Honeywell TCAS II Collision Avoidance System User’s Manual
The TCAS II is a system used for detecting and tracking aircraft in the vicinity of your own aircraft. By interrogating their transponders, it analyzes the replies to determine range, bearing, and if reporting altitude, the relative altitude of the intruder. Should the TCAS II processor determine that a possible collision hazard exists, it issues visual and audio advisories to the crew for appropriate vertical avoidance maneuvers. TCAS is unable to detect any intruding aircraft without an operating transponder.
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P.O. Box 97001
Redmond, Washington USA 98073-9701
Telephone: (425) 885-3711
FAX: (425) 885-2061
ACS-5059 Rev. - 5 - 02/2000
© Honeywell
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TCAS II/ACAS II
Collision Avoidance System User’s Manu a l
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The info rmation contained in this manual is for re fe rence use only.
If any info rmation contained herein conflicts with similar info rm ation contained in the Airplane Flight Manu a l , the info rmation in the
Airplane Flight Manual shall take pre c e d e n c e .
Table of Contents
Section 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Section 2 Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Section 3 Controls & Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Section 4 System Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Section 5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
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SECTION 1
Introduction
Scope
This manual applies to systems which are compliant to
RTCA DO185A MOPS Change 7.0 and RTCA “DO-
185” MOPS Change 6.04a. These systems are re f e r re d to as TCAS II (Traffic Alert and Collision Avo i d a n c e
System) in the United States and ACAS II (Airborn e
Collision Avoidance System) intern a t i o n a l l y. The term inology is used interchangeably and, for the purpose of discussion, TCAS II will be the terminology used in this manual.
W
HAT
IS THE
TCAS II
S
YSTEM
?
TCAS II is a system used for detecting and tracking aircraft in the vicinity of your own aircraft.By interrogating their transponders it analyzes the replies to determine range,bearing,and if reporting altitude,the relative altitude of the intruder. Should the TCAS II processor determine that a possible collision hazard exists,it issues visual and audio advisories to the crew for appropriate vertical avoidance maneuvers.
TCAS is unable to detect any intruding aircraft without an operating transponder.
There are two types of cockpit displays for TCAS II, the Resolution Advisory (RA) display and the Traffic
Advisory (TA) display.The RA display is incorporated into the vertical speed indicator (VSI).By illuminating red and green areas around the dial it displays the required rate,or limitation of climb or descent,to avoid a possible collision.
The TA display shows the intruding aircraft’s relative position and altitude with a trend arrow to indicate if it is climbing or descending at greater than 500 feet per minute.This TA display may be provided on the weather radar indicator, on a dedicated TCAS display or a TA/VSI display.
The TA display identifies the relative threat of each intruder by using various symbols and colors.
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Complementing the displays,TCAS II provides appropriate synthesized voice announcements.A complete list of symbols and announcements is given in the
Operation section of this User’s Manual.
ATC procedures and the “see and avoid concept”will continue to be the
primary means of ensuring aircraft separation.However, if communication is lost with
ATC,TCAS II adds a significant backup for collision avoidance.
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SECTION 2
Operation
TCAS II Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
TCAS II Traffic Display Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Off Scale Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
The RA/VSI Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
The TA/VSI Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
How To Fly Typical TCAS II Commands – Change 6.04a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
How To Fly Typical TCAS II Commands – Change 7.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
Audio Announcements – Change 6.04a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Audio Announcements – Change 7.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
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The TCAS II System:
• Is compatible with and independent of the
ATC System
• Determines if a threat exists
• Provides display and audio announcement to the crew
– Position information displayed on CRT and/or TA/VSI
– Vertical guidance displayed on VSI
– Synthesized voice
• Calculates appropriate vertical evasive maneuver
• Coordinates maneuvers of two or more TCAS II equipped aircraft via Mode S transponder communication between aircraft.
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TCAS II
Operation
The TCAS II system monitors the airspace sur rounding your aircraft by interrogating the transponder of intruding aircraft.The interrogation reply enables
TCAS II to compute the following information about the intruder:
1) Range between your aircraft and the intruder.
2) Relative bearing to the intruder.
3) Altitude and vertical speed of the intruder, if reporting altitude.
4) Closing rate between the intruder and your aircraft.
Using this data TCAS II predicts the time to,and the separation at,the intruders closest point of approach
(CPA).Should TCAS II predict that certain safe boundaries may be violated,it will issue a Traffic
Advisory (TA) to alert the crew that closing traffic is in the vicinity.
If the intruder continues to close,TCAS II will issue a
Resolution Advisory (RA) to obtain or maintain safe vertical separation between your aircraft and the intruder.TCAS II bases the alarms on a five second crew reaction time to begin the separation maneuver.
Increase or reversal of an RA requires a reaction in two and one half seconds.
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Typical
TCAS II
Encounter
Two TCAS II equipped airc raft will coordinate their resolution advisories using a Mode S transponder airto-air data link.The coordination ensures that comp l e m e n t a ry advisories are issued in each airc ra f t .
T h e c rew should promptly but smoothly follow the advisory.
Since maneuvers are coordinated, the crew should neve r m a n e u ver in the opposite direction of the advisory.
TCAS II can tra ck as many as 45 airc ra f t ,d i s p l ay up to 30 of them and can coordinate a resolution advis o ry for up to three intru d e rs at once.The advisori e s a re always based on the least amount of dev i a t i o n f rom the flight path while providing safe ve rt i c a l s e p a ra t i o n .
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TCAS II
Traffic
Display
Symbols
TCAS II will display four dif ferent traffic symbols on the Traffic Advisory displays.The symbols change shape and color to represent increasing levels of urgency.
The traffic symbols may also have an associated altitude tag which shows relative altitude in hundreds of feet,indicating whether the intruder is climbing, flying level or descending.A + sign and number above the symbol means the intruder is above your altitude.
A - sign and number beneath indicates it is below your altitude.A trend arrow appears when the intruder’s vertical rate is 500 feet per minute or greater.
If the intruder is Non-Altitude Reporting (NAR) the traffic symbol appears without an altitude number or trend arrow.The type of symbol selected by TCAS II is based on the intruder location and closing rate.
If TCAS direction finding techniques fail to locate the azimuth of another aircraft,a NO BEARING message appears on the screen.
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Non-Threat
Traffic
An open white diamond indicates that an intruder’s relative altitude is greater than plus or minus 1200 feet vertically or its distance is beyond 6 nm range.It
is not yet considered a threat.
This one is 1700 feet below your own altitude, climbing at 500 feet per minute or greater.
Proximity
Intruder
Traffic
A filled white diamond indicates that the intruding aircraft is within plus or minus 1200 feet vertically and within 6 nm range,but is still not considered a threat.
This intruder is now 1000 feet below your aircraft and climbing.
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Traffic
Advisory (TA)
A symbol change to a filled yellow circle indicates that the intruding aircraft is considered to be potentially hazardous.Depending on your altitude TCAS II will display a TA when the time to CPA is between 20 and 48 seconds.
Here the intruder is 900 feet below your aircraft, climbing at 500 feet per minute or greater.A voice announcement is heard in the cockpit,advising,
“Traffic, Traffic”
Under normal conditions a TA will precede an RA by
10 to 15 seconds.
The crew should attempt to gain visual contact with the intruder and be prepared to maneuver should an RA be sounded 10 to 15 seconds later. The crew should take no evasive actions based solely on the TCAS II display.
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Resolution
Advisory
(RA)
A solid red square indicates that the intruding aircraft is projected to be a collision threat.TCAS II calculates that the intruder has reached the point where a
Resolution Advisory is necessary.The time to closest approach with the intruder is now between 15 and
35 seconds depending on your altitude.the symbol appears together with an appropriate audio warning and a vertical maneuver indication on the RA/VSI.
Voice announcements are listed later in this section.
This aircraft is now 600 feet below your altitude and still climbing.A synthesized voice announces a vertical maneuver command,such as,
“Climb, Climb, Climb.”
(Change 6.04a)
or
“Climb, Climb.”
(Change 7.0)
The pilot should smoothly but firmly initiate any required vertical maneuver within 5 seconds from the time the RA is posted, using pitch cues or the Vertical
Speed Indicator as appropriate.
An intruder must be reporting altitude in order to gen-
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erate an RA. Therefore, the RA symbol will always have an altitude tag.
Off Scale
Traffic
The presence of TA or RA aircraft that are beyond the selected display range is indicated by one half of the traffic symbol at the edge of the screen.The position of the half-symbol represents the bearing of the intruder.
TA AND RA TRAFFIC
OFF SCALE, TCAS
MODE FORMAT.
SAME TRAFFIC ON
10 MILE RANGE,
WEATHER MODE
FORMAT.
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The RA/VSI
Instrument
TCAS II guidance is incorporated into the vertical speed indicator.Two rows of colored lights,one green and one red,are located around the vertical speed scale.TCAS II uses the lights to indicate whether to climb,descend or remain level.The lights are OFF unless an active Resolution Advisory is in progress.
Resolution Advisories are grouped as
Corrective
Advisories or Preventive Advisories.Corrective
Advisories require a positive action by the crew accompanied by a green arc on the RA/VSI showing
“Fly To”guidance.
Preventive Advisories require that
NO action be taken to alter the flight path of the aircraft.
When TCAS issues an RA,certain segments in the row of red lights will be turned on.Segments in the row of green lights will be on when the pilot is required to actively maneuver the aircraft to satisfy the resolution advisory. For safe separation from the intruder, the pilot should maneuver the aircraft within the vertical speeds represented by the green lights.Vertical
speeds within the red area must be avoided.
An RA may be presented on the VSI requiring avoidance of two or more threat aircraft simultaneousl y.
For example a “do not descend”indication may be visible at the same time a “limit climb rate”indication appears because of threat aircraft above and below your own aircraft.
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The TA/VSI
Instrument
The TA/VSI combines the plan position of intruding aircraft and TCAS II guidance on the vertical speed instrument.
A pointer and circular vertical speed scale indicate aircraft vertical rate.Resolution Advisories are shown as red and green bands outside of the scale.The center of the display presents intruding traffic.Refer to
Section 3 for a detailed description of the TA/VSI.
How to
Fly Typical
TCAS II
Commands –
Change
6.04a
The Resolution Advisory is incorporated into the
Vertical Speed Indicator. By illuminating red and green light bands around the dial,“Fly-To”and “Fly-
Away-From”commands are displayed coinciding with the required vertical rate.
Maneuver the aircraft promptly and smoothly in response to the Resolution
Advisory.
Some of the typical Resolution Advisories shown on the RA/VSI will require a maneuver by the crew while others will warn against maneuvering.A typical
TCAS II maneuver requires crew response within 5 seconds and G-forces of ± .25 G.This force is similar to that experienced when initiating an enroute climb or descent.
Because of this G-force requirement, the response to the RA cannot be flown using the autopilot. The autopilot must be disconnected prior to responding to the RA.
The following diagrams illustrate typical TCAS II encounters showing intruder traffic on a display and the corresponding resolution on the RA/VSI.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Climb, Climb, Climb.”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,200 feet below your altitude.
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Crew Response:
Promptly and smoothly establish a climb rate of 1500 feet per minute.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Monitor Vertical Speed,
Monitor Vertical Speed.”
Comments
Situation:
One intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,500 feet above your altitude. Another is 500 feet below your altitude.
Crew Response:
Remain in level flight.Do not climb or descend.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Monitor Vertical Speed.”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,500 feet below your altitude and f lying level.
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Crew Response:
Do not descend.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Traffic, Traffic”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,beyond 5 miles,200 feet below your altitude.
Crew Response:
You do not maneuver on the Traffic Advisory symbol.
Attempt to visually acquire the intruder and be prepared to maneuver if the TA changes to an RA.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Monitor Vertical Speed.”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,400 feet above your altitude You are already climbing at 2000 feet per minute.
20
Crew Response:
Maintain climb at present rate.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Descend, Descend,
Descend.”
Comments
Situation:
One intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,200 feet above your altitude.
Crew Response:
Promptly and smoothly establish a descent rate of
1500 feet per minute.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Climb; Climb Now,
Climb, Climb Now.”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead and above and has changed from level flight to a rapid descent after TCAS issued a descend RA. TCAS is now changing that to a climb.
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Crew Response:
You are expected to initiate the change from a descent to a climb maneuver within 2.5 seconds with an increase in G-force to .35 Gs.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
“Clear of Conflict”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder has passed behind and is now 600 feet below your altitude. It is no longer a threat.
Crew Response:
Return promptly to the previous ATC clearance.
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How to
Fly Typical
TCAS II
Commands –
Change 7.0
The Resolution Advisory is incorporated into the
Vertical Speed Indicator. By illuminating green and red light bands around the dial,“Fly-To”and “Fly-Away-
From”commands are displayed coinciding with the vertical rate required to comply with the Resolution
Advisory.
Maneuver the aircraft promptly and smoothly in response to the Resolution Advisory.
Some of the typical Resolution Advisories shown on the RA/VSI will require a maneuver by the crew while others will warn against maneuvering.A typical
TCAS II maneuver requires crew response to the initial RA within 5 seconds and G-forces of ± .25 G.This
force is similar to that experienced when initiating an enroute climb or descent.
Because of this G-force requirement, the response to the RA cannot be flown using the autopilot. The autopilot must be disconnect-
ed prior to responding to the RA.When the initial RA is changed,the crew must respond within 2 1/2 seconds.
The following diagrams illustrate typical TCAS II encounters showing intruder traf fic on a display and the corresponding resolution on the RA/VSI.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Climb, Climb.”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,200 feet below your altitude and f lying level.
Crew Response:
Promptly and smoothly establish a climb rate of 1500 feet per minute.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Adjust Vertical Speed,
Adjust.”
Comments
Situation:
The previous intruder is now 500 feet below your altitude while still at 12:00 o’clock and flying level after your having followed the CLIMB RA.
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Crew Response:
Promptly and smoothly level the aircraft.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Maintain Vertical Speed,
Maintain.”
Comments
Situation:
One intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,500 feet above your altitude.Another is at 500 feet below your altitude. Both are f lying level.
Crew Response:
Remain in level flight.Do not climb or descend.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Monitor Vertical Speed,
Monitor Vertical Speed”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,500 feet below your altitude and f lying level.
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Crew Response:
Do not descend. Maintain level flight.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Traffic, Traffic”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,beyond 5 miles,200 feet below your altitude.
Crew Response:
You do not maneuver on the Traffic Advisory symbol.
Attempt to visually acquire the intruder and be prepared to maneuver if the TA changes to an RA.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Maintain Vertical Speed,
Crossing Maintain”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,400 feet above your altitude and f lying level. You are already climbing at 2000 feet per minute.
30
Crew Response:
Maintain climb at present rate.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Descend, Descend.”
Comments
Situation:
One intruder is ahead at 12:00 o’clock,200 feet above your altitude and f lying level.
Crew Response:
Promptly and smoothly establish a descent rate of
1500 feet per minute.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Climb, Climb Now,
Climb, Climb Now.”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder is ahead and above and has changed from level flight to a rapid descent after TCAS issued a descend RA. TCAS is now changing that to a climb.
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Crew Response:
You are expected to initiate the change from a descent to a climb maneuver within 2.5 seconds using an acceleration of .35 Gs.
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Indications and Voice
Announcements
Change 7.0
“Clear of Conflict”
Comments
Situation:
The intruder has passed behind and is now 600 feet below your altitude. It is no longer a threat.
Crew Response:
Return promptly to the previous ATC clearance.
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Recovery after Clear of Conflict
• If initially in level flight,promptly but smoothly return to the previously assigned altitude unless otherwise directed by ATC.
• If climbing or descending resume the planned climb or descent after the intruder has passed by unless otherwise directed by ATC.
Audio
Announcements – change 6.04a
Synthesized voice announcements are issued by TCAS
II over the aircraft audio system.The following tables list all of the Resolution Advisories,audio messages and advisories in the TCAS II vocabulary.
Audio
Messages
Change 6.04a
CONDITION
TRAFFIC ADVISORY
RA CLEARED
SELF TEST PASSED
SELF TEST FAILED
“Traffic”is spoken once if a second TA appears.
ADVISORY MESSAGE
“Traffic,Traffic”*
“Clear of Conflict”
“TCAS System Test OK”
“TCAS System Test Fail”*
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Resolution
Advisories and
Synthesized
Voice
Announcements
Change 6.04a
List of
Resolution
Advisories
Change 6.04a
RA CATEGORY
CLIMB
DESCENT
CROSSOVER
CLIMB
CROSSOVER
DECENT
VERTICAL SPEED
R E S T R I C T E D
( C L I M B I N G )
VERTICAL SPPED
RESTRICTED
(DESCENDING)
CORRECTIVE
“Climb, Climb,
Climb”
“Descend, Descend,
Descend”
“Climb, Crossing
Climb, Climb,
Crossing Climb”
“Descend, Crossing
Descend. Descend,
Crossing Descend”
“Reduce Climb,
Reduce Climb”
“Reduce Descent
Reduce Descent”
PREVENTIVE
“Monitor Vertical
Speed, Monitor
Vertical Speed”
“Monitor Vertical
Speed.* Monitor
Vertical Speed”
“Monitor Vertical
Speed. Monitor
Vertical Speed”
“Monitor Vertical
Speed. Monitor
Vertical Speed”
“Monitor Vertical
Speed. Monitor
Vertical Speed”
“Monitor Vertical
Speed. Monitor
Vertical Speed”
*”Monitor Vertical Speed”is spoken once if downgraded froma previous corrective advisory.
The following Resolution Advisories are changes from those previously issued and require two and one half seconds response time and up to .35 G.
(N/A) CHANGE FROM
CLIMB TO
DESCENT
CHANGE FROM
DESCENT TO
CLIMB
INCREASE
CLIMB RATE
INCREASE
CLIMB RATE
“Descend, Descend
NOW. Descend,
Descend NOW”
“Climb, Climb NOW.
Climb, Climb NOW”
“Increase Climb,
Increase Climb”
“Increase Descent,
Increase Descent”
(N/A)
(N/A)
(N/A)
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Audio
Announcements – change 7.0
Synthesized voice announcements are issued by TCAS
II over the aircraft audio system.The following tables list all of the Resolution Advisories,audio messages and advisories in the TCAS II vocabulary.
Audio
Messages change 7.0
CONDITION
TRAFFIC ADVISORY
RA CLEARED
SELF TEST PASSED
SELF TEST FAILED
“Traffic”is spoken once if a second TA appears.
ADVISORY MESSAGE
“Traffic,Traffic”*
“Clear of Conflict”
“TCAS System Test OK”
“TCAS System Test Fail”*
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Resolution
Advisories and
Synthesized
Voice
Announcements change 7.0
RESOLUTION ADVISORY
CLIMB
AUDIO MESSAGE
“Climb, Climb”
DESCENT
CROSSOVER
CLIMB
“Descend, Descend”
“Climb, Crossing Climb-
Climb, Crossing Climb”
CROSSOVER
DESCENT
VERTICAL SPEED RESTRICTED
(CLIMBING OR DESCENDING)
“Descend, Crossing Descend-
Descend, Crossing Descend”
“Adjust Vertical Speed, Adjust”
ANY WEAKENING OR
SOFTENING OF AN RA
“Adjust Vertical Speed”
PREVENTATIVE ADVISORY “Monitor Vertical Speed”
MAINTAIN EXISTING
VERTICAL SPEED
MAINTAIN EXISTING VERTICAL
SPEED WHILE CROSSING
THREAT’S ALTITUDE
“Maintain Vertical Speed,
Maintain”
“Maintain Vertical Speed,
Crossing Maintain”
The following Resolution Advisories are changes from those previously issued and require two and one half seconds response time and up to .35 G.
List of
Resolution
Advisories change 7.0
CHANGE FROM CLIMB TO
DESCENT
CHANGE FROM DESCENT TO
CLIMB
INCREASE CLIMB RATE
INCREASE
DESCENT RATE
“Descend, Descend NOW -
Descend, Descend NOW”
“Climb, Climb NOW -
Climb, Climb NOW”
“Increase Climb -
Increase Climb”
“Increase Descent -
Increase Descent”
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SECTION 3
Controls and Displays
Transponder/TCAS Control Unit;CTA-81A,CTA-81B,CTA-81C . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Weather Radar Indicators;RDR-4,RDR-1F, RDR-1E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Weather Modes Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
TCAS Mode Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Fault Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Fault Annunciations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
ITA-81A Dedicated TCAS Traffic Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
IVA-81B RA/VSI Resolution Advisory/Vertical Speed Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
IVA-81A/IVA-81D TA/VSI Traffic Advisory/Vertical Speed Indicator . . . . . . . . 57
Typical TA/VSI Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
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Transponder/
TCAS
Control
Unit;
CTA- 81A,
CTA- 81B,
CTA- 81C
CTA-81A DUAL MODE S/TCAS CONTROL UNIT
CTA-81C SINGLE MODE S/TCAS CONTROL UNIT
(CTA-81A SHOWN)
CTA-81B MODE S/ATCRBS/TCAS
CONTROL UNIT
CTA-81A,
CTA-81B,
CTA-81C
Controls and Displays
The CTA-81 ( ) Control Unit is the master control for both the TCAS system and transponder.The CTA-
81A controls two Mode S transponders.The CTA-81B controls one Mode S transponder and one ATCRBS transponder.The CTA-81C controls one Mode S transponder.
NOTE: Controls vary depending on CTA-81 ( ) configuration installed.Control functions same as typical unit shown.
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The
Display Window Displays ATC code selection and whether transponder No.
1 or No.2 is active.The R blinks indicating interrogation reply of ATCRBS transponder only.
ATC 1-2 selects the active transponder.
The other unit is placed in standby.
ALT ON/OFF turns altitude source ON or OFF.
Concentric knobs select
ATC code in code window.
The
ATC FAIL Lamp indicates failure of the selected transponder.
(Pushbutton)
ATC IDENT initiates IDENT feature for
ATC.
ALT 1-2 (CTA-81A) or ALT SOURCE
1/OFF/2 (CTA-81B) selects one of two altitude sources Air Data Computer No.
1 or No.2.OFF position disables altitude squawk.
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The
TCAS RANGE Selector selects the
Traffic Advisory display range in nautical miles.
(Pushbutton)
The
FL pushbutton (Center of TCAS
Range Knob) replaces intruder’s relative altitude with absolute altitude in flight level format for 15 seconds.During this period your own altitude, expressed as flight level,is displayed.After 15 seconds flight level reverts back to relative altitude.
The FL function is inhibited below
18,000 feet MSL unless barometric corrected altitude is available from an air data computer. In this case the FL function is available at any altitude.
If FL is selected while inhibited,“FL—-” will replace own flight level.
A/B (Above/Below) toggle switch selects altitude display limits.Three levels to choose from.
ABOVE (Climb phase)
9000 feet above;2700 feet below –
Change 7.0
8700 feet above;2700 feet below –
Change 6.04a
NORMAL (Enroute phase)
2700 feet above;2700 feet below.
BELOW (Descent phase)
2700 feet above;9000 feet below –
Change 7.0
2700 feet above;8700 feet below –
Change 6.04a
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Function
Selector
CTA-81A/C
Control
Unit Only
(selects operating mode)
Moving the spring loaded knob to
TEST position for one second initiates a comprehensive self test lasting approximately twelve seconds.Refer to the Test section in the Appendix for a detailed description of test functions.
STBY places Mode S transponder and TCAS system in standby.
ALT OFF activates transponder without altitude reporting.TCAS system in standby.
ALT ON activates transponder with altitude reporting.TCAS system in standby.
TA Traffic Advisory mode.Presents traffic location on
TA display but does not issue Resolution Advisories.
TA mode annunciation appears on displays.Activates
transponder and altitude reporting.
TA/RA Traffic Advisory and Resolution Advisory mode.Presents traffic location on displays and issues audio and visual Resolution Advisories for traffic determined to be a threat.TA/RA mode annunciation appears on PPI or ITA-81A displays.Activates
transponder and altitude reporting.
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Function
Selector
CTA-81B
Control
Unit Only
(selects operating mode)
There are no TCAS functions on the ATC 2 (3 most clockwise) positions.
The left
ATC 1 TEST position (CCW) tests the Mode
S transponder and the TCAS system.The right
ATC 2
TEST position (CW) tests the ATCRBS transponder.
Moving the spring loaded knob to either TEST position initiates a self test in the respective unit.Refer to the Test section in the Appendix for a detailed description of test functions.
Selection of either STBY position places both transponders and TCAS II system in standby.
ATC 1 ON activates the Mode S transponder.TCAS in standby.
ATC 2 ON activates the ATCRBS transponder.TCAS in standby.
TA Traffic Advisory mode.Presents traffic location on displays but does not issue Resolution Advisories.TA
mode annunciation appears on displays.Mode S transponder activated with altitude reporting
TA / R A Tra ffic A d v i s o ry and Resolution A d v i s o ry mode.
P resents tra ffic location on displays and issues audio and visual Resolution A d v i s o ries for tra ffic determ i n e d to be a thre a t .TA/RA mode annunciation appears on
PPI or ITA-81A display s . Mode S transponder activa t e d with altitude re p o rt i n g .
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Weather
Radar
Indicators;
RDR-4,
RDR-1F,
RDR-1E
RDR-4,
(PPI-4B)
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RDR-1F,
(PPI-1T)
RDR-1E,
(PPI-1U)
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PPI-1T,
PPI-1U and PPI-4B
Indicator
Controls
NOTE: Control arrangement varies depending on PPI radar configuration installed.TCAS control functions are the same as typical unit shown.
(Pushbutton)
TCAS cycles through display modes;
WX/TCAS Pop-Up,WX/TCAS Overlay, and TCAS Only.
At Power-Up the screen initially displays the TCAS Only mode.Pressing the TCAS button once changes the display to WX
Only mode.
Pressing again changes the display to
WX/TCAS Overlay. (TCAS traffic is overlayed on weather.)
Pressing again changes the display back to the TCAS Only mode.
In WX/TCAS Pop-Up mode,the display shows the selected radar function.
When a TA or RA occurs,the display automatically switches to the TCAS Only mode.The range changes to the previously selected TCAS range.
Pressing the TCAS button once after a
Pop-Up event occurs returns the display to previous weather. The display will once again be inter rupted if another TA or RA Pop-Up penetrates the protected range of your aircraft.When the traffic is no longer a threat,the screen automatically reverts to displaying weather.
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48
(Pushbutton)
MSG. The message pushbutton activates the ACARS mode.During ACARS display a TCAS Pop-Up event replaces the
ACARS page with TCAS Only. When the traffic is no longer a threat the screen automatically reverts back to displaying
ACARS.
Pressing the MSG button once during the event reverts the display back to the previous ACARS display page.The display will once again be interrupted if another TA or RA event occurs.
This
Function Selector turns on the weather radar system and selects the operating mode;
TCAS selects a TCAS only display,
WXR/TCAS selects weather with TCAS overlay display, and
WXR
selects a weather only display.
(Pushbutton)
Pressing the
FL pushbutton replaces intruders relative altitude with flight level.During this period your own flight level is displayed.Pressing the button again changes the display back to rela tive altitude.
The
FL function is inhibited below
18,000’MSL unless barometric altimeter settings are available from the air data computer.
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PPI-1T,
PPI-1U and PPI-4B
Indicator
Controls
(cont’d)
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The
Range Selector selects range to be displayed.In the position labeled
NO
WXR, the display shows TCAS traffic only (no radar).
WARNING: The RDR-1E/ED and RDR-1F transmitters continue to radiate in the 5 and 10 mile NO WXR ranges if an active mode is selected on the radar control panel (any mode except TEST).Refer to the appropriate Weather Radar
Operating Manual for Cautions and
Limitations prescribed by FAA Advisory
Circular 20-68B.
The A/B (Above/Below) pushbutton or toggle switch selects altitude display limits.Three levels to choose from:
ABOVE (Climb phase)
9000 feet above;2700 feet below –
Change 7.0
8700 feet above;2700 feet below –
Change 6.04a
NORMAL (Enroute phase)
2700 feet above;2700 feet below.
BELOW (Descent phase)
2700 feet above;9000 feet below –
Change 7.0
2700 feet above;8700 feet below –
Change 6.04a
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50
The
Function Selector turns on the weather radar system and selects operating mode;either a TCAS mode or a
Weather mode.
WEATHER Modes
The Weather modes; WX, TURB and MAP, show the display origin at the bottom center of the screen. The weather and TCAS views are forward. The display shows radar functions with
TCAS overlay depending on the selection by the TCASAUTO pushbutton.
At Power-Up the screen initially displays the WX/TCAS overlay mode. Mode annunciation is the
TCAS operational mode.
TCAS Mode
In the TCAS position TCAS ONLY function is selected. No Weather is displayed. The airplane symbol appears in the lower 1/3 of the screen displaying traffic ahead of and behind your air craft.
At Power-Up the screen initially displays all TCAS traffic only.
Mode annunciation is the TCAS operational mode.
(Pushbutton)
WEATHER Modes
Pressing the button changes the mode to TCAS Pop-Up which displays WX only until a TA or
RA intruder appears.
Annunciation changes to TA
AUTO or TA/RA AUTO. When
TA/RA traffic enters the protected area all TCAS traffic is shown over weather. When the intruder is no longer a threat the screen automatically reverts back to displaying weather only.
Pressing the button once more changes the display back to
WX/TCAS overlay mode.
TCAS Mode
Pressing the button once changes to TCAS Pop-Up mode.
TCAS AUTO is annunciated.
In Pop-Up mode the screen clears and remains blank until
TA or RA traffic appears. Then all TCAS traffic is displayed.
The screen automatically clears when the intruder is no longer a threat.
Pressing the button once more changes the display back to
Full-Time display of all traffic.
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Weather
Modes
Message
Format
TCAS STBY (Blue) — TCAS system in standb y
TEST
TA/RA
(Blue)
(Blue)
—
—
TCAS system in TEST
TA/RA Mode
TA/RA AUTO (Blue) — TA/RA Pop-Up Mode
TA ONLY
TA AUTO
(Blue) — TA Only Mode
(Blue) — TA Only Pop-Up Mode
TD FAIL
NO TCAS
(Yellow) — Indicator Failure
(Blue) — TCAS not operational.
Place Function Selector to TCAS for a list of faults.
TCAS FAIL (Yellow) — Failures include:
TCAS Processor or Top or Bottom TCAS Antenna.Place Function
Selector to TCAS for a list of faults.
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TCAS Mode
Message
Format
TCAS STBY (Blue) — TCAS system in standby
TEST (Blue) — TCAS system in TEST
TA/RA (Blue) — TA/RA Mode
TA/RA AUTO (Blue) — TA/RA Pop-Up Mode
TA ONLY
TA AUTO
TD FAIL
(Blue) — TA Only Mode
(Blue) — TA Only Pop-Up Mode
(Yellow) — Indicator Failure
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Fault
Message
Format
Fault
Annunciations
TCAS PROCESSOR
UPPER ANTENNA
LOWER ANTENNA
RADIO ALT #1
RADIO ALT #2
RADIO ALT #1 and #2
#1 XPNDR DATA BUS
#2 XPNDR DATA BUS
TRAFFIC DISPLAY
RA DISPLAY #1
RA DISPLAY #2
RA DISPLAY #1 and #2
SELECTED XPNDR
XPNDR TOP ANT
XPNDR LOWER ANT
XPNDR TCAS DATA
XPNDR CONTROL DATA
XPNDR ALT DATA #1 and #2
#1 XPNDR ALT DATA
#2 XPNDR ALT DATA
ATTITUDE
HEADING
NOTE: If a fault occurs while in the WX function
(TCAS FAIL annunciated), switch to the TCAS function for a list of faults.
If already in the TCAS function, faults come up automatically.
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ITA-81A
Dedicated
TCAS Traffic
Display
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ITA-81A
Dedicated
TCAS Traffic
Display
Controls
Pushbutton
Range Selectors select range to be displayed.
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TCAS/AUTO Pushbutton:At Power-Up the screen initially displays all TCAS traffic.
Pressing the button alternates between
Full-Time and TCAS Pop-Up modes.
When in Pop-Up mode the screen clears and remains blank until TA or RA traffic appears.Then all TCAS traffic is displayed.TCAS AUTO is annunciated.The
screen automatically clears when the intruder is no longer a threat.Pressing the TCAS/AUTO button when no TCAS traffic is displayed returns the display to the Full-Time mode.
Pushbutton controls select vertical displa y limits.
ABOVE (Climb phase)
9000 feet above;2700 feet below – Change 7.0
8700 feet above;2700 feet below – Change 6.04a
NORMAL (Enroute phase)
2700 feet above;2700 feet below.
BELOW (Descent phase)
2700 feet above;9000 feet below – Change 7.0
2700 feet above;8700 feet below – Change 6.04a
Adjusts display brightness.
55
IVA-81B
RA/VSI
Resolution
Advisory/
Vertical
Speed
Indicator
Vertical Speed
Pointer
Two rows of colored lights,one red and one green, are located around the vertical speed scale.The
RA/VSI indicates whether to climb,descend, remain level or otherwise change the vertical speed by lighting segments of these rows.The required vertical maneuver keeps the pointer out of the red,and/or into the green areas.
Resolution Advisor y
“Fly-Away-From”
Command Arc
(Red)
VSI Flag (Amber)
(Not capable of displaying vertical speed)
- RA/VSI Failure
- Power Failure or
- VS Source Failure
Resolution Advisor y
“Fly-To” Command
Arc (Green)
56
Ambient Light
Sensor
TCAS Flag
RA OFF (White)
- TCAS is in STBY.
- TCAS in TA ONLY mode.
- Power loss in the
RA/VSI.
- System operating in automatic TA ONLY mode.
TCAS (Amber) - TCAS Failure
Both Flags disappear during normal operation.
The RA OFF/TCAS flag may appear independently of the VSI flag. Whenever the VSI flag appears the RA OFF flag will also appear.
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IVA-81A/IVA-81D
TA/VSI
Traffic
Advisory/
Vertical
Speed
Indicator
The TA/VSI combines the vertical speed instrument with the TA and RA display functions.Red and green bands around the circumference of the screen give
RA information.Traffic location is presented on the face of the display inside of the vertical speed scale.
Vertical Speed
Pointer
Resolution
Advisory
“Fly-To”
Command Arc
(Green)
Resolution
Advisor y
“Fly-Away-
From”
Command Arc
(Red)
Intruders
Maximum
Range
Border
Off Scale
Traffic
Own
Aircraft
Symbol
2 Mile
Range
Ring
TA Select
Pushbutton–
Traffic Select or Switchable as wired during installation
Brightness
Control
Range Pushbuttons -
The following are range selection possibilities and are configured during installation:
• 3, 5, 10 and 15 NM
• 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40 NM
• 5, 10, 20 and 40 NM
• 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40 NM
Not all unit versions suppor t all listed range selections.
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Versions of the IVA-81A/IVA-81D which have a TA
Select pushbutton (TA SEL) on the bezel can be configured to operate in either the TRAFFIC SELECT mode or the SWITCHABLE mode.The following are descriptions of each mode of operation:
Configured for TA
Select
When no TA or RA traf fic is present,the IVA-81A/IVA-
81D operates in the Vertical Speed Indicator mode only, with no TCAS Traffic Display overlay. Pressing TA
Select will have no effect when no TA or RA traffic is in the area.When a TA or RA intruder is detected,the unit automatically changes to the Traffic Display mode with a Vertical Speed Indicator overlay.With an intruder present,pressing TA Select will revert the display back to VSI mode only. The unit automatically reverts back to the Vertical Speed Indicator mode when threat traffic is no longer present.The presence of a new TA or RA intruder will initiate a repeat of this cycle of operation.
Configured for
Switchable
The IVA-81A/IVA-81D operates in either the Traffic
Display mode or the Vertical Speed indicator mode, regardless of whether there is threat traf fic present.
The display formats are selected manually by pressing TA Select.When a TA or RA intruder is detected, and if the display format has not been previously manually selected,the unit automatically changes to the Traffic Display mode with a Vertical Speed
Indicator overlay. Again,pressing TA Select will alternate between the two formats.The unit will not automatically revert back to the Vertical Speed only mode when threat traffic is no longer present.The presence of a new TA or RA intruder will initiate a repeat of this cycle of operation if the display format was
Vertical Speed only format.
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Display
Message
Locations
TCAS Mode/Failure
Standard Optional
TCAS STBY (Blue)
TA/RA (Blank)
TEST (Yellow)
TA ONLY (Blue)
TCAS (Yellow)
NO TCAS
TA/RA
TEST
TA ONLY
NO TCAS
(Blue) TCAS system in standby
(Blank)
(Yellow)
(Blue/Yellow - when active TA)
(Yellow) TCAS system failure
Display Message Locations
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Typical
TA/VSI
Scenarios
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SECTION 4
System Considerations
Warnings and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
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Warnings and
Limitations
Warnings and Limitations specific to Change 7.0 or
Change 6.04a are identified as such.The capability of
TCAS II is dependent upon the type of transponder in the intruding aircraft:
• The intruding aircraft must be equipped with a properly operating transponder for normal
TCAS operation.TCAS is unable to detect any aircraft without an operating transponder.
• If the intruder is Non-Altitude Reporting
(NAR),TCAS will display only the range and bearing.It can issue a Traffic Advisory based on distance and direction of flight but will not generate a Resolution Advisory. TCAS assumes
Non-Altitude Reporting (NAR) traf fic is at the same altitude as your own aircraft.
TCAS does not display NAR traffic above 14,500 feet.
A TCAS II Resolution Advisory is based on the expectation that the crew will comply within 5 seconds.
Any modification to the initial RA,including an increase or reversal to an RA, requires two and one half seconds reaction time.
The TCAS II processor is programmed with the spe cific aircraft operating limitations,i.e.,maximum altitude at which the aircraft can climb at 1500 feet per minute.Climb or Increase Climb RAs are therefore inhibited when the RA maneuver cannot be completed safely due to lack of aircraft performance capability.These performance limits are included as part of the aircraft wiring.See the AFM (Airplane Flight
Manual) for the specific performance limitations for your aircraft.
Wiring options for TCAS also include the following:
• TCAS II can be wired to display all traffic full time or all traffic only as a result of the presence of a TA or an RA.
• The TCAS display may have pilot selectable range or may be a fixed range controlled b y
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the aircraft wiring.
• The TCAS II system can be automatically placed in standby when the aircraft is on the ground.
• The IVA-81A/IVA-81D can be wired to clear the display automatically after a TA or RA passes,or by pressing the TA SEL button,if applicable.
• The manually initiated TCAS test procedure can be inhibited in flight.However, this does not inhibit the transponder self test and TCAS will be placed in
STBY during transponder Self-Test for approximately 5 sec.
• The aircraft Master Lamp Test Switch can be wired to control the TA/VSI and RA/VSI sequential lamp test.
• TCAS can be wired to inhibit display of Traffic on the ground when your own aircraft is below 1700
±50 feet AGL.If configured this way, aircraft on the ground disappear as you descend through 1650 feet and reappear on the traffic display as you climb above 1750 feet.TCAS II designates “On-
Ground”traffic by comparing own aircraft radio altitude and pressure altitude.Any intruder estimated by TCAS to be within 380 feet of the ground descending or 400 feet ascending will be categorized “On-Ground.” If not configured this way, all
“On-Ground”intruders are displayed as non-threat traffic (open white diamond).(Change 6.04a)
TCAS II does not display traf fic on the ground.
(Change 7.0)
In general,if the intruder is within 380 ±20 feet of the ground it will not be displayed. When another aircraft lands,it may take approximately 20 seconds for TCAS II to determine that it has done so.(Change 7.0)
When TCAS II is on the ground,it will display existing tracks down to 150 feet of the ground. Again,it may take
20 seconds for the system to determine that the aircraft has landed.(Change 7.0)
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66
Refer to the Airplane Flight Manual for the specific operational features of your particular TCAS installation.
Increase Descent Resolution Advisories are inhibited below 1450 feet AGL.(Change 6.04a)
Increase Descent Resolution Advisories are inhibited below 1450 feet AGL while descending and 1650 feet
AGL while ascending.(Change 7.0)
All Resolution Advisories are inhibited below 900 feet descending or 1100 feet ascending.
All TCAS II audio warnings are inhibited below 900 feet
Radio Altitude on approach and up to 1100 feet Radio
Altitude on departure.(Change 6.04a)
All TCAS II audio warnings are inhibited below 400 feet
Radio Altitude on approach and up to 600 feet Radio
Altitude on departure.(Change 7.0)
Maneuvers based solely on the TCAS Traffic Display are prohibited by the AFM.
RAs should be followed without the autopilot or autothrottle system engaged.
TCAS II tracking range can be severely limited in high traffic areas. This is especially true of high traffic areas with a high density of TCAS equipped aircraft such as terminal areas and while on the ground. While on the ground, range may be reduced to below 5 miles. After takeoff range will increase,but may still be limited to under 10 miles.
This tracking range limiting is required in order to comply with FAA regulations,to ensure that TCAS II will not interfere with ATC ground station tracking. This should not be interpreted as a system malfunction.
The RDR-1E/ED and RDR-1F radar transmitters are controlled from a separate Radar Control Panel.When 5 or
10 mile NO WXR range is selected on the PPI-1U , the transmitter continues to radiate if an active mode (any mode except TEST) is selected on the Radar Control
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Cautions Panel.Refer to the appropriate Weather Radar
Operating Manual for Cautions and Limitations as prescribed by FAA Advisory Circular 20-68B.
Always attempt to visually clear the airspace before maneuvering your aircraft in response to a TCAS advisory. Do not over react to a Resolution Advisory. Fly only the vertical speed commanded. Using higher vertical speeds than that shown on the RA/VSI is
NOT better. Be alert and comply with modified or weakening RAs (annunciated by “Adjust Vertical
Speed,Adjust” for Change 7.0,or “Monitor Vertical
Speed” for Change 6.04a) to minimize your displacement from your ATC clearance.
The TCAS installation is required to be wired to give
GPWS and Wind Shear higher priority than TCAS.In
case of simultaneous audio alarms,the TCAS II system is placed in TA ONLY mode (aural annunciations are inhibited) and the TA/VSI and RA/VSI flag will show
RA OFF.
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Notes When TCAS commands a corrective Resolution
Advisory, sufficient time exists to perform a smooth vertical maneuver to avoid the conflict.TCAS II expects five second crew reaction time to initial RAs, requiring approximately .25 G. A change to the initial
RA,including an increase or reversal, requires two and one-half seconds reaction time and up to .35 G.
It is possible to see an aircraft flying the same course and direction as your own aircraft and be in close proximity to your aircraft, yet TCAS II may not consider it a threat.TCAS II calculates the closure rate of the intruder, and derives the time to the closest point of approach (CPA).If there is no closure rate,no advisory will be issued,unless the intruder is very close
(within approximately 1/4 mile).
Conversely, traffic at the same altitude very far ahead may be shown as an RA by TCAS because of a ver y rapid closure rate.
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SECTION 5
Appendix
Functional and Automatic Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
RA/VSI Flags and Test Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
RA/VSI and TA/VSI Lamp Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
Failure Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Post Flight Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
Glossary of TCAS Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
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69
Functional and
Automatic
Self Test
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The Mode S transponder and TCAS Functional Test determines the operational status of the entire system.The test is initiated by rotating the function selector knob on the Transponder Control Panel to the counter-clockwise TEST position for one second.
Thereafter, the test continues automatically for a period of approximately twelve seconds.During the test the TCAS II and transponder function is inhibited.
When the knob is held for longer than twelve seconds the system remains in test until it is released.
If the weather radar indicator is OFF, warm up time for the weather radar indicators is about 5 seconds.
During the first few seconds of the test sequence,the control panel,the ITA-81A Dedicated Traffic Display, the radar indicators,the TA/VSI,and the RA/VSI execute a display test.
A test pattern appearing on the dedicated display, the radar PPI and the TA/VSI allow verification of each type of intruder symbol.The test generates the symbols arranged as shown.The Traffic Advisory Display annunciates the word TEST. If the weather radar is in the TEST function,this pattern appears over the PPI test pattern.If in a weather function,this test appears over weather.
Use of the self test function in flight will inhibit TCAS
II and transponder operation for up to 12 seconds.
For this reason,the pilot should use caution when initiating the test in flight.
NOTE:
Some installations may inhibit the activation of TCAS selftest in flight. However,TCAS will be placed in STBY while the Transponder is in self test for approximately 5 sec.
During the TCAS self test operation aircraft pressure altitude,aircraft Mode-S Address and aircraft maximum airspeed capability are not monitored.However, these transponder inputs are always monitored and faults reported while the TCAS is in one of its active modes -- TA Only or TA/RA. Altitude Input to the selected transponder is monitored by the transponder but will
not display a fault message when selecting transponder modes.
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TCAS DISPLAY TEST PATTERN; TCAS FUNCTION,
5 NM RANGE, DEDICATED DISPLAY AND PPI
TA/VSI TEST PATTERN; 5 NM RANGE.
A Resolution A d v i s o ry (red square) will appear at 3 o ’ cl o ck , ra n ge of 2 miles, 1000 feet below and fly i n g l eve l .
A Tra ffic A d v i s o ry (ye l l ow circle) will appear at 9 o ’ cl o ck , ra n ge of 2 miles 200 feet below and cl i m b i n g .
P roximity tra ffic (solid white diamond) will appear at
1 o’cl o ck , ra n ge of 3.6 miles, 200 feet ab ove descendi n g .
N o n - T h reat tra ffic (open white diamond) will appear at 11 o’cl o ck , ra n ge of 3.6 miles, flying level 1000 fe e t ab ove .
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RA/VSI Flags and Test
Indicators
During the first few seconds of the TEST the RA/VSI red and green circumference lights (the climb/descend indicators) illuminate sequentially.The
TCAS flag is in view throughout the test period.
SEQUENTIAL LAMP TEST
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After the sequential lamp test the red and green climb/descend lights display a fixed test command throughout the remainder of the system test.
FIXED TEST COMMAND
At the conclusion of a successful Self Test,a synthesized voice announces,
“TCAS System Test OK”
RA/VSI and
TA/VSI Lamp
Tests
RA/VSI Lamp
Test
If the aircraft wiring includes a lamp test function, the RA/VSI sequential lamp test can be observed by activating the Master Lamp Test switch.The test will continue as long as the switch is held in test position.
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TA/VSI Lamp
Test
The TA/VSI lamp test produces an array of traffic in the pattern shown.The climb/descend color bands alternate between green and red,lasting for two seconds each.The bands are blank for a one second interval in between.
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NOTE: The VSI function of the TA/VSI will not be observed during the lamp test.
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Failure
Conditions
Should a VSI failure be detected at any time,the VSI flag will appear.
Should a failure be detected during Self Test,the audio message says,
“TCAS System Test Fail”
If the TA display is a PPI or dedicated display, the appropriate failure message will be displayed.(See
Fault Message Format in Section 3:Controls and
Displays.)
Test Audio
Inhibit
TCAS test audio is inhibited during GPWS and windshear test or alert.
CTA-81B
Clockwise
Test
Position
The CTA-81B function selector is moved to the right hand test position (switch fully clockwise) to test the
ATCRBS transponder. During the test,segments of the
Transponder Control Unit display window and the
ATC Fail Lamp illuminate.
Post Flight
Reports
If a failure of the TCAS systems has occurred, give
Maintenance as much specific information about the problem as possible. Avoid phrases such as “TCAS inop”.
Provide information in terms of fault lights lit,audio announcements,test patterns discrepancies and screen annunciations that indicate which unit was observed to have failed.
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Glossary of
TCAS Terms
A b b r e v i a t i o n s a n d
D e f i n i t i o n s
AFM
AGL
ATC
ATCRBS
Airplane Flight Manual.
Above Ground Level.
Air Traffic Control.A federally operated ground based system that manages aircraft traffic flow.
ATC Radar Beacon System.A ground based secondary radar and airborne transponder system used to monitor traffic.
Absolute
Altitude
Altitude Tag Data tag shown above or below threat symbol giving the relative altitude of the intruder.
BITE
Altitude above terrain.Also called Radio
Altitude.Absolute altitude is received from a radio altimeter and used by the
TCAS processor to determine distance to the surface.
Built In Test Equipment.A feature of
TCAS that continually monitors itself for operational errors.
CPA
Crossover
Climb,
Crossover
Descent
Closest Point of Approach.Refers to predicted point at which the intruder will be closest to your own aircraft.
The maneuver that TCAS has determined to be appropriate is a climb or descent through the altitude of the threat aircraft.The cr ew is alerted to the crossover maneuver by an audio message.
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G-Force
Increase
Maneuver
The ratio between a given load and the pull of gravity. For TCAS purposes,
G-forces of an RA could reach ±.35 during an increase or reversal of the original command.
An increase maneuver is a change of the original Resolution Advisory command, either climb or descent, requiring a greater rate.The increase maneuver could require G-forces to reach approximately ±.35.
Indicated
Altitude
Intruder
Altitude shown on the altimeter with barometric correction setting set to the local sea level pressure.Used by the crew below 18,000 feet but not used for TCAS processing.
Any aircraft that is in the surveillance range of TCAS.
LRU Line Replaceable Unit.A self-contained avionics component that can be replaced in the field.
Mode A ATCRBS transponder that replies to ATC
Transponder interrogations sending identification code but without giving altitude data.
Mode C ATCRBS transponder that replies to ATC
Transponder interrogations giving identification code or encoded altitude data.
Mode S Transponder that replies to ATC interro-
Transponder gations giving an ATCRBS identification code,encoded altitude and other data fields including aircraft discrete address.
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MOPS Minimum Operational Performance
Standards per RTCA document DO-185.
TCAS II Change 6.04a is specified by
DO-185.TCAS II Change 7.0 is specified by DO-185A.
Non-Altitude Reporting traffic.
NAR
Non-Threat An aircraft that has entered the TCAS
Intruder surveillance volume at a greater distance than 6 miles or altitude greater than 1200 feet above or below your own.
Pressure
Altitude
Indicated altitude when barometric pressure is set to 29.92”Hg (1013.15
mb).Pressure altitude is used by TCAS to determine the relative altitude of traffic.
Proximity
Intruder
Rad Alt
An aircraft that is within 6 miles range and with 1200 feet above or below our own aircraft but does not meet the
TCAS definition of a threat.
Radio Altitude.Altitude received from a radio altimeter and used by TCAS to determine distance to the surface.See
Absolute Altitude.
RA
RA/VSI
Resolution Advisory. An audio and visual indication recommending a vertical maneuver to achieve or maintain sepa ration from an intruding aircraft.
Resolution Advisory/Vertical Speed
Indicator. A flight instrument that gives standard VSI indication plus RA climb and descend requirements.
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Relative
Altitude
Reversal
Maneuver
The difference in altitude between two aircraft.TCAS calculates relative altitude as the difference between your own aircraft’s pressure altitude and the encoded pressure altitude of the intruder.
A reversal maneuver is a change of the original Resolution Advisory command from a climb to a descent or vice-versa.
The reversal maneuver could require
G-forces to reach approximately ±.35.
Self Test
Surveillance The volume of airspace surrounding
Volume your aircraft that TCAS scans for intruding traffic.The TCAS system scans approximately 40 NM in front of and
9,000 feet above and below the aircraft.
The volume will automatically begin to decrease when f lying into a high density area and may be reduced to approximately 15 NM in front of the aircraft.
TA
A functional test that determines equipment status.Self test differs from BITE performance monitoring because it is initiated by the cr ew and is not performed continually or automatically.
TA/VSI
Traffic Advisory.An audio and visual indication that another aircraft is potential threat.A TA may become a
Resolution Advisory within 15 seconds.
Traffic Advisory/Vertical Speed
Indicator.A flight instrument that gives standard VSI indication,plan position of local traffic,plus RA climb and descent requirements.
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Threat An aircraft that has satisfied TCAS threat detection logic and thus requiring a
Resolution Advisory.
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Key features
Detects and tracks aircraft
Analyzes transponder replies
Provides visual and audio advisories
Calculates vertical avoidance maneuvers
Coordinates maneuvers with other TCAS II equipped aircraft
Operates independently of ATC system
Frequently asked questions
The TCAS II system helps to prevent collisions between aircraft by detecting and tracking nearby aircraft and providing alerts and guidance to the crew.
TCAS II interrogates the transponders of other aircraft to determine their location and altitude. It then uses this information to calculate the risk of a collision and issue alerts and guidance to the crew.
If TCAS II determines that a collision hazard exists, it will issue a Traffic Advisory (TA) which is a visual and audio alert, followed by a Resolution Advisory (RA) which provides specific instructions to the crew on how to avoid the collision.
TCAS II uses a Mode S transponder air-to-air data link to communicate with other TCAS II equipped aircraft. This allows the system to coordinate maneuvers between the two aircraft to ensure safe separation.
Yes, TCAS II is compatible with and independent of the ATC system. It provides a backup system for collision avoidance in case of communication loss with ATC.
