SAS 9.4 Intelligence Platform Data Administration Data Administration Guide
Below you will find brief information for SAS Intelligence Platform 9.4. This guide assists in data administration tasks within the SAS 9.4 Intelligence Platform, covering topics like connecting to various data sources (Hadoop, relational databases, SAS data sets), managing metadata, optimizing data storage, and managing OLAP cube data. It details features for efficient data access and management.
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SAS
®
9.4 Intelligence Platform:
Data Administration Guide,
Sixth Edition
SAS
®
Documentation
The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc. 2016. SAS® 9.4 Intelligence Platform: Data
Administration Guide, Sixth Edition. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
SAS® 9.4 Intelligence Platform: Data Administration Guide, Sixth Edition
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9.4-P1:bidsag
Contents
What’s New in Data Administration for the SAS 9.4 Intelligence
Platform
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vii
Accessibility
xiii
Chapter 1
Overview of Common Data Sources
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Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
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Local and Remote Access to Data
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SAS Scalable Performance Data Server and SAS
Scalable Performance Data Engine
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DataFlux Data Management Server and SAS Data
Chapter 2
Managing Table Metadata
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Overview of Managing Table Metadata
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Creating Table Metadata for a New Library
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Assessing Potential Changes in Advance
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Updating Your Table Metadata to Match Data in
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Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
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Chapter 3
Assigning Libraries
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What Does It Mean to Assign a Library?
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How Do the Different Platform Clients Assign Libraries?
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iv
Contents
Understanding Pre-Assigned Libraries
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Understanding Native Engines and the Metadata
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Considerations for SAS Stored Process and SAS
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Verifying Pre-assignments By Reviewing the Logs
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Limiting Access to Selected Libraries
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Chapter 4
Connecting to Common Data Sources
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Overview of Connecting to Common Data Sources
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Overview of SAS/ACCESS Connections to Relational Databases
. .
Using the Folders Tab in SAS Management Console
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Establishing Connectivity to a Library of SAS Data Sets
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Establishing Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
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Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Excel File
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Establishing Connectivity to a Flat File
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Establishing Connectivity to XML Data
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Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Information Map
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Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database
Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
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Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB Database
Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
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Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Database
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Establishing Connectivity to an Oracle Database
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Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Access
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Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Federation Server
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Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Scalable
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Establishing Connectivity to an SAP Server
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Establishing Connectivity to an SAP HANA Server
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Establishing Connectivity to an Impala Server
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Establishing Connectivity to a Redshift Server
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Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop
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Contents
v
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
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Establishing Connectivity to a SASHDAT Library
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Registering and Verifying Tables
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Read-only Access for Reporting Libraries
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Setting UNIX Environment Variables for SAS/ACCESS
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Troubleshooting SAS/ACCESS Connections to
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Chapter 5
Optimizing Data Storage
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Overview of Optimizing Data Storage
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Buffering Data for Base SAS Tables
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Buffering Data for SAS/ACCESS Databases
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Validating SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine
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Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect
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Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect
Performance of SAS/ACCESS Databases
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Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect
Performance of SAS SPD Engine Tables
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SAS Grid Computing Data Considerations
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Application Response Monitoring
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Chapter 6
Managing OLAP Cube Data
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Introduction to Managing OLAP Cube Data
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Create or Assign an OLAP Schema
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Making Detail Data Available to a Cube for Drill-Through
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vi
Contents
Making Detail Data Available to an OLAP Server for
Making Detail Data Available to an Information Map for Drill-Through
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Display Detail Data for a Large Cube
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Recommended Reading
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Glossary
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Index
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What
ʼs New
What’s New in Data Administration for the SAS 9.4 Intelligence Platform
Overview
This document focuses on the SAS Intelligence Platform and establishing connectivity to your data sources (and data targets). Here are the changes and enhancements: n integration of SAS with the DataFlux suite n support for limiting access to libraries n new localize table batch tool n discontinued support for SAS Data Surveyor products n support for on-disk AES encryption n documentation enhancements
vii
viii
Data Administration
Integration of SAS with the DataFlux
Suite
SAS has now fully integrated the DataFlux suite of data quality, data integration, data governance, and master data management solutions. Incorporating the DataFlux brand into SAS helps you build a more integrated information management approach.
Instead of being licensed separately, DataFlux products are now being combined into
SAS software offerings that include other SAS products as well. For example, the SAS
Data Management Advanced offering includes Base SAS and the SAS Metadata Server as well as DataFlux Data Management Studio and Data Management Server. These new offerings replace the current SAS Enterprise Data Integration Server offering and enable customers to choose from a broader array of data management products.
Some DataFlux products are changing their names to SAS, and others will in the future.
In SAS 9.4, DataFlux Federation Server is now SAS Federation Server, and DataFlux qMDM Solution is now SAS MDM.
Support for Limiting Access to Libraries
In the first maintenance release for SAS 9.4, you can limit the scope and activities of a
SAS server by putting it in a locked-down state. The locked-down SAS server can access only specified directories and files.
New Localize Table Batch Tool
The localize table batch tool creates or modifies localization metadata for data tables.
There are three locale models: n row per locale
Support for On-disk AES Encryption
ix
n table per locale n master/detail tables
Discontinued Support for SAS Data
Surveyor Products
Starting with SAS 9.4, the following products are no longer supported: n
SAS Data Surveyor for Siebel n
SAS Data Surveyor for Salesforce.com
n
SAS Data Surveyor for Oracle Applications n
SAS Data Surveyor for Clickstream Data
These products continue to be supported in SAS 9.3 and SAS 9.2.
Support for On-disk AES Encryption
In the second quarter of 2015, the ability to enable on-disk AES encryption for libraries on a Hadoop server was added to the SAS Management Console. You can enable or disable encryption on individual library definitions. You can also specify that the library definitions on this server inherit this encryption setting.
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Data Administration
Documentation Enhancements
Fourth Maintenance Release for SAS 9.4:
Changes and Enhancements
In the fourth maintenance release for SAS 9.4, the following new section was added: n
Establishing Connectivity to a Redshift Server
Third Maintenance Release for SAS 9.4:
Changes and Enhancements
In the third maintenance release for SAS 9.4, the following new sections were added: n
Hadoop Data n
Establishing Connectivity to an Impala Server
In the third maintenance release for SAS 9.4, if SAS Visual Analytics is part of your deployment, you can create and maintain SAS LASR Analytic Servers and SAS LASR
Analytic Server libraries using the SAS Environment Manager. The following sections were added: n
Stage 1: Register a SAS LASR Analytic Server Using SAS Environment Manager n
Stage 2: Register a SAS LASR Analytic Server Library Using SAS Environment
Manager n
Register the Base SAS Library Using SAS Environment Manager n
Create a SAS/SHARE Remote Engine Library Using SAS Environment Manager
Second Maintenance Release for SAS 9.4: Changes and Enhancements
xi
Second Maintenance Release for SAS 9.4:
Changes and Enhancements
In the second maintenance release for SAS 9.4, the following sections were added: n
Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication n
Establishing Connectivity to an OLEDB Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication n
Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Database n
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server n
Establishing Connectivity to a SASHDAT Library
Generic instructions for using the User Manager plug-in within the SAS Management
Console were added: n
Define the DBMS User n
Define the DBMS User Group
Starting in the second maintenance release for SAS 9.4, a new support site for Hadoop was added to the SAS Third-Party Software Reference site: http://support.sas.com/ resources/thirdpartysupport/v94/hadoop/ .
xii
Data Administration
Accessibility
For information about the accessibility of any of the products mentioned in this document, see the usage documentation for that product.
xiii
xiv
Data Administration
1
1
Overview of Common Data Sources
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Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
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Local and Remote Access to Data
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SAS Scalable Performance Data Server and SAS
Scalable Performance Data Engine
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Overview of SAS Scalable Performance Data
Server and SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine
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2
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
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DataFlux Data Management Server and SAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview
This chapter describes the features of the most common data sources that you encounter as you perform administrative tasks. In addition, a simple diagram is provided for each data source that shows how the data flows as connections are established between source storage, SAS engines and servers, and SAS applications.
Hadoop Data
Hadoop is an open-source software framework that provides distributed storage and processing of large amounts of data. The data is divided into blocks and stored across multiple connected nodes (computers) that work together. These connected nodes form a cluster. The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) provides distributed data storage and processing. HiveServer2 is a distributed data warehouse component that is built on top of HDFS. HiveServer2 includes the SQL query language HiveQL.
Several SAS products access Hadoop data: n
SAS/ACCESS Interface to Hadoop enables you to access Hadoop data through
HiveServer2 and from HDFS as if the data were native SAS data sets.
n
SAS Scalable Performance Data (SPD) Engine is a Base SAS engine that enables you to interact with Hadoop through HDFS. You can write data, retrieve data for analysis, and perform administrative functions.
n
SAS LASR Analytic Server is a scalable, analytic platform that provides a secure, multi-user environment for concurrent access to in-memory data. The SASHDAT engine adds and deletes SASHDAT files in HDFS.
SAS Data Sets
3 n
SAS Scalable Performance Data (SPD) Server stores and accesses SPD Server tables in HDFS.
For more information, see the following: n
“Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop” on page 151
n
“Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server” on page 160
n
“SAS Scalable Performance Data Server and SAS Scalable Performance Data
n
“Establishing Connectivity to a SASHDAT Library” on page 170
SAS Data Sets
SAS data sets (tables) are the default SAS storage format. You can use them to store data of any granularity. A SAS table is a SAS file stored in a SAS library that SAS creates and processes. A SAS table contains data values that are organized as a table of observations (rows) and variables (columns) that can be processed by SAS software.
A SAS table also contains descriptor information such as the data types and lengths of the columns, as well as which engine was used to create the data. For more information about using default SAS storage, see
SAS Language Reference: Concepts
and
SAS
Data Set Options: Reference
. The following figure shows how connectivity to SAS data sets is configured.
4
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
Figure 1.1 Establishing Connectivity to SAS Data Sets
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
Base SAS Engine
Library of
SAS Data Sets
Data (Local or Remote) Client SAS Application Server
.
Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
SAS/SHARE software provides concurrent Update access to SAS files for multiple users. SAS/SHARE is often required for transaction-oriented applications where multiple users need to update the same SAS data sets at the same time. Data entry applications where multiple users are entering data to the same data set are a good example of this type of usage. SAS/SHARE software provides both member-level locking and record-level locking. Therefore, two or more users can update different observations within the same data set, and other users can print reports from the same data set.
SAS/SHARE supports multi-user Read and Write access to both SAS data files and
SAS catalogs. Multi-user access to SAS catalogs simplifies the maintenance of applications by allowing users and developers to share the same program libraries.
Users can execute applications at the same time that developers update the source programs.
SAS/SHARE software also acts as a data server that delivers data to users for their processing needs. This capability provides data administrators both a centralized point
Local and Remote Access to Data
5 of control for their data and a secure environment to control who accesses the data.
SAS/SHARE is also designed to be a reliable data server that functions as long as the system that the server is running on is operational.
Finally, SAS/SHARE enables you use SAS software to define views of your data. This allows administrators to restrict certain users to subsets of data for security or efficiency purposes. Access to rows and columns in SAS tables can be defined using this technique. The following figure shows shared access to SAS data sets. Note that the data server in the figure can be a different operating system and architecture from the
SAS Application Server, if the site is licensed for that configuration.
Figure 1.2 Establishing Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/SHARE
Server
SAS/SHARE
REMOTE Engine
Base SAS Engine
Library of
SAS Data Sets
Data Server Client SAS Application Server
For a detailed example of a shared SAS data set connection, see “Establishing Shared
Access to SAS Data Sets” on page 78
.
Local and Remote Access to Data
To access data, you must register the data as a library in SAS Management Console.
The procedures for accessing data and registering data are explained later in this document. However, one of the important details for file-based data, such as SAS data sets, is that you need to specify the file system path to the data. This path is needed so that a SAS Application Server can access it. As shown in the following figure, SAS data
6
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
sets that are local to the SAS Application Server have a fully qualified path such as C:
\data\sourcetables:
Figure 1.3 SAS Workspace Server Accessing Local Data Sets
Often, file-based data is stored on a host that is remote from the SAS Application
Server. When the hosts have a network path for shared directories such as a Windows
UNC path or UNIX NFS, that path is used. The following figure shows an example of a
SAS Workspace Server accessing a UNC path, \\dataserver\sourcetables, on a data server.
Note:
Data cannot be accessed via mapped drives on the SAS Application Server. You must use the UNC path.
Figure 1.4 SAS Workspace Server Accessing Remote Data Sets
External Files
7
Note:
This figure shows a SAS Workspace Server accessing data over a shared file system. To access data over network connection (without the file system), use
SAS/SHARE as described in this document.
External Files
An external file is a file that is maintained by the machine operating environment or by a software product other than SAS. A flat file with comma-separated values is one example. SAS Data Integration Studio provides three source designer wizards that enable you to create metadata objects for external files: n the delimited external file wizard for external files in which data values are separated with a delimiter character. This wizard enables you to specify multiple delimiters, nonstandard delimiters, missing values, and multi-line records.
n the fixed-width external file wizard for external files in which data values appear in columns that are a specified number of characters wide. This wizard enables you to specify non-contiguous data.
8
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
n the user-written external file wizard for complex external files that require userwritten SAS code to access their data.
The external file source designer wizards enable you to do the following: n display a raw view of the data in the external file n display a formatted view of the data in the external file, as specified in the SAS metadata for that file n display the SAS DATA step and SAS INFILE statement that the wizard generates for the selected file n display the SAS log for the code that is generated by the wizard n specify options for the SAS INFILE statement that is generated by the wizard, such as National Language Support (NLS) encoding n override the generated SAS INFILE statement with a user-written statement n supply a user-written SAS DATA step to access an external file
The following figure shows establishing connectivity to external files:
Figure 1.5 Establishing Connectivity to External Files
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
Base SAS Code
SAS Application Server Client Files
.
XML Data
9
XML Data
The XML LIBNAME engine works in a way similar to other SAS engines. A LIBNAME statement is executed so that a libref is assigned and an engine is specified. That libref is then used throughout the SAS session.
Instead of the libref being associated with the physical location of a SAS library, the libref for the XML engine is associated with a physical location of an XML document.
When you use the libref that is associated with an XML document, SAS either translates the data in a SAS data set into XML markup or translates the XML markup into SAS format.
The XML LIBNAME engine can read input streams from a web service input and write an output stream to a web service output. The XML LIBNAME engine supports reading
XML files in complex structures using XMLMaps. An XMLMap is a user-defined file that contains XML tags that tell the XML LIBNAME engine how to interpret an XML document. XMLMaps are defined using the SAS XML Mapper product. For additional information, see the
SAS XML LIBNAME Engine: User’s Guide
.
XML files are written by the XML Writer transformation provided by SAS Data
Integration Studio. The XML LIBNAME engine supports Output Delivery System (ODS) tag sets; XMLMaps are not supported for writing. The XML Writer transformation in SAS
Data Integration Studio is shipped with a sample ODS tag set, if needed. An output XML document can either be: n used by a product that processes XML documents n moved to another host for the XML LIBNAME engine to process by translating the
XML markup back to a SAS data set
Because the XML LIBNAME engine is designed to handle tabular data, all the data sent to or from a web service must be in table form.
The following figure shows connectivity to XML files:
10
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
Figure 1.6 Establishing Connectivity to XML Files
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
Client
Base SAS Code
SAS Application Server XML Files
Message Queues
Message queues are collections of data objects that enable asynchronous communication between processes. These processes are typically applications that run on different computers, and might be configured in a heterogenous network. Queue management software ensures that messages are transmitted without error. SAS Data
Integration Studio can perform messaging jobs to read and write messages to Microsoft
MSMQ as well as IBM WebSphere MQ. For more information about administering message queues, see
SAS Intelligence Platform: Desktop Application Administration
Guide
. For more information about creating messaging jobs, see
SAS Data Integration
Studio: User’s Guide
.
Relational Database Sources
11
Relational Database Sources
SAS/ACCESS
Data can also be stored in third-party hierarchical and relational databases such as
DB2, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and Teradata. SAS/ACCESS interfaces provide fast, efficient reading and writing of data to these facilities.
Several of the SAS/ACCESS engines support threaded Reads. You can use this to read entire blocks of data on multiple threads instead of reading data just one record at a time. This feature can reduce input and output bottlenecks so that thread-enabled procedures can read data quickly. These engines can also access database management system (DBMS) data in parallel by using multiple threads to the parallel
DBMS server.
Here are some of the SAS/ACCESS engines that support this functionality: n
DB2 under UNIX and PC Hosts n
ODBC n
Oracle n
Sybase n
Teradata
For more information about using the SAS/ACCESS interfaces, see
SAS/ACCESS for
Relational Databases: Reference
. The following figure shows how connectivity to Oracle databases is configured:
12
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
Figure 1.7 Establishing Connectivity to Oracle Databases
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to Oracle
Oracle Client
Oracle Server
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
For a detailed example of an Oracle connection, see “Establishing Connectivity to an
Oracle Database” on page 114 .
ODBC Sources
Open database connectivity (ODBC) standards provide a common interface to a variety of databases such as DB2, Microsoft Access, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server databases. Specifically, ODBC standards define application programming interfaces
(APIs) that enable an application to access a database if the ODBC driver complies with the specification.
TIP If a SAS/ACCESS engine is available for a database, then performance is better with the SAS/ACCESS engine rather than with the ODBC Driver interface.
The basic components and features of ODBC include the following: n
ODBC functionality is provided by three components: the client interface, the ODBC driver manager, and the ODBC driver. SAS provides the SAS/ACCESS interface to
ODBC, which is the client interface. For PC platforms, Microsoft developed the
ODBC Administrator, which is used from the Windows Control Panel to perform software administration and maintenance activities. The ODBC driver manager also manages the interaction between the client interface and the ODBC driver. On UNIX platforms, a default ODBC driver manager does not exist and SAS does not provide
Relational Database Sources
13 n a driver manager with SAS/ACCESS to ODBC. For UNIX platforms, you should obtain an ODBC driver manager from your ODBC driver vendor.
The ODBC administrator defines a data source as the data that is used in an application and the operating system and network that are used to access the data.
You create a data source by using the ODBC Administrator in the Windows Control
Panel and then selecting an ODBC driver. You then provide the information (for example, data source name, user ID, password, description, and server name) that is required by the driver to make a connection to the desired data. The driver displays dialog boxes in which you enter this information. During operation, a client application usually requests a connection to a named data source, not just to a specific ODBC driver. n
An ODBC Administrator tool is not available in a UNIX environment such as HP-UX,
AIX, or Solaris. During an install, the driver creates a generic .odbc.ini file that can be edited to define your own data sources.
The following figure shows how ODBC is used to establish connectivity to Oracle databases:
Figure 1.8 Establishing Connectivity to Oracle Databases By Using ODBC
The following figure shows how ODBC is used to establish connectivity to Access databases:
14
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
Figure 1.9 Establishing Connectivity to Access Databases By Using ODBC
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to ODBC
ODBC Driver
Manager
ODBC Driver
Microsoft Access
Database
Database Tables
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
For a detailed example of an ODBC-based Access connection, see “Establishing
Connectivity to a Microsoft Access Database By Using ODBC” on page 119 .
SAS Scalable Performance Data Server and SAS Scalable Performance Data
Engine
Overview of SAS Scalable Performance Data
Server and SAS Scalable Performance Data
Engine
Both the SAS Scalable Performance Data (SPD) Engine and the SAS Scalable
Performance Data (SPD) Server are designed for high-performance data delivery. They enable rapid access to SAS data for intensive processing by the application. The SPD
Engine and SPD Server deliver data to applications rapidly by organizing the data into a streamlined file format that takes advantage of multiple CPUs and I/O channels to perform parallel input and output functions.
SAS Scalable Performance Data Server and SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine
15
The SPD Engine is a SAS LIBNAME engine that is included with Base SAS software. It is a single-user data storage solution that shares the high-performance parallel processing and parallel I/O capabilities of SPD Server, but it is not a server. It can read and store data in SAS libraries, including data in Hadoop HDFS. For more information about SPD Engine data in HDFS, see
SAS SPD Engine: Storing Data in the Hadoop
Distributed File System
.
The SPD Server is not part of Base SAS. It is a multi-user parallel-processing data server that includes an SPD Server LIBNAME engine and a comprehensive security infrastructure, backup and restore utilities, and sophisticated administrative and tuning options. The SPD Server libraries can be defined using SAS Management Console.
SPD Engine and SPD Server use multiple threads to read blocks of data very rapidly and in parallel. The software tasks are performed in conjunction with an operating system that enables threads to execute on any of the machine's available CPUs.
Although threaded I/O is an important function of both products, their real power comes from how the software structures SAS data. They can read and write partitioned files and, in addition, use a specialized file format. This data structure permits threads, running in parallel, to perform I/O tasks efficiently.
Although not intended to replace the default Base SAS engine for most tables that do not span volumes, SPD Engine and SPD Server are high-speed alternatives for processing very large tables. They read and write tables that contain billions of observations.
The SPD Engine and SPD Server performance are boosted in these ways: n support for terabytes of data n scalability on symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) machines n parallel WHERE selections n parallel loads n parallel index creation n partitioned tables n parallel I/O data delivery to applications
16
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
n implicit sorting on BY statements
Symmetric Multiprocessing
The SPD Server exploits a hardware and software architecture known as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP). An SMP machine has multiple CPUs and an operating system that supports threads. An SMP machine is usually configured with multiple disk I/O controllers and multiple disk drives per controller. When the SPD Server reads a data file, it launches one or more threads for each CPU; these threads then read data in parallel. By using these threads, an SPD Server that is running on an SMP machine provides the quick data access capability that is used by SAS in an application.
For more information about using the SPD Server, see http://support.sas.com/rnd/ scalability/spds and
SAS Scalable Performance Data Server: Administrator’s Guide
.
The following figure shows how connectivity to SPD Servers is established:
Figure 1.10 Establishing Connectivity to an SPD Server
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SPDS Engine
SAS Scalable
Performance Data
Server
SPDS Tables
Data Server Client SAS Application Server
.
SAS Scalable Performance Data Server and SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine
17
Dynamic Clustering
The SPD Server provides a virtual table structure called a clustered data table. A cluster contains a number of slots, each of which contains an SPD Server table. The clustered data table uses a layer of metadata to manage the slots.
This virtual table structure provides the SPD Server with the architecture to offer flexible storage to allow a user to organize tables based on values contained in character and numeric columns, including SAS date, time, or datetime values. This new type of organization is called a dynamic cluster table. Dynamic cluster tables enable parallel loading and selective removal of data from very large tables, making management of large warehouses easier. These unique capabilities provide organizational features and performance benefits that traditional SPD Server tables cannot provide.
Dynamic cluster tables can load and process data in parallel. Dynamic cluster tables provide the flexibility to add new data or to remove historical data from the table by accessing only the slots affected by the change, without having to access the other slots, thus reducing the time needed for the job to complete. In addition, a complete refresh of a dynamic cluster table requires a fraction of the disk space that would otherwise be needed, and can be divided into parallel jobs to complete more quickly. All of these benefits can be realized using simple SPDO procedure commands to create and alter a cluster.
The two most basic commands are CLUSTER CREATE and CLUSTER UNDO. Two additional commands are CLUSTER ADD and CLUSTER LIST. You execute each of these commands within PROC SPDO.
The CLUSTER CREATE command requires two options: n the name of the cluster table to create (cluster-table-name) n a list of SPD Server tables to include in the cluster (using the MEMBER= option)
The following example shows the syntax for PROC SPDO with a CLUSTER CREATE command:
PROC SPDO LIBRARY=domain-name;
CLUSTER CREATE cluster-table-name
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table1
18
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table2
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table3
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table4
MEBERM=SPD-Server-table5
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table6
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table7
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table8
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table9
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table10
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table11
MEMBER=SPD-Server-table12;
QUIT;
Here is the syntax for the UNDO command:
PROC SPDO
LIBRARY=domain-name;
CLUSTER UNDO sales_hist;
QUIT;
This example shows the syntax for the ADD command:
PROC SPDO
LIBRARY=domain-name;
CLUSTER ADD sales_hist
MEMBER=2015sales_table1
MEMBER=2015sales_table2
MEMBER=2015sales_table3
MEMBER=2015sales_table4
MEMBER=2015sales_table5
MEMBER=2015sales_table6;
QUIT;
Finally, here is the syntax for the LIST command:
PROC SPDO
LIBRARY=domain-name;
CLUSTER LIST sales_hist;
QUIT;
These operations run quickly. These features reduce the downtime of the table for maintenance and improve the availability of the warehouse.
SAS Data Surveyors
19
SAS Data Surveyors
Data Surveyor for SAP
The Data Surveyor for SAP remains as in previous versions. It contains Java plug-ins to
SAS Data Integration Studio and SAS Management Console, plus the required
SAS/ACCESS engine necessary to get the information out of the DBMS system.
Understanding the metadata of this business application is at the heart of the data surveyor. The SAP Data Surveyor has knowledge about the structure of the tables deployed in SAP. This knowledge contains information that enables you to do the following: n understand complex data structures n navigate the large amounts of tables (SAP has more than 20,000)
.
Other SAS Data Surveyors
Starting with SAS 9.4, the following products are no longer supported: n
SAS Data Surveyor for Siebel n
SAS Data Surveyor for Salesforce.com
n
SAS Data Surveyor for Oracle Applications
These products continue to be supported in SAS 9.3 and SAS 9.2.
20
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
Change Data Capture
Data extraction is an integral part of all data warehousing projects. Data is often extracted on a nightly or regularly scheduled basis from transactional systems in bulk and transported to the data warehouse. Typically, all the data in the data warehouse is refreshed with data extracted from the source system. However, an entire refresh involves the extraction and transportation of huge volumes of data and is very expensive in both resources and time. With data volumes now doubling yearly in some organizations a new mechanism known as change data capture (CDC) is increasingly becoming the only viable solution for delivering timely information into the warehouse to make it available to the decision makers. CDC is the process of capturing changes made at the data source and applying them throughout the enterprise. CDC minimizes the resources required for ETL processes because it deals only with data changes. The goal of CDC is to ensure data synchronicity. SAS offers a number of CDC options.
n
Some database vendors (Oracle 10g) provide tables of just changed records. These tables can be registered in SAS Data Integration Studio and used in jobs to capture changes. n
SAS Data Integration Studio allows the user to determine changes and take appropriate action. n
SAS has partnered with Attunity, a company that specializes in CDC. Their Attunity
Stream software provides agents that non-intrusively monitor and capture changes to mainframe and enterprise data sources such as VSAM, IMS, ADABAS, DB2, and
Oracle. SAS Data Integration Studio provides a dedicated transformation for Attunity.
The Attunity solution does the following: n moves only CHANGES to the data n requires no window of operation n provides higher frequency and reduced latency transfers. It is possible for multiple updates each day, providing near-real-time continuous change flow.
n reduces the performance impact of the following activities:
DataFlux Data Management Server and SAS Data Quality Server
21 o rebuilding of target table indexes o recovering from a process failure that happens mid-stream
DataFlux Data Management Server and
SAS Data Quality Server
SAS 9.4 includes new software that consists of SAS and SAS DataFlux products, including the Standard and Advanced offerings for SAS Data Quality and SAS Data
Management. The SAS Data Quality offerings include the product, SAS Data Quality
Server, a Quality Knowledge Base, and other products. This data quality software enables you to analyze, standardize, and transform your data to increase the accuracy and value of the knowledge that you extract from your data.
SAS Data Quality Server consists of SAS language elements and a Quality Knowledge
Base that you can customize for your company. The language elements analyze and cleanse data by referencing data definitions in the Quality Knowledge Base. SAS Data
Quality Server also provides a SAS language interface to the DataFlux Data
Management software.
The SAS Data Management offerings include DataFlux Data Management Server, additional Quality Knowledge Bases, DataFlux Data Management Studio, and other
SAS and SAS DataFlux products. DataFlux Data Management Server runs jobs and real-time services that are created in DataFlux Data Management Studio. The jobs and real-time services can be executed by SAS programs that contain the procedures and functions in SAS Data Quality Server. Among its many capabilities, the DataFlux Data
Management Studio software enables you to create jobs and real-time services and customize the data definitions in Quality Knowledge Bases.
SAS Data Integration Studio is part of the SAS Data Integration Server offering, and it provides software that enables data quality applications. SAS provides data quality transformations that enable you to analyze data, cleanse data, or trigger the execution of DataFlux jobs or real-time services on DataFlux Data Management Servers.
22
Chapter 1 / Overview of Common Data Sources
The data quality software requires setup and configuration after installation. For administrative information, see “Administering SAS Data Integration Studio” in SAS
Intelligence Platform: Desktop Application Administration Guide
.
2
23
Managing Table Metadata
Overview of Managing Table Metadata
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creating Table Metadata for a New Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assessing Potential Changes in Advance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Updating Your Table Metadata to Match Data in
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding and Updating Table Metadata
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example: Default PROC METALIB Behavior
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example: Adding, Updating, and Deleting Metadata
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specifying Which Tables Are Affected
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
About the Localize Table Batch Tool (sas-localize-table)
. . . . . . . . .
Syntax for the Localize Table Batch Tool
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syntax Descriptions for the Localize Table Batch Tool
. . . . . . . . . . . .
Command Examples of sas-localize-table
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Examples for Applying a Metadata Localization Model
. . . . . . . . . . .
24
Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
Overview of Managing Table Metadata
As explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
, one way to create metadata for the tables in a library is to register the tables with SAS Management
Console. You can also create this metadata programmatically by using PROC
METALIB. PROC METALIB also provides options for maintaining your table metadata that are not available in SAS Management Console. For example, by default PROC
METALIB registers metadata for any physical tables that are not already registered in the metadata and updates the table metadata for tables that have been altered since they were registered.
By using optional statements, you can also use PROC METALIB to perform the following tasks: n
Delete metadata for tables that have been removed from the library.
n
Produce a report that lists the changes made by the procedure or the potential changes that will be made when the procedure is executed.
n
Operate on a subset of the tables in a library.
Note:
For detailed information about the procedure, see "METALIB Procedure" in
SAS
Language Interfaces to Metadata
.
Note:
PROC METALIB cannot work with a library that is registered with the Preassigned Library resource template. When pre-assigning a library, be sure to choose the resource template specific to the type of data source library that you are creating and select the Library is pre-assigned check box. Do not use the specialized Pre-
Assigned Library template. Also, if the library is pre-assigned and you run the PROC
METALIB in a Foundation SAS session, you must make sure the library is allocated by either submitting a LIBNAME statement for the library in that SAS session, or by using the METAAUTORESOURCES option to access the library through a SAS server to which the library is assigned.
Creating Table Metadata for a New Library
25
The remainder of the chapter presents examples of how PROC METALIB is commonly used. The examples assume that you have set the following metadata server connection options in your SAS session: options METAUSER="metadata-server-userid"
METAPASS="metadata-server-password"
METAPORT=metadata-server-port
METASERVER="metadata-server-machine";
If you have not set these options, you can use PROC METALIB parameters to specify this information.
Creating Table Metadata for a New
Library
When you first register a SAS library, it has no related table metadata. You can add this metadata by using the Register Tables wizard in SAS Management Console (see
“Overview of Managing Table Metadata” on page 24
), or by using PROC METALIB.
Before you can successfully run PROC METALIB code, you must have ReadMetadata and WriteMetadata access to the library metadata object. You must have ReadMetadata and WriteMemberMetadata access on the metadata folder to use for storing the table metadata. ReadMetadata and WriteMetadata must also be granted in the Default ACT in order to create any new metadata objects.
The following example shows how to use PROC METALIB to create initial table definitions for the tables in a library. The REPORT statement causes the procedure to write information about the table definitions that it creates.
proc metalib;
omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation" );
report; run;
26
Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
The report that is generated by the code sample resembles the following:
Figure 2.1 Sample Summary Report
Assessing Potential Changes in
Advance
Before you use PROC METALIB to update existing table metadata, it is a good idea to execute the procedure with the NOEXEC and REPORT statements. The NOEXEC statement tells the procedure not to actually add, update, or delete any metadata. The
REPORT statement tells the procedure to create a report that explains what actions it would have taken if the NOEXEC statement had not been present. If you want to make all of the changes that are shown in the report, you can then remove the NOEXEC statement and rerun the procedure to update the metadata.
The following example shows how to use the NOEXEC and REPORT statements to assess potential metadata changes: proc metalib;
omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation" );
update_rule=(delete);
noexec;
Assessing Potential Changes in Advance
27
report; run;
Note:
The UPDATE_RULE statement tells the procedure to delete table definitions for any tables that have been deleted from the library. For more information about this
statement, see “Changing the Update Rule” on page 29
.
The report that is generated by the code sample resembles the following:
Figure 2.2 Sample Summary of Potential Changes Report
28
Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
Updating Your Table Metadata to Match
Data in Your Physical Tables
Adding and Updating Table Metadata
By default, PROC METALIB creates table definitions for any tables in the library that do not have table definitions and updates any table definition that does not reflect the current structure of the table that it represents. However, it does not delete table metadata.
Use REPORT when you want an output listing that summarizes metadata changes, either before changes are made (by using NOEXEC) or to see afterward what changes were actually made. SAS output is the default.
Example: Default PROC METALIB Behavior
The following example uses the default PROC METALIB behavior. Summary notes are written to the SAS log regardless of whether you request a report. Unlike the example
shown in “Assessing Potential Changes in Advance” on page 26
, the summary does not mention any deleted tables.
proc metalib;
omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation" ); run;
Without the REPORT statement, the options are written to the SAS log. The output resembles the following example:
Updating Your Table Metadata to Match Data in Your Physical Tables
29
105 proc metalib;
106 omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation" );
107 run;
NOTE: A total of 3 tables were analyzed for library "lib1".
NOTE: Metadata for 2 tables was updated.
NOTE: Metadata for 1 tables was added.
NOTE: Metadata for 0 tables matched the data sources.
NOTE: 0 other tables were not processed due to error or UPDATE_RULE.
NOTE: PROCEDURE METALIB used (Total process time):
real time 0.20 seconds
cpu time 0.06 seconds
Changing the Update Rule
By using the optional UPDATE_RULE statement, you can change the default behavior of PROC METALIB. The principal rules that you can specify are shown as follows:
NOADD specifies not to add table metadata to the metadata repository for physical tables that have no metadata.
NOUPDATE specifies not to update existing table metadata to resolve discrepancies with the corresponding physical tables.
DELETE specifies to delete table metadata if a corresponding physical table is not found in the specified library.
Example: Adding, Updating, and Deleting
Metadata
The following example shows how to use PROC METALIB to add metadata for new tables, update table definitions where necessary, and also delete table definitions that are no longer valid. (You can also perform these functions using SAS Data Integration
Studio.) proc metalib;
omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation" );
update_rule=(delete);
30
Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
report; run;
The following example shows how to use UPDATE_RULE with DELETE, NOADD, and
NO UPDATE to delete table definitions that are no longer valid, as well as suppress the default add and update actions: proc metalib;
omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation" );
update_rule (delete noadd noupdate);
report; run;
The resulting SAS output resembles the following example:
Figure 2.3 Sample Summary Report
Specifying Which Tables Are Affected
You can use the optional SELECT or EXCLUDE statements to perform an operation against a subset of the tables in a library. SELECT and EXCLUDE are mutually exclusive, so you should use only one or the other.
When you set the SELECT statement, you can choose the tables for processing: n
For tables, specify their SAS name. If no table definition is found in metadata, it is created in the repository that contains the library object. If a matching table definition
Updating Your Table Metadata to Match Data in Your Physical Tables
31 n is found in metadata, it is compared to the physical table. If differences are found, the table definition is updated in metadata.
For tables already registered in metadata, specify either the unique metadata identifier or the value in the SASTableName attribute. If you specify the metadata identifier, only the specified table definition is updated, not the first table definition in the association list.
If you use the SASTableName value and there is more than one metadata table object with the same name, then PROC METALIB impacts only the first one that is found. By using the metadata ID instead, you guarantee that PROC METALIB affects the specific table that you want to manage.
You can use EXCLUDE to specify a single table or a list of tables to exclude from processing.
Example: Specifying Tables
The following example shows how to use SELECT to process only a subset of tables: proc metalib;
omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation");
select(lima);
report; run;
32
Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
The resulting SAS output resembles the following example:
The following example shows how to use EXCLUDE to exclude a specific subset of tables: proc metalib;
omr (library="lib1" repname="Foundation");
exclude(licj libp);
noexec;
report; run;
Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
33
Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
About the Localize Table Batch Tool (saslocalize-table)
The SAS Intelligence Platform provides the localize table batch tool (sas-localize-table) to create or modify localization metadata for data tables.
The sas-localize-table batch tool is located in the following path: SAS-installation-
directory/SASPlatformObjectFramework/9.4/tools.
For information about using batch tools, see “About the SAS Intelligence Platform Batch
Tools” in SAS Intelligence Platform: System Administration Guide and “General
Instructions for Using the SAS Intelligence Platform Batch Tools” in SAS Intelligence
Platform: System Administration Guide
.
Syntax for the Localize Table Batch Tool
sas-localize-table connection-options table-location-and-name
<option(s)>
connection-options
<<-? | -- help>>
<-domain domain-name>
<-host host-name>
<-log log-file-name>
<-password password>
<-port port-name>
<-profile file-name>
<-user user-ID>
table-location-and-name
<-key column-name>
<-locale column-name>
<-localize column=detail-table-path>
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Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
<-reset>
<-rowPerLocale>
<-tablePerLocale>
Syntax Descriptions for the Localize Table
Batch Tool
connection-options
Specifies connection options to log on to a SAS Metadata Server. This is a required argument. You must either specify -profile or -host, -port, -user, and -password options.
-? | -- help
Prints help information.
-domain domain-name
Specifies the user authentication domain.
-host host-name
Specifies the SAS Metadata Server host. This option is required if -profile is not set.
-log log-file-name
Specifies the log file or directory.
-password password
Specifies the user login password. This option is required if -profile is not set or if the profile does not contain connection credentials.
-port port-name
Specifies the SAS Metadata Server port. This option is required if -profile is not set.
-profile file-name
Specifies the SAS Metadata Server connection profile. This option can be used in place of the -host, -port, -user, and -password options.
-user user-ID
Specifies the user login identity. This option is required if -profile is not set or if the profile does not contain connection credentials.
Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
35
table-location-and-name
Specifies the metadata location (relative to SAS Folders) and name of the table that is being localized. This is a required argument.
-key column-name
Specifies the key column for a localization detail table.
-locale column-name
Specifies the locale column for a localization detail table.
-localize column=detail-table-path
Specifies columns to be localized with a localization detail table. This option can be repeated.
-reset
Erases all localization metadata for this table.
-rowPerLocale
Specifies that the table uses the row per locale localization model.
-tablePerLocale
Specifies that the table uses the table per locale localization model.
Command Examples of sas-localize-table
The following command shows localization of current table: sas-localize-table connect-options table-location-and-name
The following command erases all localization metadata of the current table: sas-localize-table connect-options table-location-and-name -reset
The following command specifies the columns to localize for the detail table: sas-localize-table connect-options table-location-and-name -localize column=detail-table-path
The following command specifies the location of the detail table: sas-localize-table connect-options table-location-and-name -key
column-name -locale column-name
The following command associates the table with the row per locale model:
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Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
sas-localize-table connect-options table-location-and-name -rowPerLocale
-locale column-name
The following command associates the table with the table per locale model: sas-localize-table connect-options table-location-and-name -tablePerLocale
Examples for Applying a Metadata
Localization Model
Overview
There are three metadata models to use for localizing your tables.
n
“Row per Locale Model Example” on page 36
n
“Table per Locale Model Example” on page 37
n
“Master/Detail Table Model Example” on page 39
Row per Locale Model Example
The row per locale model uses a single table to contain all the localized data. A locale column identifies which rows are associated with a given locale. The table data is filtered for the current locale. The advantage of using the row per locale model is that there are no schema changes required to add a new locale.
Adding new locale data to the table requires adding data to the PRODUCT table. This action forces a rebuild of the indexes on the table. Also, the non-localized data must be repeated for every locale.
Figure 2.4 PRODUCT Localization Detail Table
Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
37
The following code creates a single table named PRODUCT, which contains the product information and localized data:
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT (
PRODUCT_ID CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRODUCT_LOCALE CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
PRODUCT_SKU CHAR(10),
PRODUCT_COLOR CHAR(20) character set utf8,
PRODUCT_DESC CHAR(255) character set utf8 );
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES (
'ball_33', 'en_US', '337718N', 'red', 'paddle ball replacement');
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES (
'ball_33', 'es_ES', '337718N', 'rojo', 'sustitución de paddle');
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES (
'ball_33', 'fr_FR', '337718N', 'rouge', 'paddle ball de remplacement');
ALTER TABLE PRODUCT ADD PRIMARY KEY (PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_LOCALE);
SELECT PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_COLOR, PRODUCT_DESC FROM PRODUCT
WHERE PRODUCT_ID='?' AND PRODUCT_LOCALE='?';
After you register the PRODUCT table in metadata, use the sas-localize-table tool to associate the localization in metadata. For example, if the path to the library is '/Shared
Data/Product Data', your sas-localize-table command is as follows: sas-localize-table <connect-options> '/Shared Data/Product Data/Product'
-rowPerLocale -locale PRODUCT_LOCALE
Table per Locale Model Example
The table per locale model uses a separate data table for each supported locale.
Because each locale has a table, new locales can be added without disturbing other data.
Advantages of the table per locale model include the following: n
Character set encoding or sort order can be customized for each locale. For example, order by PRODUCT_DESC could be made locale-sensitive at DDL time.
n
Queries that do not involve localized data can go against the default table.
n
Code that accesses the table runs normally, even if it is not aware of the localization model.
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Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
Disadvantages of the table per locale model include the following: n
Schema changes are required.
n
All of the non-localized data must be included in every localized table.
n
Queries are more complex because the table names vary by locale.
Figure 2.5 Tables for Multiple Locales
The following code creates a table for each locale:
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT (PRODUCT_ID CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRODUCT_SKU CHAR(10),
PRODUCT_COLOR CHAR(20) character set ASCII,
PRODUCT_DESC CHAR(255) character set ASCII );
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT_ES_ES (PRODUCT_ID CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRODUCT_SKU CHAR(10),
PRODUCT_COLOR CHAR(20) character set ISO8859_1,
PRODUCT_DESC CHAR(255) character set ISO8859_1 );
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT_FR_FR (PRODUCT_ID CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
PRODUCT_SKU CHAR(10),
PRODUCT_COLOR CHAR(20) character set ISO8859_1,
PRODUCT_DESC CHAR(255) character set ISO8859_1);
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES (
'ball_33', '337718n', 'red', 'paddle ball replacement');
INSERT INTO PRODUCT_ES_ES VALUES (
'ball_33', '337718n', 'red', 'sustitución de paddle');
INSERT INTO PRODUCT_FR_FR VALUES (
'ball_33', '337718n', 'rojo', 'paddle ball de remplacement');
ALTER TABLE PRODUCT ADD PRIMARY KEY (PRODUCT_ID);
ALTER TABLE PRODUCT_ES_ES ADD PRIMARY KEY (PRODUCT_ID);
Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
39
ALTER TABLE PRODUCT_FR_FR ADD PRIMARY KEY (PRODUCT_ID);
SELECT PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_COLOR, PRODUCT_DESC FROM ? WHERE PRODUCT_ID=?;
After you register the PRODUCT table and the localized tables in metadata, use the sas-localize-table tool to associate the localized table in metadata. For example, if the path to the library is '/Shared Data/Product Data', your sas-localize-table command is as follows: sas-localize-table <connect-options> '/Shared Data/Product Data/Product'
-tablePerLocale
Master/Detail Table Model Example
The localization detail table must have three columns:
1 key column
2 locale column
3 value column
The detail tables model uses separate detail tables for each column that requires localization. The data column contains a locale invariant key value that maps to a key column in the detail table. The detail table also contains a locale column and one or more value columns.
A full view of the data table is generated by performing a left join of the data table to the detail table and filtering based on the current locale. The localized value columns from the detail table are joined to the unlocalized columns in the original data table.
Advantages of using separate detail tables include the following: n
No schema changes are required to add a new locale.
n
Non-localized data is not repeated.
n
Localization details can be shared across multiple data tables.
n
Assuming that a left join is used, missing values, instead of missing rows, are provided for data that is not localized.
n
Queries that do not involve localized data do not require any special processing.
40
Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
Figure 2.6 Master/Detail Table
The models create a detail table entitled PRODUCT. The key column (PRODUCT_ID) is matched to the column value in the original data table. The locale column
(PRODUCT_LOCALE) value specifies the locale for a given row. Once you find the row in the localization detail table with the key value matching your original data and the appropriate locale, you can use the value column to get the localized value.
When you use the sas-localize-table batch tool to set up a localization detail table, you are doing the following: n marking the table as a localization detail table n identifying the key column n identifying the locale column
You do not need to identify the value column because any column that is not a key or locale column is assumed to be a value column.
The next step is to associate a localization detail table with a specific column in a data table. The specified column in the data table has values that can be looked up in the key column of the detail table.
The following code creates two tables: n a master table containing the non-localized information n a detail table containing the localized information
Using the Localize Table Batch Tool
41
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT (
PRODUCT_ID CHAR(20) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
PRODUCT_SKU CHAR(10) );
CREATE TABLE PRODUCT_DETAIL (
PRODUCT_ID CHAR(20) NOT NULL REFERENCES PRODUCT(PRODUCT_ID),
LOCALE_CD CHAR(5) NOT NULL,
PRODUCT_COLOR CHAR(20) character set UTF8,
PRODUCT_DESC CHAR(255) character set UTF8);
ALTER TABLE PRODUCT_DETAIL ADD PRIMARY KEY (
PRODUCT_ID, LOCALE_CD);
INSERT INTO PRODUCT VALUES (
'ball_33', '337718N');
INSERT INTO PRODUCT_DETAIL VALUES (
'ball_33', 'en_US', 'red', 'paddle ball replacement');
INSERT INTO PRODUCT_DETAIL VALUES (
'ball_33', 'es_ES', 'rojo', 'sustitución de paddle');
INSERT INTO PRODUCT_DETAIL VALUES (
'ball_33', 'fr_FR', 'rouge', 'paddle ball de remplacement');
SELECT P.PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_COLOR, PRODUCT_DESC
FROM PRODUCT P
INNER JOIN PRODUCT_DETAIL PD
ON P.PRODUCT_ID=PD.PRODUCT_ID
WHERE PRODUCT_ID=? ;
After you register the PRODUCT table and each PRODUCT_DETAIL table in metadata, use the sas-localize-table tool to associate the localized table in metadata. For example, if the path to the table is '/Shared Data/Product Data', then use the following saslocalize-table commands to create the detail table and associate it with the PRODUCT table in metadata: sas-localize-table <connect-options> '/Shared Data/Product Data/Product_Detail'
-key PRODUCT_ID -locale LOCALE_CD sas-localize-table <connect-options> '/Shared Data/Product Data/Product'
-localize PRODUCT_ID='/Shared Data/Product Data/Product Detail'
Use the following command to view the localization that is applied to the PRODUCT table:
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Chapter 2 / Managing Table Metadata
sas-localize-table <connect-options> '/Shared Data/Product Data/PRODUCT'
3
43
Assigning Libraries
What Does It Mean to Assign a Library?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How Do the Different Platform Clients Assign Libraries?
. . . . . . . .
Understanding Pre-Assigned Libraries
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Understanding Native Engines and the Metadata
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Considerations for SAS Stored Process and
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Pre-assigning a Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Flag the Library as Pre-assigned
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Edit the Configuration Files
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pre-assigning Libraries to Use the Metadata Engine
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pre-assigning Libraries in an Autoexec File
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SAS Application Server Autoexec Files
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Verifying Pre-assignments By Reviewing the Logs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limiting Access to Selected Libraries
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
What Does It Mean to Assign a Library?
In “Overview of Connecting to Common Data Sources” on page 67
, you learn how to register libraries in metadata and assigned the libraries to SAS servers. These libraries represent data such as SAS data sets in a directory or the tables in a database schema.
By assigning a library to a SAS server, you accomplish the following: n enable the SAS server to access the library n make the library visible to users of the SAS server n control which SAS engine is used by the SAS server to access data, if you preassign the library
Assigning a library to a SAS server means letting the SAS server session know that a libref—a shortcut name—is associated with the information that a SAS session needs to access a data library. SAS Intelligence Platform clients such as SAS Data Integration
Studio, SAS OLAP Cube Studio, and SAS Information Map Studio generate SAS code that uses librefs. Before the generated code can access data from a library, the library must be assigned to the SAS server that executes the code. After the SAS server determines that a library is assigned to it, the next step is to determine how the SAS server should access the data in the library.
There are two ways in which a server can determine how to access data in a library.
One way is for you, as the administrator, to configure the environment so that the SAS server finds out about the libref and the SAS engine to use for data access at server start-up. This approach is referred to as pre-assigning the library, because the libref is established before any code that uses that libref is submitted. The other way is to let the client application define the libref and set the SAS engine when it generates code for submission to that server.
How Do the Different Platform Clients Assign Libraries?
45
How Do the Different Platform Clients
Assign Libraries?
By default, newly created libraries are not pre-assigned. When a library is not preassigned, the library is accessed using the SAS engine that is most appropriate for the client application and its intended user base. For example, if you do not pre-assign the library, SAS Data Integration Studio creates a libref that uses the native engine that is specified in metadata, such as BASE. This approach is a best practice, because it is assumed that in most cases SAS Data Integration Studio developers are building processes that create or update tables. In this case, the native engine is the only engine that should be used for data-populating tasks.
The following table shows which SAS engine is used by many of the platform clients for libraries that are not pre-assigned.
Table 3.1 Platform Client Default Library Assignments
Application
SAS Add-In for
Microsoft Office
SAS Enterprise
Guide
Pre-assigned
No
No
SAS Data Integration
Studio
No
Library Engine
Used
META
META native engine
Minimum Metadata
Authorizations
Required
Library:
ReadMetadata
Table: ReadMetadata and Read
Library:
ReadMetadata
Table: ReadMetadata and Read
Library:
ReadMetadata
Table: ReadMetadata
46
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
Application
SAS OLAP Cube
Studio
Pre-assigned
No
SAS Information Map
Studio
No
Library Engine
Used
native engine native engine
Minimum Metadata
Authorizations
Required
Library:
ReadMetadata
Table: ReadMetadata
Library:
ReadMetadata
Table: ReadMetadata
When libraries are not pre-assigned, each SAS platform client accesses data with the
SAS engine that makes the most sense for the client. Allowing each client to choose the
SAS engine that it deems appropriate for its user base results in a security model that might match data access requirements. The clients that are typically used for data building use the native engine. The clients that are typically used for queries and reporting are designed to use the metadata engine. An example of such an environment is one with clients running at least SAS Enterprise Guide and SAS Data Integration
Studio. In this environment, SAS Data Integration Studio processes update tables that are in turn used in ad hoc analysis within SAS Enterprise Guide. The SAS Data
Integration Studio processes need to specify tables in the library as target tables
(output), whereas the SAS Enterprise Guide user's activities largely involve querying and analyzing chunks of data (input).
Because SAS Data Integration Studio processes typically update or create target tables, it is designed to use the native engine instead of the metadata engine. It accesses the tables using the engine that is specified in metadata for the library. Because SAS Data
Integration Studio works with tables that are registered in the metadata repository, you can control access to tables by granting ReadMetadata, WriteMetadata, and
CheckInMetadata permissions on the library and table metadata objects.
Note:
The metadata authorization layer supplements operating system and RDBMS security. It does not replace it. Operating system and RDBMS authorization should always be used as the first means of securing access to tables.
Understanding Pre-Assigned Libraries
47
On the other hand, the SAS Add-In for Microsoft Office and SAS Enterprise Guide use the metadata engine by default. For these clients, the data-level authorizations of Read,
Write, Create, and Delete that are specified in metadata, are enforced.
If defining libraries so that they are not pre-assigned seems like a potential option for your environment, then you should also learn how to ensure that these libraries are available to server processes that do not receive direct requests from client applications. For example, you need to know how to assign the library in server processes such as the stored process server and DATA Step Batch Server (if present).
For more information, see “Considerations for SAS Stored Process and SAS Pooled
Workspace Servers” on page 50 .
Understanding Pre-Assigned Libraries
Deciding whether to pre-assign a library or not has important consequences. One factor to keep in mind is that pre-assigning an excessive number of libraries can slow the
execution of SAS jobs for all users. Other factors are described in “Understanding
Native Engines and the Metadata LIBNAME Engine” on page 49
. SAS clients and stored processes can access a library using one of two engines: n the native engine that is specified in the library's metadata or a file such as an autoexec file. In this case, the Base SAS engine is used for libraries of SAS data sets, the ORACLE engine is used for Oracle libraries, and so on.
n the Metadata LIBNAME Engine.
Which engine you use affects security and determines what operations are possible.
Note:
If you are defining a pre-assigned DBMS library, do not use the Pre-Assigned
Library resource template. Register the library using the appropriate DBMS library template.
If you pre-assign libraries, then you control which engine is used to access the data.
If you choose to pre-assign libraries with LIBNAME statements in an autoexec file, then you should still register the library in metadata. Registering the library in metadata
48
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
makes it available for use by SAS clients that read from metadata, such as SAS Data
Integration Studio.
Having the server process assign libraries upon start-up results in library assignments that are identical and guaranteed across all SAS client applications and servers. Some environments where this approach to assigning libraries is desirable include the following: n environments where users are executing stored processes, and you do not want programmers having to manage library assignments in their code or in autoexec files.
n environments where the DATA Step Batch Server is used to execute jobs created by
SAS Data Integration Studio, and library assignments for these jobs should be identical to assignments used when the process was created.
n environments where SAS Enterprise Guide or SAS Add-In for Microsoft Office users are running tasks that need to create tables in the library that is registered in metadata. When you register a client-assigned library (a library that is not preassigned), SAS Enterprise Guide and SAS Add-In for Microsoft Office assign the library to use the metadata engine by default. Metadata engine libraries do not update metadata after changes to the underlying data source. Metadata can be updated to reflect changes to the underlying data source with PROC METALIB or with the register tables function of SAS Management Console.
When libraries are assigned by the client application, each application can assign the library in a way that is most suitable for its intended user base, and library connections are established only if needed. When libraries are assigned by the server, each library is available to all server processes and each library is allocated the same way for all client applications. A mixture of some server-assigned and some client application-assigned libraries is typically required to meet the needs of all the users in your environment.
Understanding Native Engines and the Metadata LIBNAME Engine
49
Understanding Native Engines and the
Metadata LIBNAME Engine
As mentioned previously, when you access the data in a data library, you can use the native engine stored in the metadata definition of the library, the definition in a configuration file, or you can use the metadata engine. As shown in the following figure, the metadata engine invokes the Base SAS engine that is identified in the metadata.
Figure 3.1 Metadata Engine Invocation of the Base SAS Engine
SAS metadata provides a metadata authorization layer that enables you to control which users can access which metadata objects, such as SASLibrary, PhysicalTable, and LogicalServer. You manage the access to metadata by granting ReadMetadata and
WriteMetadata permissions on the object or on the repository.
50
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
As depicted in the previous figure, when a user accesses a library that uses the metadata engine, the engine sends a request to the SAS Metadata Server to determine the user’s metadata permissions on the tables in the library. The tables for which the user has ReadMetadata access are returned and are available to the user. If the user then performs an action, such as opening a table, the metadata engine queries the metadata server for the user’s metadata permission on the table. If the user has Read access to the table, directly or through group membership, the metadata engine then calls upon the engine specified in metadata to handle the request. The table is then opened into the client application for reading.
In contrast, for clients such as SAS Data Integration Studio that surface only the tables that are registered in metadata and accessible to the user, if a user accesses a library that uses a native engine, the client application contacts the metadata server and requests access to the metadata object as the user. The metadata server then queries the metadata authorization layer to determine whether the user has ReadMetadata access on the tables in the library. In contrast to the metadata engine, there is no query to check for Read access on the table. When a library uses a native engine, the datalevel authorizations of Read, Write, Create, and Delete are not checked.
If you want to use the metadata authorization layer to control Read, Write, Create, and
Delete permissions, then pre-assign the library. Follow the steps described in
“Preassigning a Library” on page 53
. When you use the Pre-assignment Type menu, select By metadata library engine.
One drawback to using the metadata engine is that it does not automatically create, update, or delete metadata when changes are made to the tables.
Considerations for SAS Stored Process and SAS Pooled Workspace Servers
In the SAS Intelligence Platform, a stored process is a SAS program that is stored on a server and can be executed as requested by users that have ReadMetadata access to the stored process program's metadata. If a library is not pre-assigned, it is the responsibility of the stored process program's author or the SAS administrator to ensure that the library is assigned. Assigning the library can be done with SAS code that is
Considerations for SAS Stored Process and SAS Pooled Workspace Servers
51 written in the stored process program or that is linked to the stored process with an
%INCLUDE statement from an external file.
It is important to understand how SAS Stored Process Servers and SAS Pooled
Workspace Servers access data in libraries that are pre-assigned or not pre-assigned, and how they use the metadata engine or a native engine. The following table describes how these interactions affect data access.
Table 3.2 SAS Engine Assignment Interactions for SAS Stored Process and SAS Pooled
Workspace Servers
Library is preassigned
Metadata Engine Native Engine
n
The library is assigned to use the metadata engine at server initialization by the SAS
Spawned Servers account
(sassrv).
n
Metadata authorization layer permissions for the SAS
Spawned Servers account are checked at server initialization and for each data access request.
n
Metadata authorization layer permissions for the user ID that uses the server are not used.
n
The library is assigned to use the native engine for the library type at server initialization by the SAS Spawned Servers account (sassrv).
n
Metadata authorization layer permissions are checked for the SAS Spawned Servers account. The SAS Spawned
Servers account must have
ReadMetadata access to the library. (The access is typically inherited through a grant to the
SAS General Servers group.)
The metadata authorization layer permissions for the user
ID that uses the server are not used.
These two items apply to pre-assigned libraries, regardless of the
SAS engine that is used for data access. * n
If the Base SAS engine is used, then the SAS Spawned Servers account (sassrv) operating system permissions for the path to the physical library are checked at server initialization.
n
If a SAS/ACCESS engine is used, then database credentials must be stored in metadata. The SAS Spawned Servers account must access the credentials stored in metadata at server initialization.
52
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
Library is not preassigned
Metadata Engine Native Engine
n
The library is not assigned at server initialization. It is assigned to use the metadata engine by the SAS code that is submitted to the server.
n
The metadata authorization layer and data-level permissions are checked for the user ID that submits the code.
n
The SAS Spawned Servers account metadata authorization layer permissions are not used.
n
The library is not assigned at server initialization. It is assigned to use a native engine by the SAS code that is submitted to the server.
n
Metadata authorization layer permissions are not used.
They are never checked for the
SAS Spawned Servers account or the user ID that uses the server.
* If you change metadata permissions on a pre-assigned library or its tables, you must restart the SAS
Object Spawner. This is needed so that the SAS server initializes again.
TIP Regardless of the engine used and whether the library is pre-assigned or not pre-assigned, if the library is a Base SAS library, then the SAS Spawned Servers account must have operating system permissions for the path to the physical library.
The operating system permissions for the user ID that submitted the code are not used.
Error Messages
ERROR: Libname libref is not assigned.
If the library is not pre-assigned, then check the syntax for your LIBNAME statement. If the library is pre-assigned to use the metadata engine, then make sure that the SAS
General Servers identity has ReadMetadata permission to the library. If the library is pre-assigned to use a native engine, then make sure that the user ID accessing the data has ReadMetadata permission to the library.
ERROR: The Read permission is required to read data in table/view libref.table.DATA.
Pre-assigning a Library
53
This message is generated for libraries that use the metadata engine only. If the table belongs to a pre-assigned library, then grant Read permission to the SAS General
Servers identity on the table. If the table does not belong to a pre-assigned library, then grant Read permission to the user identity on the table.
ERROR: File libref.table.DATA does not exist.ERROR: The metadata for the table/ view libref.table does not exist.
This message is generated for libraries that use the metadata engine only and means that the table is not registered in metadata. If the library is pre-assigned to use the metadata engine, then disable that setting temporarily while you register the table. If you do not disable the pre-assignment, then be aware that the library is assigned to use the metadata engine with the METAOUT=ALL option. This METAOUT option does not permit registering tables.
Pre-assigning a Library
Overview of Pre-assigning a Library
Pre-assigning a large number of libraries can have a negative impact on the execution time of SAS programs for all users. Therefore, be judicious in deciding whether to preassign a library.
Pre-assigning a library can be a two-stage process:
1 Flag the library as pre-assigned.
2 Edit the configuration files.
Note:
Keep in mind that pre-assigning the library does not mean that you do not need to register tables in metadata. You must register the tables so that applications that read tables from metadata, such as SAS Data Integration Studio, can work with the tables.
54
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
Stage 1: Flag the Library as Pre-assigned
A library can be configured to be assigned by the server process by either selecting the
Library is pre-assigned advanced option when the library is being registered or by modifying the library's properties after the fact. To pre-assign a library, perform the following steps:
1 From SAS Management Console, select Data Library Manager Libraries
library-name
Properties.
2
Select the Options tab.
3
Click the Advanced Options button.
4
Select the Library is Pre-Assigned check box on the Pre-Assign tab, and select an option from the Pre-Assignment Type menu.
Figure 3.2 Library Is Pre-assigned Option
Pre-assigning a Library
55
TIP Select By external configuration when you want to pre-assign the library in a configuration file, such as an autoexec.
5
Click OK on the Advanced Options dialog box.
6
Click the Assign tab on the library properties window.
7
Select the servers that you want to pre-assign the libraries to. Click OK when you are finished.
Figure 3.3 The Assign Tab for a Library Properties Dialog Box
Stage 2: Edit the Configuration Files
In the previous stage, the library was flagged as pre-assigned. You also selected which servers can retrieve the library definitions from metadata. In this stage, you edit the
sasv9_usermods.cfg file for the same servers that were selected in the previous stage
56
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
and add a METAAUTORESOURCES SAS system option. This option is used so that the servers read the library definitions from metadata as they start.
Note:
This stage is not needed for workspace servers, pooled workspace servers, stored process servers, SAS/SHARE servers, or OLAP servers. Those server types automatically read metadata when they start and assign the libraries.
To edit the configuration files, perform the following steps:
1 For each SAS/CONNECT server, edit the following file:
SAS-configuration-directory\Lev1\SASApp\ConnectServer\sasv9_usermods.cfg
Add the following SAS system option:
-metaautoresources 'SASApp'
2
For each DATA Step Batch server, edit the following file:
SAS-configuration-directory\Lev1\SASApp\BatchServer\sasv9_usermods.cfg
Add the following SAS system option:
-metaautoresources 'SASApp'
Pre-assigning Libraries to Use the Metadata
Engine
If You Do Not Need to Create or Delete Tables
Pre-assigning a library to use the metadata engine is available by selecting the By
metadata library engine option for a library on the Advanced Options dialog box. Using this option results in using the metadata engine with the METAOUT=ALL option. This
LIBNAME option specifies that you can read, create, update, and delete observations in physical tables that already exist and are registered in metadata. You cannot create or delete entire physical tables.
If You Need to Create or Delete Tables
Other METAOUT= LIBNAME options exist. For example, the METAOUT=DATA option permits reading, creating, updating, and deleting physical tables. The
METAOUT=DATAREG setting permits reading, updating, and deleting tables registered
Pre-assigning a Library
57 in metadata as well as creating new physical tables. Be aware that new physical tables cannot be read until they are registered in metadata. For more information, see the
“METAOUT= Argument” in
SAS Language Interfaces to Metadata
.
If the METAOUT=ALL setting does not meet your business needs, but the data-level authorizations do meet your business needs, you can pre-assign the library to use the metadata engine in a configuration file. To do so, perform the following high-level steps:
1
Follow all the steps in “Stage 1: Flag the Library as Pre-assigned”
. When you set the pre-assignment type in step 4, select By external configuration.
Note:
Do not choose By metadata library engine. In order to use a different
METAOUT= option, you must specify the LIBNAME statement in an external configuration file.
2 Construct a LIBNAME statement that uses the metadata engine and your preferred
METAOUT= option. For an example, see Example Code 3.1
.
3 Determine which autoexec file to use for the LIBNAME statement. For more
information, see “SAS Application Server Autoexec Files” on page 58
.
The metadata engine can reference a library by the library name. For a library that is registered in metadata with a name of Accounting tables and a libref of lib1, the following LIBNAME statement accesses the tables with the metadata engine:
Example Code 3.1 Metadata LIBNAME Engine Statement
libname lib1 meta library="Accounting tables" metaout=datareg;
Pre-assigning Libraries in an Autoexec File
Pre-assigning libraries in an autoexec file is not a recommended as a routine practice because library assignments are recorded in two places, the autoexec file and metadata. Having configuration information in two places increases maintenance. An autoexec file is a text file that contains SAS statements that are executed when the server process starts. If an autoexec file is used in your environment, it is important to note that the LIBNAME statements in the autoexec file take precedence over samenamed libraries assigned by the server in metadata. For example, if ORGOLD is registered in the metadata to be pre-assigned, and ORGOLD is also defined in an
58
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
autoexec for the same server, the ORGOLD library is assigned using the LIBNAME information from the autoexec file. Simply put, the library assignment in the autoexec file always takes precedence.
To pre-assign a library in an autoexec file, perform the following high-level steps:
1
Follow all the steps in “Stage 1: Flag the Library as Pre-assigned”
. When you set the pre-assignment type in step 4, select By external configuration.
2 Construct a LIBNAME statement.
3 Determine which autoexec file to use for the LIBNAME statement. For more
information, see “SAS Application Server Autoexec Files” on page 58
.
The following display shows LIBNAME statements that pre-assign libraries in an autoexec file. The comments in the display acknowledge how pre-assigning a library in an autoexec file and registering the same library in metadata can cause unexpected results when accessing data.
Figure 3.4 Library Assignment in an Autoexec File
SAS Application Server Autoexec Files
During the configuration process, the SAS Deployment Wizard created a single file named appserver_autoexec_usermods.sas that controls all component servers of the
SAS Application Server and files named autoexec_usermods.sas for each of the component servers of the application server:
Verifying Pre-assignments By Reviewing the Logs
59 n
appserver_autoexec_usermods.sas
Use this file if you want all the SAS Application Server components registered to the application server, such as an OLAP server, a workspace server, and so on, to access the library with the same SAS engine.
n
autoexec_usermods.sas
Use this file to modify one of the SAS Application Server components, such as the workspace server, to use the engine specified in the LIBNAME statement, but to leave the other server components unchanged. If this is your choice, then note that the autoexec_usermods.sas file is located within a subdirectory, such as C:\SAS
\Config\Lev1\SASApp\WorkspaceServer\.
Verifying Pre-assignments By Reviewing the Logs
After you specify that a library is to be pre-assigned by the server, the SAS server process starts as follows:
1 Connect to the metadata server.
2 Retrieve library metadata.
3 Assign the library using the engine specified in the library metadata.
For example, if the Orion Gold Customers library is pre-assigned, then the library assignment is equivalent to a SAS programmer submitting a LIBNAME statement such as the following:
LIBNAME ORGOLD BASE "D:\OrionStar\Gold";
In the case of an IOM server, such as the workspace server, you can verify the preassignment of this library by the server process by enabling logging and observing the note generated from the first GetMetadata method call in the server's log, as in the following sample log:
60
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
Figure 3.5 Verification of Pre-assignment in a Server Log
For non-IOM servers using the METAAUTORESOURCES option, a note like the following is written to its log file:
NOTE: Libref ORGOLD successfully assigned from logical server.
For information about enabling the logging, see
SAS Logging: Configuration and
Programming Reference
.
Limiting Access to Selected Libraries
In “Overview of Connecting to Common Data Sources” on page 67
, you learned how to register libraries in metadata and assigned the libraries to SAS servers. If you are running in a client/server environment (for example, you use SAS Enterprise Guide), you can create an environment where your SAS client has access to a specific set of directories and files. All other directories and files are inaccessible. In order to limit access to certain libraries and files, you can limit the scope and activities of a SAS server by putting it in a locked-down state.
The locked-down SAS server can access only specified directories and files. For example, a user who connects to a locked-down workspace server from SAS Enterprise
Guide can access only those directories and files that are included in that server’s list of permitted resources. Regardless of host-layer permissions, LIBNAME and FILENAME statements that users submit through a locked-down server are rejected, unless the target resource is included in the server’s lockdown paths list.
The following types of servers can be locked down: n workspace (standard) n pooled workspace (server-side pooling)
Limiting Access to Selected Libraries
61 n stored process n batch n grid n
SAS/CONNECT
For more information about locked-down servers, see the
SAS Intelligence Platform:
Security Administration Guide
.
62
Chapter 3 / Assigning Libraries
4
63
Connecting to Common Data Sources
Overview of Connecting to Common Data Sources
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of SAS/ACCESS Connections to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Folders Tab in SAS Management Console
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a Library of SAS Data Sets
. . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Register the Base SAS Library Using SAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Register the Base SAS Library Using SAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working with User-Defined Formats
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Shared Access
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Create a SAS/SHARE Remote Engine Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Create a SAS/SHARE Remote Engine Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Excel File
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an Excel File
. . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a Flat File
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to XML Data
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Information Map
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Considerations for Information Map Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database
Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an
ODBC Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Configure an ODBC Data Source Using
Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Create a Library By Submitting a
LIBNAME Statement with the ODBC Engine
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 4: Register the ODBC Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 5: Register the ODBC Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB
Database Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
. . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an OLE
DB Database Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register the OLE DB Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the OLE DB Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 3: Verify That the SQL Server Tables Are
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents
65
Stage 4: Register the SQL Server Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Database
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Server
. . . .
Stage 1: Register the Teradata Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the Teradata Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to an Oracle Database
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an Oracle Database
Stage 1: Register the Oracle Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the Oracle Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Access
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
Microsoft Access Database By Using ODBC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Define the ODBC Data Source
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the ODBC Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 3: Register the ODBC Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Federation Server
. . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register the SAS Federation Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the SAS Federation Server Library
. . . . . . . . . . .
Special Considerations for SAS Federation Server Libraries
. . .
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Scalable
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
Scalable Performance Data Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Configure the libnames.parm File
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the SAS Scalable
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 3: Register the SAS Scalable
Performance Data Server Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
66
Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview to Establishing Connectivity to an SAP Server
. . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register the SAP Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the SAP Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Considerations for SAP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP HANA Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview to Establishing Connectivity to an SAP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register the SAP HANA Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the SAP HANA Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to an Impala Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to Impala
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register the Impala Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the Impala Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a Redshift Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to Redshift
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register the Redshift Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the Redshift Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hadoop Configuration Resources
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register the Hadoop Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register the Hadoop via Hive Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Considerations for Hadoop via Hive Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
. . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 1: Register a SAS LASR Analytic Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register a SAS LASR Analytic Server
Library Using SAS Management Console
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Connecting to Common Data Sources
67
Stage 1: Register a SAS LASR Analytic Server
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Register a SAS LASR Analytic Server
Library Using SAS Environment Manager
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Considerations for SAS LASR Analytic Server
. . . . . . . . . .
Establishing Connectivity to a SASHDAT Library
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a SASHDAT Library
. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Registering and Verifying Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview to Registering Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stage 2: Verify Access to the Data in a SAS Application
. . . . . . . .
Read-only Access for Reporting Libraries
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting UNIX Environment Variables for SAS/ACCESS
. . . . . . . . .
Troubleshooting SAS/ACCESS Connections to
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Connecting to Common
Data Sources
This chapter consists of detailed examples for establishing a connection to each of the
common data sources introduced in Chapter 1, “Overview of Common Data Sources,” on page 1
. Some of the connection processes covered in this chapter have common elements that might be applied to similar data sources. For example, the description of the process of using SAS/ACCESS to connect to an Oracle database might be useful when you connect to other relational databases such as DB2, Sybase, and Informix.
Also, the description of ODBC connections to a Microsoft Access database and the account of the connection to an SAP source can be helpful when you connect to similar data sources.
68
Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
In order to perform the procedures for registering libraries, you must have
ReadMetadata and WriteMetadata permission for the repository and the SAS
Application Servers that the data library is assigned to. You must also have
WriteMemberMetadata permission for the folder into which the library and its tables are registered.
This chapter also explains the process that registers tables as metadata from the data sources. Registering a table in metadata enables you to view the data in a SAS
application. For more information about managing table metadata, see Chapter 2,
“Managing Table Metadata,” on page 23
.
Overview of SAS/ACCESS Connections to Relational Databases
Process Overview
This section provides generic instructions for using SAS Management Console to configure access to a database. SAS/ACCESS must be licensed and configured before using SAS Management Console to register the library that holds the tables. The generic task has three stages:
1
Define the DBMS user or user group.
2
Register the DBMS server.
3
Register the DBMS library.
Define the DBMS User
User definitions can be set up using SAS Management Console or SAS Environment
Manager.
The User Manager is a SAS Management Console plug-in that provides functions to manage metadata definitions for users and user groups. Each user and user group that accesses secure resources on a SAS Metadata Server must be represented by an
Overview of SAS/ACCESS Connections to Relational Databases
69 identity on the server. Individual users are represented by Person objects, and groups are represented by Identity Group objects.
To define a user using SAS Management Console, perform the following steps:
1 Start SAS Management Console using your administrator account.
2 From SAS Management Console navigation tree, right-click the User Manager icon.
Then select New User , which displays the New User Properties dialog box.
3
On the General tab, enter your name in the Name field. Note that you can enter any user name that you want to use (for example, a single name, your full name, and so on). Display Name, Job Title, and Description are optional.
4
Click the Accounts tab and click New to display the New Login Properties dialog box.
5
Enter your Windows domain and user ID (WindowsDomain\user) and the password.
6
Select DefaultAuth as the authentication domain.
7
Click OK to add the login to the user.
8
Click OK to close the New User Properties dialog box.
9
Click User Manager to verify that the name appears in the user name list.
The SAS Environment Manager Users module supports some of the user administration tasks that are provided by the User Manager plug-in to SAS
Management Console, including the following: n creation and maintenance of users, groups, and roles n management of group and role memberships n management of logins and internal accounts
For more information about the SAS Environment Manager Users module, see
“Managing User Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Define the DBMS User Group
User group definitions can be set up using SAS Management Console or SAS
Environment Manager.
To define a user group using SAS Management Console, perform the following steps:
1 Start SAS Management Console using your administrator account.
2 From SAS Management Console navigation tree, right-click the User Manager icon.
Then select New Group, which displays the New User Properties dialog box.
3
Click the General tab, enter the group name in the Name field. Note that you can enter any group name that you want to use. Display Name and Description are optional.
4
Click the Groups and Roles tab and add the appropriate users and groups.
5
Click the Accounts tab and click New to display New Login Properties dialog box.
6
Enter your domain and user ID (WindowsDomain\user) and the password.
7
Select DefaultAuth as the authentication domain. Click OK.
8
Click the Members tab and add all of the users that need to access this library. To provide access for all registered users, give logon access to the SASUSERS group by moving it from the Available Identities box to the Current Members box. Click
OK.
9
Click User Manager to verify that the name appears in the user group name list.
The SAS Environment Manager Users module supports some of the user administration tasks that are provided by the User Manager plug-in to SAS
Management Console, including the following: n creation and maintenance of users, groups, and roles n management of group and role memberships
Overview of SAS/ACCESS Connections to Relational Databases
71 n management of logins and internal accounts
For more information about the SAS Environment Manager Users module, see
“Managing User Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Register the DBMS Server
To register a DBMS server, perform the following steps:
1 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
2 Select the database server type from the Database Servers list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate server name in the Name field. Click Next.
4 Accept the defaults for the server properties. Click Next.
5 Specify the database vendor-specific values on the connection properties page. If the user credentials for the database are different from the credentials used to log on to SAS, then you must create an Authentication domain to store valid database credentials. For more information, see “How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party
Server” in SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration Guide .
Click Next.
6 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Register the DBMS Library
To register a DBMS library, perform the following steps:
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries and select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select the database type from the Database Data list. Click Next.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field. Click Next.
4 Select an application server from the list, and use the right arrow to assign the application server. This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. Click Next.
5 Specify a libref on the library properties page. You can also click Advanced Options to perform tasks such as pre-assignment. Pre-assigning a library is valuable if your clients include SAS Enterprise Guide or SAS Add-In for Microsoft Office. Some SAS solutions require that libraries accessed from their client applications be preassigned (check the documentation for your specific solution for details). For more
information, see Chapter 3, “Assigning Libraries,” on page 43
. Click Next to access the next page of the wizard.
6 On the server and connection page, select the database server from the previous stage. Contact your database administrator if you are unsure of the correct value for the schema field. Click Next.
7 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings. At this point, register tables as
explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
Using the Folders Tab in SAS
Management Console
All SAS folders that the user has permission to view are displayed in the Folders tab of
SAS Management Console and in the Folders view of the Administration tab in SAS
Environment Manager. Most other client applications display SAS folders only if they contain content that is relevant to the application, subject to the user's permissions. For more information, see “Working with SAS Folders” in SAS Intelligence Platform: System
Administration Guide
.
Establishing Connectivity to a Library of SAS Data Sets
73
Establishing Connectivity to a Library of
SAS Data Sets
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
Library of SAS Data Sets
The following figure provides a logical view of accessing a library of SAS data sets.
Figure 4.1 Establishing Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
Base SAS Engine
Library of
SAS Data Sets
Data (Local or Remote) Client SAS Application Server
After you have installed the required SAS software, you need to set up a connection from a SAS server to a SAS data set. This connection requires that you register the
Base SAS library with the SAS Metadata Server. In addition, you must import any userdefined formats that have been created for the data set in order to view or operate on the data. Assume that the SAS software has already been loaded by using the standard installation wizard and that the data set is stored in a location that can be accessed.
Register the library by using SAS Management Console or SAS Environment Manager.
This metadata enables your SAS applications to access the data sets that you need to work with. For this example, the data set contains information about customers of the
Orion Gold enterprise.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Register the Base SAS Library Using SAS
Management Console
To register a Base SAS library, perform the following steps:
1
In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the first page of the New Library wizard.
2
Select Base SAS Library from the SAS Data list. Click Next.
3
Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, Orion Gold
Customers). Note that you can supply an optional description if you want. Click Next.
4 Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp. Click Next.
5 Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.1 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Path Specification
Sample Value
ORGOLD
BASE
Select from the Available items or click New to enter a path (for example,
C:\SAS\Config\Lev1\SASApp
\Data
). (Enter the fully qualified path to the library.
This path is specified differently in different operating systems. Make sure that the appropriate path is displayed in the Selected items field.)
You can also click Advanced Options to perform tasks such as pre-assignment and setting host-specific and LIBNAME options. Click Next to access the next page of the wizard.
Establishing Connectivity to a Library of SAS Data Sets
75
6 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
At this point, register tables as explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page
. If registering tables fails, check that the user account has host access permission to the path.
Register the Base SAS Library Using SAS
Environment Manager
To register a Base SAS library, perform the following steps:
1
Click the Administration tab.
2
Click the Side Menu icon in the upper left corner of the window.
3
Click Libraries.
4
Click the New Library icon .
5
Enter a library Name (for example, Orion Gold). The name cannot contain a forward slash or a backslash. If necessary, change the Location. Click SAS Base
Library. The Options dialog box appears.
6
In the Options dialog box, enter the Libref.
Field
Libref
Engine
Enable
WebDAV support
Sample Value
Enter an identifier of your choice (for example,
OrGold
). The libref name cannot contain spaces. The first character must be a letter or an underscore and all other characters can be either letters, underscore, or numbers.
Click the down arrow at the right of the field. From the resulting dropdown list, select an engine. For this example, the value (
Base
) is the engine name.
If you need WebDAV support, select the check box.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
Specify the path to the library
Sample Value
For this example, select the /install/data/SAS check box.
Click OK.
7 Examine the page to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Enter the
Description. Click the Save icon to save the new library.
Working with User-Defined Formats
Choices for Working with User-Defined Formats
If you have existing SAS data sets, you might also have a catalog of user-defined formats and informats. You have two options for making these formats available to applications such as SAS Data Integration Studio and SAS Information Map Studio: n
Give the format catalog a standard name and place it in an expected location. This is the preferred method.
n
Create a user-defined formats configuration file, and use the FMTSEARCH system option to point to the format catalog.
Use a Standard Name and Location for the Format Catalog
To make the format catalog available, in the preferred method, perform the following steps:
1 Name the format catalog formats.sas7bcat.
2 Place the catalog in the directory SAS-configuration-directory\Lev1\SASApp
\SASEnvironment\SASFormats.
Create a User-Defined Formats Configuration File
Alternatively, you can create a user-defined formats configuration file in which you point to the location of the formats catalog.
Establishing Connectivity to a Library of SAS Data Sets
77
To make a format catalog available using the alternative method on Windows and UNIX systems, perform the following steps:
1 To the SAS configuration file SAS-configuration-directory\Lev1\SASApp
\sasv9_usermods.cfg, add the CONFIG system option, and use it to point to the user-defined formats configuration file:
-config "SAS-configuration-directory\Lev1\SASApp\userfmt.cfg"
2
Then, use the FMTSEARCH system option in the same SAS configuration file to point to the format catalog:
-set fmtlib1 "SAS-configuration-directory\Lev1\Data\orformat"
-insert fmtsearch (fmtlib1.orionfmt)
In this example, SAS-configuration-directory\Lev1\Data\orformat is the location of the format catalog, and orionfmt (filename orionfmt.sas7bcat) is the name of the format catalog. If you have more than one catalog to list, leave a space between each catalog name.
Note:
On UNIX systems, you must enter the environment variable name in uppercase. For example, you enter FMTLIB1 instead of fmtlib1.
To make a format catalog available using the alternative method on z/OS systems, perform the following steps:
1
Add the AUTOEXEC system option to the SAS launch command as shown in the following example:
SAS-configuration-directory/Lev1/SASApp/startsas.sh
o("autoexec="./WorkspaceServer/userfmt.sas"")
In this example, startsas.sh is your SAS launch command script, and userfmt.sas is the name of the SAS autoexec file. When you enter the command, you must enter it all on one line.
2 In the autoexec file, use the LIBNAME statement to assign the format library and the
OPTIONS statement to set the FMTSEARCH system option. For example, you might specify the following statements:
LIBNAME fmtlib1
'SAS-configuration-directory/Lev1/Data/orformat';
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
options fmtsearch=(fmtlib1.orionfmt);
Establishing Shared Access to SAS
Data Sets
Overview of Establishing Shared Access
The following figure provides a logical view of accessing SAS data sets through a
SAS/SHARE server.
Figure 4.2 Establishing Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/SHARE
Server
SAS/SHARE
REMOTE Engine
Base SAS Engine
Library of
SAS Data Sets
Data Server Client SAS Application Server
Base SAS libraries allow the following access: n
Any number of users can read data.
n
A single user can write or update data.
This access can be extended through the use of the SAS/SHARE server. A
SAS/SHARE server permits multiple users to update the same items in a SAS library.
You can share access to a library of existing SAS data sets by using a SAS/SHARE server to manage access to the data. Assume that the SAS/SHARE software has already been loaded by using the standard installation wizard, and that you have
Establishing Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
79 registered a SAS/SHARE server in metadata (for example, SHAREServer) that was created by the wizard. Configuring shared access is a two-stage process:
1 Create a SAS/SHARE REMOTE Engine Library. This library is assigned to a SAS
Application Server, as shown in the previous figure.
2 While creating the SAS/SHARE REMOTE Engine Library, choose the option to register a new library to the SAS/SHARE server. This is shown in the previous figure as a Base SAS library. It is very important to pre-assign this library and to assign it to the SAS/SHARE server.
Create a SAS/SHARE Remote Engine Library
Using SAS Management Console
To create a SAS/SHARE Remote Engine library, perform the following steps:
1
In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2
Select SAS/SHARE REMOTE Engine Library from the SAS Data list. Click Next.
3
Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example,
SharedAccessToOrionGold). You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
4
Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp. Click Next.
5
Enter a value for Libref and click Next.
6
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.2 Server and Connection Information
Field
SAS/SHARE Server
Sample Value
SHAREServer
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
SAS/SHARE Server Library
Sample Value
Click New to register a new library such as a Base
SAS library. Assign the new library to the
SAS/SHARE Server and set the library as preassigned.
Connection
Default Login (None)
(This default login is used to resolve conflicts between multiple logins to an authentication domain.
In such cases, the default login is used.)
Click Next.
7 Examine the final page of the wizard (for the SAS/SHARE REMOTE Engine Library) to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
8 Restart the SAS/SHARE server.
At this point, register tables as explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page
.
Create a SAS/SHARE Remote Engine Library
Using SAS Environment Manager
To create a SAS/SHARE Remote Engine library, perform the following steps:
1
Click the Administration tab.
2
Click the Side Menu icon in the upper left corner of the window.
3
Click Libraries.
4
Click the New Library icon .
Establishing Shared Access to SAS Data Sets
81
5 Enter a library Name (for example, SharedAccessToOrionGold). The name cannot contain a forward slash or a backslash. Change the Location using Browse to /
Shared Data. Click SAS Base Library. The Options dialog box appears.
6
In the Options dialog box, enter the Libref.
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
Enter an identifier of your choice (for example,
ShareLib
). The libref name cannot contain spaces. The first character must be a letter or an underscore and all other characters can be either letters, underscore, or numbers.
Click the down arrow at the right of the field. From the resulting dropdown list, select an engine. For this example, the value (
Base
) is the engine name.
If you need WebDAV support, select the check box.
Enable
WebDAV support
Specify the path to the library
For this example, select the /install/data/SAS check box.
Click OK.
7
Examine the page to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Enter the
Description. Click the Save icon to save the new library.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft
Excel File
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an
Excel File
The following figure provides a logical view of using an Excel file as a data source.
Figure 4.3 Establishing Connectivity to an Excel File
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
Base SAS Code
Client SAS Application Server Files
The Excel file must be stored in a location that can be accessed by a Windows machine. This example focuses on a file that is local to a SAS server, but a Windows
UNC path such as \\datasrv\sales\firstquarter.xls is also acceptable.
Note:
Mapped drives are not accessible to SAS Application Servers.
To establish connectivity to an Excel file, perform the following steps:
1
In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2
Select Microsoft Excel Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Excel File
83
3 Enter a value for Libref and click Next.
4 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example,
FirstQuarterSales). Specify a metadata folder location for the library in the Library field. You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
5 Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp. Click Next.
6 On the server and connection page, click New in the Server Details group box to specify a new database server.
The New Server wizard is displayed.
7 Enter a name such as FirstQuarterSalesFolder in the Name field. Click Next.
8 Click Next on the Server Properties page.
9 On the Connection Properties page, enter the path to the Excel file. Enclose the value in quotation marks (for example, "C:\sales\firstquarter.xls"). Click Next.
10
Examine the final page of the New Server wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the server settings.
The New Server wizard closes and returns you to the final page of the New Library wizard.
11
Examine the final page of the New Library wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings.
At this point, register tables as explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
The Microsoft Excel Library wizard in SAS Management Console generates the metadata to construct a LIBNAME statement for the EXCEL LIBNAME engine. For more information about the EXCEL LIBNAME engine and supported options, see the
SAS/ACCESS Interface to PC Files: Reference
.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Establishing Connectivity to a Flat File
The following figure provides a logical view of using an external file as a data source.
Figure 4.4 Establishing Connectivity to External Files
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
Base SAS Code
Client SAS Application Server Files
You can connect to a flat file using the External File Source Designer in SAS Data
Integration Studio.
Assume that the SAS software has already been loaded by using the standard installation wizard, and that the flat file is stored in a location that can be accessed. This example focuses on a comma-delimited flat file. A similar process is used for other types of flat files, but some steps are different.
To establish a connection to a flat file, perform the following steps:
1 Open SAS Data Integration Studio. Then, select File New External File
Delimited to access the New Delimited External File wizard.
2
Enter a name for the external file and click Next.
3
Enter the fully qualified path to the file in the File name field (for example, SAS-
configuration-directory\sources\customer_data.dat). Click Next.
Establishing Connectivity to a Flat File
85
4 On the Delimiters and Parameters page of the wizard, deselect the Blank option in the Delimiters group box. Then, select the Comma option. Click Next to access the
Column Definitions page of the wizard.
5 To define the columns, perform the following steps: a Click Refresh to view the data from the flat file in the File tab in the view pane at the bottom of the page.
b Click Auto Fill to access the Auto Fill Columns dialog box. Change the value entered in the Start record field in the Guessing records group box to 2. This setting is based on the assumption that the first data record of the flat file contains header information and that the record is unique because it holds the column names for the file. Therefore, excluding the first data record from the guessing process yields more accurate preliminary data because it is excluded when the guessing algorithm is run.
6
Click Import to access the Import Column Definitions dialog box. The following four methods are provided for importing column definitions: n
Get the column definitions from other existing tables or external files.
n
Get the column definitions from a format file.
n
Get column definitions from a COBOL format file.
n
Get the column names from column headings in the file.
In most cases, you get the column definitions from an external format file or from the column headings in the external file. Here is an example of a format file:
# Header follows
Name,SASColumnType,SASColumnName,SASColumnLength,SASInformat,SASFormat,Desc,ReadFlag
# Column definition records records follow
Make,C,Make,13,,$char13.,Manufacturer name column,y
Model,C,Model,40,,$char40.,Model name column,y
# Comma within quotation marks below is not a delimiter
Description,C,Description,32,$char32.,,'Description, Comments, Remarks',y
A sample of the output is shown in the following figure:
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
For this example, select the Get the column names from column headings in the
file radio button. Keep the default settings for the fields underneath it.
Note:
If you select Get the column names from column headings in the file, the value in the Starting record field in the Data tab of the view pane in the Column
Definitions dialog box is automatically changed. The new value is one greater than the value in the The column headings are in file record field in the Import Column
Definitions dialog box.
7 Click OK to return to the Column Definitions page.
8 The preliminary data for the external file object is displayed in the columns table at the top of the page. The Informat and Format columns for the rows in the table are based on the values that are included in the sample data that is processed by the guessing function. The results are accurate for this particular set of records, but you should still examine them to make sure that they are representative of the data in the rest of the flat file. Edit the values by clicking directly on the cells in the column table and making the necessary changes.
9 Click the Data tab at the bottom of the Column Definitions page. Then, click
Refresh. The data should be properly formatted. If not, edit the cells in the column table and check the results by refreshing the Data tab. You can repeat this process until you are satisfied. You can review the SAS log for more details.
Note:
To view the code that is generated for the external file, click the Source tab.
To view the SAS log for the generated code, click the Log tab. The code that is displayed in the Source tab is the code that is generated for the current external file.
10 Click Next.
Establishing Connectivity to XML Data
87
11 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings. The file is ready for use.
Establishing Connectivity to XML Data
The following figure provides a logical view of using XML files as a data source.
Figure 4.5 Establishing Connectivity to XML Files
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
Base SAS Code
Client SAS Application Server XML Files
The following steps describe how to specify a SAS XML library in SAS Management
Console. Assume that the XML library points to an XML file that contains climate information (climate.xml). The XML file is in generic format, as defined for the SAS
XML LIBNAME engine. For more information, see the
SAS XML LIBNAME Engine:
User’s Guide
.
To register an XML library, perform the following steps:
1
In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2
Select SAS XML library from the SAS Data list. Click Next.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, XML Lib). Click
Next.
4
Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp. Click Next.
5
Enter information about the library, such as the following:
Table 4.3 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
XML File Location
XML Type
Library Access
Sample Value xmllib
XML
C:\sources\xml\climate.xml
GENERIC
READONLY
Click Next.
6 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
Information Map
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
SAS Information Map
A SAS Information Map is a business metadata layer on top of another data source.
When an information map is registered as a table in a SAS Information Map library, it
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Information Map
89 can also be used as the data source for other information maps. For more information about creating information maps, see either the SAS Information Map Studio Help or
Base SAS Guide to Information Maps
. Information map tables are expected to be used primarily by SAS Information Map Studio.
Figure 4.6 Establishing Connectivity to an Information Map
SAS Information
Map Studio
Workspace Server
Information Maps
LIBNAME Engine
Metadata Server
Information Maps
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
To register a SAS Information Map library, perform the following steps:
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select SAS Information Map Library from the SAS Data list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, InfoMapLib). Click
Next.
4
Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp. Click Next.
5
Enter information about the library, such as the following:
Table 4.4 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Sample Value maplib
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
Engine
Metadata server
Default login
Information map location
Sample Value
SASIOIME
select a metadata server from the list
(None)
/Shared Data/SASInfoMaps
Click Next.
6
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings. At this point, register tables as
explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
Special Considerations for Information Map
Tables
n
When registering the tables with SAS Management Console, ensure that the check box for the option Enable special characters within DBMS object names option is selected. The New Library wizard uses data item IDs from the source information map as column names for the table. These data item IDs sometimes contain special characters.
n
The data item IDs of a source information map are used as column names when the information map is registered as an information map table. If you change the data item ID or table column name after the table is registered, then you will not be able to run queries on the table.
n
By default, the values retrieved from an information map table are the detail values from the source information map. If you want to retrieve aggregated values, then you must set an aggregation option. You can set the AGGREGATE= options for tables and libraries in Data Library Manager in SAS Management Console. After you add a table as a data source for an information map, you can also set the aggregation option for the data source in the Table Properties dialog box in SAS Information Map
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Information Map
91 n
Studio. Selecting the Use the detail values from the data source radio button is equivalent to setting the AGGREGATE= option to NO, and selecting the Use the
aggregated values from the data source radio button is equivalent to setting the
AGGREGATE= option to YES. This setting overrides the aggregation settings on the library or the table.
When referenced by an information map table, measure data items that reference other measure data items or that use aggregate functions in their expressions can produce aggregated values only. If a source information map contains one of these data items, then set the AGGREGATE= option to YES on the library. Otherwise, these data items are not registered as columns when you register the information map as a table.
n
If the source information map for an information map table has measure data items that reference other measure data items or that use aggregate functions in their expressions, then the combination of setting the AGGREGATE= option to YES on the library and setting the AGGREGATE= option to NO on the table or on the data source (within SAS Information Map Studio) causes the table data to be inaccessible. n
Normally, when an information map table is registered, its columns get their formats from the associated source data items. However, when a source data item is a measure data item and has a data type of character, then if the AGGREGATE= option is set to NO on the library, the format is not set to the format of the source data item. The format is set to the format of the column that the source data item is based on.
n
Because an information map acts as a reference to underlying data, ReadMetadata permission must be granted to a user for the information map table, the source information map, and the table used by the source information map. Read permission is also needed on the source information map.
n
Stored processes and prefilters associated with a source information map are applied to the information map table. (Filters that are not used as prefilters are not applied.) n
If a stored process is associated with a source information map and the stored process uses prompts with default values, the stored process is applied to the
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
n information map table. If the prompts do not have default values, the stored process does not affect the information map table.
Information maps created from OLAP cubes cannot be registered as information map tables.
n
The source information map name must be 32 bytes or less.
Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC
Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an
ODBC Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication
The following figure provides a logical view of using ODBC with SAS/ACCESS software.
Figure 4.7 Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Client
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to ODBC
ODBC Driver
Manager
ODBC Driver
SAS Application Server
Microsoft Access
Database
Database Tables
Data Server
Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
93
This example explains how to define an Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) library in
SAS Management Console using Windows authentication to access Microsoft SQL
Server data. In this section, the SAS server is running in a Windows operating environment. Once you define the ODBC library, you can use the library with SAS
Enterprise Guide and SAS Data Integration Studio.
Prerequisites
The following prerequisites are necessary before you can define an ODBC library in
SAS Management Console.
n
Make sure that “Login as batch” user rights are assigned for your user ID (entered in the WindowsDomain\user). For details about assigning user rights, see your
Windows operating system documentation.
n
SAS/ACCESS Interface to ODBC and the ODBC driver for the Microsoft SQL Server must be installed and configured on the same machine where your SAS System runs.
Setting up a connection from SAS to an ODBC data source using Microsoft Windows
NT authentication is a five-stage process.
1 Configure an ODBC data source using Microsoft Windows NT authentication.
2 Verify a library by submitting a LIBNAME statement with the ODBC engine.
3 Register a user.
4 Register the ODBC Server.
5 Register the ODBC library.
Stage 1: Configure an ODBC Data Source
Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
1
Select Start Control Panel.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
2 In the Control Panel window, select System and Security Administrative Tools
Data Sources (ODBC) to open the ODBC Data Source Administrator dialog box.
3
Click the System DSN tab. On that tab, click Add to open the Create New Data
Source dialog box.
4
Select SQL Server in the Create New Data Source dialog box.
5
Click Finish, and the Create a New Data Source to SQL Server dialog box appears.
Enter the name of your data source and the name of your server. This example uses the values SqlServerNT and BLUEFIN, respectively.
6
Click Next. On this page, specify the following items: n the method for verifying the login ID n the network library that is used to communicate with the SQL Server (via the
Client Configuration button) n a connection to the SQL Server
Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
95
7
Click Next to make further server-configuration changes, as necessary.
8
Click Finish. The application displays a summary page.
At this point, you should click Test Data Source to run a test connection and ensure that your configuration is valid. If the test is successful, the Test Results page is displayed.
9
Click OK to exit.
10
Click OK again to exit the ODBC Data Source Administrator dialog box.
Stage 2: Create a Library By Submitting a
LIBNAME Statement with the ODBC Engine
1 Invoke SAS.
2 Submit a LIBNAME statement that contains the ODBC engine in the SAS Enhanced
Editor. The LIBNAME statement should be similar to the following: libname odbclib odbc noprompt="dsn=SqlServerNT;Trusted_Connection=yes" schema=DBO;
3 After you submit this LIBNAME statement, make sure that you can see your SQL
Server tables in the SAS Explorer window. You can also submit a DATASETS procedure similar to the following to display the tables in the SAS log:
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
proc datasets lib=odbclib; quit;
The previous steps confirm that the ODBC data source was created correctly and that you can access the tables in the Microsoft SQL Server. If another user has trouble accessing the tables from the registered library (described in the following stages), then ask the user to try these steps or request assistance from your Windows administrator.
Stage 3: Register a User
1 Open SAS Management Console and log on with the user ID SASADM or with the
ID of any other unrestricted user. The SAS Management Console window is displayed.
2 Right-click User Manager in the left pane. Select New User. This selection opens the New User Properties dialog box.
3
Click the General tab in the New User Properties dialog box, and add the user name in the Name text box. Display Name, Job Title, and Description are optional.
4
Click the Accounts tab. Click New to open the New Login Properties dialog box.
5
Add the Windows user ID (in the form WindowsDomain\user) and password in the
New Login Properties dialog box. Click OK. The user ID and password appear in the
New Users Properties dialog box.
6
Click OK to return to the main SAS Management Console window.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Stage 4: Register the ODBC Server
1
Right-click Server Manager in the SAS Management Console window.
2
Select New Server from the menu. This selection invokes the New Server wizard.
3
Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
97
Select ODBC Server from the Database Servers list in the New Server wizard.
4 Click Next. Specify a name for the new ODBC server, such as sql_server_ntauth. The Description field is optional.
5
Click Next to continue to the next page, which lists the default property values for the server.
Note:
Do not change these default values. Just click Next to continue to the next page in the wizard.
Table 4.5 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Data Source Type
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
6
10
ODBC — Other Database
6.10
Defaults to vendor name
Defaults to your machine name
6 Click Next.
7 Select the Connection String radio button.
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Enter the following string in the Connection String text box:
"dsn=SQlServerNT;Trusted_Connection=yes"
Note:
The value for the DSN= parameter is the name of the ODBC-system data source that you set up in stage 1.
Select None for Authentication type. Select DefautAuth for the Authentication
domain.
Note:
If you do not want to create a data source name, you can connect without using the DSN= parameter. Instead, submit the following LIBNAME statement: libname test odbc noprompt='server=bluefin.your-domain.com;driver=sql
Establishing Connectivity to an ODBC Database Using Microsoft Windows NT Authentication
99 server;Trusted Connection=yes';
In this case, you enter the following as the connection string in the Connection
String text box:
'server=bluefin.your-domain.com;driver=sql server;
Trusted Connection=yes'
8 Click Next.
9 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 5: Register the ODBC Library
1 Expand Data Library Manager in SAS Management Console.
2 Right-click Libraries and select New Library to open the New Library wizard.
3 Select ODBC Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
4 Specify a name for your library (for example, sql_server_ntauth) Click the
Browse button by Location to select the metadata folder location.
5
Click Next. Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp.
6
Click Next.
7
Enter a libref in the Libref text box, such as Odbclib.
Table 4.6 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
Odbclib
ODBC
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
8 Click Next.
9 Specify the schema name (DBO) and the database server (sql_server_ntauth).
10
Click Next.
11
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
At this point, your library is defined. However, to access data, you might need to perform extra steps (for example, pre-assigning the library or registering tables). See
“Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB
Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an
OLE DB Database Using Microsoft Windows
NT Authentication
The following figure provides a logical view of using OLE DB with SAS/ACCESS software.
Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication
101
Figure 4.8 Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB Database
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to OLE DB
OLE DB
Data Provider
SAS Application Server
Database Server
Client Data Server
This section explains how to define an OLE DB library in SAS Management Console in order to access the Microsoft SQL Server using Microsoft Windows NT authentication.
Prerequisites
The following prerequisites are necessary before you begin defining an OLE DB library: n
Make sure that “Login as batch” rights are assigned for your user ID (entered in the
WindowsDomain\user). For details about assigning user rights, see your Windows operating system documentation.
n
SAS/ACCESS Interface to OLE DB and the OLE DB provider for the Microsoft SQL
Server must be installed on the same machine where SAS runs.
n
Before you configure the library in SAS Management Console, make sure that you can submit a LIBNAME statement successfully. Here is an example of a LIBNAME statement: libname sqlole oledb init_string="Provider=SQLOLEDB.1;
Integrated Security=SSPI;
Persist Security Info=True;
Initial Catalog=Northwind;
Data Source=bluefin.na.sas.com" schema=DBO;
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Note:
If you cannot see SQL Server tables in the SAS Explorer window, then you need to submit the following SQL procedure to find the table names and the corresponding schema for each table.
proc sql; connect to oledb; select table_name, table_schema from connection to oledb(OLEDB::Tables); quit;
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection from SAS to an OLE DB database using Microsoft Windows NT authentication is a four-stage process.
1 Register the OLE DB server.
2 Register the OLE DB library.
3 Verify that the SQL Server tables are listed in the SAS Explorer.
4 Register the SQL Server tables.
Stage 1: Register the OLE DB Server
To register an OLE DB server, perform the following steps:
1 From the navigation tree, right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New Server wizard.
2 Expand the Database Servers folder and select OLE DB Server.
3 Click Next.
4 Enter the server name (for example, sqlserver_oledb_ntauth) in the Name field. The Description field is optional.
5
Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication
103
Click Next to display the server properties. The following server properties displayed in the data entry box are default values and should not be changed.
Table 4.7 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Data Source Type
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
4
0
OLE DB — Other Database
4.0
Microsoft Corp.
Defaults to your machine
Note:
The Associated Machine property refers to the SAS Application Server - not the SQL Server machine.
6
Click Next.
7
Enter the server name "bluefin.na.sas.com" (in quotation marks) for the SQL
Server in the Datasource field. Enter the Provider.
Table 4.8 Connection Properties
Field
Datasource
Provider
Sample Value
Enter "bluefin.na.sas.com" (in quotation marks) from the example LIBNAME statement.
Enter SQLOLEDB.1 from the example LIBNAME statement.
The default is NO.
Prompt
OLE DB Connection
Information Options
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
Authentication type
Authentication Domain
Sample Value
User/Password
Specify the credentials (in this example, user/ password) that are retrieved from metadata and that correspond to the selected authentication domain,
OledbAuth.
OledbAuth
Specify the domain (in this example, OledbAuth) that is used to authenticate logon attempts to the OLE DB server. (You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
Click the OLE DB Connection Information Options button to display the OLE DB
Connection Information Options dialog box.
8 Enter the following text In the Init String field. Enter the entire string in quotation marks (" "), all on one line.
"Provider=SQLOLEDB.1;
Integrated Security=SSPI;
Persist Security Info=True;
Initial Catalog=Northwind;
Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication
105
Data Source=bluefin.na.sas.com"
9 Click OK.
10 Specify Authentication Type and Authentication Domain.
11 Click Next.
12 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
13 In SAS Management Console, click the Server Manager icon.
The new OLE DB server name, sqlserver_oledb_ntauth, appears in the Name list.
Stage 2: Register the OLE DB Library
1
From the navigation tree in SAS Management Console, expand Data Library
Manager.
2
Under Data Library Manager, right-click Libraries and select New Library to start the New Library wizard.
3
In the wizard, expand the Libraries
Database Data folder and select OLE DB
Library. Click Next.
4
Enter the library name (for example, sqlserver_oledb_ntauth_lib) in the
Name field. The Description field is optional.
5 Click Next.
6 Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list on the right. For this example, use SASApp. Click Next.
7 Enter the libref name (for example, SqlOledb) in the Libref field.
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Table 4.9 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
SqlOledb
OLEDB
8
Click Next.
9
In the Database Server field, select the OLE DB server
(sqlserver_oledb_ntauth).
In the Database Schema Name field, enter a name (for example, DBO) for the new
OLE DB schema.
Note:
This is the same database schema name specified in the LIBNAME statement: libname sqlole oledb init_string="Provider=SQLOLEDB.1;
Integrated Security=SSPI;
Persist Security Info=True;
Initial Catalog=Northwind;
Data Source=bluefin.na.sas.com" schema=DBO;
Note that the database schema name must be uppercase in the LIBNAME statement.
Table 4.10 Server and Connection Information
Field
Database Server
Database Schema Name
Connection
Default Login
Sample Value
Enter
sqlserver_oledb_ntauth
from the
LIBNAME statement example. (Use the database server that you created in the New Server wizard.)
Enter DBO from the LIBNAME statement example.
Use the default value.
Use the default value of
(None)
.
Establishing Connectivity to an OLE DB Database Using Microsoft Windows NT
Authentication
107
Click Next.
10 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings. The new library
(sqlserver_oledb_ntauth_lib) appears in the list of libraries.
Stage 3: Verify That the SQL Server Tables
Are Listed in the SAS Explorer
Perform the following steps to check the accuracy of the LIBNAME statement that was generated in the previous section:
1
Close SAS Management Console and restart it using the same Windows ID
(WindowsDomain\user) that you previously used.
2
From the navigation tree in SAS Management Console, right-click Data Library
Manager.
3
Under Data Library Manager, right-click the library that you just created
(sqlserver_oledb_ntauth_lib) and select Display LIBNAME Statement. The
Display LIBNAME Statement message window appears with the LIBNAME statement that is generated for your server.
4 Copy the LIBNAME statement from the Display LIBNAME Statement window and paste it into your SAS Program Editor.
5 Submit the LIBNAME statement and verify that the appropriate tables are listed in the SAS Explorer window.
Stage 4: Register the SQL Server Tables
1 From the navigation tree in SAS Management Console, expand Data Library
Manager.
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2 In the Data Library Manager, right-click sqlserver_oledb_ntauth_lib and select Register Tables.
3
In the SAS Library field, click the down arrow at the right of the field. From the resulting drop-down list, select your application server (SASApp, in this example), and click Next.
4
Click Next again, and the Define Tables dialog box is displayed with a list of SQL
Server tables.
5
In the list, click the table name for which you want to import metadata.
6
Click Next, and the application displays the table that you selected.
7
Click Finish, and you are able to use the specified table in any SAS BI client.
For more information, see “Relational Database Sources” on page 11 .
Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata
Database
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
Teradata Server
The following figure provides a logical view of using Teradata with SAS/ACCESS software.
Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Database
109
Figure 4.9 Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Database
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to Teradata
Teradata Client
Teradata Server
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
To define a database library in SAS Management Console with the SAS/ACCESS software, you need SAS/ACCESS Interface to Teradata software installed on your SAS server.
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection from SAS to a Teradata database is a two-stage process.
1 Register the Teradata server.
2 Register the Teradata library.
Stage 1: Register the Teradata Server
To register the Teradata Server, perform the following steps in SAS Management
Console:
1 Right-click the Server Manager and select New Server from the menu. This selection invokes the New Server wizard.
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2 Select Teradata Server (under Database Servers) in the New Server wizard. Click
Next.
3 Specify a name for the new Teradata server. The Description is optional.
4 Click Next to continue. This page lists default server properties. Do not change these default values.
Table 4.11 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
14
0
14.0
Teradata Corporation
Defaults to your machine
5
Click Next to continue. On this page, enter the Teradata connection properties for your Teradata database.
Table 4.12 Connection Properties
Field
Server
Account number
Sample Value
Specify an entry in your (client) HOSTS file that provides an IP address for a database server connection. The value for this property corresponds to the value for the SERVER= option in the
SAS/ACCESS software LIBNAME statement.
Specify the account number that you want to charge for the Teradata session. Note: This property is optional.
Field
Authentication type
Authentication Domain
Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Database
111
Sample Value
User/Password
specify the credentials (in this example, user and password) that are retrieved from metadata and that corresponds to the selected authentication domain, TeraAuth.
Specify the domain (in this example,
Teraauth
) that is used to authenticate logon attempts to the
Teradata server. (You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
6
Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the Teradata Library
This example shows the process for establishing a SAS connection to a Teradata database. After you verify the system requirements for the SAS/ACCESS engine, test the database connection using a LIBNAME statement: libname teralib teradata server=server-name user=user-ID pwd=password;
After you assign the LIBNAME statement, you can view your Teradata tables in the
TeraLib library either by viewing it from the SAS Explorer window or by submitting a
DATASETS procedure that is similar to the following: proc datasets lib=teralib; quit;
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Add the Teradata library using SAS Management Console Data Library Manager plugin.
1 In SAS Management Console, expand the Data Library Manager node.
2 Right-click Libraries and select New Library from the menu to open the New
Library wizard.
3 Under Database Data, select Teradata Library. Click Next to continue to the next page of the wizard.
4 Enter a name for your library (for example, TeraLibrary) in the Name field. In the
Location field, select the folder (known as the metadata folder) in which to save this library.
Using a metadata folder to organize library and table objects in metadata (or any other metadata content that is supported by folders) is an efficient way to control access to those objects. Library and table objects inherit permissions from their respective metadata folders. Controlling access to these objects through permission inheritance is much easier when the objects are stored in the same metadata folder.
You control access to the libraries and tables by denying ReadMetadata permission to the folder in which the library and tables are stored.
For more details about metadata folders, see “Working with SAS Folders” in SAS
Intelligence Platform: System Administration Guide
.
5 Click Next to continue to the next page of the wizard.
6 Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list on the right. Note that even though the wizard states that this step is optional, you must select the server. For this example, use SASApp.
7 Click Next to continue to the next page of the wizard. In the Libref field, enter your libref (for example, TeraLib).
Establishing Connectivity to a Teradata Database
113
Table 4.13 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
TeraLib
TERADATA
8
Click Next to move to the server and connection information page. Select the
Teradata server that you created.
Table 4.14 Server and Connection Information
Field
Database Server
Database Schema Name
Default Login
Sample Value
Teradata_server
(Use the database server that you created in the New Server wizard.)
See your database administrator for the correct value. This is optional.
Use the default value of
(None)
.
9 Click Next. Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
At this point, your library is defined. However, to access data, you either need to register the tables or pre-assign the library. See
“Registering and Verifying Tables” on page
.
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Establishing Connectivity to an Oracle
Database
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to an
Oracle Database
The following figure provides a logical view of using Oracle as a data source.
Figure 4.10 Establishing Connectivity to an Oracle Database
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to Oracle
Oracle Client
Oracle Server
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
This example shows the process for establishing a SAS connection to an Oracle database. It assumes that the software for the database has already been loaded by using the standard installation wizard for the database client.
Prerequisites
The following prerequisites are necessary before you begin defining an Oracle library: n installation of SAS/ACCESS Interface to Oracle. For configuration information, see the Install Center at http://support.sas.com/documentation/installcenter/94 and use the operating system and SAS version to locate the appropriate SAS Foundation
Configuration Guide.
Establishing Connectivity to an Oracle Database
115 n installation of a supported Oracle Database Client.
n validation that the Oracle client can communicate with the Oracle server.
n
(UNIX only) configuration of SAS/ACCESS environmental variables. For more
information, see “Setting UNIX Environment Variables for SAS/ACCESS” on page
.
Submit a LIBNAME statement, such as the following example: libname oralib oracle path=pathname user=user-name password="password" schema=database-schema-name;
Make sure you are able to see Oracle tables in the SAS Explorer window.
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection from SAS to a database management system is a two-stage process.
1 Register the database server.
2 Register the database library.
Stage 1: Register the Oracle Server
To register the Oracle database server, perform the following steps:
1 Open SAS Management Console application.
2 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select Oracle Server from the Database Servers list. Click Next.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
4 Enter an appropriate server name in the Name field (for example,
oracle_server_on_alien). You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
5
The server properties that are displayed in the window are default values and should not be changed. To change the Associated Machine property, click the down arrow at the right of the field and select the appropriate server from the drop-down list.
Table 4.15 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
0
0
Oracle Corporation
Defaults to your machine
Click Next.
6 Enter the following connection properties:
Table 4.16 Connection Properties
Field
Path
Authentication type
Sample Value
NEWSERVER10G
(This value is contained in the
tnsnames.ora
file generated during the Oracle installation. The file is stored in an Oracle installation directory such as
/opt/oracle/app/oracle/ product/10.2.0/db_1/network/admin/ tnsnames.ora
. The alias for the connection information is contained in this file. See the following figure.)
The default is
User/Password
. Select a value from the drop-down list.
Field
Authentication domain
Establishing Connectivity to an Oracle Database
117
Sample Value
OraAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the Oracle Library
After you have registered the database server, register the database library. To register the Oracle database library, perform the following steps:
1
In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2
Select Oracle Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
3
Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example,
oracle_lib_on_alien). You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
4
Select a SAS server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the SAS server.
This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. This step is optional. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.17 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Sample Value
ORAREF
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
Engine
Sample Value
ORACLE
You can also click Advanced Options to perform tasks such as pre-assignment and optimization. Click Next to access the next page of the wizard.
6
Enter the following settings:
Table 4.18 Server and Connection Information
Field
Database Server
Database Schema Name
Default Login
Sample Value oracle_server_on_alien
(Use the database server that you created in the New Server wizard.)
See your database administrator for the correct value.
Use the default value of
(None)
.
Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings. At this point, register tables as
explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Access Database By Using ODBC
119
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft
Access Database By Using ODBC
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
Microsoft Access Database By Using ODBC
The following figure provides a logical view of using Microsoft Access as a data source and connecting to the database with a SAS/ACCESS ODBC interface.
Figure 4.11 Establishing Connectivity to Access Databases By Using ODBC
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to ODBC
ODBC Driver
Manager
ODBC Driver
Microsoft Access
Database
Database Tables
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection from SAS to a Microsoft Access database by using ODBC is a three-stage process:
1
Define an ODBC data source.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
2 Register the database server.
3 Register the database library.
This example shows the process for establishing a SAS connection to an Access database. It assumes that the software for the database has already been loaded with the standard installation wizard for the database client. In addition, SAS/ACCESS
Interface to ODBC must be installed on the SAS server that accesses the Access database.
Stage 1: Define the ODBC Data Source
First, you must define the ODBC data source. To define the ODBC data source on
Windows systems, perform the following steps:
1 Open the Windows Control Panel. Click Systems and Security Administrative
Tools
Data Sources (ODBC) to access the ODBC Data Source Administrator dialog box.
2
Click Add to access the Create New Data Source dialog box. Click the Microsoft
Access driver listed in the window (for example, Microsoft Access Driver [*.mdb]).
Click Finish to access the ODBC Microsoft Access Setup dialog box.
Note:
System data sources and user data sources store information about how to connect to the indicated data provider. A system data source is visible to all users with access to the system, including Windows services. A user data source is visible only to a particular user, and it can be used on the current machine only.
3
Enter the following configuration settings:
Table 4.19 Configuration Settings
Field
Data Source Name
Sample Value
MS Access
Field
Database
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Access Database By Using ODBC
121
Sample Value
Click Select to browse for your Access database file, such as
Northwinds.mdb
in the Microsoft Office
Samples directory.
4
Click OK to save the configuration settings and return to the ODBC Data Source
Administrator dialog box. Click OK to save the data source.
Stage 2: Register the ODBC Server
To register the database server, perform the following steps:
1
Open the SAS Management Console application.
2
Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3
Select ODBC Server from the Database Servers list. Click Next.
4
Enter an appropriate server name in the Name field (for example, MS Access
Server). One server is required for each DSN. Note that you can supply an optional description if you want. Click Next.
5 Enter the following server properties:
Table 4.20 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Data Source Type
Software Version
Sample Value
3
7
ODBC - Microsoft Access
3.7.0
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
Microsoft newserver.na.sas.com
This is the server where the database is running. (Select this value from the drop-down list. If the value that you need is not available, click New to access the New Machine dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the
Host Name field.)
Click Next.
6
Enter the following connection properties:
Table 4.21 Connection Properties
Field
Datasrc
Authentication type
Authentication domain
Sample Value
MS Access
(Use the value entered in the Data
Source Name field in the ODBC Data Source
Administrator dialog box.)
User/Password
ODBCAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Establishing Connectivity to a Microsoft Access Database By Using ODBC
123
Stage 3: Register the ODBC Library
After you have registered the database server, you can register the database library. To register the database library, perform the following steps:
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Then, right-click
Libraries and select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select ODBC Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, MS Access
Library). Note that you can supply an optional description if you want. Click Next.
4
Select an application server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the application server. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.22 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
ACCESREF
ODBC
You can also click Advanced Options to perform tasks such as pre-assignment and optimization. Click Next to access the next page of the wizard.
6 Enter the following settings:
Table 4.23 Server and Connection Information
Field
Database Server
Sample Value
MS Access Server
(Use the database server that you created in the New Server wizard.)
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Click Next.
7 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings. At this point, register tables as
explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
Federation Server
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
SAS Federation Server
The following figure provides a logical view of connecting to a SAS Federation Server and accessing tables from multiple data sources registered there, using a federated
DSN that contains multiple data source names.
Figure 4.12 Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Federation Server
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
FEDSVR Engine
SAS Federation
Server
DSN
Data Sources
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Federation Server
125
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
After defining a user or user group, setting up a connection from a SAS session to a
SAS Federation Server is a two-stage process:
1 Register the SAS Federation Server.
2 Register the SAS Federation Server library.
If you do not know the DSN or connection string to use for accessing the data, then contact the server administrator for that information.
Stage 1: Register the SAS Federation Server
To register the SAS Federation Server, perform the following steps:
1 Open the SAS Management Console application.
2 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select SAS Federation Server from the SAS Servers list. Click Next.
4 Enter an appropriate server name in the Name field (for example, Federation
Server). Note that you can supply an optional description if you want. Click Next.
5
Enter the following server properties:
Table 4.24 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Sample Value
3
2
3.2
SAS Institute
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Click Next.
6 Leave the connection type set to SAS Connection.
Click Next.
7
Enter the following connection properties:
Table 4.25 Connection Properties
Field
Port number
Host name
Authentication type
Authentication domain
Sample Value
21032
Specify the host name for the SAS Federation
Server.
User/Password
DFAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
Click Next.
8
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the SAS Federation Server
Library
After you have registered the SAS Federation Server, you can register the SAS
Federation Server library.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Federation Server
127
To register the library, perform the following steps:
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Then, right-click
Libraries and select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select SAS Federation Server Library from the SAS Data list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, Federated Data
Library). Click Browse and select a metadata folder location for the library. Note that you can supply an optional description if you want.
Click Next.
4
Select an application server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the application server.
Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.26 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Sample Value
FEDREF
Engine FEDSVR
Identify Connection Information Select the radio button for Data Source Name and specify the DSN.
If you prefer to specify a connection string, then select the radio button for Connection String. For information about SAS Federation Server connection strings, see
SAS Federation Server: Administrator’s
Guide
.
You can also click Advanced Options to perform tasks such as pre-assignment and optimization. Click Next to access the next page of the wizard.
6 Enter the following settings:
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Table 4.27 Server and Connection Information
Field
Database Server
Database Schema Name
Connection
Default Login
Sample Value
Federation Server
(Use the server that you created in the New Server wizard.)
See your administrator for the correct value.
Use the default value of Connection: server_name.
Use the default value of
(None)
.
Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings. At this point, register tables as
explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
Special Considerations for SAS Federation
Server Libraries
A federated DSN can be configured with several schemas so that data from several data sources can be federated under a single DSN. However, when you register tables for a library that uses a federated DSN, you can register the tables from the first schema only.
For more information about how the LIBNAME engine for SAS Federation Server supports access to one data source at a time, see “Data Source Connection” in SAS
LIBNAME Engine for SAS Federation Server: User’s Guide
.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Scalable Performance Data Server
129
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
Scalable Performance Data Server
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
SAS Scalable Performance Data Server
The following figure provides a logical view of using SAS Scalable Performance Data
(SPD) Server tables as a data source.
Figure 4.13 Establishing Connectivity to an SPD Server
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SPDS Engine
SAS Scalable
Performance Data
Server
Client SAS Application Server
SPDS Tables
Data Server
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
After defining a user or user group, configuring a connection from SAS to an SPD
Server is a three-stage process:
1 Configure the libnames.parm file.
2
Register the SPD Server.
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3 Register the SPD Server library.
This example shows the process for establishing a SAS connection to SPD Server. It assumes that the software for the database has already been loaded by using the standard installation wizard for the database client. The SPD Server client and server software must be installed before the connection can be established.
Stage 1: Configure the libnames.parm File
When you install the SPD Server software on Windows, a libnames.parm file is created in the C:\Program Files\SAS Institute Inc\SPDS-version\Site directory. You must specify at least a LIBNAME and a pathname for the directory to use for the SPD
Server tables (for example, C:\SPDSTables). For the LIBNAME, use the LIBNAME domain that you created earlier for the library (in this case, spdsrv).
A sample libnames.parm file is shown in the following figure:
Stage 2: Register the SAS Scalable
Performance Data Server
To register the database server, perform the following steps:
1 Open the SAS Management Console application.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Scalable Performance Data Server
131
2 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select SAS Scalable Performance Data Server from the SAS Servers list. Click
Next.
4 Enter an appropriate server name in the Name field (for example, SPDServer). You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
5
Enter the following server properties:
Table 4.28 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Vendor
SAS Compatibility
Sample Value
4
3
SAS Institute
SAS 9
Click Next.
6
Enter the following connection properties:
Table 4.29 Connection Properties
Field
Host
Port Number or Name
Communication Protocol
Sample Value
D1234
5200
(Enter the port number for the SPD Server name server.)
TCP
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
Authentication Domain
Sample Value
SPDSAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 3: Register the SAS Scalable
Performance Data Server Library
After you have registered the server, you can register the library. To register the library, perform the following steps:
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select SAS Scalable Performance Data Server Library from the SAS Data list.
Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example,
SPDServerLibrary). You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
4
Select a SAS server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the SAS server.
This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS Scalable Performance Data Server
133
Table 4.30 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value spdsrv
SASSPDS
You can also click Advanced Options to perform tasks such as pre-assignment and optimization. Click Next to access the next page of the wizard.
6
Enter the following settings:
Table 4.31 Server and Connection Information
Field
SAS SPD Server
LIBNAME Domain
Default Login
Sample Value
SPDSServer
(Use the database server that you selected in the New Server wizard.)
spdsrv
(Select the domain name that you entered in the
libname.parms
file.)
(None)
(Keep this default value.)
Click Next.
7 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings.
At this point, register tables as explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page
.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP
Server
Overview to Establishing Connectivity to an
SAP Server
The following figure provides a logical view of connecting to an SAP Server as a data source.
Figure 4.14 Establishing Connectivity to an SAP Server
SAS Data
Integration Studio
SAS Data
Surveyor for SAP
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to R/3
SAP Application
Server
Client SAS Application Server
SAP Data Tables
Data Server
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection from SAS to an SAP server is a three-stage process:
1 Register the server.
2 Register the library.
3 Extract SAP metadata, if SAS Data Surveyor for SAP is installed.
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP Server
135
This example shows the process for establishing a SAS connection to SAP. It assumes that the following software has already been loaded by using the standard installation wizard: n
SAP RFC library. This is required for communication with SAP.
n
SAS/ACCESS Interface to R/3. For z/OS hosts, this installs the SAS RFC server.
For these z/OS hosts, this server must be started each time you start the SAS servers such as the Object Spawner.
Stage 1: Register the SAP Server
To register the SAP server, perform the following steps:
1 Open the SAS Management Console application.
2 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select SAP Server from the Enterprise Applications Servers list. Click Next.
4 Enter an appropriate server name in the Name field (for example, SAPServer). Note that you can supply an optional description if you want. Click Next.
5
Enter the following server properties. An SAP 4.6 installation is used as the example:
Table 4.32 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Sample Value
4
6
4.6
SAP AG
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Click Next.
6 Enter the following connection properties:
Table 4.33 Connection Properties
Field
Authentication Domain
Client
Language
Sample Value
SAPAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
800
(This value is obtained from your SAP administrator.)
EN
(This value is obtained from your SAP administrator.)
Note:
An embedded RFC server is not available for z/OS. For z/OS, click the
Advanced Options button and enter “host=rfc-server port=rfc-port” in the Other
option(s) to be appended text field. Also, select the Batch Mode check box.
7
Select Application Server and click Options to access the Application Server Host dialog box.
TIP Instead of the application server, you might choose other options, as well, including: SAPGUI Logical Name, SAPRFC.INI Logical Name, and Message
Servers
8
Enter the fully qualified name of the server host that was supplied by the SAP administrator (for example, sapsrv.na.sas.com) in the Application Server Host field. Enter the system number that was supplied by the SAP administrator (for example, 12) in the System Number field. The default access mode is direct access. In order to run in batch mode, click the Advanced Options tab. Select the
Batch Mode check box. In the Other options field, enter a value for destgroup
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP Server
137 such as destgroup="SDSTEST". For batch mode on z/OS, follow the instructions in
Installation Instructions for SAS/ACCESS Interface to R/3 Software. Click OK to return to the New Server wizard.
9 Click Next.
10 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the SAP Library
After you have registered the server, you can register the library. To register the library, perform the following steps:
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select SAP Library from the Enterprise Applications Data list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, SAP Library).
You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
4
Select an application server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the application server. This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.34 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
SAPLib
SASIOSR3
(Accept the value that is populated automatically.)
Click Next.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
6 Select the SAP server that you entered in the Name field of the New Server wizard
(for example, SAP Server) by using the Database Server drop-down list. Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings.
Stage 3: Extract SAP Metadata
If SAS Data Surveyor for SAP is installed, then you can extract metadata about your
SAP objects to SAS data sets. Once you have created the SAS data sets, the tables in your SAP System are available for use in jobs with clients like SAS Data Integration
Studio and SAS Enterprise Guide.
The tools for extracting the SAP metadata are provided as a plug-in to SAS
Management Console and access to the tool is controlled with role-based access. To enable the extraction tool for role-based access and to extract the SAP metadata, perform the following steps:
1
Using an unrestricted account such as sasadm@saspw, select Tools
Plug-in
Manager From the SAS Management Console.
2
On the Plug-in Manager window, select the ExtractionTool check box. Click OK.
3 Assign the ExtractionTool capability to a role with the User Manager plug-in to SAS
Management Console, and then associate users or groups with the role. The following list provides two choices: n
Assign the ExtractionTool capability to an existing role such as Management
Console: Advanced.
n
Create a new role, assign the ExtractTool capability to it, and then associate users and groups with the new role.
For more information about roles, see “Change a Role's Capabilities” in SAS
Management Console: Guide to Users and Permissions
.
4 Important: Log on to SAS Management Console with an account that has access to the Foundation repository and that is not an unrestricted account.
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP HANA Server
139
5 Select Tools Extract from BW or Tools Extract from R/3. For information about using the tools, click Help.
Special Considerations for SAP
For z/OS operating environments, when you specify the language value on the New
Server wizard, use uppercase letters and enclose the value in quotation marks (for example, “EN”).
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP
HANA Server
Overview to Establishing Connectivity to an
SAP HANA Server
The following figure provides a logical view of connecting to an SAP HANA Server as a data source.
Figure 4.15 Establishing Connectivity to an SAP HANA Server
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Client
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to
SAP HANA
ODBC Driver
Manager
ODBC Driver for SAP HANA
SAS Application Server
SAP HANA
Server
Database Tables
Data Server
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
To define a database library in SAS Management Console with the SAS/ACCESS software, you need SAS/ACCESS Interface to SAP HANA software installed on your
SAS server. After you verify the system requirements for the SAS/ACCESS Interface to
SAP HANA , test the database connection using a LIBNAME statement: libname A1 sasiohna server=server-name port=number user=user-id password=password;
This example does not specify a DSN style. SERVER=, DATABASE=, USER=, and
PASSWORD= are connection options. This is the default method, which is recommended.
libname A1 sasiohna server=mysrv1 port=30015 user=myusr1 password='mypwd1';
This example requires that you specify a DSN style.
libname B1 sasiohna dsn=hnatest user=myusr1 password=mypwd1;
After you assign the LIBNAME statement, you can view your SAP HANA tables in the
A1 library either by viewing it from the SAS Explorer window or by submitting a
DATASETS procedure that is similar to the following: proc datasets lib=A1; quit;
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection from SAS to an SAP HANA server is a two-stage process:
1 Register the server.
2 Register the library.
This example shows the process for establishing a SAS connection to an SAP HANA data source. It assumes that SAS/ACCESS Interface to SAP HANA software has already been installed.
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP HANA Server
141
Stage 1: Register the SAP HANA Server
To register the SAP HANA server, perform the following steps:
1 Open SAS Management Console application.
2 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select SAP HANA Server from the Database Servers list. Click Next.
4 Click Next. Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp.
5 Enter the following server properties. An SAPHANA 1.0 installation is used as the example:
Table 4.35 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
1
0
1.0
SAP AG
Defaults to your machine, Click New to specify a different machine.
Click Next.
6
Enter the following connection properties:
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Table 4.36 Connection Properties
Field
Server Information
ODBC Datasource
Connection String
Authentication Type
Authentication Domain
Sample Value
You are required to select at least one field. Enter the appropriate information if you choose ODBC
Datasource or Connection String. If you choose
Server Information, then click Options. See Server
Information Options on page 142 .
Enter the connection information for your SAP HANA instance. There are several ways of specifying the connection information. In the Server information window, you can specify server and port, or the server and instance information. Or you can enter the
ODBC data source, or a connection string. Click OK.
The default is
User/Password
. Select a value from the drop-down list.
DefaultAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
Enter mysvr1 in the Server field. The Driver field is optional. Click OK.
Establishing Connectivity to an SAP HANA Server
143
7 Click Next.
8 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the SAP HANA Library
After you have registered the server, you can register the library.
To register the library, perform the following steps:
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select SAP HANA Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, SAP HANA
Library). You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
4
Select an application server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the application server. This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.37 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
SHLibref
SASIOHNA
(Accept the value that is populated automatically.)
Click Next.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
6 Select the SAP HANA server that you entered in the Name field of the New Server wizard (for example, SAS HANA Server) by using the Database Server drop-down list. Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings.
Establishing Connectivity to an Impala
Server
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to
Impala
The following figure provides a logical view of using the SAS/ACCESS Interface to
Impala.
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to Impala
Impala Client
Impala Server
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Establishing Connectivity to an Impala Server
145
Setting up a connection from SAS to an Impala Server is a two-stage process:
1 Register the Impala server.
2 Register the Impala library.
Stage 1: Register the Impala Server
To register the Impala server, perform the following steps:
1 Open SAS Management Console application.
2 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select Impala Server from the Database Servers list. Click Next.
4 Specify a name for the new Impala server. The Description is optional.
5 Enter the following server properties. An Impala 1.0 installation is used as the example:
Table 4.38 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
1
0
1.0
Cloudera Inc.
Defaults to your machine, Click New to specify a different machine.
Click Next.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
6 On this page, enter the connection properties. Click the Server Information button.
Click Options. For this example, enter the following connection properties:
Click OK.
Table 4.39 Connection Properties
Field
Server Information:
ODBC datasource Information:
Authentication Type
Authentication Domain
Sample Value
The default is
User/Password
. Select a value from the drop-down list.
DefaultAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
7
Click Next.
8
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the Impala Library
After you have registered the server, you can register the library. To register the library, perform the following steps:
Establishing Connectivity to an Impala Server
147
1 In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2 Select Impala Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, Impala Library).
You can supply an optional description. Enter the Location if different from the default. Click Next.
4
Select an application server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the application server. This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.40 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
ImpLib
SASIOIMP
(Accept the value that is populated automatically.)
Click Next.
6
Select the Impala server that you entered in the Database Server field of the New
Server wizard (for example, ImpalaServer) by using the Database Server dropdown list. Click Next.
7 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Establishing Connectivity to a Redshift
Server
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to
Redshift
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection from SAS to a Redshift Server is a two-stage process:
1 Register the Redshift server.
2 Register the Redshift library.
Stage 1: Register the Redshift Server
To register the Redshift server, perform the following steps:
1 Open SAS Management Console application.
2 Right-click Server Manager, and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select Redshift Server from the Database Servers list. Click Next.
4 Specify a name for the new Redshift server (for example, RedshiftServer). The description is optional.
5
Enter the following server properties. A Redshift 1.0 installation is used as the example:
Establishing Connectivity to a Redshift Server
149
Table 4.41 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Sample Value
1
0
1.0
Amazon
Defaults to your machine, Click New to specify a different machine.
Click Next.
6 On this page, enter the connection properties. Click the Server Information button.
Click Options. For this example, enter the following connection properties:
Click OK.
Table 4.42 Connection Properties
Field
Server Information:
ODBC datasource Information:
Authentication Type
Sample Value
The default is
User/Password
. Select a value from the drop-down list.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Field
Authentication Domain
Sample Value
DefaultAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Enter the appropriate value in the
Name field, and click OK to save the setting.
7
Click Next.
8
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the Redshift Library
After you have registered the server, you can register the library. To register the library, perform the following steps:
1
In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
2
Select Redshift Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
3
Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, Redshift
Library). You can supply an optional description. Enter the Location if different from the default. Click Next.
4 Select an application server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the application server. This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. Click Next.
5 Enter the following library properties:
Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop
151
Table 4.43 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
RedLib
SASIORST
(Accept the value that is populated automatically.)
Click Next.
6
Select the Redshift server that you entered in the Database Server field of the New
Server wizard (for example, RedshiftServer) by using the Database Server dropdown list. Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings.
Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to
Hadoop
The following figure provides a logical view of using the SAS/ACCESS Interface to
Hadoop to access a Hive Server. The Hive Server is shown running on the same machine as the Hadoop NameNode.
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Chapter 4 / Connecting to Common Data Sources
Figure 4.16 Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop Servers
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS/ACCESS
Interface to Hadoop
Hadoop JAR Files
HiveServer2
Tables
Client SAS Application Server Hadoop NameNode
The example shows the process for establishing a SAS connection to a Hive Server. In order for the SAS/ACCESS interface to connect with the Hive Server, the machine that is used for the SAS Workspace Server must be configured with several JAR files. These
JAR files are used to make a JDBC connection to the Hive Server. The following prerequisites have been satisfied: n installation of SAS/ACCESS Interface to Hadoop. For more information, see the configuration guide for your operating system and SAS version at http:// support.sas.com/documentation/installcenter/94 .
n installation of the Hadoop JAR files required by SAS. For more information, see the
“Hadoop JAR Files” in SAS Hadoop Configuration Guide for Base SAS and SAS/
ACCESS or the configuration guide for your operating system and SAS version at http://support.sas.com/documentation/installcenter/94 .
n setting the SAS_HADOOP_JAR_PATH environment variable. See the “SAS
Environment Variables for Hadoop” appendix in SAS Hadoop Configuration Guide for Base SAS and SAS/ACCESS .
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop
153
Setting up a connection from SAS to a Hadoop Server is a two-stage process:
1 Register the Hadoop Server.
2 Register the Hadoop via Hive library.
This section describes the steps that are used to access data in Hadoop as tables through a Hive Server. SAS Data Integration Studio offers a series of transformations that can be used to access the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), submit Pig code, and submit MapReduce jobs.
Hadoop Configuration Resources
Starting in the second maintenance release of SAS 9.4, a new support site for Hadoop has been added to the SAS Third-Party Software Reference site: http://support.sas.com/resources/thirdpartysupport/v94/hadoop/ . This site includes a new guide, SAS Hadoop Configuration Guide for Base SAS and SAS/ACCESS , which covers pre-installation and post-installation information for a number of SAS components that access Hadoop. The guide lists vendor-specific Hadoop JAR files and describes SAS environment variables for Hadoop. This site also lists additional resources for Hadoop support.
Stage 1: Register the Hadoop Server
To register the Hadoop Server, perform the following steps:
1 Open SAS Management Console application.
2 Right-click Server Manager and select the New Server option to access the New
Server wizard.
3 Select Hadoop Server from the Cloud Servers list. Click Next.
4 Enter an appropriate server name in the Name field (for example, HadoopServer).
You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
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5 In the second quarter of 2015, an Encryption Options section was added to SAS
Management Console.
Enter the following server properties:
Table 4.44 Server Properties
Field
Major Version Number
Minor Version Number
Software Version
Vendor
Associated Machine
Enable Encryption
New Encrypt Key:
Confirm Encrypt Key:
Sample Value
5
3
5.3
Cloudera
Select the host name for the HiveService node from the menu.
Yes or No. Specifies whether to enable AES encryption for the libraries on the server.
Note:
Enabling encryption does not affect existing non-encrypted tables. Move any non-encrypted tables to a backup location before enabling encryption on an existing server definition. After you enable encryption, move the table back to the server.
The tables will be encrypted as they are written to the server.
If you enabled encryption, specify the encryption key.
Confirm the encryption key.
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155
Click Next.
6
Enter the following connection properties:
Table 4.45 Connection Properties
Field
HiveService Node
Port Number
Sample Value
Specify the host name of the machine that is running the HiveServer2. For this example, use
hdp21d1
.
Specify the network port number for the Hive Service.
For this example, use the default
10000
.
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Field
Environment Install Location
LASR Authorization Service
Authentication type
Authentication domain
Configuration
NameNode HTTP Address
Secondary NameNode HTTP
Address
Job Tracker HTTP Address
Sample Value
/opt/TKGrid
(For deployments that use SAS Visual
Analytics with Hadoop, specify the path to
TKGrid
on the machines in the cluster.)
Choose whether to select the Use LASR
authorization service check box. If you select this check box, you must also specify the location of the authorization service. This option applies only to
SASHDAT libraries that use this server. This check box is automatically selected and cannot be cleared if you enabled on-disk AES encryption for libraries on this server.
Use the default value of
(none)
for this example.
DefaultAuth
(You might need to create a new authentication domain. For more information, see
“How to Store Passwords for a Third-Party Server” in
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration
Guide
.) Click New to access the New Authentication
Domain dialog box. Then enter the appropriate value in the Name field and click OK to save the setting.
For this example, use the default.
For this example, use the default.
For this example, use the default.
For this example, use the default.
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157
7
Click Next. Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register the Hadoop via Hive
Library
After you have registered the Hadoop Server, register the library. To register the
Hadoop via Hive Library, perform the following steps:
1
In SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager. Right-click Libraries.
Then, select the New Library option to access the New Library wizard.
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2 Select Hadoop via Hive Library from the Database Data list. Click Next.
3 Enter an appropriate library name in the Name field (for example, Hive Library).
You can supply an optional description. Click Next.
4
Select a SAS server from the list and use the right arrow to assign the SAS server.
This step makes the library available to the server and makes the library visible to users of the server. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.46 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
HIVEREF
HADOOP
6
Click Advanced Options. Then, click the Connection tab.
7
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.47 Library Properties
Field
Hive Service
Hive Properties
Hive Kerberos Principal
Sample Value
For this example, use the default
HIVE2
.
Leave blank for this example.
For this example, use
hive/
. See the following figure.
Establishing Connectivity to Hadoop
159
8
Click OK. Click Next to access the next page of the wizard.
9
Enter the following settings:
Table 4.48 Server and Connection Information
Field
Database Server
Database Schema Name
Connection
Default Login
Sample Value
HadoopServer
(Use the Hadoop Server that you created in the New Server wizard.)
See your Hadoop administrator for the correct value.
Use the default value of Connection: server_name.
Use the default value of
(None)
.
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Click Next.
10 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the library settings. At this point, register tables as
explained in “Registering and Verifying Tables” on page 174
.
Special Considerations for Hadoop via Hive
Tables
Hadoop via Hive tables can be registered in metadata with clients such as SAS
Management Console and SAS Data Integration Studio. However, table metadata cannot be updated after the table is registered in metadata.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS
LASR Analytic Server
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
SAS LASR Analytic Server
The following figure provides a logical view of connecting to a SAS LASR Analytic
Server as a data source.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
161
Figure 4.17 Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SAS LASR Analytic
Server Engine
SAS LASR
Analytic Server
In-Memory Tables
Client SAS Application Server Data Server
To define a user or user group using SAS Management Console, see “Define the DBMS
and “Define the DBMS User Group” on page 70
.
To define a user or user group using SAS Environment Manager, see “Managing User
Access” in
SAS Environment Manager Administration: User’s Guide
.
Setting up a connection to a SAS LASR Analytic Server is a two-stage process that can be accomplished in SAS Management Console or SAS Environment Manager:
1 Register the SAS LASR Analytic Server.
2 Register the SAS LASR Analytic library.
Note:
If you are creating these objects for use in SAS Visual Analytics, see the SAS
Visual Analytics: Administration Guide.
Note:
Beginning in the third maintenance release for SAS 9.4, if SAS Visual Analytics is part of your deployment, you can create and maintain SAS LASR Analytic Servers and SAS LASR Analytic Server libraries using the SAS Environment Manager. For
instructions, see “Stage 1: Register a SAS LASR Analytic Server Using SAS
Environment Manager” on page 165
and “Stage 2: Register a SAS LASR Analytic
Server Library Using SAS Environment Manager” on page 168
.
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Stage 1: Register a SAS LASR Analytic
Server Using SAS Management Console
1
On the Plug-ins tab in SAS Management Console, expand Environment
Management. Right-click Server Manager, and select New Server.
2
In the New Server wizard, select SAS Servers SAS LASR Analytic Server. Click
Next.
3
Enter a name for the server. Click Next.
4
Enter the following server properties:
Table 4.49 Server Properties
Field
Single machine server
Sample Value
For a distributed server, select No.
For a non-distributed server, select Yes.
High-Performance
Analytics environment install location
Specify the host path where files that define the cluster are located
(for example,
/opt/TKGrid
). This field is applicable to a distributed server only.
Number of machines to use
Accept the default value (
ALL
). This field is applicable to a distributed server only.
Click the Advanced Options button.
5
In the Advanced Options window, click the Additional Options tab. Make sure that
Signature files location on server field references a directory that has appropriate host protection.
When you are finished setting advanced options, click OK in the Advanced Options window. In the wizard, click Next.
6
Enter the following connection properties:
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
163
Table 4.50 Connection Properties
Field
Port number
Sample Value
Enter a unique port number.
High-Performance
Analytics environment host
Enter the fully qualified machine name of the host (for example,
va.abc.com
).
Use LASR authorization service
Leave this check box selected.
7
Click Next.
8
If you want to add explicit grants of the Administer permission on the server, then move identities from one list to the other. Click Next.
Note:
Only users who have the Administer permission for the server can stop the server. The server inherits settings from the repository ACT (default ACT), so it might not always be essential to add explicit grants.
9
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 2: Register a SAS LASR Analytic
Server Library Using SAS Management
Console
To register a SAS LASR Analytic Server library, perform the following steps:
1
On the Plug-ins tab in SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager.
Right-click Libraries, and select New Library.
2
In the New Library wizard, select High-Performance Analytics SAS LASR
Analytic Server Library. Click Next.
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3 Enter a name (for example, Sales LASR). If necessary, adjust the location. Click
Next.
4
(Optional) Assign the library to one or more SAS Application Servers. Click Next.
5
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.51 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
Server tag
Data Provider
Library
Sample Value
Enter an identifier of your choice (for example,
SALESLIB
).
This field is not editable. The value
SASIOLA
is the engine name for a
SAS LASR Analytic Server Library.
If the data for the SAS LASR Analytic Server Library is from co-located
HDFS or NFS-mounted MapR, the server tag must be the source path in dot-delimited format.
Note:
Each server tag must be unique.
Use the default value (None).
6
Click Next.
7
Assign the library to a SAS LASR Analytic Server by entering the following settings:
Table 4.52 Connection Properties
Field
Database
Server
Connection
Sample Value
Select a server from the drop-down list.
Default Login
Use the pre-selected value (which prepends the selected server name with the string
Connection:)
.
This field is not editable. The value is (None) .
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
165
8 Click Next.
9 If you want explicit grants of the Administer permission on the library, move identities from one list to the other. Click Next.
Note:
Only users who have the Administer permission for the library can load new tables to memory. The library inherits settings from its parent folder, so it might not be essential to add any explicit grants.
10 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Stage 1: Register a SAS LASR Analytic
Server Using SAS Environment Manager
To create a new server definition in metadata, perform the following steps:
1
Click the Administration tab.
2
Click the Side Menu icon in the upper left corner of the window.
3
Click Servers.
4
In the Servers module, click the New Server icon to display the New Server window.
5
Specify the appropriate information in the New Server window. The window contains only the minimum fields required to define the server. When you select the server type, the Options section of the window automatically expands to display any required options for the selected server type.
Table 4.53 Server Properties
Field
Name
Sample Value
Name the server (for example, LASRServer).
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Field
High-Performance
Analytics Host
Sample Value
Enter the host pathname (for example, va.abc.com
).
Port Number
Enter a unique port number (for example, 20150).
High-Performance
Analytics Install
Location
Associated
Machine
Enter the install location pathname (for example, /opt/TKGrid ).
Enter the machine name (for example, bluefin
).
Click OK.
6
The following screen appears:
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
167
Click Basic Properties to specify options.
7 The following screen appears:
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Click Options. For a distributed server, select No. For a non-distributed server, select Yes. Click the Save icon .
Note:
Only users who have the Administer permission for the server can stop the server or set its tables limit. The server inherits settings from the repository ACT
(default ACT), so it might not always be essential to add explicit grants.
8
Enter the Description. Click the Save icon to save the new server.
Note:
When a SAS LASR Analytic Server is created using the SAS Environment
Manager, the Visual Analytics Data Administrators group is NOT added by default.
To add the group, you must perform the following steps: a
Click the Basic Properties drop-down arrow.
b
Click Authorization.
c
Click the Add Identities icon .
d
Enter Visual Analytics Data Administrators and click the Search icon .
e
Move this group to the right using the Add arrow icon . Click OK.
f
Note that the Administer has a Deny icon . Click the Deny icon and click
Grant.
g
To save the properties, click the Save icon .
Stage 2: Register a SAS LASR Analytic
Server Library Using SAS Environment
Manager
To register a SAS LASR Analytic Server library, perform the following steps:
1
Click the Administration tab.
2
Click the Side Menu icon in the upper left corner of the window.
Establishing Connectivity to a SAS LASR Analytic Server
169
3 Click Libraries.
4 Click the New Library icon .
5 Enter a library Name (for example, Sales LASR). If necessary, change the Location.
Click SAS LASR Analytic Server Library. The Options dialog box appears.
6
In the Options dialog box, enter the Libref.
Field
Libref
Engine
Sample Value
Enter an identifier of your choice (for example,
SalesLib
).
This field is not editable. The value
SASIOLA
is the engine name for a
SAS LASR Analytic Server Library.
Close Options.
7 Open Data Server if it is closed.
Field
Database server
Sample Value
Enter the Database server. If the LASR library’s data is loaded from co-located HDFS or NFS-mounted MapR, the server tag must be the source path in dot-delimited format.
Note:
Each server tag must be unique.
Close Data Server.
8
Click OK.
9
Examine the page to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Review and adjust permissions as needed. Enter the description. Click the Save icon to save the new library.
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Special Considerations for SAS LASR
Analytic Server
If your deployment includes SAS Visual Analytics, there are additional features that you might want to configure. See SAS Visual Analytics: Administration Guide for more information.
For details about working with the server, see SAS LASR Analytic Server: Reference
Guide.
For non-distributed servers, log files are written to the directory specified in the
Signature files location on server field, if logging is enabled. The path on the
Logging Options tab is ignored by non-distributed servers.
Establishing Connectivity to a SASHDAT
Library
Overview of Establishing Connectivity to a
SASHDAT Library
The following figure provides a logical view of connecting to a SASHDAT library
(sometimes referred to as SAS Data in HDFS library).
Establishing Connectivity to a SASHDAT Library
171
Figure 4.18 Establishing Connectivity to an HDFS Library
SAS Data
Integration Studio
Workspace Server
SASHDAT Engine Hadoop Server
SASHDAT Tables
Client SAS Application Server Hadoop NameNode
This library works only with SASHDAT files that are created with the OLIPHANT procedure or with the SASHDAT Engine. SASHDAT is the data format used for SAS tables that are added to HDFS.
The main reason for creating a new library of the type SASHDAT is to support an additional HDFS directory. For each HDFS directory, you need a designated HDFS library (and a corresponding LASR library).
Register a SASHDAT Library
To register a SASHDAT library, perform the following steps:
1 On the Plug-ins tab in SAS Management Console, expand Data Library Manager.
Right-click Libraries, and select New Library.
2 In the New Library wizard, select High-Performance Analytics SASHDAT
Library. Click Next.
3
Enter a name. If necessary, adjust the location. Click Next.
4
Select the appropriate server from the Available servers list and move it to the
Selected servers list. For this example, use SASApp. Click Next.
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5 In the second quarter 2015, the Encryption Options section was added to SAS
Management Console.
Enter the following library properties:
Table 4.54 Library Properties
Field
Libref
Engine
HDFS path
Sample Value
Enter an identifier of your choice (for example,
SALESLIB
).
This field is not editable. The value, for libraries of the type SASHDAT.
SASHDAT
, is the engine name
Enter the HDFS source path (for example,
/dept/sales
).
In the LASR library that is paired with this library, the server tag must be the HDFS source path in dot-delimited format. For example, if the path is /dept/sales, then the server tag is
dept.sales.
Note:
To take advantage of the parallel loading features in SAS
Visual Analytics clients, limit the path to eight characters or less and do not use a subdirectory. For example, use of
/sales
instead
/dept/sales
. The value of the server tag, which is based on the path, is used as a libref and must meet SAS naming requirements.
Enable Encryption: Specifies whether to enable on-disk AES encryption for the library.
Select Inherit from data server to use the encryption setting from the associated Hadoop server definition. Enabling encryption does not immediately encrypt existing non-encrypted data. Select Yes to enable on-disk AES encryption for the library.
New Encrypt Key:
If you selected Yes, enter an encryption key.
Confirm Encrypt
Key:
Confirm the encryption key.
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173
6 Assign the library to a Hadoop server by entering the following settings:
Table 4.55 Connection Properties
Field
Database
Server
Connection
Default Login
Sample Value
Select a server from the drop-down list. Select the server that uses the same host as the SAS LASR Analytic Server to use with this library.
Use the pre-selected value (which prepends the selected server name with the string
Connection:)
.
This field is not editable. The value is
(None)
.
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Click Next.
7 Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Next, create a corresponding LASR library. See
Analytic Server Library Using SAS Management Console” on page 163
.
Registering and Verifying Tables
Overview to Registering Tables
You need to make sure that the end users of your SAS applications can gain access to tables in your data libraries. The exact steps and authorization requirements vary across applications and data types. You must always log on to the application, register the needed metadata, and verify the existence of the tables. This example focuses on the process used to verify SAS tables in SAS Management Console.
This user account that is used for registering tables must have these permissions: n
ReadMetadata and WriteMetadata permission in the DefaultACT for the repository.
n
ReadMetadata and WriteMetadata permission on the library.
n
WriteMemberMetadata permission to the folder where the table metadata is to be stored.
n
Permission to the data source to read the tables. This is not a SAS metadata permission.
When you register tables in metadata, you choose the metadata folder location to use for storing the table metadata. Be aware that the table metadata inherits the metadata permissions that are granted on the folder. Select or create a folder with the metadata permissions that meet your business needs. You can also use an existing folder and change the metadata permissions.
Verifying your access to tables in SAS Management Console is a two-stage process:
Registering and Verifying Tables
175
1 Register the tables.
2 Verify Access to the Data in a SAS Application.
Stage 1: Register the Tables
To register the tables, perform the following steps:
1 Open the SAS Management Console, if necessary.
2 Select Data Library Manager Libraries to see the list of libraries.
3
Right-click the library that contains the tables that you need to import and select
Register Tables.
4
Verify that the values shown in the fields in the Library details group box are correct. Click Next.
5
Click the tables that you need to select. (Hold down the Ctrl key and click to select more than one table.)
6
Check the metadata folder path in the Location field. Navigate to a folder or create a folder that has metadata permissions for user and group access that meets your business needs.
Click Next.
7
Examine the final page of the wizard to ensure that the proper values have been entered. Click Finish to save the wizard settings.
Note:
You can also register tables by using SAS Data Integration Studio or by using the METALIB procedure. For information about using the METALIB procedure, see
Chapter 2, “Managing Table Metadata,” on page 23
.
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Stage 2: Verify Access to the Data in a SAS
Application
Open an application that can view SAS data in order to view the data in the imported tables and review the data. For example, you can use SAS Data Integration Studio. To use SAS Data Integration Studio to view a registered table, perform the following steps:
1
Navigate to the Inventory tree and expand the Table node.
2
Right-click a table that you need to verify and select the Open option. Examine the data contained in the table in the View Data dialog box.
3
Close the View Data window.
4
(Optional) You can also examine the table's Properties field. Right-click the table and select the Properties option.
5
Click the Columns tab to see column data for the table. Close the Properties dialog box.
Read-only Access for Reporting
Libraries
If your site uses libraries for reporting, or for access exclusively by report generating applications such as SAS Information Map Studio and SAS Web Report Studio, then consider setting Read-Only access for the library. If the library is not set for Read-Only access, then even when reporting applications raise a query against the library, the underlying SAS session opens the data in read-write mode. In this case, simultaneous queries against the same library might be prevented. Simply put, if clients access the information in Read-Only mode, then set the library to read the data source in Read-
Only mode.
Setting UNIX Environment Variables for SAS/ACCESS
177
Table 4.56 Setting a Library for Read-Only Access
Library Type
All Database Data Libraries
Base SAS Library
SAS Information Map Library
SAS XML Library
Where to Set Read-only Access
Advanced Options dialog box, Input/Output tab, option
Data access level for connection
Advanced Options dialog box, Options for any host tab
Always read-only, no configuration needed
Library properties page of the wizard, Library Access option
SAS Scalable
PerformanceData Engine
Library
Advanced Options dialog box, Options for any host tab
SAS/SHARE REMOTE Engine
Library
Advanced Options dialog box, LIBNAME Options tab
Setting UNIX Environment Variables for
SAS/ACCESS
If you are attempting to connect to data sources located on UNIX by using
SAS/ACCESS, you must set environmental variables so that SAS servers can access the database. Each database vendor and operating system vendor requires specific environment variables to be set. A typical value is LD_LIBRARY_PATH. When using
ODBC, two typical values are ODBCINI and ODBCINSTINI. For more information about the correct environment variables, go to the Install Center at http://support.sas.com/ documentation/installcenter/94 , and use the operating system and SAS version to locate the appropriate SAS Foundation Configuration Guide.
To set the appropriate environment variables in the !SASROOT/bin/sasenv_local file, perform the following steps:
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1 Edit the sasenv_local file and add the variables. This example uses sample values, substitute the proper paths:
ODBCINI=/opt/drivers/odbc/odbc.ini
export ODBCINI
ODBCINSTINI=/opt/drivers/odbc/odbcinst.ini
export ODBCINSTINI
LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/drivers/odbc/lib:\
/opt/oracle/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/app/oracle/product/12.1.0
EXPORT ORACLE_HOME
2
In SAS Management Console, right-click the Workspace Server connection and select Validate to verify that the workspace server starts correctly with the new environment variables.
3
Restart the SAS/SHARE and SAS/CONNECT servers, if they are present in the deployment and reference the SAS/ACCESS library.
Troubleshooting SAS/ACCESS
Connections to Relational Databases
This section provides information about troubleshooting a SAS/ACCESS library configuration when registering tables fails. To troubleshoot the SAS/ACCESS library, perform the following steps:
1
From the SAS Management Console, right-click the library icon and select Display
LIBNAME Statement.
2
Start SAS on the SAS server host and issue the LIBNAME statement displayed from the SAS Management Console.
3
If the SAS log indicates failure, check the following items:
Troubleshooting SAS/ACCESS Connections to Relational Databases
179 a
If this is UNIX environment, check “Setting UNIX Environment Variables for
.
b Check and revise the LIBNAME statement. For more information about
LIBNAME statements for SAS/ACCESS engines, see
SAS/ACCESS for
Relational Databases: Reference
. If you are successful at this stage, then use the Properties tab of the library to reconfigure the library.
c Confirm that SAS/ACCESS is installed correctly. For installation information, go to the Install Center at http://support.sas.com/documentation/installcenter/94 and use the operating system and SAS version to locate the appropriate SAS
Foundation Configuration Guide.
4 If the connection succeeds, run the DATASETS procedure: proc datasets library=libref; quit;
If no members are returned, then check the schema value by performing the next step or contacting your database administrator.
5 Log on with the user account to the host where the SAS server is running, and use the native database client to connect to the database. If this fails, confirm the user account has file system privileges to the database client binaries and libraries.
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5
181
Optimizing Data Storage
Overview of Optimizing Data Storage
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buffering Data for Base SAS Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buffering Data for SAS/ACCESS Databases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Validating SAS Scalable Performance Data
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect
Performance of SAS/ACCESS Databases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect
Performance of SAS SPD Engine Tables
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SAS Grid Computing Data Considerations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Application Response Monitoring
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Optimizing Data Storage
For the purposes of querying, cube loading, and creating data marts and data
warehouses, all four data storage structures (explained in Chapter 1, “Overview of
Common Data Sources,” on page 1
) can be optimized to improve performance. Some optimization can be achieved by specifying transformation options in SAS Data
Integration Studio. Some optimization requires hardware configuration, as in the case of
SAS Scalable Performance Data (SPD) Engine tables. Cubes can be optimized for querying and loading during the cube loading process. For SAS tables, database tables, and SPD Engine tables, libraries can be defined in the metadata with options that enhance performance.
For more information, see these sections: n
“Compressing Data” on page 183
n
n
n
“Buffering Data for Base SAS Tables” on page 191
n
“Buffering Data for SAS/ACCESS Databases” on page 193
n
“Using Threaded Reads” on page 194
n
“Validating SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine Hardware Configuration” on page 195
n
“SAS Grid Computing Data Considerations” on page 204
Compressing Data
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Compressing Data
Compression is a process that reduces the number of bytes that are required to represent each table row. In a compressed file, each row is a variable-length record. In an uncompressed file, each row is a fixed-length record. Compressed tables contain an internal index that maps each row number to a disk address so that the application can access data by row number. This internal index is transparent to the user. Compressed tables have the same access capabilities as uncompressed tables. Here are some advantages of compressing a file: n reduced storage requirements for the file n fewer I/O operations necessary to read from or write to the data during processing
Here are some disadvantages of compressing a file: n
More CPU resources are required to read a compressed file because of the overhead of uncompressing each observation.
n
There are situations when the resulting file size might increase rather than decrease.
These are the types of compression that you can specify: n
CHAR to use the RLE (Run Length Encoding) compression algorithm, which works best for character data.
n
BINARY to use the RDC (Ross Data Compression) algorithm, which is highly effective for compressing medium to large (several hundred bytes or larger) blocks of binary data.
You can compress these types of tables: n all tables that are created during a SAS session. Besides specifying SAS system options on the command line or inside a SAS program with the OPTIONS statement, you can use SAS Data Integration Studio to set system options. For example, you can use the System Options field to set the COMPRESS= system option on a table loader transformation. (A table loader transformation generates or retrieves code that puts data into a specified target table.)
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Figure 5.1 The Options Tab in a Table Loader Properties Dialog Box in SAS Data Integration
Studio
n all tables for a particular library. For example, when you register a Base SAS engine library in the metadata, you can specify the COMPRESS= option in the Other
options to be appended field on the Options for any host tab. For more
information, see “Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS
). For third-party relational database tables, you can use the
Options to be appended field on the Other Options tab. For more information, see
“Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS/ACCESS
).
n
Note:
You cannot specify compression for an SPD Engine data library.
an individual table. In SAS Data Integration Studio, SAS tables have a Compressed option that is available from the table properties dialog box. To use CHAR compression, you select YES. To use BINARY compression, you select Binary.
Figure 5.2 The Table Options Dialog Box in SAS Data Integration Studio
Compressing Data
185
For SPD Engine tables and third-party relational database tables, you can use the
Table Options field in the table properties dialog box to specify the COMPRESS= option.
Note:
The SPD Engine compresses the data component (DPF) file by blocks as the engine is creating the file. (The data component file stores partitions for an SPD Engine table.) To specify the number of observations that you want to store in a compressed block, you use the IOBLOCKSIZE= table option in addition to the COMPRESS= table option. For example, in the Table Options field in the table properties dialog box, you might enter COMPRESS=YES IOBLOCKSIZE=10000. The default blocksize is 4096 (4k).
When you create a compressed table, SAS records in the log the percentage of reduction that is obtained by compressing the file. SAS obtains the compression percentage by comparing the size of the compressed file with the size of an uncompressed file of the same page size and record count. After a file is compressed, the setting is a permanent attribute of the file, which means that to change the setting, you must re-create the file. For example, to uncompress a file, in SAS Data Integration
Studio, select Default (NO) for the Compressed option in the table properties dialog box for a SAS table.
For more information about compression, see
SAS Data Set Options: Reference
.
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Indexing Data
An index is an optional file that you can create to provide direct access to specific rows.
The index stores values in ascending value order for a specific column or columns and includes information about the location of those values within rows in the table. In other words, an index enables you to locate a row by value. For example, if you use SAS to find a specific Social Security number (123-45-6789), SAS performs the search differently depending on whether there is an index on the column that contains the
Social Security numbers: n
Without an index, SAS accesses rows sequentially in the order in which they are stored in the table. SAS reads each row, looking for SSN=123-45-6789 until the value is found, or all observations are read.
n
With an index on column SSN, SAS accesses the row directly. SAS satisfies the condition by using the index and going straight to the row that contains the value.
SAS does not have to read each row.
When you create an index, you designate which columns to index. You can create two types of indexes: n a simple index, which consists of the values of one column.
n a composite index, which consists of the values of more than one column. The values are concatenated to form a single value
For each indexed column, you can also perform these tasks: n declare unique values. A unique index guarantees that values for one column or the combination of a composite group of columns remain unique for every row in the table. If an update tries to add a duplicate value to that column, then the update is rejected.
n keep missing values from using space in the index by specifying that missing values are not maintained by the index.
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187
In addition to writing SAS code to create indexes, you can create indexes on target tables by using SAS Data Integration Studio. In SAS Data Integration Studio, you use the properties window for the table to index individual columns. When you create the index, you can also specify Unique values and No missing values. Note that any indexes registered in metadata for a target table are physically created when the job is run. Simply editing the properties for an existing table and adding indexes does not update the physical table. The SAS Data Integration Studio properties dialog box for a table is shown below:
Figure 5.3 The Indexes Tab in the Properties Dialog Box for a Table Named STORE_ID
In general, SAS can use an index to improve performance in these situations: n
For cube loading, a composite index on the columns that make up the cube's hierarchies might provide best results.
n
For WHERE processing, an index can provide faster and more efficient access to a subset of data. Note that to process a WHERE expression, SAS decides whether to use an index, or to read the table sequentially.
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Note:
For WHERE processing, the Base SAS engine uses a maximum of one index. The SPD Engine can use multiple indexes.
Even though an index can reduce the time that is required to locate a set of rows, especially for a large table, there are costs that are associated with creating, storing, and maintaining the index. When deciding whether to create an index, you must consider increased resource usage, along with the performance improvement.
Once an index exists, SAS treats it as part of the table. That is, if you add or delete columns or modify values, the index is automatically updated.
For more information about indexes, see
SAS Language Reference: Concepts
.
Sorting Data
Overview to Sorting Data
You can sort table rows by the values of one or more character or numeric columns. For
Base SAS tables and third-party relational database tables, the process either replaces the original table or creates a new table. You can perform sorting in two ways: n using the SAS SORT procedure n setting properties for a SAS sort template in SAS Data Integration Studio, as shown below:
Figure 5.4 The Sort by Columns Tab in the Sort Properties Dialog Box
Sorting Data
189
To manage the memory that is used for the sorting process, you can specify the maximum amount of memory that is available to the sort. Generally, the sort size should be less than the physical memory available to the process. If the sorting requires more memory than you specify, then SAS creates a temporary utility file on disk. To specify a sort size in SAS Data Integration Studio, access the Options tab in the properties window for the sort template and enter a value in the Sortsize field, as shown below:
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Figure 5.5 The Options Tab in the SAS Sort Properties Dialog Box
The SPD Engine(SPD Engine) has implicit sorting capabilities, which saves time and resources for SAS applications that process large tables. When the SPD Engine encounters a BY clause, if the data is not already sorted or indexed on the BY column, then the SPD Engine automatically sorts the data without affecting the permanent table or producing a new table. You can change the implicit sorting options when you define
an SPD Engine library in the metadata. See “Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect
Performance of SAS SPD Engine Tables” on page 201
.
For more information about the SORT procedure, see “SORT” in Base SAS Procedures
Guide
.
Multi-Threaded Sorting
The SAS system option THREADS activates multi-threaded sorting, which achieves a degree of parallelism in the sorting operations. This parallelism is intended to reduce the real time to completion for a given operation. However, the parallelism comes at the possible cost of additional CPU resources. For more information, see “Support for
Parallel Processing” in SAS Language Reference: Concepts .
Buffering Data for Base SAS Tables
191
The performance of the multi-threaded sort is affected by the value of the SAS system option CPUCOUNT=. CPUCOUNT= indicates how many system CPUs are available for use by the multi-threaded sort. The multi-threaded sort supports concurrent input from the partitions of a partitioned table.
Note:
For information about the support of partitioned tables in your operating environment, see the SAS documentation for your operating environment.
For more information about THREADS and CPUCOUNT=, see the chapter about SAS system options in
SAS System Options: Reference
.
Sorting a Database Table
When you use a third-party database table, the column ordering that is produced by the
SORT procedure depends on whether the DBMS or SAS performs the sorting. If you use the BEST value of the SAS system option SORTPGM=, then either the DBMS or
SAS performs the sort. If the DBMS performs the sort, then the configuration and characteristics of the DBMS sorting program affect the resulting data order. Most database management systems do not guarantee sort stability, and the sort might be performed by the database table regardless of the state of the SORTEQUALS or
NOSORTEQUALS system options and the EQUALS or NOEQUALS procedure options.
If you set the SAS system option SORTPGM= to SAS, then unordered data is delivered from the DBMS to SAS and SAS performs the sorting. However, consistency in the delivery order of columns from a database table is not guaranteed. Therefore, even though SAS can perform a stable sort on the DBMS data, SAS cannot guarantee that the ordering of columns within output BY groups will be the same, run after run. To achieve consistency in the ordering of columns within BY groups, first populate a SAS table with the database table and then use the EQUALS or SORTEQUALS option to perform a stable sort.
Buffering Data for Base SAS Tables
For Base SAS tables, you might be able to make performance improvements by performing these tasks:
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n tuning the size of table pages on disk by using the BUFSIZE= system option. SAS uses the BUFSIZE= option to set the permanent page size for the SAS table. The page size is the amount of data that can be transferred for an I/O operation to one buffer. If you know that the total amount of data is going to be small, you can set a small page size, so that the total table size remains small and you minimize the amount of wasted space on a page. Large tables that are accessed sequentially benefit from larger page sizes because sequential access reduces the number of system calls that are required to read the table. n adjusting the number of open page buffers when the SAS table is processed.
Increasing the value of the BUFNO= option can improve performance by enabling applications to read more data with fewer passes; however, your memory usage increases. You must determine the optimal value for your needs.
Besides specifying SAS system options on the command line or inside a SAS program with the OPTIONS statement, you can set the BUFSIZE= and BUFNO= system options in SAS Data Integration Studio. For example, you can set these System Options in the properties window for a table loader transformation.
Figure 5.6 Table Loader Properties Dialog Box
For more information about the BUFSIZE= and BUFNO= options, see the
SAS Data Set
Options: Reference
and the documentation for your operating environment.
Buffering Data for SAS/ACCESS Databases
193
Note:
In addition, the SASFILE statement enables you to store the entire Base SAS table in memory. The table remains open until you close it because SASFILE caches the data and the open request. For more information about the SASFILE statement, see the
SAS Statements: Reference
.
Buffering Data for SAS/ACCESS
Databases
For DB2 (UNIX and PC), ODBC, OLE DB, Oracle, SQL Server, and Sybase, you can adjust page buffers by setting the INSERTBUFF= and READBUFF= options on the
library (see “Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS/ACCESS
) or on the individual table. The options are described as follows: n
The INSERTBUFF= option specifies the number of rows to insert. SAS allows the maximum that is supported by the DBMS. The optimal value for this option varies with factors such as network type and available memory. You might need to experiment with different values in order to determine the best value for your site.
n
The READBUFF= option specifies the number of rows to hold in memory. SAS allows the maximum number that is supported by the DBMS. Buffering data reads can decrease network activities and increase performance. However, because SAS stores the rows in memory, higher values for READBUFF= use more memory. In addition, if too many rows are selected at once, then the rows that are returned to the SAS application might be out of date. For example, if someone else modifies the rows, you might not see the changes.
For more information about the INSERTBUFF= and READBUFF= options, see
SAS/ACCESS for Relational Databases: Reference
.
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Using Threaded Reads
Most SAS/ACCESS interfaces support threaded Reads. With a threaded Read, the table read time can be reduced by retrieving the result set on multiple connections between SAS and a DBMS. To perform a threaded Read, SAS performs these tasks:
1 It creates threads, which are standard operating system tasks that are controlled by
SAS, within the SAS session.
2 It establishes a DBMS connection on each thread.
3 It causes the DBMS to partition the result set and reads one partition per thread. To cause the partitioning, SAS appends a WHERE clause to the SQL so that a single
SQL statement becomes multiple SQL statements, one for each thread.
Threaded Reads only increase performance when the DBMS result set is large.
Performance is optimal when the partitions are similar in size. In most cases, threaded
Reads should reduce the elapsed time of the SAS job. However, threaded Reads generally increase the workload on the DBMS. For example, threaded Reads for DB2 under z/OS involve a trade-off, generally reducing job elapsed time but increasing DB2 workload and CPU utilization.
Threaded Reads are most effective on new, faster computer hardware running SAS, and with a powerful parallel edition of the DBMS. For example, if SAS runs on a fast uniprocessor or on a multiprocessor machine and your DBMS runs on a high-end SMP server, you receive substantial performance gains.
For information about how to turn the threaded Read function on or off for a DBMS library, see
“Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS/ACCESS
.
For information about threaded Reads, see
SAS/ACCESS for Relational Databases:
Reference
.
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS Tables
195
Validating SAS Scalable Performance
Data Engine Hardware Configuration
The SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine (SPD Engine) automatically determines the optimal process to use to evaluate observations for qualifying criteria specified in a
WHERE statement. WHERE statement efficiency depends on such factors as whether the columns in the expression are indexed. A SAS configuration validation program that measures I/O scalability with respect to WHERE processing can help you determine whether your system is properly configured for performing WHERE processing with the
SPD Engine. The program performs these tasks:
1
It creates a table with two numeric columns.
2
It repeatedly reads the entire table, each time doubling the number of threads used until the maximum number is reached. The maximum number of threads is determined by the CPUCOUNT= SAS system option and is specified when SAS is started.
The resulting log file shows timing statistics for each cycle. You can examine this information to determine whether your system is configured correctly. The program is available at http://support.sas.com/rnd/scalability/spde/valid.html
.
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That
Affect Performance of SAS Tables
You can set SAS LIBNAME options that might affect performance of the Base SAS engine. You set these options when you use the New Library wizard to register a Base
SAS engine library in the metadata repository. The LIBNAME options are available on the Options for any host tab and the Host-specific options tab in the Advanced
Options dialog box. To access the Advanced Options dialog box, click the Advanced
Options button on the Library Options page of the New Library wizard.
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Figure 5.7 The Options for Any Host Tab in the Advanced Options Dialog Box for a Base SAS
Library
Here are some examples of options that might affect performance:
Data representation for the output file (OUTREP=)
For all operating environments, you can specify the data representation for the output file. Specifying this option enables you to create files within the native environment by using a foreign environment data representation. For example, an administrator who works in a z/OS operating environment might want to create a file on an HFS system so that the file can be processed in an HP UNIX environment.
Specifying HP_UX_64 as the value for this option forces the data representation to match the data representation of the UNIX operating environment that will process the file. This method of creating the file can enhance system performance because the file does not require data conversion when being read by an HP UNIX machine.
Input/output block size (BLKSIZE=)
For Windows, UNIX, and z/OS environments, you can specify the number of bytes that are physically read during an I/O operation. The default is 8 kilobytes, and the maximum value is 1 megabyte.
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS/ACCESS Databases
197
Number of page caches to use for each open member (CACHENUM=)
For VMS, you can specify the number of page caches to use during I/O operations.
The number of caches can potentially reduce the number of I/Os that are required to access the data. You can also set the size of each cache (CACHESIZE= option).
The Other option(s) to be appended field can be used to specify LIBNAME options such as COMPRESS=. (See
“Compressing Data” on page 183 .)
For information about each of the LIBNAME options in the Advanced Options dialog box, click the Help button.
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That
Affect Performance of SAS/ACCESS
Databases
The following SAS LIBNAME options can be used to tune performance of the
SAS/ACCESS engines. You can set these options when you use the New Library wizard to register the database libraries in the metadata repository. To access the
Advanced Options dialog box, click the Advanced Options button on the Library
Options page of the New Library wizard.
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Figure 5.8 The Optimization Tab in the Advanced Options Dialog Box for a DB2 Library for
UNIX and PC
The tabs that are available in the Advanced Options dialog box, as well as the options on each of the tabs, vary between database management systems. The following list provides a description of the options on Optimization tab for DB2 libraries for UNIX and
PC:
Block insert buffer size (INSERTBUFF=)
specifies the number of rows in a single Insert operation. See “Buffering Data for
SAS/ACCESS Databases” on page 193
.
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS/ACCESS Databases
199
Block read buffer size (READBUFF=) specifies the number of rows of DBMS data to read into the buffer. See
Data for SAS/ACCESS Databases” on page 193
.
Pass functions to the DBMS that match those supported by SAS (SQL_ FUNCTIONS=) when set to ALL, specifies that functions that match functions supported by SAS should be passed to the DBMS. The functions that are passed are: DATE,
DATEPART, DATETIME, TIME, TIMEPART, TODAY, QRT, COMPRESS, SUBSTR,
DAY, SECOND, INDEX, TRANWRD, HOUR, WEEKDAY, LENGTH, TRIMN,
MINUTE, YEAR, REPEAT, MOD, MONTH, BYTE, and SOUNDEX. Use of this option can cause unexpected results, especially if used for NULL processing and date, time, and timestamp handling. Exercise care when using this option.
Pass DELETE to the DBMS (DIRECT_EXE=) specifies that an SQL delete statement is passed directly to the DBMS for processing. Selecting this option improves performance because SAS does not have to read the entire result set and delete one row at a time.
Whether to use indexes (DBINDEX=) specifies whether SAS uses indexes that are defined on DBMS columns to process a join. Valid values are YES or NO. For more information about indexes, see
.
Whether to check for null keys when generating WHERE clauses (DBNULLKEYS=) specifies whether the WHERE clause should detect NULL values in columns. Valid values are YES or NO. YES is the default for most interfaces and enables SAS to prepare the statement once and use it for any value (NULL or NOT NULL) in the column.
Multiple data source optimization (MULTI_ DATASRC_OPT=) when processing a join between two tables, specifies whether an IN clause should be created to optimize the join. Valid values are NONE and IN_CLAUSE.
IN_CLAUSE specifies that an IN clause containing the values read from a smaller table are used to retrieve the matching values in a larger table based on a key column designated in an equijoin.
When processing a join between a SAS table and a DBMS table, the SAS table should be smaller than the DBMS table for optimal performance.
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Whether to create a spool file for two-pass processing (SPOOL=) specifies whether to create a utility spool file during transactions that read data more than once. In some cases, SAS processes data in more than one pass through the same set of rows. Spooling is the process of writing rows that have been retrieved during the first pass of a data Read to a spool file. In the second pass, rows can be re-read without performing I/O to the DBMS a second time. In cases where the data needs to be read more than once, spooling improves performance. Spooling also guarantees that the data remains the same between passes. Valid values are YES or NO.
Threaded DBMS access (DBSLICEPARM=) specifies the scope of DBMS threaded Reads and the number of threads. If this option is set to the default, then PROC SQL does not use threading to read data for a web report. To force a specified number of threads for a threaded Read from the
DBMS server, change the default to (ALL,number-of-threads).
Note:
If PROC SQL attempts implicit pass-through, then threading is disabled, regardless of the Threaded DBMS access setting. To disable implicit pass-through, set the Pass generated SELECT SQL to the DBMS - DBMS processing option to
NO.
For more information about threaded Reads, see “Using Threaded Reads” on page
.
Pass generated SELECT SQL to the DBMS - DBMS processing (DIRECT_SQL=) specifies whether generated SQL is passed to the DBMS for processing. Valid values are YES or NO.
Pass generated SELECT SQL to the DBMS - exceptions to DBMS processing
(DIRECT_SQL=) if the value for the previous option is YES, then this option specifies how generated
SQL is passed to the DBMS for processing. For example, NOWHERE prevents
WHERE clauses from being passed to the DBMS for processing.
The Other Options tab, which is available for all database management systems, can be used to specify LIBNAME options such as the COMPRESS= option. For more
information, see “Compressing Data” on page 183
.
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS SPD Engine Tables
201
For information about each of the LIBNAME options in the Advanced Options dialog box, click the Help button. For information about all SAS/ACCESS LIBNAME options, see
SAS/ACCESS for Relational Databases: Reference
.
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That
Affect Performance of SAS SPD Engine
Tables
The following SAS LIBNAME options can be used to tune performance of the SAS
Scalable Performance Data Engine (SPD Engine). You can set these options when you use the New Library wizard to register an SPD Engine library in the metadata repository.
The LIBNAME options are available on the Options for any host tab in the Advanced
Options dialog box. To access the Advanced Options dialog box, click the Advanced
Options button on the Library Options page of the New Library wizard. The Advanced
Options dialog box is shown below:
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Figure 5.9 The Options for Any Host Tab in the Advanced Options Dialog Box for an SPD
Engine Library
Data path (DATAPATH=) specifies a list of paths in which to store partitions (DPF) files for an SPD Engine table. The engine creates as many partitions as are needed to store all the data. The size of the partitions is set using the PARTSIZE= option. Partitions are created in the specified paths in a cyclic fashion. The data path area is best configured as multiple paths. Allot one I/O controller per data path to provide high I/O throughput, which is the rate at which requests for work are serviced by a computer system. The data path area is best configured for redundancy (RAID 1).
Index path (INDEXPATH=) specifies a path or a list of paths in which to store the two index component files
(HBX and IDX) that are associated with an SPD Engine table. Additional specified
Setting SAS LIBNAME Options That Affect Performance of SAS SPD Engine Tables
203 paths accept the overflow from the immediately preceding path. The index path area is best configured as multiple paths. Use a volume manager file system that is striped across multiple disks (RAID 0) to enable adequate index performance, both when evaluating WHERE clauses and creating indexes in parallel. Redundancy
(RAID 5 or RAID 10) is also recommended.
Meta path (METAPATH=) specifies a list of overflow paths in which to store metadata component (MDF) files for an SPD Engine table. The metadata component file for each table must begin in the primary path. When that primary path is full, the overflow is sent to the specified
METAPATH= location. The metadata path area is best configured for redundancy
(RAID 1) so that metadata about the data and its indexes is not lost.
Partition size (PARTSIZE=) specifies the size (in megabytes) of the data component partitions when an SPD
Engine table is created. By splitting the data portion of an SPD Engine table at fixedsize intervals, you can gain a high degree of scalability for some operations. For example, the SPD Engine can spawn threads in parallel, up to one thread per partition for WHERE evaluations.
Temp (TEMP=) specifies whether to create a temporary subdirectory of the directory specified in the
Path field on the Library Properties window. The directory is used to temporarily store the metadata component files associated with table creation. It is deleted at the end of the SAS session.
By sort (BYSORT=) specifies that the SPD Engine should perform an automatic implicit sort when it finds a BY statement for processing data in the library (unless the data is indexed on the
BY column). Valid values are YES (perform the sort) and NO (do not perform the sort). The default is YES.
Starting observation number (STARTOBS=) specifies the number of the starting observation in a user-defined range of observations that are qualified with a WHERE expression. By default the SPD
Engine processes all observations in the table.
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Ending observation number (ENDOBS=) specifies the number of the ending observation in a user-defined range of observations that are qualified with a WHERE expression. By default the SPD
Engine processes all observations in the table.
In addition to the LIBNAME options, there are also table and system options that can be used to tune SPD Engine performance. For example, the SPDEUTILLOC= system option allots space for temporary files that are generated during SPD Engine operations. This area is best configured as multiple paths. Use a volume manager file system that is striped across multiple disks (RAID 0) to reduce out-of-space conditions and improve performance. Redundancy (RAID 5 or RAID 10) is also recommended because losing the work area could stop the SPD Engine from functioning.
The “Quick Guide to the SPD Engine Disk-I/O Set-Up” available at http:// support.sas.com/rnd/scalability/spde/spde_setup.pdf helps you do the following: n determine the amount of space that needs to be allocated to the data, metadata, index, and work areas n evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different RAID groups for each of the different types of areas
For more information about table and other system options for the SPD Engine, see http://support.sas.com/rnd/scalability/spde/syntax.html. For more information about each of the LIBNAME options in the Advanced Options dialog box, click the Help button.
SAS Grid Computing Data
Considerations
SAS Grid computing has become an important technology for organizations that do the following: n have long-running applications that can benefit from parallel execution n want to leverage existing IT infrastructure to optimize computing resources and manage data and computing workloads
Application Response Monitoring
205
The function of a grid is to distribute tasks. Each of the tasks that are distributed across the grid must have access to all the required input data. Computing tasks that require substantial data movement generally do not perform well in a grid. To achieve the highest efficiency, the nodes should spend the majority of the time computing rather than communicating. With grid computing using SAS Grid Manager, the speed at which the grid operates is related more to the storage of the input data than to the size of the data.
Data must either be distributed to the nodes before running the application or— much more commonly—made available through shared network libraries. Storage on local nodes is discouraged. The data storage must scale to maintain high performance while serving concurrent data requests.
The parallel data load is monitored throughout.
Application Response Monitoring
SAS implements the Application Response Monitoring 4.0 (ARM) specification. SAS offers macros, system options, and logging facility as an ARM agent for collecting application availability, performance, usage, and transaction response time. For more information about the ARM implementation, see the
SAS Interface to Application
Response Measurement (ARM): Reference
.
SAS Data Integration Studio can report the following measures for jobs: n number of records processed n duration of step in the job n
I/O statistics
To view the metrics within SAS Data Integration Studio, right-click the diagram background for the job and select Collect Runtime Statistics. When the job is run, view the Statistics tab in the Details area of the window.
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6
207
Managing OLAP Cube Data
Introduction to Managing OLAP Cube Data
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Create or Assign an OLAP Schema
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Preparations for Building a Cube
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Storage Location Requirements for Cube
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Making Detail Data Available to a Cube for Drill-Through
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Making Detail Data Available to an OLAP Server for Drill-Through
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Making Detail Data Available to an Information
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Display Detail Data for a Large Cube
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Introduction to Managing OLAP Cube
Data
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) is a technology that is used to create decision support software. OLAP enables application users to quickly analyze information that has been summarized into multidimensional views and hierarchies. By summarizing predicted queries into multidimensional views before run time, OLAP tools provide the benefit of increased performance over traditional database access tools. Most of the resource-intensive calculation that is required to summarize the data is done before a query is submitted. One of the advantages of OLAP is how data and its relationships are stored and accessed. OLAP systems house data in structures that are readily available for detailed queries and analytics.
Data Storage and Access
Organizations usually have databases and data stores that maintain repeated and frequent business transaction data. This provides simple yet detailed storage and retrieval of specific data events. However, these data storage systems are not well suited for analytical summaries and queries that are typically generated by decision makers. For decision makers to reveal hidden trends, inconsistencies, and risks in a business, they must be able to maintain a certain degree of momentum when querying the data. An answer to one question usually leads to additional questions and review of the data. Simple data stores do not generally suffice.
The data warehouse is a structure better suited for this type of querying. In a data warehouse, data is maintained and organized so that complicated queries and summaries can be run. OLAP further organizes and summarizes specific categories and subsets of data from the data warehouse. One particular type of data structure derived from a data warehouse is the cube. A cube is a set of data that is organized and structured in a hierarchical, multidimensional arrangement. Such an arrangement results in a robust and detailed level of data storage with efficient and fast query returns.
Exporting and Importing Cubes
209
Stored, precalculated summarizations called aggregations can be added to the cube to improve cube access performance.
Exporting and Importing Cubes
Cubes are exported and imported as part of a SAS package. SAS Management
Console is one of the user interfaces that can perform the import and export of packages. For more information about creating SAS packages, see “Promotion Tools
Overview” in SAS Intelligence Platform: System Administration Guide .
The data administrator impact of exporting and importing cubes is that when cubes are imported, the tables used in the cube must be available. Building the aggregations for the cube is also computationally intensive. The following list highlights some best practices: n
It is impractical to package the detail tables and summary data for large cubes. Do not export them in the package.
n
If the cube is being imported to a new metadata server (as opposed to being moved to a new folder on the same metadata server), then make sure the same data sources for the detail tables used by the original cube are available and registered.
Accomplish this by registering the same data servers and data libraries on the destination metadata server. If the cube uses a drill-through table, ensure that the library is pre-assigned.
n
When importing the cubes, be prepared to associate the cube with an OLAP schema. Consider that the OLAP schema determines the group of cubes that an
OLAP server can access.
n
Once the cube is imported, the cube and its job are registered in metadata with relationships to an OLAP schema, tables, and folders. By default, the aggregations for the cube must be built after the cube is imported. Due to the computational intensity, consider rebuilding the cube during a period of low activity.
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About OLAP Schemas
OLAP schemas provide an organizational function. An OLAP schema is a list of cubes that are grouped together so that they can be accessed by one or more SAS OLAP
Servers. Each cube is listed in one and only one OLAP schema. Each SAS OLAP
Server is required to use one OLAP schema. Multiple servers can use the same schema. To assign cubes to specific servers, you create new OLAP schemas. This might be necessary if you have multiple large cubes. In that case, you might want to assign one cube to one host, to one SAS OLAP Server, and to one OLAP schema.
New OLAP schemas are created with the Create OLAP Schema wizard in SAS OLAP
Cube Studio or SAS Management Console. SAS OLAP Servers are assigned to new
OLAP schemas by changing server properties in SAS Management Console. To create a new OLAP schema or assign an OLAP schema to a SAS OLAP Server using SAS
Management Console, see “Create or Assign an OLAP Schema” on page 210
. A SAS
OLAP Server reads its assigned OLAP schema from metadata only as the server starts.
Assigning a new OLAP schema to a server requires that you restart the SAS OLAP
Server.
When building, updating, or deleting cubes, you can specify OLAP schemas in the Cube
Designer wizard of SAS OLAP Cube Studio. Alternatively, if you choose to write SAS code for PROC OLAP, the schema is specified in the OLAP_SCHEMA= option of the
METASVR statement.
Create or Assign an OLAP Schema
To create a new OLAP schema or assign an OLAP schema to a SAS OLAP Server, perform the following steps:
1 Open SAS Management Console.
2 In the left pane, expand Server Manager.
Building a Cube
211
3 Under Server Manager, locate the SAS Application Server that contains the SAS
OLAP Server. The name of one such SAS Application Server might be SASApp, for example.
4 Right-click the top-level SAS Application Server and select Properties.
5 In the Properties window, click the OLAP Schema tab.
6 Click New to create a new OLAP schema, or select the down arrow to choose an existing OLAP schema.
7 Click OK to save changes and close the Properties window.
8 Restart the SAS OLAP Server using the SAS OLAP Server Monitor.
Building a Cube
Overview of Building a Cube
The following is a summary of the cube-building process. For additional information about building and modifying SAS OLAP cubes, see the
SAS OLAP Server: User’s
Guide
.
Before building a cube, you should collect and scrub your data in addition to planning a dimensional design. When you define the cube, you define the dimensions and measures for the cube along with information about how aggregations should be created and stored. There are two methods of creating a cube: n
You can submit PROC OLAP code by using either the SAS Program Editor or a batch job. If you use PROC OLAP, the cube is created, and then the cube definition is stored in a metadata repository. This is referred to as the long form of PROC
OLAP.
n
You can use the Cube Designer interface in SAS OLAP Cube Studio to define and create the cube. The Cube Designer first stores the cube definition in a metadata
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repository, and then submits a shorter form of PROC OLAP code to create the cube.
This is referred to as the short form of PROC OLAP.
Note:
The Cube Designer can also be launched from SAS Data Integration Studio.
Preparations for Building a Cube
To build a cube by using either PROC OLAP or SAS OLAP Cube Studio, you must perform several preliminary tasks: n
Configure a metadata server. n
Define an OLAP server in the metadata. The server does not need to be running to create cubes, but it must be defined in the metadata.
n
Analyze the data to determine the location of the table or tables to use for building your cubes and what dimensions and measures will be created.
n
Register the table or tables to use for creating the cube in the metadata. You do this by using SAS Data Integration Studio or by using SAS OLAP Cube Studio and SAS
Management Console as follows: o
Use SAS Management Console to register the metadata for the server to use for accessing the tables. This is a SAS Application Server with a workspace server component.
o
Use SAS Management Console to register metadata for the library that contains the table.
o
In SAS OLAP Cube Studio, specify the server to use for accessing the tables. To set the server, select Tools Options. Or, if the shortcut bar is displayed, select
Options to set the server. o
In SAS OLAP Cube Studio, select Source Designer to load the table definitions
(or other information source) as follows: n n
From the shortcut bar, select Tools
Source Designer or select Source
Designer .
Select a Source Type (SAS, ODBC, and so on), and then select Next.
Building a Cube
213 n n
If you have not specified a server, or if the server that is specified is not valid, then you are prompted again for a server.
Select the library that contains the tables that you want to use, and then select Next.
n n
Select the tables to register and then select Next.
Select Finish. The table definitions are register in metadata.
o
If you start to create a cube and do not see the table that you need to continue, then you can click the Define Table button in any of the windows that prompt for tables.
n
In the Finish window of the cube designer, you are given the option to create the physical cube. The metadata definition is always stored as you leave the Finish window. However, you can defer creation of the physical cube because it might be a resource and time intensive process. If you choose to create the cube as you leave the Finish window, then a SAS Workspace Server must be defined so that you can submit PROC OLAP code to it. This server is defined in SAS Management Console.
For more information about the different data types that you can use to load cubes from, see “Planning for SAS OLAP Cubes” in SAS OLAP Server: User’s Guide .
Note:
The SAS Metadata Server enables duplicate librefs to be defined in the metadata. To ensure that the correct library definition is found on the metadata server, you should assign the libref by using the LIBNAME statement for the metadata engine before submitting the PROC OLAP code. Otherwise, PROC OLAP selects the first library definition that it finds with your specified libref, and it associates your cube metadata with that definition. The selected library definition might or might not contain a description of the data that was actually used to build your cube. For more information about using the LIBNAME statement for the metadata engine, see “Metadata LIBNAME
Engine” in
SAS Language Interfaces to Metadata
.
When a SAS OLAP cube is created, a directory for that cube is also created. This directory is assigned the same name as the cube, but in uppercase letters. For example, if you save a cube in c:\olapcubes and name the cube Campaigns, the cube is saved in the directory c:\olapcubes\CAMPAIGNS.
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Chapter 6 / Managing OLAP Cube Data
Storage Location Requirements for Cube
Metadata and Related Objects
When storing metadata that describes a cube, the metadata objects that describe the cube and the cube's associated libraries and source tables must be stored in the same repository, or the metadata that describes the cube must be in a custom repository that is dependent on the repository that contains the library and table objects. Otherwise, you will not be able to create the cube. In addition, the library and table objects that are referenced by a cube must always be in the same repository. The following options illustrate these conditions: n
The library, table, and cube objects can be in a Foundation repository. n
The library, table, and cube objects can be in Project A, which is dependent on the
Foundation repository.
n
The library and table objects can be in the Foundation repository, and the cube object can be in Project A. n
The cube object cannot be in the Foundation repository, and the library and table objects cannot be in Project A. n
The table object cannot be in the Foundation repository, and the library and cube objects cannot be in Project A.
n
The library object cannot be in the Foundation repository, and the table and cube objects cannot be in Project A.
Making Detail Data Available to a Cube for Drill-Through
You can drill through an OLAP report to the underlying detail data only after you make the detail data available to the cube. You can use either SAS OLAP Cube Studio or the
OLAP procedure to make detail data available to the cube:
Making Detail Data Available to a Cube for Drill-Through
215 n
In SAS OLAP Cube Studio, you can specify a table for drill-through when you create or edit the cube using the Cube Designer wizard. On the Drill-Through page of the wizard, either select a table and click the right-arrow and then Next to specify the drill-through table, or just click Next if drill-through is not needed. The following figure shows the Cube Designer - Drill Through page of the Cube Designer wizard:
Figure 6.1 Cube Designer
n
For more information about the Cube Designer wizard, see the SAS OLAP Cube
Studio Help. Note that for star schema tables, a view that fully joins the fact and dimension tables is the drill-through table.
In the PROC OLAP statement, use the DRILLTHROUGH_TABLE option to specify the name of the drill-through table to use. For more information about the
DRILLTHROUGH_TABLE option, see “The OLAP Procedure” in SAS OLAP Server:
User’s Guide
.
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Chapter 6 / Managing OLAP Cube Data
Making Detail Data Available to an
OLAP Server for Drill-Through
You can drill through an OLAP report to the underlying detail data only after you make the detail data available to the OLAP Server. In order for the OLAP server to make detail data available for a cube, the library for the table that contains the detail data must be registered so that the OLAP server can identify the library to use. Also, the library permissions must allow ReadMetadata permission. The simplest way to register the library to the server is to pre-assign it and store the library in a folder that grants
ReadMetadata permission to PUBLIC.
To specify a library as pre-assigned for an OLAP server, perform the following steps:
1
In Data Library Manager (in SAS Management Console), find the Libraries folder and perform one of the following tasks to get to the dialog box that lets you select advanced options: n
For a new library, right-click the Libraries folder and select New Library to start the New Library wizard. Then navigate to the page that enables you to specify the libref.
n
For an existing library, open the Libraries folder and right-click the desired library. Select Properties from the drop-down menu, and then select the Options tab in the properties dialog box.
Figure 6.2 Library Properties
Making Detail Data Available to an OLAP Server for Drill-Through
217
2
Click Advanced Options.
3
Select the Library is pre-assigned check box on the Pre-Assign tab in the
Advanced Options dialog box.
4
On the Assign tab of the properties dialog box or the server selection page of the
New Library wizard, ensure that the selected application server is the server container that contains your OLAP server.
Figure 6.3 Specifying an Assigned Server
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Chapter 6 / Managing OLAP Cube Data
5 Click OK in the properties dialog box, or finish entering information in the wizard.
6 Restart the OLAP server.
The selected library is assigned after the selected OLAP server starts. After the OLAP server starts, ensure that the library is pre-assigned to the correct SAS OLAP server.
The OLAP server also generates a record in the log file stored at SAS-
configuration-directory\Lev1\SASApp\OLAPServer\Logs\.
The following example shows how pre-assigned libraries are identified in the log file:
2008-08-04T13:00:13,068 WARN [00000010] :SYSTEM@host - NOTE: Libref odbc successfully assigned from logical server.
2008-08-04T13:00:13,068 WARN [00000010] :SYSTEM@host - NOTE: Libref wrstemp successfully assigned from logical server.
2008-08-04T13:00:13,068 WARN [00000010] :SYSTEM@host - NOTE: Libref wrsdist successfully assigned from logical server.
2008-08-04T13:00:13,068 WARN [00000010] :SYSTEM@host - NOTE: Libref stpsamp successfully assigned from logical server.
2008-08-04T13:00:13,068 WARN [00000010] :SYSTEM@host - NOTE: Libref SASDATA successfully assigned from logical server.
Making Detail Data Available to an
Information Map for Drill-Through
You can drill through an OLAP report to the underlying detail data only after you make the detail data available to the information map. In order for an information map to produce a report that has drill-through capabilities, an option must first be set in the information map.
For an existing information map, open the information map, right-click it, and then select
Properties from its drop-down menu. Select the Allow drill-through to detail data check box on the Definition tab in the Information Map Properties dialog box. This check box is displayed only when a drill-through table is specified for the cube that the
OLAP information map is using as its data source.
Figure 6.4 Information Map Properties
Display Detail Data for a Large Cube
219
Display Detail Data for a Large Cube
If your cube contains an extremely large amount of detail data, then in order to view that data from within SAS Information Map Studio, you might need to increase the Java heap size for SAS Information Map Studio or increase the maximum number of drillthrough rows that your SAS OLAP Server can handle. The default number of drill– through rows that can be displayed by a query is 300,000 rows.
You can increase the number of drill-through rows that your OLAP server can handle by changing the OLAP server definition with the Server Manager plug-in to SAS
Management Console. To increase the number of drill-through rows, perform the following steps:
1
In the navigation tree for Server Manager, find the node that represents your physical OLAP server.
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Chapter 6 / Managing OLAP Cube Data
2 Right-click the icon and select Properties
3 In the properties dialog box, select the Options tab, and then click Advanced
Options.
4 In the Advanced Options dialog box, select the Server tab, and then enter the desired value for the Maximum number of flattened rows field.
Figure 6.5 SAS OLAP Server Advanced Options
5
Click OK to save the setting.
221
Recommended Reading
Here is the recommended reading list for this title: n
DataFlux Data Management Server: Administrator’s Guide
n
SAS Data Integration Studio: User’s Guide
n
SAS Federation Server: Administrator’s Guide
n
SAS Guide to Software Updates
n
SAS Intelligence Platform: Application Server Administration Guide
n
SAS Intelligence Platform: Security Administration Guide
n
SAS Intelligence Platform: System Administration Guide
n
SAS Language Interfaces to Metadata
n
SAS Language Reference: Concepts
n
SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine: Reference
n
SAS Statements: Reference
n
SAS System Options: Reference
n
SAS Hadoop Configuration Guide for Base SAS and SAS/ACCESS n
The Little SAS Book: A Primer
n
SAS offers instructor-led training and self-paced e-learning courses to help you administer the SAS Intelligence Platform. For more information about the courses available, see http://support.sas.com/admintraining .
222
Recommended Reading
For a complete list of SAS publications, go to sas.com/store/books . If you have questions about which titles you need, please contact a SAS Representative:
SAS Books
SAS Campus Drive
Cary, NC 27513-2414
Phone: 1-800-727-0025
Fax: 1-919-677-4444
Email: [email protected]
Web address: sas.com/store/books
223
Glossary
aggregation
a summary of detail data that is stored with or referred to by a cube.
application server
a server that is used for storing applications. Users can access and use these server applications instead of loading the applications on their client machines. The application that the client runs is stored on the client. Requests are sent to the server for processing, and the results are returned to the client. In this way, little information is processed by the client, and nearly everything is done by the server.
authentication domain
a SAS internal category that pairs logins with the servers for which they are valid.
For example, an Oracle server and the SAS copies of Oracle credentials might all be classified as belonging to an OracleAuth authentication domain.
client application
an application that runs on a client machine.
cube
.
data mart
a subset of the data in a data warehouse. A data mart is optimized for a specific set of users who need a particular set of queries and reports.
data warehouse (warehouse)
a collection of pre-categorized data that is extracted from one or more sources for the purpose of query, reporting, and analysis. Data warehouses are generally used
224
Glossary
for storing large amounts of data that originates in other corporate applications or that is extracted from external data sources.
database management system (DBMS)
a software application that enables you to create and manipulate data that is stored in the form of databases.
DBMS
See database management system
.
Extensible Markup Language
.
library reference
.
libref (library reference)
a SAS name that is associated with the location of a SAS library. For example, in the name MYLIB.MYFILE, MYLIB is the libref, and MYFILE is a file in the SAS library.
metadata LIBNAME engine
the SAS engine that processes and augments data that is identified by metadata.
The metadata engine retrieves information about a target SAS library from metadata objects in a specified metadata repository.
metadata promotion (promotion)
in the SAS Open Metadata Architecture, a feature that enables you to copy the contents of a metadata repository to another repository, and to specify changes in the metadata that will be stored in the target repository. For example, you can use this feature to move metadata from a development environment to a testing environment. In such a scenario, you would probably have to change some ports, hosts, and/or schema names as part of the process of moving metadata from one environment to another.
Glossary
225
OLAP (online analytical processing)
a software technology that enables users to dynamically analyze data that is stored in multidimensional database tables (cubes).
OLAP cube (cube)
a logical set of data that is organized and structured in a hierarchical, multidimensional arrangement to enable quick analysis of data. A cube includes measures, and it can have numerous dimensions and levels of data.
OLAP schema
a container for OLAP cubes. A cube is assigned to an OLAP schema when it is created, and an OLAP schema is assigned to a SAS OLAP Server when the server is defined in the metadata. A SAS OLAP Server can access only the cubes that are in its assigned OLAP schema.
online analytical processing
.
promotion
.
resource template
an XML file that specifies the information that is needed for creating a metadata definition for a SAS resource.
SAS Metadata Repository
a container for metadata that is managed by the SAS Metadata Server.
SAS OLAP Cube Studio
a Java interface for defining and building OLAP cubes in SAS System 9 or later. Its main feature is the Cube Designer wizard, which guides you through the process of registering and creating cubes.
226
Glossary
SAS Open Metadata Architecture
a general-purpose metadata management facility that provides metadata services to
SAS applications. The SAS Open Metadata Architecture enables applications to exchange metadata, which makes it easier for these applications to work together.
SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine (SPD Engine)
a SAS engine that organizes data into a streamlined file format, enabling rapid delivery of data to applications.
SAS Scalable Performance Data Server (SPD Server)
a server that restructures data in order to enable multiple threads, running in parallel, to read and write massive amounts of data efficiently.
schema
a map or model of the overall data structure of a database. A schema consists of schema records that are organized in a hierarchical tree structure. Schema records contain schema items.
SPD Engine
See SAS Scalable Performance Data Engine
.
SPD Server
See SAS Scalable Performance Data Server
.
warehouse
.
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
a markup language that structures information by tagging it for content, meaning, or use. Structured information contains both content (for example, words or numbers) and an indication of what role the content plays. For example, content in a section heading has a different meaning from content in a database table.
A access defining ODBC data sources
ODBC connectivity to databases
registering database libraries
registering database server
registering SAS Federation
Server
registering SAS Federation
Server libraries
Access
ODBC connectivity to databases
ADD command
SPDO procedure
aggregations
APIs (application programming interfaces)
ARM (application response monitoring)
asynchronous communication
Attunity
authorization facility
Index
autoexec files pre-assigning libraries using information in
B
Base SAS engine metadata engine invocation of
Base SAS library registering
Base SAS tables buffering data
BLKSIZE= LIBNAME option
block insert buffer size
block read buffer size
block size
buffer size for block insert
for block read
buffering table data
BYSORT= LIBNAME option
227
228
Index
C cache page caches
CACHENUM= LIBNAME option
change data capture (CDC)
CLUSTER CREATE command
SPDO procedure
cluster tables, dynamic
CLUSTER UNDO command
SPDO procedure
clustered data tables
columns defining for flat files
compression
configuration libnames.parm file
SPD Engine hardware
configuration files editing for pre-assigned libraries
for user-defined formats
connectivity
ODBC
ODBC, to Access databases
ODBC, to Microsoft Access
ODBC, to Oracle databases
SAS LASR Analytic Server
SAS LASR libraries
SASHDAT
to data sets
to Excel files
to external files
to flat files
to Hadoop Server
to Impala Server
to information maps
to library of data sets
to ODBC databases using
Microsoft Windows NT
Authenication
to OLE DB databases
to Oracle databases
to Redshift Server
to SAP HANA servers
to SAP servers
to SAS Federation Server
to SPD Server
to Teradata databases
to XML data
to XML files
cube metadata storage location requirements
cubes
See
D data access local and remote
OLAP cubes
read-only for reporting libraries
verifying in SAS applications
data component partitions
data compression
data extraction
data registration
data representation for output files
data sets
connectivity to
connectivity to library of
shared access to
data source optimization, multi
data sources
change data capture
connecting to
data sets
Excel files
external files
local and remote data access
message queues
ODBC
relational database sources
SAP HANA servers
SAP servers
shared access to data sets
SPD Server and SPD Engine
XML data
data storage
OLAP cubes
data storage optimization
Index
229 application response monitoring (ARM)
buffering data for Base SAS tables
buffering data for other tables
compressing data
grid computing
indexing data
LIBNAME options affecting
SAS table performance
LIBNAME options affecting
SAS/ACCESS database performance
LIBNAME options affecting
SPD Engine table performance
multi-threaded sorting
sorting data
sorting database tables
threaded reads
validating SPD Engine hardware configuration
Data Surveyor for SAP
data synchronicity
data tables, clustered
data warehouses cubes and
data-access engines
database libraries registering for Hadoop Hive
230
Index
registering for Microsoft
Access
registering for Oracle
database servers registering for access
registering for Oracle
registering SPD Server
database tables sorting
databases connectivity to ODBC using
Microsoft Windows NT
Authenication
connectivity to OLE DB
connectivity to Oracle
connectivity to Teradata
LIBNAME options affecting
SAS/ACCESS performance
ODBC connectivity to Access
ODBC connectivity to
Microsoft Access
ODBC connectivity to Oracle
relational
third-party
DataFlux Data Management
Server
DATAPATH= LIBNAME option
DB2 buffering table data
DBINDEX= LIBNAME option
DBMS passing DELETE statement
(SQL) to
passing functions to
passing generated SQL to
registering libraries
registering server
threaded access
DBNULLKEYS= LIBNAME option
DBSLICEPARM= LIBNAME option
DELETE statement (SQL) passing to DBMS
delimited external file wizard
detail data displaying for large cubes
making available to cubes for drill-through
making available to information map for drillthrough
making available to OLAP server for drill-through
DIRECT_EXE= LIBNAME option
DIRECT_SQL= LIBNAME option
drill-through making detail data available to cubes for
making detail data available to information map for
Index
231 making detail data available to
OLAP server for
dynamic cluster tables
flat files
extracting data
extracting SAP metadata
E ending observation number
ENDOBS= LIBNAME option
engines
Base SAS engine
data-access engines
metadata engine
pre-assigning libraries
environment variables for SAS/ACCESS on UNIX
Excel files as data source
connectivity to
EXCLUDE statement
METALIB procedure
exporting cubes
External File Source Designer connecting to flat files
external files
connectivity to
creating metadata objects for
defining columns
delimited
fixed-width
F file system path
fixed-width external file wizard
flagging pre-assigned libraries
flat files connecting to
connectivity to
defining columns for
format catalog
formats user-defined
functions passing to DBMS
G generated SQL passing to DBMS
grid computing data considerations
H
Hadoop registering server
Hadoop data
232
Index
Hadoop Hive registering database library
Hadoop Server connectivity to
hardware configuration validating for SPD Engine
I
I/O block size
Impala Server connectivity to
Impala servers registering
implicit sort
importing cubes
index component files
indexes
INDEXPATH= LIBNAME option
L
information map tables
information maps connectivity to
making detail data available for drill-through
INSERTBUFF= LIBNAME option
LIBNAME options affecting SAS table performance
affecting SAS/ACCESS database performance
affecting SPD Engine table performance
libnames.parm file configuring
libraries
See also
assigning
connectivity to
creating table metadata for
data-access engines and
default assignment for
metadata engine and
platform client assignments
read-only access for reporting libraries
registering
registering Base SAS library
registering database libraries for Microsoft Access
registering DBMS libraries
registering for SAP HANA servers
registering for SAP servers
registering for SPD Server
registering Hadoop Hive database library
registering Oracle database library
registering SAS Federation
Server libraries
stored processes and assigning
libraries using SAS
Environment Manager
SAS/SHARE Remote Engine library
libraries using SAS
Management Console
SAS/SHARE Remote Engine library
librefs assigning libraries
for XML data
limit access to libraries
LIST command
SPDO procedure
local data access
localize table batch tool
lockdown state
locked-down servers
logs reviewing to verify preassigned libraries
Index
233 component files
extracting SAP metadata
storage location requirements for cube metadata
metadata engine
pre-assigning libraries to
metadata objects creating for external files
assessing potential table metadata changes
changing the update rule
creating table metadata for new library
EXCLUDE statement
NOEXEC statement
pre-assigned libraries and
REPORT statement
SELECT statement
specifying which tables are affected
UPDATE_RULE statement
updating table metadata to match physical tables
METAPATH= LIBNAME option
multi data source optimization
multi-threaded sorting
MULTI_DATASRC_OPT=
LIBNAME option
M message queues
metadata
See also
234
Index
N
NOEXEC statement
METALIB procedure
null keys when generating WHERE clauses
number of ending observation
number of starting observation
O observations ending observation number
starting observation number
ODBC buffering table data
components and features
connectivity to databases using Microsoft Windows
NT Authenication
connectivity to Microsoft
Access
ODBC sources
defining for Microsoft Access
OLAP cubes
aggregations
building
creating or assigning OLAP schemas
data storage and access
detail data for drill-through
detail data for information map drill-through
detail data for OLAP server drill-through
displaying detail data for large cubes
exporting and importing
OLAP schemas and
storage location for metadata and related objects
OLAP schemas
creating or assigning
OLAP server detail data for drill-through
OLE DB buffering table data
connectivity to databases
optimizing data storage
See
Oracle buffering table data
connectivity to databases
,
connectivity to databases, using ODBC
registering database library
registering database server
output files data representation for
OUTREP= LIBNAME option
overflow paths
to use metadata engine file
Index
235
using information in autoexec verifying by reviewing logs
R
P page caches
partitions paths for storing
size of
PARTSIZE= LIBNAME option
performance
See also
SAS tables
SAS/ACCESS databases
SPD Engine tables
physical tables updating table metadata to match
platform clients assigning libraries
pooled workspace server assigning libraries
pre-assigning libraries
editing configuration files
externally
flagging libraries as preassigned
large number of libraries
METALIB procedure and
RDBMS
SAS/ACCESS connections to
troubleshooting SAS/ACCESS connections to
read-only access for reporting libraries
READBUFF= LIBNAME option
Redshift Server connectivity to
Redshift servers registering
registering access SAS Federation
Server library
Base SAS library
data
DBMS library
DBMS server
Hadoop Hive database library
Hadoop server
Impala servers
libraries
Microsoft Access database
236
Index
Microsoft Access database library
Oracle database library
Oracle database server
Redshift servers
SAP HANA library
SAP HANA servers
SAP server library
SAP servers
SAS Federation Server
SPD Server
SPD Server library
tables
relational database sources
ODBC
SAS/ACCESS
remote data access
Remote Engine library, SAS/
SHARE
REPORT statement
METALIB procedure
reporting libraries read-only access for
S
SAP
Data Surveyor
extracting metadata
on z/OS
SAP HANA registering libraries for
SAP HANA servers as data source
connectivity to
registering
SAP servers as data source
connectivity to
registering
registering libraries for
SAS applications verifying data access in
SAS Data Quality Server
SAS Data Surveyor
SAS Federation Server connectivity to
registering
SAS Federation Server libraries registering for access
SAS LASR Analytic library connectivity
SAS LASR Analytic Server connectivity
SAS Open Metadata
Architecture authorization facility
SAS tables
LIBNAME options affecting performance
SAS XML Mapper
sas-localize-table
SAS/ACCESS
connections to RDBMS
environment variables on
UNIX
LIBNAME options affecting database performance
troubleshooting RDBMS connections
SAS/SHARE
Remote Engine library
shared access to data sets
SASHDAT connectivity
Scalable Performance Data
Engine
SPD Engine
Scalable Performance Data
Server
See
SELECT statement
METALIB procedure
servers registering for Hadoop
shared access to data sets
shared access to sets
SMP (symmetric multiprocessing)
sorting data
automatic implicit sort
database tables
multi-threaded sorting
source designer wizards
SPD Engine
LIBNAME options affecting table performance
validating hardware configuration
SPD Server
connectivity to
dynamic clustering
registering
Index
237 registering library for
symmetric multiprocessing
SPDO procedure
ADD command
CLUSTER CREATE command
CLUSTER UNDO command
LIST command
spool files
SPOOL= LIBNAME option
SQL passing DELETE statement to
DBMS
passing generated SQL to
DBMS
SQL Server buffering table data
SQL_FUNCTIONS= LIBNAME option
sql_server_ntauth
starting observation number
STARTOBS= LIBNAME option
storage optimization
See
stored processes assigning libraries and
subdirectories temporary
Sybase buffering table data
symmetric multiprocessing
(SMP)
238
Index
synchronicity
T
table metadata
adding
assessing potential changes
changing the update rule
creating for new library
excluding tables
selecting tables
specifying which tables are affected
updating
updating to match data in physical tables
tables buffering table data
clustered data tables
dynamic cluster tables
information map tables
LIBNAME options affecting
SAS table performance
LIBNAME options affecting
SPD Engine table performance
registering and verifying
sorting database tables
TEMP= LIBNAME option
temporary subdirectories
Teradata connectivity to databases
third-party databases
threaded DBMS access
threaded reads
troubleshooting
SAS/ACCESS connections to
U
UNIX environment variables for
SAS/ACCESS
update rule
UPDATE_RULE statement
METALIB procedure
user-defined formats configuration file
connectivity to library of data sets
user-written external file wizard
W
WHERE clauses null keys when generating
X
RDBMS
XML data
connectivity to
libref for
XML LIBNAME engine
XML Writer transformation
XMLMaps
Z z/OS
SAP on
Index
239
240
Index
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Key features
Managing table metadata
Assigning libraries
Connecting to common data sources
Optimizing data storage
Managing OLAP cube data
Integration with DataFlux suite
Support for limiting access to libraries
New Localize table batch tool
Discontinued support for SAS Data Surveyor products
Support for on-disk AES encryption
Frequently asked questions
The DataFlux suite of data quality, data integration, data governance, and master data management solutions is now integrated into SAS products. This integration provides a more comprehensive and unified approach to data management.
The Localize table batch tool simplifies the process of creating or modifying localization metadata for data tables. It supports three locale models: row per locale, table per locale, and master/detail tables.
On-disk AES encryption is a security feature that helps protect sensitive data from unauthorized access. In SAS 9.4, you can enable or disable encryption for individual library definitions in the SAS Management Console.
