The webservers present can now be assigned firewall profiles on the Virtual Webservers tab.

13.1.4 Firewall Profiles

On the Web Application Firewall > Firewall Profiles tab you can create WAF profiles that define the modes and levels of protection for your webservers.

To create a WAF profile, do the following:

Click the New Firewall Profile button.

The Create Firewall Profile dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the profile.

Pass Outlook Anywhere: Allows external Microsoft Outlook clients to access the

Microsoft Exchange Server via the WAF. Microsoft Outlook traffic will not be checked or protected by the WAF.

Mode: Select a mode from the drop-down list: l

Monitor: HTTP requests are monitored and logged.

Reject: HTTP requests are rejected.

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Drop: HTTP requests are dropped.

The selected mode is applied when an HTTP request meets any one of the conditions selected below.

Cross site scripting (XSS) filter: Protects a webserver against cross-site scripting.

For that, HTML forms and other input fields are checked by a parser and other means for

HTML and CSS commands.

SQL injection filter: Protects a webserver against SQL injections. For that, HTML forms and other input fields are checked by a parser and other means for SQL commands.

Cookie signing: Protects a webserver against manipulated cookies. When the webserver sets a cookie, a second cookie is added to the first cookie containing a hash built of the primary cookie's name, its value and a secret, where the secret is only known by the

WAF. Thus, if a request cannot provide a correct cookie pair, there has been some sort of manipulation and the cookie will be dropped.

URL hardening: Protects against URL rewriting. For that, when a client requests a website, all URLs of the website are signed. The signing uses a similar procedure as with cookie signing. Additionally the response from the webserver is analyzed regarding what links can be validly requested next. Hardened URLs can furthermore be bookmarked and visited later. Select one of the following methods to define entry URLs: l

Entry URLs specified manually: Enter URLs that serve as kind of entry URLs of a website and therefore do not need to be signed. They need to comply with the syntax of the following examples: http://shop.example.com/products/, https://shop.example.com/products/ or /products/.

Entry URLs from uploaded Google sitemap file: You can upload a sitemap file here which contains information on your website structure. Sitemap files can be uploaded in XML or in plain-text format, the latter simply containing a list of URLs.

As soon as the profile is saved, the sitemap file is going to be parsed by the WAF.

Entry URLs from Google sitemap URL: You can have the UTM download a sitemap file from a defined URL which contains information on your website structure. This file can be checked for updates at a regular interval. As soon as the profile is saved, the sitemap file is going to be downloaded and parsed by the WAF.

URL: Enter the path to the sitemap as absolute URL.

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Update: Select an update interval from this drop-down list. When you select

Manual the sitemap is going to be updated only when you save this profile anew.

Note – URL hardening affects all files with a HTTP content type of text/* or *xml*, where * is a wildcard. Make sure that other file types, e.g. binary files, have the correct

HTTP content type, otherwise they may get corrupted by the URL hardening feature.

Form hardening: Protects against web form rewriting. Form hardening saves the original structure of a web form and signs it. Therefore, if the structure of a form has changed when it is submitted the server will reject the request.

Note – Form hardening affects all files with a HTTP content type of text/* or *xml*, where * is a wildcard. Make sure that other file types, e.g. binary files, have the correct

HTTP content type, otherwise they may get corrupted by the form hardening feature.

Antivirus scanning: Select this option to protect a webserver against viruses.

AV engines: Sophos UTM features several antivirus engines for best security.

Single Scan: Default setting; provides maximum performance using the

engine defined on the System Settings >

Scan Settings

tab.

Dual Scan: Provides maximum recognition rate by scanning the respective traffic twice using different virus scanners. Note that dual scan is not available with BasicGuard subscription.

Scan: Select from the drop-down list whether to scan only up- or downloads or both.

Block unscannable content: Select this option to block files that cannot be scanned. The reason for that may be, among other things, that files are encrypted or corrupt.

Block clients with bad reputation: Based on GeoIP and RBL information you can block clients which have a bad reputation according to their classification. Sophos uses the following classification providers:

RBL sources: l

Commtouch IP Reputation (ctipd.org) l dnsbl.proxybl.org

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l http.dnsbl.sorbs.net

The GeoIP source is Maxmind . The WAF blocks clients that belong to one of the following Maxmind categories: l

A1: Anonymous proxies or VPN services used by clients to hide their IP address or their original geographical location.

A2: Satellite providers are ISPs that use satellites to provide Internet access to users all over the world, often from high risk countries.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Skip WAF rules: Add WAF rule numbers to this box which you want to skip for the current profile, for example because they return false positives. WAF rule numbers can be retrieved on the Logging & Reporting > Webserver Protection > Details page, via the Top

Rules filter.

Skip remote lookups for clients with bad reputation: As reputation lookups include sending requests to remote classification providers, using reputation-based blocking may slow down your system. Select this checkbox to only use GeoIP-based classification which uses cached information and is therefore much faster.

Click Save.

The WAF profile is added to the Firewall Profiles list.

Additional Information on URL Hardening and Form Hardening

It would be best practice to always enable both URL hardening and form hardening because those two functions are complementary, especially in the way that they prevent issues you may have when enabling just one of them: l

Only form hardening is activated: When a webpage contains hyperlinks with appended queries (which is the case with certain CMSs), e.g.

http://example.com/?view=article&id=1

, such page requests are blocked by form hardening because it expects a signature which is missing.

Only URL hardening is activated: When a web browser appends form data to the action

URL of the

form

tag of a web form (which is the case with GET requests), the form data becomes part of the request URL sent to the webserver, by that rendering the URL signature invalid.

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The reason why activating both functions solves those issues is that in case either form hardening or URL hardening find that a request is valid, the server accepts the request.

Outlook Web Access

The configuration of the WAF for Outlook Web Access (OWA) is a bit tricky since OWA handles requests from a public IP differently than internal requests from an internal LAN IP to the OWA website. There are redirects attached in the URLs of OWA, where for external access the external FQDN is used, whereas for internal requests the internal server's IP address is used.

The solution is to set the OWA directory as Entry URL in the WAF profile of your OWA webserver (e.g. http://webserver/exchange/). Additionally, you need to create an exception which skips URL hardening for the path /exchange/* and to disable cookie signing completely for the virtual server.

13.1.5 Exceptions

On the Web Application Firewall > Exceptions tab you can define web requests or source networks that are to be exempt from certain checks.

On the Exceptions tab, click New Exception List.

The Create Exception List dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the exception.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Skip These Checks: Select the security check(s) that should be skipped.

On The Virtual Webserver: Select the virtual webserver from the drop-down list that is to be exempt from the selected check(s).

For All Requests: Select a request definition from the drop-down list. Note that you can logically combine two request definitions by either AND or OR.

Networks: Add or select the source networks where the client request comes from and which are to be exempt from the selected check(s).

Paths: Add the paths that are to be exempt from the selected check(s), in the form of e.g. /products/images/*.

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Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Never change HTML during URL Hardening or Form Hardening: If selected, no data matching the defined exception settings will be modified by the WAF engine. With this option, e.g., binary data wrongly supplied with a text/html content type by the real webserver will not be corrupted. On the other hand, web requests may be blocked due to activated URL hardening, HTML rewriting, or form hardening. Those three features use an HTML parser and therefore to some extent depend on the modification of webpage content. To prevent undesired blocking, skip URL hardening and/or form hardening for requests affected by blocking; you might need to do this in another/new exception to reflect dependencies between webservers and/or webpages.

Click Save.

The new exception appears on the Exceptions list.

Enable the exception.

The new exception is disabled by default (toggle switch is gray). Click the toggle switch to enable the exception.

The exception is now enabled (toggle switch is green).

To either edit or delete an exception, click the corresponding buttons.

13.1.6 Site Path Routing

On the Web Application Firewall > Site Path Routing tab you can define to which real webservers incoming requests are forwarded. You can for example define that all URLs with a specific path, e.g., /products, are sent to a specific webserver. On the other hand you can allow more than one webserver for a specific request but add rules how to distribute the requests among the servers. You can for example define that each session is bound to one webserver throughout its lifetime (sticky session). This may for example be necessary if you host an online shop and want to make sure that a user sticks to one server during his shopping session. You can also configure to send all requests to one webserver and use the others only as a backup.

For each virtual webserver, one default site path route (with path /) is created automatically.

The UTM automatically applies the site path routes in the most reasonable way: starting with the strictest, i.e., longest paths and ending with the default path route which is only used if no other more specific site path route matches the incoming request. The order of the site path route list is not relevant. If no route matches an incoming request, e.g., because the default route was deleted, the request will be denied.

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Note – The Site Path Routing tab can only be accessed after at least one real webserver and one virtual webserver have been created.

To create a site path route, proceed as follows:

Click the New Site Path Route button.

The Create Site Path Route dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

For the virtual webserver: Select the original target host of the incoming traffic.

Send all requests for this path: Enter the path for which you want to create the site path route, e.g., /products.

Real webserver(s): Select the checkboxes in front of the real webservers which are to be used for the specified path. The order of the selected servers is only relevant for the

Operate backends in hot-standby mode option. With the Sort icons you can change the order.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

Use sticky session cookie for backend selection: Select this option to ensure that each session will be bound to one real webserver. If enabled, a cookie is passed to the user's browser, which provokes the UTM to route all requests from this browser to the same real webserver. If the server is not available, the cookie will be updated, and the session will switch to another webserver.

Operate backends in hot-standby mode: Select this option if you want to send all requests to the first selected real webserver, and use the other webservers only as a backup. The backup servers are only used in case the main server fails. As soon as the main server is back working, the sessions will switch back—unless you selected the Use

sticky session cookie for backend selection option.

Click Save.

The site path route is added to the Site Path Route list.

To either edit or delete a site path route, click the corresponding buttons.

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13.1.7 Advanced

On the Web Application Firewall > Advanced tab you can define the keys used for cookie signing and URL hardening.

Cookie Signing Key

Here you can enter a custom secret that is used as signing key for cookie signing.

URL Hardening Signing Key

Here you can enter a custom secret that is used as signing key for URL hardening.

Form Hardening Settings

Here you can enter a custom secret that is used as encryption key for the form hardening token.

The secret must consist of at least eight characters.

13.2 Certificate Management

Using the Webserver Protection > Certificate Management menu, which contains the same configuration options as the Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management menu, you can manage all certificate-related operations of Sophos UTM. This includes creating or importing X.509 certificates as well as uploading so-called Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs), among other things.

13.2.1 Certificates

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Certificates

13.2.2 Certificate Authority

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Certificate Authority

13.2.3 Revocation Lists (CRLs)

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Revocation Lists (CRLs)

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13.2.4 Advanced

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Advanced

13.2 Certificate Management

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14 RED Management

This chapter describes how to configure Sophos RED. RED is short for Remote Ethernet

Device and is a means to connect remote branch offices and the like to your main office as if the branch office is part of your local network.

The setup consists of the Sophos UTM in your main office and a Remote Ethernet Device

(RED) in your remote office. Establishing a connection between the two is utmost easy as the

RED appliance itself does not need to be configured at all. As soon as the RED appliance is connected to your UTM it behaves like any other Ethernet device on your UTM. All traffic of your branch office is safely routed via your UTM which means that your branch office is as secure as your local network.

There are currently two types of RED appliances available: l

RED 10: RED solution for small remote offices l

RED 50: RED solution for bigger remote offices which comes with two uplink interfaces.

Additionally, you can configure a UTM as a RED device, or you can install a Software RED on a

Windows computer (Windows 7 or newer).

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

14.1 Overview

14 RED Management

Figure 24 RED: Setup Sketch

Setting up a RED environment involves the following steps:

Activation of RED support.

Configuration of the RED appliance on your UTM.

Connecting the RED appliance to the Internet on the remote site.

Note – The overview page of RED displays general information on the RED architecture as long as no RED appliance is configured. When a RED appliance has been configured, the page will display information on the RED status.

14.1 Overview

The page Overview provides general information on what RED is meant for, how it works, and how a typical RED setup looks like.

Cross Reference – For detailed information about RED devices see the Quick Start guides and Operating Instructions in the Sophos UTM Resource Center . The LED blink codes of the

RED 10 appliances are described in the Sophos Knowledgebase .

Open RED Live Log

You can use the live log to monitor the connection between your Sophos UTM and the RED appliance. Click the Open RED Live Log button to open the live log in a new window.

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14.2 Global Settings

On the Global Settings tab you can enable or disable the support for RED which means that your UTM acts as a RED hub. You need to enable the RED support before any RED appliances can connect to the UTM.

RED Configuration

To enable RED support, do the following:

On the Global Settings tab, enable RED support.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the RED Hub Configuration area becomes editable.

Enter your organization details.

By default the settings from the Management > System Settings > Organizational tab is used.

Click Activate RED.

The toggle switch turns green and RED support is activated. Your UTM is now registered at the RED Provisioning Service (RPS) of Sophos to act as a RED hub.

You can now continue by adding one or more RED appliances on the

Client Management

page, or use the wizard on the

Deployment Helper

page.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

Automatic Device Deauthorization

When RED support is enabled, you can specify if disconnected RED appliances should automatically be deauthorized after a certain time span. With this feature, you can prevent stolen

RED appliances from connecting to the UTM.

Enable automatic deauthorization.

Select the Enable automatic device deauthorization checkbox.

Specify a time span after which the RED appliance should be deauthorized.

Enter the desired value into the Deauthorize after text box. The minimum time span is 5 minutes.

Click Apply.

The automatic device deauthorization is now activated.

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When a RED appliance reconnects after being disconnected for a time span longer than the defined time span, it will automatically be disabled. This is indicated by the toggle switches on the

Client Management page. A respective warning will be displayed on the Overview page as well.

To permit a deauthorized RED appliance to connect again, enable that RED appliance on the

Client Management page.

14.3 Client Management

On the RED Management > Client Management page you can enable remote UTMs to connect to your UTM using a Remote Ethernet Device (RED) tunnel. The remote UTMs then simply act like RED appliances. Furthermore you can configure RED appliances manually (expert mode) instead of using the deployment helper. The deployment helper is a more convenient way to configure RED appliances and can be found on the next WebAdmin page. Finally, you can define a Software RED to be installed on a Windows client, which can connect to your UTM using a Remote Ethernet Device (RED) tunnel.

Each RED appliance, Software RED, or UTM that is configured here is able to establish a connection to your UTM.

The [Server] tag in front of the page name indicates that this page only needs configuration if the UTM should act as server (RED hub).

Note – For RED appliances to be able to connect, you need to enable RED support on the

Global Settings page first.

Setting Up a RED Tunnel Between Two UTMs

To enable another UTM to connect to your local UTM using a RED tunnel, do the following:

On the Client Management tab, click Add RED.

The Add RED dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Branch name: Enter a name for the branch where the client UTM is located, e.g. "Office

Munich".

Client type: Select UTM from the drop-down list.

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Tunnel ID: By default, Automatic is selected. Tunnels will be numbered consecutively.

You need to make sure that the tunnel ID is unique for both UTMs. In this case you might need to select another ID from the drop-down list.

Click Save.

The UTM object is being created.

Download the provisioning file.

To provide the remote (client) UTM with the configuration data download the provisioning file using the Download button and transfer the file to the remote UTM in a secure way.

Configuring a RED Appliance

To enable a RED appliance to connect to your local UTM, do the following:

On the Client Management tab, click Add RED.

The Add RED dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Branch name: Enter a name for the branch where the RED appliance is located, e.g.

"Office Munich".

Client type: Select RED 10 or RED 50 from the drop-down list, depending on the type of RED appliance you want to connect.

RED ID: Enter the ID of the RED appliance you are configuring. This ID can be found on the back of the RED appliance and on its packaging.

Tunnel ID: By default, Automatic is selected. Tunnels will be numbered consecutively. In case you have conflicting IDs, select another ID from the drop-down list.

Unlock code (optional): For the first deployment of a RED appliance, leave this box empty. In case the RED appliance you are configuring has been deployed before, you need to provide its unlock code. The unlock code is generated during the deployment of a

RED appliance, and is emailed instantly to the address provided on the Global Settings tab. This is a security feature, which ensures that a RED appliance cannot simply be removed and installed elsewhere.

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Note – For manual deployment via USB stick and automatic deployment via

RED Provisioning Service (see below), two separate unlock codes are generated. If you switch a RED device from one deployment method to the other, make sure to use the corresponding unlock code: For manual deployment, provide the unlock code of the last manual deployment; for automatic deployment, provide the unlock code of the last automatic deployment.

If you are not in the possession of the unlock code, the only way to unlock the RED appliance is to contact the Sophos Support. The Support however can only help you if you deployed the configuration automatically, via the Sophos RED Provisioning Service.

Tip – The unlock code can also be found in the backup file of the UTM the RED was connected to in case that the backup contains host-specific data.

UTM hostname: You need to enter a public IP address or hostname where the UTM is accessible.

2nd UTM hostname: For RED 50 appliances, you can enter another public IP address or hostname of the same UTM. Note that you cannot enter the IP or hostname of a different UTM.

Use 2nd hostname for (only with RED 50, see images below): You can configure what the second hostname should be used for.

Failover: Select to only use the second hostname in case the first hostname fails.

Balancing: Select to activate active load balancing between both hostnames.

This makes sense if both uplinks the first and the second hostname correlate to, are equal in latency and throughput.

Uplink mode/2nd Uplink mode: You can define how the RED appliance receives an

IP address, which can be either via DHCP or by directly assigning a static IP address. For

RED 50 appliances you define the uplink mode for each RED uplink Ethernet port separately.

DHCP client: The RED pulls an IP address from a DHCP server.

Static address: Enter an IPv4 address, a corresponding netmask, a default gateway and a DNS server.

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Note – There is no one-to-one association between UTM hostname and RED uplink

Ethernet port. Each RED port will try to connect to each defined UTM hostname.

Use 2nd uplink for (only with RED 50, see images below): You can configure what the second uplink should be used for.

Failover: Select to only use the second uplink in case the first uplink fails.

Balancing: Select to activate active load balancing between both uplinks. This makes sense if both uplinks on the RED 50 appliance are equal in latency and throughput.

Operation mode: You can define how the remote network will be integrated into your local network.

Standard/Unified: The UTM completely controls the network traffic of the remote network. Additionally, it serves as DHCP server and as default gateway. All remote network traffic will be routed through the UTM.

Standard/Split: The UTM completely controls the network traffic of the remote network. Additionally, it serves as DHCP server and as default gateway. In contrast to the Unified mode, only certain traffic will be routed through the UTM.

Define local networks in the Split Networks box below which can be accessed by remote clients.

Note – VLAN tagged frames cannot be handled with this operation mode. If you use a VLAN behind your RED appliance, use the Standard operation mode instead.

Transparent/Split: The UTM does not control the network traffic of the remote network, it does neither serve as DHCP server nor as default gateway. On the contrary, it pulls an IP address from the DHCP server of the remote network to become a part of that network. However, you can enable access for remote clients to your local network. For that you need to define Split Networks that are allowed to be accessed by the remote network. Additionally, you can define one or more

Split Domains to be accessible. If your local domains are not publicly resolvable, you need to define a Split DNS Server, which can be queried by remote clients.

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Note – VLAN tagged frames cannot be handled with this operation mode. If you use a VLAN behind your RED appliance, use the Standard operation mode instead.

You can find examples for all the operation modes on the Deployment Helper tab.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

MAC filtering type: To restrict the MAC addresses allowed to connect to this RED appliance, select Blacklist or Whitelist. With Blacklist, all MAC addresses are allowed except those listed on the MAC address list selected below. With Whitelist, all MAC addresses are prohibited except those listed on the MAC address list selected below.

MAC addresses: The list of MAC addresses used to restrict access to the

RED appliance. MAC address lists can be created on the Definitions & Users > Net-

work Definitions > MAC Address Definitions tab.

Note – MAC filtering only works for RED rev. 2 or newer.

Device deployment: Select how you want to provide the necessary configuration settings for the RED. By default, the UTM provides the RED's configuration data automatically via Sophos' RED Provisioning Service. In this case, the RED appliance receives its configuration via Internet. If for example your RED does not have an Internet connection, you can provide the configuration manually, via USB stick.

Note – Manual device deployment only works for RED appliances with firmware version 9.1 or newer.

Caution – If you select manual deployment, it is extremely important to keep the unlock code, which is sent by email. If you lose the unlock code, you can never again connect the RED appliance to another UTM.

3G/UMTS failover: Starting with RED rev. 2, the RED appliance offers a USB port, where you can plug in a 3G/UMTS USB stick. If selected, this stick can serve as Internet uplink failover in case of a WAN interface failure. For the necessary settings please refer to your Internet provider's data sheet.

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14.3 Client Management l

Username/Password (optional): If required, enter a username and password for the mobile network.

PIN (optional): Enter the PIN of the SIM card if a PIN is configured.

Note – If you enter a wrong PIN, in case of a WAN interface failure, the connection via 3G/UMTS cannot be established. Instead, the 3G/UMTS failover checkbox of the RED appliance will automatically be unselected. Thus, the wrong PIN will only be used once. When the WAN interface comes up again, a warning will be displayed for the RED appliance: A wrong PIN was entered for

3G/UMTS failover uplink. Please change the login data. When you open the Edit

RED dialog box, a message is displayed which tells you that the 3G/UMTS fail-

over was automatically unselected. Correct the PIN before selecting the checkbox again. Please note that after three connection attempts with a wrong PIN, the SIM card will be locked. Unlocking cannot be done via the RED appliance or the UTM.

Mobile network: Select the mobile network type, which is either GSM or CDMA.

APN: Enter your provider's Access Point Name information.

Dial string (optional): If your provider uses a different dial string, enter it here.

Default is *99#.

Note – You always have to make the following configurations manually: 1) Creating the necessary firewall rules (Network Protection > Firewall > Rules). 2) Creating the necessary masquerading rules (Network Protection > NAT > Masquerading).

Click Save.

The RED appliance is being created and appears on the RED list.

With automatic device deployment, as soon as the RED has booted, it will fetch its configuration at the Sophos RED Provisioning Service (RPS). After that the connection between your UTM and the RED appliance is going to be established.

With manual device deployment, the new entry in the RED list will have a Download button.

Download the configuration file and save it to the root directory of a USB stick. Then plug the

USB stick into the RED appliance before turning it on. The RED will fetch its configuration from the USB stick. After that the connection between your UTM and the RED appliance is going to be established.

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Caution – It is crucial that you keep the unlock code, which is emailed instantly to the address provided on the Global Settings tab as soon as the RED appliance receives its configuration.

(In case of switching between manual and automatic deployment, make sure to keep both unlock codes.) You need the unlock code when you want to use the RED appliance with another UTM. If you then do not have the unlock code ready, the only way to unlock the RED appliance is to contact the Sophos Support. The Support however can only help you if you deployed the configuration automatically, via the Sophos RED Provisioning Service.

To edit a RED appliance, click the corresponding button. You can see the appliance status of all configured RED appliances on the RED overview page of WebAdmin.

The following images give an overview of the four balancing/failover combinations RED 50 provides. Solid lines reflect balancing, dotted lines failover behavior:

Figure 25 RED 50: Hostname and Uplink Balancing (turquoise) and Hostname and Uplink

Failover (red)

Figure 26 RED 50: Hostname Balancing and Uplink Failover (green) and Hostname Failover and Uplink Balancing (blue)

Setting Up a RED Tunnel to a Software RED

To enable a Software RED to connect to your local UTM using a RED tunnel, you have to add a corresponding RED here. Note that for each client you have to add a separate RED. Do the following:

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On the Client Management tab, click Add RED.

The Add RED dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Branch name: Enter a name for the branch where the client Software RED will be located, e.g. "Office Munich".

Client type: Select Software from the drop-down list.

Tunnel ID: By default, Automatic is selected. Tunnels will be numbered consecutively. In case you have conflicting IDs, select another ID from the drop-down list.

UTM hostname: You need to enter a public IP address or hostname where the UTM is accessible.

Click Save.

The Software RED object is being created.

Download the installer file.

To provide the Windows client with the Software RED, download the installer file using the Download button and transfer the file to the client in a secure way.

Install the Software RED on the Windows client.

After enabling the Software RED, the connection between your UTM and the Software

RED is going to be established automatically.

Using the Software RED's task bar icon you can enable or disable the Software RED.

Additionally, you can specify to enable the Software RED automatically during booting.

Deleting a RED Appliance

To delete a RED appliance, click the Delete button next to the appliance name.

There will be a warning that the RED object has dependencies. Be aware that deleting a RED appliance will not delete associated interfaces and their dependencies. This is intentional, since it enables you to move an interface from one RED appliance to another.

If you want to remove a RED appliance setup completely, you need to delete potential interface and other definitions manually.

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14.4 Deployment Helper

The RED Management > Deployment Helper tab provides a wizard that facilitates setting up and integrating a RED environment. The wizard is meant to be a simple alternative to the normal configuration on the Client Management tab. You only need to fill in the requested fields, if needed also fields marked optional, and to click Deploy RED.

The [Server] tag in front of the page name indicates that this page only needs configuration if the UTM should act as server (RED hub).

Note – For your convenience, with Standard and Standard/Split mode, in contrast to the Cli-

ent Management tab, the deployment helper automatically creates the following objects: a local interface with the specified IP address; a DHCP server for the remote network, covering half of the available IP address range; access to the local DNS resolver. In Transparent/Split mode, the deployment helper only creates a DHCP client (Ethernet DHCP) interface.

The deployment helper provides short descriptions for every option and a sketch for each of the three operation modes offered by the RED technology.

Below you find a description and use case examples for the three operation modes of RED.

Standard

The UTM manages the whole remote network. It acts as DHCP server and as default gateway.

Example: You have a branch office and, for security reasons, you want all its traffic to be routed via your headquarter UTM. That way the remote site becomes a part of your local network as if it were connected via LAN.

Standard/Split

Note – VLAN tagged frames cannot be handled with this operation mode. If you use a VLAN behind your RED appliance, use the Standard operation mode instead.

As with the Standard mode, the UTM manages the whole remote network. It acts as DHCP server and as default gateway. The difference is that only traffic targeted to networks listed in

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14.4 Deployment Helper the Split Networks box is redirected to your local UTM. All traffic not targeted to the defined split networks is directly routed to the Internet.

Example: You have a branch office and you want it to have access to your local intranet or you want to route traffic of the remote network via your UTM for security reasons, e.g. to have the traffic checked for viruses or to use an HTTP proxy.

Transparent/Split

Note – VLAN tagged frames cannot be handled with this operation mode. If you use a VLAN behind your RED appliance, use the Standard operation mode instead.

The remote network stays independent, the UTM is a part of this network by getting an IP address from the remote DHCP server. Only certain traffic of the remote network is allowed to access certain networks or local domains of yours. Since the UTM has no control of the remote network, local domains, which are not publicly resolvable, cannot be resolved by the remote router unless you define a Split DNS Server. This is a local DNS server of yours which can then be queried by remote clients.

Technically, the local interface of the RED appliance and its uplink interface to your local UTM as well as its link to the remote router are bridged. (For RED 50 appliances, LAN ports are bridged only to WAN 1.) Since the UTM is only a client of the remote network, routing traffic to the split networks the same way as with the other modes is not possible. Therefore, the RED appliance intercepts all traffic: Traffic targeting to a network listed in the Split networks box or going to a domain listed in the Split domains box is redirected to the UTM interface. This is accomplished by replacing the default gateway's MAC address in the respective data packets with the UTM's

MAC address.

Example: There is a partner or a service provider who should have access to your intranet or a certain server in your local network. Using a RED appliance, that partner's network will stay completely independent of your network, but they can access a defined part of your network for certain purposes, as if they were connected via LAN.

Note – Using the deployment helper, the uplink mode of the RED appliance is DHCP client in either operation mode. If you need to assign it a static IP address instead, you need to configure the RED appliance on the Client Management tab.

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14.5 Tunnel Management

On the RED Management > Tunnel Management page you can configure your UTM to act as a

RED appliance to be able to establish a RED tunnel to another UTM. The remote host UTM will then serve as RED hub for your UTM.

The [Client] tag in front of the page name indicates that this page only needs configuration if the

UTM should act as RED client.

To connect your UTM to the host UTM you need a provisioning file. This file needs to be generated on the host UTM (see

Client Management

To connect your UTM to the host UTM, proceed as follows:

On the host UTM, add your local UTM to the Client Management list.

On the host UTM, download the provisioning file for your UTM.

On your local UTM, click Add Tunnel.

The Add Tunnel dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Tunnel Name: Enter a descriptive name for this tunnel.

UTM Host: Select the remote UTM host.

Prov. File: Click the Folder icon, select the provisioning file you want to upload, and click

Start Upload.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The RED tunnel will be established and displayed on the Tunnel Management list.

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This chapter describes how to configure site-to-site VPN settings of Sophos UTM. Site-to-site

VPNs in Sophos UTM are realized by means of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), which are a cost effective and secure way for remote networks to communicate confidentially with each other over a public network such as the Internet. They use the cryptographic tunneling protocol

IPsec to provide confidentiality and privacy of the data transmitted over them.

Cross Reference – More information on how to configure site-to-site VPN connections can be found in the Sophos Knowledgebase .

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Amazon VPC

IPsec

SSL

Certificate Management

The Site-to-site VPN overview page in WebAdmin shows all configured Amazon VPC, IPsec, and SSL connections and their current status. The state of each connection is reported by the color of its status icons. There are two types of status icons. The larger ones next to the connection name inform about the overall status of a connection. The different colors mean: l

Green – All SAs (Security Association) have been established. Connection is fully functional.

Yellow – Not all SAs have been established. Connection is partly functional.

Red – No SAs have been established. Connection is not functional.

The smaller ones next to the tunnel information report the status for that tunnel. Here the colors mean: l

Green – All SAs have been established. Tunnel is fully functional.

Yellow – IPsec SA has been established, ISAKMP SA (Internet Security Association and

Key Management Protocol) is down. Tunnel is fully functional.

Red – No SAs have been established. Connection is not functional.

15.1 Amazon VPC

15 Site-to-site VPN

15.1 Amazon VPC

Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) is a commercial cloud computing service. A user can create virtual private clouds, which can subsequently be connected to a local network and centrally managed over IPsec tunnels.

You can connect your Amazon VPC to your Sophos UTM if the UTM has a static public

IP address. The entire configuration of the VPN connections has to be done in the Amazon environment. Afterwards you just import the connection data using your Amazon access data or a configuration file.

15.1.1 Status

The Site-to-site VPN > Amazon VPC > Status page shows a list of all connections to your

Amazon VPCs.

Here you can enable and disable the connections.

To enable connections to Amazon VPC, proceed as follows:

On the Setup page, import at least one VPC connection.

On the Status page, enable Amazon VPC.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the imported VPC connections are displayed.

Enable the desired connection.

Click the toggle switch of the connection you want to enable.

The toggle switch turns green and the two tunnels of the VPC connection are displayed.

Note – Each connection consists of two tunnels for redundancy reasons: an active and a backup tunnel. Active tunnels can be identified by having a netmask at the end of their

BGP line. The status icons of the tunnels are displayed for control purposes only—you cannot enable or disable a single tunnel.

To disable all Amazon VPC connections click the topmost toggle switch. To disable a single connection click the toggle switch of the respective connection.

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To close a connection and delete it from the list, click the red Delete icon of the respective connection.

Note – As the connections are configured on Amazon VPC's side, you can re-import a deleted connection into Sophos UTM with the same data as before.

15.1.2 Setup

On the Site-to-site VPN > Amazon VPC > Setup page you add connections to your Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). You can either import all connections configured with one Amazon

Web Service (AWS) account and using the IP address of your Sophos UTM as Customer

Gateway (Amazon term for your endpoint of a VPC VPN connection). Or you add connections one by one using the configuration file which you can download from Amazon.

Import Via Amazon Credentials

You can import all connections configured with one AWS account and using the IP address of your Sophos UTM as Customer Gateway, at once. Just enter the AWS credentials you have been given when you created your Amazon Web Service account.

Note – All existing connections listed in the Status tab will be deleted during the import.

To import connections, proceed as follows:

Make the following settings:

Access Key: Enter the Amazon Access Key ID. It is a 20-character, alphanumeric sequence.

Secret Key: Enter the Secret Access Key. It is a 40-character sequence.

Click Apply.

The connections are imported and subsequently displayed on the Status page.

Import Via Amazon Configuration

To add a single connection to the existing list of connections you have to upload the configuration file of the respective connection.

To import a single connection, proceed as follows:

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Download the configuration file of your Amazon VPC connection.

In Amazon's download dialog make sure to select Sophos from the Vendor drop-down list.

Open the Upload file dialog window.

Click the Folder icon next to the VPC Config File box.

Select the configuration file and upload it.

To upload the selected file click the button Start Upload.

The filename is displayed in the VPC Config File box.

If you use static routing, enter the remote network.

The remote network is not part of the configuration file. Therefore you need to enter it separately into the Remote network field, e.g. 10.0.0.0/8. This field is only important if you have configured the use of static routing instead of dynamic routing in Amazon VPC.

Click Apply.

The connection is imported and subsequently displayed on the Status page.

15.2 IPsec

IP Security (IPsec) is a standard for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by encrypting and/or authenticating all IP packets.

The IPsec standard defines two service modes and two protocols: l

Transport mode l

Tunnel mode l

Authentication Header (AH) authentication protocol l

Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP) encryption (and authentication) protocol

IPsec also offers methods for manual and automatic management of Security Associations

(SAs) as well as key distribution. These characteristics are consolidated in a Domain of Inter-

pretation (DOI).

IPsec Modes

IPsec can work in either transport mode or tunnel mode. In principle, a host-to-host connection can use either mode. If, however, one of the endpoints is a security gateway, the tunnel mode

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15.2 IPsec must be used. The IPsec VPN connections on this UTM always use the tunnel mode.

In transport mode, the original IP packet is not encapsulated in another packet. The original IP header is retained, and the rest of the packet is sent either in clear text (AH) or encrypted

(ESP). Either the complete packet can be authenticated with AH, or the payload can be encrypted and authenticated using ESP. In both cases, the original header is sent over the WAN in clear text.

In tunnel mode, the complete packet—header and payload—is encapsulated in a new IP packet. An IP header is added to the IP packet, with the destination address set to the receiving tunnel endpoint. The IP addresses of the encapsulated packets remain unchanged. The original packet is then authenticated with AH or encrypted and authenticated using ESP.

IPsec Protocols

IPsec uses two protocols to communicate securely on the IP level.

Authentication Header (AH): A protocol for the authentication of packet senders and for ensuring the integrity of packet data.

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): A protocol for encrypting the entire packet and for the authentication of its contents.

The Authentication Header protocol (AH) checks the authenticity and integrity of packet data. In addition, it checks that the sender and receiver IP addresses have not been changed in transmission. Packets are authenticated using a checksum created using a Hash-based Message

Authentication Code (HMAC) in connection with a key. One of the following hashing algorithms will be used: l

Message Digest Version 5 (MD5): This algorithm generates a 128-bit checksum from a message of any size. This checksum is like a fingerprint of the message, and will change if the message is altered. This hash value is sometimes also called a digital signature or a message digest.

The Secure Hash (SHA-1): This algorithm generates a hash similar to that of MD5, though the SHA-1 hash is 160 bits long. SHA-1 is more secure than MD5, due to its longer key.

Compared to MD5, an SHA-1 hash is somewhat harder to compute, and requires more CPU time to generate. The computation speed depends, of course, on the processor speed and the number of IPsec VPN connections in use at the Sophos UTM.

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In addition to encryption, the Encapsulated Security Payload protocol (ESP) offers the ability to authenticate senders and verify packet contents. If ESP is used in tunnel mode, the complete IP packet (header and payload) is encrypted. New, unencrypted IP and ESP headers are added to the encapsulating packet: The new IP header contains the address of the receiving gateway and the address of the sending gateway. These IP addresses are those of the VPN tunnel.

For ESP with encryption normally the following algorithms are used: l

Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) l

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

Of these, AES offers the highest standard of security. The effective key lengths that can be used with AES are 128, 192 and 256 bits. Sophos UTM supports a number of encryption algorithms.

Either the MD5 or SHA-1 algorithms can be used for authentication.

NAT Traversal (NAT-T)

NAT traversal is a technology for establishing connections between hosts in TCP/IP networks which use NAT devices. This is achieved by using UDP encapsulation of the ESP packets to establish IPsec tunnels through NAT devices. UDP encapsulation is only used if NAT is detected between the IPsec peers; otherwise normal ESP packets will be used.

With NAT traversal you are able to place the gateway or a road warrior behind a NAT router and still establish an IPsec tunnel. Both IPsec peers must support NAT traversal if you want to use this feature, which is automatically negotiated. Make sure that the NAT device has IPsecpassthrough turned off, because this could impair the use of NAT traversal.

If road warriors want to use NAT traversal, their corresponding user object in WebAdmin must have a static remote access IP address (RAS address) set (see also Use Static Remote Access

IP on the

Users

page in WebAdmin).

By default, a NAT traversal keep-alive signal is sent at intervals of 60 seconds to prevent an established tunnel from expiring when no data is transmitted. The keep-alive messages are sent to ensure that the NAT router keeps the state information associated with the session so that the tunnel stays open.

TOS

Type of Service bits (TOS bits) are several four-bit flags in the IP header. These bits are referred to as Type of Service bits because they allow the transferring application to tell the

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15.2 IPsec network which type of service quality is necessary.

With the IPsec implementation of Sophos UTM the TOS value is always copied.

15.2.1 Connections

On the Site-to-site VPN > IPsec > Connections tab you can create and edit IPsec connections.

To create an IPsec connection, proceed as follows:

On the Connections tab, click New IPsec Connection.

The Add IPsec Connection dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this connection.

Remote gateway: Select a remote gateway definition. Remote gateways are configured on the Site-to-site VPN > IPsec > Remote Gateways tab.

Local interface: Select the name of the interface which is used as the local endpoint of the IPsec tunnel.

Policy: Select the IPsec policy for this IPsec connection. IPsec policies can be defined on the Site-to-site VPN > IPsec > Policies tab.

Local networks: Select the local networks that should be reachable through the VPN tunnel.

Automatic firewall rules: By selecting this option you can automatically add firewall rules that allow traffic for this connection. The rules are added as soon as the connection is enabled, and they are removed when the connection is disabled. If you want to use a stricter IPsec connection, disable Automatic firewall rules and use IPsec objects in the firewall rule set instead.

Strict routing: If strict routing is enabled, VPN routing is done according to source and destination IP address (instead of only destination IP address). In this case, only those packets exactly matching the VPN tunnel definition are routed into the VPN tunnel. As a consequence, you cannot use SNAT to add networks or hosts to the VPN tunnel, that are originally not part of the tunnel definition. On the other hand, without strict routing, you cannot have a mixed unencrypted/encrypted setup to the same network from different source addresses.

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Bind tunnel to local interface: By default, the option is unselected and all traffic originating from the selected local networks and going to the defined remote networks will always be sent through this IPsec tunnel. It is not possible to have multiple identical tunnels on different interfaces because the selector would always be the same. However, if enabled, the defined IPsec selector will be bound to the selected local interface. Thus it is possible to either bypass IPsec policies with static routes or define redundant IPsec tunnels over different uplinks and use multipath rules to balance traffic over the available interfaces and their IPsec tunnels. Use cases for this setting are for example: l

Bypass IPsec policies for local hosts which belong to the remote network through static routes.

Balance traffic based on layer 3 and layer 4 with multipath rules over multiple IPsec tunnels or MPLS links with automatic failover.

Note – This option cannot be used in combination with an interface group.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new connection appears on the IPsec Connections list.

To either edit or delete a connection, click the corresponding buttons.

Open Live Log: The IPsec VPN live log displays monitoring information about established

IPsec connection. Click the button to open the live log in a new window.

15.2.2 Remote Gateways

On the Site-to-site VPN > IPsec > Remote Gateways tab you can define the remote gateways for your site-to-site VPN tunnels. These remote network definitions will become available when creating IPsec connections on the IPsec > Connections tab.

To add a remote gateway, proceed as follows:

On the Remote Gateways tab, click New Remote Gateway.

The Add Remote Gateway dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this remote gateway.

Gateway type: Select the type of the gateway. The following types are available:

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Initiate connection: Select if the remote endpoint has a static IP address so that a connection to the remote gateway can be initiated by the gateway. If selected, specify the remote gateway in the Gateway box. Note that you can also select this option if the remote gateway is resolved through DynDNS.

Respond only: Select if the IP address of the remote endpoint is unknown or cannot be resolved through DynDNS. The gateway is not able to initiate a connection to the remote gateway but waits for incoming connections to which it only needs to respond.

Authentication type: Select the authentication type for this remote gateway definition.

The following types are available: l

Preshared key: Authentication with Preshared Keys (PSK) uses secret passwords as keys. These passwords must be distributed to the endpoints before establishing the connection. When a new VPN tunnel is established, each side checks that the other knows the secret password. The security of PSKs depends on the quality of the passwords used: common words and phrases are subject to dictionary attacks. Permanent or long-term IPsec connections should use certificates instead.

RSA key: Authentication using RSA keys is much more sophisticated. In this scheme, each side of the connection generates a key pair consisting of a public key and a private key. The private key is necessary for the encryption and authentication during the key exchange. Both endpoints of an IPsecVPN connection using this authentication method need their own key pair. Copy the public RSA key of the remote unit (Site-to-site VPN > IPsec > Local RSA Key) into the Public Key box of the local unit and vice versa. In addition, enter the VPN ID types and VPN identifiers that correspond to the respective RSA keys.

Local X.509 certificate: Similarly, the X.509 certificate authentication scheme uses public keys and private keys. An X.509 certificate contains the public key together with information identifying the owner of the key. Such certificates are signed and issued by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA). During the key exchange process, the certificates are exchanged and authenticated using a locally stored

CA certificate. Select this authentication type if the X.509 certificate of the remote gateway is locally stored on the unit.

Remote X.509 certificate: Select this authentication type if the X.509 certificate of the remote gateway is not locally stored on the unit. You must then select the

VPN ID type and VPN identifier of the certificate being used on the remote unit,

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that is, the certificate which is selected in the Local X.509 Certificate area of the

Site-to-site VPN > IPsec > Advanced tab.

VPN ID type: Depending on the authentication type you must select a VPN ID type and

VPN identifier. The VPN identifier entered here must match the values configured on the remote site. Suppose you are using two UTM appliances for establishing a site-to-site

VPN tunnel. If you select RSA Key as authentication type on the local unit, the VPN ID type and the VPN identifier must match what is configured on the Site-to-site VPN >

IPsec > Local RSA Key tab on the remote unit. You can select among the following VPN

ID types: l

IP address

Hostname

Email address

Distinguished name: Only available with Remote X.509 Certificate authentication.

Any: Default with Respond Only gateway type.

Remote networks: Select the remote networks that should be reachable via the remote gateway.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Make advanced settings if necessary.

The following advanced settings should only be made when you know what their impact is:

Support path MTU discovery: PMTU (Path Maximum Transmission Unit) refers to the size of data packets transmitted. It is usually preferable that IP data packets be of the largest size that does not require fragmentation anywhere along the path from the source to the destination. If any of the data packets are too large to be forwarded without fragmentation by some router along the path, that router will discard them and return

ICMP Destination Unreachable messages with a code meaning "fragmentation needed and DF set". Upon receipt of such a message, the source host reduces its assumed

PMTU for the path.

If you enable this option, UTM enables PMTU if it is enabled on the server side.

Support congestion signaling (ECN): ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and allows end-to-end notifications of network

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15.2 IPsec congestion without dropping packets. Select this option if you want to copy ECN information from the original IP packet header into the IPsec packet header. Note that the remote endpoint must support it as well as the underlying network and involved routers.

Enable XAUTH client mode: XAUTH is an extension of IPsec IKE to authenticate users via username and password at a VPN gateway. To use XAUTH for authentication with this remote gateway, select the option and provide username and password (twice) as required by the remote gateway.

Click Save.

The gateway definition appears on the Remote Gateways list.

To either edit or delete a remote gateway definition, click the corresponding buttons.

15.2.3 Policies

On the IPsec > Policies tab you can customize parameters for IPsec connections and unite them into a policy. An IPsec policy defines IKE (Internet Key Exchange) and IPsec proposal parameters of an IPsec connection. Note that each IPsec connection needs an IPsec policy.

Note – Sophos UTM only supports the main mode in IKE phase 1. The aggressive mode is not supported.

To create an IPsec policy, proceed as follows:

On the Policy tab, click New IPsec Policy.

The Add IPsec Policy dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this policy.

IKE encryption algorithm: The encryption algorithm specifies the algorithm used for encrypting the IKE messages. Supported algorithms are: l

DES (56 bit) l

3DES (168 bit) l

AES 128 (128 bit) l

AES 192 (192 bit) l

AES 256 (256 bit)

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Blowfish (128 bit) l

Twofish (128 bit) l

Serpent (128 bit)

Security Note – We strongly recommend against using DES, as it is a weak algorithm, and therefore represents a potential vulnerability.

IKE authentication algorithm: The authentication algorithm specifies the algorithm used for integrity checking of the IKE messages. Supported algorithms are: l

MD5 (128 bit) l

SHA1 (160 bit) l

SHA2 256 (256 bit) l

SHA2 384 (384 bit) l

SHA2 512 (512 bit)

IKE SA lifetime: This value specifies the timeframe in seconds for which the IKE SA

(security association) is valid and when the next rekeying should take place. Valid values are between 60 sec and 28800 sec (8 hrs). The default value is 7800 seconds.

IKE DH group: When negotiating a connection, the communicating parties also settle the actual keys used to encrypt the data. In order to generate a session key, IKE uses the

Diffie-Hellman (DH) algorithm, which utilizes random data. The random data generation is based on pool bits. The IKE group basically tells the number of pool bits. The more pool bits, the larger the random numbers. The larger the numbers, the harder it is to crack the

Diffie-Hellman algorithm. As a consequence, more pool bits mean more security but also the consumption of more CPU resources. Currently, the following Diffie-Hellman groups are supported: l

Group 1: MODP 768

Group 2: MODP 1024

Group 5: MODP 1536

Group 14: MODP 2048

Group 15: MODP 3072

Group 16: MODP 4096

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Security Note – Group 1 (MODP 768) is considered weak and only supported for interoperability reasons. We strongly recommend against using it, as it represents a potential vulnerability.

IPsec encryption algorithm: The same encryption algorithms as for IKE. Additionally there are the following entries: l

No encryption (null)

AES 128 CTR (128 bit) l

AES 192 CTR (192 bit) l

AES 256 CTR (256 bit) l

AES 128 GCM (96 bit)

AES 192 GCM (96 bit)

AES 256 GCM (96 bit)

AES 128 GCM (128 bit)

AES 192 GCM (128 bit)

AES 256 GCM (128 bit)

Security Note – We strongly recommend against using no encryption or DES, as this represents a potential vulnerability.

IPsec authentication algorithm: The same authentication algorithms as for IKE. Additionally there are the following algorithms: l

SHA2 256 (96 bit) l

SHA2 384 (96 bit) l

SHA2 512 (96 bit)

Those are available for compliance with tunnel endpoints not adhering to RFC 4868 , for example UTM (i.e., ASG) versions older than V8, and therefore do not support truncated checksums longer than 96 bit.

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IPsec SA lifetime: This value specifies the timeframe in seconds for which the IPsec SA is valid and when the next rekeying should take place. Valid values are between 60 sec and 86400 sec (1 day). The default value is 3600 seconds.

IPsec PFS group: Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) refers to the notion that if a session key is compromised, it will permit access only to data of this specific session. In order for

PFS to exist, the key used to protect the IPsec SA must not be derived from random keying material used to get the keys for the IKE SA. Therefore, PFS initiates a second Diffie-

Hellman key exchange proposing the selected DH group for the IPsec connection to get a new randomly generated key. Supported Diffie-Hellman groups are the same as for

IKE.

Enabling PFS is considered to be more secure, but it takes also more time for the exchange. It is not recommended to use PFS on slow hardware.

Note – PFS is not fully interoperable with all vendors. If you notice problems during the negotiation, you might consider disabling PFS.

Strict policy: If an IPsec gateway makes a proposition with respect to an encryption algorithm and to the strength, it might happen that the gateway of the receiver accepts this proposition, even though the IPsec policy does not correspond to it. If you select this option and the remote endpoint does not agree on using exactly the parameters you specified, the IPsec connection will not be established. Suppose the IPsec policy of your UTM requires AES-256 encryption, whereas, for example, a road warrior with SSH Sentinel wants to connect with AES-128; with the strict policy option enabled, the connection would be rejected.

Note – The compression setting will not be enforced via Strict policy.

Compression: This option specifies whether IP packets should be compressed by means of the IP Payload Compression Protocol (IPComp) prior to encryption. IPComp reduces the size of IP packets by compressing them to increase the overall communication performance between a pair of communicating hosts or gateways. Compression is turned off by default.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new policy appears on the Policies list.

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To either edit or delete a policy, click the corresponding buttons.

15.2.4 Local RSA Key

With RSA authentication, RSA keys are used for authentication of the VPN endpoints. The public keys of the endpoints are exchanged manually before the connection is established. If you want to use this authentication type, you have to define a VPN identifier and create a local RSA key. The public RSA key of the gateway must be made available to remote IPsec devices that use IPsec RSA authentication with Sophos UTM.

Current Local Public RSA Key

Displayed is the public portion of the currently installed local RSA key pair. Click into the box, then press CTRL-A and CTRL-C to copy it to the clipboard.

Local RSA Key VPN Options

Select the VPN ID type which best suits your needs. By default, the hostname of the gateway is taken as the VPN identifier. If you have a static IP address as local VPN endpoint, select IP

address. Alternatively, use an email address as VPN ID for mobile IPsec road warriors.

Hostname: Default setting; the hostname of the gateway. However, you can enter a different hostname here.

Email address: By default, this is the email address of the gateway's admin account.

However, you can enter a different email address here.

IP address: The IP address of the external interface of the gateway.

Click Apply to save your settings. Changing the settings does not modify the RSA key.

Re-generate Local RSA Key

To generate a new RSA key, select the desired key size and click Apply. This will start the key generation process, which can take from a few minutes up to two hours, according to your selected key length and used hardware. The key size (key length) is a measure of the number of keys which are possible with a cipher. The length is usually specified in bits. The following key sizes are supported: l

1024 bits l

2048 bits l

4096 bits

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Once the RSA key has been generated, the appropriate public key will be displayed in the Cur-

rent Local Public RSA Key box. Generating a new RSA key will overwrite the old one.

15.2.5 Advanced

On the Site-to-site VPN > IPsec > Advanced tab you can configure advanced options of IPsec

VPN. Depending on your preferred authentication type, you can define the local certificate (for

X.509 authentication) and the local RSA key (for RSA authentication), among other things.

Note that this should only be done by experienced users.

Local X.509 Certificate

With X.509 authentication, certificates are used to verify the public keys of the VPN endpoints. If you want to use this authentication type, you have to select a local certificate from the dropdown list in the Local X.509 Certificate area. The selected key/certificate is then used to authenticate the gateway to remote peers if X.509 authentication is selected.

You can only select certificates where the appropriate private key is present, other certificates are not available in the drop-down list.

If there is no certificate available for selection, you have to add one in the Certificate Man-

agement menu, either by creating a new one or by importing one using the upload function.

After selecting the certificate, enter the passphrase the private key was protected with. During the saving process, the passphrase is verified and an error message is displayed if it does not match the encrypted key.

Once an active key/certificate is selected, it is displayed in the Local X.509 Certificate area.

Dead Peer Detection (DPD)

Use Dead Peer Detection: The dead peer detection option is used for automatically terminating a connection if the remote VPN gateway or client is unreachable. For connections with static endpoints, the tunnel will be re-negotiated automatically. Connections with dynamic endpoints require the remote side to re-negotiate the tunnel. Usually it is safe to always enable this option. The IPsec peers automatically determine whether the remote side supports dead peer detection or not, and will fall back to normal mode if necessary.

NAT Traversal (NAT-T)

Use NAT Traversal: Select to enable that IPsec traffic can pass upstream systems which use

Network Address Translation (NAT). Additionally, you can define the keepalive interval for NAT traversal. Click Apply to save your settings.

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CRL Handling

There might be situations in which the provider of a certificate attempts to revoke the confirmation awarded with still valid certificates, for example if it has become known that the receiver of the certificate fraudulently obtained it by using wrong data (name, etc.) or because an attacker has got hold of the private key, which is part of the certified public key. For this purpose, so-called Certificate Revocation Lists or CRLs are used. They normally contain the serial numbers of those certificates of a certifying instance, that have been held invalid and that are still valid according to their respective periods of validity.

After the expiration of these periods the certificate will no longer be valid and must therefore not be maintained in the block list.

Automatic Fetching: This function automatically requests the CRL through the URL defined in the partner certificate via HTTP, Anonymous FTP or LDAP version 3. On request, the CRL can be downloaded, saved and updated, once the validity period has expired. If you use this feature but not via port 80 or 443, make sure that you set the firewall rules accordingly, so that the

CRL distribution server can be accessed.

Strict Policy: If this option is enabled, any partner certificate without a corresponding CRL will be rejected.

Preshared Key Probing

For IPsec connections using the respond-only mode you can decide to use different preshared keys (PSK) for each IPsec connection.

Enable probing of preshared keys: Select the checkbox to enable this option. This will affect L2TP-over-IPsec, remote access IPsec, and VPN IPsec connections.

15.2.6 Debug

IKE Debugging

In the IKE Debugging section you can configure IKE debug options. Select the checkboxes for which types of IKE messages or communication you want to create debug output.

Note – The IKE Debugging section is identical across the Debug tabs of the menus Site-to-

site VPN IPsec, Remote Access IPsec, L2TP over IPsec and Cisco VPN Client.

The following flags can be logged:

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Control Flow: Displays control messages of IKE state l

Outbound packets: Displays content of outgoing IKE messages l

Inbound packets: Displays content of incoming IKE messages l

Kernel messaging: Displays communication messages with the Kernel l

High availability: Displays communication with other HA nodes

15.3 SSL

Site-to-site VPN tunnels can be established via an SSL connection. SSL VPN connections have distinct roles attached. The tunnel endpoints act as either client or server. The client always initiates the connection, the server responds to client requests. Keep in mind that this contrasts

IPsec where both endpoints normally can initiate a connection.

Note – If you run into problems in establishing a connection, check whether SSL scanning is activated with the Web Filter operating in transparent mode. If so, make sure that the target host of the VPN connection has been added to the Transparent Mode Skiplist under Web Pro-

tection > Web Filtering >

Advanced

15.3.1 Connections

To create an SSLVPN site-to-site tunnel, it is crucial to create the server configuration first. The configuration of the client has always to be the second step.

To create a server configuration, proceed as follows:

On the Connections tab, click New SSL Connection.

The Add SSL Connection dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Connection type: Select Server from the drop-down list.

Connection name: Enter a descriptive name for the connection.

Use static virtual IP address (optional): Only select this option if the IP address pool is not compatible with the client's network environment: By default clients are assigned an

IP address from the Virtual IP Pool (configurable on Settings tab). Rarely, it may happen that such an IP address is already in use on the client's host. In that case enter a suitable

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IP address in the Static Peer IP field which will then be assigned to the client during tunnel setup.

Local networks: Add one or more local networks that are allowed to be accessed remotely.

Remote networks: Add one or more remote networks that are allowed to connect to the local network(s).

Note – You can change the Local Networks and Remote Networks settings later without having to reconfigure the client.

Automatic firewall rules (optional): When enabled, the UTM will automatically allow access to the selected local networks for all accessing SSL VPN clients.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new SSL server connection appears on the Connections list.

Download the configuration file.

Use the Download button, which is located in the newly created SSL server connection row, to download the client configuration file for this connection.

Encrypt configuration file (optional): It is advisable to encrypt the configuration file for security reasons. Enter a password twice.

Click Download peer config to save the file.

This file is needed by the client-side administrator in order to be able to set up the client endpoint of the tunnel.

The next step is the client configuration which has to take place on client side and not on server side. Ensure that the downloaded client configuration file is at hand.

To create a client configuration, proceed as follows:

On the Connections tab, click New SSL Connection.

The Add SSL Connection dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Connection type: Select Client from the drop-down list.

Connection name: Enter a descriptive name for the connection.

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Configuration file: Click the Folder icon, browse for the client configuration file and click Start Upload.

Password (optional): If the file has been encrypted, enter the password.

Use HTTP proxy server (optional): Select the checkbox if the client is located behind a proxy and enter the settings for the proxy.

Proxy requires authentication (optional): Select the checkbox if the client needs to authenticate against the proxy and enter username and password.

Override peer hostname (optional): Select the checkbox and enter a hostname here if the server system's regular hostname (or DynDNS hostname) cannot be resolved from the client host.

Automatic firewall rules (optional): When enabled, the UTM will automatically allow traffic between hosts on the tunneled local and remote networks.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new SSL VPN client connection appears on the Connections list.

To either edit or delete a client connection, click the corresponding buttons.

Click on the Site-to-site VPN menu to see the status of the SSL VPN connection on the overview page. The status icon there turns green when the connection is established. Then information about the interconnected subnets on both sides of the tunnel becomes available, too.

15.3.2 Settings

On the SSL > Settings tab you can configure the basic settings for SSL VPN server connections.

Note – This tab is identical for Site-to-site VPN > SSL and Remote Access > SSL. Changes applied here always affect both SSL configurations.

Server Settings

You can make the following settings for the SSL VPN connection: l

Interface Address: Default value is Any. When using the web application firewall you need to give a specific interface address for the service to listen for SSL connections. This is necessary for the site-to-site/remote access SSL connection handler and the web

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15.3 SSL application firewall to be able to differentiate between the incoming SSL connections.

Protocol: Select the protocol to use. You can choose either TCP or UDP.

Port: You can change the port. The default port is 443. You cannot use port 10443, the

SUM Gateway Manager port 4422, or the port used by the WebAdmin interface.

Override Hostname: The value in the Override Hostname box is used as the target hostname for client VPN connections and is by default the hostname of the gateway. Only change the default if the system's regular hostname (or DynDNS hostname) cannot be reached under this name from the Internet.

Virtual IP Pool

Pool Network: This is the virtual IP address pool which is used to distribute IP addresses from a certain IP range to the SSL clients. By default, the VPN Pool (SSL) is selected. In case you select a different address pool, the netmask must not be greater than 29 bits, for OpenVPN cannot handle address pools whose netmask is /30, /31, or /32.

Duplicate CN

Select Allow Multiple Concurrent Connections Per User if you want to allow your users to connect from different IP addresses at the same time. When disabled, only one concurrent SSL

VPN connection is allowed per user.

15.3.3 Advanced

On the SSL > Advanced tab you can configure various advanced server options ranging from the cryptographic settings, through compression settings, to debug settings.

Note – This tab is identical for Site-to-site VPN > SSL and Remote Access > SSL. Changes applied here always affect both SSL configurations.

Cryptographic Settings

These settings control the encryption parameters for all SSL VPN remote access clients: l

Encryption Algorithm: The encryption algorithm specifies the algorithm used for encrypting the data sent through the VPN tunnel. The following algorithms are supported, which are all in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode: l

DES-EDE3-CBC

AES-128-CBC (128 bit)

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AES-192-CBC (192 bit) l

AES-256-CBC (256 bit) l

BF-CBC (Blowfish (128 bit)) l

Authentication Algorithm: The authentication algorithm specifies the algorithm used for checking the integrity of the data sent through the VPN tunnel. Supported algorithms are: l

MD5 (128 bit) l

SHA-1 (160 bit) l

Key Size: The key size (key length) is the length of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The longer this key is, the more secure the symmetric keys are. The length is specified in bits.

You can choose between a key size of 1024 or 2048 bits.

Server Certificate: Select a local SSL certificate to be used by the SSL VPN server to identify itself against the clients.

Key Lifetime: Enter a time period after which the key will expire. The default is 28,800 seconds.

Compression Settings

Compress SSL VPN Traffic: When enabled, all data sent through SSL VPN tunnels will be compressed prior to encryption.

Debug Settings

Enable Debug Mode: When enabling debug mode, the SSL VPN log file will contain extended information useful for debugging purposes.

15.4 Certificate Management

The Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management menu is the central place to manage all certificate-related operations of Sophos UTM. This includes creating or importing X.509 certificates as well as uploading so-called Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs), among other things.

15.4.1 Certificates

On the Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management > Certificates tab you can create or import public key certificates in the X.509 standard format. Such certificates are digitally signed

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15.4 Certificate Management statements usually issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) binding together a public key with a particular Distinguished Name (DN) in X.500 notation.

All certificates you create on this tab contain an RSA key. They are signed by the self-signed certificate authority (CA) VPN Signing CA that was created automatically using the information you provided during the initial login to the WebAdmin interface.

To generate a certificate, proceed as follows:

On the Certificates tab, click New Certificate.

The Add Certificate dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this certificate.

Method: To create a certificate, select Generate (for more information on uploading certificates, see below).

Key size: The length of the RSA key. The longer the key, the more secure it is. You can choose among key sizes of 1024, 2048, or 4096 bits. Select the maximum key size compatible with the application programs and hardware devices you intend to use. Unless longer keys cause critical performance issues for your specific purposes, do not reduce the key size in order to optimize performance.

VPN ID type: You have to define a unique identifier for the certificate. The following types of identifiers are available: l

Email address l

Hostname l

IP address l

Distinguished name

VPN ID: Depending on the selected VPN ID type, enter the appropriate value into this text box. For example, if you selected IP address from the VPN ID type list, enter an IP address into this text box. Note that this text box will be hidden when you select Distin-

guished Name from the VPN ID type list.

Use the drop-down lists and text boxes from Country to Email to enter identifying information about the certificate holder. This information is used to build the Distinguished

Name, that is, the name of the entity whose public key the certificate identifies. This name contains a lot of personal information in the X.500 standard and is supposed to be unique

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across the Internet. If the certificate is for a road warrior connection, enter the name of the user in the Common name box. If the certificate is for a host, enter a hostname.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The certificate appears on the Certificates list.

To delete a certificate click the button Delete of the respective certificate.

Alternatively, to upload a certificate, proceed as follows:

On the Certificates tab, click New Certificate.

The Add Certificate dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this certificate.

Method: Select Upload.

File type: Select the file type of the certificate. You can upload certificates being one of the following types: l

PKCS#12 (Cert+CA): PKCS refers to a group of Public Key Cryptography Stand-

ards (PKCS) devised and published by RSA laboratories. The PKCS#12 file format is commonly used to store private keys with accompanying public key certificates protected with a container passphrase. You must know this container passphrase to upload files in this format.

PEM (Cert only): A Base64 encoded Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) file format with no password required.

File: Click the Folder icon next to the File box and select the certificate you want to upload.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The certificate appears on the Certificates list.

To delete a certificate click the button Delete of the respective certificate.

You can download the certificate either in PKCS#12 or as PEM format. The PEM file only contains the certificate itself, while the PKCS#12 file also contains the private key as well as the CA certificate with which it was signed.

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15.4 Certificate Management

15.4.2 Certificate Authority

On the Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management > Certificate Authority tab you can add new

Certificate Authorities to the unit. Generally speaking, a certificate authority or Certification

Authority (CA) is an entity which issues digital certificates for use by other parties. A CA attests that the public key contained in the certificate belongs to the person, organization, host, or other entity noted in the certificate by signing the certificate signing request with the private key of the

CA's own certificate. Such a CA is therefore called a signing CA.

On UTM, the signing CA was created automatically using the information you provided during the initial login to UTM. Thus, all certificates you create on the Certificates tab are self-signed certificates, meaning that the issuer and the subject are identical. However, you can alternatively import a signing CA by third-party vendors. In addition, to verify the authenticity of a host or user requesting an IPsec connection, you can also use alternative CA certificates whose private keys are unknown. Those CA certificates are called verification CAs and can be added on this tab as well.

Important Note – You can have multiple verification CAs on your system, but only one signing CA. So if you upload a new signing CA, the previously installed signing CA automatically becomes a verification CA.

To import a CA, proceed as follows:

On the Certificate Authority tab, click Import CA.

The Import CA dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this CA.

Type: Select the type of CA you are going to import. You can choose between verification CAs or signing CAs. A verification CA must be available in the PEM format, while a signing CA must be available in the PKCS#12 format.

CA Certificate: Click the Folder icon next to the CA Certificate box and select the certificate you want to import. Note that if you are to upload a new signing CA, you must enter the password with which the PKCS#12 container was secured.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

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Click Save.

The new CA certificate appears on the Certificate Authority list.

To delete a CA click the button Delete of the respective CA.

The signing CA can be downloaded in PKCS#12 format. You will then be prompted to enter a password, which will be used to secure the PKCS#12 container. In addition, verification CAs can be downloaded in PEM format.

15.4.3 Revocation Lists (CRLs)

A CRL is a list of certificates (more precisely, their serial numbers) which have been revoked, that is, are no longer valid, and should therefore not be relied upon. On the Site-to-site VPN >

Certificate Management > Revocation Lists (CRLs) tab you can upload the CRL that is deployed within your PKI.

To upload a CRL, proceed as follows:

On the Revocation Lists (CRLs) tab, click Upload CRL.

The Upload CRL dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this CRL.

CRL File: Click the Folder icon next to the CRL File box and select the CRL you want to upload.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new CRL appears on the list of revocation lists.

To delete a CRL click the button Delete of the respective CRL.

15.4.4 Advanced

On the Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management > Advanced tab you can re-generate the

VPN Signing CA that was created during the initial setup of the unit. The VPN Signing CA is the certificate authority with which digital certificates are signed that are used for remote access and site-to-site VPN connections. The old VPN signing CA will be kept as verification CA.

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15.4 Certificate Management

Re-generate Signing CA

You can renew all user certificates using the current signing CA. This becomes relevant once you have installed an alternative VPN Signing CA on the Certificate Authority tab.

Caution – The UTM and all user certificates will be re-generated using the new signing CA.

This will break certificate-based site-to-site and remote access VPN connections.

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16 Remote Access

This chapter describes how to configure remote access settings of Sophos UTM. Remote access using Sophos UTM is realized by means of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), which are a cost effective and secure way to provide remote users such as telecommuting employees access to the corporate network. VPNs use cryptographic tunneling protocols such as IPsec and PPTP to provide confidentiality and privacy of the data transmitted over them.

Cross Reference – More information on how to configure remote access VPN connections can be found in the Sophos Knowledgebase .

The UTM automatically generates necessary installation and configuration files for the respective remote access connection type. Those files can be downloaded directly from the User

Portal. However, only those files are available to a user that correspond to the connection types enabled for them, e.g., a user who has been enabled to use SSL remote access will find an SSL installation file only.

Note – You can download remote access configuration files of all or selected users on the

Definitions & Users > Users & Groups >

Users

tab.

The Remote Access Status page contains an overview of all online users.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Certificate Management

16.1 SSL

16 Remote Access

16.1 SSL

The remote access SSL feature of Sophos UTM is realized by OpenVPN, a full-featured SSL

VPN solution. It provides the ability to create point-to-point encrypted tunnels between remote employees and your company, requiring both SSL certificates and a username/password combination for authentication to enable access to internal resources. In addition, it offers a secure

User Portal, which can be accessed by each authorized user to download a customized SSL

VPN client software bundle. This bundle includes a free SSL VPN client, SSL certificates and a configuration that can be handled by a simple one-click installation procedure. This SSL VPN client supports most business applications such as native Outlook, native Windows file sharing, and many more.

Cross Reference – More information on how to use the SSL VPN client can be found in the

Sophos Knowledgebase .

16.1.1 Profiles

On the Remote Access > SSL > Profiles tab you can create different profiles for remote access users defining basic settings for SSL VPN access.

To configure an SSL VPN profile, proceed as follows:

On the Profiles tab, click New Remote Access Profile.

The Add Remote Access Profile dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Profile name: Enter a descriptive name for this profile.

Users and groups: Select the users and user groups that should be able to use SSL

VPN remote access with this profile.

Local networks: Select the local network(s) that should be reachable to the selected

SSL clients through the VPN SSL tunnel.

Note – By default, the SSL VPN solution of Sophos UTM employs so-called split tunneling, that is, the process of allowing a remote VPN user to access a public network, for example, the Internet, at the same time that the user is allowed to access resources

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16.1 SSL on the VPN. However, split tunneling can be bypassed if you select Any in the Local net-

works field. Thus, all traffic will be routed through the VPN SSL tunnel. Whether users are allowed to access a public network then depends on your firewall configuration.

Automatic firewall rules: Select this option to automatically add firewall rules that allow traffic for this profile. The rules are added as soon as the profile is enabled, and they are removed when the profile is disabled. If you do not select this option, you need to specify appropriate firewall rules manually.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new profile appears on the Profiles list.

To either edit or delete a profile, click the corresponding buttons.

Note – The Remote Access menu of the

User Portal

is only available to users who are selected in the Users and groups box and for whom a user definition does exist on the UTM (see

Definitions & Users > Users & Groups >

Users

). Authorized users who have successfully

logged in to the User Portal find the SSL VPN client software bundle as well as a link to installation instructions, which are available at the Sophos Knowledgebase . Downloading may fail with some browsers on Android if the CA certificate is not installed or if the hostname does not match the common name in the portal certificate. In this case, the user needs to install the

CA certificate or try another browser.

Open Live Log

The OpenVPN Live Log logs remote access activities. Click the button to open the live log in a new window.

16.1.2 Settings

On the SSL > Settings tab you can configure the basic settings for SSL VPN server connections.

Note – This tab is identical for Site-to-site VPN > SSL and Remote Access > SSL. Changes applied here always affect both SSL configurations.

Server Settings

You can make the following settings for the SSL VPN connection:

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Protocol: Select the protocol to use. You can choose either TCP or UDP.

Port: You can change the port. The default port is 443. You cannot use port 10443, the

SUM Gateway Manager port 4422, or the port used by the WebAdmin interface.

Virtual IP Pool

Duplicate CN

Select Allow Multiple Concurrent Connections Per User if you want to allow your users to connect from different IP addresses at the same time. When disabled, only one concurrent SSL

VPN connection is allowed per user.

16.1.3 Advanced

On the SSL > Advanced tab you can configure various advanced server options ranging from the cryptographic settings, through compression settings, to debug settings.

Note – This tab is identical for Site-to-site VPN > SSL and Remote Access > SSL. Changes applied here always affect both SSL configurations.

Cryptographic Settings

These settings control the encryption parameters for all SSL VPN remote access clients: l

Encryption Algorithm: The encryption algorithm specifies the algorithm used for encrypting the data sent through the VPN tunnel. The following algorithms are

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16.2 PPTP supported, which are all in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode: l

DES-EDE3-CBC

AES-128-CBC (128 bit) l

AES-192-CBC (192 bit) l

AES-256-CBC (256 bit) l

BF-CBC (Blowfish (128 bit)) l

Authentication Algorithm: The authentication algorithm specifies the algorithm used for checking the integrity of the data sent through the VPN tunnel. Supported algorithms are: l

MD5 (128 bit) l

SHA-1 (160 bit) l

Key Size: The key size (key length) is the length of the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. The longer this key is, the more secure the symmetric keys are. The length is specified in bits.

You can choose between a key size of 1024 or 2048 bits.

Server Certificate: Select a local SSL certificate to be used by the SSL VPN server to identify itself against the clients.

Key Lifetime: Enter a time period after which the key will expire. The default is 28,800 seconds.

Compression Settings

Compress SSL VPN Traffic: When enabled, all data sent through SSL VPN tunnels will be compressed prior to encryption.

Debug Settings

Enable Debug Mode: When enabling debug mode, the SSL VPN log file will contain extended information useful for debugging purposes.

16.2 PPTP

Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) allows single Internet-based hosts to access internal network services through an encrypted tunnel. PPTP is easy to configure and requires no special client software on Microsoft Windows systems.

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PPTP is included with versions of Microsoft Windows starting with Windows 95. In order to use

PPTP with Sophos UTM, the client computer must support the MSCHAPv2 authentication protocol. Windows 95 and 98 users must apply an update to their systems in order to support this protocol.

16.2.1 Global

To configure global PPTP options, proceed as follows:

On the Global tab, enable PPTP remote access.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Main Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Authentication via: Select the authentication mechanism. PPTP remote access only supports local and RADIUS authentication.

Local: If you select Local, specify the users and user groups who should be able to use PPTP remote access. It is not possible to drag backend user groups into the field. Until a user account has been specified, PPTP remote access cannot be activated.

Note – Username and password of the selected users may only contain ASCII printable characters

Note – Similar to SSL VPN, the Remote Access menu of the User Portal is only available to users who are selected in the Users and groups box and for whom a user definition does exist on the UTM. Authorized users who have successfully logged in to the User Portal will find a link to installation instructions, which are available at the Sophos Knowledgebase .

RADIUS: RADIUS can only be selected if a RADIUS server has been previously configured. With this authentication method users will be authenticated against an external RADIUS server that can be configured on the Definitions & Users >

Authentication Servers >

Servers

tab. The Users and Groups dialog box will be grayed out. However, its settings can still be changed, which has no effect. The

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters

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16.2 PPTP

RADIUS server must support MSCHAPv2 challenge-response authentication.

The server can pass back parameters such as the client's IP address and

DNS/WINS server addresses. The PPTP module sends the following string as

NAS-ID to the RADIUS server: pptp. Note that when RADIUS authentication is selected, local users cannot be authenticated with PPTP anymore. Note further that clients must support MSCHAPv2 authentication as well.

Assign IP addresses by: IP addresses can be either assigned from a predefined IP address pool or distributed automatically by means of a DHCP server: l

IP Address Pool: Select this option if you want to assign IP addresses from a certain IP range to the clients gaining remote access through PPTP. By default, addresses from the private IP space 10.242.1.0/24 are assigned. This network definition is called the VPN Pool (PPTP) and can be used in all network-specific configuration options. If you want to use a different network, simply change the definition of the VPN Pool (PPTP) on the Definitions & Users > Network Definitions page. Alternatively, you can create another IP address pool by clicking the Plus icon next to the Pool network text box.

DHCP Server: If you select DHCP Server, also specify the network interface through which the DHCP server is connected. The DHCP server does not have to be directly connected to the interface—it can also be accessed through a router.

Note that the local DHCP server is not supported; the DHCP server selected here must be running on a physically different system.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Live Log

The PPTP Daemon Live Log logs all PPTP remote access activities. Click the button to open the live log in a new window.

16.2.2 iOS Devices

You can enable that iOS device users are offered automatic PPTP configuration in the User

Portal.

However, only users that have been added to the Users and groups box on the Global tab will find configuration files on their User Portal site. The iOS device status is enabled by default.

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Connection name: Enter a descriptive name for the PPTP connection so that iOS device users may identify the connection they are going to establish. The default name is your company name followed by the protocol PPTP.

Note – Connection Name must be unique among all iOS device connection settings (PPTP,

L2TP over IPsec, Cisco VPN Client).

Override hostname: In case the system hostname cannot be publicly resolved by the client, you can enter a server hostname here that overrides the internal preference of the DynDNS

Hostname before the System DNS Hostname.

To disable automatic iOS device configuration, click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns gray.

16.2.3 Advanced

On the Remote Access > PPTP > Advanced tab you can configure the encryption strength and the amount of debug output with regard to PPTP remote access. Note that advanced PPTP options can only be configured if PPTP remote access status is enabled on the Global tab.

Encryption Strength

You can choose between strong (128-bit) and weak (40-bit) tunnel encryption (MPPE). Do not use weak encryption unless you have endpoints that do not support 128-bit encryption.

Debug Mode

Enable Debug Mode: This option controls how much debug output is generated in the PPTP log. Select this option if you encounter connection problems and need detailed information about the negotiation of client parameters, for example.

16.3 L2TP over IPsec

L2TP, short for Layer Two (2) Tunneling Protocol, is a data link layer (layer 2 of the OSI model) protocol for tunneling network traffic between two peers over an existing network (usually the

Internet), better known as VPNs. Because of the lack of confidentiality inherent in the L2TP protocol, it is often combined with IPsec, which provides confidentiality, authentication, and integrity. The combination of these two protocols is also known as L2TP over IPsec. L2TP over IPsec

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16.3 L2TP over IPsec allows you, while providing the same functions as PPTP, to give individual hosts access to your network through an encrypted IPsec tunnel.

16.3.1 Global

On the L2TP over IPsec > Global tab you can configure basic options for setting up remote access via L2TPover IPsec.

To use L2TP over IPsec, proceed as follows:

On the Global tab enable L2TP over IPsec.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Server Settings and IP Address Assignment area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Interface: Select the network interface to be used for L2TP VPN access.

Authentication mode: You can choose between the following authentication modes: l

Preshared key: Enter a password which is subsequently used as preshared key.

The Preshared Key method makes use of a shared secret that is exchanged by the communicating parties prior to the communication taking place. To communicate, both parties prove that they know the secret. The shared secret is a secure phrase or password that is used to encrypt the traffic using the encryption algorithm for L2TP. For best security, you should take appropriate measures to increase the strength of the shared secret. The security of a shared secret depends on the quality of the password and how securely it has been transmitted.

Passwords consisting of common words are extremely vulnerable to dictionary attacks. For that reason, the shared secret should be quite long and contain a variety of letters, capital letters, and numbers. Consequently, using a preshared secret as an authentication method should be replaced by certificates whenever possible.

Note – If you want to enable access for iOS devices you need to select Pre-

shared Key because iOS devices only support PSK authentication.

X.509 CA check: X.509 certificates ease the process of exchanging public authentication keys in large VPN setups with a lot of participants. A so-called CA

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gathers and checks the public keys of the VPN endpoints and issues a certificate for each member. The certificate contains the peer's identity along with its public key. Because the certificate is digitally signed, no one else can issue a forged certificate without being detected.

During the key exchange, certificates are exchanged and verified using locally stored CA public keys. The actual authentication of the VPN endpoints is then done by using public and private keys. If you want to use this authentication mode, select an X.509 certificate.

Note that for X.509 authentication to work, you need to have a valid CA configured on the Remote Access > Certificate Management >

Certificate Authority

tab.

Assign IP addresses by: IP addresses can be either assigned from a predefined IP address pool or distributed automatically by means of a DHCP server: l

Pool network: By default, IP Address Pool is selected as IP address assignment, having the pre-defined VPN Pool (L2TP) network definition selected as the Pool

Network. The VPN Pool (L2TP) is a randomly generated network from the

10.x.x.x

IP address space for private Internets, using a class C subnet. It is normally not necessary to ever change this, as it ensures that the users have a dedicated pool of addresses to make connections from. If you want to use a different network, you can simply change the definition of the VPN Pool (L2TP), or assign another network as IP address pool here.

Note – If you use private IP addresses for your L2TP VPN Pool and you want

IPsec hosts to be allowed to access the Internet, appropriate masquerading or

NAT rules must be in place for the IP address pool.

Note that the local DHCP server is not supported; the DHCP server selected here must be running on a physically different system.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To cancel the configuration, click the amber colored toggle switch.

Access Control

Authentication via: L2TP remote access only supports local and RADIUS authentication.

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16.3 L2TP over IPsec l

Local: If you select Local, specify the users and user groups who should be able to use

L2TP remote access. It is not possible to drag backend user groups into the field. For local users you need to add users in the usual way and enable L2TP for them. If no users or groups are selected, L2TP remote access is turned off.

Note – Username and password of the selected users may only contain ASCII printable characters

Note – Similar to SSLVPN the Remote Access menu of the User Portal is only available to users who are selected in the Users and groups box and for whom a user definition does exist on the UTM. Depending on the authentication mode, authorized users who have successfully logged in to the User Portal find the IPsec pre-shared key (authentication mode Preshared key) or the PKCS#12 file (authentication mode X.509 CA

Check) as well as a link to installation instructions, which are available at the Sophos

Knowledgebase ).

RADIUS: If you select RADIUS, the authentication requests are forwarded to the

RADIUS server. The L2TP module sends the following string as NAS-ID to the RADIUS server: l2tp.

The authentication algorithm gets automatically negotiated between client and server. For local users, Sophos UTM supports the following authentication protocols: l

MSCHAPv2 l

PAP

By default, a Windows client negotiates MSCHAPv2.

For RADIUS users, Sophos UTM supports the following authentication protocols: l

MSCHAPv2 l

MSCHAP l

CHAP l

PAP

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII#ASCII_printable_characters

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16.3.2 iOS Devices

You can enable that iOS device users are offered automatic L2TP over IPsec configuration in the User Portal.

However, only users that have been added to the Users and groups box on the Global tab will find configuration files on their User Portal site. The iOS device status is enabled by default.

Connection name: Enter a descriptive name for the L2TP over IPsec connection so that iOS device users may identify the connection they are going to establish. The default name is your company name followed by the protocol L2TP over IPsec.

Note – Connection Name must be unique among all iOS device connection settings (PPTP,

L2TP over IPsec, Cisco VPN Client).

Override hostname: In case the system hostname cannot be publicly resolved by the client, you can enter a server hostname here that overrides the internal preference of the DynDNS

Hostname before the System DNS Hostname.

To disable automatic iOS device configuration, click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns gray.

16.3.3 Debug

IKE Debugging

In the IKE Debugging section you can configure IKE debug options. Select the checkboxes for which types of IKE messages or communication you want to create debug output.

Note – The IKE Debugging section is identical across the Debug tabs of the menus Site-to-

site VPN IPsec, Remote Access IPsec, L2TP over IPsec and Cisco VPN Client.

The following flags can be logged: l

Control Flow: Displays control messages of IKE state l

Outbound packets: Displays content of outgoing IKE messages l

Inbound packets: Displays content of incoming IKE messages

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16.4 IPsec l

Kernel messaging: Displays communication messages with the Kernel l

High availability: Displays communication with other HA nodes

L2TP Debugging

If Enable debug mode is selected, the IPsec VPN log file will contain extended information about

L2TP or PPP connection negotiation.

16.4 IPsec

IP Security (IPsec) is a standard for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by encrypting and/or authenticating all IP packets.

The IPsec standard defines two service modes and two protocols: l

Transport mode l

Tunnel mode l

Authentication Header (AH) authentication protocol l

Encapsulated Security Payload (ESP) encryption (and authentication) protocol

IPsec also offers methods for manual and automatic management of Security Associations

(SAs) as well as key distribution. These characteristics are consolidated in a Domain of Inter-

pretation (DOI).

IPsec Modes

IPsec can work in either transport mode or tunnel mode. In principle, a host-to-host connection can use either mode. If, however, one of the endpoints is a security gateway, the tunnel mode must be used. The IPsec VPN connections on this UTM always use the tunnel mode.

In transport mode, the original IP packet is not encapsulated in another packet. The original IP header is retained, and the rest of the packet is sent either in clear text (AH) or encrypted

(ESP). Either the complete packet can be authenticated with AH, or the payload can be encrypted and authenticated using ESP. In both cases, the original header is sent over the WAN in clear text.

In tunnel mode, the complete packet—header and payload—is encapsulated in a new IP packet. An IP header is added to the IP packet, with the destination address set to the receiving

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tunnel endpoint. The IP addresses of the encapsulated packets remain unchanged. The original packet is then authenticated with AH or encrypted and authenticated using ESP.

IPsec Protocols

IPsec uses two protocols to communicate securely on the IP level.

Authentication Header (AH): A protocol for the authentication of packet senders and for ensuring the integrity of packet data.

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP): A protocol for encrypting the entire packet and for the authentication of its contents.

Authentication Code (HMAC) in connection with a key. One of the following hashing algorithms will be used: l

The Secure Hash (SHA-1): This algorithm generates a hash similar to that of MD5, though the SHA-1 hash is 160 bits long. SHA-1 is more secure than MD5, due to its longer key.

For ESP with encryption normally the following algorithms are used: l

Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) l

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

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Of these, AES offers the highest standard of security. The effective key lengths that can be used with AES are 128, 192 and 256 bits. Sophos UTM supports a number of encryption algorithms.

Either the MD5 or SHA-1 algorithms can be used for authentication.

NAT Traversal (NAT-T)

If road warriors want to use NAT traversal, their corresponding user object in WebAdmin must have a static remote access IP address (RAS address) set (see also Use Static Remote Access

IP on the

Users

page in WebAdmin).

TOS

Type of Service bits (TOS bits) are several four-bit flags in the IP header. These bits are referred to as Type of Service bits because they allow the transferring application to tell the network which type of service quality is necessary.

With the IPsec implementation of Sophos UTM the TOS value is always copied.

16.4.1 Connections

On the IPsec > Connections tab you can create and edit IPsec connections.

To create an IPsec connection, proceed as follows:

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On the Connections tab, click New IPsec Remote Access Rule.

The Add IPsec Remote Access Rule dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this connection.

Interface: Select the name of the interface which is used as the local endpoint of the

IPsec tunnel.

Local networks: Select the local networks that should be reachable through the VPN tunnel.

Virtual IP pool: The IP address pool where clients get an IP address assigned from in case they do not have a static IP address. The default pool is VPN Pool (IPsec) which comprises the private IP space 10.242.4.0/24. You can, however, select or create a different IP address pool.

Policy: Select the IPsec policy for this IPsec connection. IPsec policies can be defined on the Remote Access > IPsec > Policies tab.

Authentication type: Select the authentication type for this remote gateway definition.

The following types are available: l

X.509 certificate: The X.509 Certificate authentication scheme uses public keys and private keys. An X.509 certificate contains the public key together with information identifying the owner of the key. Such certificates are signed and issued by a trusted Certificate Authority (CA). Once selected, specify the users that should be allowed to use this IPsec connection. It is not possible to drag backend user groups into the Allowed users field. Unless you select the checkbox Automatic firewall

rules, you need to specify appropriate firewall rules manually in the Network Pro-

tection menu.

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Note – The User Portal can only be accessed by users who are selected in the

Allowed users box and for whom a user definition does exist on the UTM. Authorized users who have successfully logged in to the User Portal find the Sophos

IPsec Client (SIC), its configuration file, the PKCS#12 file as well as a link to installation instructions, which are available at the Sophos Knowledgebase .

CA DN match: This authentication type uses a match of the Distinguished Name

(DN) of CA certificates to verify the keys of the VPN endpoints. Once selected, select an Authority and choose a DN mask that matches the DNs of remote access clients. Now select or add a Peer Subnet Range. Clients are only allowed to connect if the DN mask matches the one in their certificate.

Enable XAUTH (optional): Extended authentication should be enabled to require authentication of users against configured backends.

Automatic firewall rules (optional): This option is only available with the authentication type X.509 Certificate. By selecting this option you can automatically add firewall rules that allow traffic for this connection. The rules are added as soon as the connection is enabled, and they are removed when the connection is disabled.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new remote access rule appears on the Connections list.

To either edit or delete a remote access rule, click the corresponding buttons.

16.4.2 Policies

On the Remote Access > IPsec > Policies tab you can customize parameters for IPsec connections and unite them into a policy. An IPsec policy defines IKE (Internet Key Exchange) and

IPsec proposal parameters of an IPsec connection. Note that each IPsec connection needs an

IPsec policy.

Note – Sophos UTM only supports the main mode in IKE phase 1. The aggressive mode is not supported.

To create an IPsec policy, proceed as follows:

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On the Policy tab, click New IPsec Policy.

The Add IPsec Policy dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this policy.

IKE encryption algorithm: The encryption algorithm specifies the algorithm used for encrypting the IKE messages. Supported algorithms are: l

DES (56 bit) l

3DES (168 bit) l

AES 128 (128 bit) l

AES 192 (192 bit) l

AES 256 (256 bit) l

Blowfish (128 bit) l

Twofish (128 bit) l

Serpent (128 bit)

Security Note – We strongly recommend against using DES, as it is a weak algorithm, and therefore represents a potential vulnerability.

IKE authentication algorithm: The authentication algorithm specifies the algorithm used for integrity checking of the IKE messages. Supported algorithms are: l

MD5 (128 bit) l

SHA1 (160 bit) l

SHA2 256 (256 bit) l

SHA2 384 (384 bit) l

SHA2 512 (512 bit)

IKE SA lifetime: This value specifies the timeframe in seconds for which the IKE SA

(security association) is valid and when the next rekeying should take place. Valid values are between 60 sec and 28800 sec (8 hrs). The default value is 7800 seconds.

IKE DH group: When negotiating a connection, the communicating parties also settle the actual keys used to encrypt the data. In order to generate a session key, IKE uses the

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Diffie-Hellman algorithm. As a consequence, more pool bits mean more security but also the consumption of more CPU resources. Currently, the following Diffie-Hellman groups are supported: l

Group 1: MODP 768

Group 2: MODP 1024

Group 5: MODP 1536

Group 14: MODP 2048

Group 15: MODP 3072

Group 16: MODP 4096

Security Note – Group 1 (MODP 768) is considered weak and only supported for interoperability reasons. We strongly recommend against using it, as it represents a potential vulnerability.

IPsec encryption algorithm: The same encryption algorithms as for IKE. Additionally there are the following entries: l

No encryption (null)

AES 128 CTR (128 bit) l

AES 192 CTR (192 bit) l

AES 256 CTR (256 bit) l

AES 128 GCM (96 bit)

AES 192 GCM (96 bit)

AES 256 GCM (96 bit)

AES 128 GCM (128 bit)

AES 192 GCM (128 bit)

AES 256 GCM (128 bit)

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Security Note – We strongly recommend against using no encryption or DES, as this represents a potential vulnerability.

IPsec authentication algorithm: The same authentication algorithms as for IKE. Additionally there are the following algorithms: l

SHA2 256 (96 bit) l

SHA2 384 (96 bit) l

SHA2 512 (96 bit)

IPsec PFS group: Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) refers to the notion that if a session key is compromised, it will permit access only to data of this specific session. In order for

PFS to exist, the key used to protect the IPsec SA must not be derived from random keying material used to get the keys for the IKE SA. Therefore, PFS initiates a second Diffie-

Hellman key exchange proposing the selected DH group for the IPsec connection to get a new randomly generated key. Supported Diffie-Hellman groups are the same as for

IKE.

Enabling PFS is considered to be more secure, but it takes also more time for the exchange. It is not recommended to use PFS on slow hardware.

Note – PFS is not fully interoperable with all vendors. If you notice problems during the negotiation, you might consider disabling PFS.

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16.4 IPsec wants to connect with AES-128; with the strict policy option enabled, the connection would be rejected.

Note – The compression setting will not be enforced via Strict policy.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new policy appears on the Policies list.

To either edit or delete a policy, click the corresponding buttons.

16.4.3 Advanced

On the Remote Access > IPsec > Advanced tab you can configure advanced options of IPsec

VPN. Depending on your preferred authentication type, you can define the local certificate (for

X.509 authentication) and the local RSA key (for RSA authentication), among other things.

Note that this should only be done by experienced users.

Local X.509 Certificate

You can only select certificates where the appropriate private key is present, other certificates are not available in the drop-down list.

If there is no certificate available for selection, you have to add one in the Certificate Man-

agement menu, either by creating a new one or by importing one using the upload function.

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Once an active key/certificate is selected, it is displayed in the Local X.509 Certificate area.

Dead Peer Detection (DPD)

NAT Traversal (NAT-T)

Use NAT Traversal: Select to enable that IPsec traffic can pass upstream systems which use

Network Address Translation (NAT). Additionally, you can define the keepalive interval for NAT traversal. Click Apply to save your settings.

CRL Handling

After the expiration of these periods the certificate will no longer be valid and must therefore not be maintained in the block list.

CRL distribution server can be accessed.

Strict Policy: If this option is enabled, any partner certificate without a corresponding CRL will be rejected.

Preshared Key Probing

For IPsec connections using the respond-only mode you can decide to use different preshared keys (PSK) for each IPsec connection.

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16.5 HTML5 VPN Portal

Enable probing of preshared keys: Select the checkbox to enable this option. This will affect L2TP-over-IPsec, remote access IPsec, and VPN IPsec connections.

16.4.4 Debug

IKE Debugging

In the IKE Debugging section you can configure IKE debug options. Select the checkboxes for which types of IKE messages or communication you want to create debug output.

Note – The IKE Debugging section is identical across the Debug tabs of the menus Site-to-

site VPN IPsec, Remote Access IPsec, L2TP over IPsec and Cisco VPN Client.

The following flags can be logged: l

Control Flow: Displays control messages of IKE state l

Outbound packets: Displays content of outgoing IKE messages l

Inbound packets: Displays content of incoming IKE messages l

Kernel messaging: Displays communication messages with the Kernel l

High availability: Displays communication with other HA nodes

16.5 HTML5 VPN Portal

The HTML5 VPN Portal feature enables users from external networks to access internal resources via pre-configured connection types, using only a browser as a client, without installing plug-ins. To do so, the user logs into the User Portal of the UTM where on the HTML5

VPN Portal tab a list of all connections available to this user is shown. Clicking on the Connect button initiates the connection to the defined internal resource. As an administrator you have to generate these connections beforehand, specifying the allowed users, the connection type and other settings. Internal resources can be accessed using different connection types: either

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) or Virtual Network Computing (VNC) to access remote desktops, a browser to use web applications (HTTP/HTTPS), or Telnet/Secure Shell (SSH) for terminal sessions. However, the HTML5 VPN Portal does not permit to download content, e.g.

via HTTP, to the user's local computer.

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Using this feature it is possible to give multiple users access to internal resources which do not support multi-user access themselves (e.g., network hardware like switches) or easily provide very granular access to just one specific service instead of giving access to entire systems or networks.

Examples: l

Give access to telephone service company to maintain your telephone system.

Give access to a specific internal website, e.g., intranet.

Note – The user's browser has to be HTML5-compliant. The following browsers support the

HTML5 VPN feature: Firefox 6.0 onwards, Internet Explorer 10 onwards, Chrome, Safari 5 onwards (on MAC only).

16.5.1 Global

On the Remote Access > HTML5 VPN Portal > Global tab you can activate the HTML5 VPN

Portal and manage the respective VPN Portal connections. For the allowed users, the enabled connections are available on the HTML5 VPN Portal tab of the User Portal.

To activate the HTML5 VPN Portal and create a new HTML5 VPN connection, proceed as follows:

Enable the HTML5 VPN Portal.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns green and the elements on the page become editable. All existing, enabled connections will now be visible in the User Portal of the allowed users.

Click the New HTML5 VPN Portal Connection button.

The Add HTML5 VPN Portal Connection dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for this connection.

Connection type: Select the connection type. Depending on the selected connection type, different parameters are displayed. The following types are available: l

Remote Desktop: Remote access using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), e.g., to open a remote desktop session to a Windows host.

Webapp (HTTP): Browser-based access to web applications via HTTP.

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16.5 HTML5 VPN Portal l

Webapp (HTTPS): Browser-based access to web applications via HTTPS.

Note – The URL used for the HTTP/HTTPS connection is composed of the

Destination, the Port and the Path options for this connection. The web application has to be compatible with Mozilla Firefox (version 6.0 onwards).

Telnet: Terminal access using the Telnet protocol, e.g., to give access to a switch or a printer.

SSH: Terminal access using SSH.

VNC: Remote access using Virtual Network Computing (VNC), e.g., to open a remote desktop of a Linux/Unix host.

Note – Currently only VNC classic authentication (password only) is supported.

Make sure your server is set up accordingly.

Destination: Add the host which allowed users should be able to connect to.

Note – If the selected destination host supplies a self-signed certificate, make sure that the CN (Common Name) of the certificate matches your destination hostname. Otherwise the user will get a certificate warning in the portal browser. If you e.g. use a DNS host www.mydomain.com, make sure that the self-signed certificate contains this name. If you use a host instead of a DNS host, make sure that the self-signed certificate contains the host's IP address as a Subject Alternative Name.

Path (only with connection types Webapp): Enter the path which allowed users should be able to connect to.

Username (only with connection type SSH): Enter the username the user should use to connect.

Automatic login/Automatic login (Basic Auth): If enabled, users can log in without knowing the authentication data. In this case, you have to provide the authentication data. The displayed options depend on the selected connection type:

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Username: Enter the username users should use to connect.

Password: Enter the password users should use to connect.

Note – When using the connection type Telnet, for security reasons automatic login only works when the banner length sent from the Telnet server does not exceed 4096 characters (including the password prompt). If the banner is longer, automatic login fails. In this case reduce the banner length or switch to manual login.

Authentication method (only with connection type SSH): Select the SSH authentication method. You can either provide the Password for the selected username or add the Private SSH key for the SSH connection.

SSL host certificate (only with connection type HTTPS): Add the SSL host security certificate to identify the destination host.

SSL certificate: Click the Fetch button to automatically add the certificate of the selected destination host.

Public host key (only with connection type SSH): Add the public key of the SSH host.

SSH public key: Click the Fetch button to automatically retrieve the SSH public key of the selected destination host.

Allowed users (User Portal): Add the users or groups that should be allowed to use the VPN Portal connection. By default, only one user can use a connection at the same time. If you want the users to share a session simultaneously, select the Shared session checkbox in the Advanced section.

Note – When you add a group with backend membership, make sure that the group is also allowed for the User Portal. On the Management > User Portal >

Global

tab, either select Allow all users or Allow only specific users and explicitly add the group. If you only allow individual group members for the User Portal, they will not be provided the connections allowed for the group.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Optionally, make the following advanced settings:

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Port: Enter a port number for the connection. By default the standard port of the selected connection type is selected.

Protocol security (only with connection type Remote Desktop): Select the security protocol for the Remote Desktop session. You can choose between RDP, TLS and NLA

(Network Level Authentication). Your settings have to comply with the server settings.

NLA requires to enable Automatic login above.

Share session: Select this option to allow users to use the connection simultaneously and see the same screen.

Allow external resources (only with connection types Webapp (HTTP/S)): Enter additional resources that are allowed to be accessed via this connection. This is useful if for example images or other resources are stored on a different server than the webpage itself. For the selected host(s) or network ranges port 80 and 443 will be allowed.

Click Save.

The new connection appears on the Connections list.

Enable the connection.

Click the toggle switch to activate the connection.

The connection is now available for the allowed users. It is located on the HTML5 VPN

Portal tab of the User Portal.

To either edit or delete a connection, click the corresponding buttons.

16.6 Cisco VPN Client

Sophos UTM supports IPsec remote access via Cisco VPN Client. The Cisco VPN Client is an executable program from Cisco Systems that allows computers to connect remotely to a Virtual

Private Network (VPN) in a secure way.

16.6.1 Global

On the Remote Access > Cisco VPN Client > Global tab you can configure basic options for setting up remote access via Cisco VPN Client.

To configure Sophos UTM to allow Cisco VPN Client connections, proceed as follows:

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On the Global tab enable Cisco VPN Client.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Server Settings area becomes editable.

Make the following settings:

Interface: Select an interface to be used for Cisco VPN Client connections.

Server certificate: Select the certificate with which the server identifies itself to the client.

Pool network: Select a network pool to choose virtual network addresses from to assign them to connecting clients. By default VPN Pool (Cisco) is selected.

Users and groups: Select users and/or groups that are allowed to connect to the UTM via Cisco VPN Client. However, it is not possible to drag backend membership groups into the box because a user certificate is needed at IPsec configuration time but the certificate is only generated when a user successfully logs in for the first time.

Local networks: Select the local networks that should be reachable through the VPN tunnel.

Automatic firewall rules (optional): By selecting this option you can automatically add firewall rules that allow traffic for this connection. The rules are added as soon as the connection is enabled, and they are removed when the connection is disabled.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Live Log

Use the live log to track connection logs of the IPsec IKE daemon log. It shows information on establishing, upkeeping, and closing connections.

16.6.2 iOS Devices

You can enable that iOS device users are offered automatic Cisco IPsec configuration in the

User Portal.

However, only users that have been added to the Users and groups box on the Global tab will find configuration files on their User Portal site. The iOS device status is enabled by default.

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16.6 Cisco VPN Client

Connection name: Enter a descriptive name for the Cisco IPsec connection so that iOS device users may identify the connection they are going to establish. The default name is your company name followed by the protocol Cisco IPsec.

Note – Connection Name must be unique among all iOS device connection settings (PPTP,

L2TP over IPsec, Cisco VPN Client).

Override hostname: In case the system hostname cannot be publicly resolved by the client, you can enter a server hostname here that overrides the internal preference of the DynDNS

Hostname before the System DNS Hostname.

Establish VPN connection on demand: Select this option to automatically initiate a VPN connection whenever the location matches one of the hostnames or domains listed in the box.

Match domain or host: Enter the domains or hostnames for which you want to establish VPN connections on demand. This could be your local intranet, for example.

Establish only when DNS lookup fails: By default, the VPN connection is only established after a DNS lookup has failed. If unselected, the VPN connection is established regardless of whether the hostname can be resolved or not.

Note that connecting iOS devices get presented the server certificate specified on the Global tab. The iOS device checks whether the VPN ID of this certificate corresponds to the server hostname and refuses to connect if they differ. If the server certificate uses Distinguished Name as

VPN ID Type it compares the server hostname with the Common Name field instead. You need to make sure the server certificate fulfills these constraints.

To disable automatic iOS device configuration, click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns gray.

16.6.3 Debug

IKE Debugging

In the IKE Debugging section you can configure IKE debug options. Select the checkboxes for which types of IKE messages or communication you want to create debug output.

Note – The IKE Debugging section is identical across the Debug tabs of the menus Site-to-

site VPN IPsec, Remote Access IPsec, L2TP over IPsec and Cisco VPN Client.

The following flags can be logged:

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Control Flow: Displays control messages of IKE state l

Outbound packets: Displays content of outgoing IKE messages l

Inbound packets: Displays content of incoming IKE messages l

Kernel messaging: Displays communication messages with the Kernel l

High availability: Displays communication with other HA nodes

16.7 Advanced

On the Remote Access > Advanced page you can make the advanced configurations for remote access clients. The IP addresses of the DNS and WINS servers you enter here are provided for the use of remote access clients while establishing a connection to the gateway, thus providing full name resolution for your domain.

DNS Server: Specify up to two DNS servers of your organization.

WINS Server: Specify up to two WINS servers of your organization. Windows Internet Naming

Service (WINS) is Microsoft's implementation of NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) on Windows operating systems. Effectively, WINS is to NetBIOS names what DNS is to domain names—a central mapping of hostnames to IP addresses.

Domain Name: Enter the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of your organization. The fully qualified domain name is an unambiguous domain name that specifies the node's absolute position in the DNS tree hierarchy, for example intranet.example.com.

Note – For PPTP and L2TP over IPsec the domain name cannot be distributed automatically, but needs to be configured on the client side.

With iOS devices using Cisco VPN Client, the DNS servers specified above are only used to resolve hosts that belong to the specified domain.

16.8 Certificate Management

Using the Remote Access > Certificate Management menu, which contains the same configuration options as the Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management menu, you can manage all certificate-related operations of Sophos UTM. This includes creating or importing X.509 certificates as well as uploading so-called Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs), among other things.

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16.8 Certificate Management

16.8.1 Certificates

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Certificates

16.8.2 Certificate Authority

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Certificate Authority

16.8.3 Revocation Lists (CRLs)

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Revocation Lists (CRLs)

16.8.4 Advanced

See Site-to-site VPN > Certificate Management >

Advanced

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17 Logging & Reporting

This chapter describes the logging and reporting functionality of Sophos UTM.

Sophos UTM provides extensive logging capabilities by continuously recording various system and network protection events. The detailed audit trail provides both historical and current analysis of various network activities to help identify potential security threats or to troubleshoot occurring problems.

The reporting function of Sophos UTM provides real-time information of its managed devices by collecting current log data and presenting it in a graphical format.

The Log Partition Status page in WebAdmin shows the status of the log partition of your Sophos

UTM unit, including information about the disk space left and fillup rate as well as a four-week histogram of the log partition utilization. As the fillup rate is the difference between the measurement point and the starting point divided by the time elapsed, the value is somewhat inaccurate in the beginning but becomes more precise the longer the system is up.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

17 Logging & Reporting

Reporting Charts

Sophos UTM displays reporting data in line charts and pie charts. Due to their interactivity, those charts allow a fine-grained access to information.

Line Charts

Interacting with line charts is easy: When hovering the mouse cursor on a chart a big dot will appear, which gives detailed information of this part of the chart. The dot is clung to the line of the chart. As you move the mouse cursor the dot follows. In case a chart has several lines, the dot switches between them according to where you move the mouse cursor. Additionally, the dot changes its color depending on which line its information refer to, which is especially useful with lines running close to each other.

Figure 27 Reporting: Example of a Line Chart

Pie Charts

Similar to line charts, you can interact with pie charts: Direct the mouse cursor to a piece of a pie chart. This piece will immediately be extracted from the rest of the pie, the tooltip showing detailed information of the extracted piece.

Figure 28 Reporting: Example of a Pie Chart

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17.1 View Log Files

The Logging & Reporting > View Log Files menu offers the possibility to view different kind of log files and to search in log files.

17.1.1 Today's Log Files

On the Logging & Reporting > View Log Files > Today's Log Files tab all current logs can easily be accessed.

This tab provides various actions that can be applied to all log files. The following actions are available: l

Live Log: Opens a pop-up window allowing you to view the log file in real-time. New lines are added to the log file on the fly. If you select Autoscroll, the pop-up window will automatically scroll down to always display the most recent log. In addition, the pop-up window also contains a filter text box that allows you to limit the display of new logs to only those records that match the filter.

View: Opens a pop-up window that shows the log file in its current state.

Clear: Deletes the contents of the log file.

Using the drop-down list in the table footer, you can either download selected log files as a zip file or clear their contents simultaneously.

17.1.2 Archived Log Files

On the Logging & Reporting > View Log Files > Archived Log Files tab you can manage the log file archive. All log files are archived on a daily basis. To access an archived log file, select the subsystem of Sophos UTM for which logs are written as well as a year and month.

All available log files that match your selection will be displayed in chronological order. You can either view the archived log file or download it in zip file format.

Using the drop-down list in the table footer, you can either download selected log files as a zip file or delete them simultaneously.

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17.1.3 Search Log Files

The tab Logging & Reporting > View Log Files > Search Log Files enables you to search through your local log files for various time periods. First, select the log file you want to search through, then enter the search term and select the time range. If you select Custom Time

Frame from the Select Time Frame list, you can specify a start and end date. After clicking the

Start Search button, a popup window will open presenting the results of your query. Depending on your browser it may be necessary to allow pop-up windows for WebAdmin.

17.2 Hardware

The Logging & Reporting > Hardware menu provides overview statistics about the utilization of hardware components for several time periods.

17.2.1 Daily

The Hardware > Daily tab provides overview statistics about the following hardware components of the last 24 hours: l

CPU Usage l

Memory/Swap Usage l

Partition Usage

CPU Usage: The histogram displays the current processor utilization in percent.

Memory/Swap Usage: The utilization of memory and swap in percent. The swap usage heavily depends on your system configuration. The activation of system services such as Intrusion

Prevention or the proxy servers will result in a higher memory usage. If the system runs out of free memory, it will begin to use swap space, which decreases the overall performance of the system. The used swap space should be as low as possible. To achieve that, increase the total amount of memory available to your system.

Partition Usage: The utilization of selected partitions in percent. All charts show three graphs, each representing one hard disk drive partition: l

Root: The root partition is the partition where the root directory of Sophos UTM is located. In addition, this partition stores update packages and backups.

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17.3 Network Usage l

Log: The log partition is the partition where log files and reporting data is stored. If you run out of space on this partition, please adjust your settings under Logging & Reporting

> Log Settings >

Local Logging

Storage: The storage partition is the partition where proxy services store their data, for example images for the Web Filter, messages for the SMTP proxy, quarantined mails and the like. In addition, the database, temporary data, and configuration files are located there.

17.2.2 Weekly

The Hardware > Weekly tab provides overview statistics about selected hardware components for the last seven days. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.2.3 Monthly

The Hardware > Monthly tab provides overview statistics about selected hardware components for the last four weeks. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.2.4 Yearly

The Hardware > Yearly tab provides overview statistics about selected hardware components for the last twelve months. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.3 Network Usage

The tabs of the Logging & Reporting > Network Usage menu provide overview statistics about the traffic passing each interface of Sophos UTM for several time periods. Each chart presents its data using the following units of measurement: l u (Micro, 10

-6

) l m (Milli, 10

-3

) l k (Kilo, 10

) l

M (Mega, 10

) l

G (Giga, 10

)

Note that the scaling can range from 10

-18 to 10

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17.3.1 Daily

The Network Usage > Daily tab provides overview statistics about the traffic passing each configured interface of the last 24 hours.

Each histogram shows two graphs: l

Inbound: The average incoming traffic for that interface, in bits per second.

Outbound: The average outgoing traffic for that interface, in bits per second.

The Concurrent Connections chart shows you the total of concurrent connections.

17.3.2 Weekly

The Network Usage > Weekly tab provides overview statistics about the traffic passing each configured interface of the last seven days. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.3.3 Monthly

The Network Usage > Monthly tab provides overview statistics about the traffic passing each configured interface of the last four weeks. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.3.4 Yearly

The Network Usage > Yearly tab provides overview statistics about the traffic passing each configured interface of the last twelve months. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.3.5 Bandwidth Usage

The Network Usage > Bandwidth Usage tab presents comprehensive data about the network traffic which was transferred to/from and through the device.

From the first drop-down list, select the type of data to display, e.g., Top Clients or Top Services

By Client. Select the desired entry, and, if an additional box is displayed, specify the respective filter argument. Additionally, using the drop-down list below, you can filter the entries by time.

Always click Update to apply the filters.

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On the By Client and By Server views you can manually provide an IP/Network, as well as network ranges (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24 or 10/8). On the By Services views you can enter protocol and service, separated by comma (e.g., TCP,SMTP, UDP,6000). If you do not supply the protocol, TCP will be assumed (e.g. HTTP is also valid).

On the Top Clients and Top Servers views, if an IP or a hostname is clicked in the result table , it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Services By Client or Top Services By Server view. On the Top Services, Top Applications, and Top Application Categories views, if you click a service, an application, or an application category in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Clients by Service, Top Clients by Application, or Top Clients by Cat-

egory view.

Top Applications/Top Application Categories: If Application Control is turned off, network traffic will be displayed as "unclassified". If Application Control is active, network traffic will be displayed by type, e.g. "WebAdmin", "NTP", "facebook", etc. For more information on Application Control see chapter Web Protection >

Application Control

Please note that the labels IN and OUT for traffic may vary depending on the point of view.

When running in proxy mode, the client connects to port 8080 on UTM (even in transparent mode), so data sent by the client (the request) is seen as incoming traffic and the data sent to the client (the response) is seen as outgoing traffic on the internal interface.

By default, 20 entries per page are displayed. If there are more entries, you can jump forward and backward using the Forward and Backward icons, respectively. In the Number of rows drop-down list, you can increase the number of entries displayed per page.

You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers. For example, if you want to sort all hosts by incoming traffic, click on IN in the table heading. Thus, hosts causing the most incoming traffic will be listed first. Note that the data for traffic is given in kibibytes (KiB) and mebibytes

(MiB), both of which are base-2 units of computer storage (e.g., 1 kibibyte = 2

10 bytes = 1 024 bytes).

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

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17.4 Network Protection

The tabs of the Logging & Reporting > Network Protection menu provide overview statistics about relevant network protection events detected by Sophos UTM.

17.4.1 Daily

The Network Protection > Daily tab provides overview statistics about the following events of the last 24 hours: l

Firewall Violations l

Intrusion Prevention Statistics

Firewall Violations: Every data packet that is dropped or rejected is counted as a firewall violation. The number of firewall violations is calculated over a time span of five minutes.

Intrusion Prevention Statistics: All charts show two graphs: l

Alert Events: The number of data packets that triggered an intrusion alert.

Drop Events: The number of data packets that where dropped by the intrusion prevention system.

17.4.2 Weekly

The Network Protection > Weekly tab provides overview statistics about firewall violations and intrusion prevention events of the last seven days. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.4.3 Monthly

The Network Protection > Monthly tab provides overview statistics about firewall violations and intrusion prevention events of the last four weeks. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

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17.4.4 Yearly

The Network Protection > Yearly tab provides overview statistics about firewall violations and intrusion prevention events of the last twelve months. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.4.5 Firewall

The Network Protection > Firewall tab presents comprehensive data about the firewall activity, classified according to source IP, source hosts, number of received packets and number of services.

Note – Packets with a TTL less than or equal to one are dropped without being logged.

From the first drop-down list, select the type of data to display, e.g., Top Source Hosts or Top

Services By Destination. Select the desired entry, and, if an additional box is displayed, specify the respective filter argument. Additionally, using the drop-down list below, you can filter the entries by time. Always click Update to apply the filters.

On the By Source and By Destination views you can manually provide an IP/Network, as well as network ranges (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24 or 10/8). On the By Service views you can enter protocol and service, separated by comma (e.g., TCP,SMTP or UDP,6000).

On the Top Source Hosts and Top Destination Hosts views, if you click an IP or a hostname in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Services By Source or Top Ser-

vices By Destination view. On the Top Services view, if you click a service in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Source Host By Services view.

You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

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17.4.6 IPS

The Network Protection > IPS tab presents comprehensive data about intrusion prevention activities on your network.

From the first drop-down list, select the type of data to display, e.g., Top Source Hosts or Top

Destinations By Source. Select the desired entry, and, if an additional box is displayed, specify the respective filter argument. Additionally, using the drop-down list below, you can filter the entries by time. Always click Update to apply the filters.

On the By Source and By Destination views you can manually provide an IP/Network, as well as network ranges (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24 or 10/8). On the Top Source Hosts or Top Destin-

ations Hosts views, if you click an IP in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Destinations by Source or Top Sources by Destination view.

You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

17.5 Web Protection

The tabs of the Logging & Reporting > Web Protection menu provide overview statistics about the most active web users and most frequently visited websites.

17.5.1 Web Usage Report

The Logging & Reporting > Web Protection > Web Usage Report page is a mighty tool when you want to take a deeper look into your network traffic and your users' web usage. At a first glance, this page looks very complicated, but the best way to start is to use it and learn from the results.

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Page Structure

Header Bar

First there is the header bar which consists of the following elements: l

Home: This icon takes you back to the beginning, clear of any clicks or filters.

Forward/Backward: Use these icons to move back and forth along the history of your changes and settings. It works like in every web browser.

Available Reports: This drop-down list contains all available report types including, if existent, your saved reports. It is set to Sites by default. The result table of the Web

Usage Report page is directly dependent on this reporting type setting.

Note – When using filters and clicking through reports notice how the Available

Reports setting changes automatically. It always reflects the current reporting basis.

Standard: There are several report types available, see below for a detailed description.

Saved Web Reports: Here you can select saved web reports you created in the past.

Delete: Click this icon to delete a saved web report. Standard reports cannot be deleted.

Save: Click this icon to save a current view to be able to access this view easily in the future. It will be stored in the Available Reports drop-down list.

Filter Bar

Next there is the filter bar which consists of the following elements: l

Plus: Click this icon to create additional filters, see below for a detailed description.

Amount: Use the drop-down list to reduce the amount of results in the table. You can limit the results to the top 10, top 50, or top 100 results.

Time: Use the drop-down list to limit or expand the results in the table to certain time frames. The Custom timeframe allows you to specify your own timeframe.

Departments: Use the drop-down list to limit the results in the table to defined departments. Departments can be created on the Departments page.

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click the Send icon, a dialog window opens where you can enter one or more email recipients who should receive this report as well as a subject and a message before sending the data. You can also receive saved reports on a regular basis, see section Scheduled Reports for more information.

Results Table

Last, there is the results table. What you see here depends firstly on the selected report type

(always reflected at Available Reports list) and secondly on possibly defined filters.

Note – When anonymization is enabled, users are not displayed by their name or IP address but they appear enumerated instead.

Depending on the report type, the table provides different information:

Users Categories Sites Domains URLs

Traffic

Duration

Pages

Requests

User

Site

Categories*

Action*

Reason*

Info*

* = Those cells can be clicked to further drill-down information.

#: Position with regard to traffic caused.

Traffic: Size of traffic caused.

%: Percentage on overall traffic.

Duration: Time spent by user(s) on the website.

Pages: Number of pages requested.

Overrides

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Requests: Number of requests for a category, site, domain, or URL.

User: Name of the user who bypassed blocking. If anonymization is enabled, user_# is displayed.

Site: Site for which blocking was bypassed.

Categories: Shows all categories a URL belongs to. With more than one category, clicking the category opens a small dialog field to select one of the categories from before a filter is created based on that category.

Action: Displays whether the website has been delivered to the client (passed), whether it has been blocked by an application control rule, or whether a user gained access to a blocked page using the bypass blocking feature (overridden).

Reason: Displays why a website request has been blocked or overridden. Example: A user tries to download an msi file and there is an application control rule which prohibits file transfers, then the cell displays "msi" for reason. In case of an overridden page, the reason entered by the user is displayed.

Info: If available, this cell displays additional information to why a website request has been blocked, e.g. when a file download was blocked due to its extension then the cell says "extension".

Defining Filters

Filters are used to drill down the information displayed in the result table. They can be defined in two different ways: either by clicking the Plus icon in the Filter Bar or by clicking into the table.

Via Plus icon: After clicking the green Plus icon in the Filter Bar a small filter box with two fields is displayed. The first field, a drop-down list, lets you choose a report type, for example Category.

The second field lets you choose or enter a value for the selected report type, e.g. Adult Topics when Category is selected. Click Save to save the filter and at the same time apply it to the result table.

Via table: Clicking into the table opens a dialog window Reporting Direction if there is more than one report type available for the item you clicked. You need to select one of the presented options for filtering. After that the Reporting Direction window closes, the relevant filter is created and displayed in the Filter Bar. The results table now shows the newly filtered results.

Example: The default report of the Web Usage Report is Sites. In the results table you click on any row (e.g. amazon.com). The Reporting Direction window opens and gives you three options: either you want to see information on Domains for the site, on Users who visited the

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site, or on Categories the site belongs to. You see that several users visited amazon.com and you want to know more about this, so you click the Users box. The window closes. In the Header

Bar you see that the report type changed to Users and in the Filter Bar you see that the result table for Users is filtered by the site you selected (amazon.com). Therefore the table shows all users who visited that site and additionally information on their sessions.

Note – Sometimes it makes a difference where you click into a table row as some table cells provide their own filter (see the items with an asterisk (*) in the section Results Table above).

17.5.2 Search Engine Report

The Logging & Reporting > Web Protection > Search Engine Report page provides information on search engines used by your users and searches they made. At a first glance, this page looks very complicated, but the best way to start is to use it and learn from the results.

Page Structure

Header Bar

First there is the header bar which consists of the following elements: l

Home: This icon takes you back to the beginning, clear of any clicks or filters.

Forward/Backward: Use these icons to move back and forth along the history of your changes and settings. It works like in every web browser.

Available Reports: This drop-down list contains all available report types including, if existent, your saved reports. It is set to Searches by default. The result table of the

Search Engine Report page is directly dependent on this reporting type setting.

Note – When using filters and clicking through reports notice how the Available

Reports setting changes automatically. It always reflects the current reporting basis.

Standard: There are three report types available, see below for a detailed description.

Saved Search Engine Reports: Here you can select saved search engine reports you created in the past.

Delete: Click this icon to delete a saved search engine report. Standard reports cannot be deleted.

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17.5 Web Protection l

Save: Click this icon to save a current view to be able to access this view easily in the future. It will be stored in the Available Reports drop-down list.

Filter Bar

Next there is the filter bar which consists of the following elements: l

Plus: Click this icon to create additional filters, see below for a detailed description.

Amount: Use the drop-down list to reduce the amount of results in the table. You can limit the results to the top 10, top 50, or top 100 results.

Time: Use the drop-down list to limit or expand the results in the table to certain time frames. The Custom timeframe allows you to specify your own timeframe.

Departments: Use the drop-down list to limit the results in the table to defined departments. Departments can be created on the Departments page.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons on the right of the filter bar. The report is generated from the current view you have selected. Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon you can get a pie chart displayed above the table. If you click the Send icon, a dialog window opens where you can enter one or more email recipients who should receive this report as well as a subject and a message before sending the data. You can also receive saved reports on a regular basis, see section Scheduled Reports for more information.

Results Table

Last, there is the results table. What you see here depends firstly on the selected report type

(always reflected at Available Reports list) and secondly on possibly defined filters. The following report types are available: l

Searches: Displays the search terms your users used.

Search Engines: Displays the search engines your users used.

Users Searches: Displays the users who did searches.

Note – When anonymization is enabled, users are not displayed by their name or IP address but they appear enumerated instead.

For each report type, the table provides the following information:

#: Position with regard to frequency.

Requests: Number of requests for a search term, for a search engine, or by a user.

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%: Percentage on overall searches.

Defining Filters

Via Plus icon: After clicking the green Plus icon in the Filter Bar, a small filter box with two fields is displayed. The first field, a drop-down list, lets you choose a report type, for example Search

Engine. The second field lets you choose or enter a value for the selected report type, e.g.

Google (google.com) when Search Engine is selected. Click Save to save the filter and at the same time apply it to the result table.

Example: The default report of the Search Engine Report is Searches. In the results table you click on any row (e.g. weather). The Reporting Direction window opens and gives you two options: either you want to see information on the search engines used for the search (Search

Engines) or on users who searched for this term (Users Searches). You see that several users searched for weather and you want to know more about this, so you click the Users Searches box. The window closes. In the Header Bar you see that the report type changed to Users

Searches and in the Filter Bar you see that the result table for Users Searches is filtered by the search you selected (weather). Therefore the table shows all users who searched for weather and additionally information on those searches.

17.5.3 Departments

On the Logging & Reporting > Web Protection > Departments page you can group users or hosts and networks to virtual departments. Those departments can then be used to filter web usage reports or search engine reports.

To create a department, proceed as follows:

On the Departments tab, click Add Department.

The Add New Department dialog box opens.

Enter a name.

In the Name field, enter a descriptive name for the department.

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Add users or hosts/networks.

A department definition can only contain users or hosts/networks, not both types at the same time.

Users: Add one or more users to the box who should be part of this department.

Hosts/Networks: Add one or more hosts or networks to the box which should be part of this department.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

Click Save.

The new department appears on the Departments list.

To either edit, delete, or clone a department click the corresponding buttons.

For information on usage of departments please see sections Web Usage Report and Search

Engine Report.

17.5.4 Scheduled Reports

On the Logging & Reporting > Web Protection > Scheduled Reports page you define which of your saved reports you would like to send by email on a regular basis. Before you can create a scheduled report, you need to have a least one saved report (for more information on saving reports see sections Web Usage Report or Search Engine Report).

To create a scheduled report, proceed as follows:

On the Scheduled Reports tab, click Add Scheduled Report.

The Add New Scheduled Report dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the scheduled report.

Interval: Select an interval from the drop-down list at which the report(s) should be sent.

Reports: All saved reports are listed here. Select the checkbox in front of each report that should be sent at the selected interval.

Recipients: Add recipients to the box who should receive the selected report(s). Note that you can add a list of recipients via the import button.

Comment (optional): Add a description or other information.

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Click Save.

The new scheduled report appears on the Scheduled Reports list.

To either edit, delete, or clone a scheduled report, click the corresponding buttons. Use the toggle switch of a report to disable sending of reports without deleting the scheduled report itself.

17.5.5 Application Control

The Logging & Reporting > Web Protection > Application Control page contains comprehensive statistics about the most active sources, most frequently visited destinations, and the most popular applications given for various time ranges.

From the first drop-down list, select the type of data to display, e.g., Top Sources or Top Applic-

ations. Select the desired entry, and, if an additional box is displayed, specify the respective filter argument. Additionally, using the drop-down list below, you can filter the entries by time. Always click Update to apply the filters.

On the Top Sources view, if you click an IP or a hostname in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Applications by Source view. On the Top Applicationsand Top

Application Categories views, if you click an application or application category in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Sources by Application or Top Sources

by Application Category view.

You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

The most active sources do not appear immediately in the table, but only after a session timeout had occurred. This is the case if a certain client (username or IP address) has ceased to surf the

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17.6 Email Protection web for five minutes. The UTM determines this surfing session as "dead" and sends it to a database before it gets displayed on the most active sources list.

17.5.6 Deanonymization

The Web Protection > Deanonymization tab is only accessible if anonymization is activated (see

Logging & Reporting > Reporting Settings >

Anonymizing

Here it is possible to abandon anonymization for specific users regarding web protection reports. Proceed as follows:

Enter both passwords.

Enter the first and the second password that have been provided to enable anonymization.

Add users to deanonymize.

To the Deanonymize users box add the usernames of those users you want to deanonymize.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

17.6 Email Protection

The tabs of the Logging & Reporting > Email Protection menu provide overview statistics about mail flow, mail usage and email protection.

17.6.1 Usage Graphs

The Email Protection > Usage Graphs tab provides overview statistics about the mail flow on the

UTM given for various time frames: l

Daily l

Weekly l

Monthly l

Yearly

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17.6.2 Mail Usage

The Email Protection > Mail Usage tab contains comprehensive statistics about the most actively used email addresses and address domains given for various time ranges.

From the first drop-down list, select the type of data to display, e.g., Top Senders or Top

Domains. Select the desired entry, and, if an additional box is displayed, specify the respective filter argument. Additionally, using the drop-down list below, you can filter the entries by time.

Always click Update to apply the filters.

On the by Domain and by Address views you can manually provide a domain or an address, respectively. Note that for specifying domains, you can use the percent sign (%) as a wildcard.

By placing a percent sign at the end of your keyword, you are telling Sophos UTM to look for exact matches or sub-sets. Note that the filter field is case-sensitive.

On the Top Addresses and Top Domains views, if you click an address or a domain in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Addresses by Domain or Top Peers by

Address view.

You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

17.6.3 Blocked Mail

The Email Protection > Blocked Mail tab contains comprehensive statistics about all blocked email requests based on antivirus and antispam.

From the first drop-down list, select the type of data to display, e.g., Top Blocked Spam Reason or Top Blocked Malware. Select the desired entry, and, if an additional box is displayed, specify the respective filter argument. Additionally, using the drop-down list below, you can filter the entries by time. Always click Update to apply the filters.

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On the Top Blocked Domain view, if you click a domain in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Blocked Addresses by Domain view. On the by Domain view you can manually provide a domain. Note that you can use the percent sign (%) as a wildcard. By placing a percent sign at the end of your keyword, you are telling Sophos UTM to look for exact matches or sub-sets. Note that the filter field is case-sensitive.

You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

17.6.4 Deanonymization

The Email Protection > Deanonymization tab is only accessible if anonymization is activated

(see Logging & Reporting > Reporting Settings >

Anonymizing

Here it is possible to abandon anonymization for specific email addresses and/or domains regarding email protection reports. Proceed as follows:

Enter both passwords.

Enter the first and the second password that have been provided to enable anonymization.

Make the following settings:

Deanonymize addresses: You can add email addresses you want to deanonymize.

Deanonymize domains: You can add domains you want to deanonymize.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Provided email addresses and domains become readable in reports.

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17.7 Wireless Protection

The tabs of the Logging & Reporting > Wireless Protection menu provide overview statistics about relevant wireless protection events detected by Sophos UTM.

17.7.1 Daily

The Wireless Protection > Daily tab provides overview statistics of the last 24 hours about wireless networks and access points.

SSID Based Reporting

There is a chart for each wireless network. Each chart shows two graphs: l

Connected clients: The number of clients connected to the wireless network.

Failed connection attempts: The number of failed connection attempts at the wireless network.

AP Based Reporting

For each access point the table shows the maximum and average connected users, the uptime

(the accumulated time span the access point was up during the last 24 hours) as well as the number of reconnects.

17.7.2 Weekly

The Wireless Protection > Weekly tab provides overview statistics about wireless networks and access points of the last seven days. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.7.3 Monthly

The Wireless Protection > Monthly tab provides overview statistics about wireless networks and access points of the last four weeks. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

17.7.4 Yearly

The Wireless Protection > Yearly tab provides overview statistics about wireless networks and access points of the last twelve months. The histograms are described in the

Daily

section.

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17.8 Remote Access

The tabs of the Logging & Reporting > Remote Access menu provide overview statistics about remote access activity and information on sessions.

17.8.1 Activity

The Remote Access > Activity tab provides overview statistics about the remote access activity on the UTM for IPsec, SSL VPN, PPTP, and L2TP given for various timeframes: l

Daily l

Weekly l

Monthly l

Yearly

Select Timeframe: Use the drop-down list to select a reporting timeframe. The page will reload automatically.

17.8.2 Session

The Remote Access > Session tab contains comprehensive statistics about completed sessions, failed logins, and current users given for various time ranges.

Note – The columns Up and Down show accounting data of the remote access connections.

Accounting by default is disabled because it can increase the system load. You can enable it on the Reporting Settings > Settings tab in the Remote Access Accounting section.

From the first drop-down list, you can select the type of session you want to display: Current

Users, Completed Sessions, or Failed Logins. Click the Update button to apply the filter.

Using the second drop-down list, you can filter the results. Depending on the selected session type, different filters are available, e.g., By Service or By Source IP Address. Some filters require to select or enter a filter argument.

Using the third drop-down list, you can filter the results by time. Always click Update to apply the filters.

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You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

17.9 Webserver Protection

The tabs of the Logging & Reporting > Webserver Protection menu provide overview statistics about webserver requests, warnings, and alerts.

17.9.1 Usage Graphs

The Webserver Protection > Usage Graphs tab provides overview statistics about the webserver requests, warnings, and alerts on the UTM given for various time frames: l

Daily l

Weekly l

Monthly l

Yearly

17.9.2 Details

The Webserver Protection > Details tab contains comprehensive statistics about the most active clients, virtual hosts, backends, response codes, and various attacks given for various time ranges.

From the first drop-down list, select the type of data to display, e.g., Top Clients or Top Attack-

ers Per Virtual Host. Select the desired entry, and, if an additional box is displayed, specify the respective filter argument. Additionally, using the drop-down list below, you can filter the entries by time. Always click Update to apply the filters.

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17.10 Executive Report

On the By Client and By Attacker views you can manually provide an IP/Network, as well as network ranges (e.g., 192.168.1.0/24 or 10/8). On the by Virtual Host views you can manually provide a domain. Note that you can use the percent sign (%) as a wildcard. By placing a percent sign at the end of your keyword, you are telling Sophos UTM to look for exact matches or subsets. Note that the filter field is case-sensitive.

On the Top Clients or Top Attackers views, if you click an IP in the result table, it will automatically be used as a filter for the Top Response Codes by Client or Top Rules by Attacker view.

You can sort all data by clicking the table column headers.

You can download the data in PDF or Excel format by clicking one of the corresponding icons in the top right corner of the tab. The report is generated from the current view you have selected.

Additionally, by clicking the Pie Chart icon—if present—you can get a pie chart displayed above the table.

17.10 Executive Report

In the menu Logging & Reporting > Executive Report you can create a collection of the most important reporting data presented in graphical format to show network utilization for a number of services.

17.10.1 View Report

On the Logging & Reporting > Executive Report > View Report tab you can create a complete executive report based on the individual reports in the tabs and pages of the Reporting menu.

Click the button Generate Report Now to open a window showing the executive report.

17.10.2 Archived Executive Reports

The Executive Report > Archived Executive Reports tab provides an overview of all archived executive reports. Only those executive reports will be archived for which archiving has been selected on the Configuration tab.

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17.10.3 Configuration

On the Executive Report > Configuration tab you can make the settings for executive reports.

Daily Executive Report

Daily executive report: If enabled, a daily executive report is created.

Archive PDF reports: If enabled, the daily executive report will be archived in PDF format.

Archived executive reports can be accessed on the Archived Executive Reports tab.

Send reports as PDF instead of HTML: If enabled, the executive report sent by email is an attached PDF file. If unselected, it will be sent in HTML format.

Email addresses: Enter the email addresses of the recipients who should receive the executive report.

Weekly Executive Report

Most of the settings are described in the Daily Executive Report section.

You can additionally choose the weekday when the executive report should start to collect its data.

Monthly Executive Report

The settings are described in the Daily Executive Report section.

17.11 Log Settings

In the Logging & Reporting > Log Settings menu you can configure basic settings for local and remote logging.

17.11.1 Local Logging

On the Logging & Reporting > Log Settings > Local Logging tab you can make the settings for local logging. Local logging is enabled by default.

However, to activate local logging in case it was disabled, proceed as follows:

On the Local Logging tab enable local logging.

Click the toggle switch.

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17.11 Log Settings

The toggle switch turns green and the areas on this tab become editable.

Select a time frame when log files are to be deleted.

From the drop-down list select what action is to be applied automatically on log files.

Never delete log files is selected by default.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Thresholds

Here you can define thresholds for local logging which are bound to certain actions that are to be carried out if a threshold is reached. The following actions are available: l

Nothing: No actions will be initiated.

Send notification: A notification will be sent to the administrator stating that the threshold was reached.

Delete oldest log files: Oldest log files will be deleted until the remaining amount is below the configured threshold or until the log file archive is empty. In addition, a notification of that event will be sent to the administrator.

Shutdown system: The system will be shut down. A notification of that event will be sent to the administrator.

In case of a system shutdown, the administrator has to change the configuration of the local logging, configure log file deletion or move away/delete log files manually. If the reason for the system shutdown persists, the system will shut down itself again the next time the log cleaning process runs, which happens daily at 12:00 AM (i.e., at midnight).

Click Apply to save your settings.

17.11.2 Remote Syslog Server

On the Logging & Reporting > Log Settings > Remote Syslog Server tab you can make the settings for remote logging. This function allows you to forward log messages from UTM to other hosts. This is especially useful for networks using a host to collect logging information from several UTMs. The selected host must run a logging daemon that is compatible to the syslog protocol.

To configure a remote syslog server, proceed as follows:

On the Remote Syslog Server tab enable remote syslog.

Click the toggle switch.

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The toggle switch turns amber and the Remote Syslog Settings area becomes editable.

Click the Plus icon in the Syslog Servers box to create a server.

The Add Syslog Server dialog box opens.

Make the following settings:

Name: Enter a descriptive name for the remote syslog server.

Server: Add or select the host that should receive log data from UTM.

Caution – Do not use one of UTM's own interfaces as a remote syslog host, since this will result in a logging loop.

Port: Add or select port which is to be used for the connection.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

Remote Syslog Buffer

In this area you can change the buffer size of the remote syslog. The buffer size is the number of log lines kept in the buffer. Default is 1000. Click Apply to save your settings.

Remote Syslog Log Selection

This area is only editable when remote syslog is enabled. Select the checkboxes of the logs that should be delivered to the syslog server. You can select all logs at once by selecting the option

Select All. Click Apply to save your settings.

17.11.3 Remote Log File Archives

On the Logging & Reporting > Log Settings > Remote Log File Archives tab you can make the settings for remote archiving of log files. If remote log file archiving is enabled, the log files of the past day are packed and compressed into one file, which is transferred to a remote log file storage. Using the drop-down list you can select your preferred transfer method.

To configure a remote log file archive, proceed as follows:

Enable the Remote Log File Archives function.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Remote Log File Archive area becomes editable.

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17.11 Log Settings

Select the log file archiving method.

From the drop-down list, select your preferred archiving method. Depending on your selection, the related configuration options for each archiving method will be displayed below. You can choose between the following archiving methods: l

FTP Server: The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) method needs the following parameters to be set: l

Host: Host definition of the FTP server.

Service: TCP port the server is listening on.

Username: Username for the FTP server account.

Password: Password for the FTP server account.

Path: Remote (relative) path where the log files are stored.

SMB (CIFS) Share: The SMB method needs the following parameters to be set: l

Host: Host definition of the SMB server.

Username: Username for the SMB account.

Password: Password for the SMB account.

Security Note – The password will be saved plain-text in the configuration file. It is therefore advisable to create a user/password combination uniquely for this logging purpose.

Share: SMB share name. Enter the path or the network share information where the log files are to be transferred to, e.g. /logs/log_file_ archive

Workgroup/Domain: Enter the workgroup or domain the log file archive is part of.

Secure Copy (SSH Server): To use the SCP method, it is necessary that you add the public SSH DSA key to the authorized keys of your SCP server. On a Linux system, you can simply cut and paste the SSH DSA key and add it to the

~/.ssh/authorized_keys file of the configured user account. During the installation, Sophos UTM creates a new SSHDSA key. For security reasons, this SSH

DSA key is not included in backups. After a new installation or the installation of a backup, you must therefore store the new SSH DSA key on the remote server to be able to securely copy your log file archives to the SCP server.

The SCP method requires the following settings:

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Host: Host definition for the SCP server.

Username: Username for the SCP server account.

Path: Remote (full) path where the log files should be stored.

Public DSA key: On the remote storage host, add the provided public

DSA key to the list of authorized keys.

Send by email: To have the log file archive sent by email, enter a valid email address.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

If the transfer fails, the archive will remain on UTM. During each run of the log cleaning process,

UTM tries to deliver all remaining archives.

17.12 Reporting Settings

In the Logging & Reporting > Reporting Settings menu you can make settings for the reporting functions such as enabling/disabling certain features of reporting, setting time frames and amounts for keeping data. Additionally, you can anonymize data to enhance privacy protection.

17.12.1 Settings

The Settings tab allows you to define reporting actions and the time period reporting data will be kept on the system before it is automatically deleted. The following report topics can be set: l

Application Control l

Authentication l

Email Protection l

Firewall l

IPS l

Network Usage l

Remote Access l

Web Protection l

Webserver Protection

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17.12 Reporting Settings

Use the checkboxes on the left side to enable or disable reporting for a certain report topic. By default, all report topics are enabled.

Use the drop-down lists on the right to determine how long reporting data is kept.

Note – Disabling needless reports will lower the base load of your machine and can reduce performance bottlenecks. Try to keep time frames as short as possible since high amounts of stored data result in a higher base load and decreased responsiveness on the dynamical reporting pages.

The settings on this tab do not affect the log file archives.

Web Protection Reporting Detail Level

In this section you can define the detail level of Web Protection reporting. Note that a higher detail level results in a perceptible increase in memory usage and system load, so unless necessary, it is recommended to keep the detail level low.

The following detail levels are available: l

Domain only: Reports display the top-level domain and second-level domain of a URL, e.g. example.com. Third-level domains will be also displayed if they are enforced, such as example.co.uk.

Full domain: Reports display the full domains, e.g. www.example.com or shop.example.com

1 level of URL: Reports display additionally the first (virtual) directory of a URL, e.g.

www.example.com/en/

2 levels of URL: Reports display additionally the first two (virtual) directories of a URL, e.g. www.example.com/en/products/.

3 levels of URL: Reports display additionally the first three (virtual) directories of a

URL, e.g. www.example.com/en/products/new/.

Executive Report Settings

In this area you can define respectively the number of executive reports to keep: l

Daily reports: 60 at maximum l

Weekly reports: 52 at maximum l

Monthly reports: 12 at maximum

Click Apply to save your settings.

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For more information on the executive report and its options, see Logging & Reporting >

Executive Report

PDF Paper Settings

The default paper format for the PDF executive report is A4. Using the drop-down list you can alternatively select Letter or Legal. Click Apply to save your settings.

Remote Access Accounting

Here you can enable or disable accounting for remote access connections. If enabled, data about remote access connections is stored and displayed on the Logging & Reporting

> Remote Access > Session tab in the Down and Up columns. If disabled, accounting is stopped. Note that if enabled, this feature may increase the system load.

CSV Delimiter Settings

Here you can define which delimiter is used when exporting reporting data to CSV format.

Please note that with Windows operating systems the delimiter should match the regional settings of your system to make sure that the exported data will be displayed correctly in a spreadsheet program like e.g., Excel.

IPFIX Accounting

By means of IPFIX you can export IPv4 flow data of UTM to a provider for e.g. monitoring, reporting, accounting, or billing purposes.

Internet Protocol Flow Information Export (IPFIX) is a message-based protocol for exporting accounting information in a universal way. The accounting information is collected by an

exporter and sent to a collector. A typical set of accounting information for an IPv4 flow consists of source address, destination address, source port, destination port, bytes, packets, and net-

work traffic classification data.

If enabled, UTM serves as exporter: It exports IPFIX accounting data. The collector generally is located at a provider's site where the accounting data of one or more of your UTMs is aggregated and analyzed. During the system setup at your provider, you will be given the hostname and you have to define a unique Observation Domain ID (OID) per exporter, i.e., UTM. Enter this data into the corresponding fields.

Data is exported on UDP port 4739. A single network connection uses two IPFIX flows–one for the export direction, one for the reply.

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17.12 Reporting Settings

Security Note – Be aware that with IPFIX the accounting data will be transmitted unencrypted. It is therefore recommended to send the data via private network only.

Click Apply to save your settings.

17.12.2 Exceptions

The Reporting Settings > Exceptions tab allows you to exclude certain domains and addresses from reporting, which affects the Executive Report as well as the affected Logging & Reporting pages and the affected statistics overview pages.

Note – The effect will not be immediately visible on today's statistics pages because the information on these pages is updated every 10 to 15 minutes only. Note also the import function with which you can define multiple items at once.

Reporting Exceptions: Web

In this section you can define domains to be excluded from all web protection reports. The domain names have to be entered exactly as they are listed in the Domains report on the Log-

ging & Reporting > Web Protection > Web Usage Report tab. Click Apply to save your settings.

Reporting Exceptions: Mail

In these two sections you can define domains and mail addresses to be excluded from all email protection reports.

Use the Domains box to exclude all email addresses of a particular domain. Just enter the domain part of the email address e.g. sophos.com. Use the Addresses box to enter particular email addresses to exclude from the reports. Click Apply to save your settings.

Emails having the specified domain names or addresses as sender or recipient will be excluded from all email protection reports.

Reporting Exceptions: Network Protection

In this section you can define IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to be excluded from all network protection reports. Click Apply to save your settings.

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Reporting Exceptions: Network Accounting

In this section you can define IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to be excluded from all network usage reports. Click Apply to save your settings.

17.12.3 Anonymizing

The Reporting Settings > Anonymizing tab allows to anonymize reporting data based on the four-eyes principle. That means that deanonymization can only take place when two different people agree on that procedure. Anonymization ensures that user data is kept secret when viewing reporting data, and therefore actions (such as web-surfing habits) cannot be traced back to a specific person.

To use anonymization, proceed as follows:

On the Anonymizing tab enable anonymization.

Click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Anonymizing Settings area becomes editable.

Enter two security passwords.

The four-eyes principle is only allowed for when two different people enter a password unknown to each other.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

To disable anonymization (globally) again, both passwords are necessary.

On the Anonymizing tab click the toggle switch.

The toggle switch turns amber and the Anonymizing Settings area becomes editable.

Enter both passwords.

Enter the first and the second password that have been provided to enable anonymization.

Click Apply.

Your settings will be saved.

If necessary, anonymization can be disabled for single users, see Logging & Reporting >

Web

Protection

and Logging & Reporting >

Email Protection

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18 Support

This chapter describes the support tools available for Sophos UTM.

The pages of the Support menu contain many customer support related features ranging from various web links, through contact information, to the output of useful network tools that are used to determine important network properties without the need to access UTM's commandline interface.

The following topics are included in this chapter: l

Documentation

Printable Configuration

Contact Support

Tools

Advanced

In addition, the main page of the Support menu contains web links to the following information resources: l

Knowledgebase (KB): Official knowledgebase of Sophos NSG contains numerous information on configuring Sophos UTM.

Known Issues List (KIL): The list of known problems that cannot be fixed or for which a workaround is available.

Hardware Compatibility List (HCL): The list of hardware that is compatible to Sophos

UTM Software.

Up2Date Information: Sophos NSG Up2Date blog, which informs about product improvements and firmware updates.

18.1 Documentation

Online Help

This section gives a description of how to open and use the online help.

18.2 Printable Configuration

18 Support

Manual Download

You can download the current Administration Guide in PDF format. Select the language of the guide and click Start download. Note that you need a special reader to open PDF documents such as Adobe's Reader or Xpdf.

Cross Reference – The Administration Guide from former UTM versions and other documentation can be downloaded from the Sophos Knowledgebase .

18.2 Printable Configuration

On the Support > Printable Configuration page you can create a detailed report of the current

WebAdmin configuration.

Note – The printable configuration is opened in a new window. Depending on your browser it may be necessary to allow pop-up windows for WebAdmin.

The structure of the printable configuration matches the WebAdmin menu structure to facilitate finding the corresponding configuration options in WebAdmin.

The printable configuration browser page consists of an overview page, called index, and several subpages. Links to subpages are highlighted blue. Subpages give detailed information to the respective topic. You can always return from a subpage to the index by clicking the Back to

the index link at the bottom of the subpage.

There are two more viewing options for the printable configuration: l

WebAdmin format l

Confd format

You can find the links to these viewing options at the bottom of the index page.

18.3 Contact Support

Sophos offers a comprehensive range of customer support services for its security solutions.

Based on the support/maintenance level, you have various levels of access and committed response time by the Sophos service department and/or Sophos NSG Certified Partners.

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18.4 Tools

All support cases concerning Sophos UTM are processed via the MyAstaro Licensing Portal .

You may open a support case via a web form by clicking Open Support Ticket in New Window.

18.4 Tools

The tabs of the Support > Tools menu display the output of useful network tools that can be used to determine important network properties without the need to access UTM's commandline interface. The output of the following tools can be viewed: l

Ping l

Traceroute l

DNS Lookup

18.4.1 Ping Check

To make a ping check, proceed as follows:

Select the ping host.

Select the host you want to ping. In the Ping Host box, you can select a host for which a host definition exists. Alternatively, you can also select Custom hostname/IP address and enter a custom hostname or IP address into the textbox below.

Select the IP version (only available if IPv6 is globally enabled).

From the IP version drop-down list, select IPv4 or IPv6.

Click Apply.

The output of the ping check will be displayed in the Ping Check Result area.

18.4.2 Traceroute

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the check will end. An interruption of the check can have many causes, but most likely it is caused by a firewall along the network path that blocks traceroute packets.

To trace a route, proceed as follows:

Specify the traceroute host.

Select the host you want to trace the route to. In the Traceroute host box, you can select a host for which a host definition exists. Alternatively, you can also select Custom host-

name/IP address and enter a custom hostname or IP address into the textbox below.

Select the IP version (only available if IPv6 is globally enabled).

In the IP version drop-down list, select IPv4 or IPv6.

Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically and numerically

(optional).

Selecting this option saves a nameserver address-to-name lookup for each gateway found on the path.

Click Apply.

The output of traceroute will be displayed in the Traceroute Result area.

18.4.3 DNS Lookup

The program dig (short for Domain Information Groper) is a network tool for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that were queried.

To make a DNS lookup, proceed as follows:

Specify the hostname/IP address.

Enter the hostname or IP address of the host for which you want to determine DNS information.

Select Enable verbose output (optional).

Select this option to generate lengthy output showing more information.

Click Apply.

The output of dig will be displayed in the DNS Lookup Result area.

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18.5 Advanced

The Support > Advanced menu displays even more information on your UTM and gives access to advanced features. It gives overview of running processes and local network connections and you can view the routing table and the interfaces table. Additionally, you can download a support package for debugging and recovery purposes and find background information about internally used configuration references which you may encounter in log files.

18.5.1 Process List

The program ps displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your processes that have controlling terminals. This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process ID.

18.5.2 LAN Connections

The program netstat (short for Network Statistics) is a network tool that displays a list of the active Internet connections a computer currently has, both incoming and outgoing.

18.5.3 Routes Table

The program ip is a network tool for controlling TCP/IP networking and traffic control. Invoked with the parameter route show table all it displays the contents of all routing tables of

UTM.

18.5.4 Interfaces Table

The table shows all configured interfaces of Sophos UTM, both network interface cards and virtual interfaces. The program ip invoked with parameter addr displays interfaces and their properties.

18.5.5 Config Dump

For debugging or recovery purposes it is useful to gather as many information as possible about your installation of Sophos UTM. The support package that can be downloaded from the

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Support > Advanced > Config Dump tab provides exactly this. The zip file contains the following items: l

The entire dump of UTM's configuration (storage.abf). Note that this is no genuine backup file—it does not contain any passwords, among other things—and can be used for debugging purposes only.

Information on the hardware present in the system (hwinfo).

Information on the software packages installed on the system (swinfo).

18.5.6 Resolve REF

For debugging purposes you can resolve configuration references internally used by the system. If you encounter a reference somewhere in the logs, you can paste the reference string here (e.g., REF_DefaultSuperAdmin). The tab will then display an excerpt of the configuration daemon's data structure.

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You can log out of UTM by clicking the Log Off menu entry. If you do not log out properly or if you close the web browser inadvertently, you might not be able to log in again for approximately 30 seconds.

Note – You will be logged out if you visit a different website during a session. In this case, you will have to log in again.

20 User Portal

This chapter provides information on how the User Portal works and which services it provides for end-users.

The User Portal of Sophos UTM is a browser-based application providing among others personalized email and remote access services to authorized users. It can be accessed by browsing to the URL of Sophos UTM, for example, https://192.168.2.100 (note the HTTPS protocol).

On the login page, users can select a language from the drop-down list located on the right side of the header bar.

Depending which services and features have been activated in WebAdmin by the administrator, users can have access to the following services: l

Client Authentication

20.1 User Portal: Mail Quarantine

On this tab, end-users can view and release messages held in quarantine.

20.1 User Portal: Mail Quarantine

20 User Portal

Note – The Mail Quarantine tab is available if either POP3 or SMTP has been activated in

WebAdmin and the user has been configured to use these services. If the user should receive emails both via SMTP and POP3, the emails will be organized into two tabs POP3 Quarantine and SMTP Quarantine, both providing a similar functionality.

The Mail Quarantine tab shows an overview of all emails addressed to the user but blocked and quarantined by Sophos UTM. For POP3 quarantine emails to be listed the user has to enter their POP3 credentials on the POP3 Accounts tab.

Sort and Filter Quarantined Emails

By default, all emails are shown. If the list contains more than twenty emails, it is split into several chunks which can be browsed with Next (>) and Previous (<) buttons.

Users can influence which items are displayed:

Sort by: By default, the list is sorted by time of arrival. Messages can be sorted by date, subject line, sender address, and message size.

and show: The checkbox allows to display 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, or all messages per page. Note that showing all messages may take a lot of time.

Several elements on the page let users filter their emails: l

# messages quarantined: On top of the page, several checkboxes allow to show or hide emails by the reason why they were quarantined (malware, spam, expression match, file extension, MIME type, unscannable, others).

Addresses or Accounts: Allows to filter the messages according to the recipient address (SMTP) or account (POP3).

Sender/Rcpt/Subject substring: Here users can enter a sender, recipient (only with

POP3), or subject to search for in the quarantined messages.

Received date: To only show messages processed during a certain time frame, users can enter a date or select a date from the Calendar icon.

Manage Quarantined Emails

Users can apply actions on a message using the drop-down list in front of the message. An action can also be applied to several selected messages. Use the checkbox in front of each

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20.2 User Portal: Mail Log message or click a message to select it. Then select one of the actions available in the dropdown list below the table. The following actions are available: l

View (only available for an individual message): Opens a window with the contents of the email.

Download: Selected messages will be downloaded in EML format.

Delete: Selected messages will be deleted irrevocably.

Whitelist Sender (only available for an individual message): Moves the email to your inbox and adds the sender to your whitelist (Sender Whitelist tab). Successive emails of this sender will not be quarantined. Note, that mails containing malicious content will always be quarantined, even if the sender is on the whitelist.

Release: Selected messages will be released from quarantine.

Release and report as false positive: Selected messages will be released from quarantine and reported as false positive to the spam scan engine.

Note – The allowed actions depend on the reason why the email was quarantined, and on the WebAdmin settings. Users can only release messages they are explicitly allowed to. Only the administrator can release all messages held in quarantine.

Select global cleanup action: Here you find several deletion options that will be applied on messages globally, that is, regardless whether they are selected and/or displayed or not.

20.2 User Portal: Mail Log

On this tab, end-users can view a log of their email traffic sent via SMTP.

Note – The Mail Log tab is only for email address belonging to the domain monitored by the

SMTP proxy of Sophos UTM, and only available for users whom the administrator gave access rights to this feature. If both SMTP and POP3 have been activated for a certain user, the tab is called SMTP Log.

The Mail Log tab shows log entries of all email traffic of the user's email addresses. Log entries of undelivered emails contain the information about why they have not been delivered. Doubleclicking a log entry opens a window with more log information.

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By default, all emails are shown. If the list contains more than twenty emails, it is split into several chunks which can be browsed with Next (>) and Previous (<) buttons.

Users can influence which items are displayed:

Sort by: By default, the list is sorted by time of arrival. Messages can be sorted by date, subject line, sender address, and message size.

and show: The checkbox allows to display 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, or all messages per page. Note that showing all messages may take a lot of time.

Several elements on the page let users filter their emails: l

# log events on file: On top of the page, several checkboxes allow to show or hide emails according to their status.

Addresses: Allows to filter the emails according to the sender address.

Sender/Subject substring: Here users can enter a sender or subject to search for in the quarantined messages.

Received date: To only show messages processed during a certain time frame, users can enter a date or select a date from the Calendar icon.

20.3 User Portal: POP3 Accounts

On this tab, end-users can identify themselves to be able to view and release their POP3 quarantine emails and receive quarantine reports.

Note – The POP3 Accounts tab is only available if the administrator enabled POP3 and added a POP3 server.

On the page, users need to enter the credentials of the POP3 accounts they use. Only those spam emails will appear in the User Portal for which POP3 account credentials are given. A user for whom POP3 account credentials are stored will receive an individual quarantine report for each email address.

20.4 User Portal: Sender Whitelist

On this tab, end-users can whitelist senders, so that messages from them are never regarded as spam. However, emails with viruses or unscannable emails will still be quarantined.

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20.5 User Portal: Sender Blacklist

Note – The Sender Whitelist tab is only available if the user's email address belongs to the network or domain monitored by Sophos UTM, and the administrator assigned them access rights to the feature.

Whitelisted senders can be specified by clicking the Plus icon, entering the address and clicking the Tick icon to save it. Users can either enter valid email addresses (e.g., [email protected]) or all email addresses of a specific domain using an asterisk as wildcard (e.g.,

*@example.com

20.5 User Portal: Sender Blacklist

On this tab, end-users can blacklist email senders, so that messages from them are always regarded as spam.

Note – The Sender Blacklist tab is only available if the user's email address belongs to the network or domain monitored by Sophos UTM, and the administrator assigned them access rights to the feature.

The blacklist is applied to both SMTP and POP3 email, if these are in use on the system. Blacklisted senders can be specified by clicking the Plus icon, entering the address and clicking the

Tick icon to save it. Users can either enter valid email addresses , e.g.

[email protected]

, or whole domains, e.g. *@hotmail.com.

20.6 User Portal: Hotspots

The Hotspot feature allows cafés, hotels, companies, etc. to provide time- and traffic-restricted

Internet access to guests.

Note – The Hotspots tab of the User Portal is only visible for users if the administrator created a hotspot of one of the types Password or Voucher, and added the user to the allowed users.

On this tab, users can distribute the hotspot access information to wireless network guests.

What they can do on the tab depends on the type of the selected hotspot: they can either distribute a general password or generate and distribute vouchers.

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Hotspot type: Password of the day

In the Password field, the current password is displayed. It changes automatically once a day.

However, users can change the password manually. The former password will immediately become invalid and active sessions will be terminated.

To change the password, users need to proceed as follows:

In the User Portal, they need to select the Hotspots tab.

They need to select the hotspot for which they want to manage the access information.

From the Hotspot drop-down list, they need to select the hotspot for which they want to change the password.

They need to define a new password.

They need to enter the new password in the Password field or automatically create a new password by clicking the Generate button.

If users want to send the new password per email, they need to select the

Send mail checkbox.

The password will be sent to the email recipients specified by the administrator. If the administrator did not specify any email addresses, the checkbox is not available.

They click Save.

The password will be changed immediately.

Hotspot type: Voucher

Users can create vouchers, each with a unique code. The vouchers can be printed and given to guests. A list of created vouchers gives an overview about their usage and helps to manage them.

To create vouchers, users need to proceed as follows:

In the User Portal, they need to select the Hotspots tab.

They need to select the hotspot for which you want to manage the access information.

From the Hotspot drop-down list, they need to select the hotspot for which they want to create a voucher.

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20.6 User Portal: Hotspots

They need to select the voucher type in the Voucher Definition field.

The voucher types are defined by the administrator. Which type to use for what purpose has to be defined within the company.

In the Amount field, users need to enter the amount of vouchers of this type to be created.

Optionally, they can enter a comment into the Comment field.

The comment will be displayed in the user's vouchers list.

If users directly want to print the vouchers, they need to select the Print checkbox.

They need to click the Create Vouchers button.

The vouchers are generated. Each voucher will immediately be displayed as a new line in the voucher list below. If specified, they will be printed directly. Each voucher has a unique code.

Note – Contents, size, and layout of the vouchers are determined by the administrator.

In the voucher list users can manage vouchers. They can sort and filter the list, they can enter or change the comment and they can print, delete, or export selected vouchers.

To sort the list, users need to select the desired sorting criterion in the Sort by drop-down list. With the drop-down list to the right, they can determine the number of displayed vouchers per page.

To filter the list, users need to use one of the fields Status, Code, or Comment. they need to select or enter, respectively, the desired attribute. The list will be filtered directly while typing. To reset the filter, they need to select the status entry All and delete all text from the Code and/or Comment text field.

To enter or change a comment, users need to click the Notepad icon in the Comment column of the respective voucher. An edit field is displayed. Users can enter or edit text and press the Enter key or click the checkmark to save changes.

To print or delete vouchers, users need to select the checkbox in front of the desired vouchers, then click the appropriate button on the bottom.

Note – Vouchers can automatically be deleted after a specified time, which can be configured by the administrator.

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20 User Portal

To export vouchers, users need to proceed as follows: They need to select the checkbox in front of the desired vouchers, then click the Export CSV button on the bottom. A window appears where they can decide to save or to directly open the CSV file. The selected vouchers will be saved in one CSV file. When opening the file users need to take care to select the correct character for column separation.

20.7 User Portal: Client Authentication

On this tab, end-users can download the setup file of the Sophos Authentication Agent (SAA).

The SAA can be used as authentication mode for the Web Filter.

Note – The Client Authentication tab is only available if client authentication is enabled by the administrator.

20.8 User Portal: Remote Access

On this tab, end-users can download remote access client software and configuration files automatically generated and provided for them according to the WebAdmin settings made by the administrator.

Note – The Remote Access tab is only available if at least one remote access mode has been enabled for a user.

Only the remote access data is available that corresponds to the connection types the administrator enabled for a user, e.g., if a users has been enabled to use SSL VPN remote access, they will find an SSL VPN section.

Each connection type is displayed in a separate section. Depending on the connection type, information and/or buttons to download the respective software are available. Where appropriate, on top of the sections, users find an Open installation instructions in new window link which opens a detailed installation documentation.

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20.9 User Portal: HTML5 VPN Portal

The HTML5 VPN Portal feature allows users from external sources to access internal resources via pre-configured connection types, using only a browser as a client.

Note – The HTML5 VPN Portal tab is only available for users for whom the administrator created VPN connections and added them to the allowed users.

Note – The user's browser has to be HTML5-compliant. The following browsers support the

HTML5 VPN feature: Firefox 6.0 onwards, Internet Explorer 10 onwards, Chrome, Safari 5 onwards (on MAC only).

On the HTML5 VPN Portal tab the allowed connections are listed. The icons give a hint about the type of connection.

To use a connection, users need to proceed as follows:

Clicking the respective Connect button.

A new browser window opens. Contents and layout depend on the connection type, e.g., it contains a website if the user opened a HTTP or HTTPS connection, whereas it contains a command-line interface for SSH connections.

Working in the new VPN window.

For some tasks, the VPN window provides a connection-type-specific menu bar which fades in when the cursor is moved to the window top: l

Using function keys or key combinations: If users want to use special commands like function keys or CTRL-ALT-DEL, they need to select the respective entry in the Keyboard menu.

Copy & paste from the local host into the VPN window: On the local machine, users need to copy the respective text into the clipboard. In the connection window, they need to select the Clipboard menu. With CTRL-V, they paste the text into the text box. After that they need to click the Send to Server button:

With SSH or Telnet connections, the text will then be directly pasted at the cursor position. With RDP or VNC connections, the text will be sent to the clipboard of the server and can then be pasted as usual.

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20.10 User Portal: Change Password

20 User Portal

Note – Copy & paste does not work with Webapp connections.

Copy & paste from the VPN window into another window: With SSH and

Telnet connections, users can just copy and paste text like they would in local windows. With RDP or VNC connections, in the VPN window, users need to copy the respective text to their clipboard. Then they select the Clipboard menu. The copied text is displayed in the text box. Users need to mark the text and press CTRL-C.

Now it is in the local clipboard and can be pasted as usual.

Changing keyboard layout in a Remote Desktop connection: For Remote

Desktop connections with a Windows host, users can change the keyboard language settings of the VPN window. Especially for the Windows login the selected language should match the Windows language settings to ensure that users type the password correctly. Users need to select the appropriate language from the

Keyboard > Keyboard Layout menu. The selected keyboard layout is saved in a cookie.

Go back to the Start page in a Webapp connection: To return to the default page in a Webapp connection, select the Navigation > Home menu.

Closing the connection after having finished their work.

To finally terminate the connection, users need to select the Stop Session command from the Connection menu or close the browser window by clicking the X icon in the title bar. They can start a new session using the Connect button again.

To disconnect the session, users need to select the Suspend Session command from the Connection menu. The status of the session will be saved for five minutes.

When they connect again during this time interval, users can continue the previous session.

20.10 User Portal: Change Password

On this tab, end-users can change their password for access to the User Portal and, if available, remote access over PPTP.

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20.11 User Portal: HTTPS Proxy

On this tab, end-users can import the HTTP/S Proxy CA certificate to get rid of error messages when visiting secure websites.

Note – The HTTPS Proxy tab of the User Portal is only available if the administrator globally provided an HTTP/S Proxy certificate.

After clicking Import Proxy CA Certificate, users will be prompted by their browser to trust the

CA for various purposes.

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Glossary

3DES

Triple Data Encryption Standard

ACC

Astaro Command Center

ACPI

Advanced Conguration and Power

Interface

Active Directory

Address Resolution Protocol

Used to determine the Ethernet MAC address of a host when only its IP address is known.

ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Advanced Configuration and Power

Interface

The ACPI specification is a power management standard that allows the operating system to control the amount of power distributed to the computer's devices.

Advanced Programmable Interrupt

Controller

Architecture for dealing with interrupts in multi-processor computer systems.

AES

Advanced Encryption Standard

AFC

Astaro Flow Classifier

Authentication Header

AMG

Astaro Mail Gateway

APIC

Advanced Programmable Interrupt

Controller

ARP

Address Resolution Protocol

Autonomous System

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ASG

Astaro Security Gateway

Astaro Command Center

Software for monitoring and administering multiple Astaro gateway units by means of a single interface. Starting with version 4, the software was renamed Sophos UTM Manager

(SUM).

Astaro Security Gateway

Software for unified threat management, including mail and web security. Starting with version 9, the software

Glossary

530 was renamed Unified Threat Management (UTM).

Authentication Header

IPsec protocol that provides for antireplay and verifies that the contents of the packet have not been modified in transit.

Autonomous System

Collection of IP networks and routers under the control of one entity that presents a common routing policy to the

Internet.

AWG

Astaro Web Gateway

AWS

Amazon Web Services

BATV

Bounce Address Tag Validation

BGP

Border Gateway Protocol

Bounce Address Tag Validation

Name of a method designed for determining whether the return address specified in an email message is valid. It is designed to reject bounce messages to forged return addresses.

Broadcast

The address used by a computer to send a message to all other computers on the network at the same time. For example, a network with IP address

192.168.2.0 and network mask

255.255.255.0 would have a broadcast address of 192.168.2.255.

Certificate Authority

CBC

Cipher Block Chaining

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

Certificate Authority

Entity or organization that issues digital certificates for use by other parties.

CHAP

Challenge-Handshake Authentication

Protocol

Cipher Block Chaining

Refers in cryptography to a mode of operation where each block of plaintext is "XORed" with the previous ciphertext block before being encrypted. This way, each ciphertext block is dependent on all plaintext blocks up to that point.

Cluster

Group of linked computers, working together closely so that in many respects they form a single computer.

CMS

Content Management System

CPU

Central Processing Unit

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Glossary

CRL

Certificate Revocation List

CSS

Cascading Style Sheets

Domain Controller

DCC

Direct Client Connection

DDoS

Distributed Denial of Service

DER

Distinguished Encoding Rules

Destination Network Address Translation

Special case of NAT where the destination addresses of data packets are rewritten.

Device tree

Located below the main menu. Grants access to all gateway units registered with the SUM.

DHCP

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Digital Signature Algorithm

Standard propagated by the United

States Federal Government (FIPS) for digital signatures.

Digital Subscriber Line

Family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.

Distinguished Encoding Rules

Method for encoding a data object, such as an X.509 certificate, to be digitally signed or to have its signature verified.

DKIM

Domain Keys Identified Mail

DMZ

Demilitarized Zone

Distinguished Name

DNAT

Destination Network Address Translation

DNS

Domain Name Service

DOI

Domain of Interpretation

Domain Name Service

Translates the underlying IP addresses of computers connected through the

Internet into more human-friendly names or aliases.

DoS

Denial of Service

DSA

Digital Signature Algorithm

DSCP

Differentiated Services Code Point

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Glossary

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DUID

DHCP Unique Identifier

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Protocol used by networked devices to obtain IP addresses.

ECN

Explicit Congestion Notification

Encapsulating Security Payload

IPsec protocol that provides data confidentiality (encryption), anti-replay, and authentication.

ESP

Encapsulating Security Payload

Explicit Congestion Notification

Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) is an extension to the Internet Protocol and allows end-to-end notifications of network congestion without dropping packets. ECN only works if both endpoints of a connection successfully negotiate to use it.

FAT

File Allocation Table

File Transfer Protocol

Protocol for exchanging files over packet-swichted networks.

FQHN

Fully Qualified HostName

FTP

File Transfer Protocol

Generic Routing Encapsulation

Tunneling protocol designed for encapsulation of arbitrary kinds of network layer packets inside arbitrary kinds of network layer packets.

GeoIP

Technique to locate devices worldwide by means of satellite imagery.

GRE

Generic Routing Encapsulation

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

H.323

Protocol providing audio-visual communication sessions on packetswitched networks.

High Availability

HCL

Hardware Compatibility List

HELO

A command in the Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol (SMTP) with which the client

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Glossary responds to the initial greeting of the server.

High Availability

System design protocol that ensures a certain absolute degree of operational continuity.

HIPS

Host-based Intrusion Prevention System

HMAC

Hash-based Message Authentication

Code

HTML

Hypertext Transfer Markup Language

HTTP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTP/S

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

HTTPS

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Protocol for the transfer of information on the Internet.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol over

Secure Socket Layer

Protocol to allow more secure HTTP communication.

IANA

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

ICMP

Internet Control Message Protocol

Identity

IDE

Intelligent Drive Electronics

IDENT

Standard protocol that helps identify the user of a particular TCP connection.

IDN

International Domain Name

Internet Explorer

IKE

Internet Key Exchange

Instant Messaging

Internet Control Message Protocol

Special kind of IP protocol used to send and receive information about the network's status and other control information.

Internet Protocol

Data-oriented protocol used for communicating data across a packetswitched network.

Internet Relay Chat

Open protocol enabling the instant communication over the Internet.

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Glossary

Internet service provider

Business or organization that sells to consumers access to the Internet and related services.

Internet Protocol

IP Address

Unique number that devices use in order to identify and communicate with each other on a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol standard.

IPS

Intrusion Prevention System

IPsec

Internet Protocol Security

IRC

Internet Relay Chat

ISP

Internet Service Provider

L2TP

Layer Two (2) Tunneling Protocol

LAG

Link Aggregation Group

LAN

Local Area Network

LDAP

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

Link-state advertisement

Basic communication means of the

OSPF routing protocol for IP.

LSA

Link-state advertisement

LTE

3GPP Long Term Evolution

MAC

Media Access Control

MAC Address

Unique code assigned to most forms of networking hardware.

Managed Security Service Provider

Provides security services for companies.

Management Information Base

Type of database used to manage the devices in a communications network. It comprises a collection of objects in a (virtual) database used to manage entities

(such as routers and switches) in a network.

Masquerading

Technology based on NAT that allows an entire LAN to use one public IP address to communicate with the rest of the Internet.

MD5

Message-Digest algorithm 5

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Glossary

Message-Digest algorithm 5

Cryptographic hash function with a 128bit hash value.

MIB

Management Information Base

MIME

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

MPLS

Multiprotocol Label Switching

MPPE

Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption

MSCHAP

Microsoft Challenge Handshake

Authentication Protocol

MSCHAPv2

Microsoft Challenge Handshake

Authentication Protocol Version 2

MSP

Managed Service Provider

MSSP

Managed Security Service Provider

MTU

Maximum Tansmission Unit

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

Internet Standard that extends the format of email to support text in character sets other than US-ASCII, nontext attachments, multi-part message bodies, and header information in non-

ASCII character sets.

MX record

Type of resource record in the Domain

Name System (DNS) specifying how emails should be routed through the

Internet.

NAS

Network Access Server

NAT

Network Address Translation

NAT-T

NAT Traversal

Network Address Translation

System for reusing IP addresses.

Network Time Protocol

Protocol for synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over packetswitched networks.

NIC

Network Interface Card

Not-so-stubby area

In the OSPF protocol, a type of stub area that can import autonomous system (AS) external routes and send them to the backbone, but cannot receive AS external routes from the backbone or other areas.

NSSA

Not-so-stubby area

NTLM

NT LAN Manager (Microsoft Windows)

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Glossary

NTP

Network Time Protocol

Open Shortest Path First

Link-state, hierarchical interior gateway protocol (IGP) for network routing.

OpenPGP

Protocol combining strong public-key and symmetric cryptography to provide security services for electronic communications and data storage.

OSI

Open Source Initiative

OSPF

Open Shortest Path First

Organisational Unit

PAC

Proxy Auto Configuration

PAP

Password Authentication Protocol

PCI

Peripheral Component Interconnect

PEM

Privacy Enhanced Mail

PGP

Pretty Good Privacy

PKCS

Public Key Cryptography Standards

PKI

Public Key Infrastructure

PMTU

Path Maximum Transmission Unit

POP3

Post Office Protocol version 3

Port

Virtual data connection that can be used by programs to exchange data directly.

More specifically, a port is an additional identifier—in the cases of TCP and

UDP, a number between 0 and 65535 – that allows a computer to distinguish between multiple concurrent connections between the same two computers.

Portscan

Action of searching a network host for open ports.

Post Office Protocol version 3

Protocol for delivery of emails across packet-switched networks.

PPP

Point-to-Point Protocol

PPPoA

PPP over ATM Protocol

PPTP

Point to Point Tunneling Protocol

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Glossary

Privacy Enhanced Mail

Early IETF proposal for securing email using public key cryptography.

Protocol

Well-defined and standardized set of rules that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between two computing endpoints.

Proxy

Computer that offers a computer network service to allow clients to make indirect network connections to other network services.

PSK

Preshared Key

QoS

Quality of Service

RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

RAID

Redundant Array of Independent Disks

RAM

Random Access Memory

RAS

Remote Access Server

RBL

Realtime Blackhole List

RDN

Relative Distinguished Name

RDNS

Reverse Domain Name Service

RDP

Remote Desktop Protocol

Real-time Blackhole List

Means by which an Internet site may publish a list of IP addresses linked to spamming. Most mail transport agent

(mail server) software can be configured to reject or flag messages which have been sent from a site listed on one or more such lists. For webservers as well it is possible to reject clients listed on an RBL.

RED

Random Early Detection

Redundant Array of Independent

Disks

Refers to a data storage scheme using multiple hard drives to share or replicate data among the drives.

Remote Authentication Dial In User

Service

Protocol designed to allow network devices such as routers to authenticate users against a central database.

RFC

Request for Comment

Router

Network device that is designed to forward packets to their destination along the most efficient path.

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Glossary

RPS

RED Provisioning Service

RSA

Rivest, Shamir, & Adleman (public key encryption technology)

S/MIME

Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail

Extensions

Security Associations

SAA

Sophos Authentication Agent

SCP

Secure Copy (from the SSH suite of computer applications for secure communication)

SCSI

Small Computer System Interface

Secure Shell

Protocol that allows establishing a secure channel between a local and a remote computer across packetswitched networks.

Secure Sockets Layer

Cryptographic protocol that provides secure communications on the Internet, predecessor of the Transport LayerSecurity (TLS).

Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail

Extensions

Standard for public key encryption and signing of email encapsulated in MIME.

Security Parameter Index

Identification tag added to the header while using IPsec for tunneling the IP traffic.

Sender Policy Framework

Extension to the Simple Mail Transfer

Protocol (SMTP). SPF allows software to identify and reject forged addresses in the SMTP MAIL FROM (Return-

Path), a typical annoyance of email spam.

Session Initiation Protocol

Signalization protocol for the setup, modification and termination of sessions between two or several communication partners. The text-oriented protocol is based on HTTP and can transmit signalization data through TCP or UDP via

IP networks. Thus, it is the base among others for Voice-over-IP videotelephony (VoIP) and multimedia services in real time.

SFQ

Stochastic Fairness Queuing

Shared Secret

Password or passphrase shared between two entities for secure communication.

SIM

Subscriber Identification Module

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Glossary

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Protocol used to send and receive email across packet-switched networks.

Single sign-on

Form of authentication that enables a user to authenticate once and gain access to multiple applications and systems using a single password.

SIP

Session Initiation Protocol

SLAAC

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration

SMB

Server Message Block

SMP

Symmetric Multiprocessing

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

SNAT

Source Network Address Translation

SNMP

Simple Network Message Protocol

SOCKetS

Internet protocol that allows clientserver applications to transparently use the services of a network firewall.

SOCKS, often called the Firewall

Traversal Protocol, is currently at version 5 and must be implemented in the client-side program in order to function correctly.

SOCKS

SOCKetS

Sophos UTM Manager

Software for monitoring and administering multiple UTM units by means of a single interface. Formerly known as

Astaro Command Center.

Source Network Address Translation

Special case of NAT. With SNAT, the IP address of the computer which initiated the connection is rewritten.

Spanning Tree Protocol

Network protocol to detect and prevent bridge loops

SPF

Sender Policy Framework

SPI

Security Parameter Index

SSH

Secure Shell

SSID

Service Set Identifier

SSL

Secure Sockets Layer

SSO

Single sign-on

STP

Spanning Tree Protocol

SUA

Sophos User Authentication

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Glossary

540

Subnet mask

The subnet mask (also called netmask) of a network, together with the network address, defines which addresses are part of the local network and which are not. Individual computers will be assigned to a network on the basis of the definition.

SUM

Sophos UTM Manager

Symmetric Multiprocessing

The use of more than one CPU.

SYN

Synchronous

TACACS

Terminal Access Controller Access Control System

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

TFTP

Trivial File Transfer Protocol

Time-to-live

8-bit field in the Internet Protocol (IP) header stating the maximum amount of time a packet is allowed to propagate through the network before it is discarded.

TKIP

Temporal Key Integrity Protocol

TLS

Transport Layer Security

TOS

Type of Service

Transmission Control Protocol

Protocol of the Internet protocol suite allowing applications on networked computers to create connections to one another. The protocol guarantees reliable and in-order delivery of data from sender to receiver.

Transport Layer Security

Cryptographic protocol that provides secure communications on the Internet, successor of the Secure Sockets Layer

(SSL).

TTL

Time-to-live

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System

Unified Threat Management

Software for unified threat management, including mail and web security. Formerly known as Astaro Security

Gateway.

Uniform Resource Locator

String that specifies the location of a resource on the Internet.

Uninterruptible power supply

Device which maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected

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Glossary equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available.

Up2Date

Service that allows downloading relevant update packages from the

Sophos server.

UPS

Uninterruptible Power Supply

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

USB

Universal Serial Bus

User Datagram Protocol

Protocol allowing applications on networked computers to send short messages sometimes known as datagrams to one another.

UTC

Coordinated Universal Time

UTM

Unified Threat Management

VDSL

Very High Speed Digital Subscriber

Line

Virtual Private Network

Private data network that makes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol such as

PPTP or IPsec.

VLAN

Virtual LAN

VNC

Virtual Network Computing

Voice over IP

Routing of voice conversations over the

Internet or through any other IP-based network.

VoIP

Voice over IP

VPC

Virtual Private Cloud

VPN

Virtual Private Network

WAF

Web Application Firewall

WAN

Wide Area Network

W-CDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access

WebAdmin

Web-based graphical user interface of

Sophos/Astaro products such as UTM,

SUM, ACC, ASG, AWG, and AMG.

WEP

Wired Equivalent Privacy

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Glossary

Windows Internet Naming Service

Microsoft's implementation of NetBIOS

Name Server (NBNS) on Windows, a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names.

WINS

Windows Internet Naming Service

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network

WPA

Wi-Fi Protected Access

X.509

Specification for digital certificates published by the ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –

Telecommunication). It specifies information and attributes required for the identification of a person or a computer system.

XSS

Cross-site scripting

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List of Figures

Figure 1 WebAdmin: Initial Login Page

Figure 2 WebAdmin: Regular Login Page

Figure 3 WebAdmin: Dashboard

Figure 4 WebAdmin: Overview

Figure 5 WebAdmin: Example of a List

Figure 6 WebAdmin: Example of a Dialog Box

Figure 7 WebAdmin: Dragging an Object From the Object List Networks

Figure 8 MyAstaro Portal

Figure 9 Licensing: Subscription Warning Message

Figure 10 Up2Date: Progress Window

Figure 11 User Portal: Welcome Page

Figure 12 Customization: Example Blocked Page and Its Customizable Parts

Figure 13 Customization: HTTP Download Page Step 1 of 3: Downloading File

Figure 14 Customization: HTTP Download Page Step 2 of 3: Virus Scanning 85

Figure 15 Customization: HTTP Download Page Step 3 of 3: File Download Completed 85

Figure 16 Customization: POP3 Proxy Blocked Message

Figure 17 Groups: eDirectory Browser of Sophos UTM

Figure 18 Authentication: Microsoft Management Console

Figure 19 Email Encryption: Using Two Sophos UTM Units

Figure 20 Mail Manager of Sophos UTM

Figure 21 Endpoint Protection: Overview

Figure 22 Mesh Network Use Case Wireless Bridge

Figure 23 Mesh Network Use Case Wireless Repeater

Figure 24 RED: Setup Sketch

Figure 25 RED 50: Hostname and Uplink Balancing (turquoise) and Hostname and

Uplink Failover (red)

402

410

Figure 26 RED 50: Hostname Balancing and Uplink Failover (green) and Hostname Failover and Uplink Balancing (blue) 410

Figure 27 Reporting: Example of a Line Chart

Figure 28 Reporting: Example of a Pie Chart

Index

3DES, encryption 420, 456

3G/UMTS (interface type) 135, 137

failover uplink 408

MTU 138

access control

logging of traffic 54

to SSH 51

to User Portal 119

to WebAdmin 54

access points 365, 371-372

active 372

authentication at 366-367

authorization of 372

channel 374

clients See wireless networks, clients

configuration of 365

country setting 371, 373

deletion of 372 disabling of 372

mesh access points 377

network assignment 375

network interface of 366

pending 367, 372-373

reporting of 496

root access points 377

SSID 367-368

status of 365

types of 371

accounting data, reporting 94

activation keys, license 59

Active Directory 119, 122 backend servers 122

Base DN 124

domain joining 130

email recipient verification 297

FTP proxy and 290, 293

groups 132

port number 123

prefetching with 131

Single Sign-On 119-120, 129

supported versions 122

Admin Password Setup (dialog window) 52

administration guide

download of 509

language of 510

administrative interface 20

administrator manual See administration guide

ADSL 147

AES, encryption 420, 456

ageing timeout, bridging 162

agent, SNMP 88

AH (protocol) 419, 456

aliases, IP addresses 151

Amazon VPC 416 activation of 416 connections 416

import of 417 setup of 417

status of 416

anonymization, reporting data 493, 495, 508

Index

antispam engine 301, 318

BATV 304, 310, 313

blacklisting 76, 114, 303, 314, 319, 521

expression filter 303, 315, 319

greylisting 304, 313

RBLs 302, 313 rejection of invalid HELO 304, 313 rejection of missing RDNS entries 304, 313

spam filter 302, 314, 318

spam marker 303, 319

SPF check 305, 313

status of 41

whitelisting 76, 114, 335, 337, 520

antispyware engine

blocked spyware 39

blocking of spyware 258

settings of 25

status of 41

antivirus engine

encrypted files 265

maximum email size 318

of endpoint protection 354

of FTP proxy 290-291

of POP3 proxy 317

of SMTP proxy 298

of web application firewall 393

of Web Filter 256, 262

scanning 52

of downloads 393

of emails 298, 314, 317

of uploads 393

settings of 25, 52

status of 41

unscannable files 265

zip archives, encrypted 257, 291

AonSpeed (ISP) 148

APC (manufacturer) 16

AppAccuracy, application control 289

Apple OpenDirectory SSO (Web Filter authen-

tication mode) 269

appliances

default settings 22

models 95

application control 285

AppAccuracy 289

network visibility 40, 286

reporting of 492

rules 44, 167, 286, 288-289

settings of 25

skiplist 289

Application Control (Web Filter message) 83

area, system settings 19

ARP

broadcasts and bridging 162

cache 95

clashes 134

gratuitous 95 high availability and 95

resolution, wrong 134

Astaro's Portal See MyAstaro Portal

attacks, intrusion prevention 39-40

patterns 234-235 signatures 234

audio content, filtering 299, 315

auditor (user right) 55

auditor (user role) 54

authentication 119-120

agent for 117

cache for 120 clearance of 120

global settings 119

IPsec 423-424

live log 120

of clients 103-104, 117

of users 113

SOCKS proxy 249

timeout 261, 266

Web Filter 261-262, 266

Apple OpenDirectory SSO 269

authentication algorithms

Internet Key Exchange 426, 460

IPsec 427, 462

WPA/WPA2 enterprise 366-367

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Index

authentication servers 120

Active Directory 119, 122

authentication services 127

authorization

of users 127-128

automatic backups 74 deletion of 74-75

download of 75

emailing of 74 encryption of 74 interval of creation 74

password protection 75 restoration of 75

storage of 74

autonegotiation, interfaces 159

AV engine See antivirus engine

availability groups 107 always resolved 107 monitoring interval 107

backend directory services See directory services backend servers

backups

before Up2Date installation 67

deletion of 74-75

download of 75

emailing of 67, 74 encryption of 74 interval of creation 74

password protection 75 restoration of 75

storage of 74 available 71, 74-75

confidential information and 72

emailing of 72 recipients of 72 encryption of 72

file extensions 71

import of 72, 74-75

lock files and 72 password protection 72

readability of 71 restoration of 24, 27, 71-72

from USB flash drive 72

SSH DSA keys and 503

storage of 71 version number 71

balancing rules, server load balancing 243

bandwidth monitor See flow monitor

bandwidth pools, Quality of Service 44, 168

bandwidth usage, reporting 480

base license 65

basic configuration 15, 21

backup restoration 27

basic system setup 23

BasicGuard, subscription 64-65

battery operation, UPS 16

BATV 304, 310, 313

BGP See Border Gateway Protocol

bit mask 106

bit rate, network cards 40

Blacklist (Web Filter message) 83

blacklisting, email addresses 76, 114, 303,

314, 319, 521

UTM 9 WebAdmin

547

Index

blocked IP address, due to failed logins 131

Blowfish (cipher) 71

Border Gateway Protocol 189

activation of 190

autonomous systems, multiple 191, 196 debug information 196

filter lists 195

IP address match, strict 196 multiple path routing 196

neighbor routers 191 peer routers 191

route maps 193

branch offices, network integration of 401

EtherTypes, forwarding of 162

firewall rules 160

IPv6 and 162

removal of bridge 161 removal of interfaces 161

Spanning Tree Protocol 162

status of 161 virtual MAC address 161-162

wireless 378

with RED appliances 413

broadcasts, firewall and 222

browser See web browser

button bar, of WebAdmin 31

buttons, in WebAdmin 35

Bypass Content Block (Web Filter message)

bypassing blocked content, HTTP proxy 261

authentication timeout 266

cache

for authentication 120 clearance of 120

for Up2Dates 70

of Web Filter 262, 269

CBC mode (Cipher Block Chaining) 71

CD-ROM drive, system requirements 16, 19

CD-ROM, for installation 17

central management, of UTM 91

certificate authority 23, 270, 436, 439

download of 440

fingerprint 273, 332

import of 439 signing CA 270, 439

for VPN 440

verification CA 272, 439

Web Filter certificate 77, 527

WebAdmin certificate 23, 55

certificates 436

date check 263

deletion of 438 download of 438

generation of 112, 437

import of 438

information contained in 48

invalid 49

management of 398, 436, 472

of User Portal 56

of WebAdmin 23, 55-56

public keys, import of 436

remote access 112

revocation lists 398, 431, 436, 440, 464,

472-473

self-signed, of system 22, 437, 439

SSL, of users 119, 444

time, time zones, and 55

changes, of WebAdmin settings 47

charsets, used by POP3 proxy 324

charts, reporting 476

548

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

Cisco VPN client 469 configuration 469-470

debug information 471-472

iOS configuration 470-472 live log 470

client authentication 76, 103-104, 117

Client Authentication, section in User

Portal 524

clusters, high availability 93, 95, 98 autojoin 98

resource usage 97 system status 97

status of 41

codes, of notifications 79

command-line access 51, See also shell

access

community string, SNMP 89-90

company information 23

company logo, customization of 81

company text, customization of 82

complexity, password 51, 131

confidentiality footer, SMTP proxy 310, 315

configuration 21

of system 40

of Up2Dates 69

of WebAdmin, overview 510

reset of 52

configuration dump, support 513

configuration wizard See wizard

connection tracking helpers 226

H.323 247

SIP 245

connection types, for Internet uplink 25

connections, termination of 234

console See shell access

contact data, administrator 82, 84

content removal, websites 257

controllers

Outlook Web Access 395

secret of 392, 398

country blocking 223

exceptions 224

CPU usage 39, 97, 478

CPU, system requirements 16, 19

CRL See certificates, revocation lists cross-site scripting

protection from 387, 392

CSV export, delimiter 506

customer support, Sophos UTM 510

customization

home use license and 81, 336

of company logo 81

of company text 82

of POP3 messages 81 of Quarantine Report 81 of quarantine status messages 81

of system messages 80-81

of Web Filter messages 81

Dashboard 26, 30, 39

grouping of topics 42

RAID display 17

refresh rate 41 settings of 41

Sophos News Feed 42

data packets See packets

databases, reset of 53

daylight saving time 48

dead peer detection, IPsec 430, 464

deanonymization, reporting data 493, 495

UTM 9 WebAdmin

549

Index

decryption, email 327

default gateway, for external interface 25

default settings, appliances 22

of time periods 103, 111

Denial of Service See DoS, intrusion prevention

departments, reporting 490

DER (file format) 333

destination address translation See DNAT

detection, hardware 17-18

device control, Endpoint Protection 358

device information, SNMP 89

DHCP 208

HTTP proxy browser configuration, auto-

IPv6 214 leases and prefix advertisements 214

options 215

relays 211 requests, forwarding of 211

servers 24, 208

static mappings 212-215

Web Filter browser configuration, auto-

matic 266

with RED appliances 412-413

with wireless networks 366, 380

dialog boxes, in WebAdmin 34

dig (network tool) 512

directory services 119-120

Active Directory 119, 122

directory traversals, protection from 387

Distinguished Name 121, 123, 125, 436

DKIM, SMTP proxy 310

DN See Distinguished Name

DNAT 230, 248

firewall and 222

firewall rules and 231

PPTP access and 230

DNS 203

cache, clearance of 204

DNSSEC 203

DynDNS 205

forwarders 204 by ISP 204

groups 106

hostname of system and 48

records, time-to-live 204

reverse DNS 106

servers 204

allowed networks 203 internal 203-204

remote access 472

root 204

static mappings 205

wireless networks 366

zone information 204

documentation, administrator 509

domain controllers See directory services

domains, SMTP 25

DoS, intrusion prevention 131, 236

Download Complete (Web Filter message)

Download in Progress (Web Filter message)

download manager, Web Filter 84, 265

download size 83

download throttling, Quality of Service 45, 170

downloads, antivirus scanning 393

550

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

DSA keys, SSH 503 backups and 503

public 504

DSL

ADSL 147

VDSL 145

DSL (PPPoA/PPTP) (interface type) 135,

147

MTU 148

DSL (PPPoE) (interface type) 136, 145

MTU 146

multilink 147

dynamic address allocation 135

dynamic IP endpoints 106

dynamic routing (OSPF) See OSPF

DynDNS 205

ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification)

IPsec 424

Quality of Service 171

eDirectory 119, 121 backend servers 121

email address, of cache administrator, web

messages 84

email addresses

blacklisting of 76, 114, 303, 314, 319, 521

conflict of 119

unique 120

whitelisting of 76, 114, 335, 520

email decryption 327

email domains 296

email encryption 301, 310, 325, 327

activation of 328

CA, creation of 328

certificates 333

automatic extraction, S/MIME 329

information contained in 48

configuration of 327 decryption 327

default policy settings 329 internal users 329

S/MIME

certificates 329, 333

email footers

email log

email messages, customization of 87

Quarantine Report 334

reporting of 493-495

settings of 25

SMTP proxy 295 statistics 295

subscription 65

email quarantine 75, 298, 317

false positives 335

high availability and 98

in User Portal 517

Mail Manager 340

mailing lists 337

POP3 Quarantine Report 337

release of emails 75, 298, 317, 335-336,

517

reporting of 494

email recipients

of backups 67

of executive reports 500

UTM 9 WebAdmin

551

Index

of hotspot passwords 383, 522

of logfile archives 504

of RED unlock code 403

of Web Protection reports 491

verification of 297, 305, 313

email relays 307-308

antivirus scanning 308

authentication 307

blacklisting of 308 host-based 308

upstream hosts 307

embedded objects, in webpages

removal of 263

encryption algorithms

3DES 420, 456

AES 369, 420, 456

Internet Key Exchange 425, 460

IPsec 427, 461

TKIP & AES 369

encryption, email See email encryption encryption, wireless networks

WEP 368

WPA/WPA2 personal 366, 368

end-user portal See User Portal

Endpoint Protection 347, 349

activation of 349, 362

antivirus engine 354

antivirus exceptions 356

antivirus policies 354

computer management 349, 351-352

default group 354

deploy agent 350

grouping of computers 352

deactivation of 349, 362

device control 358

exceptions 359

policies 358

installation on endpoints 350

live log 348

registration at Sophos LiveConnect 354

status of 40

tamper protection 354

552

Web Control 361-362

Enterprise Toolkit, installation of 20

Error While Releasing Message From Quar-

antine (SMTP/POP3 proxy message) 87

ESP (protocol) 419, 456

Ethernet DHCP (interface type) 136, 143

MTU 144

Ethernet Static (interface type) 136, 139

MTU 140 proxy ARP 140

Ethernet VLAN (interface type) 136, 141

MTU 142 proxy ARP 142

Ethernet, modes of operation 159

EtherTypes 162

Excel (format)

delimiter 506

download of reporting data in 481, 483-

485, 489, 492, 494-495, 498-499

exceptions

in reporting 507

POP3 proxy 319

SMTP proxy 306

Web Filter 262-264, 273

standard mode and 263 transparent mode and 263

executables, filtering 299, 315

executive reports 499 archived 499

expression filter, POP3 proxy 319

expression filter, SMTP proxy 303, 315

external interfaces 25, 133 external networks 133

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

factory reset 52-53

system shutdown 53

failover, high availability 93, 95

failover, Link Aggregation 152

failure, hardware, dealing with 93

false positives, quarantined emails 335

File Extension (Web Filter message) 83

file extensions

blocking of 256-257, 262, 290-291

filtering of 300, 315, 318

of backups 71

File Size (Web Filter message) 83

filter field, of lists 33

fingerprint, certificate authorities 273, 332

firewall 40, 219

broadcasts and 222 configuration of 222

connection tracking helpers 226

country blocking 223

exceptions 224

debug information 222

ICMP 225

IDENT traffic and 222

protocol handling 227

reporting of 482-483

security policy 219

firewall profiles, web application firewall 391,

debug information 222

deletion of 221

DNAT and 231

for bridging 160

order of 220 rule matching 220

firmware updates 67-68

download of 68-69

installation of 67-69

scheduling of 68 firmware version 39, 68

flood protection, intrusion prevention 236

adaption of 139-140, 142, 144, 146, 149,

151

form hardening 393-394

connection tracking helpers 227

servers 293

as log file archive 503

of Sophos UTM 70

FTP proxy 289

activation of 290

Active Directory and 290, 293

antivirus engine 290-291 blocking of file extensions 290-291

full transparent (Web Filter operation mode)

255, 279

Fully Qualified Domain Name See FQDN

generic proxy 248

UTM 9 WebAdmin

553

Index

GeoIP 223

gratuitous ARP 95

greylisting 304, 313

groups

availability groups 107

DNS groups 106 multicast groups 106 network groups 106

service groups 109-110

user groups 115

Guest (wireless network) 366

H.323 246

connection tracking helpers 247

HA See high availability hard disk

erasure of 21

size and type 19

system requirements 16

usage of 39, 97

hardware

failure, dealing with 93

interfaces 159

minimum requirements 15, 19

reporting on 94, 478-479

hardware appliances, slot information 136

Hardware Compatibility List 16-17, 95, 141,

509

hardware detection 17-18

hardware interfaces 136

HCL See Hardware Compatibility List

HDD See hard disk

heart-beat requests, high availability 94

HELO, invalid 304, 313

help, online 67

high availability 93

active-active 93, 98 active-passive 93, 98

ARP requests 95

autojoin 98

backup interfaces 100

clusters 93, 98

configuration of 97

automatic 97-98, 100 of master 98, 100 up2date rollback 100

deactivation of 99

failover 93, 95

heart-beat requests 16, 94

hot standby 93, 98

license requirements 95

link aggregation 153

link monitoring 160

live log 96

master-master situations 100

nodes 94, 96

ID 96

resource usage 97 system status 97

status of 41, 95-96

reset of 53

system requirements 95

takeover 94-95, 99, 160

home use license 59

customization and 81

homepage, Sophos UTM 64, 137

hostname, system 56

configuration of 48

DNS and 48

hot standby 93, 95, 98 autojoin 98

configuration of 97

of master 98, 100

deactivation of 99

nodes

resource usage 97 system status 97

hotspots 380, 382, 385

access, unrestricted 386

creation of 382

in User Portal 76

legal information 381

live log 382

554

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

vouchers 385

Hotspots, section in User Portal 521

HTML rewriting, web application firewall 389

HTML5 VPN Portal

remote access 465-466

section in User Portal 525

HTTP proxy See Web Filter

HTTP return codes 243

HTTPS

problems with 271

return codes 243

WebAdmin CA certificate 23, 55

WebAdmin certificate 55

HTTPS proxySee also HTTP proxy; Web Filter

certificate authorities 270

fingerprint 273

problems with HTTPS 271

HTTPS Proxy, section in User Portal 527

IANA 89

ICMP 225

echo request 225, 511 echo response 225, 511

flood protection 238

settings of 225

icons, in WebAdmin 35

access point icons 379

Info icon 33

IPv4/IPv6 markers 176

IDE controllers 19

IDENT

IDENT traffic and firewall 222

protocol 250

IDENT relay See IDENT reverse proxy

IDENT reverse proxy 250

idle timeout, WebAdmin 57

IKE See Internet Key Exchange

improvement program, Sophos UTM 58

Info icon 33

interface definitions 134

MAC address definitions 108

network definitions 104

service definitions 109

time period definitions 111

user definitions 112

initial login page 22

installation 15, 503

abortion of 19

and basic configuration 21 duration of 21

from CD-ROM 17

hardware requirements 15, 19

key functions during 17

of Enterprise Toolkit 20 of Open Source Software 20

problems after 21 system reboot after 21 warning message 21

installation instructions 17

installation menu 15 installation requirements 15

instant messaging clients 248

Interface Address 104

Interface Broadcast Address 104

Interface Network Address 104

interface persistence

server load balancing 244

automatic definitions of 134

dynamic address allocation 135

autonegotiation of 159

configuration of 133

default gateway 25

dynamic routing 183

external 25, 133, 140, 143

UTM 9 WebAdmin

555

Index

link aggegration 152

load balancing 93, 98, 153

multicast routing 198

of name "Internal" 135

of status "Down" 134, 139, 141, 143, 145,

147, 149, 151

of status "Up" 139, 141, 143, 145, 147,

149, 151

OSPF 183

Quality of Service 163, 171

slot information 136

table of 513

types of 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147,

149, 151

3G/UMTS 135, 137

DSL (PPPoA/PPTP) 135, 147

DSL (PPPoE) 136, 145

Ethernet DHCP 136, 143

Ethernet Static 136, 139

Ethernet VLAN 136, 141

group 135, 137

Modem (PPP) 136, 149

uplink balancing 153

uplink monitoring 172

virtual 134, 152, 156

internal interfaces 20, 24, 133

internal mail server 25

internal network card 19

Internet (network definition) 104, 133

Internet Explorer 16

Internet Key Exchange

authentication algorithms 426, 460

Diffie-Hellman groups 426, 460 encryption algorithms 425, 460 security association lifetime 426, 460

Internet time servers See NTP servers

Internet uplink, connection type 25

Internet, access to 230

intrusion attempts 39

intrusion prevention 234 attack patterns 234-235

portscan detection 238

reporting of 482, 484

settings of 25

signatures 40 status of 40

intrusion prevention system See IPS iOS configuration

Cisco VPN client 470-472

L2TP 454

PPTP 449

IP addresses

active 66

additional 151 aliases of 151

static, for remote access users 114

IP endpoints, dynamic 106

IP header 420, 457

IP masquerading 25

IPS 40

activation of 234 attack patterns 234-235

authentication 423-424, 429-430

X.509 certificates 430, 463

authentication algorithms 427, 462

certificates

information contained in 48

revocation lists 431, 464

client installation instructions 459

compression of IP packets 428, 463

556

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

connections 421-422, 457-459

encryption 420, 456

operation modes 418, 455

remote gateways 422-425

status of 415

dead peer detection 430, 464

debug information 431, 465

ECN 424

encryption algorithms 427, 461

high availability and 98

L2TP over IPsec 450, 454

NAT traversal 420, 430, 457, 464

PFS groups 428, 462

PMTU 424

policies 425, 428, 459-460, 463

preshared key probing 431, 464

protocol 415

protocols used by 419, 456

Quality of Service 171

security association lifetime 428, 462 strict policy 428, 462

IPv4 178 tunneling of 178

IPv4 and IPv6, simultaneous use of 140,

142, 152

link-local addresses 177

object icons 176 prefix advertisements 176

prefix renumbering 177

status of 176

supported functions 175

tunnel brokers 178-179

IRC

clients 248

connection tracking helpers 227

UTM 9 WebAdmin

JavaScript 16

removal of 263

Kerberos authentication support 129-130,

269

kernel modules 226

key functions, during installation 17

keyboard layout, selection of 19

keyboard shortcuts, in WebAdmin 56

keys

for cookie signing 398 for URL hardening 398

keyservers, OpenPGP 329

Knowledgebase, Sophos 16-17, 26, 65, 86,

95, 141, 509-510

Known Issues List, Sophos UTM 509

L2TP over IPsec 450, 454

access control 452

client installation instructions 453

configuration of 451

debug information 454

domain name 472

iOS configuration 454

LAG See link aggregation, groups

LAN 133

language, WebAdmin 53

LDAP 119, 125 backend servers 125

Base DN 126

port number 125 user attribute 125

LDAP browser 132

LDAP over SSL 121, 123, 125

lease table, DHCP 212, 214

license 24, 39

activation keys 59

base license 65

557

Index

BasicGuard 64

download of 60

expiration of 59 for home use 59 for trial use 24, 59

free 66

FullGuard 61

information on 65 installation of 65

IP address limitation 66

MSP 64

notification about 66

purchase of 59

reset of 53

subscriptions 59 upgrade of 59

line charts, reporting 476

link-local addresses, IPv6 177

link aggregation 152

alias interfaces 153 groups 153

link monitoring, high availability 160

link speed, increase of 152

Linux, SSH and 51

lists 32

Info icon 33 search in 33

live logs 31

load balancing, interfaces 93, 98, 153, 196

load balancing, servers 242

balancing rules 243

interface persistence 244

WAF servers 387, 389

weight distribution 244

558

localization, of system messages 80

lock files and backups 72

log files

download of 477 live log 477

of SMTP 76, 519

of today 477

reset of 53

search in 477-478 view of 477

log off 515

log partition

histogram of, utilization 475 status of 475

usage of 39, 97

logging 42, 475

accessed webpages 263, 265 blocked webpages 263, 265

local 500

thresholds of 501 notifications and 501 remote 501

loginuser

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

logout 515 automatic 515

MAC address definitions

creation of 108

Info icon 108

Mail Log, section in User Portal 519

Mail Manager 339

cleanup of database log 345

configuration of 344

statistics 343

Mail Manager Window 339

deletion of emails 341 download of emails 341 false positives, report of 341 global cleanup actions 341

opening of 343

POP3 quarantine 340

release of emails 341 restrictions of users 341

SMTP log 342-343

SMTP quarantine 340

SMTP spool 341

Mail Protection See Email Protection

Mail QuarantineSee also email quarantine

section in User Portal 517

mail server, internal 25, 295-296

mailing lists 337 whitelisting of 337

maintenance levels, support 510

Management Information Base, SNMP 87

management workstation 15

management, central, of UTM 91

manager (user right) 55

manual, administrator 509

language of 510

masquerading 25, 229, 248

rules 229

Master (high availability node) 94, 96-97

MD5 (hashing algorithm) 419, 456

MD5 authentication, OSPF 188

UTM 9 WebAdmin

memory

system requirements 16

message digest keys, OSPF 188

Message Released From Quarantine (SMTP

proxy message) 87

MGE UPS Systems (manufacturer) 16

MIB See Management Information Base,

SNMP

Microsoft Active Directory See Active Directory

MIME Type (Web Filter message) 83

MIME types

blocking of 257, 265

deactivation of 263

filtering of 299, 315

of PAC file 266

Modem (PPP) (interface type) 136, 149

MTU 151

monitoring

of link status, high availability 160

of network 87

of nodes, high availability 94

of requests, web application firewall 391

of systems 91

of uplink 172

MSCHAPv2 (authentication protocol) 448

MTU

multicast groups 106, 199 prefixes 199

559

Index

multicast routing 197 activation of 197

deactivation of 198

debug information 201 firewall rules, automatic 201

interfaces 198

IP address range 197

live log 198

rendezvous point routers 199 routes 199

settings, advanced 200 shortest path 200

multicast, high availability 94

multilink, DSL (PPPoE) 147

multipath rules, uplink balancing 157

MyAstaro Portal 59, 65

NAS identifiers, RADIUS 127-128

firewall rules, automatic 233

NAT traversal 420, 430, 457, 464

neighbor routers, BGP 191

netmask 106

netstat 513

network activities 475

heart-beat capable 16, 95

internal 19

name of 40

recognition of 133

Software Appliance and 133

560

sequence of 21

status of 40

SysIDs 140, 143

network definitions

availability groups 107 bind to interface 107

multicast groups 106 network groups 106

types of 104

network groups 106

of name "Uplink Primary Addresses" 156

network interfaces See interfaces network mask See netmask

network monitoring 87

uplink monitoring 172

Network Protection 219-230, 234-250

IDENT reverse proxy 250

intrusion prevention 234, 238

NAT 229-230

reporting of 482-483

server load balancing 242

network statistics 513

overview of 133

network usage, reporting 94, 479-480

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

network visibility, application control 40, 286

settings of 25

networks 103 definition of 103

external 133

never blocked 131

RED See RED Management

static 104

wireless See wireless networks

news, Sophos News Feed 42

NIC bonding See link aggregation

nodes, high availability 93-94, 96

reboot of 96 removal of 96 shutdown of 96

Slave 96 status of 96

system status 97

version of 96

Worker 96

notifications 48, 79-80 by email 79-80 codes of 79 device-specific text 79

notifier MIB of Sophos, SNMP 89

Novell eDirectory See eDirectory

NTLMv2 support 129

NTP 217

NTP servers 48, 50, 217

testing of 50

object identifier, SNMP traps 89

object lists 37

keyboard shortcuts 56

OID, SNMP traps 89

online help, update of 67

Open Source software, installation of 20

OpenPGP encryption 329, 334

keyservers 329

public keys 334

Operating Instructions 15

operating status, system 39

operation modes

bridge mode 22 routing mode 22

organizational information, system 48

OSPF 181, 183

activation of 184 areas 184 deactivation of 184

debug information 188

interfaces 186 live log 186-187

MD5 authentication 188 message digest keys 188

settings, advanced 189

Outlook Anywhere

web application firewall, passing of 391

Outlook Web Access 395

PAC files 266 example of 266

packets

pagination, tables 56

UTM 9 WebAdmin

561

Index parent proxies

as Up2Date cache 70, 91

authentication at 70, 309

SMTP proxy and 308

Web Filter and 267-268, 284

partition usage 478

log partition 479

root partition 39, 97, 478

storage partition 479

Partner Portal, Sophos NSG 511

password

for shell 51

of administrator 24, 52

of users

password complexity 51, 131 password guessing 131

pattern updates 67

download of 69 installation of 67, 69

online help 67

pattern version 39, 69

PCI ID 21

PDF (format)

download of reporting data in 481, 483-

485, 489, 492, 494-495, 498-499

peer routers See Border Gateway Protocol, neighbor routers

PEM (file format) 333, 438

pending access points 367, 372-373

pie charts, reporting 476

PIM-SM See multicast routing

ping 511

settings of 225

ping check 21, 511

availability group 107

server load balancing 243

PKCS#12 container (file format) 438

PMTU 424

policy routes 180, 182

POP3 accounts 76

POP3 Accounts, section in User Portal 520

POP3 Message Blocked (POP3 proxy mes-

sage) 87

POP3 messages, customization of 81

POP3 proxy 25, 316 activation of 316

antispam engine 318

blacklisting of email addresses 76, 319,

521

expression filter 319

spam filter 318

spam marker 319

whitelisting of email addresses 76, 335,

maximum email size 318

unscannable emails 317

charsets 324

configuration of 316

deletion of emails 316, 323

exceptions 319

file extension filter 318

live log 317

messages of, customization 87

port number 316

prefetching 322, 335

Quarantine Report 337

servers 321 skiplist, transparent mode 321

status of 40

timeout settings of client 316

TLS 324

POP3 quarantine See email quarantine

562

UTM 9 WebAdmin

Index

POP3 servers

allowed 76

definition of 321

TLS 321

port forwarder See generic proxy port number

of Active Directory 123

of eDirectory 121

of LDAP 125

of POP3 proxy 316

of Quarantine Report 338

of RADIUS 127, 367

of SSH 52

of SUM communication 93 of SUM Gateway Manager 93 of SUM WebAdmin 93

of TACACS+ 129

of User Portal 78

of WebAdmin 22

port trunking See link aggregation

portscan detection, intrusion prevention 238

activation of 239

PPTP 447-450

activation of 448 client installation instructions 448

connection tracking helpers 227

debug information 450

DNAT and 230

domain name 472

encryption 450

iOS configuration 449 live log 449

preferences

of user 56

prefetching, authentication

groups 132 interval of 132 time of 132

with Active Directory 131 with eDirectory 131

prefetching, POP3 proxy 322, 335

prefix advertisements, IPv6 176

DHCP leases and 214

preinstalled software 15 preinstalled system 15

problems, after installation 21

process list, support 513

processor 19

system requirements 16

profiles, SMTP proxy 312-316

global settings 316

profiles, Web Filter 273, 275, 313

authentication modes 278

filter actions 274, 280

parent proxies 284

filter assignments 274, 279

protocols

proxies

reverse proxy See web application firewall

SMTP 295

SOCKS 248

Web Filter 252

proxy ARP (function)

with Ethernet Static 140

UTM 9 WebAdmin

563

Index

with Ethernet VLAN 142

proxy server, government-approved See parent proxies

ps (support tool) 513

public keys, OpenPGP 334

public keys, S/MIME 331-332

public keys, SSH DSA 504

false positives 335

report of 341

release of 75, 317, 335-336, 341, 517

allowed networks 338

restrictions of users 338, 341, 519

Quick Start Guide Hardware 15

QoS See Quality of Service

Quality of Service 163, 171

activation of 163

bandwidth pools 168

download throttling 170

ECN 171

interfaces 163 status of 163

traffic selectors 165

Quarantine Report 76, 113, 334-338, 520

activation of 336

customization of 81

delivery time 336 exceptions 336

message text, customization of 336

port number 338

release of emails 335-336

allowed networks 338 restrictions of users 338

report, additional 336 skiplist 336

whitelisting 335

quarantine status messages

customization of 81

quarantined emails 75

backend servers 127, 367

NAS identifiers 127-128

port number 127, 367

protocol of 126

shared secret 127, 367

RAID

controllers 17 display on Dashboard 17 support for 17

RAM

system requirements 16

usage of 39, 97

RBLs 302, 313

RDNS entries, missing 304, 313

readonly (user role) 54

real webservers 387, 390-391 manual addition 390

matching virtual webservers 389

Realtime Blackhole Lists See RBLs reboot, system

after installation 21

manual 101

recipient verification, SMTP proxy 297, 305,

313

recipients of emails See email recipients

of notifications 79