Protek B803 Sweep Function Generator User Manual

Protek B803
2MHz Sweep Function Generator
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SUMMARY
Normal use of test equipment may expose you to a certain of danger from electrical shock because
testing must often be performed at the place where exposed voltage Is present. To minimize electrical
shock, the instrument chassis and cabinet must be connected to an electrical ground.
1.
2.
4.
Don’ t expose high voltage needlessly. Remove housings and covers only when necessary. Tum off
equipment while making test connections in high voltage circuits.
Use an insulated floor material stand on.
On testing Instruments or any equipment with a 3-wire AC power plug, use only a 3-wire outlet. This is
a safety feature to keep the housing or other exposed elements at earth ground.
Remember that AC line voltage is present on soma power input circuit points such as on-off switches,
fuses, power transformers, elc., even when the equipment is tumed off.
Never work alone. Someone should be nearby to render aid If necessary. First add training is highly
recommended.
For increasing the product quality, the appearance and the specifications may be changed without
pre-notice.
& INSTALLATION CATEGORY INFORMATION @&
This instrument may be damaged if operated with LINE VOLTAGE
(AC 100/120/220/230V +10%) set for the wrong applied ac input-
source voltafe or if the worng line fuse is installed.
Before connecting the power cord to a power input-source is set
for the correct nominal ac input-source voltage and line fuse.
The power-source must be stand where put out easly when happen
a problem of instrument
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1 EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE
1. INTRODUCTION +
SECTION 3 -
- 14
1. PRIMARY APPLICATIONS --—-—------—ecerceseeremeemeanemenennn
2. PRESET FREQUENCY SELECTION EE TE EEE EE EEE EE EA TAREE ANE ER EYE AE Rn .
3. ADDITIONAL APPLICATION remem
4. BLOCK DIAGAAM ---vricccaciicseeicerseeaceaceencencen
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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SECTION |.
1. INTRODUCTION
This Sweep Function Generator is the most versatile signal source which can be used as a function
generator, a pulse generator or a sweep generator,
With this versatility, it has a great deal of applications in both analog and digital electronics in the
engineering, manufacturing, servicing, and educational fields.
This instrument has a VCG (Voltage Controlled Generator) that produces a sinewave, a squarewave or
a triangle wave at the frequency range of 0.02Hz~2MHz, and has a 4-digit display that the frequency of
10Hz~2MHz can be displayed. The function of continuously variable DC offset allows the output to be
injected directly into circuits at the comect bias level.
Variable symmetry function converts the instrument to a pulse generator being capable of generating
rectangular or pulse waves, ramps or sawtooth waves and skewed sines of variable duty cycle.
The sweep generator offers linear or log sweep with variable sweep rate and sweep width up to 1000 :
1 frequency change. This allows one continuous sweep to cover the entire 20 to 20,000Hz audio band.
The frequency response of any active or passive device up to 2MHz can be determined.
2. SPECIFICATIONS
1) General
© Frequency Range : 0.02Hz to 2MHz in 7 ranges.
D Variable Range : Each Range Provides 100:1 frequency control.
o Output : Sing, Triangle, Squarewave. TTL square wave.
Pulse, Ramp, Skewed sine wave.
© Frequency Accuracy + Over 1Hz+1Count+ Time Base error.
O Stability о + 0.1% after 20 minutes.
© VCF input : VCF(Voltage Controlled Frequency) tunable by O to
-10VDC. Frequency may be programmed with DC
Voltages.
FM-Modulated (Max. Input Voltage : -13VDC)
O Variable Symmetry : Variable Over 1:1 to 4:1 at lower than 1MHz, 1:1 to 2:1 10
2MHz.
Controls all output waveforms including TTL(sync out).
Adjusts square wave to ramp or sawtooth, sine wave to
skewed sine wave.
© DC offset : Continuously variable; Greater than + 10V (open circuit).
Greater than +5V (500).
2) Square wave characteristic : Variable amplitude.
O RiseyFall Time : Less than 100nsec at Max. Output.
3) Sine wave characteristic
© Distortion - Less than 2% from 10Hz to 100kHz.
© Amplitude flatness
4) Triangle wave characteristic
S Nonlinearity
5) Sweep characteristic
O Internal
© Sweep rate
Oo Sweep width
8) Output characteristic
O Amplitude
O Altenuation
© Impedance
7) Frequency counter characteristic
o Display
o Measuring range
О Ассигасу
oO Sensitivity
o Max. input voltage level
0 Input impedance
8) Others
© Power requirements
© Operating Environment
© Dimension
Oo Weight
Better than +3dB to 2MHz at Max. output.
Less than 1% to 100kHz.
Linear.
0.5Hz (2sec periods) to 50Hz (20msec) Continously
Variable.
Variable from 10:1 to 1000:1.
1Vp to 20Vp (open circuit).
0.5Vp to 5Vp (509).
Fixed Attenuation 20dB +1dB, 20dB Continuosly
Variable
500 +5%
4-digits, red LED display.
10Hz-2MHz.
0.01% + 1count.
SümVrms, 10Hz ~ 100Hz
100Hz - 1kHz
1kHz — 10kHz
10kHz — 100kHz
100kHz ~ 1MHz
MHz +. 2MHz
70Vp
TMQ
100/120/220/230V+10% 50/60Hz 13W
Voltage selected by Switch at rear pannel.
O Cto 50° C (accuracy specified at 25° + 5°С)
220mim(W) x BSmymiH) x 300m/m(L)
2,5009
* This instrument is Installation Category (Over voltage Category) : I
SECTION I. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
This Sweep Function generator Is capable of genrating an immense variety of óutput waveforms. The
best benefit and satisfaction can be gained from the instrument by fully understanding it’ 5 capability and
proficiency in its operating. One of the best ways to initially gain this familarization is to connect the
generator to an oscillscope, observe the waveform and notice the effects of the various controls on the
waveforms. Use this manual as required for reference until becoming accustomed to the operating
podcedures.
2. PANEL FEATURES
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Fig. 1 Front panel
1) POWER ON-OFF : Line voltage input 100V, 120V, 220V or 230V + 10%
2) FUNCTION SWITCH : Selects sine wave, square wave or triangle wave output.
3) RANGE SWITCH : Frequency range selector.
4) QSC/COUNT : Oscillator or counter mode selection switch.
5) DISPLAY : Displays the input or output frequency.
6) 0O.F LED : Flickers when the input frequency is overflow.
7) FREQUENCY DIAL : Controls the output frequency in selected range.
8) SWEEP RATE CONTROL : Adjusts the sweep rate of internal sweep generator.
8) SWEEP WIDTH CONTROL : Adjusts the sweep magnitude.
10) COUNT IN : Connector for measuring the external signal when used as frequency tester.
11) SYMMETRY CONTROL : Adjusts the symmetry of output waveform from 1:1 (CAL position) to 4:1.
-3.
12) SYNC OUT : A TTL square wave output with the main generator, useful for synchronizing external
instruments or driving a counter. The TTL counterparts of 500 output signal is fixed at the level of
TTL square wave or pulse.
13) DC OFFSET CONTROL : Adds positive or negative DC component to output signal.
14) QUTPUT : Terminal for all the main generator functions. 20Vp-p (open), 10Vp-p (50 2).
15) AMPLITUDE CONTROL : Adjusts the output level from 0 to - 20dB. When the control is pulled on,
It is operated as ATTENUATOR(20dB).
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Fig. 2 Rear panel
16) VCF INPUT : Voltage Controlled Frequency input terminal. Permits external sweep or frequency
control. Sweep width control should be off when applying external sweep voltage at this BNC.
17) VOLTAGE SELECTOR : Selects the AC line voltage.
18) AC INLET : AC power connector.
18) GND : Ground terminal.
3. Operating characterisitics
Use as Function Generator
1) Connect AC power cord into receptacle on rear panel and pulg into outlet.
2) Tum on equipment. Set range switch to any position.
3) Make sure that the output is symmetrical and unaffec by the sweep generator. Set the following
controls as specified.
Controls. Position
Sweep width OFF
Symmetry OFF
DC offset OFF
- 4 -
Attenuator OdB (pushed in)
4) Select the Range switch at more than a measured frequency. Set the Range Switch and
FREQ dial as follows; The output frequency equals the FREQ dial setting times the Range Switch
setting. For example, a FREQ dial setting 0.6 and a Range width setting 10k produces a 6kHz
output (0.6 x 10=6k). A FREQ dial setting 2.0 and a Range Switch setting 1M produces 2MHz
output {2.0 x 1M=2M).
5) Select sine, square or triangle waveform output by pressing function button.
Fig. 3 illustrates the output waveforms and their phase relationships.
Connect the 500 BNC cable to the point where it Is desired to inject the signal.
Adjust the 500 output to the desired amplitude with the AMPLITUDE control. Also pull Fixed
20dB ATTENUATOR button as nessary to reduce the amplitude to the required level, or push
button to increase the amplitude.
B) A positive or negative DC component can be added to the signal output at 500 BNC by use of
the DC offset control, as required by the circuit into which the signal is being injected.
9) A fixed amplitude TTL square wave is available at the Sync Out BNC. This signal is unaffected by
the AMPLITUDE, the ATTENUATOR and the DC OFFSET controls. Since the TTL output is for
use indigtall corcuit, only a square wave type signal is present, even though the Function switch
selects sine or triangle wave.
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Fig. 3 Output waveforms and phase relationships.
+ Considerations
Knowledge of the following factors is essential for proper operation of the instrument;
1) The DC offset control can be varied up to +10 volts (open-circuit), or +5 volts (500). Also
remember that the sum of conbined signal and DC offset is also limited to +10 volts when open-
circuit, or +5 volts when S09".
Clipping occurs slightly above these levels. Fig 4 illustrates the various operating conditions
-5-
3)
4)
5)
encountared when using DC offset. If the desired output signal is large or if a large DC offset isused
an oscilloscope should be used to make sure that the desired combination is obtained
without clipping. The probability of clipping is reduced by keeping the Amplitude control in the
lower half of its adjustment range when possible.
To set the DCV offset to zero or a specific DC voltage, press the Function Switches slightly so that
all switches can be released (all buttons out).
This removessignal from the output and leaves the DC only. Measure the DC output with
oscilloscope or DC voltmeter and adjust the DC offset control for the desired value. Also the
Amplitude control does not effect the DC offset.
The impedance of output BNC is labeled 500. This means that the source impedance is 500,
but the output may be conneted into any circuit with impedance.
However, the output level varies in proportion to the terminating impedance. If it is desired to
maintain a constant output level while injecting signal into various circuits with various inpedance,
a constant terminating impedance Is necessary.
When the generator output is connected to a coaxial connector on the equipment under test, it
usually presents a 500 terminating impedance. Most other circuit points are usually moderate to
high impedance. A reasonably constant terminating Impedance may be maintained while
injecting signal into moderate and high impedance circuits (5002 and up) by adding a coaxial
tes in the output cable and connecting a 502 termination to one leg. Remove the 500
termination when injecting into a 500 circuit. Also keep DC injection point. The DC offset should
be set to match the circuit voltage, or a blocking capacitor may ba required to avoid DC loading
with 500 .
When using the higher output frequency and when using the square wave output, terminate
the cable 500 to minimze ringing. Keep the cables as short as possible.
To sat output amplitude to a specific level, measure peak-to-peak amplitude on an oscilloscope.
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Fig. 4 Use of DC OFFSET control.
-6-
USE as Pulse Generator
In a symmetrical square wave, sine wave, or triagle wave, the positive and negative transitions are of
equal time duration or 1:1 ratio. This is the condition that the SYMMETRY control is set to the CAL
position. By rotating the SYMMETRY control, the right and left symmetry can be controlled up to mexinum
4:1 ratio.
Square waves can be changed into rectangular waves or pulses, triangle waves into saw tooth waves
and sine waves into skewed sine waves. These are provided to the output. Fig. 5 illustrates the types of
possible waveform.
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Slewed | | |
Sing |
(Sane) | N |
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(SYNC out)
Adjust Period of Shorter
Duration with Freq. Controls
Fig. 5 Pulse, ramp, and skewed sine generation.
Procedure :
1) Set up generator as described for generator function. Display the output of the generator on an
oscilloscope.
2) Select the desired type of waveform with the Function Switches. Press the square wave button for
pulses, triangle button for ramp waves, or sine button for skewed sine waves.
3) I both a specific pulse width and a repetition rate are required (both specific rise time and fall time for
ramp wave), the wave form may be obtained as follows:
a. Adjust the shorter duration portion of the waveform (pulse width for pulse, fall time for ramp waves)
7-
4)
with the frequency controls (FREQ dial and RANGE switch).
b. Adjust the longer duration portion of the waveform (rest time for pulse, rise time for ramp waves)
with the SYMMETRY control.
If a specific pulse width (specific fall ime for ramp wave) is not critical, but a specific repetition rate Is
required, the desired waveform may be obtained as follows.
a. Observe the oscilloscope and adjust the SYMMETRY control to obtain the approximate desired
pulse width vs. rest time ratio (rise time vs. fall time)
b. Adjust the repetition rate with the frequency controls (FREQ dial and RANGE Switch). The
frequency controls affect both the pulse width and repetition rate.
+ Considerations
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
When generating ramp waves or skewed sine waves, it may be easier to measure the time periods
on the oscilloscope by using the square wave mode, then switch to the desired operating mode.
For ease and accuracy in measurement, use a higher sweep speed on the oscilloscope to expand the
pulse width for measurement, then reduce sweep to measure the repetition rate.
Repetition rate can be expressed as a frequency or time period. Measure the repetition rate as a time
period on the oscilloscope and convert to frequency if required. The repetition rate includes the full
cycle, both the pulse width and rest time for pulse, both the risa time and fall time for ramp waves.
Repetition rate can be measured accurately and easily as frequency or time period with a frequency
counter.
Pulse width also can be measured by a frequency counter, but only with the SYMMETRY control set
to CAL before the pulse waveform is stretched. Pulse width equals one-half the time period of the
square wave (see Fig. 6C). If the counter is not equipped for period measurement, calculate the
frequency which is equivalent to the desired pulse width and measure the frequency of the waveform.
:
desired pulse width X 2
Desired Frequency =
+ Typical Example
Assume that it is desired to generate a pulse waveform with a 0.2 millisecond pulse width and
repetition rate of 500Hz. The following procedure (Fig. 6) describes how to interpret measurements to
obtain this waveform.
Steps of the procedure must be performed in the sequence as specified.
A, Desired Pulse Waveform
| Pulsa Width
0.2mSac
s—Repetition fate.
1M Sec
May be expressed
as frequency: 1 KHz)
B. Memuring Pulte Width on Oscilloscope C Massuwring Pulse Width on Frequency Counter
Pulse Width
ME —#lPulse widthLg—
чо 10.5mSec
| ||| | |
| | || | | |
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— Period of One Cycle
| -0,2M Sec/DIV Time. (Pulse width x 2)
| CITE Im Sec
Equivalent Frequency =
1 1
SYMMETRY control to CAL pla mdd" mE * 1 KHz
SYMMETRY control to CAL
D.Messuring Repetitin Rate on Oscilloscope E. Memuring Repatition Rete on Frequency Counter
Repetition Rate — el Rapetition Rate Period
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0.2m Sec/Di'y Sweep Time Hf repetition rate it
Ll i | expressed as frequency,
1 | | Ti | | | | | calculate period:
Rapatition Rate Period = re re Rate Frequency =
1 . 1 1
| Кор Mate Preg. т КА Im Sec Map. Fara Period ” “Tm Sac” 1 KHz
Fig. 6 Typical pulse measurement and set-up technique.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Seat the SYMMETRY control to CAL
Adjust FREQ dial (and RANGE switch if necessary) for desired pulse width.
а. Increase oscilloscope sweep to expand waveform for convenient calibration time measurement.
b. Calculate frequency which is equivalent to desired pulse width
(freq = ee width er } and measure frequency of waveform on counter.
Adjust the SYMMETRY control to obtain the desired repetition rate.
a. Reduce oscilloscope sweep speed. Display waveform and measure repetition rate period
using calibrated time measurement. if repetition rate Is stated as a time period such as 1
milliseconds, adjust the SYMMETRY control so that a complete cycle of pulse width and rest
time may equal 1ms. If the desired repetition rate is expressed as a frequency, such as 1kHz,
first calculate the equivalent time ( period = ), then proceed as described above.
FRE
b. If desired repetition rate is stated as a frequency, measure the frequency on a frequency
counter and adjust the SYMMETRY control to obtain the desired repetition rate.
Adjust the pulse waveform to the desired amplitude with AMPLITUDE control and ATTENUATION
control.
Measure the peak-to-peak voltage amplitude on the oscilloscope. (Fixed amplitude at proper TTL
levels from TTL OUT BNC, SYNC OUT BNC)
USE as Sweep Generator
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Set equipment in the same way as function generator operation.
Select the proper frequency to be swept with the RANGE switch and the highest frequency to be
swept with the FREQ! dial.
Adjust the amount of sweep with the sweep width control.
Adjust the repetition rate of the sweep with the sweep rate control.
To sweep the entire 20Hz to 20,000Hz audio range, set the RANGE switch to 10k, the FREQ dial
to a desired frequency, and the sweep width control fully clockwise.
+ Considerations
1)
The frequency dial should be set to the most right direction (fully clockwise) for getting the highest
sweep range. The highest frequency of the generator is determined by the dial setting. The sweep
generator will sweep from low and to that point. Therefore, a high dial setting is required to obtain the
sweep covering a wide frequency range. The setting to the most right direction (fully clockwise) must
be used to obtain the maximum sweep width of 1000:1 (the highest frequency sweep is 1000 times
that of the lowset frequency swept). If a low dial setting and a SWEEP WIDTH setting are used
simultaneously, the generator will sweep to the range limit and cease operation for a portion of the
sweep cycle, effectively clipping the sweep.
SYNC Output
The output is specifically designed for compatibility with SYNC digital logic circuits. Set-up time is
considerably reduced because the fixed logic level and polarity are ready for direct injection into TTL
circuits. There is a need for protection from accidental application of too high amplitude or incorrect DC
offset which might damage semiconductors. Another advantage is the extremely fast rise time and fall
time of the signal.
-10 -
To use the SYNC output, connect a cable from the SYNC OUT BNC of the generator to the point at
which It Is desired to inject the signal. The SYNC output may be used in several modes of operation.
Ex) Using the square wave generator or pulse generator modes, clock pulses can be generated for
testing, troubleshooting, or circuit analysis. The instrument can even be used as substitute for master
clock generator;up to 20 TTL circuits can be driven form the SYNC OUT BNC.
External Frequency Control by VCF Input
Within a given range, the output frequency of the generator is normally controlled by the FREQ dial
setting. However, it also may be controlled by applying voltage at the VCF INPUT BNC on FRONT
PAMEL. There are three basic modes of external VCF control possible, as follows:
a. Applying an AC voltage produces FM modulation output.
b. Applying a specific fixed DC voltage will produce a specific output frequency (described in following
“Programmed Frequency Selection” paragraph).
C. Applying a ramp voltage (or other type waveform if desired) provides externally controlled sweep
generator operation (described in following “Use as Externally Controlled Sweep Generator”
paragraph).
« Considerations
The following considerations apply to all modes of operation involving external control of the VCF
(voltage-controlled frequency) :
1) The output frequency of the generator is determined by the voltage applied to the VCF. First of all, this
voltage is established by the setting of the FREQ dial. Any voltage applied to the VCF input BNC is
summed with the voltage from the dial setting. A Negative voltage Input drives the VCF to a lower
frequency. However, the VCF can never be dirven beyond its range limits (the highest and lowest
frequencies that can be attained with the dial on a given range).
2) With the FREQ dial set at Max. (fully clockwise), and O volt at the VCF INPUT BNC, the generator
output frequency is at the higher limit of the selected range. Decreasing the voltage to -10 volts drives
the generator frequency to the lower limit of the range. Between 0 and -10 volts, the generator output
frequency is proportional to the VCF input voltage. The VCF input voltage can be correlated to
equivalent dial settings, as given in Table 2.
-11-
VCF IN Voltage (Volts) Equivalent Dial Setting
0 fully counter clock wise position
= 1 |
2 |
-3
-4
-5
-6
- 7
- В |
-9 Y
-10 fully clock wise position
Table 2. Correlation between VCF IN voltage and
Equivalent dial setting
3) The FREQ dial is usually set to Max. (fully clockwise) when using exdermnal VCF. This reduces the
dialed VCF voltage to zero, and allows the external VCF voltage to exercise complete control. It
also reduces the effects of dial setting inaccuracy.
4) If the summed dial setting and VCF Input voltage exceeds -10volts, oclllation ceases and no
output is produced. If the swing of the VCF Input signal is too great, oscillation will cease each
time the instantaneous voltage reaches.
Programmed Frequency Selection
A specific output frequency can be selected each time a specific VCF Input voltage is applied
(assuming a common dial setting). Such operation may be advantageous at the place where there is a
requirement to return to a specific frequency periodically. Set-up time is reduced by eliminating the need
for frequency measurement and precision tuning each time the frequency is needed. Just set the dial at
its Max. {fully clockwise) and tum on the external VCF voltage.
A set of two or more specific frequencies may be programmed by using multiple DC voltage values
which may be selected by a switch or electronic switching circuits. This type of operation would be
desirable in production testing where signals at several specific frequencies are required for various tests.
FSK (frequency shift keying) signals also may be generated in this manner.
To maintain the original accuracy each time the operation Is repeated, the FREQ dial must be
accurately set to the same position. Probably the easiest way to assure this common dial setting is to set
it against its Macc. (fully clockwise).
USE as Externally Controlled Sweep Generator
A ramp voltage, or any other type waveform desired, can be applied for externally controlled sweep
generator operation. A О ~ -10 volt swing will sweep frequencies over a 1000:1 ratio (with dial set to Max.).
Set up the equipment as described for internally controlled sweep generator operation, except turn the
SWEEP WIDTH control to OFF. Apply the sweep voltage with no DC component at the VCF Input BNC.
The amplittude of the external sweep signal will now determine the sweep width, and the frequency or
repatition rate of the external sweep signal will destermine the sweep rate.
-12-
Use as Frequency Counter
The instrument can be used as a frequency counter when the OSC/COUNT switch is pushed in.
Connect a desired sognal to COUNT IN terminal and observe the displayed frequency by selecting the
range switch to the proper range.
In case that the O.F.LED frickers, it means that the frequency more than the selected frequency range
is inputted.
The frequency of 10Hz ~ 2MHz range can be measured with this instrument.
“Caution
Because the sensitivity of the frequency counter is 50mVrms, it is impossible to measure a signal less
than 50m\Vrms. In case that the signal more than voltage level 140Vp-p is inputted, this instrument may
be damaged.
- 13 -
SECTION yy. APPLICATIONS
1. Primary Applications
Because of the great versatility of this Sweep Function Generator. It would be inpossible to include all
the possible applications in this manual. However, a lot of primary applications are described In detail to
allow users to adapt the procedures to other applications. This instrument has lots of applications as a
signal source in electronics design labs, schools, serice shops, and production facilities. It has an
application wherever there ls a need to test or analyze audio, radio, digital, communications, medical
electronics, sonar, industrial electronics, subsonic, ultrasonic and lots of other electronic devices and
circuits.
1) Troubleshooting by signal substitution.
When troubleshooting a demaged audio equipment, The trouble point can be easily found by injecting
an audio signal from this Sweep Function Generator to substitute for the mormal signal. By starting
from the speaker side and moving toward the audio input side at a time, sound will be heard
from the speaker for each stage that is operating normally. When a signal is applied to the
defective stage, no sound will be heard from the speaker.
2) Amplifier Overload Characteristic.
И is difficult to determine the overload point by using a sinewave signal when we test overload
characteristic. The triangle waveform is ideal for this type of test because any deviation from
absolute linearity can be easily detected. Using the triangle output, the peak overload condition
for an amplifier can be readily determined. The overload characteristic waveform tested by a
triangle waveform is shown in Fig. 7.
ЛАТ.
/ + | Waveform
| + |
Flg. 7 Amplifier overload characteristics,
- 14 -
3) Amplifier performance evaluation using squarewaves.
The standard sinewave frequency response curves do not give a full evaluation of the amplifier
transient response. In this case, By using a squarewave having a high harmonic in conjunction
with an oscilloscope, the performance test for the amplifier operating condition can be
implemented. Refer to Fig. 8.
a. Connect this instrument to oscilloscope. The 50o0hms termination at the amplifier input is
essential when using squarewaves to eliminate the ringing effects generated by the fast rise
time.
b. When using the triangle output of this instrument, set the amplitude control so that there is no
signal clipping over the range of frequencies to be used.
c Select the squarewave output and adjust the frequency by several check points within the
passband of the amplifier, such as 20Hz, 100Hz and 10kHz
d. At each frequency checkpoint the waveform obtained by the amplifier output provides
information regarding amplifier performance with respect to the frequency of the squarewave
input. Fig. 8 indicates the possible waveform obtained by the amplifier output.
Square wave evaluation is not practical for narrow-band amplifiers. The restricted bandwidth of the
amplifier cannot reproduce all frequency components of the square wave in the proper phase and
amplitude relationships.
= 15 =
Sweep /Function Generator
ouT PUT
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Fig. 8-A Amplifier performance evaluation using square waves.
Fraquancy distortion (amplitude | Low frequency boost | High frequency loss No
reduction of low frequency (accentusted fundamental] | phase shift.
Low frequency phase shift. | Low frequency loss and High frequency loss and low
| phase shift. frequency phase.
|
High frequency loss and Dampad oscil lation Low frequency phase shift
phase shift. (trace thickened by hum-=
vol Lage
Fig. 8-B Test Waveforms.
- 16 -
4) Testing speakers and Impedance Networks.
This instrument can be used to provide information regarding the input impedance of a speaker
or any other impedance network VS. frequency. In addition, the resonant frequency of the
network can be determined.
a. Connect this equipment to a speaker or other impedance network. The oscilloscope may be
b.
used to verify that this instrument is not in a clipping condition.
If the volimeter method is used, vary this instrument over the full range of frequency and log the
voltage measured at the speaker terminals VS. frequency.
The dB scales of the AC voltmeter are convenient for converting this information to satndard
response units.
If the oscilloscope method is used, use sweep operation as for frequency response
measurment.
In speaker testing, an obvious increase of voltage will occur at some low frequency. This is the
resonance frequency of the speaker system (Fig. 10).
The speaker enclosure will modify the results obtained from the same speaker without enclosure.
A properly designed enclosure will produce a small peak on each side of the peak obtained
without an enclosure. The enclosure designer can use the response characte to
evaluate the effects of varying port sizes, damping materials, and other basic enclosure
factors.
In testing other impedance networks, resonance will not necessarily occur at low frequency.
However, as resonance is approached the signal level will increase. The impedance of the
network can be measured at the resonance point, or at other frequencies. Refer to follows.,
a Connect a variable resistor in series with impedance network as shown in fig. 10.
e Measure the voltage at points E1 and Ez respectively and adjust variable resistor R1 so that
voltage Ez can equal the half of voltage E+.
a The impadance of the network equals the resistance of variable resistor Ri.
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Fig. 9 Testing speaker systems and impedance networks.
5) AM communications receiver adjustment
This instrument can be used for adjustment of AM communications receiver IF s and
discriminators using the 455kHz IF frequency. For accurate frequency adjustment, a 455kHz
crystal-controlled marker source should be used.
a.
b.
Use sweep operation and apply signal to the input of the 455kHz IF section.
When signal at the output of the 455kHz IF section is displayed, a response curve similiar to Fig.
10 A should be obtanined. The marker “pip” should be in the center of the response curve.
When the output of the discriminator is displayed, a response curve similiar to Fig. 10 B should be
obtained.
The “5” curve should be balanced on each side of the marker “pip~.
In some receivers the IF selectivity is “packaged” which means all adjustments are preset. In this
case the receiver alignment can only be evaluated and verified without adjustment. Where the tuned
circuits are adjustable, the manufacturer s procedure must be followed to insure that the proper
overall response Is obtained.
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Fig. 10 Alignment of AM communications receiver IF s and discriminator.
6) Testing Digital Logic Circuit
This instrument is well-suited for testing digital logic circuits. It can supply square waves, pules, or a
gated pulse train, and these waveforms may be swept in a desired frequency. It can supply
clock pulses for bread-boarding and design analysis. Effects of varying pulse frequency, waveshape
and DC offset can be analyzed. It can provide the correct digital drive signals to circult boards that are
removed from a system.
It can drive quiescent equipment into a dynamic condition for testing. In troubleshooting digital logic
circuits, it can provide the proper signals for the signal tracing or signal substitution method of
fault isolation.
a. Connect the equipment to a digital logic circuit. (Fig. 11)
b. Set up this instrument to generate square waves and pulses, as described in the “operating
instruction” portion of the manual.
с. For testing TTL logic circuit, use the TTL signal from the SYNC OUT terminal. The amplitude
and DC offset are preset for direct injection without the need for set-up adjustment.
d. For CMOS, negative logic, or any other modified circuit from standard TTL logic, use the 509
-19 -
output, display the signal on the oscilloscope and adjust the AMPLITUDE and DC offset
controls as required to obtain the correct waveform before applying the signal to the circuit
under test. A coupling capacior may be used to block the DC offset from the circuit under test
if required.
e. Timimg realtionships between the input signal and other points in the circuit are usually of
primary interest in digital circuits. À dual-trace oscilloscope allows both signals to be displayed
simultaneously for time relationship comparison.
= Юн! Сием.
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Fig. 11 Testing digital logic circuits.
2. Preset Frequency Selection
In test and design work where several frequencies are used repeatedly, it is convenient to be able to
preselect these frequencies with minimum effort. Owing to the VCF feature, this instrument can be used
together with preset voltages and a frequency selector switch. Refer to Fig. 12.
1) Set the FREQ dial to the most right direction (fully clockwise).
2) Connect the 50g output to a frequency counter.
3) With the frequency selector switch in the F1 position, adjust R1 for the desired frequency as observed
on the frequency counter. Repeat this for the frequencies desired.
4) With the FREQ dial set at the fully clock wise position, and a maximum available A-voltage of about
10 volts, frequencies encompassing a 1000:1 range can be obtained by this method on each
frequency range.
5) To maintain frequency accuracy each time the set-up is used, the dial must always be set to exactly
the same position. To assure this accuracy, set the dial solidly to the most right direction (fully
clockwise).
- 20 -
— 10V (Regulated)
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(Required during set-up only)
Fig. 12 Preset Frequency Selection
3. Additional Applications
The triangle or ramp output of this instrument can be used at its lowest frequency to simulate a slowly
varying DC source. This can be used to check threshould levels of TTL and CMOS logic as well as
voltage comparators. Chart recorders can be checked by this method. Analog meter movements can be
exercised zero to full scale to observe defects, such as sticky meter movements.
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