Netgear NTGWGR614 User's Manual

Reference Manual for
Cable/DSL Wireless
Router WGR614
NETGEAR, Inc.
4500 Great America Parkway
Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA
SM-WGR614NA-1
Version 1.0
March 2003
© 2003 by NETGEAR, Inc. All rights reserved.
Trademarks
NETGEAR is a trademark of Netgear, Inc.
Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective holders.
Statement of Conditions
In the interest of improving internal design, operational function, and/or reliability, NETGEAR reserves the right to
make changes to the products described in this document without notice.
NETGEAR does not assume any liability that may occur due to the use or application of the product(s) or circuit
layout(s) described herein.
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Compliance Notice: Radio Frequency Notice
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to
part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a
residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and
used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no
guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to
radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try
to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:
•
Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
•
Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.
•
Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.
•
Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Caution
1.
FCC RF Radiation Exposure Statement: The equipment complies with FCC RF radiation exposure limits set forth
for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with a minimum distance of 20
centimeters between the radiator and your body.
2.
This Transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter. 3.
Changes or modifications to this unit not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the
user authority to operate the equipment.
EN 55 022 Declaration of Conformance
This is to certify that the Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router is shielded against the generation of radio
interference in accordance with the application of Council Directive 89/336/EEC, Article 4a. Conformity is declared by
the application of EN 55 022 Class B (CISPR 22).
Compliance with the applicable regulations is dependent upon the use of shielded cables. It is the responsibility of the
user to procure the appropriate cables.
ii
Bestätigung des Herstellers/Importeurs
Es wird hiermit bestätigt, daß das Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router gemäß der im BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/
1991 und Vfg 46/1992 aufgeführten Bestimmungen entstört ist. Das vorschriftsmäßige Betreiben einiger Geräte (z.B.
Testsender) kann jedoch gewissen Beschränkungen unterliegen. Lesen Sie dazu bitte die Anmerkungen in der
Betriebsanleitung.
Das Bundesamt für Zulassungen in der Telekommunikation wurde davon unterrichtet, daß dieses Gerät auf den Markt
gebracht wurde und es ist berechtigt, die Serie auf die Erfüllung der Vorschriften hin zu überprüfen.
Certificate of the Manufacturer/Importer
It is hereby certified that the Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router has been suppressed in accordance with the
conditions set out in the BMPT-AmtsblVfg 243/1991 and Vfg 46/1992. The operation of some equipment (for example,
test transmitters) in accordance with the regulations may, however, be subject to certain restrictions. Please refer to the
notes in the operating instructions.
Federal Office for Telecommunications Approvals has been notified of the placing of this equipment on the market
and has been granted the right to test the series for compliance with the regulations.
Voluntary Control Council for Interference (VCCI) Statement
This equipment is in the second category (information equipment to be used in a residential area or an adjacent area
thereto) and conforms to the standards set by the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Data Processing
Equipment and Electronic Office Machines aimed at preventing radio interference in such residential areas.
When used near a radio or TV receiver, it may become the cause of radio interference.
Read instructions for correct handling.
Customer Support
Refer to the Support Information Card that shipped with your Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router.
World Wide Web
NETGEAR maintains a World Wide Web home page that you can access at the universal resource locator (URL)
http://www.netgear.com. A direct connection to the Internet and a Web browser such as Internet Explorer
or Netscape are required.
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Contents
Preface
About This Manual
Chapter 1
Introduction
Key Features of the Router ............................................................................................1-1
802.11g Wireless Networking ...................................................................................1-2
A Powerful, True Firewall with Content Filtering ......................................................1-2
Security ....................................................................................................................1-3
Autosensing Ethernet Connections with Auto Uplink ...............................................1-3
Extensive Protocol Support ......................................................................................1-3
Easy Installation and Management ..........................................................................1-4
Maintenance and Support ........................................................................................1-4
Package Contents ..........................................................................................................1-5
The Router’s Front Panel .........................................................................................1-6
The Router’s Rear Panel .........................................................................................1-7
Chapter 2
Connecting the Router to the Internet
What You Will Need Before You Begin ...........................................................................2-1
Cabling and Computer Hardware Requirements .....................................................2-1
Computer Network Configuration Requirements .....................................................2-2
Internet Configuration Requirements .......................................................................2-2
Where Do I Get the Internet Configuration Parameters? .........................................2-2
Record Your Internet Connection Information ..........................................................2-3
Connecting the WGR614 ................................................................................................2-4
Connecting the Router .............................................................................................2-4
PPPoE Smart Wizard-Detected Option ....................................................................2-8
Telstra Bigpond Cable Smart Wizard-Detected Option ............................................2-9
Dynamic IP Smart Wizard-Detected Option ...........................................................2-10
Fixed IP Account Smart Wizard-Detected Option .................................................. 2-11
Contents
v
How to Manually Configure Your Internet Connection ..................................................2-12
Chapter 3
Wireless Configuration
Observe Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines ............................................3-1
Implement Appropriate Wireless Security ......................................................................3-2
Understanding Wireless Settings ...................................................................................3-3
Understanding WEP Authentication and Encryption ................................................3-5
Authentication Scheme Selection ......................................................................3-5
Encryption Strength Choices .............................................................................3-6
Default Factory Settings ...........................................................................................3-6
Before You Change the SSID and WEP Settings ....................................................3-7
How to Set Up and Test Basic Wireless Connectivity ..............................................3-8
How to Restrict Wireless Access by MAC Address .................................................3-9
How to Configure WEP .......................................................................................... 3-11
Chapter 4
Content Filtering
Content Filtering Overview .............................................................................................4-1
Blocking Access to Internet Sites ...................................................................................4-2
Blocking Access to Internet Services .............................................................................4-3
Configuring a User Defined Service .........................................................................4-4
Configuring Services Blocking by IP Address Range ..............................................4-5
Scheduling When Blocking Will Be Enforced .................................................................4-5
Viewing Logs of Web Access or Attempted Web Access ...............................................4-6
Configuring E-Mail Alert and Web Access Log Notifications ..........................................4-7
Chapter 5
Maintenance
Viewing Router Status Information .................................................................................5-1
Viewing a List of Attached Devices .................................................................................5-5
Upgrading the Router Software ......................................................................................5-5
Configuration File Management .....................................................................................5-6
Restoring and Backing Up the Configuration ...........................................................5-7
Erasing the Configuration .........................................................................................5-8
Changing the Administrator Password ...........................................................................5-8
Chapter 6
Advanced Configuration
Configuring Port Forwarding to Local Servers ................................................................6-1
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Contents
Adding a Port Forwarding Custom Service ..............................................................6-2
Editing or Deleting a Port Forwarding Entry .............................................................6-2
Local Web and FTP Server Example .......................................................................6-3
Multiple Computers for Half Life, KALI or Quake III Example ..................................6-3
Configuring WAN Setup Options ....................................................................................6-4
Using a Dynamic DNS Service .......................................................................................6-6
Using LAN IP Setup Options ..........................................................................................6-7
Using the Router as a DHCP server ........................................................................6-8
Using Address Reservation ......................................................................................6-9
How to Configure Static Routes ....................................................................................6-10
Enabling Remote Management Access .......................................................................6-12
Using Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) ........................................................................6-13
Chapter 7
Troubleshooting
Basic Functioning ...........................................................................................................7-1
Power LED Not On ...................................................................................................7-1
LEDs Never Turn Off ................................................................................................7-2
LAN or WAN Port LEDs Not On ...............................................................................7-2
Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface ..........................................................7-3
Troubleshooting the ISP Connection ..............................................................................7-4
Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility .................................................7-5
Testing the LAN Path to Your Router .......................................................................7-5
Testing the Path from Your PC to a Remote Device ................................................7-6
Restoring the Default Configuration and Password ........................................................7-7
Problems with Date and Time .........................................................................................7-7
Appendix A
Technical Specifications
Appendix B
Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics
Related Publications ...................................................................................................... B-1
Basic Router Concepts .................................................................................................. B-1
What is a Router? ................................................................................................... B-2
Routing Information Protocol ................................................................................... B-2
IP Addresses and the Internet ....................................................................................... B-2
Netmask .................................................................................................................. B-4
Contents
vii
Subnet Addressing .................................................................................................. B-5
Private IP Addresses ............................................................................................... B-7
Single IP Address Operation Using NAT ....................................................................... B-8
MAC Addresses and Address Resolution Protocol ................................................. B-9
Related Documents ................................................................................................. B-9
Domain Name Server ............................................................................................ B-10
IP Configuration by DHCP ........................................................................................... B-10
Internet Security and Firewalls .................................................................................... B-10
What is a Firewall? .................................................................................................B-11
Stateful Packet Inspection ...............................................................................B-11
Denial of Service Attack ..................................................................................B-11
Ethernet Cabling .......................................................................................................... B-12
Uplink Switches, Crossover Cables, and MDI/MDIX Switching ............................ B-12
Cable Quality ......................................................................................................... B-13
Appendix C
Preparing Your Network
Preparing Your Computers for TCP/IP Networking ....................................................... C-1
Configuring Windows 95, 98, and Me for TCP/IP Networking ....................................... C-2
Install or Verify Windows Networking Components ................................................. C-2
Enabling DHCP to Automatically Configure TCP/IP Settings ................................. C-4
Selecting Windows’ Internet Access Method .......................................................... C-6
Verifying TCP/IP Properties .................................................................................... C-6
Configuring Windows NT4, 2000 or XP for IP Networking ............................................ C-7
Install or Verify Windows Networking Components ................................................. C-7
DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows XP, 2000, or NT4 ............................... C-8
DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows XP ..................................................... C-8
DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows 2000 ................................................ C-10
DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows NT4 .................................................. C-13
Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Windows XP, 2000, and NT4 .............................. C-15
Configuring the Macintosh for TCP/IP Networking ...................................................... C-16
MacOS 8.6 or 9.x .................................................................................................. C-16
MacOS X ............................................................................................................... C-16
Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Macintosh Computers ......................................... C-17
Verifying the Readiness of Your Internet Account ....................................................... C-18
Are Login Protocols Used? ................................................................................... C-18
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Contents
What Is Your Configuration Information? .............................................................. C-18
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers ....................... C-19
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh Computers ..................... C-20
Restarting the Network ................................................................................................ C-21
Appendix D
Wireless Networking Basics
Wireless Networking Overview ...................................................................................... D-1
Infrastructure Mode ................................................................................................. D-1
Ad Hoc Mode (Peer-to-Peer Workgroup) ................................................................ D-2
Network Name: Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID) ................................ D-2
Authentication and WEP ................................................................................................ D-3
802.11 Authentication .............................................................................................. D-3
Open System Authentication ................................................................................... D-4
Shared Key Authentication ...................................................................................... D-4
Overview of WEP Parameters ................................................................................ D-5
Key Size .................................................................................................................. D-6
WEP Configuration Options .................................................................................... D-7
Wireless Channels ......................................................................................................... D-7
Glossary
List of Glossary Terms ................................................................................................... G-1
Index
Contents
ix
x
Contents
Preface
About This Manual
Congratulations on your purchase of the NETGEAR® Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless
Router. The WGR614 router provides connection for multiple personal computers (PCs) to the
Internet through an external broadband access device (such as a cable modem or DSL modem) that
is normally intended for use by a single PC.
Audience
This reference manual assumes that the reader has basic to intermediate computer and Internet
skills. However, basic computer network, Internet, firewall, and VPN technologies tutorial
information is provided in the Appendices and on the Netgear website.
Typographical Conventions
This guide uses the following typographical conventions:
Conventions
italics
Emphasis.
bold times roman
User input.
courier font
Screen text, user-typed command-line entries.
[Enter]
Named keys in text are shown enclosed in square brackets. The notation [Enter]
is used for the Enter key and the Return key.
[Ctrl]+C
Two or more keys that must be pressed simultaneously are shown in text linked
with a plus (+) sign.
SMALL CAPS
DOS file and directory names.
About This Manual
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Special Message Formats
This guide uses the following formats to highlight special messages:
Note: This format is used to highlight information of importance or special interest.
xii
About This Manual
Chapter 1
Introduction
This chapter describes the features of the NETGEAR Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless
Router.
Key Features of the Router
The Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router with 4-port switch connects your local area
network (LAN) to the Internet through an external access device such as a cable modem or DSL
modem.
The WGR614 router provides you with multiple Web content filtering options, plus browsing
activity reporting and instant alerts -- both via e-mail. Parents and network administrators can
establish restricted access policies based on time-of-day, Website addresses and address keywords,
and share high-speed cable/DSL Internet access for up to 253 personal computers. In addition to
the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature, the built-in firewall protects you from hackers.
With minimum setup, you can install and use the router within minutes.
The WGR614 router provides the following features:
•
802.11g wireless networking, with the ability to operate in 802.11g-only or 802.11b+g modes.
•
•
•
•
Easy, web-based setup for installation and management.
Content Filtering and Site Blocking Security.
Built in 4-port 10/100 Mbps Switch.
Ethernet connection to a wide area network (WAN) device, such as a cable modem or DSL
modem.
Extensive Protocol Support.
Login capability.
Front panel LEDs for easy monitoring of status and activity.
Flash memory for firmware upgrade.
•
•
•
•
Introduction
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
802.11g Wireless Networking
The WGR614 router includes an 802.11g wireless access point, providing continuous, high-speed
54 Mbps access between your wireless and Ethernet devices. The access point provides:
•
802.11g wireless networking at up to 54 Mbps.
•
802.11g wireless networking, with the ability to operate in 802.11g-only or 802.11b+g modes,
providing backwards compatibility with 802.11b devices or dedicating the wireless network to
the higher bandwidth 802.11g 54Mbps devices.
•
64-bit and 128-bit WEP encryption security.
•
WEP keys can be generated manually or by passphrase.
•
Wireless access can be restricted by MAC address.
•
Wireless network name broadcast can be turned off so that only devices that have the network
name (SSID) can connect.
A Powerful, True Firewall with Content Filtering
Unlike simple Internet sharing NAT routers, the WGR614 is a true firewall, using stateful packet
inspection to defend against hacker attacks. Its firewall features include:
•
Denial of Service (DoS) protection.
Automatically detects and thwarts DoS attacks such as Ping of Death, SYN Flood, LAND
Attack, and IP Spoofing.
•
Blocks unwanted traffic from the Internet to your LAN.
•
Blocks access from your LAN to Internet locations or services that you specify as off-limits.
•
Logs security incidents.
The WGR614 will log security events such as blocked incoming traffic, port scans, attacks,
and administrator logins. You can configure the router to email the log to you at specified
intervals. You can also configure the router to send immediate alert messages to your email
address or email pager whenever a significant event occurs.
•
1-2
With its content filtering feature, the WGR614 prevents objectionable content from reaching
your PCs. The router allows you to control access to Internet content by screening for
keywords within Web addresses. You can configure the router to log and report attempts to
access objectionable Internet sites.
Introduction
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Security
The WGR614 router is equipped with several features designed to maintain security, as described
in this section.
•
PCs Hidden by NAT
NAT opens a temporary path to the Internet for requests originating from the local network.
Requests originating from outside the LAN are discarded, preventing users outside the LAN
from finding and directly accessing the PCs on the LAN.
•
Port Forwarding with NAT
Although NAT prevents Internet locations from directly accessing the PCs on the LAN, the
router allows you to direct incoming traffic to specific PCs based on the service port number
of the incoming request, or to one designated “DMZ” host computer. You can specify
forwarding of single ports or ranges of ports.
Autosensing Ethernet Connections with Auto Uplink
With its internal 8-port 10/100 switch, the WGR614 can connect to either a 10 Mbps standard
Ethernet network or a 100 Mbps Fast Ethernet network. Both the LAN and WAN interfaces are
autosensing and capable of full-duplex or half-duplex operation.
The router incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology. Each Ethernet port will automatically sense
whether the Ethernet cable plugged into the port should have a ‘normal’ connection such as to a
PC or an ‘uplink’ connection such as to a switch or hub. That port will then configure itself to the
correct configuration. This feature also eliminates the need to worry about crossover cables, as
Auto Uplink will accommodate either type of cable to make the right connection.
Extensive Protocol Support
The WGR614 router supports the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and
Routing Information Protocol (RIP). For further information about TCP/IP, refer to Appendix B,
“Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics.”
•
IP Address Sharing by NAT
The WGR614 router allows several networked PCs to share an Internet account using only a
single IP address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your Internet service
provider (ISP). This technique, known as NAT, allows the use of an inexpensive single-user
ISP account.
Introduction
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
•
Automatic Configuration of Attached PCs by DHCP
The WGR614 router dynamically assigns network configuration information, including
IP, gateway, and domain name server (DNS) addresses, to attached PCs on the LAN using the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). This feature greatly simplifies configuration
of PCs on your local network.
•
DNS Proxy
When DHCP is enabled and no DNS addresses are specified, the router provides its own
address as a DNS server to the attached PCs. The router obtains actual DNS addresses from
the ISP during connection setup and forwards DNS requests from the LAN.
•
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
PPPoE is a protocol for connecting remote hosts to the Internet over a DSL connection by
simulating a dial-up connection. This feature eliminates the need to run a login program such
as Entersys or WinPOET on your PC.
Easy Installation and Management
You can install, configure, and operate the Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router within
minutes after connecting it to the network. The following features simplify installation and
management tasks:
•
Browser-based management
Browser-based configuration allows you to easily configure your router from almost any type
of personal computer, such as Windows, Macintosh, or Linux. A user-friendly Setup Wizard is
provided and online help documentation is built into the browser-based Web Management
Interface.
•
Smart WizardTM
The WGR614 router Smart Wizard automatically senses the type of Internet connection,
asking you only for the information required for your type of ISP account.
•
Visual monitoring
The WGR614 router’s front panel LEDs provide an easy way to monitor its status and activity.
Maintenance and Support
NETGEAR offers the following features to help you maximize your use of the WGR614 router:
•
Flash memory for firmware upgrade
•
Free technical support seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day
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Introduction
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Package Contents
The product package should contain the following items:
•
•
•
•
Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router.
AC power adapter.
Category 5 (CAT5) Ethernet cable.
Model WGR614 Resource CD, including:
— This guide.
— Application Notes and other helpful information.
•
•
•
WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router Installation Guide.
Registration and Warranty Card.
Support Information Card.
If any of the parts are incorrect, missing, or damaged, contact your NETGEAR dealer. Keep the
carton, including the original packing materials, in case you need to return the router for repair.
Introduction
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
The Router’s Front Panel
The front panel of the WGR614 router contains the status LEDs described below.
Figure 1-1: WGR614 Front Panel
You can use some of the LEDs to verify connections. Viewed from left to right, Table 1-1
describes the LEDs on the front panel of the router. These LEDs are green when lit.
Table 1-1.
Label
LED Descriptions
Activity
Description
On
Off
Power is supplied to the router.
Power is not supplied to the router.
On
Blink
The Internet (Wide Area Network) port has detected a link with an
attached device.
Data is being transmitted or received by the Internet port.
On
Indicates that the Wireless port is initialized.
On (Green)
Blink (Green)
On (Amber)
Blink (Amber)
Off
The Local (LAN) port has detected link with a 100 Mbps device.
Data is being transmitted or received at 100 Mbps.
The Local port has detected link with a 10 Mbps device.
Data is being transmitted or received at 10 Mbps.
No link is detected on this port.
Power
Internet
Wireless
Local
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Introduction
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
The Router’s Rear Panel
The rear panel of the Model RP614 router contains the port connections listed below.
Figure 1-2: WGR614 Rear Panel
Viewed from left to right, the rear panel contains the following features:
•
•
•
•
•
AC power adapter outlet
Four Local (LAN) 10/100 Mbps Ethernet ports for connecting the router to the local PCs
Internet (WAN) Ethernet port for connecting the router to a cable or DSL modem
Factory Default Reset push button
Wireless antenna
Introduction
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
1-8
Introduction
Chapter 2
Connecting the Router to the Internet
This chapter describes how to set up the router on your local area network (LAN) and connect to
the Internet. You will find out how to configure your Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router
for Internet access using the Setup Wizard, or how to manually configure your Internet connection.
What You Will Need Before You Begin
You need to prepare these three things before you begin:
1.
Have active Internet service such as that provided by an cable or DSL broadband account.
2.
Locate the Internet Service Provider (ISP) configuration information for your DSL account.
3.
Connect the router to a cable or DSL modem and a computer as explained below.
Cabling and Computer Hardware Requirements
To use the WGR614 router on your network, each computer must have an installed Ethernet
Network Interface Card (NIC) and an Ethernet cable. If the computer will connect to your network
at 100 Mbps, you must use a Category 5 (Cat 5) cable such as the one provided with your router.
Tip: The power adapter and cord shipped with the WGR614 limits the distance from an
AC outlet. To overcome this, consider using NETGEAR’s POE101 Power Over
Ethernet Adapter with a Category 5 Ethernet cable like the one included with your
WGR614. This adapter sends DC power through an Ethernet cable to enable you to
power your router in a remote location.
Connecting the Router to the Internet
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Computer Network Configuration Requirements
The WGR614 includes a built-in Web Configuration Manager. To access the configuration menus
on the WGR614, your must use a Java-enabled web browser program which supports HTTP
uploads such as Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. NETGEAR recommends
using Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator 4.0 or above. Free browser programs are readily
available for Windows, Macintosh, or UNIX/Linux.
For the initial connection to the Internet and configuration of your router, you will need to connect
a computer to the router which is set to automatically get its TCP/IP configuration from the router
via DHCP.
Note: For help with DHCP configuration, please refer to Appendix C, “Preparing Your Network.
The cable or DSL modem broadband access device must provide a standard 10 Mbps (10BASE-T)
or 100 Mbps (100BASE-Tx) Ethernet interface.
Internet Configuration Requirements
Depending on how your ISP set up your Internet account, you will need one or more of these
configuration parameters to connect your router to the Internet:
• Host and Domain Names
• ISP Login Name and Password
• ISP Domain Name Server (DNS) Addresses
• Fixed IP Address which is also known as Static IP Address
Where Do I Get the Internet Configuration Parameters?
There are several ways you can gather the required Internet connection information.
• Your ISP provides all the information needed to connect to the Internet. If you cannot locate
this information, you can ask your ISP to provide it or you can try one of the options below.
• If you have a computer already connected using the active Internet access account, you can
gather the configuration information from that computer.
— For Windows 95/98/ME, open the Network control panel, select the TCP/IP entry for the
Ethernet adapter, and click Properties. Record all the settings for each tab page.
— For Windows 2000/XP, open the Local Area Network Connection, select the TCP/IP entry
for the Ethernet adapter, and click Properties. Record all the settings for each tab page.
— For Macintosh computers, open the TCP/IP or Network control panel. Record all the
settings for each section.
2-2
Connecting the Router to the Internet
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
•
You may also refer to the GearBox CD for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614 for the
NETGEAR Router ISP Guide which provides Internet connection information for many ISPs.
Once you locate your Internet configuration parameters, you may want to record them on the page
below.
Record Your Internet Connection Information
Print this page. Fill in the configuration parameters from your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
ISP Login Name: The login name and password are case sensitive and must be entered exactly as
given by your ISP. For AOL customers, the login name is their primary screen name. Some ISPs
use your full e-mail address as the login name. The Service Name is not required by all ISPs. If
you connect using a login name and password, then fill in the following:
Login Name: ______________________________
Password: ____________________________
Service Name: _____________________________
Fixed or Static IP Address: If you have a static IP address, record the following information. For
example, 169.254.141.148 could be a valid IP address.
Fixed or Static Internet IP Address: ______ . ______ . ______ . ______
Gateway IP Address: ______ . ______ . ______ . ______
Subnet Mask: ______ . ______ . ______ . ______
ISP DNS Server Addresses: If you were given DNS server addresses, fill in the following:
Primary DNS Server IP Address: ______ . ______ . ______ . ______
Secondary DNS Server IP Address: ______ . ______ . ______ . ______
Host and Domain Names: Some ISPs use a specific host or domain name like CCA7324-A or
home. If you haven’t been given host or domain names, you can use the following examples as a
guide:
• If your main e-mail account with your ISP is [email protected], then use aaa as your host name.
Your ISP might call this your account, user, host, computer, or system name.
• If your ISP’s mail server is mail.xxx.yyy.com, then use xxx.yyy.com as the domain name.
ISP Host Name: _________________________ ISP Domain Name: _______________________
For Wireless Access: For configuration of the wireless network, record the following:
Wireless Network Name (SSID): __________________
Encryption (circle one): WEP 64, or WEP 128
WEP passphrase or key: ____________________
Connecting the Router to the Internet
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Connecting the WGR614
This section provides instructions for connecting the WGR614 router. Also, the Model WGR614
Resource CD included with your router contains an animated Installation Assistant to help you
through this procedure.
Connecting the Router
There are three steps to connecting your router:
1.
2.
3.
Connect the router to your network
Log in to the router
Connect to the Internet
Follow the steps below to connect your router to your network. You can also refer to the GearBox
CD for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614 included with your router which contains an
animated Installation Assistant to help you through this procedure.
1. Connect the router to your network.
a.
Turn off your computer and Cable or DSL Modem.
b.
Disconnect the Ethernet cable (A) from your computer which connects to your cable or
DSL modem.
A
Cable or DSL modem
Figure 2-1: Disconnect the cable or DSL Modem
c.
2-4
Connect the Ethernet cable from your cable or DSL modem to the Internet port (A) on the
WGR614.
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Note: Place the WGR614 router in a location which conforms to the “Observe
Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines” on page 3-1. The stand provided with the
WGR614 provides a convenient, space-saving way of installing the router. Avoid stacking
it on other electronic equipment.
Cable
or DSL modem
A
Figure 2-2: Connect the cable or DSL Modem to the router
d.
Connect the Ethernet cable which came with the router from a Local port on the router (B)
to your computer.
B
Cable or
DSL modem
Figure 2-3: Connect the computers on your network to the router
Note: The WGR614 router incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology. Each LOCAL
Ethernet port will automatically sense if the cable should have a normal connection or an
uplink connection. This feature eliminates the need to worry about crossover cables
because Auto Uplink will make the right connection either type of cable.
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e.
Now, turn on your computer. If software usually logs you in to your Internet connection,
do not run that software or cancel it if it starts automatically.
f.
Verify the following:
When you turn the router on, the power light
The router’s local LAN lights
The router’s Internet light
or DSL modem.
goes on.
are lit for any computers that are connected to it.
is lit, indicating a link has been established to the cable
Note: For wireless placement and range guidelines, and wireless configuration
instructions, please see Chapter 3, “Wireless Configuration.”
2. Log in to the router.
Note: To connect to the router, your computer needs to be configured to obtain an IP address
automatically via DHCP. If you need instructions on how to do this, please refer to
Appendix C, “Preparing Your Network.
a.
Connect to the router by typing http://192.168.0.1 in the address field of Internet Explorer
or Netscape® Navigator.
Figure 2-4: Log in to the router
b.
For security reasons, the router has its own user name and password. When prompted,
enter admin for the router user name and password for the router password, both in lower
case letters.
Note: The router user name and password are not the same as any user name or password
you may use to log in to your Internet connection.
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A login window like the one shown below opens:
Figure 2-5: Login window
3. Connect to the Internet
Figure 2-6: Setup Smart Wizard
You are now connected to the router. If you do not see the menu above, click the Setup
Smart Wizard link on the upper left of the main menu.
b. Click Next and follow the steps in the Setup Smart Wizard for inputting the configuration
parameters from your ISP to connect to the Internet.
Note: If you choose not to use the Setup Smart Wizard, you can manually configure your
Internet connection settings by following the procedure “How to Manually Configure
Your Internet Connection” on page 2-12.
a.
Unless your ISP automatically assigns your configuration automatically via DHCP, you
will need the configuration parameters from your ISP that you recorded in the form,
“Record Your Internet Connection Information” on page 2-3.
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When the router successfully detects an active Internet service, the router’s Internet LED
goes on. The Setup Smart Wizard reports which connection type it discovered, and
displays the appropriate configuration menu. If the Setup Smart Wizard finds no
connection, you will be prompted to check the physical connection between your router
and the cable or DSL line.
d. The Setup Smart Wizard will report the type of connection it finds. The options are:
• Connections which require a login using protocols such as
PPPoE, PPTP, Telstra, or Bigpond broadband connections.
• Connections which use dynamic IP address assignment.
• Connections which use fixed IP address assignment.
The procedures for filling in the configuration menu for each type of connection follow
below.
c.
PPPoE Smart Wizard-Detected Option
If the Setup Smart Wizard discovers that your ISP uses PPPoE, you will see this menu:
Figure 2-7: Setup Smart Wizard menu for PPPoE accounts
•
2-8
Enter the Account Name, Domain Name, Login, and Password as provided by your ISP. These
fields are case sensitive. The router will try to discover the domain automatically if you leave
the Domain Name blank. Otherwise, you may need to enter it manually.
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
•
•
•
•
To change the login timeout, enter a new value in minutes. This determines how long the
router keeps the Internet connection active after there is no Internet activity from the LAN.
Entering a timeout value of zero means never log out.
Note: You no longer need to run the ISP’s login program on your PC in order to access the
Internet. When you start an Internet application, your router will automatically log you in.
If you know that your ISP does not automatically transmit DNS addresses to the router during
login, select “Use these DNS servers” and enter the IP address of your ISP’s Primary DNS
Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is available, enter it also.
Note: If you enter DNS addresses, restart your computers so that these settings take effect.
Click Apply to save your settings.
Click Test to verify that your Internet connection works. If the NETGEAR website does not
appear within one minute, refer to Chapter 7, “Troubleshooting.”
Telstra Bigpond Cable Smart Wizard-Detected Option
If the Setup Wizard discovers Telstra Bigpond Cable is your ISP, you will see this menu:
Figure 2-8: Setup Smart Wizard menu for Telstra Bigpond Cable accounts
•
Enter your Login, Password and Authentication Server. These fields are case sensitive.
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•
•
•
•
Note: You will no longer need to launch the ISP’s login program on your PC in order to access
the Internet. When you start an Internet application, your router will automatically log you in.
The Domain Name Server (DNS) Address parameters may be necessary to access your ISP’s
services such as mail or news servers.
Note: If you enter DNS addresses, restart your computers so that these settings take effect.
Router MAC Address. This section determines the Ethernet MAC address that will be used by
the router on the Internet port. Some ISPs will register the Ethernet MAC address of the
network interface card in your PC when your account is first opened. They will then only
accept traffic from the MAC address of that PC. This feature allows your router to masquerade
as that PC.
To change the MAC address, select “Use this Computer’s MAC address.” The router will then
capture and use the MAC address of the PC that you are now using. You must be using the one
PC that is allowed by the ISP. Or, select “Use this MAC address” and enter it.
Click Apply to save your settings.
Click Test to test your Internet connection. If the NETGEAR website does not appear within
one minute, refer to Chapter 7, “Troubleshooting.
Dynamic IP Smart Wizard-Detected Option
If the Setup Wizard discovers that your ISP uses Dynamic IP assignment, you will see this menu:
Figure 2-9: Setup Smart Wizard menu for Dynamic IP address accounts
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•
•
•
•
Enter your Account Name (may also be called Host Name) and Domain Name. These
parameters may be necessary to access your ISP’s services such as mail or news servers. If you
leave the Domain Name field blank, the router try to discover the domain. Otherwise, you may
need to enter it manually.
If you know that your ISP does not automatically transmit DNS addresses to the router during
login, select Use these DNS servers and enter the IP address of your ISP’s Primary DNS
Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is available, enter it also.
Note: If you enter DNS addresses, restart your computers so that these settings take effect.
Click Apply to save your settings.
Click Test to test your Internet connection. If the NETGEAR website does not appear within
one minute, refer to Chapter 7, “Troubleshooting.”
Fixed IP Account Smart Wizard-Detected Option
If the Setup Wizard discovers that your ISP uses Fixed IP assignment, you will see this menu:
Figure 2-10: Setup Smart Wizard menu for Fixed IP address accounts
•
•
•
Fixed IP is also called Static IP. Enter your assigned IP Address, Subnet Mask, and the IP
Address of your ISP’s gateway router. This information should have been provided to you by
your ISP. Refer to the configuration parameters from your ISP you recorded in “Record Your
Internet Connection Information” on page 2-3.
Enter the IP address of your ISP’s Primary and Secondary DNS Server addresses.
Note: Restart the computers on your network so that these settings take effect.
Click Apply to save the settings.
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•
Click Test to test your Internet connection. If the NETGEAR website does not appear within
one minute, refer to Chapter 7, “Troubleshooting.”
How to Manually Configure Your Internet Connection
You can manually configure your router using the menu below, or you can allow the Setup Wizard
to determine your configuration as described in the previous section.
ISP Does Not Require Login
ISP Does Require Login
Figure 2-11: Browser-based configuration Basic Settings menus
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You can manually configure the router using the Basic Settings menu shown in Figure 2-11 using
these steps:
1.
Click the Basic Settings link on the Setup menu.
2.
If your Internet connection does not require a login, click No at the top of the Basic Settings
menu and fill in the settings according to the instructions below. If your Internet connection
does require a login, click Yes, and skip to step 3.
a.
Enter your Account Name (may also be called Host Name) and Domain Name.
These parameters may be necessary to access your ISP’s services such as mail or news
servers.
b.
Internet IP Address:
If your ISP has assigned you a permanent, fixed (static) IP address for your PC, select
“Use static IP address”. Enter the IP address that your ISP assigned. Also enter the
netmask and the Gateway IP address. The Gateway is the ISP’s router to which your router
will connect.
c.
Domain Name Server (DNS) Address:
If you know that your ISP does not automatically transmit DNS addresses to the router
during login, select “Use these DNS servers” and enter the IP address of your ISP’s
Primary DNS Server. If a Secondary DNS Server address is available, enter it also.
Note: If you enter an address here, restart the computers on your network so that these
settings take effect.
d.
Gateway’s MAC address:
This section determines the Ethernet MAC address that will be used by the router on the
Internet port. Some ISPs will register the Ethernet MAC address of the network interface
card in your PC when your account is first opened. They will then only accept traffic from
the MAC address of that PC. This feature allows your router to masquerade as that PC by
“cloning” its MAC address.
To change the MAC address, select “Use this Computer’s MAC address.” The router will
then capture and use the MAC address of the PC that you are now using. You must be
using the one PC that is allowed by the ISP. Or, select “Use this MAC address” and enter
it.
e.
3.
Click Apply to save your settings.
If your Internet connection does require a login, fill in the settings according to the instructions
below. Select Yes if you normally must launch a login program such as Enternet or WinPOET
in order to access the Internet.
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Note: After you finish setting up your router, you will no longer need to launch the ISP’s login
program on your PC in order to access the Internet. When you start an Internet application,
your router will automatically log you in.
a.
Select you Internet service provisory from the drop-down list.
Figure 2-12: Basic Settings ISP list
b.
The screen will change according to the ISP settings requirements of the ISP you select.
c.
Fill in the parameters for your ISP according to the Wizard-detected procedures starting on
page 2-3.
d.
Click Apply to save your settings.
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Chapter 3
Wireless Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure the wireless features of your WGR614 router. In planning
your wireless network, you should consider the level of security required. You should also select
the physical placement of your firewall in order to maximize the network speed. For further
information on wireless networking, refer to in Appendix D, “Wireless Networking Basics.
Observe Performance, Placement, and Range Guidelines
The operating distance or range of your wireless connection can vary significantly based on the
physical placement of the wireless firewall. The latency, data throughput performance, and
notebook power consumption of wireless adapters also vary depending on your configuration
choices.
Note: Failure to follow these guidelines can result in significant performance
degradation or inability to wirelessly connect to the router. For complete range/
performance specifications, please see Appendix A, “Technical Specifications.”
For best results, place your firewall:
•
•
•
•
Near the center of the area in which your PCs will operate.
In an elevated location such as a high shelf where the wirelessly connected PCs have
line-of-sight access (even if through walls).
Away from sources of interference, such as PCs, microwaves, and 2.4 GHz cordless phones.
Away from large metal surfaces.
The time it takes to establish a wireless connection can vary depending on both your security
settings and placement. WEP connections can take slightly longer to establish. Also, WEP
encryption can consume more battery power on a notebook PC.
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Implement Appropriate Wireless Security
Note: Indoors, computers can connect over 802.11b/g wireless networks at
ranges of up to 500 feet. Such distances can allow for others outside of your
immediate area to access your network.
Unlike wired network data, your wireless data transmissions can be received well beyond your
walls by anyone with a compatible adapter. For this reason, use the security features of your
wireless equipment. The WGR614 router provides highly effective security features which are
covered in detail in this chapter. Deploy the security features appropriate to your needs.
WGR614
Wireless Data
Security Options
Range: Up to 500 Feet
1) Open System: Easy but no security
2) MAC Access List: No data security
3) WEP: Security but some performance impact
Figure 3-1: WGR614 wireless data security options
There are several ways you can enhance the security of you wireless network.
•
•
•
3-2
Restrict Access Based on MAC address. You can restrict access to only trusted PCs o that
unknown PCs cannot wirelessly connect to the WGR614. MAC address filtering adds an
obstacle against unwanted access to your network, but the data broadcast over the wireless link
is fully exposed.
Turn Off the Broadcast of the Wireless Network Name SSID. If you disable broadcast of
the SSID, only devices that have the correct SSID can connect. This nullifies the wireless
network ‘discovery’ feature of some products such as Windows XP, but the data is still fully
exposed to a determined snoop using specialized test equipment like wireless sniffers.
WEP. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) data encryption provides data security. WEP Shared
Key authentication and WEP data encryption will block all but the most determined
eavesdropper.
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
•
Turn Off the Wired LAN. If you disable the wireless LAN, wireless devices cannot
communicate with the router at all. You might choose to turn off the wireless the LAN when
you are away and the others in the household all use wired connections.
Understanding Wireless Settings
To configure the Wireless settings of your firewall, click the Wireless link in the main menu of the
browser interface. The Wireless Settings menu will appear, as shown below.
Figure 3-2: Wireless Settings menu
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The 802.11b and 802.11g wireless networking protocols are configured in exactly the same
fashion.
•
Name (SSID). The SSID is also known as the wireless network name. Enter a value of up to
32 alphanumeric characters. In a setting where there is more than one wireless network,
different wireless network names provide a means for separating the traffic. Any device you
want to participate in a particular wireless network will need to use this SSID for that network.
The WGR614 default SSID is: NETGEAR.
•
Region. This field identifies the region where the WGR614 can be used. It may not be legal to
operate the wireless features of the router in a region other than one of those identified in this
field.
•
Channel. This field determines which operating frequency will be used. It should not be
necessary to change the wireless channel unless you notice interference problems with another
nearby access point. For more information on the wireless channel frequencies please refer to
“Wireless Channels” on page D-7.
•
Mode. This field determines which data communications protocol will be used. You can select
“g only” or “g and b.” “g only” dedicates the WGR614 to communicating with the higher
bandwidth 802.11g wireless devices exclusively. The “g and b” mode provides backward
compatibility with the slower 802.11b wireless devices while still enabling 802.11g
communications.
•
Allow Broadcast of Name (SSID). If you disable broadcast of the SSID, only devices that
have the correct SSID can connect. Disabling SSID broadcast nullifies the wireless network
‘discovery’ feature of some products such as Windows XP.
•
Enable Wireless Access Point. If you disable the wireless access point, wireless devices
cannot connect to the WGR614.
•
Wireless Card Access List. When the Trusted PCs Only radio button is selected, the
WGR614 checks the MAC address of the wireless station and only allows connections to PCs
identified on the trusted PCs list.
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Understanding WEP Authentication and Encryption
Restricting wireless access to your network prevents intruders from connecting to your network.
However, the wireless data transmissions are still vulnerable to snooping. Using the WEB data
encryption settings described below will prevent a determined intruder from eavesdropping on
your wireless data communications. Also, if you are using the Internet for such activities as
purchases or banking, those Internet sites use another level of highly secure encryption called SSL.
You can tell if a web site is using SSL because the web address begins with HTTPS rather than
HTTP.
Authentication Scheme Selection
Figure 3-3: Encryption Strength
The WGR614 lets you select the following wireless authentication schemes.
•
•
•
Automatic.
Open System.
Shared key.
Note: The authentication scheme is separate from the data encryption. You can
choose an authentication scheme which requires a shared key but still leave the
data transmissions unencrypted. If you require strong security, use both the
Shared Key and WEP encryption settings.
Be sure to set your wireless adapter according to the authentication scheme you choose for the
WGR614 router. Please refer to “Authentication and WEP” on page D-3 for a full explanation of
each of these options, as defined by the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication standard.
Encryption Strength Choices
Choose the encryption strength from the drop-down list. Please refer to “Overview of WEP
Parameters” on page D-5 for a full explanation of each of these options, as defined by the IEEE
802.11 wireless communication standard.
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•
Disable. No encryption will be applied. This setting is useful for troubleshooting your wireless
connection, but leaves your wireless data fully exposed.
•
64-bit or 128-bit WEP. When 64-bit or 128-bit is selected, WEP encryption will be applied.
If WEP is enabled, you can manually or automatically program the four data encryption keys.
These values must be identical on all PCs and access points in your network.
There are two methods for creating WEP encryption keys:
•
Passphrase. Enter a word or group of printable characters in the Passphrase box and click the
Generate button. These characters are case sensitive.
•
Manual. For 64-bit WEP, enter 10 hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9, a-f, or A-F).
For 128-bit WEP, enter 26 hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9, a-f, or A-F). These
values are not case sensitive.
Default Factory Settings
When you first receive your WGR614, the default factory settings are shown below. You can
restore these defaults with the Factory Default Restore button on the rear panel. After you install
the WGR614 router, use the procedures below to customize any of the settings to better meet your
networking needs.
FEATURE
Wireless Access Point
Wireless Access List (MAC Filtering)
SSID broadcast
SSID
11b/g RF Channel
Mode
Authentication Type
WEP
3-6
DEFAULT FACTORY SETTINGS
Enabled
All wireless stations allowed
Enabled
NETGEAR
11
g and b
Open System
Disabled
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Before You Change the SSID and WEP Settings
Before customizing your wireless settings, print this form and record the following information. If
your working with an existing wireless network, the person who set up or is responsible for the
network will be able to provide this information. Otherwise, you will choose the settings for your
wireless network. Either way, record the settings for your wireless network in the spaces below.
•
Network Name (SSID): The Service Set Identification (SSID), called the wireless
network name in Windows XP, identifies the wireless network. You may use up to 32
alphanumeric characters. Record your customized SSID on the line below.
Name (SSID):______________________________
Note: The SSID in the router is the SSID you configure in the wireless adapter card. For
the access point and wireless nodes to communicate with each other, all must be
configured with the same SSID.
•
Authentication. The authentication setting, “Open System” or “Shared Key,” is unrelated
to encryption of transmissions. The two bands can use different authentication settings.
Choose “Shared Key” for more security, circle one: Open System or Shared Key
Note: If you select shared key, the other devices in the network will not connect unless
they are set to Shared Key as well.
•
WEP Encryption Strength. Choose the key size. Circle one: 64 or 128 bits.
•
WEP Encryption Keys.
There are two methods for creating WEP encryption keys:
–
Passphrase. ______________________________ Enter a word or group of printable
characters. These characters are case sensitive. When you enter the Passphrase and
click the Generate button on the WGR614, the keys will be generated.
–
Manual. For 64-bit WEP, enter 10 hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9 or a-f).
These values are not case sensitive. For 128-bit WEP, enter 26 hexadecimal digits.
Whichever method you use, record the key values in the spaces below.
Key 1: ___________________________________
Key 2: ___________________________________
Key 3: ___________________________________
Key 4: ___________________________________
Use the procedures described in the following sections to configure the WGR614. Store this
information in a safe place.
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How to Set Up and Test Basic Wireless Connectivity
Follow the instructions below to set up and test basic wireless connectivity. Once you have
established basic wireless connectivity, you can enable security settings appropriate to your needs.
1.
Log in to the WGR614 firewall at its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with its
default user name of admin and default password of password, or using whatever LAN
address and password you have set up.
2.
Click the Wireless Settings link in the main menu of the WGR614 firewall.
Figure 3-4: Wireless Settings menu
3.
Choose a suitable descriptive name for the wireless network name (SSID). In the SSID box,
enter a value of up to 32 alphanumeric characters. The default SSID is NETGEAR.
Note: The SSID of any wireless access adapters must match the SSID you configure in the
Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router. If they do not match, you will not get a wireless
connection to the WGR614.
4.
Set the Region. Select the region in which the wireless interface will operate.
5.
Set the Channel. The default channel is 11.
This field determines which operating frequency will be used. It should not be necessary to
change the wireless channel unless you notice interference problems with another nearby
wireless router or access point. Select a channel that is not being used by any other wireless
networks within several hundred feet of your firewall. For more information on the wireless
channel frequencies please refer to “Wireless Channels” on page D-7.
6.
For initial configuration and test, leave the Wireless Card Access List set to “Everyone” and
the Encryption Strength set to “Disabled.”
7.
Click Apply to save your changes.
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Note: If you are configuring the firewall from a wireless PC and you change the
firewall’s SSID, channel, or security settings, you will lose your wireless connection
when you click on Apply. You must then change the wireless settings of your PC to
match the firewall’s new settings.
8.
Configure and test your PCs for wireless connectivity.
Program the wireless adapter of your PCs to have the same SSID and channel that you
configured in the router. Check that they have a wireless link and are able to obtain an IP
address by DHCP from the firewall.
Once your PCs have basic wireless connectivity to the firewall, then you can configure the
advanced wireless security functions of the firewall.
How to Restrict Wireless Access by MAC Address
To restrict access based on MAC addresses, follow these steps:
1.
Log in to the WGR614 firewall at its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with its
default user name of admin and default password of password, or using whatever LAN
address and password you have set up.
Note: When configuring the firewall from a wireless PC whose MAC address is not in
the Trusted PC list, if you select Turn Access Control On, you will lose your wireless
connection when you click on Apply. You must then access the router from a wired PC
or from a wireless PC which is on the access control list to make any further changes.
2.
Click the Wireless Settings link in the main menu of the WGR614 firewall.
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3.
From the Wireless Settings menu, click the Setup Access List button to display the Wireless
Access menu shown below.
Figure 3-5: Wireless Card Access List Setup
4.
Click Add to add a wireless device to the wireless access control list. The Available Wireless
Cards list displays.
5.
Click the Turn Access Control On check box.
6.
Then, either select from the list of available wireless cards the WGR614 has found in your
area, or enter the MAC address and device name for a device you plan to use. You can usually
find the MAC address printed on the wireless adapter.
Note: You can copy and paste the MAC addresses from the firewall’s Attached Devices menu
into the MAC Address box of this menu. To do this, configure each wireless PC to obtain a
wireless link to the firewall. The PC should then appear in the Attached Devices menu.
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7.
Click Add to add this wireless device to the Wireless Card Access List. The screen changes
back to the list screen. Repeat these steps for each additional device you wish to add to the list.
8.
Be sure to click Apply to save your wireless access control list settings.
Now, only devices on this list will be allowed to wirelessly connect to the WGR614.
How to Configure WEP
To configure WEP data encryption, follow these steps:
Note: If you use a wireless PC configure WEP settings, you will be disconnected when
you click on Apply. You must then either configure your wireless adapter to match the
router WEP settings or access the router from a wired PC to make any further changes.
Log in to the WGR614 firewall at its default LAN address of http://192.168.0.1 with its
default user name of admin and default password of password, or using whatever LAN
address and password you have set up.
2. Click the Wireless Settings link in the main menu of the WGR614 firewall.
3. From the Security Encryption menu drop-down list, select the WEP encryption strength you
will use.
1.
Figure 3-6.
4.
Wireless Settings encryption menu
You can manually or automatically program the four data encryption keys. These values must
be identical on all PCs and Access Points in your network.
• Automatic - Enter a word or group of printable characters in the Passphrase box and click
the Generate button. The four key boxes will be automatically populated with key values.
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•
Manual - Enter ten hexadecimal digits (any combination of 0-9, a-f, or A-F)
Select which of the four keys will be active.
Please refer to “Overview of WEP Parameters” on page D-5 for a full explanation of each of
these options, as defined by the IEEE 802.11 wireless communication standard.
5. Click Apply to save your settings.
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Chapter 4
Content Filtering
This chapter describes how to use the content filtering features of the Model WGR614 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router to protect your network. These features can be found by clicking on the Content
Filtering heading in the Main Menu of the browser interface.
Content Filtering Overview
The Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router provides you with Web content filtering options,
plus browsing activity reporting and instant alerts via e-mail. Parents and network administrators
can establish restricted access policies based on time-of-day, web addresses and web address
keywords. You can also block Internet access by applications and services, such as chat or games.
To configure these features of your router, click on the subheadings under the Content Filtering
heading in the Main Menu of the browser interface. The subheadings are described below:
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Blocking Access to Internet Sites
The WGR614 router allows you to restrict access based on web addresses and web address
keywords. Up to 255 entries are supported in the Keyword list. The Block Sites menu is shown in
Figure 4-1 below:
Figure 4-1: Block Sites menu
To enable keyword blocking, select either “Per Schedule” or “Always”, then click Apply. If you
want to block by schedule, be sure that a time period is specified in the Schedule menu.
To add a keyword or domain, type it in the Keyword box, click Add Keyword, then click Apply.
To delete a keyword or domain, select it from the list, click Delete Keyword, then click Apply.
Keyword application examples:
•
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If the keyword "XXX" is specified, the URL <http://www.badstuff.com/xxx.html> is blocked.
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•
If the keyword “.com” is specified, only websites with other domain suffixes (such as .edu or
.gov) can be viewed.
•
If you wish to block all Internet browsing access during a scheduled period, enter the keyword
“.” and set the schedule in the Schedule menu.
To specify a Trusted User, enter that PC’s IP address in the Trusted User box and click Apply. You
may specify one Trusted User, which is a PC that will be exempt from blocking and logging. Since
the Trusted User will be identified by an IP address, you should configure that PC with a fixed IP
address.
Blocking Access to Internet Services
The WGR614 router allows you to block the use of certain Internet services by PCs on your
network. This is called services blocking or port filtering. The Block Services menu is shown
below:
Figure 4-2: Block Services menu
Services are functions performed by server computers at the request of client computers. For
example, Web servers serve web pages, time servers serve time and date information, and game
hosts serve data about other players’ moves. When a computer on your network sends a request for
service to a server computer on the Internet, the requested service is identified by a service or port
number. This number appears as the destination port number in the transmitted IP packets. For
example, a packet that is sent with destination port number 80 is an HTTP (Web server) request.
To enable service blocking, select either Per Schedule or Always, then click Apply. If you want to
block by schedule, be sure that a time period is specified in the Schedule menu.
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To specify a service for blocking, click Add. The Add Services menu will appear, as shown below:
Figure 4-3: Add Services menu
From the Service Type list, select the application or service to be allowed or blocked. The list
already displays several common services, but you are not limited to these choices. To add any
additional services or applications that do not already appear, select User Defined.
Configuring a User Defined Service
To define a service, first you must determine which port number or range of numbers is used by
the application. The service numbers for many common protocols are defined by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) and published in RFC1700, “Assigned Numbers.” Service
numbers for other applications are typically chosen from the range 1024 to 65535 by the authors of
the application. This information can usually be determined by contacting the publisher of the
application or from user groups of newsgroups.
Enter the Starting Port and Ending Port numbers. If the application uses a single port number, enter
that number in both boxes.
If you know that the application uses either TCP or UDP, select the appropriate protocol. If you are
not sure, select Both.
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Configuring Services Blocking by IP Address Range
Under “Filter Services For”, you can block the specified service for a single PC, a range of PCs
(having consecutive IP addresses), or all PCs on your network.
Scheduling When Blocking Will Be Enforced
The WGR614 router allows you to specify when blocking will be enforced. The Schedule menu is
shown below:
Figure 4-4: Schedule menu
Use this check boxes on this menu to create a schedule for blocking content. Click Apply.
•
Days to Block. Select days to block by checking the appropriate boxes. Select Everyday to
check the boxes for all days. Click Apply.
•
Time of Day to Block. Select a start and end time in 23:59 format. Select All day for 24 hour
blocking. Click Apply.
Note: Be sure to select your time zone in the E-Mail menu.
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Viewing Logs of Web Access or Attempted Web Access
The log is a detailed record of what websites you have accessed or attempted to access. Up to 128
entries are stored in the log. Log entries will only appear when keyword blocking is enabled, and
no log entries will be made for the Trusted User. An example is shown below:
Figure 4-5: Logs menu
Log entries are described in Table 4-1
Table 4-1.
Log entry descriptions
Field
Description
Number
The index number of the content filter log entries. 128 entries
are available numbered from 0 to 127. The log will keep the
record of the latest 128 entries.
Date and Time
The date and time the log entry was recorded.
Source IP
The IP address of the initiating device for this log entry.
Action
This field displays whether the access was blocked or allowed.
The name or IP address of the website or newsgroup visited or
attempted to access.
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Log action buttons are described in Table 4-2
Table 4-2.
Log action buttons
Field
Description
Refresh
Click this button to refresh the log screen.
Clear Log
Click this button to clear the log entries.
Send Log
Click this button to email the log immediately.
Configuring E-Mail Alert and Web Access Log Notifications
In order to receive logs and alerts by email, you must provide your email information in the E-Mail
menu, shown below:
Figure 4-6: Email menu
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•
Turn e-mail notification on
Check this box if you wish to receive e-mail logs and alerts from the router.
• Your outgoing mail server
Enter the name of your ISP’s outgoing (SMTP) mail server (such as mail.myISP.com). You
may be able to find this information in the configuration menu of your e-mail program. If you
leave this box blank, log and alert messages will not be sent via e-mail.
• Send to this e-mail address
Enter the e-mail address to which logs and alerts are sent. This e-mail address will also be used
as the From address. If you leave this box blank, log and alert messages will not be sent via
e-mail.
You can specify that logs are automatically sent to the specified e-mail address with these options:
• Send alert immediately
Check this box if you would like immediate notification of attempted access to a blocked site.
• Send logs according to this schedule
Specifies how often to send the logs: None, Hourly, Daily, Weekly, or When Full.
– Day for sending log. Specifies which day of the week to send the log. Relevant when the
log is sent weekly or daily.
– Time for sending log. Specifies the time of day to send the log. Relevant when the log is
sent daily or weekly.
If the Weekly, Daily or Hourly option is selected and the log fills up before the specified
period, the log is automatically e-mailed to the specified e-mail address. After the log is sent,
the log is cleared from the router’s memory. If the router cannot e-mail the log file, the log
buffer may fill up. In this case, the router overwrites the log and discards its contents. If you
don't want logs sent, select None from the list in the Send Logs According To This Schedule
area. When you turn on e-mail notification and choose None in the Send Logs According to
this Schedule list, the alert is sent but not the log.
The WGR614 router uses the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to obtain the current time and date
from one of several Network Time Servers on the Internet. In order to localize the time for your
log entries, you must specify your Time Zone:
• Time Zone. Select your local time zone. This setting will be used for the blocking schedule
and for time-stamping log entries.
• Daylight Savings Time. Check this box if your time zone is currently under daylight savings
time.
Note: If your region uses Daylight Savings Time, you must manually select Adjust for
Daylight Savings Time on the first day of Daylight Savings Time, and unselect it at the
end. Enabling Daylight Savings Time will cause one hour to be added to the standard time.
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Chapter 5
Maintenance
This chapter describes how to use the maintenance features of your Model WGR614 Cable/DSL
Wireless Router. These features can be found by clicking on the Maintenance heading in the Main
Menu of the browser interface.
Viewing Router Status Information
The Router Status menu provides a limited amount of status and usage information. From the
Main Menu of the browser interface, click on Maintenance, then select System Status to view the
System Status screen, shown below.
Figure 5-1: Router Status screen
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This screen shows the following parameters:
Table 5-1.
Menu 3.2 - Router Status Fields
Field
Description
Account Name
This field displays the Host Name assigned to the router.
Firmware Version
This field displays the router firmware version.
Internet Port
These parameters apply to the Internet (WAN) port of the router.
MAC Address
This field displays the Media Access Control address being used by the
Internet (WAN) port of the router.
IP Address
This field displays the IP address being used by the Internet (WAN) port
of the router. If no address is shown, the router cannot connect to the
Internet.
IP Subnet Mask
This field displays the IP Subnet Mask being used by the Internet (WAN)
port of the router.
DHCP
If set to None, the router is configured to use a fixed IP address on the
WAN.
If set to Client, the router is configured to obtain an IP address
dynamically from the ISP.
LAN Port
MAC Address
This field displays the Media Access Control address being used by the
LAN port of the router.
IP Address
This field displays the IP address being used by the Local (LAN) port of
the router. The default is 192.168.0.1
DHCP
Identifies if the router’s built-in DHCP server is active for the LAN
attached devices.
IP Subnet Mask
This field displays the IP Subnet Mask being used by the Local (LAN)
port of the router. The default is 255.255.255.0
Wireless Port
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These parameters apply to the Local (WAN) port of the router.
These parameters apply to the Wireless port of the router.
MAC Address
This field displays the Media Access Control address being used by the
Wireless port of the router.
Name (SSID)
This field displays the wireless network name (SSID) being used by the
wireless port of the router. The default is Wireless.
Region
This field displays the geographic region where the router being used. It
may be illegal to use the wireless features of the router in some parts of
the world.
Channel
Identifies if the channel the wireless port is using. See “Wireless
Channels” on page D-7 for the frequencies used on each channel.
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Click on the “Show WAN Status” button to display the WAN status, as shown below.
Figure 5-2: Connection Status screen
This screen shows the following statistics:.
Table 5-1.
Connection Status Fields
Field
Description
Connection Time
The length of time the router has been connected to your Internet service provider’s
network.
Connection Method The method used to obtain an IP address from your Internet service provider.
IP Address
The WAN (Internet) IP Address assigned to the router.
Network Mask
The WAN (Internet) Subnet Mask assigned to the router.
Default Gateway
The WAN (Internet) default gateway the router communicates with.
WAN Status action buttons are described in Table 5-2
Table 5-2.
Show WAN Status action buttons
Field
Description
Renew
Click the Renew button to renew the DHCP lease.
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Click on the “Show Statistics” button to display router usage statistics, as shown below.
Figure 5-3: Router Statistics screen
This screen shows the following statistics:
Table 5-1.
Router Statistics Fields
Field
Description
Port
The statistics for the WAN (Internet) and LAN (local) ports. For each port, the screen
displays:
Status
The link status of the port.
TxPkts
The number of packets transmitted on this port since reset or manual clear.
RxPkts
The number of packets received on this port since reset or manual clear.
Collisions
The number of collisions on this port since reset or manual clear.
Tx B/s
The current transmission (outbound) bandwidth used on the WAN and LAN ports.
Rx B/s
The current reception (inbound) bandwidth used on the WAN and LAN ports.
Up Time
The amount of time since the router was last restarted.
Up Time
The time elapsed since this port acquired the link.
Poll Interval
Specifies the intervals at which the statistics are updated in this window. Click on Stop
to freeze the display.
Show Statistics action buttons are described in Table 5-2
Table 5-2.
Show Statistics action buttons
Field
Description
Set Interval
Enter a time and click the button to set the polling frequency.
Stop
Click the Stop button to freeze the polling information.
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Viewing a List of Attached Devices
The Attached Devices menu contains a table of all IP devices that the router has discovered on the
local network. From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading,
select Attached Devices to view the table, shown below.
Figure 5-4: Attached Devices menu
For each device, the table shows the IP address, NetBIOS Host Name (if available), and Ethernet
MAC address. Note that if the router is rebooted, the table data is lost until the router rediscovers
the devices. To force the router to look for attached devices, click the Refresh button.
Upgrading the Router Software
The routing software of the WGR614 router is stored in FLASH memory, and can be upgraded as
new software is released by NETGEAR. Upgrade files can be downloaded from Netgear's website.
If the upgrade file is compressed (.ZIP file), you must first extract the binary (.BIN) file before
sending it to the router. The upgrade file can be sent to the router using your browser.
Note: The Web browser used to upload new firmware into the WGR614 router must support
HTTP uploads. NETGEAR recommends using Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator
4.0 or above.
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From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Router
Upgrade heading to display the menu shown below.
Figure 5-5: Router Upgrade menu
To upload new firmware:
1.
Download and unzip the new software file from NETGEAR.
2.
In the Router Upgrade menu, click the Browse button and browse to the location of the binary
(.BIN) upgrade file
3.
Click Upload.
Note: When uploading software to the WGR614 router, it is important not to interrupt the Web
browser by closing the window, clicking a link, or loading a new page. If the browser is
interrupted, it may corrupt the software. When the upload is complete, your router will
automatically restart. The upgrade process will typically take about one minute.
In some cases, you may need to reconfigure the router after upgrading.
Configuration File Management
The configuration settings of the WGR614 router are stored within the router in a configuration
file. This file can be saved (backed up) to a user’s PC, retrieved (restored) from the user’s PC, or
cleared to factory default settings.
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From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select the Settings
Backup heading to bring up the menu shown below.
Figure 5-6: Settings Backup menu
Three options are available, and are described in the following sections.
Restoring and Backing Up the Configuration
The Restore and Backup options in the Settings Backup menu allow you to save and retrieve a file
containing your router’s configuration settings.
To save your settings, select the Backup tab. Click the Backup button. Your browser will extract
the configuration file from the router and will prompt you for a location on your PC to store the
file. You can give the file a meaningful name at this time, such as pacbell.cfg.
To restore your settings from a saved configuration file, enter the full path to the file on your PC or
click the Browse button to browse to the file. When you have located it, click the Restore button to
send the file to the router. The router will then reboot automatically.
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Erasing the Configuration
It is sometimes desirable to restore the router to the factory default settings. This can be done by
using the Erase function, which will restore all factory settings. After an erase, the router's
password will be password, the LAN IP address will be 192.168.0.1, and the router's DHCP client
will be enabled.
To erase the configuration, click the Erase button.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the login password or IP
address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. See “Restoring the
Default Configuration and Password” on page 7-7.
Changing the Administrator Password
The default password for the router’s Web Configuration Manager is password. Netgear
recommends that you change this password to a more secure password.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under the Maintenance heading, select Set
Password to bring up the menu shown below.
Figure 5-7: Set Password menu
To change the password, first enter the old password, and then enter the new password twice. Click
Apply.
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Maintenance
Chapter 6
Advanced Configuration
This chapter describes how to configure the advanced features of your Model WGR614 Cable/
DSL Wireless Router. These features can be found under the Advanced heading in the Main Menu
of the browser interface.
Configuring Port Forwarding to Local Servers
Although the router causes your entire local network to appear as a single machine to the Internet,
you can make a local server (for example, a web server or game server) visible and available to the
Internet. This is done using the Port Forwarding menu. From the Main Menu of the browser
interface, under Advanced, click on Port Forwarding to view the port forwarding menu, shown
below.
Figure 6-1: Port Forwarding Menu
.
Note: If you are unfamiliar with networking and routing, refer to Appendix B,
“Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics,” to become more familiar with the terms and
procedures used in this manual.
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Use the Port Forwarding menu to configure the router to forward incoming protocols to computers
on your local network. In addition to servers for specific applications, you can also specify a
Default DMZ Server to which all other incoming protocols are forwarded. The DMZ Server is
configured in the Security Menu.
Before starting, you'll need to determine which type of service, application or game you'll provide
and the IP address of the computer that will provide each service. Be sure the computer’s IP
address never changes. To configure port forwarding to a local server:
1.
From the Service Name box, select the service or game that you will host on your network.
If the service does not appear in the list, refer to the following section, “Adding a Port
Forwarding Custom Service”.
2.
Enter the IP address of the local server in the corresponding Server IP Address box.
3.
Click the Add button.
Adding a Port Forwarding Custom Service
To define a service, game or application that does not appear in the Service Name list, you must
determine what port numbers are used by the service. For this information, you may need to
contact the manufacturer of the program that you wish to use. When you have the port number
information, follow these steps:
1.
Click the Add Custom Service button.
2.
Enter the first port number in an unused Starting Port box.
3.
To forward only one port, enter it again in the Ending Port box. To specify a range of ports,
enter the last port to be forwarded in the End Port box.
4.
Enter the IP address of the local server in the corresponding Server IP Address box.
5.
Type a name for the service.
6.
Click Apply at the bottom of the menu.
Editing or Deleting a Port Forwarding Entry
To edit or delete a Port Forwarding entry, follow these steps.
1.
In the table, select the button next to the service name.
2.
Click Edit or Delete.
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Local Web and FTP Server Example
If a local PC with a private IP address of 192.168.0.33 acts as a Web and FTP server, configure the
Ports menu to forward HTTP (port 80) and FTP (port 21) to local address 192.168.0.33
In order for a remote user to access this server from the Internet, the remote user must know the IP
address that has been assigned by your ISP. If this address is 172.16.1.23, for example, an Internet
user can access your Web server by directing the browser to http://172.16.1.23. The assigned IP
address can be found in the Maintenance Status Menu, where it is shown as the WAN IP Address.
Some considerations for this application are:
•
If your account’s IP address is assigned dynamically by your ISP, the IP address may change
periodically as the DHCP lease expires.
•
If the IP address of the local PC is assigned by DHCP, it may change when the PC is rebooted.
To avoid this, you can manually configure the PC to use a fixed address.
•
Local PCs must access the local server using the PCs’ local LAN address (192.168.0.33 in this
example). Attempts by local PCs to access the server using the external IP address
(172.16.1.23 in this example) will fail.
Multiple Computers for Half Life, KALI or Quake III Example
To set up an additional computer to play Half Life, KALI or Quake III:
1.
Click the button of an unused port in the table.
2.
Select the game again from the Service Name list.
3.
Change the beginning port number in the Start Port box.
For these games, use the supplied number in the default listing and add +1 for each additional
computer. For example, if you've already configured one computer to play Hexen II (using
port 26900), the second computer's port number would be 26901, and the third computer
would be 26902.
4.
Type the same port number in the End Port box that you typed in the Start Port box.
5.
Type the IP address of the additional computer in the Server IP Address box.
6.
Click Apply.
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Some online games and videoconferencing applications are incompatible with NAT. The WGR614
router is programmed to recognize some of these applications and to work properly with them, but
there are other applications that may not function well. In some cases, one local PC can run the
application properly if that PC’s IP address is entered as the default in the PORTS Menu. If one
local PC acts as a game or videoconferencing host, enter its IP address as the default.
Configuring WAN Setup Options
The WAN Setup options let you configure a DMZ server, change the MTU size and enable the
router to respond to a Ping on the WAN port. These options are discussed below.
Figure 6-2: WAN Setup menu.
•
Connect Automatically, as Required
Normally, this option should be Enabled, so that an Internet connection will be made
automatically, whenever Internet-bound traffic is detected. In locations where Internet access
is billed by the minute, if this causes high connection costs, you can disable this setting.
If disabled, you must connect manually, using the sub-screen accessed from the Router Status
menu “Show WAN Status” screen.
•
Disable SPI Firewall
Normally, this option should be Enabled, so that your local network will be protected by the
Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) firewall included in the WGR614. However, certain
communications functions like VPN may require turning off the SPI feature.
•
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Setting Up a Default DMZ Server
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
The default DMZ server feature is helpful when using some online games and
videoconferencing applications that are incompatible with NAT. The router is programmed to
recognize some of these applications and to work properly with them, but there are other
applications that may not function well. In some cases, one local PC can run the application
properly if that PC’s IP address is entered as the default DMZ server.
Note: DMZ servers pose a security risk. A computer designated as the default DMZ
server loses much of the protection of the firewall, and is exposed to exploits from the
Internet. If compromised, the DMZ server can be used to attack your network.
Incoming traffic from the Internet is normally discarded by the router unless the traffic is a
response to one of your local computers or a service that you have configured in the Ports menu.
Instead of discarding this traffic, you can have it forwarded to one computer on your network. This
computer is called the Default DMZ Server.
The WAN Setup menu, shown below lets you configure a Default DMZ Server.
To assign a computer or server to be a Default DMZ server, follow these steps:
Click WAN Setup link on the Advanced section of the main menu.
Type the IP address for that server. To remove the default DMZ server, replace the IP address
numbers with all zeros.
3. Click Apply.
1.
2.
•
Respond to Ping on Internet WAN Port
If you want the router to respond to a 'ping' from the Internet, click the ‘Respond to Ping on
Internet WAN Port’ check box. This should only be used as a diagnostic tool, since it allows
your router to be discovered. Don't check this box unless you have a specific reason to do so.
•
Setting the MTU Size
The default MTU size is usually fine. The normal MTU (Maximum Transmit Unit) value for
most Ethernet networks is 1500 Bytes. For some ISPs, particularly some using PPPoE, you
may need to reduce the MTU. This should not be done unless you are sure it is necessary for
your ISP.
Any packets sent through the router that are larger than the configured MTU size will be
repackaged into smaller packets to meet the MTU requirement. To change the MTU size:
Under MTU Size, enter a new size between 64 and 1500. Then, click Apply to save the new
configuration.
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Using a Dynamic DNS Service
If your network has a permanently assigned IP address, you can register a domain name and have
that name linked with your IP address by public Domain Name Servers (DNS). However, if your
Internet account uses a dynamically assigned IP address, you will not know in advance what your
IP address will be, and the address can change frequently. In this case, you can use a commercial
dynamic DNS service which will allow you to register your domain to their IP address, and will
forward traffic directed at your domain to whatever your current IP address happens to be.
Note: If your ISP assigns a private WAN IP address (such as 192.168.x.x or 10.x.x.x),
the dynamic DNS service will not work because private addresses will not be routed on
the Internet.
The router contains a client that can connect to many popular dynamic DNS services. You can
select one of these services and obtain an account with them. Then, whenever your ISP-assigned
IP address changes, your router will automatically contact your dynamic DNS service provider,
log in to your account, and register your new IP address.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Dynamic DNS. To
configure Dynamic DNS:
1.
Register for an account with one of the dynamic DNS service providers whose names appear
in the ‘Select Service Provider’ box. For example, for dyndns.org, go to www.dyndns.org.
2.
Select the Use a Dynamic DNS service check box.
3.
Select the name of your dynamic DNS Service Provider.
4.
Type the Host Name (or domain name) that your dynamic DNS service provider gave you.
5.
Type the User Name for your dynamic DNS account.
6.
Type the Password (or key) for your dynamic DNS account.
7.
If your dynamic DNS provider allows the use of wildcards in resolving your URL, you may
select the Use wildcards check box to activate this feature.
For example, the wildcard feature will cause *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same
IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org
8.
Click Apply to save your configuration.
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Using LAN IP Setup Options
The LAN IP Setup feature is under the Advanced heading of the main menu. This feature allows
configuration of LAN IP services such as DHCP and RIP. From the Main Menu of the browser
interface, under Advanced, click on LAN IP Setup to view the LAN IP Setup menu, shown below.
Figure 6-3: LAN IP Setup Menu
The router is shipped preconfigured to use private IP addresses on the LAN side, and to act as a
DHCP server. The router’s default LAN IP configuration is:
•
•
LAN IP addresses—192.168.0.1
Subnet mask—255.255.255.0
These addresses are part of the IETF-designated private address range for use in private networks,
and should be suitable in most applications. If your network has a requirement to use a different IP
addressing scheme, you can make those changes in this menu.
The LAN IP parameters are:
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•
IP Address
This is the LAN IP address of the router.
•
IP Subnet Mask
This is the LAN Subnet Mask of the router. Combined with the IP address, the IP Subnet Mask
allows a device to know which other addresses are local to it, and which must be reached
through a gateway or router.
•
RIP Direction
RIP (Router Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers. The RIP Direction selection controls how the router sends and receives RIP packets.
Both is the default.
— When set to Both or Out Only, the router will broadcast its routing table periodically.
— When set to Both or In Only, it will incorporate the RIP information that it receives.
— When set to None, it will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets
received.
•
RIP Version
This controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the router sends.
(It recognizes both formats when receiving.) By default, this is set for RIP-1.
— RIP-1 is universally supported. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you
have an unusual network setup.
— RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-2B uses subnet broadcasting.
Note: If you change the LAN IP address of the router while connected through the
browser, you will be disconnected. You may need to restart your computer for the new IP
address setting to take effect.
Using the Router as a DHCP server
By default, the router will function as a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server,
allowing it to assign IP, DNS server, and default gateway addresses to all computers connected to
the router's LAN. The assigned default gateway address is the LAN address of the router. IP
addresses will be assigned to the attached PCs from a pool of addresses specified in this menu.
Each pool address is tested before it is assigned to avoid duplicate addresses on the LAN.
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
For most applications, the default DHCP and TCP/IP settings of the router are satisfactory. See “IP
Configuration by DHCP” on page B-10 for an explanation of DHCP and information about how to
assign IP addresses for your network.
If another device on your network will be the DHCP server, or if you will manually configure the
network settings of all of your computers, clear the ‘Use router as DHCP server’ check box.
Otherwise, leave it checked.
Specify the pool of IP addresses to be assigned by setting the Starting IP Address and Ending IP
Address. These addresses should be part of the same IP address subnet as the router’s LAN IP
address. Using the default addressing scheme, you should define a range between 192.168.0.2 and
192.168.0.253, although you may wish to save part of the range for devices with fixed addresses.
The router will deliver the following parameters to any LAN device that requests DHCP:
•
An IP Address from the range you have defined
•
Subnet Mask
•
Gateway IP Address (the router’s LAN IP address)
•
Primary DNS Server (if you entered a Primary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu;
otherwise, the router’s LAN IP address)
•
Secondary DNS Server (if you entered a Secondary DNS address in the Basic Settings menu
Using Address Reservation
When you specify a reserved IP address for a PC on the LAN, that PC will always receive the
same IP address each time it access the router’s DHCP server. Reserved IP addresses should be
assigned to servers that require permanent IP settings.
To reserve an IP address:
1.
Click the Add button.
2.
In the IP Address box, type the IP address to assign to the PC or server.
(choose an IP address from the router’s LAN subnet, such as 192.168.0.X)
3.
Type the MAC Address of the PC or server.
(Tip: If the PC is already present on your network, you can copy its MAC address from the
Attached Devices menu and paste it here.)
4.
Click Apply to enter the reserved address into the table.
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Note: The reserved address will not be assigned until the next time the PC contacts the router's
DHCP server. Reboot the PC or access its IP configuration and force a DHCP release and renew.
To edit or delete a reserved address entry:
1.
Click the button next to the reserved address you want to edit or delete.
2.
Click Edit or Delete.
How to Configure Static Routes
Static Routes provide additional routing information to your router. Under normal circumstances,
the router has adequate routing information after it has been configured for Internet access, and
you do not need to configure additional static routes. You must configure static routes only for
unusual cases such as multiple routers or multiple IP subnets located on your network.
From the Main Menu of the browser interface, under Advanced, click on Static Routes to view the
Static Route menu, shown below.
Figure 6-4.
Static Route Summary Table
To add or edit a Static Route:
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
1.
Click the Add button to open the Add/Edit Menu, shown below.
Figure 6-5.
Static Route Entry and Edit Menu
2.
Type a route name for this static route in the Route Name box under the table.
(This is for identification purpose only.)
3.
Select Private if you want to limit access to the LAN only. The static route will not be reported
in RIP.
4.
Select Active to make this route effective.
5.
Type the Destination IP Address of the final destination.
6.
Type the IP Subnet Mask for this destination.
If the destination is a single host, type 255.255.255.255.
7.
Type the Gateway IP Address, which must be a router on the same LAN segment as the router.
8.
Type a number between 1 and 15 as the Metric value.
This represents the number of routers between your network and the destination. Usually, a
setting of 2 or 3 works, but if this is a direct connection, set it to 1.
9.
Click Apply to have the static route entered into the table.
As an example of when a static route is needed, consider the following case:
•
Your primary Internet access is through a cable modem to an ISP.
•
You have an ISDN router on your home network for connecting to the company where
you are employed. This router’s address on your LAN is 192.168.0.100.
•
Your company’s network is 134.177.0.0.
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When you first configured your router, two implicit static routes were created. A default route was
created with your ISP as the gateway, and a second static route was created to your local network
for all 192.168.0.x addresses. With this configuration, if you attempt to access a device on the
134.177.0.0 network, your router will forward your request to the ISP. The ISP forwards your
request to the company where you are employed, and the request will likely be denied by the
company’s firewall.
In this case you must define a static route, telling your router that 134.177.0.0 should be accessed
through the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100. The static route would look like Figure 6-5.
In this example:
•
The Destination IP Address and IP Subnet Mask fields specify that this static route applies to
all 134.177.0.x addresses.
•
The Gateway IP Address fields specifies that all traffic for these addresses should be
forwarded to the ISDN router at 192.168.0.100.
•
A Metric value of 1 will work since the ISDN router is on the LAN.
•
Private is selected only as a precautionary security measure in case RIP is activated.
Enabling Remote Management Access
Using the Remote Management page, you can allow a user or users on the Internet to configure,
upgrade and check the status of your WGR614 router.
Note: Be sure to change the router's default configuration password to a very secure
password. The ideal password should contain no dictionary words from any language,
and should be a mixture of letters (both upper and lower case), numbers, and symbols.
Your password can be up to 30 characters.
To configure your router for Remote Management:
1.
Select the Turn Remote Management On check box.
2.
Specify what external addresses will be allowed to access the router’s remote management.
Note: For enhanced security, restrict access to as few external IP addresses as practical.
a.
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To allow access from any IP address on the Internet, select Everyone.
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
3.
b.
To allow access from a range of IP addresses on the Internet, select IP address range.
Enter a beginning and ending IP address to define the allowed range.
c.
To allow access from a single IP address on the Internet, select Only this PC.
Enter the IP address that will be allowed access.
Specify the Port Number that will be used for accessing the management interface.
Web browser access normally uses the standard HTTP service port 80. For greater security,
you can change the remote management web interface to a custom port by entering that
number in the box provided. Choose a number between 1024 and 65535, but do not use the
number of any common service port. The default is 8080, which is a common alternate for
HTTP.
4.
Click Apply to have your changes take effect.
Note: When accessing your router from the Internet, you will type your router's WAN IP address
into your browser's Address (in IE) or Location (in Netscape) box, followed by a colon (:) and the
custom port number. For example, if your external address is 134.177.0.123 and you use port
number 8080, you must enter http://134.177.0.123:8080 in your browser.
Using Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) helps devices, such as Internet appliances and computers,
access the network and connect to other devices as needed. UPnP devices can
automatically discover the services from other registered UPnP devices on the network.
Figure 6-6.
UPnP Menu
Advanced Configuration
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Turn UPnP On: UPnP can be enabled or disabled for automatic device configuration. The default
setting for UPnP is enabled. If disabled, the router will not allow any device to automatically
control the resources, such as port forwarding (mapping), of the router.
Advertisement Period: The Advertisement Period is how often the router will broadcast its UPnP
information. This value can range from 1 to 1440 minutes. The default period is 30 minutes.
Shorter durations will ensure that control points have current device status at the expense of
additional network traffic. Longer durations may compromise the freshness of the device status but
can significantly reduce network traffic.
Advertisement Time To Live: The time to live for the advertisement is measured in hops (steps)
for each UPnP packet sent. The time to live hop count is the number of steps a broadcast packet is
allowed to propagate for each UPnP advertisement before it disappears. The number of hops can
range from 1 to 255. The default value for the advertisement time to live is 4 hops, which should
be fine for most home networks. If you notice that some devices are not being updated or reached
correctly, then it may be necessary to increase this value a little.
UPnP Portmap Table: The UPnP Portmap Table displays the IP address of each UPnP device that
is currently accessing the router and which ports (Internal and External) that device has opened.
The UPnP Portmap Table also displays what type of port is opened and if that port is still active for
each IP address.
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Advanced Configuration
Chapter 7
Troubleshooting
This chapter gives information about troubleshooting your Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless
Router. After each problem description, instructions are provided to help you diagnose and solve
the problem.
Basic Functioning
After you turn on power to the router, the following sequence of events should occur:
1.
When power is first applied, verify that the Power LED
2.
After approximately 10 seconds, verify that:
is on.
a.
The Test LED is not lit.
b.
The LAN port LEDs are lit for any local ports that are connected.
c.
The WAN port LED is lit.
If a port’s LED is lit, a link has been established to the connected device. If a LAN port is
connected to a 100 Mbps device, verify that the port’s LED is green. If the port is 10 Mbps, the
LED will be amber.
If any of these conditions does not occur, refer to the appropriate following section.
Power LED Not On
If the Power and other LEDs are off when your router is turned on:
•
Make sure that the power cord is properly connected to your router and that the power supply
adapter is properly connected to a functioning power outlet.
•
Check that you are using the 12 V DC 800mA power adapter supplied by NETGEAR for this
product.
If the error persists, you have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
Troubleshooting
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LEDs Never Turn Off
When the router is turned on, the LEDs turns on for about 10 seconds and then turn off. If all the
LEDs stay on, there is a fault within the router.
If all LEDs are still on one minute after power up:
•
Cycle the power to see if the router recovers.
•
Clear the router’s configuration to factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 7-7.
If the error persists, you might have a hardware problem and should contact technical support.
LAN or WAN Port LEDs Not On
If either the LAN LEDs or WAN LED do not light when the Ethernet connection is made, check
the following:
•
Make sure that the Ethernet cable connections are secure at the router and at the hub or
workstation.
•
Make sure that power is turned on to the connected hub or workstation.
•
Be sure you are using the correct cable:
— When connecting the router’s WAN port to a cable or DSL modem, use the cable that was
supplied with the cable or DSL modem. This cable could be a standard straight-through
Ethernet cable or an Ethernet crossover cable.
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Troubleshooting the Web Configuration Interface
If you are unable to access the router’s Web Configuration interface from a PC on your local
network, check the following:
•
Check the Ethernet connection between the PC and the router as described in the previous
section.
•
Make sure your PC’s IP address is on the same subnet as the router. If you are using the
recommended addressing scheme, your PC’s address should be in the range of 192.168.0.2 to
192.168.0.254. Refer to “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on page C-6 or “Verifying TCP/IP
Properties for Macintosh Computers” on page C-17 to find your PC’s IP address. Follow the
instructions in Appendix C to configure your PC.
Note: If your PC’s IP address is shown as 169.254.x.x: Recent versions of Windows and
MacOS will generate and assign an IP address if the computer cannot reach a DHCP server.
These auto-generated addresses are in the range of 169.254.x.x. If your IP address is in this
range, check the connection from the PC to the router and reboot your PC.
•
If your router’s IP address has been changed and you don’t know the current IP address, clear
the router’s configuration to factory defaults. This will set the router’s IP address to
192.168.0.1. This procedure is explained in “Restoring the Default Configuration and
Password” on page 7-7.
•
Make sure your browser has Java, JavaScript, or ActiveX enabled. If you are using Internet
Explorer, click Refresh to be sure the Java applet is loaded.
•
Try quitting the browser and launching it again.
•
Make sure you are using the correct login information. The factory default login name is
admin and the password is password. Make sure that CAPS LOCK is off when entering this
information.
If the router does not save changes you have made in the Web Configuration Interface, check the
following:
•
When entering configuration settings, be sure to click the APPLY button before moving to
another menu or tab, or your changes are lost.
•
Click the Refresh or Reload button in the Web browser. The changes may have occurred, but
the Web browser may be caching the old configuration.
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Troubleshooting the ISP Connection
If your router is unable to access the Internet, you should first determine whether the router is able
to obtain a WAN IP address from the ISP. Unless you have been assigned a static IP address, your
router must request an IP address from the ISP. You can determine whether the request was
successful using the Web Configuration Manager.
To check the WAN IP address:
1.
Launch your browser and select an external site such as www.netgear.com
2.
Access the Main Menu of the router’s configuration at http://192.168.0.1
3.
Under the Maintenance heading, select Router Status
4.
Check that an IP address is shown for the WAN Port
If 0.0.0.0 is shown, your router has not obtained an IP address from your ISP.
If your router is unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, you may need to force your cable or
DSL modem to recognize your new router by performing the following procedure:
1.
Turn off power to the cable or DSL modem.
2.
Turn off power to your router.
3.
Wait five minutes and reapply power to the cable or DSL modem.
4.
When the modem’s LEDs indicate that it has reacquired sync with the ISP, reapply power to
your router.
If your router is still unable to obtain an IP address from the ISP, the problem may be one of the
following:
•
Your ISP may require a login program.
Ask your ISP whether they require PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) or some other type of login.
•
If your ISP requires a login, you may have incorrectly set the login name and password.
•
Your ISP may check for your PC's host name.
Assign the PC Host Name of your ISP account as the Account Name in the Basic Settings
menu.
•
Your ISP only allows one Ethernet MAC address to connect to Internet, and may check for
your PC’s MAC address. In this case:
Inform your ISP that you have bought a new network device, and ask them to use the router’s
MAC address.
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OR
Configure your router to spoof your PC’s MAC address. This can be done in the Basic Settings
menu. Refer to “How to Manually Configure Your Internet Connection” on page 2-12.
If your router can obtain an IP address, but your PC is unable to load any web pages from the
Internet:
•
Your PC may not recognize any DNS server addresses.
A DNS server is a host on the Internet that translates Internet names (such as www addresses)
to numeric IP addresses. Typically your ISP will provide the addresses of one or two DNS
servers for your use. If you entered a DNS address during the router’s configuration, reboot
your PC and verify the DNS address as described in “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on
page C-6. Alternatively, you may configure your PC manually with DNS addresses, as
explained in your operating system documentation.
•
Your PC may not have the router configured as its TCP/IP gateway.
If your PC obtains its information from the router by DHCP, reboot the PC and verify the
gateway address as described in “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on page C-6.
Troubleshooting a TCP/IP Network Using a Ping Utility
Most TCP/IP terminal devices and routers contain a ping utility that sends an echo request packet
to the designated device. The device then responds with an echo reply. Troubleshooting a TCP/IP
network is made very easy by using the ping utility in your PC or workstation.
Testing the LAN Path to Your Router
You can ping the router from your PC to verify that the LAN path to your router is set up correctly.
To ping the router from a PC running Windows 95 or later:
1.
From the Windows toolbar, click on the Start button and select Run.
2.
In the field provided, type Ping followed by the IP address of the router, as in this example:
ping 192.168.0.1
3.
Click on OK.
You should see a message like this one:
Pinging <IP address> with 32 bytes of data
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If the path is working, you see this message:
Reply from < IP address >: bytes=32 time=NN ms TTL=xxx
If the path is not working, you see this message:
Request timed out
If the path is not functioning correctly, you could have one of the following problems:
•
Wrong physical connections
— Make sure the LAN port LED is on. If the LED is off, follow the instructions in “LAN
or WAN Port LEDs Not On” on page 7-2.
— Check that the corresponding Link LEDs are on for your network interface card and
for the hub ports (if any) that are connected to your workstation and router.
•
Wrong network configuration
— Verify that the Ethernet card driver software and TCP/IP software are both installed
and configured on your PC or workstation.
— Verify that the IP address for your router and your workstation are correct and that the
addresses are on the same subnet.
Testing the Path from Your PC to a Remote Device
After verifying that the LAN path works correctly, test the path from your PC to a remote device.
From the Windows run menu, type:
PING -n 10 <IP address>
where <IP address> is the IP address of a remote device such as your ISP’s DNS server.
If the path is functioning correctly, replies as in the previous section are displayed. If you do not
receive replies:
— Check that your PC has the IP address of your router listed as the default gateway. If the IP
configuration of your PC is assigned by DHCP, this information will not be visible in your
PC’s Network Control Panel. Verify that the IP address of the router is listed as the default
gateway as described in “Verifying TCP/IP Properties” on page C-6.
— Check to see that the network address of your PC (the portion of the IP address specified
by the netmask) is different from the network address of the remote device.
— Check that your cable or DSL modem is connected and functioning.
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— If your ISP assigned a host name to your PC, enter that host name as the Account Name in
the Basic Settings menu.
— Your ISP could be rejecting the Ethernet MAC addresses of all but one of your PCs. Many
broadband ISPs restrict access by only allowing traffic from the MAC address of your
broadband modem, but some ISPs additionally restrict access to the MAC address of a
single PC connected to that modem. If this is the case, you must configure your router to
“clone” or “spoof” the MAC address from the authorized PC. Refer to “How to Manually
Configure Your Internet Connection” on page 2-12.
Restoring the Default Configuration and Password
This section explains how to restore the factory default configuration settings, changing the
router’s administration password to password and the IP address to 192.168.0.1. You can erase the
current configuration and restore factory defaults in two ways:
•
Use the Erase function of the router (see “Erasing the Configuration” on page 5-8).
•
Use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router. Use this method for cases when
the administration password or IP address is not known.
To restore the factory default configuration settings without knowing the administration password
or IP address, you must use the Default Reset button on the rear panel of the router.
1.
Press and hold the Default Reset button until the Test LED turns on (about 10 seconds).
2.
Release the Default Reset button and wait for the router to reboot.
Problems with Date and Time
The E-Mail menu in the Content Filtering section displays the current date and time of day. The
WGR614 router uses the Network Time Protocol (NTP) to obtain the current time from one of
several Network Time Servers on the Internet. Each entry in the log is stamped with the date and
time of day. Problems with the date and time function can include:
•
Date shown is January 1, 2000. Cause: The router has not yet successfully reached a Network
Time Server. Check that your Internet access settings are configured correctly. If you have just
completed configuring the router, wait at least five minutes and check the date and time again.
•
Time is off by one hour. Cause: The router does not automatically sense Daylight Savings
Time. In the E-Mail menu, check or uncheck the box marked “Adjust for Daylight Savings
Time”.
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Troubleshooting
Appendix A
Technical Specifications
This appendix provides technical specifications for the Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless
Router.
Network Protocol and Standards Compatibility
Data and Routing Protocols:
TCP/IP, RIP-1, RIP-2, DHCP
PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)
Power Adapter
North America:
120V, 60 Hz, input
United Kingdom, Australia:
240V, 50 Hz, input
Europe:
230V, 50 Hz, input
Japan:
100V, 50/60 Hz, input
All regions (output):
12 V DC @ 800 mA output, 22W maximum
Physical Specifications
Dimensions:
28 x 175 x 118 mm (1.1 x 6.89 x 4.65 in.)
Weight:
0.3 kg (0.66 lb)
Environmental Specifications
Operating temperature:
0° to 40° C
Operating humidity:
90% maximum relative humidity, noncondensing
Technical Specifications
(32º to 104º F)
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
Electromagnetic Emissions
Meets requirements of:
FCC Part 15 Class B
VCCI Class B
EN 55 022 (CISPR 22), Class B
Interface Specifications
LAN:
10BASE-T or 100BASE-Tx, RJ-45
WAN:
10BASE-T, RJ-45
Wireless
Radio Data Rates
1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps
Auto Rate Sensing
Frequency
2.4-2.5Ghz
Data Encoding:
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
Maximum Computers Per
Wireless Network:
Limited by the amount of wireless network traffic generated
by each node. Typically 30-70 nodes.
Operating Frequency Ranges:
2.412~2.462 GHz (US)
2.457~2.462 GHz (Spain)
2.412~2.484 GHz (Japan)
2.457~2.472 GHz (France)
2.412~2.472 GHz (Europe ETSI)
Encryption:
40-bits (also called 64-bits), 128-bits WEP data encryption
A-2
Technical Specifications
Appendix B
Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics
This chapter provides an overview of IP networks, routing, and networking.
Related Publications
As you read this document, you may be directed to various RFC documents for further
information. An RFC is a Request For Comment (RFC) published by the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), an open organization that defines the architecture and operation of the Internet.
The RFC documents outline and define the standard protocols and procedures for the Internet. The
documents are listed on the World Wide Web at www.ietf.org and are mirrored and indexed at
many other sites worldwide.
Basic Router Concepts
Large amounts of bandwidth can be provided easily and relatively inexpensively in a local area
network (LAN). However, providing high bandwidth between a local network and the Internet can
be very expensive. Because of this expense, Internet access is usually provided by a slower-speed
wide-area network (WAN) link such as a cable or DSL modem. In order to make the best use of the
slower WAN link, a mechanism must be in place for selecting and transmitting only the data traffic
meant for the Internet. The function of selecting and forwarding this data is performed by a router.
Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics
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What is a Router?
A router is a device that forwards traffic between networks based on network layer information in
the data and on routing tables maintained by the router. In these routing tables, a router builds up a
logical picture of the overall network by gathering and exchanging information with other routers
in the network. Using this information, the router chooses the best path for forwarding network
traffic.
Routers vary in performance and scale, number of routing protocols supported, and types of
physical WAN connection they support. The Model WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router is a
small office router that routes the IP protocol over a single-user broadband connection.
Routing Information Protocol
One of the protocols used by a router to build and maintain a picture of the network is the Routing
Information Protocol (RIP). Using RIP, routers periodically update one another and check for
changes to add to the routing table.
The WGR614 router supports both the older RIP-1 and the newer RIP-2 protocols. Among other
improvements, RIP-2 supports subnet and multicast protocols. RIP is not required for most home
applications.
IP Addresses and the Internet
Because TCP/IP networks are interconnected across the world, every machine on the Internet must
have a unique address to make sure that transmitted data reaches the correct destination. Blocks of
addresses are assigned to organizations by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
Individual users and small organizations may obtain their addresses either from the IANA or from
an Internet service provider (ISP). You can contact IANA at www.iana.org.
The Internet Protocol (IP) uses a 32-bit address structure. The address is usually written in dot
notation (also called dotted-decimal notation), in which each group of eight bits is written in
decimal form, separated by decimal points.
For example, the following binary address:
11000011
00100010
00001100
00000111
is normally written as:
195.34.12.7
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The latter version is easier to remember and easier to enter into your computer.
In addition, the 32 bits of the address are subdivided into two parts. The first part of the address
identifies the network, and the second part identifies the host node or station on the network. The
dividing point may vary depending on the address range and the application.
There are five standard classes of IP addresses. These address classes have different ways of
determining the network and host sections of the address, allowing for different numbers of hosts
on a network. Each address type begins with a unique bit pattern, which is used by the TCP/IP
software to identify the address class. After the address class has been determined, the software
can correctly identify the host section of the address. The follow figure shows the three main
address classes, including network and host sections of the address for each address type.
Class A
Network
Node
Class B
Network
Node
Class C
Network
Node
7261
Figure 7-1: Three Main Address Classes
The five address classes are:
•
Class A
Class A addresses can have up to 16,777,214 hosts on a single network. They use an eight-bit
network number and a 24-bit node number. Class A addresses are in this range:
1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x.
•
Class B
Class B addresses can have up to 65,354 hosts on a network. A Class B address uses a 16-bit
network number and a 16-bit node number. Class B addresses are in this range:
128.1.x.x to 191.254.x.x.
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•
Class C
Class C addresses can have 254 hosts on a network. Class C addresses use 24 bits for the
network address and eight bits for the node. They are in this range:
192.0.1.x to 223.255.254.x.
•
Class D
Class D addresses are used for multicasts (messages sent to many hosts). Class D addresses are
in this range:
224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
•
Class E
Class E addresses are for experimental use.
This addressing structure allows IP addresses to uniquely identify each physical network and each
node on each physical network.
For each unique value of the network portion of the address, the base address of the range (host
address of all zeros) is known as the network address and is not usually assigned to a host. Also,
the top address of the range (host address of all ones) is not assigned, but is used as the broadcast
address for simultaneously sending a packet to all hosts with the same network address.
Netmask
In each of the address classes previously described, the size of the two parts (network address and
host address) is implied by the class. This partitioning scheme can also be expressed by a netmask
associated with the IP address. A netmask is a 32-bit quantity that, when logically combined (using
an AND operator) with an IP address, yields the network address. For instance, the netmasks for
Class A, B, and C addresses are 255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0, and 255.255.255.0, respectively.
For example, the address 192.168.170.237 is a Class C IP address whose network portion is the
upper 24 bits. When combined (using an AND operator) with the Class C netmask, as shown here,
only the network portion of the address remains:
11000000
10101000
10101010
11101101 (192.168.170.237)
11111111
11111111
00000000 (255.255.255.0)
10101000
10101010
00000000 (192.168.170.0)
combined with:
11111111
Equals:
11000000
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As a shorter alternative to dotted-decimal notation, the netmask may also be expressed in terms of
the number of ones from the left. This number is appended to the IP address, following a backward
slash (/), as “/n.” In the example, the address could be written as 192.168.170.237/24, indicating
that the netmask is 24 ones followed by 8 zeros.
Subnet Addressing
By looking at the addressing structures, you can see that even with a Class C address, there are a
large number of hosts per network. Such a structure is an inefficient use of addresses if each end of
a routed link requires a different network number. It is unlikely that the smaller office LANs would
have that many devices. You can resolve this problem by using a technique known as subnet
addressing.
Subnet addressing allows us to split one IP network address into smaller multiple physical
networks known as subnetworks. Some of the node numbers are used as a subnet number instead.
A Class B address gives us 16 bits of node numbers translating to 64,000 nodes. Most
organizations do not use 64,000 nodes, so there are free bits that can be reassigned. Subnet
addressing makes use of those bits that are free, as shown below.
Class B
Network
Subnet
Node
7262
Figure 7-2: Example of Subnetting a Class B Address
A Class B address can be effectively translated into multiple Class C addresses. For example, the
IP address of 172.16.0.0 is assigned, but node addresses are limited to 255 maximum, allowing
eight extra bits to use as a subnet address. The IP address of 172.16.97.235 would be interpreted as
IP network address 172.16, subnet number 97, and node number 235. In addition to extending
the number of addresses available, subnet addressing provides other benefits. Subnet addressing
allows a network manager to construct an address scheme for the network by using different
subnets for other geographical locations in the network or for other departments in the
organization.
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Although the preceding example uses the entire third octet for a subnet address, note that you are
not restricted to octet boundaries in subnetting. To create more network numbers, you need only
shift some bits from the host address to the network address. For instance, to partition a Class C
network number (192.68.135.0) into two, you shift one bit from the host address to the network
address. The new netmask (or subnet mask) is 255.255.255.128. The first subnet has network
number 192.68.135.0 with hosts 192.68.135.1 to 129.68.135.126, and the second subnet has
network number 192.68.135.128 with hosts 192.68.135.129 to 192.68.135.254.
Note: The number 192.68.135.127 is not assigned because it is the broadcast address
of the first subnet. The number 192.68.135.128 is not assigned because it is the network
address of the second subnet.
The following table lists the additional subnet mask bits in dotted-decimal notation. To use the
table, write down the original class netmask and replace the 0 value octets with the dotted-decimal
value of the additional subnet bits. For example, to partition your Class C network with subnet
mask 255.255.255.0 into 16 subnets (4 bits), the new subnet mask becomes 255.255.255.240.
Table 7-1.
Netmask Notation Translation Table for One Octet
Number of Bits Dotted-Decimal Value
1
128
2
192
3
224
4
240
5
248
6
252
7
254
8
255
The following table displays several common netmask values in both the dotted-decimal and the
masklength formats.
Table 7-2.
Netmask Formats
Dotted-Decimal
Masklength
255.0.0.0
/8
255.255.0.0
/16
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Table 7-2.
Netmask Formats
255.255.255.0
/24
255.255.255.128
/25
255.255.255.192
/26
255.255.255.224
/27
255.255.255.240
/28
255.255.255.248
/29
255.255.255.252
/30
255.255.255.254
/31
255.255.255.255
/32
Configure all hosts on a LAN segment to use the same netmask for the following reasons:
•
So that hosts recognize local IP broadcast packets
When a device broadcasts to its segment neighbors, it uses a destination address of the local
network address with all ones for the host address. In order for this scheme to work, all devices
on the segment must agree on which bits comprise the host address.
•
So that a local router or bridge recognizes which addresses are local and which are remote
Private IP Addresses
If your local network is isolated from the Internet (for example, when using NAT), you can assign
any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the IANA has reserved the following
three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Choose your private network number from this range. The DHCP server of the WGR614 router is
preconfigured to automatically assign private addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines explained here. For more information about address assignment, refer to RFC 1597,
Address Allocation for Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP
Address Space. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) publishes RFCs on its Web site at
www.ietf.org.
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Single IP Address Operation Using NAT
In the past, if multiple PCs on a LAN needed to access the Internet simultaneously, you had to
obtain a range of IP addresses from the ISP. This type of Internet account is more costly than a
single-address account typically used by a single user with a modem, rather than a router. The
WGR614 router employs an address-sharing method called Network Address Translation (NAT).
This method allows several networked PCs to share an Internet account using only a single IP
address, which may be statically or dynamically assigned by your ISP.
The router accomplishes this address sharing by translating the internal LAN IP addresses to a
single address that is globally unique on the Internet. The internal LAN IP addresses can be either
private addresses or registered addresses. For more information about IP address translation, refer
to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
The following figure illustrates a single IP address operation.
Private IP addresses
assigned by user
IP addresses
assigned by ISP
192.168.0.2
192.168.0.3
192.168.0.1
172.21.15.105
Internet
192.168.0.4
192.168.0.5
7786EA
Figure 7-3: Single IP Address Operation Using NAT
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This scheme offers the additional benefit of firewall-like protection because the internal LAN
addresses are not available to the Internet through the translated connection. All incoming
inquiries are filtered out by the router. This filtering can prevent intruders from probing your
system. However, using port forwarding, you can allow one PC (for example, a Web server) on
your local network to be accessible to outside users.
MAC Addresses and Address Resolution Protocol
An IP address alone cannot be used to deliver data from one LAN device to another. To send data
between LAN devices, you must convert the IP address of the destination device to its media
access control (MAC) address. Each device on an Ethernet network has a unique MAC address,
which is a 48-bit number assigned to each device by the manufacturer. The technique that
associates the IP address with a MAC address is known as address resolution. Internet Protocol
uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) to resolve MAC addresses.
If a device sends data to another station on the network and the destination MAC address is not yet
recorded, ARP is used. An ARP request is broadcast onto the network. All stations on the network
receive and read the request. The destination IP address for the chosen station is included as part of
the message so that only the station with this IP address responds to the ARP request. All other
stations discard the request.
Related Documents
The station with the correct IP address responds with its own MAC address directly to the sending
device. The receiving station provides the transmitting station with the required destination MAC
address. The IP address data and MAC address data for each station are held in an ARP table. The
next time data is sent, the address can be obtained from the address information in the table.
For more information about address assignment, refer to the IETF documents RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets, and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
For more information about IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address
Translator (NAT).
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Domain Name Server
Many of the resources on the Internet can be addressed by simple descriptive names such as
www.NETGEAR.com. This addressing is very helpful at the application level, but the descriptive
name must be translated to an IP address in order for a user to actually contact the resource. Just as
a telephone directory maps names to phone numbers, or as an ARP table maps IP addresses to
MAC addresses, a domain name system (DNS) server maps descriptive names of network
resources to IP addresses.
When a PC accesses a resource by its descriptive name, it first contacts a DNS server to obtain the
IP address of the resource. The PC sends the desired message using the IP address. Many large
organizations, such as ISPs, maintain their own DNS servers and allow their customers to use the
servers to look up addresses.
IP Configuration by DHCP
When an IP-based local area network is installed, each PC must be configured with an IP address.
If the PCs need to access the Internet, they should also be configured with a gateway address and
one or more DNS server addresses. As an alternative to manual configuration, there is a method by
which each PC on the network can automatically obtain this configuration information. A device
on the network may act as a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server. The DHCP
server stores a list or pool of IP addresses, along with other information (such as gateway and DNS
addresses) that it may assign to the other devices on the network. The WGR614 router has the
capacity to act as a DHCP server.
The WGR614 router also functions as a DHCP client when connecting to the ISP. The firewall can
automatically obtain an IP address, subnet mask, DNS server addresses, and a gateway address if
the ISP provides this information by DHCP.
Internet Security and Firewalls
When your LAN connects to the Internet through a router, an opportunity is created for outsiders
to access or disrupt your network. A NAT router provides some protection because by the very
nature of the process, the network behind the router is shielded from access by outsiders on the
Internet. However, there are methods by which a determined hacker can possibly obtain
information about your network or at the least can disrupt your Internet access. A greater degree of
protection is provided by a firewall router.
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What is a Firewall?
A firewall is a device that protects one network from another, while allowing communication
between the two. A firewall incorporates the functions of the NAT router, while adding features for
dealing with a hacker intrusion or attack. Several known types of intrusion or attack can be
recognized when they occur. When an incident is detected, the firewall can log details of the
attempt, and can optionally send email to an administrator notifying them of the incident. Using
information from the log, the administrator can take action with the ISP of the hacker. In some
types of intrusions, the firewall can fend off the hacker by discarding all further packets from the
hacker’s IP address for a period of time.
Stateful Packet Inspection
Unlike simple Internet sharing routers, a firewall uses a process called stateful packet inspection to
ensure secure firewall filtering to protect your network from attacks and intrusions. Since
user-level applications such as FTP and Web browsers can create complex patterns of network
traffic, it is necessary for the firewall to analyze groups of network connection states. Using
Stateful Packet Inspection, an incoming packet is intercepted at the network layer and then
analyzed for state-related information associated with all network connections. A central cache
within the firewall keeps track of the state information associated with all network connections.
All traffic passing through the firewall is analyzed against the state of these connections in order to
determine whether or not it will be allowed to pass through or rejected.
Denial of Service Attack
A hacker may be able to prevent your network from operating or communicating by launching a
Denial of Service (DoS) attack. The method used for such an attack can be as simple as merely
flooding your site with more requests than it can handle. A more sophisticated attack may attempt
to exploit some weakness in the operating system used by your router or gateway. Some operating
systems can be disrupted by simply sending a packet with incorrect length information.
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Ethernet Cabling
Although Ethernet networks originally used thick or thin coaxial cable, most installations currently
use unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling. The UTP cable contains eight conductors, arranged in
four twisted pairs, and terminated with an RJ45 type connector. A normal straight-through UTP
Ethernet cable follows the EIA568B standard wiring and pinout as described in Table 7-1.
Table 7-1.
UTP Ethernet cable wiring, straight-through
Pin
Wire color
Signal
1
Orange/White
Transmit (Tx) +
2
Orange
Transmit (Tx) -
3
Green/White
Receive (Rx) +
4
Blue
5
Blue/White
6
Green
7
Brown/White
8
Brown
Receive (Rx) -
Uplink Switches, Crossover Cables, and MDI/MDIX Switching
In the wiring table above, the concept of transmit and receive are from the perspective of the PC,
which is wired as Media Dependant Interface (MDI). In this wiring, the PC transmits on pins 1 and
2. At the hub, the perspective is reversed, and the hub receives on pins 1 and 2. This wiring is
referred to as Media Dependant Interface - Crossover (MDI-X).
When connecting a PC to a PC, or a hub port to another hub port, the transmit pair must be
exchanged with the receive pair. This exchange is done by one of two mechanisms. Most hubs
provide an Uplink switch which will exchange the pairs on one port, allowing that port to be
connected to another hub using a normal Ethernet cable. The second method is to use a crossover
cable, which is a special cable in which the transmit and receive pairs are exchanged at one of the
two cable connectors. Crossover cables are often unmarked as such, and must be identified by
comparing the two connectors. Since the cable connectors are clear plastic, it is easy to place them
side by side and view the order of the wire colors on each. On a straight-through cable, the color
order will be the same on both connectors. On a crossover cable, the orange and blue pairs will be
exchanged from one connector to the other.
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The WGR614 router incorporates Auto UplinkTM technology (also called MDI/MDIX). Each
LOCAL Ethernet port will automatically sense whether the Ethernet cable plugged into the port
should have a normal connection (e.g. connecting to a PC) or an uplink connection (e.g.
connecting to a router, switch, or hub). That port will then configure itself to the correct
configuration. This feature also eliminates the need to worry about crossover cables, as Auto
UplinkTM will accommodate either type of cable to make the right connection.
Cable Quality
A twisted pair Ethernet network operating at 10 Mbits/second (10BASE-T) will often tolerate low
quality cables, but at 100 Mbits/second (10BASE-Tx) the cable must be rated as Category 5, or
Cat 5 or Cat V, by the Electronic Industry Association (EIA). This rating will be printed on the
cable jacket. A Category 5 cable will meet specified requirements regarding loss and crosstalk. In
addition, there are restrictions on maximum cable length for both 10 and 100 Mbits/second
networks.
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Appendix C
Preparing Your Network
This appendix describes how to prepare your network to connect to the Internet through the Model
WGR614 Cable/DSL Wireless Router and how to verify the readiness of broadband Internet
service from an Internet service provider (ISP).
Note: If an ISP technician configured your computer during the installation of a
broadband modem, or if you configured it using instructions provided by your ISP, you
may need to copy the current configuration information for use in the configuration of
your firewall. Write down this information before reconfiguring your computers. Refer
to “Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers” on page C-19 or
“Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh Computers” on page C-20 for
further information.
Preparing Your Computers for TCP/IP Networking
Computers access the Internet using a protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol). Each computer on your network must have TCP/IP installed and selected as its
networking protocol. If a Network Interface Card (NIC) is already installed in your PC, then TCP/
IP is probably already installed as well.
Most operating systems include the software components you need for networking with TCP/IP:
•
Windows® 95 or later includes the software components for establishing a TCP/IP network.
•
Windows 3.1 does not include a TCP/IP component. You need to purchase a third-party TCP/
IP application package such as NetManage Chameleon.
•
Macintosh Operating System 7 or later includes the software components for establishing a
TCP/IP network.
•
All versions of UNIX or Linux include TCP/IP components. Follow the instructions provided
with your operating system or networking software to install TCP/IP on your computer.
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In your IP network, each PC and the firewall must be assigned a unique IP addresses. Each PC
must also have certain other IP configuration information such as a subnet mask (netmask), a
domain name server (DNS) address, and a default gateway address. In most cases, you should
install TCP/IP so that the PC obtains its specific network configuration information automatically
from a DHCP server during bootup. For a detailed explanation of the meaning and purpose of
these configuration items, refer to “Appendix B, “Network, Routing, Firewall, and Basics.”
The WGR614 router is shipped preconfigured as a DHCP server. The firewall assigns the
following TCP/IP configuration information automatically when the PCs are rebooted:
•
•
•
PC or workstation IP addresses—192.168.0.2 through 192.168.0.254
Subnet mask—255.255.255.0
Gateway address (the firewall)—192.168.0.1
These addresses are part of the IETF-designated private address range for use in private networks.
Configuring Windows 95, 98, and Me for TCP/IP Networking
As part of the PC preparation process, you need to manually install and configure TCP/IP on each
networked PC. Before starting, locate your Windows CD; you may need to insert it during the
TCP/IP installation process.
Install or Verify Windows Networking Components
To install or verify the necessary components for IP networking:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Network icon.
The Network window opens, which displays a list of installed components:
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You must have an Ethernet adapter, the TCP/IP protocol, and Client for Microsoft Networks.
Note: It is not necessary to remove any other network components shown in the
Network window in order to install the adapter, TCP/IP, or Client for Microsoft
Networks.
If you need to install a new adapter, follow these steps:
a.
Click the Add button.
b.
Select Adapter, and then click Add.
c.
Select the manufacturer and model of your Ethernet adapter, and then click OK.
If you need TCP/IP:
a.
Click the Add button.
b.
Select Protocol, and then click Add.
c.
Select Microsoft.
d.
Select TCP/IP, and then click OK.
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If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
3.
a.
Click the Add button.
b.
Select Client, and then click Add.
c.
Select Microsoft.
d.
Select Client for Microsoft Networks, and then click OK.
Restart your PC for the changes to take effect.
Enabling DHCP to Automatically Configure TCP/IP Settings
After the TCP/IP protocol components are installed, each PC must be assigned specific
information about itself and resources that are available on its network. The simplest way to
configure this information is to allow the PC to obtain the information from a DHCP server in the
network.
You will find there are many similarities in the procedures for different Windows systems
when using DHCP to configure TCP/IP.
The following steps will walk you through the configuration process for each of these
versions of Windows.
Locate your Network Neighborhood icon.
•
If the Network Neighborhood icon is on the Windows desktop, position your mouse
pointer over it and right-click your mouse button.
•
If the icon is not on the desktop,
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•
Click Start on the task bar located at the bottom left of the window.
•
Choose Settings, and then Control Panel.
•
Locate the Network Neighborhood icon and click on it. This will open the Network
panel as shown below.
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Verify the following settings as shown:
•
Client for Microsoft Network exists
•
Ethernet adapter is present
•
TCP/IP is present
•
Primary Network Logon is set to
Windows logon
Click on the Properties button. The
following TCP/IP Properties window will
display.
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• By default, the IP Address tab is open on
this window.
• Verify the following:
Obtain an IP address automatically is
selected. If not selected, click in the radio
button to the left of it to select it. This
setting is required to enable the DHCP server
to automatically assign an IP address.
• Click OK to continue.
Restart the PC.
Repeat these steps for each PC with this
version of Windows on your network.
Selecting Windows’ Internet Access Method
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Internet Options icon.
3.
Select “I want to set up my Internet connection manually” or “I want to connect through a
Local Area Network” and click Next.
4.
Select “I want to connect through a Local Area Network” and click Next.
5.
Uncheck all boxes in the LAN Internet Configuration screen and click Next.
6.
Proceed to the end of the Wizard.
Verifying TCP/IP Properties
After your PC is configured and has rebooted, you can check the TCP/IP configuration using the
utility winipcfg.exe:
1.
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On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
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2.
Type winipcfg, and then click OK.
The IP Configuration window opens, which lists (among other things), your IP address, subnet
mask, and default gateway.
3.
From the drop-down box, select your Ethernet adapter.
The window is updated to show your settings, which should match the values below if you are
using the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends for connecting through a
router or gateway:
•
The IP address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•
The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•
The default gateway is 192.168.0.1
Configuring Windows NT4, 2000 or XP for IP Networking
As part of the PC preparation process, you may need to install and configure
TCP/IP on each networked PC. Before starting, locate your Windows CD; you may need to insert
it during the TCP/IP installation process.
Install or Verify Windows Networking Components
To install or verify the necessary components for IP networking:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Network and Dialup Connections icon.
3.
If an Ethernet adapter is present in your PC, you should see an entry for Local Area
Connection. Double-click that entry.
4.
Select Properties.
5.
Verify that ‘Client for Microsoft Networks’ and ‘Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)’ are present. If
not, select Install and add them.
6.
Select ‘Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)’, click Properties, and verify that “Obtain an IP address
automatically is selected.
7.
Click OK and close all Network and Dialup Connections windows.
8.
Then, restart your PC.
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DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows XP, 2000, or NT4
You will find there are many similarities in the procedures for different Windows systems when
using DHCP to configure TCP/IP.
The following steps will walk you through the configuration process for each of these versions of
Windows.
DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows XP
Locate your Network Neighborhood icon.
•
Select Control Panel from the Windows XP new Start Menu.
•
Select the Network Connections icon on the Control Panel. This will take you to the next
step.
• Now the Network Connection window
displays.
The Connections List that shows all the
network connections set up on the PC,
located to the right of the window.
• Right-click on the Connection you will
use and choose Status.
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• Now you should be at the Local Area
Network Connection Status window. This
box displays the connection status, duration,
speed, and activity statistics.
• Administrator logon access rights are needed
to use this window.
• Click the Properties button to view details
about the connection.
• The TCP/IP details are presented on the
Support tab page.
• Select Internet Protocol, and click
Properties to view the configuration
information.
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• Verify that the Obtain an IP address
automatically radio button is selected.
• Verify that Obtain DNS server address
automatically radio button is selected.
• Click the OK button.
This completes the DHCP configuration of TCP/
IP in Windows XP.
Repeat these steps for each PC with this version
of Windows on your network.
DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows 2000
Once again, after you have installed the network card, TCP/IP for Windows 2000 is configured.
TCP/IP should be added by default and set to DHCP without your having to configure it.
However, if there are problems, follow these steps to configure TCP/IP with DHCP for Windows
2000.
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• Click on the My Network Places icon on the Windows desktop. This will bring up a window
called Network and Dial-up Connections.
• Right click on Local Area Connection and select Properties.
• The Local Area Connection Properties
dialog box appears.
• Verify that you have the correct Ethernet
card selected in the Connect using: box.
• Verify that at least the following two items
are displayed and selected in the box of
“Components checked are used by this
connection:”
•
Client for Microsoft Networks and
•
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
• Click OK.
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• With Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) selected,
click on Properties to open the Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialogue box.
• Verify that
•
Obtain an IP address automatically is
selected.
•
Obtain DNS server address
automatically is selected.
• Click OK to return to Local Area
Connection Properties.
• Click OK again to complete the
configuration process for Windows 2000.
Restart the PC.
Repeat these steps for each PC with this version
of Windows on your network.
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DHCP Configuration of TCP/IP in Windows NT4
Once you have installed the network card, you need to configure the TCP/IP environment for
Windows NT 4.0. Follow this procedure to configure TCP/IP with DHCP in Windows NT 4.0.
• Choose Settings from the Start Menu, and then select Control Panel.
This will display Control Panel window.
• Double-click the Network icon in the
Control Panel window.
The Network panel will display.
• Select the Protocols tab to continue.
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• Highlight the TCP/IP Protocol in the
Network Protocols box, and click on the
Properties button.
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• The TCP/IP Properties dialog box now
displays.
• Click the IP Address tab.
• Select the radio button marked Obtain an IP
address from a DHCP server.
• Click OK. This completes the configuration
of TCP/IP in Windows NT.
Restart the PC.
Repeat these steps for each PC with this version
of Windows on your network.
Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Windows XP, 2000, and NT4
To check your PC’s TCP/IP configuration:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, and then click Run.
The Run window opens.
2.
Type cmd and then click OK.
A command window opens
3.
Type ipconfig /all
Your IP Configuration information will be listed, and should match the values below if you are
using the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends for connecting through a
router or gateway:
•
The IP address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•
The subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
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•
4.
The default gateway is 192.168.0.1
Type exit
Configuring the Macintosh for TCP/IP Networking
Beginning with Macintosh Operating System 7, TCP/IP is already installed on the Macintosh. On
each networked Macintosh, you will need to configure TCP/IP to use DHCP.
MacOS 8.6 or 9.x
1.
From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
The TCP/IP Control Panel opens:
2.
From the “Connect via” box, select your Macintosh’s Ethernet interface.
3.
From the “Configure” box, select Using DHCP Server.
You can leave the DHCP Client ID box empty.
4.
Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
5.
Repeat this for each Macintosh on your network.
MacOS X
1.
From the Apple menu, choose System Preferences, then Network.
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2.
If not already selected, select Built-in Ethernet in the Configure list.
3.
If not already selected, Select Using DHCP in the TCP/IP tab.
4.
Click Save.
Verifying TCP/IP Properties for Macintosh Computers
After your Macintosh is configured and has rebooted, you can check the TCP/IP configuration by
returning to the TCP/IP Control Panel. From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
The panel is updated to show your settings, which should match the values below if you are using
the default TCP/IP settings that NETGEAR recommends:
•
The IP Address is between 192.168.0.2 and 192.168.0.254
•
The Subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
•
The Router address is 192.168.0.1
If you do not see these values, you may need to restart your Macintosh or you may need to switch
the “Configure” setting to a different option, then back again to “Using DHCP Server”.
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Verifying the Readiness of Your Internet Account
For broadband access to the Internet, you need to contract with an Internet service provider (ISP)
for a single-user Internet access account using a cable modem or DSL modem. This modem must
be a separate physical box (not a card) and must provide an Ethernet port intended for connection
to a Network Interface Card (NIC) in a computer. Your firewall does not support a USB-connected
broadband modem.
For a single-user Internet account, your ISP supplies TCP/IP configuration information for one
computer. With a typical account, much of the configuration information is dynamically assigned
when your PC is first booted up while connected to the ISP, and you will not need to know that
dynamic information.
In order to share the Internet connection among several computers, your firewall takes the place of
the single PC, and you need to configure it with the TCP/IP information that the single PC would
normally use. When the firewall’s Internet port is connected to the broadband modem, the firewall
appears to be a single PC to the ISP. The firewall then allows the PCs on the local network to
masquerade as the single PC to access the Internet through the broadband modem. The method
used by the firewall to accomplish this is called Network Address Translation (NAT) or IP
masquerading.
Are Login Protocols Used?
Some ISPs require a special login protocol, in which you must enter a login name and password in
order to access the Internet. If you normally log in to your Internet account by running a program
such as WinPOET or EnterNet, then your account uses PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE).
When you configure your router, you will need to enter your login name and password in the
router’s configuration menus. After your network and firewall are configured, the firewall will
perform the login task when needed, and you will no longer need to run the login program from
your PC. It is not necessary to uninstall the login program.
What Is Your Configuration Information?
More and more, ISPs are dynamically assigning configuration information. However, if your ISP
does not dynamically assign configuration information but instead used fixed configurations, your
ISP should have given you the following basic information for your account:
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•
An IP address and subnet mask
•
A gateway IP address, which is the address of the ISP’s router
•
One or more domain name server (DNS) IP addresses
•
Host name and domain suffix
For example, your account’s full server names may look like this:
mail.xxx.yyy.com
In this example, the domain suffix is xxx.yyy.com.
If any of these items are dynamically supplied by the ISP, your firewall automatically acquires
them.
If an ISP technician configured your PC during the installation of the broadband modem, or if you
configured it using instructions provided by your ISP, you need to copy the configuration
information from your PC’s Network TCP/IP Properties window or Macintosh TCP/IP Control
Panel before reconfiguring your PC for use with the firewall. These procedures are described next.
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Windows Computers
As mentioned above, you may need to collect configuration information from your PC so that you
can use this information when you configure the WGR614 router. Following this procedure is only
necessary when your ISP does not dynamically supply the account information.
To get the information you need to configure the firewall for Internet access:
1.
On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button, point to Settings, and then click Control Panel.
2.
Double-click the Network icon.
The Network window opens, which displays a list of installed components.
3.
Select TCP/IP, and then click Properties.
The TCP/IP Properties dialog box opens.
4.
Select the IP Address tab.
If an IP address and subnet mask are shown, write down the information. If an address is
present, your account uses a fixed (static) IP address. If no address is present, your account
uses a dynamically-assigned IP address. Click “Obtain an IP address automatically”.
5.
Select the Gateway tab.
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If an IP address appears under Installed Gateways, write down the address. This is the ISP’s
gateway address. Select the address and then click Remove to remove the gateway address.
6.
Select the DNS Configuration tab.
If any DNS server addresses are shown, write down the addresses. If any information appears
in the Host or Domain information box, write it down. Click Disable DNS.
7.
Click OK to save your changes and close the TCP/IP Properties dialog box.
You are returned to the Network window.
8.
Click OK.
9.
Reboot your PC at the prompt. You may also be prompted to insert your Windows CD.
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information for Macintosh
Computers
As mentioned above, you may need to collect configuration information from your Macintosh so
that you can use this information when you configure the WGR614 router. Following this
procedure is only necessary when your ISP does not dynamically supply the account information.
To get the information you need to configure the firewall for Internet access:
1.
From the Apple menu, select Control Panels, then TCP/IP.
The TCP/IP Control Panel opens, which displays a list of configuration settings. If the
“Configure” setting is “Using DHCP Server”, your account uses a dynamically-assigned IP
address. In this case, close the Control Panel and skip the rest of this section.
2.
If an IP address and subnet mask are shown, write down the information.
3.
If an IP address appears under Router address, write down the address. This is the ISP’s
gateway address.
4.
If any Name Server addresses are shown, write down the addresses. These are your ISP’s DNS
addresses.
5.
If any information appears in the Search domains information box, write it down.
6.
Change the “Configure” setting to “Using DHCP Server”.
7.
Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
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Restarting the Network
Once you’ve set up your computers to work with the firewall, you must reset the network for the
devices to be able to communicate correctly. Restart any computer that is connected to the firewall.
After configuring all of your computers for TCP/IP networking and restarting them, and
connecting them to the local network of your WGR614 router, you are ready to access and
configure the firewall.
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Appendix D
Wireless Networking Basics
This chapter provides an overview of Wireless networking.
Wireless Networking Overview
The WGR614 router conforms to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
802.11 standard for wireless LANs (WLANs) and a product update will bring the WGR614 into
conformance to the 802.11g standard when it is ratified. On an 802.11b or g wireless link, data is
encoded using direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) technology and is transmitted in the
unlicensed radio spectrum at 2.5GHz. The maximum data rate for the wireless link is 11 Mbps, but
it will automatically back down from 11 Mbps to 5.5, 2, and 1 Mbps when the radio signal is weak
or when interference is detected. The 802.11g auto rate sensing rates are 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24,
36, 48, and 54 Mbps.
The 802.11 standard is also called Wireless Ethernet or Wi-Fi by the Wireless Ethernet
Compatibility Alliance (WECA, see http://www.wi-fi.net), an industry standard group promoting
interoperability among 802.11 devices. The 802.11 standard offers two methods for configuring a
wireless network - ad hoc and infrastructure.
Infrastructure Mode
With a wireless Access Point, you can operate the wireless LAN in the infrastructure mode. This
mode provides wireless connectivity to multiple wireless network devices within a fixed range or
area of coverage, interacting with wireless nodes via an antenna.
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In the infrastructure mode, the wireless access point converts airwave data into wired Ethernet
data, acting as a bridge between the wired LAN and wireless clients. Connecting multiple Access
Points via a wired Ethernet backbone can further extend the wireless network coverage. As a
mobile computing device moves out of the range of one access point, it moves into the range of
another. As a result, wireless clients can freely roam from one Access Point domain to another and
still maintain seamless network connection.
Ad Hoc Mode (Peer-to-Peer Workgroup)
In an ad hoc network, computers are brought together as needed; thus, there is no structure or fixed
points to the network - each node can generally communicate with any other node. There is no
Access Point involved in this configuration. This mode enables you to quickly set up a small
wireless workgroup and allows workgroup members to exchange data or share printers as
supported by Microsoft networking in the various Windows operating systems. Some vendors also
refer to ad hoc networking as peer-to-peer group networking.
In this configuration, network packets are directly sent and received by the intended transmitting
and receiving stations. As long as the stations are within range of one another, this is the easiest
and least expensive way to set up a wireless network.
Network Name: Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID)
The Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID) is one of two types of Service Set Identification
(SSID). In an ad hoc wireless network with no access points, the Basic Service Set Identification
(BSSID) is used. In an infrastructure wireless network that includes an access point, the ESSID is
used, but may still be referred to as SSID.
An SSID is a thirty-two character (maximum) alphanumeric key identifying the name of the
wireless local area network. Some vendors refer to the SSID as network name. For the wireless
devices in a network to communicate with each other, all devices must be configured with the
same SSID.
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Authentication and WEP
The absence of a physical connection between nodes makes the wireless links vulnerable to
eavesdropping and information theft. To provide a certain level of security, the IEEE 802.11
standard has defined two types of authentication methods, Open System and Shared Key. With
Open System authentication, a wireless PC can join any network and receive any messages that are
not encrypted. With Shared Key authentication, only those PCs that possess the correct
authentication key can join the network. By default, IEEE 802.11 wireless devices operate in an
Open System network.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) data encryption is used when the wireless devices are configured
to operate in Shared Key authentication mode. There are two shared key methods implemented in
most commercially available products, 64-bit and 128-bit WEP data encryption.
802.11 Authentication
The 802.11 standard defines several services that govern how two 802.11 devices communicate.
The following events must occur before an 802.11 Station can communicate with an Ethernet
network through an access point such as the one built in to the WGR614:
1.
Turn on the wireless station.
2.
The station listens for messages from any access points that are in range.
3.
The station finds a message from an access point that has a matching SSID.
4.
The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
5.
The access point authenticates the station.
6.
The station sends an association request to the access point.
7.
The access point associates with the station.
8.
The station can now communicate with the Ethernet network through the access point.
An access point must authenticate a station before the station can associate with the access point or
communicate with the network. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines two types of authentication:
Open System and Shared Key.
•
Open System Authentication allows any device to join the network, assuming that the device
SSID matches the access point SSID. Alternatively, the device can use the “ANY” SSID
option to associate with any available Access Point within range, regardless of its SSID.
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•
Shared Key Authentication requires that the station and the access point have the same WEP
Key to authenticate. These two authentication procedures are described below.
Open System Authentication
The following steps occur when two devices use Open System Authentication:
1.
The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
2.
The access point authenticates the station.
3.
The station associates with the access point and joins the network.
This process is illustrated in below.
Open System
Authentication Steps
Access Point (AP)
1) Authentication request sent to AP
2) AP authenticates
IN TER N ET
Cable/DSL
ProSafeWirelessVPN Security Firewall
PWR
W LA N
ACT
FVM318
100
Enable
LNK/ACT
1
Client
attempting
to connect
MODEL
LO CA L
LNK
TEST
2
3
4
5
3) Client connects to network
6
7
8
Cable or
DLS modem
Figure 7-4: Open system authentication
Shared Key Authentication
The following steps occur when two devices use Shared Key Authentication:
1.
The station sends an authentication request to the access point.
2.
The access point sends challenge text to the station.
3.
The station uses its configured 64-bit or 128-bit default key to encrypt the challenge text, and
sends the encrypted text to the access point.
4.
The access point decrypts the encrypted text using its configured WEP Key that corresponds
to the station’s default key. The access point compares the decrypted text with the original
challenge text. If the decrypted text matches the original challenge text, then the access point
and the station share the same WEP Key and the access point authenticates the station.
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5.
The station connects to the network.
If the decrypted text does not match the original challenge text (i.e., the access point and station do
not share the same WEP Key), then the access point will refuse to authenticate the station and the
station will be unable to communicate with either the 802.11 network or Ethernet network.
This process is illustrated in below.
Shared Key
Authentication Steps
Access Point
1) Authentication
request sent to AP
2) AP sends challenge text
Client
3) Client encrypts
attempting
challenge text and
to connect
sends it back to AP
IN TER N ET
Cable/DSL
ProSafeWirelessVPN Security Firewall
PWR
W LA N
MODEL
LO CA L
LNK
TEST
ACT
FVM318
100
Enable
LNK/ACT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cable or
DLS modem
4) AP decrypts, and if correct,
authenticates client
5) Client connects to network
Figure 7-5: Shared key authentication
Overview of WEP Parameters
Before enabling WEP on an 802.11 network, you must first consider what type of encryption you
require and the key size you want to use. Typically, there are three WEP Encryption options
available for 802.11 products:
1. Do Not Use WEP: The 802.11 network does not encrypt data. For authentication purposes, the
network uses Open System Authentication.
2. Use WEP for Encryption: A transmitting 802.11 device encrypts the data portion of every
packet it sends using a configured WEP Key. The receiving device decrypts the data using the
same WEP Key. For authentication purposes, the wireless network uses Open System
Authentication.
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3. Use WEP for Authentication and Encryption: A transmitting 802.11 device encrypts the data
portion of every packet it sends using a configured WEP Key. The receiving 802.11 device
decrypts the data using the same WEP Key. For authentication purposes, the 802.11 network uses
Shared Key Authentication.
Note: Some 802.11 access points also support Use WEP for Authentication Only (Shared Key
Authentication without data encryption).
Key Size
The IEEE 802.11 standard supports two types of WEP encryption: 40-bit and 128-bit.
The 64-bit WEP data encryption method, allows for a five-character (40-bit) input. Additionally,
24 factory-set bits are added to the forty-bit input to generate a 64-bit encryption key. (The 24
factory-set bits are not user-configurable). This encryption key will be used to encrypt/decrypt all
data transmitted via the wireless interface. Some vendors refer to the 64-bit WEP data encryption
as 40-bit WEP data encryption since the user-configurable portion of the encryption key is 40 bits
wide.
The 128-bit WEP data encryption method consists of 104 user-configurable bits. Similar to the
forty-bit WEP data encryption method, the remaining 24 bits are factory set and not user
configurable. Some vendors allow passphrases to be entered instead of the cryptic hexadecimal
characters to ease encryption key entry.
128-bit encryption is stronger than 40-bit encryption, but 128-bit encryption may not be available
outside of the United States due to U.S. export regulations.
When configured for 40-bit encryption, 802.11 products typically support up to four WEP Keys.
Each 40-bit WEP Key is expressed as 5 sets of two hexadecimal digits (0-9 and A-F). For
example, “12 34 56 78 90” is a 40-bit WEP Key.
When configured for 128-bit encryption, wireless products typically support four WEP Keys but
some manufacturers support only one 128-bit key. The 128-bit WEP Key is expressed as 13 sets of
two hexadecimal digits (0-9 and A-F). For example, “12 34 56 78 90 AB CD EF 12 34 56 78 90”
is a 128-bit WEP Key.
Note: Typically, 802.11 access points can store up to four 128-bit WEP Keys but some 802.11
client adapters can only store one. Therefore, make sure that your 802.11 access and client
adapters configurations match.
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WEP Configuration Options
The WEP settings must match on all 802.11 devices that are within the same wireless network as
identified by the SSID. In general, if your mobile clients will roam between access points, then all
of the 802.11 access points and all of the 802.11 client adapters on the network must have the same
WEP settings.
Note: Whatever keys you enter for an AP, you must also enter the same keys for the client adapter
in the same order. In other words, WEP key 1 on the AP must match WEP key 1 on the client
adapter, WEP key 2 on the AP must match WEP key 2 on the client adapter, etc.
Note: The AP and the client adapters can have different default WEP Keys as long as the keys are
in the same order. In other words, the AP can use WEP key 2 as its default key to transmit while a
client adapter can use WEP key 3 as its default key to transmit. The two devices will communicate
as long as the AP’s WEP key 2 is the same as the client’s WEP key 2 and the AP’s WEP key 3 is
the same as the client’s WEP key 3.
Wireless Channels
IEEE 802.11 wireless nodes communicate with each other using radio frequency signals in the
ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band between 2.4 GHz and 2.5 GHz. Neighboring
channels are 5 MHz apart. However, due to spread spectrum effect of the signals, a node sending
signals using a particular channel will utilize frequency spectrum 12.5 MHz above and below the
center channel frequency. As a result, two separate wireless networks using neighboring channels
(for example, channel 1 and channel 2) in the same general vicinity will interfere with each other.
Applying two channels that allow the maximum channel separation will decrease the amount of
channel crosstalk, and provide a noticeable performance increase over networks with minimal
channel separation.
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The radio frequency channels used are listed in Table 7-1:
Table 7-1.
802.11 Radio Frequency Channels
Channel
Center Frequency
Frequency Spread
1
2412 MHz
2399.5 MHz - 2424.5 MHz
2
2417 MHz
2404.5 MHz - 2429.5 MHz
3
2422 MHz
2409.5 MHz - 2434.5 MHz
4
2427 MHz
2414.5 MHz - 2439.5 MHz
5
2432 MHz
2419.5 MHz - 2444.5 MHz
6
2437 MHz
2424.5 MHz - 2449.5 MHz
7
2442 MHz
2429.5 MHz - 2454.5 MHz
8
2447 MHz
2434.5 MHz - 2459.5 MHz
9
2452 MHz
2439.5 MHz - 2464.5 MHz
10
2457 MHz
2444.5 MHz - 2469.5 MHz
11
2462 MHz
2449.5 MHz - 2474.5 MHz
12
2467 MHz
2454.5 MHz - 2479.5 MHz
13
2472 MHz
2459.5 MHz - 2484.5 MHz
Note: The available channels supported by the wireless products in various countries are different.
The preferred channel separation between the channels in neighboring wireless networks is 25
MHz (5 channels). This means that you can apply up to three different channels within your
wireless network. There are only 11 usable wireless channels in the United States. It is
recommended that you start using channel 1 and grow to use channel 6, and 11 when necessary, as
these three channels do not overlap.
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Wireless Networking Basics
Glossary
Use the list below to find definitions for technical terms used in this manual.
List of Glossary Terms
10BASE-T
IEEE 802.3 specification for 10 Mbps Ethernet over twisted pair wiring.
100BASE-Tx
IEEE 802.3 specification for 100 Mbps Ethernet over twisted pair wiring.
3DES
3DES (Triple DES) achieves a high level of security by encrypting the data three times using DES with three
different, unrelated keys.
802.1x
802.1x defines port-based, network access control used to provide authenticated network access and
automated data encryption key management.
The IEEE 802.1x draft standard offers an effective framework for authenticating and controlling user traffic
to a protected network, as well as dynamically varying encryption keys. 802.1x uses a protocol called EAP
(Extensible Authentication Protocol) and supports multiple authentication methods, such as token cards,
Kerberos, one-time passwords, certificates, and public key authentication. For details on EAP specifically,
refer to IETF's RFC 2284.
802.11a
IEEE specification for wireless networking at 54 Mbps operating in unlicensed radio bands over 5GHz.
802.11b
IEEE specification for wireless networking at 11 Mbps using direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS)
technology and operating in the unlicensed radio spectrum at 2.5GHz.
802.11g
A soon to be ratified IEEE specification for wireless networking at 54 Mbps using direct-sequence
spread-spectrum (DSSS) technology and operating in the unlicensed radio spectrum at 2.5GHz. 802.11g is
backwards compatible with 802.11b.
Glossary
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ADSL
Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line, a technology that allows data to be sent over existing copper
telephone lines at data rates of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and
from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate).
ADSL requires a special ADSL modem. ADSL is growing in popularity as more areas around the world
gain access.
AES
Advanced Encryption Standard, a symmetric 128-bit block data encryption technique.
It is an iterated block cipher with a variable block length and a variable key length. The block length and the
key length can be independently specified to 128, 192 or 256 bits.The U.S government adopted the
algorithm as its encryption technique in October 2000, replacing the DES encryption it used. AES works at
multiple network layers simultaneously.
AH
Authentication Header.
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol, a TCP/IP protocol used to convert an IP address into a physical address (called
a DLC address), such as an Ethernet address.
A host wishing to obtain a physical address broadcasts an ARP request onto the TCP/IP network. The host
on the network that has the IP address in the request then replies with its physical hardware address. There is
also Reverse ARP (RARP) which can be used by a host to discover its IP address. In this case, the host
broadcasts its physical address and a RARP server replies with the host's IP address.
Auto Uplink
Auto UplinkTM technology (also called MDI/MDIX) eliminates the need to worry about crossover vs.
straight-through Ethernet cables. Auto UplinkTM will accommodate either type of cable to make the right
connection.
CA
A Certificate Authority is a trusted third-party organization or company that issues digital certificates used
to create digital signatures and public-private key pairs.
Cat 5
Category 5 unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling. An Ethernet network operating at 10 Mbits/second
(10BASE-T) will often tolerate low quality cables, but at 100 Mbits/second (10BASE-Tx) the cable must be
rated as Category 5, or Cat 5 or Cat V, by the Electronic Industry Association (EIA).
This rating will be printed on the cable jacket. Cat 5 cable contains eight conductors, arranged in four
twisted pairs, and terminated with an RJ45 type connector. In addition, there are restrictions on maximum
cable length for both 10 and 100 Mbits/second networks.
Certificate Authority
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A Certificate Authority is a trusted third-party organization or company that issues digital certificates used
to create digital signatures and public-private key pairs.
The role of the CA in this process is to guarantee that the individual granted the unique certificate is, in fact,
who he or she claims to be. Usually, this means that the CA has an arrangement with a financial institution,
such as a credit card company, which provides it with information to confirm an individual's claimed
identity. CAs are a critical component in data security and electronic commerce because they guarantee that
the two parties exchanging information are really who they claim to be.
CRL
Certificate Revocation List. Each Certificate Authority (CA) maintains a revoked certificates list.
Denial of Service attack
DoS. A hacker attack designed to prevent your computer or network from operating or communicating.
DHCP
An Ethernet protocol specifying how a centralized DHCP server can assign network configuration
information to multiple DHCP clients. The assigned information includes IP addresses, DNS addresses, and
gateway (router) addresses.
DMZ
A Demilitarized Zone is used by a company that wants to host its own Internet services without sacrificing
unauthorized access to its private network.
The DMZ sits between the Internet and an internal network's line of defense, usually some combination of
firewalls and bastion hosts. Typically, the DMZ contains devices accessible to Internet traffic, such as Web
(HTTP) servers, FTP servers, SMTP (e-mail) servers and DNS servers.
DNS
Short for Domain Name System (or Service), an Internet service that translates domain names into IP
addresses.
Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on
IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the
corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to
198.105.232.4. The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to
translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.
Domain Name
A descriptive name for an address or group of addresses on the Internet. Domain names are of the form of a
registered entity name plus one of a number of predefined top level suffixes such as .com, .edu, .uk, etc. For
example, in the address mail.NETGEAR.com, mail is a server name and NETGEAR.com is the domain.
DoS
A hacker attack designed to prevent your computer or network from operating or communicating.
Glossary
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DSL
Short for digital subscriber line, but is commonly used in reference to the asymmetric version of this
technology (ADSL) that allows data to be sent over existing copper telephone lines at data rates of from 1.5
to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data
(known as the upstream rate).
ADSL requires a special ADSL modem. ADSL is growing in popularity as more areas around the world
gain access.
DSLAM
DSL Access Multiplexor. The piece of equipment at the telephone company central office that provides the
ADSL signal.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DHCP. An Ethernet protocol specifying how a centralized DHCP server can assign network configuration
information to multiple DHCP clients. The assigned information includes IP addresses, DNS addresses, and
gateway (router) addresses.
EAP
Extensible Authentication Protocol is a general protocol for authentication that supports multiple
authentication methods.
EAP, an extension to PPP, supports such authentication methods as token cards, Kerberos, one-time
passwords, certificates, public key authentication and smart cards. In wireless communications using EAP, a
user requests connection to a WLAN through an AP, which then requests the identity of the user and
transmits that identity to an authentication server such as RADIUS. The server asks the AP for proof of
identity, which the AP gets from the user and then sends back to the server to complete the authentication.
EAP is defined by RFC 2284.
ESP
Encapsulating Security Payload.
ESSID
The Extended Service Set Identification (ESSID) is a thirty-two character (maximum) alphanumeric key
identifying the wireless local area network.
Gateway
A local device, usually a router, that connects hosts on a local network to other networks.
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force. Working groups of the IETF propose standard protocols and procedures for
the Internet, which are published as RFCs (Request for Comment) at www.ietf.org.
An open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with
the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet.
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Glossary
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
IKE
Internet Key Exchange. An automated method for exchanging and managing encryption keys between two
VPN devices.
IP
Internet Protocol is the main internetworking protocol used in the Internet. Used in conjunction with the
Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) to form TCP/IP.
IP Address
A four-byte number uniquely defining each host on the Internet, usually written in dotted-decimal notation
with periods separating the bytes (for example, 134.177.244.57).
Ranges of addresses are assigned by Internic, an organization formed for this purpose.
IPSec
Internet Protocol Security. IPSec is a series of guidelines for securing private information transmitted over
public networks. IPSec is a VPN method providing a higher level of security than PPTP.
IPX
Short for Internetwork Packet Exchange, a networking protocol used by the Novell NetWare operating
systems.
Like UDP/IP, IPX is a datagram protocol used for connectionless communications. Higher-level protocols,
such as SPX and NCP, are used for additional error recovery services.
ISP
Internet service provider.
Internet Protocol
The main internetworking protocol used in the Internet. Used in conjunction with the Transfer Control
Protocol (TCP) to form TCP/IP.
LAN
A communications network serving users within a limited area, such as one floor of a building.
LDAP
A set of protocols for accessing information directories.
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
LDAP. A set of protocols for accessing information directories.
LDAP is based on the standards contained within the X.500 standard, but is significantly simpler. And
unlike X.500, LDAP supports TCP/IP, which is necessary for any type of Internet access. Because it's a
simpler version of X.500, LDAP is sometimes called X.500-lite.
local area network
LAN. A communications network serving users within a limited area, such as one floor of a building.
Glossary
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
A LAN typically connects multiple personal computers and shared network devices such as storage and
printers. Although many technologies exist to implement a LAN, Ethernet is the most common for
connecting personal computers.
MAC address
The Media Access Control address is a unique 48-bit hardware address assigned to every network interface
card. Usually written in the form 01:23:45:67:89:ab.
Mbps
Megabits per second.
MD5
MD5 creates digital signatures using a one-way hash function, meaning that it takes a message and converts
it into a fixed string of digits, also called a message digest.
When using a one-way hash function, one can compare a calculated message digest against the message
digest that is decrypted with a public key to verify that the message hasn't been tampered with. This
comparison is called a "hashcheck."
MDI/MDIX
In cable wiring, the concept of transmit and receive are from the perspective of the PC, which is wired as a
Media Dependant Interface (MDI). In MDI wiring, a PC transmits on pins 1 and 2. At the hub, switch,
router, or access point, the perspective is reversed, and the hub receives on pins 1 and 2. This wiring is
referred to as Media Dependant Interface - Crossover (MDI-X). See also AES.
Maximum Receive Unit
The size in bytes of the largest packet that can be sent or received.
Maximum Transmit Unit
The size in bytes of the largest packet that can be sent or received.
Most Significant Bit or Most Significant Byte
MSB. The portion of a number, address, or field that is farthest left when written as a single number in
conventional hexadecimal ordinary notation. The part of the number having the most value.
MRU
The size in bytes of the largest packet that can be sent or received.
MSB
MSB. The portion of a number, address, or field that is farthest left when written as a single number in
conventional hexadecimal ordinary notation. The part of the number having the most value.
MTU
The size in bytes of the largest packet that can be sent or received.
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Glossary
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
NAT
A technique by which several hosts share a single IP address for access to the Internet.
NetBIOS
The Network Basic Input Output System is an application programming interface (API) for sharing services
and information on local-area networks (LANs).
Provides for communication between stations of a network where each station is given a name. These names
are alphanumeric names, up to 16 characters in length.
Network Address Translation
NAT. A technique by which several hosts share a single IP address for access to the Internet.
NIC
Network Interface Card. An adapter in a computer which provides connectivity to a network.
NID
Network Interface Device. The point of demarcation, where the telephone line comes into the house.
packet
A block of information sent over a network. A packet typically contains a source and destination network
address, some protocol and length information, a block of data, and a checksum.
Perfect Forward Secrecy
Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) provides additional security by means of a Diffie-Hellman shared secret
value. With PFS, if one key is compromised, previous and subsequent keys are secure because they are not
derived from previous keys.
PKIX
PKIX. The most widely used standard for defining digital certificates.
Point-to-Point Protocol
PPP. A protocol allowing a computer using TCP/IP to connect directly to the Internet.
PPP
A protocol allowing a computer using TCP/IP to connect directly to the Internet.
PPPoA
PPPoA. PPP over ATM is a protocol for connecting remote hosts to the Internet over an always-on
connection by simulating a dial-up connection.
PPPoE
PPPoE. PPP over Ethernet is a protocol for connecting remote hosts to the Internet over an always-on
connection by simulating a dial-up connection.
Glossary
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
PPP over ATM
PPPoA. PPP over ATM is a protocol for connecting remote hosts to the Internet over an always-on
connection by simulating a dial-up connection.
PPP over Ethernet
PPPoE. PPP over Ethernet is a protocol for connecting remote hosts to the Internet over an always-on
connection by simulating a dial-up connection.
PPTP
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. A method for establishing a virtual private network (VPN) by embedding
Microsoft’s network protocol into Internet packets.
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network.
Public Key Infrastructure
PKIX. The most widely used standard for defining digital certificates.
X.509 is actually an ITU Recommendation, which means that it has not yet been officially defined or
approved. As a result, companies have implemented the standard in different ways. For example, both
Netscape and Microsoft use X.509 certificates to implement SSL in their Web servers and browsers. But an
X.509 Certificate generated by Netscape may not be readable by Microsoft products, and vice versa.
RADIUS
Short for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service, RADIUS is an authentication system.
Using RADIUS, you must enter your user name and password before gaining access to a network. This
information is passed to a RADIUS server, which checks that the information is correct, and then authorizes
access. Though not an official standard, the RADIUS specification is maintained by a working group of the
IETF.
RFC
Request For Comment. Refers to documents published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
proposing standard protocols and procedures for the Internet. RFCs can be found at www.ietf.org.
RIP
A protocol in which routers periodically exchange information with one another so that they can determine
minimum distance paths between sources and destinations.
router
A device that forwards data between networks. An IP router forwards data based on IP source and
destination addresses.
Routing Information Protocol
RIP. A protocol in which routers periodically exchange information with one another so that they can
determine minimum distance paths between sources and destinations.
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Glossary
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
router
A device that forwards data between networks. An IP router forwards data based on IP source and
destination addresses.
SSID
A Service Set Identification is a thirty-two character (maximum) alphanumeric key identifying a wireless
local area network. For the wireless devices in a network to communicate with each other, all devices must
be configured with the same SSID.
This is typically the configuration parameter for a wireless PC card. It corresponds to the ESSID in the
wireless Access Point and to the wireless network name. See also Wireless Network Name and ESSID.
Subnet Mask
A mask used to determine what subnet an IP address belongs to. Subnetting enables a network administrator
to further divide an IP address into two or more subnets.
An IP address has two components, the network address and the host address. For example, consider the IP
address 150.215.017.009. Assuming this is part of a Class B network, the first two numbers (150.215)
represent the Class B network address, and the second two numbers (017.009) identify a particular host on
this network.
Subnetting enables the network administrator to further divide the host part of the address into two or more
subnets. In this case, a part of the host address is reserved to identify the particular subnet. This is easier to
see if we show the IP address in binary format. The full address is: 10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001
The Class B network part is: 10010110.11010111
and the host address is 00010001.00001001
If this network is divided into 14 subnets, however, then the first 4 bits of the host address (0001) are
reserved for identifying the subnet.
The subnet mask is the network address plus the bits reserved for identifying the subnetwork. (By
convention, the bits for the network address are all set to 1, though it would also work if the bits were set
exactly as in the network address.) In this case, therefore, the subnet mask would be
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000. It's called a mask because it can be used to identify the subnet to
which an IP address belongs by performing a bitwise AND operation on the mask and the IP address. The
result is the subnetwork address: Subnet Mask 255.255.240.000 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
IP Address 150.215.017.009 10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001
Subnet Address 150.215.016.000 10010110.11010111.00010000.00000000
The subnet address, therefore, is 150.215.016.000.
TCP/IP
The main internetworking protocols used in the Internet. The Internet Protocol (IP) used in conjunction with
the Transfer Control Protocol (TCP) form TCP/IP.
TLS
Short for Transport Layer Security, TLS is a protocol that guarantees privacy and data integrity between
client/server applications communicating over the Internet.
Glossary
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Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
The TLS protocol is made up of two layers. The TLS Record Protocol ensures that a connection is private by
using symmetric data encryption and ensures that the connection is reliable. The second TLS layer is the
TLS Handshake Protocol, which allows authentication between the server and client and the negotiation of
an encryption algorithm and cryptographic keys before data is transmitted or received. Based on Netscape’s
SSL 3.0, TLS supercedes and is an extension of SSL. TLS and SSL are not interoperable.
Universal Plug and Play
UPnP. A networking architecture that provides compatibility among networking technology. UPnP
compliant routers provide broadband users at home and small businesses with a seamless way to participate
in online games, videoconferencing and other peer-to-peer services.
UTP
Unshielded twisted pair is the cable used by 10BASE-T and 100BASE-Tx Ethernet networks.
VCI
Virtual Channel Identifier. Together with the VPI, defines a Virtual Channel through an ATM network. Used
by ATM switching equipment to route data through the network.
VPI
Virtual Path Identifier. Together with the VCI, defines a Virtual Channel through an ATM network. Used by
ATM switching equipment to route data through the network.
VPN
Virtual Private Network. A method for securely transporting data between two private networks by using a
public network such as the Internet as a connection.
WAN
A long distance link used to extend or connect remotely located local area networks. The Internet is a large
WAN.
WEB Proxy Server
A Web proxy server is a specialized HTTP server that allows clients access to the Internet from behind a
firewall.
The proxy server listens for requests from clients within the firewall and forwards these requests to remote
Internet servers outside the firewall. The proxy server reads responses from the external servers and then
sends them to internal client clients.
WEP
Wired Equivalent Privacy is a data encryption protocol for 802.11b wireless networks.
All wireless nodes and access points on the network are configured with a 64-bit or 128-bit Shared Key for
data encryption.
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Glossary
Reference Manual for Cable/DSL Wireless Router WGR614
wide area network
WAN. A long distance link used to extend or connect remotely located local area networks. The Internet is a
large WAN.
Wi-Fi
A trade name for the 802.11b wireless networking standard, given by the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility
Alliance (WECA, see http://www.wi-fi.net), an industry standards group promoting interoperability among
802.11b devices.
Windows Internet Naming Service
WINS. Windows Internet Naming Service is a server process for resolving Windows-based computer names
to IP addresses.
If a remote network contains a WINS server, your Windows PCs can gather information from that WINS
server about its local hosts. This allows your PCs to browse that remote network using the Windows
Network Neighborhood feature.
WINS
WINS. Windows Internet Naming Service is a server process for resolving Windows-based computer names
to IP addresses.
Wireless Network Name (SSID)
Wireless Network Name (SSID) is the name assigned to a wireless network. This is the same as the SSID or
ESSID configuration parameter.
Glossary
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12
Glossary
Index
Numerics
D
64 or 128 bit WEP 3-6
date and time 7-7
802.11b D-1
Daylight Savings Time 7-7
daylight savings time 4-8
A
Default DMZ Server 6-4
Account Name 2-11, 2-13, 5-2
Denial of Service (DoS) protection 1-2
Address Resolution Protocol B-9
denial of service attack B-11
ad-hoc mode D-2
DHCP B-10
Authentication Server 2-9
DHCP Client ID C-16
Auto MDI/MDI-X B-13, G-2
DMZ 1-3, 6-2, 6-5
Auto Uplink 1-3, B-13, G-2
DMZ Server 6-4
DNS Proxy 1-4
B
backup configuration 5-7
Basic Wireless Connectivity 3-8
BSSID D-2
C
cables, pinout B-12
Cabling B-12
Cat5 cable 2-1, B-13, G-2
configuration
automatic by DHCP 1-4
backup 5-7
erasing 5-8
restore 5-6
router, initial 2-1
content filtering 1-2, 4-1
conventions
typography 1-xi
DNS server 2-11, C-20
DNS, dynamic 6-6
domain C-20
Domain Name 2-11, 2-13
domain name server (DNS) B-10
DoS attack B-11
Dynamic DNS 6-6
E
Encryption Strength 3-6
End Port 6-2
EnterNet C-18
erase configuration 5-8
ESSID 3-8, D-2
Ethernet 1-3
Ethernet cable B-12
crossover cable 1-3, 7-2, B-12, B-13, G-2
F
customer support 1-iii
factory settings, restoring 5-8
Index
1
firewall features 1-2
Flash memory, for firmware upgrade 1-1
front panel 1-6, 1-7
fully qualified domain name (FQDN) 3-4
G
gateway address C-20
L
LAN IP Setup Menu 6-7
LEDs
description 1-6
troubleshooting 7-2
log
sending 4-7
log entries 4-6
H
Login 2-9
Half Life 6-3
M
host name 2-11, 2-13
I
IANA
contacting B-2
IETF B-1
Web site address B-7
MAC address 7-7, B-9
spoofing 2-10, 2-13, 7-5
Macintosh C-19
configuring for IP networking C-16
DHCP Client ID C-16
Obtaining ISP Configuration Information C-20
masquerading C-18
infrastructure mode D-2
MDI/MDI-X B-13, G-2
installation 1-4
MDI/MDI-X wiring B-12, G-6
Internet account
address information C-18
establishing C-18
metric 6-11
Internet Service Provider 2-1
IP addresses C-19, C-20
and NAT B-8
and the Internet B-2
assigning B-2, B-9
auto-generated 7-3
private B-7
translating B-9
IP configuration by DHCP B-10
IP networking
for Macintosh C-16
for Windows C-2, C-7
N
NAT C-18
NAT. See Network Address Translation
netmask
translation table B-6
Network Address Translation 1-3, B-8, C-18
Network Time Protocol 4-8, 7-7
NTP 4-8, 7-7
O
Open System authentication D-3
ISP 2-1
K
KALI 6-3
P
package contents 1-5
Passphrase 3-6, 3-7, 3-11
passphrase 1-2
2
Index
1597 B-7, B-9
1631 B-8, B-9
finding B-7
Password 2-9
password
restoring 7-7
PC, using to configure C-21
RIP (Router Information Protocol) 6-8
ping 6-5
router concepts B-1
pinout, Ethernet cable B-12
Router Status 5-1
placement 3-1
Routing Information Protocol 1-3, B-2
port filtering 4-3
Port Forwarding 6-1
S
port forwarding behind NAT B-9
Secondary DNS Server 2-9, 2-11, 2-13
Port Forwarding Menu 6-1
security 1-1, 1-3
port numbers 4-3
service numbers 4-4
PPP over Ethernet 1-4, C-18
Setup Wizard 2-1
PPPoE C-18
Shared Key authentication D-3
Primary DNS Server 2-9, 2-11, 2-13
SMTP 4-8
protocols
Address Resolution B-9
DHCP B-10
Routing Information 1-3, B-2
support 1-1
spoof MAC address 7-5
publications, related B-1
Static Routes 6-6
SSID 3-4, 3-8, 3-9, D-2
Start Port 6-2
stateful packet inspection 1-2, B-11
subnet addressing B-5
Q
Quake 6-3
R
range 3-1
range, port forwarding 6-2
subnet mask B-6, C-19, C-20
T
TCP/IP
configuring C-1
network, troubleshooting 7-5
Remote Management 6-12
TCP/IP properties
verifying for Macintosh C-17
verifying for Windows C-6, C-15
remote management 6-12
time of day 7-7
requirements
hardware 2-1
time zone 4-8
reserved IP adresses 6-9
troubleshooting 7-1
restore configuration 5-6
Trusted Host 4-3
restore factory settings 5-8
typographical conventions 1-xi
rear panel 1-7
time-stamping 4-8
Restrict Wireless Access by MAC Address 3-9
RFC
1466 B-7, B-9
Index
3
U
Universal Plug and Play 6-13
Uplink switch B-12
UPnP 6-13
USB C-18
W
WAN 6-4
WAN Setup 6-4
WEP D-3
Wi-Fi D-1
Windows, configuring for IP routing C-2, C-7
winipcfg utility C-6
WinPOET C-18
Wired Equivalent Privacy. See WEP
Wireless Access 2-3
Wireless Authentication 3-5
wireless authentication scheme 3-5
Wireless Encryption 3-5
Wireless Ethernet D-1
Wireless Performance 3-1
Wireless Range Guidelines 3-1
Wireless Security 3-2
World Wide Web 1-iii
4
Index