Commodore 3.5 BASIC language Manual

Below you will find brief information for BASIC language 3.5. This manual describes the BASIC language for the Commodore computer. It goes through the different commands, statements, functions, variables, operators, expressions, and error messages.

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COMMODORE BASIC 3.5 MANUAL

version 2.2d

by Janne Peräaho

(& Anders Persson)

● Copyright

● Introduction

● Manual Format

● Commands

● Functions

● Operators

● Statements

● Variables

● Basic Error Messages

● Disk Error Messages

● Basic Abbreviations

● Petascii codes

● Musical Note Table

● Authors

● Related Documents

● References

INTRODUCTION

Basic is a high level language which is based on the following six

concepts: commands, statements, functions, variables, operators, and

expressions.

Commands and statements are instructions to the computer to perform a

certain task (for example an instruction to load a basic program into

memory). The difference between them is that Basic commands are intended

to be used in direct mode, while statements should be used in programs.

However, in most cases commands can be used as statements in a program if

you prefix them with a line number. You can also use several statements as

commands by using them in direct mode (i.e. without line numbers).

A function performs a simple task, based on a given arguments, and it

always replies with a value - a result.

Operators are used for calculations, for determining

equalities/inequalities, and for logical operations. For example + is an

operator used for addition.

Expressions are clauses composed of constants, variables, and/or

operators. For example A+B*3 is a valid expression.

This manual's purpose is to provide detail information about presented

Basic elements. I hope you find it useful.

MANUAL FORMAT

The Commodore BASIC 3.5 manual is divided into seven sections:

Commands : the commands used for working with programs to edit,

store, and erase them.

Functions : the string, numeric, and print functions.

Operators : the arithmetic and logical operators.

Statements : the BASIC program statements used in numbered lines of

programs.

Variables : the different types of variables and legal variable

names.

Basic errors: the error messages given by BASIC.

Disk errors : the error messages given by a disk drive.

store, and erase them.

The items presented in sections follow consistent format conventions to

make them as clear as possible. In most cases, there are several examples

to illustrate what the actual command, function or statement looks like.

The syntax of items are described by using the following concepts:

KEYWORDS appear in upper-case letters. You must type keywords exactly

as they appear!

ARGUMENTS appear within angle brackets. Arguments are parts that you

select.

SQUARE BRACKETS ([]) show optional arguments. You select any or none

of the arguments listed.

VERTICAL BAR (|) separates lists of options from which you can choose

only one.

A SEQUENCE OF THREE DOTS (...) means that an option or argument can

be repeated more than once.

QUOTATION MARKS ("") enclose character strings, file names, and

other expressions. When arguments are enclosed in quotation marks in

a format, you must include the quotation marks in your command,

function, or statement. Quotation marks are required parts of a

command, function or statement.

PARENTHESES (()). When arguments are enclosed in parentheses in a

format, you must include the parentheses in your command, function,

or statement.

COMMANDS

AUTO

BACKUP

COLLECT

CONT

COPY

DELETE

FUNCTIONS

ABS

ASC

ATN

CHR$

COS

DEC

ERR$

EXP

FRE

HEX$

INSTR

INT

JOY

LEFT$

LEN

LOG

MID$

PEEK

POS

RCLR

RDOT

RGR

RIGHT$

RLUM

RND

SGN

SIN

SPC

SQR

STR$

TAB

TAN

USR

VAL

function/¶ function/¶

NAME

¶ -- Returns the value of pi

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

¶(<dummy>)

FUNCTION

The pi symbol, when used in an equation, has the value 3.14159265.

INPUTS

<dummy> - dummy argument and can be any value

RESULT

3.14159265 (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/ABS function/ABS

NAME

ABS -- Returns the magnitude of the numeric value

ABBREVIATION

a <shift> B

SYNOPSIS

ABS(<number>)

FUNCTION

The absolute value function returns the magnitude of the argument

<number>.

INPUTS

<number> - numeric value

RESULT

Magnitude of the given number (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/ASC function/ASC

NAME

ASC -- Returns character's ASCII code

ABBREVIATION

a <shift> S

SYNOPSIS

ASC(<string>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the ASCII code (number) of the first character of

<string>.

INPUTS

<string> - string

RESULT

ASCII code number of the first character of the given string (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/ATN function/ATN

NAME

ATN -- Returns arctangent

ABBREVIATION

a <shift> T

SYNOPSIS

ATN(<number>)

FUNCTION

Returns the angle whose tangent is <number>, measured in radians.

INPUTS

<number> - tangent (number)

RESULT

Angle measured in radians (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/CHR$ function/CHR$

NAME

CHR$ -- Returns a character in the base of ASCII code

ABBREVIATION

c <shift> H

SYNOPSIS

CHR$(<ascii_code>)

FUNCTION

This function returns a string character whose ASCII code is

<ascii_code>.

INPUTS

<ascii_code> - character's ASCII code (0-255)

RESULT

Character corresponding the given ASCII code (string).

EXAMPLES

PRINT CHR$(65);CHR$(66);CHR$(67)

ABC

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/COS function/COS

NAME

COS -- Returns cosine value

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

COS(<angle>)

FUNCTION

Returns the value of the cosine of <angle>, where <angle> is an angle

measured in radians.

INPUTS

<angle> - angle in radians

RESULT

Cosine value of an angle (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/DEC function/DEC

NAME

DEC -- Converts hexadecimal number to decimal

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

DEC(<string>)

FUNCTION

Returns decimal value of hexadecimal-string.

INPUTS

<string> - hexadecimal string (0000-FFFF)

RESULT

Decimal value of the given hexadecimal number (numeric).

EXAMPLES

N=DEC("F4")

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/ERR$ function/ERR$

NAME

ERR$ -- Returns string describing error condition

ABBREVIATION

e <shift> R

SYNOPSIS

ERR$(<err_condition>)

FUNCTION

This function returns string describing given error condition

(<err_condition>).

INPUTS

<err_condition> - error condition number

RESULT

Error message (string).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/EXP function/EXP

NAME

EXP -- Raises constant e to the given power

ABBREVIATION

e <shift> X

SYNOPSIS

EXP(<power>)

FUNCTION

Returns the value of the mathematical constant e (2.71828183) raised to

the power of <power>.

INPUTS

<power> - power (number)

RESULT

Raises constant e to the given power.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/FN function/FN

NAME

FN -- Calls user-defined function

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

FN<fnc_name>(<number>)

FUNCTION

Returns the value of the user-defined function <fnc_name> created in a

DEF FN statement.

INPUTS

<fnc_name> - name of the user-defined function

<number> - value to be passed to the function

RESULT

Returns the result of the called function (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/FRE function/FRE

NAME

FRE -- Returns the amount of available memory

ABBREVIATION

f <shift> R

SYNOPSIS

FRE(<dummy>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the number of unused bytes available in memory.

INPUTS

<dummy> - dummy argument and can be any value

RESULT

Amount of free memory in bytes.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/HEX$ function/HEX$

NAME

HEX$ -- Converts a decimal number into a hexadecimal one

ABBREVIATION

h <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

HEX$(<number>)

FUNCTION

This function returns a 4 character string containing the hexadecimal

representation of value <number>.

INPUTS

<number> - value to be evaluated (0-65535)

RESULT

Hexadecimal representation of the given decimal value (string).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/INSTR function/INSTR

NAME

INSTR -- Searches for a sub string

ABBREVIATION

in <shift> S

SYNOPSIS

INSTR(<string_1>,<string_2>[,<start_pos>])

FUNCTION

Returns position of string <string_2> in string <string_1> at or after

the starting-position (<start_pos>). The starting-position defaults to

the beginning of string <string_2>. If no match is found, a value of 0

is returned.

INPUTS

<string_1> - string to be searched

<string_2> - string to search

<start_pos> - position where searching should start

RESULT

Returns position of the second string in the first string (numeric). If

the string was not found, returns 0.

EXAMPLES

PRINT INSTR("THE CAT IN THE HAT","CAT")

The result is 5, because CAT starts at the fifth character in the

first string.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/INT function/INT

NAME

INT -- Extracts the integer portion of a decimal number

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

INT(<number>)

FUNCTION

Returns the integer portion of <number>, with all decimal places to the

right of the decimal point removed. The result is always less-than or

equal to <number>. Thus, any negative numbers with decimal places become

the integer less-than their current value (e.g. INT(-4.5)=-5).

INPUTS

<number> - number to be evaluated

RESULT

Integer part of a given number (numeric).

EXAMPLES

X=INT(X*100+.5)/100

Rounds to the next highest penny.

NOTES

If the INT function is to be used for rounding off, the form is

INT(<number>+.5) or INT(<number>-.5).

BUGS

None

function/JOY function/JOY

NAME

JOY -- Polls joystick port

ABBREVIATION

j <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

JOY(<port>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the state of joystick connected to port <port>.

Any value returned of 128 or more means the fire button is also

depressed. The direction is indicated as follows:

UP FIRE

1 128

8 2

LEFT 7 0 3 RIGHT

6 4

DOWN

INPUTS

<port> - joystick port number (1-2)

RESULT

State of joystick (numeric).

EXAMPLES

100 J=JOY(2)

If value of 135 returned, joystick in port 2 has turned to left with

fire button.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/LEFT$ function/LEFT$

NAME

LEFT$ -- Strips string from the right

ABBREVIATION

le <shift> F

SYNOPSIS

LEFT$(<string>,<length>)

FUNCTION

This function returns a string containing the leftmost <length>

characters of string <string>.

INPUTS

<string> - source string

<length> - number of characters to be included in result string

RESULT

String containing leftmost <length> characters of the string <string>.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/LEN function/LEN

NAME

LEN -- Returns the number of characters in the string

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

LEN(<string>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the number of characters (including spaces and

other symbols) in the string <string>.

INPUTS

<string> - string to be evaluated

RESULT

Number of characters (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/LOG function/LOG

NAME

LOG -- Returns the natural log of the given number

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

LOG(<number>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the natural log of <number>. The natural log is

log to the base e.

INPUTS

<number> - number to be evaluated

RESULT

Natural log of the given number.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

To convert to log base 10, divide by LOG(10).

BUGS

None

function/MID$ function/MID$

NAME

MID$ -- Returns a sub string

ABBREVIATION

m <shift> I

SYNOPSIS

MID$(<string>,<start_pos>,<length>)

FUNCTION

This function returns a string containing <length> characters, starting

from the <start_pos> character in string <string>. MID$ can also be used

on the left side of assignment statement as a pseudo-variable as well as

a function.

An error results if <start_pos>+<length> is greater than the length of

the source string (<string>).

INPUTS

<string> - source string

<start_pos> - starting position of the sub string

<length> - length of the sub string to be extracted or length of the

target area

RESULT

A string, which length is <length>, extracted from the source string

(<string>) at the given position (<start_pos>).

EXAMPLES

Using MID$ as a pseudo-variable:

10 A$="THE LAST GOODBYE"

20 PRINT A$

30 MID$(A$,6,3)="ONG"

40 PRINT A$

THE LAST GOODBYE

THE LONG GOODBYE

Using MID$ for extracting sub string:

10 PRINT MID$("THE LAST GOODBYE",10,4)

GOOD

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/PEEK function/PEEK

NAME

PEEK -- Gives contents of memory location

ABBREVIATION

p <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

PEEK(<address>)

FUNCTION

This function gives the contents of memory location <address>, where

<address> is located in the range of 0 to 65535, returning a result from

0 to 255. This is often used in conjunction with the POKE statement.

INPUTS

<address> - memory location (0-65535)

RESULT

Contents of the memory location (numeric).

EXAMPLES

PEEK(1024)

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/POS function/POS

NAME

POS -- Current cursor x position

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

POS(<dummy>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the number of the column (0-39) where the next

PRINT statement begins on the screen.

INPUTS

<dummy> - dummy argument and can be any value

RESULT

Cursor x position (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/RCLR function/RCLR

NAME

RCLR -- Returns color source's current color

ABBREVIATION

r <shift> C

SYNOPSIS

RCLR(<color_src>)

FUNCTION

This function returns current color assigned to source <color_src>.

INPUTS

<color_src> - color source (0-4):

0 - background

1 - foreground

2 - multicolor 1

3 - multicolor 2

4 - border

RESULT

Returns current color: 1-15 for colors 1-15 and 0 for color 16.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

Returns 0 for color 16. It should return 16.

function/RDOT function/RDOT

NAME

RDOT -- Returns information about the current PC location

ABBREVIATION

r <shift> D

SYNOPSIS

RDOT(<info_flag>)

FUNCTION

This function returns information about the current position of the

pixel cursor (PC) at XPOS/YPOS.

INPUTS

<info_flag> - required information:

0 - current pixel cursor x position

1 - current pixel cursor y position

2 - color source used at current PC position

RESULT

Returns PC's current x position, y position, or color source used at

current PC position (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/RGR function/RGR

NAME

RGR -- Returns current graphic mode

ABBREVIATION

r <shift> G

SYNOPSIS

RGR(<dummy>)

FUNCTION

This function returns current graphic mode.

Mode Description

---------------------------------------------

0 normal text

1 high-resolution graphics

2 high-resolution graphics, split screen

3 multicolor graphics

4 multicolor graphics, split screen

INPUTS

<dummy> - dummy argument and can be any value

RESULT

Current graphic mode (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/RIGHT$ function/RIGHT$

NAME

RIGHT$ -- Strips string from the left

ABBREVIATION

r <shift> I

SYNOPSIS

RIGHT$(<string>,<length>)

FUNCTION

This function returns a string containing the right-most <length>

characters of string <string>.

INPUTS

<string> - source string

<length> - number of characters to be included in result string

RESULT

String containing right-most <length> characters of the string <string>.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/RLUM function/RLUM

NAME

RLUM -- Returns color source's current luminance

ABBREVIATION

r <shift> L

SYNOPSIS

RLUM(<color_src>)

FUNCTION

This function returns current luminance level assigned to color source

<color_src>.

INPUTS

<color_src> - color source (0-4):

0 - background

1 - foreground

2 - multicolor 1

3 - multicolor 2

4 - border

RESULT

Returns current luminance: 0-7 (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/RND function/RND

NAME

RND -- Generates a random number

ABBREVIATION

r <shift> N

SYNOPSIS

RND(<seed>)

FUNCTION

This function returns a random number between 0 and 1. This is useful in

games, to simulate dice rolls and other elements of change, and is also

used in some statistical applications. The first random number should be

generated by the formula RND(-TI), to start things off differently every

time. After this, the number in <seed> should be a 1, or any positive

number. If <seed> is zero, RND is re-seeded from the hardware clock ever

time RND is used. A negative value for <seed> seeds the random number

generator using <seed> and gives a random number sequence. The use of

the same negative number for <seed> as a seed results in the same

sequence of random numbers. A positive value gives random numbers based

on the previous seed.

INPUTS

<seed> - a seed, or what the random number is based on

RESULT

A random number between 0 and 1 (numeric).

EXAMPLES

100 X=INT(RND(1)*6)+INT(RND(1)*6)+2

Simulates two dice.

100 X=INT(RND(1)*1000)+1

Number from 1-1000.

100 X=INT(RND(1)*150)+100

Number from 100 to 249.

NOTES

To simulate the rolling of a die, use the formula INT(RND(1)*6+1). First

the random number from 0-1 is multiplied by 6, which expands the range

to 0-6 (actually, greater than zero and less than six). Then 1 is added,

making the range 1 to under 7. The INT function chops off all the

decimal places, leaving the result as a digit from 1 to 6.

To simulate 2 dice, add two of the numbers obtained by the above formula

together.

BUGS

None

function/SGN function/SGN

NAME

SGN -- Returns number's sign

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> G

SYNOPSIS

SGN(<number>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the sign, as in positive, negative, or zero, of

<number>. The result is:

+1 if <number> is positive

0 if <number> is zero

-1 if <number> is negative

INPUTS

<number> - number to be evaluated

RESULT

Number's sign. -1 is returned if number was negative, 0 if number was

zero, or 1 if number was positive (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/SIN function/SIN

NAME

SIN -- Returns sine value

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> I

SYNOPSIS

SIN(<angle>)

FUNCTION

This is the trigonometric sine function. The result is the sine of

<angle>, where <angle> is an angle in radians.

INPUTS

<angle> - angle in radians

RESULT

Sine value of an angle (numeric).

EXAMPLES

<example_function_call>

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/SPC function/SPC

NAME

SPC -- Skips over spaces

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> P

SYNOPSIS

SPC(<skip>)

FUNCTION

This function is used in the PRINT statement to skip over <skip> spaces.

INPUTS

<skip> - number of spaces to be skipped (0-255)

RESULT

Skips over <skip> spaces in the PRINT statement.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/SQR function/SQR

NAME

SQR -- Returns the square root

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> Q

SYNOPSIS

SQR(<number>)

FUNCTION

This function returns the square root of <number>, where <number> is a

positive number or 0. If <number> is negative, an ILLEGAL QUANTITY ERROR

results.

INPUTS

<number> - number to be evaluated

RESULT

Square root of the given number (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/STR$ function/STR$

NAME

STR$ -- Converts number into a string

ABBREVIATION

st <shift> R

SYNOPSIS

STR$(<number>)

FUNCTION

This function converts a decimal number into a string.

INPUTS

<number> - number to be converted

RESULT

A string corresponding a given numeric value (string).

EXAMPLES

10 A=10.5

20 PRINT A

30 A$=STR$(A)

40 PRINT A$

10.5

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/TAB function/TAB

NAME

TAB -- Sets cursor's x position

ABBREVIATION

t <shift> A

SYNOPSIS

TAB(<column>)

FUNCTION

This function is used in the PRINT statement. The next item to be

printed is in column number <column>.

INPUTS

<column> - cursor's x position (0-39)

RESULT

Sets cursor to the given column within the PRINT statement.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/TAN function/TAN

NAME

TAN -- Returns tangent value

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

TAN(<angle>)

FUNCTION

This function gives the tangent of <angle>, where <angle> is an angle in

radians.

INPUTS

<angle> - angle in radians

RESULT

Tangent value of an angle (numeric).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

function/USR function/USR

NAME

USR -- Executes a machine language program with a parameter

ABBREVIATION

u <shift> S

SYNOPSIS

USR(<parameter>)

FUNCTION

When this function is used, the program jumps to a machine language

program whose starting point is contained in memory locations 1281

(lower byte of the 16 bit memory address) and 1282 (higher byte of the

16 bit memory address). The parameter <parameter> is passed to the

machine language program in the floating point accumulator. Another

number is passed back to the BASIC program (by the machine language

program) through the calling variable. In other words, this allows you

to exchange a variable between machine code and BASIC.

INPUTS

<parameter> - numeric value to be passed to the machine language program

RESULT

USR calls a machine language program with a given numeric parameter.

While exiting machine language program passes a another number back to

the BASIC.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

I don't exactly know how the machine language program passes the value

back to the BASIC. Maybe there is a special variable for this? I don't

know.

BUGS

None

function/VAL function/VAL

NAME

VAL -- Converts string into a number

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

VAL(<string>)

FUNCTION

This function converts the string (<string>) into a number, and is

essentially the inverse operation from STR$. The string is examined from

the left-most character to the right, for as many characters as are in

recognizable number format. If the computer finds illegal characters,

only the portion of the string up to that point is converted.

INPUTS

<string> - string containing a number

RESULT

Number corresponding the number given in string (numeric).

EXAMPLES

10 X=VAL("123.456")

X=123.456

10 X=VAL("3E03")

X=3000

10 X=VAL("12A13B")

X=12

10 X=VAL("RIUO17*")

X=0

10 X=VAL("-1.23.23.23")

X=-1.23

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

OPERATORS

The arithmetic operators include the following signs:

+ addition

- subtraction

* multiplication

/ division

^ raising to a power (exponentiation); ^ = up arrow

On a line containing more than one operator, there is a set order in

which operations always occur. If several operators are used together,

the computer assigns priorities as follows: First, exponentiation, then

multiplication and division, and last, addition and subtraction. If two

operations have the same priority, then calculations are performed in

order from left to right. If you want these operations to occur in a

different order, BASIC allows you to give a calculation a higher

priority by placing parentheses around it. Operations enclosed in

parentheses will be calculated before any other operation. You have to

make sure that your equations have the same number of left parentheses

as right parentheses, or you will get a SYNTAX ERROR message when your

program is run.

There are also operators for equalities and inequalities, called

relational operators. Arithmetic operators always take priority over

relational operators.

= equal to

< less than

> greater than

<= less than or equal to

=< less than or equal to

>= greater than or equal to

=> greater than or equal to

<> not equal to

>< not equal to

Finally there are thee logical operators, with lower priority than both

arithmetic and relational operators:

AND

NOT

These are used most often to join multiple formulas in IF...THEN

statements. When they are used with arithmetic operators, they are

evaluated last (i.e., after + and -).

Examples:

IF A=B AND C=D THEN 100

Requires both A=B & C=D to be true.

IF A=B OR C=D THEN 100

Allows either A=B or C=D to be true.

A=5:B=4:PRINT A=B

Displays a value of 0.

A=5:B=4:PRINT A>B

Displays a value of -1.

PRINT 123 AND 15:PRINT 5 OR 7

Displays 11 and 7.

STATEMENTS

BOX

CHAR

CIRCLE

CLR

CMD

COLOR

DATA

DEF

DIM

DRAW

END

FOR

GET

GET#

GETKEY

GOSUB

GOTO

GRAPHIC

GSHAPE

INPUT

INPUT#

LET

LOCATE

MONITOR

OPEN

PAINT

POKE

PRINT USING

PRINT#

PUDEF

READ

REM

RESTORE

RESUME

RETURN

SCALE

SCNCLR

SOUND

SSHAPE

STOP

SYS

TRAP

TROFF

TRON

VOL

WAIT

statement/BOX statement/BOX

NAME

BOX -- Draws a rectangle

ABBREVIATION

b <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

BOX [<color_src>],<left>,<top>[,<right>,<bottom>][,<angle>[,<fill_flag>]

FUNCTION

This command allows you to draw a rectangle of any size anywhere on the

screen. To get the default value, include a comma without entering a

value. Rotation is based on the center of the rectangle. The Pixel

Cursor (PC) is left at <right>,<bottom> after the BOX statement is

executed.

INPUTS

<color_src> - draw color source (0-3); default is 1 (foreground color)

<left> - scaled corner coordinate

<top> - scaled corner coordinate

<right> - scaled corner coordinate

<bottom> - scaled corner coordinate

<angle> - box rotation in clockwise degrees; default is 0 degrees

<fill_flag> - fill flag (0 or 1); default is 0 (no filling)

RESULT

Draws a rectangle.

EXAMPLES

BOX 1,10,10,60,60

Draws the outline of a rectangle.

BOX ,10,10,60,60,45,1

Draws a filled, rotated box (a diamond).

BOX ,30,90,,45,1

Draws a filled, rotated polygon.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/CHAR statement/CHAR

NAME

CHAR -- Prints string on a screen

ABBREVIATION

ch <shift> A

SYNOPSIS

CHAR [<color_src>],<left>,<top>,"<string>"[,<reverse_flag>]

FUNCTION

Text (alphanumeric strings) can be displayed on any screen at a given

location by the CHAR command. Character data is read from the computer

character ROM area. You supply the left (<left>) and top (<top>)

coordinates of the starting position and the text string (<string>) you

want to display, color (<color>) and reverse imaging (<reverse_flag>)

are optional.

The string is continued on the next line if it attempts to print past

the right edge of the screen. When Used in TEXT mode, the string printed

by the CHAR command works just like a PRINT string, including reverse

field, cursors, flash on/off, etc. These control functions inside the

string do not work when the CHAR command is used to display text in

GRAPHIC mode.

INPUTS

<color_src> - printing color source (0-3)

<left> - character column (0-39)

<top> - character row (0-24)

<string> - text to be printed

<reverse_flag> - reverse field flag (0=off, 1=on)

RESULT

Prints given string on a screen at a given position.

EXAMPLES

CHAR 1,10,10,"HELLO!"

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/CIRCLE statement/CIRCLE

NAME

CIRCLE -- Draws a circle, ellipse, arc, triangle or an octagon

ABBREVIATION

c <shift> I

SYNOPSIS

CIRCLE [<color_src>][,<x>,<y>],<x_radius>[,[<y_radius>][,[<s_angle>]

[,[<e_angle>][,[<rotation>][,<degrees>]]]]]

FUNCTION

With the CIRCLE command you can draw a circle, ellipse, arc, triangle or

an octagon. The final coordinate (Pixel Cursor location) is on the

circumference of the circle at the ending arc angle. Any rotation

(<rotation>) is about the center. Arcs are drawn from the starting angle

(<s_angle>) clockwise to the ending angle (<e_angle>). The segment

increment (<degrees>) controls the coarseness of the shape, with lower

values for inc creating rounder shapes.

INPUTS

<color_src> - draw color source (0-3)

<x> - scaled center x-coordinate (defaults to Pixel Cursor, PC)

<y> - scaled center y-coordinate (defaults to Pixel Cursor, PC)

<x_radius> - scaled x radius

<y_radius> - scaled y radius (defaults to <x_radius>)

<s_angle> - starting arc angle (default 0)

<e_angle> - ending arc angle (default 360)

<rotation> - rotation in clockwise degrees (default is 0 degrees)

<degrees> - degrees between segments (default is 2 degrees)

RESULT

Draws a circle, ellipse, arc, triangle or an octagon.

EXAMPLES

CIRCLE,160,100,65,10

Draws an ellipse.

CIRCLE,160,100,65,50

Draws an oval.

CIRCLE,60,40,20,18,,,,45

Draws an octagon.

CIRCLE,260,40,20,,,,,90

Draws a diamond.

CIRCLE,60,140,20,18,,,,120

Draws a triangle.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/CLOSE statement/CLOSE

NAME

CLOSE -- Closes an open logical file

ABBREVIATION

cl <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

CLOSE <file>

FUNCTION

This command completes and closes any files used by OPEN statements.

INPUTS

<file> - file number to be closed

RESULT

Closes an open logical file.

EXAMPLES

CLOSE 2

Logical file 2 is closed.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/CLR statement/CLR

NAME

CLR -- Erases any variables in memory

ABBREVIATION

c <shift> L

SYNOPSIS

CLR

FUNCTION

This command erases any variables in memory, but leaves the program

itself intact. This command is automatically executed when a RUN or NEW

command is given, or when any editing is performed.

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Erases any variables in memory.

EXAMPLES

CLR

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/CMD statement/CMD

NAME

CMD -- Redirects output

ABBREVIATION

c <shift> M

SYNOPSIS

CMD <l_file>[,<w_list>]

FUNCTION

CMD sends the output which normally would go to the screen (i.e. PRINT

statement, LISTs, but not POKEs into the screen) to another device

instead. This could be a printer, or a data file on tape or disk. This

device or file must be OPENed first. The CMD command must be followed by

a number or numeric variable referring to the file (<l_file>).

INPUTS

<l_file> - logical file number

<w_list> - UNKNOWN ARGUMENT!

RESULT

Redirects output.

EXAMPLES

10 OPEN 1,4

20 CMD 1

30 LIST

40 PRINT#1

50 CLOSE 1

Line 10: OPENs device number 4, which is the printer.

Line 20: All normal output now goes to the printer.

Line 30: The LISTing goes to the printer, not the screen - even the

word READY.

Line 40: Set output back to the screen.

Line 50: Close the file.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/COLOR statement/COLOR

NAME

COLOR -- Assigns a color to the color source

ABBREVIATION

co <shift> L

SYNOPSIS

COLOR <color_src>,<color>[,<luminance>]

FUNCTION

Assigns a color to one of the 5 color sources:

Number Source

---------------------

0 background

1 foreground

2 multicolor 1

3 multicolor 2

4 border

Colors you can use are in the range 1-16 (1 is black, 2 is white, 9 is

orange, etc. from your keyboard color keys). As an option, you can

include the luminance level 0-7, with 0 being lowest and 7 being

highest. Luminance defaults to 7. Luminance lets you select from eight

levels of brightness for any color except black.

INPUTS

<color_src> - color source (0-4)

<color> - color (1-16)

<luminance> - luminance (0-7)

RESULT

Assigns a color to the color source.

EXAMPLES

COLOR 1,1

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/DATA statement/DATA

NAME

DATA -- Declares data items

ABBREVIATION

d <shift> A

SYNOPSIS

DATA <item>[[,<item>][,<...>[,<item>]]]

FUNCTION

This statement is followed by a list of items to be used by READ

statements. The items may be numbers or words, and are separated by

commas. Words need not be inside of quote marks, unless they contain

any of the following characters: space, colon, or comma. If two commas

have nothing between them, the value will be READ as a zero for a

number, or an empty string. The DATA statement must be part of a

program, otherwise it will not be recognized. Also see the RESTORE

statement, which allows your computer to reread data.

INPUTS

<item> - constant which will be declared as a data item

RESULT

Declares data items to be read by READ command.

EXAMPLES

DATA 100,200,FRED,"WILMA",,3,14,ABC123

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/DEF statement/DEF

NAME

DEF FN -- Defines a function

ABBREVIATION

d <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

DEF FN <fnc_name>(<variable>)=<expression>

FUNCTION

This command allows you to define a complex calculation as a function.

In the case of a long formula that is used several times within a

program, this can save a lot of space.

The name you give the numeric function begins with the letters FN,

followed by any legal numeric variable name (<fnc_name>). First you must

define the function by using the statement DEF followed by the name

(<fnc_name>) you've given the function. Following the name is a set of

parentheses () with a numeric variable (<variable>) enclosed. Then you

have an equal sign, followed by the formula (<expression>) you want to

define. You can call the formula, substituting any number for a variable

(<variable>).

INPUTS

<fnc_name> - name of the function

<variable> - variable name used in the formula

<expression> - formula

RESULT

Defines a function to be used within a program.

EXAMPLES

10 DEF FNA(X)=12*(34.75-X/.3)+X

20 PRINT FNA(7)

The number 7 is inserted each place X is located in the formula

given in the DEF statement.

NOTES

DEF FN can only be used with standard numeric functions, not integer or

string functions.

BUGS

None

statement/DIM statement/DIM

NAME

DIM -- Presents and reserves memory for an array

ABBREVIATION

d <shift> I

SYNOPSIS

DIM <variable>(<subscripts>)[,<variable>(<subscripts>)][,<...>

[,<variable>(<subscripts>)]]

FUNCTION

Before you can use an array of variables, the program must first execute

a DIM statement to establish the DIMensions of that array (unless there

are 11 or fewer elements in the array). The statement DIM is followed by

the name of the array (<variable>), which may be any legal variable

name. Then, enclosed in parentheses, you put the number (or numeric

variable) of elements (<subscripts>) in each dimension. An array with

more than one dimension is called a matrix. You may use any number of

dimensions, but keep in mind that the whole list of variables you are

creating takes up space in memory, and it is easy to run out of memory

if you get carried away. To figure the number of variables created with

each DIM, multiply the total number of elements in each dimension of the

array.

You can dimension more than one array in a DIM statement by separating

the arrays by commas. If the program executes a DIM statement for any

array more than once, you'll get re'DIMed array error message. It is

good programming practice to place DIM statements near the beginning of

the program.

INPUTS

<variable> - array name (legal variable name)

<subscripts> - number of elements in an array

RESULT

Presents and reserves memory for an array or arrays.

EXAMPLES

DIM A$(40),B7(15),CC%(4,4,4)

! ! !

! ! +- 125 Elements

! +--------- 16 Elements

+---------------- 41 Elements

NOTES

Each array starts with element 0.

Integer (single-digit) arrays take up 2/5ths of the space of floating

point arrays.

BUGS

None

statement/DO statement/DO

NAME

DO -- Defines a program loop

ABBREVIATION

DO None

EXIT None

LOOP lo <shift> O

UNTIL u <shift> N

WHILE w <shift> H

SYNOPSIS

DO [UNTIL <bool_arg>|WHILE <bool_arg>] <statements> [EXIT]

LOOP [UNTIL <bool_arg>|WHILE <bool_arg>]

FUNCTION

Performs the statements between the DO statement and the LOOP statement.

If no UNTIL or WHILE modifies either the DO or the LOOP statement,

execution of the intervening statements continues indefinitely. If an

EXIT statement is encountered in the body of a DO loop, execution is

transferred to the first statement following the LOOP statement. DO

loops may be nested, following the rules defined for FOR-NEXT loops.

If the UNTIL parameter is used, the program continues looping until the

boolean argument is satisfied (becomes TRUE). The WHILE parameter is

basically the opposite of the UNTIL parameter: the program continues

looping as long as the boolean argument is TRUE.

INPUTS

<bool_arg> - boolean argument. For example A=1 or H>=57

<statements> - statements to be executed

RESULT

Performs the statements between the DO statement and the LOOP statement

forever or until WHILE or UNTIL condition is satisfied.

EXAMPLES

DO WHILE A$="":GETA$:LOOP

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/DRAW statement/DRAW

NAME

DRAW -- Draws dots, lines, and shapes

ABBREVIATION

d <shift> R

SYNOPSIS

DRAW [<color_src>][<x>,<y>,][[,]TO <x>,<y>][,<...>[,<x>,<y>]]

FUNCTION

With this command you can draw individual dots, lines, and shapes. You

supply color source (<color_src>), starting and ending points (<x>,<y>).

INPUTS

<color_src> - draw color source (0-3); default is 1 (foreground color)

<x> - scaled x coordinate

<y> - scaled y coordinate

RESULT

Draws dots, lines, or shapes.

EXAMPLES

DRAW 1,100,50

Draws a dot.

DRAW ,10,10, TO 100,60

Draws a line.

DRAW TO 25,30

Draws a line.

DRAW ,10,10 TO 100,60 TO 10,10

Draws a shape.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/END statement/END

NAME

END -- Stops program execution

ABBREVIATION

e <shift> N

SYNOPSIS

END

FUNCTION

When the program executes an END statement, the program stops RUNning

immediately. You may use the CONT command to restart the program at the

statement following the END statement.

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Program stops running.

EXAMPLES

END

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/FOR statement/FOR

NAME

FOR -- Defines a program loop

ABBREVIATION

f <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

FOR <loop_var>=<start_val> TO <end_val> [STEP <increment>]

FUNCTION

This statement works with the NEXT statement to set up a section of the

program that repeats for a set number of times. You may just want your

computer to count up to a large number so the program pauses for a few

seconds, in case you need something counted, or something must be done a

certain number of times (such as printing).

The loop variable (<loop_var>) is the variable that is added to or

subtracted from during the FOR-NEXT loop. The start value (<start_val>)

and the end value (<end_val>) are the beginning and ending counts for

the loop variable.

The logic of the FOR statement is as follows. First, the loop variable

(<loop_var>) is set to the start value (<start_val>). When the program

reaches a line with the command NEXT, it adds the STEP increment

(<increment>) to the value of the loop variable and checks to see if it

is higher than the end of loop value. If it is not higher, the next line

executed is the statement immediately following the FOR statement. If

the loop variable is larger than the end of loop number, then the next

statement executed is the one following the NEXT statement.

The end loop value may be followed by the word STEP and another number

or variable. This allows you to count backwards, by fractions, or any

way necessary.

INPUTS

<loop_var> - variable which holds the loop counter value

<start_val> - start value for loop variable (<loop_var>)

<end_val> - end value for loop variable (<loop_var>)

<increment> - value to be added to or subtracted from loop variable

RESULT

Performs the statements between the FOR statement and the NEXT statement

until the loop variable reaches the end value.

EXAMPLES

10 FOR L=1 TO 20

20 PRINT L

30 NEXT L

40 PRINT "BLACKJACK! L="L

Prints the numbers from one to twenty ob the screen, followed by the

message BLACKJACK! L=21.

10 FOR L=1 TO 100

20 FOR A=5 TO 11 STEP 2

30 NEXT A

40 NEXT L

FOR-NEXT loop with loop variable A is nested inside the larger one.

NOTES

STEP increment default value is 1.

A STEP value can be positive or negative.

You can set up loops inside one another. This is known as nesting loops.

You must be careful to nest loops so that the last loop to start is the

first one to end.

BUGS

None

statement/GET statement/GET

NAME

GET -- Gets data from the keyboard

ABBREVIATION

g <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

GET <variable>

FUNCTION

The GET statement is a way to get data from the keyboard one character

at a time. When the GET is executed, the character that was typed is

received. If no character was typed, then a null (empty) character is

returned, and the program continues without waiting for a key. There is

no need to press the <return> key, and in fact the <return> key can be

received with a GET.

The word GET is followed by a variable name, usually a string variable.

If a numeric ware used and any key other than a number was hit, the

program would stop with an error message. The GET statement may also be

put into a loop, checking for an empty result, which waits for a key to

be struck to continue. The GETKEY statement could also be used in this

case.

INPUTS

<variable> - acquired data will be stored in this variable

RESULT

Data acquired from the keyboard is stored in the target variable

(<variable>).

EXAMPLES

10 GET A$:IF A$ <> "A" THEN 10

This line waits for the "A" key to be pressed to continue.

NOTES

This command can only be executed within a program.

BUGS

None

statement/GET# statement/GET#

NAME

GET# -- Gets data from a file or a device

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

GET# <file>,<variable>

FUNCTION

Used with a previously OPENed device or file to input one character at a

time. Otherwise, it works like the GET statement.

INPUTS

<file> - file/device number to be read

<variable> - acquired data will be stored in this variable

RESULT

Data acquired from the file/device is stored in the target variable

(<variable>).

EXAMPLES

10 GET#1,A$

NOTES

This command can only be executed within a program.

BUGS

None

statement/GETKEY statement/GETKEY

NAME

GETKEY -- Gets data from the keyboard

ABBREVIATION

getk <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

GETKEY <variable>

FUNCTION

The GETKEY statement is vary similar to the GET statement. Unlike the

GET statement, GETKEY waits for the user to type a character on the

keyboard. This lets it to be used easily to wait for a single character

to be typed.

INPUTS

<variable> - acquired data will be stored in this variable

RESULT

Data acquired from the keyboard is stored in the target variable

(<variable>).

EXAMPLES

10 GETKEY A$

This line waits for a key to be struck. Typing any key will continue

the program.

NOTES

This command can only be executed within a program.

BUGS

None

statement/GOSUB statement/GOSUB

NAME

GOSUB -- Calls a subroutine

ABBREVIATION

go <shift> S

SYNOPSIS

GOSUB <line>

FUNCTION

This statement is like the GOTO statement, except that your computer

remembers where it came from. When a line with a RETURN statement is

encountered, the program jumps back to the statement immediately

following the GOSUB. The target of a GOSUB statement is called a

subroutine. A subroutine is useful if there is a routine in your program

that can be used by several different portions of the program. Instead

of duplicating the section of program over and over, you can set it up

as a subroutine, and GOSUB to it from the different parts of the program

INPUTS

<line> - line number where subroutine begins

RESULT

Program execution continues in a given subroutine (<line>) until RETURN

statement is encountered.

EXAMPLES

20 GOSUB 800

...

800 PRINT "HI THERE":RETURN

Line 20 means: go to the subroutine beginning at line 800 and

execute it.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/GOTO statement/GOTO

NAME

GOTO -- Redirects program execution

ABBREVIATION

g <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

GOTO <line>

GO TO <line>

FUNCTION

After a GOTO or GO TO statement is executed, the next line to be

executed will be the one with the line number following the word GOTO.

When used in direct mode, GOTO <line> allows you to start execution of

the program at the given line number without clearing the variables.

INPUTS

<line> - line number where program execution should continue

RESULT

Program execution continues at the given line.

EXAMPLES

10 PRINT"REPETITION IS THE MOTHER OF LEARNING"

20 GOTO 10

The GOTO in line 20 causes line 10 to be run continuously, until the

<run/stop> key is pressed.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/GRAPHIC statement/GRAPHIC

NAME

GRAPHIC -- Changes graphic mode

ABBREVIATION

g <shift> R

SYNOPSIS

GRAPHIC <mode>[,<clr_flag>] / CLR

FUNCTION 1

This statement puts your computer in one of its 5 graphic modes:

Mode Description

---------------------------------------------

0 normal text

1 high-resolution graphics

2 high-resolution graphics, split screen

3 multicolor graphics

4 multicolor graphics, split screen

When executed, GRAPHIC (mode 1,2,3 or 4) allocates a 10-12kb area for the bitmap,

leaving less room left for the basic program and variables. If 1 is given

in the GRAPHIC statement as the second argument, the screen is also cleared.

The bitmap remains allocated in memory even if the user returns to TEXT mode

(GRAPHIC 0) until a GRAPHIC CLR is used.

INPUTS

<mode> - graphic mode (0-4)

<clr_flag> - screen clear flag (0=off, 1=on)

CLR - Deallocates the bit mapped memory area and makes it available once

again for basic code and variables.

RESULT

Changes graphic mode and clears screen if clear flag is on.

EXAMPLES

GRAPHIC 1,1

Selects hi-res graphic mode and clears the screen.

GRAPHIC 4

Selects multicolor graphics with an area for text, without clearing

the screen.

GRAPHIC CLR

Deallocates the bitmap, moves back the basic memory and returns to

text mode.

NOTES

The way the bitmap is allocated differs depending on how much memory your machine has. On a Plus/4, the whole basic memory is moved forward from 4097 to 16385 taking

12kb from the basic memory. On a 16kb C16, the start position of the basic memory remains intact while the end of it is moved back from 16374 to 6144, taking 10kb from the basic memory. The position of the bitmap is however the same: Luminance data:

6144, Color data: 7168 and Graphics screen data: 8192. This should mean that the area

4097-6143 is unused on the Plus/4 while using GRAPHIC.

BUGS

None

statement/GSHAPE statement/GSHAPE

NAME

GSHAPE -- Displays a shape on a graphic screen

ABBREVIATION

g <shift> S

SYNOPSIS

GSHAPE <shape>[,[<x>,<y>][,<mode>]]

FUNCTION

A rectangular graphic clips can be displayed on a multicolor or high

resolution graphics screen by the GSHAPE statement. If you type GSHAPE

with the shape variable (<shape>) the shape will be drawn with the top

left of the shape positioned at the pixel cursor. The shape variable may

be followed by a graphic coordinates (<x> and <y>) and a replacement

mode value (<mode>). The coordinates tell where the shape should be

drawn on the screen and the mode value how it should be drawn.

There are five possible replacement mode values:

Mode Description

----------------------------------

0 place shape as is (default)

1 place field inverted shape

2 OR shape with area

3 AND shape with area

4 XOR shape with area

In mode 0 the shape is drawn to the graphic screen as it is. In this

mode shape overwrites completely the graphic area where it is drawn.

In mode 1 the shape overwrites the graphic area just like in mode 0 but

this time the overwriting shape is inverted.

In mode 2 logical operation OR is executed with the shape data and the

bit map to be replaced (the graphic area). Result is a transparent shape

on top of the bit map.

In mode 3 logical operation AND is executed with the shape data and the

bit map to be replaced. Result is a shape filtered bit map.

In mode 4 logical operation XOR is executed with the shape data and the

bit map to be replaced. Result is a shape filtered bit map.

INPUTS

<shape> - string variable containing a shape to be drawn

<x> - scaled x coordinate. The default display position is the PC

(pixel cursor)

<y> - scaled y coordinate. The default display position is the PC

(pixel cursor)

<mode> - replacement mode (0-4)

RESULT

Displays a shape on a graphic screen.

EXAMPLES

GSHAPE V$,,,1

Displays V$ shape with background and foreground colors reversed,

with the top left of the shape positioned at the pixel cursor (PC).

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/IF statement/IF

NAME

IF -- Conditional execution

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

IF <expression> THEN <clause> [:ELSE <clause>]

FUNCTION

IF-THEN lets the computer analyze a BASIC expression preceded by IF

and take one of two possible courses of action. If the expression is

true, the statement following THEN is executed. This expression may be

any BASIC statement. If the expression is false, the program goes

directly to the next line, unless an ELSE clause is present. The

expression being evaluated may be a variable or formula, in which case

it is considered true if nonzero, and false if zero. In most cases,

there is an expression involving relational operators (=, <, >, <=, >=,

<>, AND, OR, NOT).

The ELSE clause, if present, must be in the same line as the IF-THEN

part. When an ELSE clause is present, it is executed when the THEN

clause isn't executed. In other words, the ELSE clause executes when the

IF expression is FALSE.

INPUTS

<expression> - condition (BASIC expression resulting true or false value

<clause> - statements to be executed

RESULT

If expression (<expression>) is true, statements following the word THEN

will be executed and if expression is false, statements following the word

ELSE will be executed. If ELSE is not present, program goes directly to

the next line.

EXAMPLES

THEN

+-------+

! Print !

! "OK" !

/+-------+

Yes /

IF /

+--------+ /

X --------! Check: !/

! X>0? !\

+--------+ \

\ ELSE

No \ +-------+

\! !

! End !

+-------+

50 IF X>0 THEN PRINT"OK":ELSE END

Checks the value of X. If X is greater than 0, the THEN clause is

executed, and the ELSE clause isn't. If X is not greater than 0, the

ELSE clause is executed and the THEN clause isn't.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/INPUT statement/INPUT

NAME

INPUT -- Asks input from the user and stores acquired data

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

INPUT["<prompt>";]<variable>[,<...>,<variable>]

FUNCTION

The INPUT statement allows the computer to ask for data from the person

running the program and place it into a variable or variables. The

program stops, prints a question mark (?) on the screen, and waits for

the person to type the answer and press the <return> key.

The word INPUT is followed by a variable name (<variable>) or list of

variable names separated by commas. There may be a message inside quotes

before the list of variables to be input (<prompt>). If this message

(called a prompt) is present, there must be a semicolon (;) after the

closing quote of the prompt. When more than one variable is to be INPUT,

they should be separated by commas when typed in. If not, the computer

asks for the remaining values by printing two question marks (??). If

you press <return> key without INPUTting values, the INPUT variables

retain the values previously held for those variables.

INPUTS

<prompt> - prompt string

<variable> - acquired data will be stored in this variable

RESULT

Asks input from the user and stores acquired data in the target

variable(s).

EXAMPLES

10 INPUT "WHAT'S YOUR NAME";A$

20 INPUT "AND YOUR FAVOURITE COLOR";B$

30 INPUT "WHAT'S THE AIR SPEED OF A SWALLOW";A

NOTES

This statement can only be executed within a program.

BUGS

None

statement/INPUT# statement/INPUT#

NAME

INPUT# -- Reads data from a file or a device

ABBREVIATION

i <shift> N

SYNOPSIS

INPUT#<file>,<variable>[,<...>,<variable>]

FUNCTION

This works like INPUT, but takes the data from a previously OPENed file

or device. No prompt string is allowed.

INPUTS

<file> - file/device number to be read

<variable> - acquired data will be stored in this variable

RESULT

Reads data from the file/device and stores acquired data in the target

variable(s).

EXAMPLES

10 INPUT#2,A$,C,D$

NOTES

This statement can only be executed within a program.

BUGS

None

statement/LET statement/LET

NAME

LET -- Sets a value to a variable

ABBREVIATION

l <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

LET <variable>=<expression>

FUNCTION

The word LET is hardly ever used in programs, since it is not necessary,

but the statement itself is the heart of all BASIC programs. Whenever a

variable is defined or given a value, LET is always implied. The

variable name which is to get the result of a calculation is on the left

side of the equal sign, and the number or formula is on the right side.

INPUTS

<variable> - name of the target variable

<expression> - number or formula to be stored in variable (<variable>)

RESULT

Given value is stored to the given variable.

EXAMPLES

10 LET A=5

20 B=6

30 C=A*B+3

40 D$="HELLO"

LET is implied (but not necessary) in lines 20, 30, and 40.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/LOCATE statement/LOCATE

NAME

LOCATE -- Changes pixel cursor position

ABBREVIATION

lo <shift> C

SYNOPSIS

LOCATE <x>,<y>

FUNCTION

The LOCATE command lets you put the pixel cursor (PC) anywhere on the

screen. The PC is the current location of the starting point of the next

drawing. Unlike the regular cursor, you can't see the PC, but you can

move it with the LOCATE command.

You can find out where the PC is at any time by using the RDOT(0)

function to get the x-coordinate and RDOT(1) to get the y-coordinate.

The color source of the dot at the PC can be found by printing RDOT(2).

(In all drawing commands where a color option is available, you may

select a value from 0 to 3, corresponding to the background, foreground,

multicolor 1, or multicolor 2 as the color source.)

INPUTS

<x> - scaled x coordinate

<y> - scaled y coordinate

RESULT

Puts the pixel cursor at the given position.

EXAMPLES

LOCATE 160,100

Positions the PC in the center of the high resolution screen.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/MONITOR statement/MONITOR

NAME

MONITOR -- Starts machine language monitor

ABBREVIATION

m <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

MONITOR

FUNCTION

This command takes you out of BASIC into the build-in machine language

monitor program. The monitor is used to develop, debug, and execute

machine language programs more easily than from BASIC.

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Starts machine language monitor.

EXAMPLES

MONITOR

NOTES

When in the monitor, typing an "X" and pressing <return> gets you back

to BASIC. Also read the "tedmon.pdf" document for a description of all

the monitor commands.

BUGS

None

statement/NEXT statement/NEXT

NAME

NEXT -- Completes a FOR loop

ABBREVIATION

n <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

NEXT [<variable>[,<...>,<variable>]]

FUNCTION

The NEXT statement is used with the FOR statement. When the computer

encounters a NEXT statement, it goes back to the corresponding FOR

statement and check the loop variable. If the loop is finished,

execution proceeds with the statement after the NEXT statement. The word

NEXT may be followed by a variable name, a list of variable names

separated by commas, or no variable names. If there are no names listed,

the last loop started is the one being completed. If the variables are

given, they are completed in order from left to right.

INPUTS

<variable> - name of the FOR loop variable

RESULT

Causes computer to go back to the corresponding FOR statement and check

the FOR loop variable. Depending on loop variable value NEXT either

exits the loop or repeats it once more.

EXAMPLES

10 FOR L=1 TO 10:NEXT

20 FOR L=1 TO 10:NEXT L

30 FOR L=1 TO 10:FOR M=1 TO 10:NEXT M,L

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/ON statement/ON

NAME

ON -- Redirects program execution conditionally

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

ON <expression> GOSUB <line>[,<...>,<line>]

ON <expression> GOTO <line>[,<...>,<line>]

FUNCTION

This command can make the GOTO and GOSUB statements into special

versions of the IF statement. The word ON is followed by a formula, then

either GOTO or GOSUB, and a list of line numbers separated by commas. If

the result of the calculation of the formula (<expression>) is 1, the

first line (<line>) in the list is executed. If the result is 2, the

second line number is executed, and so on. If the result is 0, or larger

than the number of line numbers in the list, the next line executed is

the statement following the ON statements. If the number is negative, an

ILLEGAL QUANTITY ERROR results.

INPUTS

<expression> - BASIC expression resulting a numeric value

<line> - line number where program execution should continue

RESULT

Program execution continues at the line chosen from the line number list

according to a value determined by a BASIC expression (<expression>).

EXAMPLES

10 INPUT X:IF X<0 THEN 10

20 ON X GOTO 50, 30, 30, 70

25 PRINT "FELL THROUGH":GOTO 10

30 PRINT "TOO HIGH":GOTO 10

50 PRINT "TOO LOW":GOTO 10

70 END

When X = 1, ON sends control to the first line number in the list

(50). When X = 2, ON sends control to the second line (30), etc.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/OPEN statement/OPEN

NAME

OPEN -- Opens a logical file for I/O operations

ABBREVIATION

o <shift> P

SYNOPSIS

OPEN <file>[,<device>[,<address>[,"<command>,<type>,<mode>"]]]

FUNCTION

The OPEN statement allows your computer to access devices such as the

tape and disk for data, a printer, or even the screen. The word OPEN is

followed by a logical file number (<file>), which is the number to which

all other BASIC statements will refer. This number is from 1 to 255.

There is normally a second number after the first called the device

number (<device>). Device number 0 is the keyboard, 1 is the tape

(default), 3 is the screen, 4 is the printer, 8 is usually the disk. A

zero (0) may be included in front of the device number digit (e.g. 08

for 8). Following the second number may be a third number called the

secondary address (<address>). In the case of the tape, this can be 0

for read, 1 for write, and 2 for write with end-of-tape marker at the

end. In the case of the disk, the number refers to the channel number.

In the printer, the secondary addresses are used to set the mode of the

printer. There may also be a string following the third number, which

could be a command to the disk drive or name of the file on tape or disk

(<command>). The type (<type>) and mode (<mode>) refer to disk files

only. (File types are prg, seq, rel, and usr; modes are read and write.)

INPUTS

<file> - logical file number for the file to be opened (1-255)

<device> - input/output device number

<address> - secondary address for device

<command> - command for device

<type> - file type (prg/seq/rel/usr)

<mode> - I/O mode (read/write)

RESULT

Opens a logical file for I/O operations.

EXAMPLES

10 OPEN 3,3

OPENs the screen as a device.

10 OPEN 1,0

OPENs the keyboard as a device.

10 OPEN 1,1,0,"UP"

OPENs the tape for reading, file to be searched for is named UP.

OPEN 4,4

OPENs a channel to use the printer.

OPEN 15,8,15

OPENs the command channel on the disk.

5 OPEN 8,8,12,"TESTFILE,SEQ,WRITE"

Creates a sequential disk file for writing.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/PAINT statement/PAINT

NAME

PAINT -- Fills an area with color

ABBREVIATION

p <shift> A

SYNOPSIS

PAINT [<color_src>][,[<x>,<y>][,<mode>]]

FUNCTION

The PAINT command lets you fill an area with color. It fills in the area

around the specified point until a boundary of the same color (or any

non-background color, depending on which mode you have chosen) is

encountered. The final position of the Pixel Cursor (PC) will be at the

starting point (<x>,<y>).

INPUTS

<color_src> - fill color source (0-3); default is 1 (foreground color)

<x> - scaled x coordinate (starting point)

<y> - scaled y coordinate (starting point)

<mode> - fill mode (0 = paint an area defined by the color source

selected; 1 = paint an area defined by any non-background

color source)

RESULT

Fills in the area around the specified point until a boundary of the

same color (or any non-background color, depending on which mode you

have chosen) is encountered.

EXAMPLES

10 CIRCLE,160,100,65,50

20 PAINT,160,100

Draws outline of circle and fills in the circle with color.

NOTES

If the starting point is already the color of color source you name (or

any non-background when mode 1 is used), there is no change.

BUGS

None

statement/POKE statement/POKE

NAME

POKE -- Writes a value into a RAM memory

ABBREVIATION

p <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

POKE <address>,<value>

FUNCTION

The POKE command allows you to change any value in the computer RAM

memory, and lets you modify many of the computer input/output registers.

POKE is always followed by two numbers (or equations). The first number

(<address>) is a location inside your computer's memory. This could have

any value from 0 to 65535. The second number (<value>) is a value from 0

to 255, which is placed in the location, replacing any value that was

there previously. This command can be used to control anything on the

screen, from placing a character at that location to changing the color

there.

INPUTS

<address> - memory address/location (0-65535)

<value> - value to be stored in a given address (0-255)

RESULT

Given value is stored in a given memory location.

EXAMPLES

10 POKE 16000,8

Sets location 16000 to 8.

20 POKE 16*1000,27

Sets location 16000 to 27.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/PRINT statement/PRINT

NAME

PRINT -- Writes data to the screen

ABBREVIATION

SYNOPSIS

PRINT <printlist>

FUNCTION

The PRINT statement is the major output statement in BASIC. While the

PRINT statement is the first BASIC statement most people learn to use,

there are many subtleties to be mastered here as well. The word PRINT

can be followed by any combinations of these items, which is considered

the printlist (<printlist>):

Characters inside of quotes "text lines"

Variable names A B A$ X$

Functions SIN(23) ABS(33)

Punctuation marks ; ,

The characters inside of quotes are often called literals because they

are printed exactly as they appear. Variable names have the value they

contain (either a number or a string) printed. Functions also have

their number values printed. Punctuation marks are used to help format

the data neatly on the screen. The comma (,) divides the screen into

four columns for data, while the semicolon (;) doesn't add any spaces.

Either mark can be used as the last symbol in the statement. This

results in the next PRINT statement acting as if it is continuing the

last PRINT statement.

INPUTS

<printlist> - items to be printed

RESULT

Given printlist is displayed on the screen.

EXAMPLES

10 PRINT "HELLO"

20 A$="THERE":PRINT "HELLO,"A$

30 A=4:B=2:PRINT A+B

50 J=41:PRINT J;:PRINT J-1

60 C=A+B:D=A-B:PRINT A;B;C,D

Result:

HELLO

HELLO, THERE

41 40

4 2 6 2

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/PRINT statement/PRINT

NAME

PRINT USING -- Formats and writes data to the screen, file or device

ABBREVIATION

?us <shift>I

SYNOPSIS

PRINT[<file>,]USING <formatlist>;<printlist>

FUNCTION

These statements let you define the format of string and numeric items

you want to print to the screen, printer, or another device. Put the

format you want in quotes. This is the format list (<formatlist>). Then

add a semicolon (;) and a list of what you want printed in the format

for the print list (<printlist>). The list can be variables or the

actual values you want printed.

+---------------------------+---------+--------+

! Character ! Numeric ! String !

+---------------------------+---------+--------+

! Hash Sign (#) ! X ! X !

! Plus (+) ! X ! - !

! Minus (-) ! X ! - !

! Decimal Point (.) ! X ! - !

! Comma (,) ! X ! - !

! Dollar Sign ($) ! X ! - !

! Four Carets (^^^^) ! X ! - !

! Equal Sign (=) ! - ! X !

! Greater Than Sign (>) ! - ! X !

+---------------------------+---------+--------+

The hash sign (#) reserves room for a single character in the output

field. If the data item contains more characters than you have # in your

format field, PRINT USING prints nothing. For a numeric item, the entire

field is filled with asterisks (*). No numbers are printed.

For a STRING item, the string data is truncated at the bounds of the

field. Only as many characters are printed as there are hash signs (#)

in the format item. Truncation occurs on the right.

The plus (+) and minus (-) signs can be used in either the first or last

position of a format field but not both. The plus sign is printed if

the number is positive. The minus sign is printed if the number is

negative.

If you use minus sign and the number is positive, a blank is printed in

the character position indicated by the minus sign.

If you don't use either a plus or minus sign in your format field for a

numeric data item, a minus sign is printed before the first digit or

dollar symbol if the number is negative and no sign is printed if the

number is positive. This means that you can print one character more if

the number is positive. If there are too many digits to fit into the

field specified by the # and + or - signs, then an overflow occurs and

the field is filled with asterisks (*).

A decimal point (.) symbol designates the position of the decimal point

in the number. You can only have one decimal point in any format field.

If you don't specify a decimal point in your format field, the value is

rounded to the nearest integer and printed without any decimal places.

When you specify a decimal point, the number of digits preceding the

decimal point (including the minus sign, if the value is negative) must

not exceed the number of # before the decimal point. If there are too

many digits an overflow occurs and the field is filled with asterisks

(*).

A comma (,) lets you place commas in numeric fields. The position of the

comma in the format list indicates where the comma appears in a printed

number. Only commas within a number are printed. Unused commas to the

left of the first digit appear as the filler character. At least one #

must precede the first comma in a field.

If you specify commas in a field and the number is negative, then a

minus sign is printed as the first character even if the character

position is specified as a comma.

A dollar sign ($) symbol shows that a dollar sign will be printed in the

number. If you want the dollar sign to float (always be placed before

the number), you must specify at least one # before the dollar sign. If

you specify a dollar sign without a leading #, the dollar sign is

printed in the position shown in the format field.

If you specify commas and/or a plus or minus sign in a format field with

a dollar sign, your program prints a comma or sign before the dollar

sign.

The four up arrows or carets (^^^^) symbol is used to specify that the

number is to be printed in E+ format. You must use # in addition to the

^^^^ to specify the field width. The ^^^^ must appear after the # in the

format field.

You must specify four carets (^^^^) when you want to print a number in

E-format (scientific notation). If you specify more than one but fewer

than four carets, you get a syntax error. If you specify more than four

carets only the first four are used. The fifth caret (and subsequent

carets) are interpreted literally as no text symbols.

An equal sign (=) is used to center a string in the field. You specify

the field width by the number of characters (# and =) in the format

field. If the string contains fewer characters than the field width, the

string is centered in the field. The right-most characters are truncated

and the string fills the entire field.

A greater than sign (>) is used to right justify a string in a field.

You specify the field width by the number of characters (# and =) in the

format field. If the string contains fewer characters than the field

width, the string is right justified in the field. If the string

contains more characters than can be fit into the field, the right-most

characters are truncated and the string fills the entire field.

INPUTS

<file> - logical number of target file/device

<formatlist> - printlist is formatted by using these format instructions

<printlist> - items to be printed

RESULT

Given printlist is formatted and displayed on the screen or written into

a file or device.

EXAMPLES

5 X=32:Y=100.23:A$="CAT"

10 PRINT USING "$##.##";13.25,X,Y

20 PRINT USING "###>#";"CBM",A$

When you RUN this, line 10 prints out:

$13.25$32.00$*****

PRINT USING prints ***** instead of Y value because Y has 5 digits,

which does not conform to format list.

Line 20 prints this:

CBM CAT

PRINT USING leaves three spaces before printing "CBM" as defined in

format list.

10 PRINT USING "####";X

For these values for X, this format displays:

A = 12.34 12

A = 567.89 568

A = 123456 ****

10 PRINT USING "##.#+";-.01

Result:

0.01-

Leading zero added.

10 PRINT USING "##.#-";1

Result:

1.0

Trailing zero added.

10 PRINT USING "####";-100.5

Result:

-101

Rounded to no decimal places.

10 PRINT USING "####";-1000

Result:

****

Overflow because four digits and minus sign cannot fit in field.

10 PRINT USING "###.";10

Result:

10.

Decimal point added.

10 PRINT USING "#$##";1

Result:

Leading $ sign.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/PRINT# statement/PRINT#

NAME

PRINT# -- Writes data to a file or a device

ABBREVIATION

p <shift> R

SYNOPSIS

PRINT#<file>,<printlist>

FUNCTION

There are a few differences between this statement and the PRINT. First

of all, the word PRINT# is followed by a number, which refers to the

device or data file previously OPENed. The number is followed by a

comma, and a list of things to be PRINTed. The semicolon acts in the

same manner for spacing as it does in the PRINT statement. The comma

will send 10 spaces to most printers and can be used as a separator for

disk files.

INPUTS

<file> - logical number of target file/device

<printlist> - items to be printed

RESULT

Writes given data (<printlist>) to the target file/device.

EXAMPLES

100 PRINT#1,"HELLO THERE!",A$,B$,

NOTES

Some devices may not work with TAB and SPC.

BUGS

None

statement/PUDEF statement/PUDEF

NAME

PUDEF -- Redefines PRINT USING symbols

ABBREVIATION

p <shift> U

SYNOPSIS

PUDEF "<definition>"

FUNCTION

PUDEF lets you redefine up to 4 symbols in the PRINT USING statement.

You can change blanks, commas, decimals points, and dollar signs into

some other character by placing the new character in the correct

position in the PUDEF control string.

Position 1 is the filler character. The default is a blank. Place a new

character here when you want another character to appear in place of

blanks.

Position 2 is the comma character. Default is a comma.

Position 3 is the decimal point.

Position 4 is the dollar sign.

INPUTS

<definition> - definition string for symbols (from left to right):

the first character defines a filler character,

the second character defines a comma,

the third character defines a decimal point, and

the fourth character defines a dollar sign

RESULT

Redefines four PRINT USIGN symbols: a filler character, a comma, a

decimal point, and a dollar sign.

EXAMPLES

10 PUDEF "*"

Prints * in the place of blanks.

20 PUDEF " &"

Prints & in the place of commas.

30 PUDEF " .,"

Prints decimal points in the place of commas, and commas in the

place of decimal points.

40 PUDEF " .,£"

Prints English pound sign in the place of $, decimal points in the

place of commas, and commas in place of decimal points.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/READ statement/READ

NAME

READ -- Get information from DATA statements

ABBREVIATION

r <shift> E

SYNOPSIS

READ <variable>[,<...>,<variable>]

FUNCTION

This statement is used to get information from DATA statements into

variables, where the data can be used. The READ statement variable list

may contain both strings and numbers. Care must be taken to avoid

reading strings where the READ statement expects a number, which

produces an ERROR message.

INPUTS

<variable> - read data will be stored in this variable

RESULT

Data read from the DATA statements is stored in the target variables

(<variable>).

EXAMPLES

10 READ A$,G$,Y

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/REM statement/REM

NAME

REM -- Attaches a note to the source code

ABBREVIATION

None

SYNOPSIS

REM [<message>]

FUNCTION

The REMark is just a note to whoever is reading a LIST of the program.

It may explain a section of the program, give information about the

author, etc. REM statements in no way effect the operation of the

program, except to add to its length (and therefore slow it down). The

word REM may be followed by any text, although use of graphic characters

gives strange results.

INPUTS

<message> - any text

RESULT

Attach a note to the source code so it can be read from the program

listing.

EXAMPLES

10 NEXT X:REM THIS LINE IS UNNECESSARY

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/RESTORE statement/RESTORE

NAME

RESTORE -- Sets a DATA pointer

ABBREVIATION

re <shift> S

SYNOPSIS

RESTORE [<line>]

FUNCTION

When executed in a program, the pointer to the item in a DATA statement

which is to be read next is reset to the first item in the list. This

gives you the ability to re-READ the information. If a line number

(<line>) follows the RESTORE statement, the pointer is set to that line.

Otherwise the pointer is reset to the first DATA statement in the

program.

INPUTS

<line> - a BASIC line number where DATA pointer should be set

RESULT

Sets DATA pointer to the first item in a DATA item list or to the given

BASIC line number which contains a DATA statement.

EXAMPLES

10 RESTORE 200

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/RESUME statement/RESUME

NAME

RESUME -- Continues program execution after an error

ABBREVIATION

res <shift> U

SYNOPSIS

RESUME [<line>|NEXT]

FUNCTION

Used to return to execution after TRAPping an error. With no arguments,

RESUME attempts to re-execute the line in which the error occurred.

RESUME NEXT resumes execution at the next statement following the

statement containing the error; RESUME <line> will GOTO the specific

line and begin execution there.

INPUTS

<line> - a BASIC line number where program execution should continue

NEXT - resume execution at the next statement

RESULT

Resumes execution after an error at the line where the error occurred, or

at the next BASIC line, or at a given BASIC line.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/RETURN statement/RETURN

NAME

RETURN -- Returns from a subroutine

ABBREVIATION

re <shift> T

SYNOPSIS

RETURN

FUNCTION

This statement is always used with the GOSUB statement. When the program

encounters a RETURN statement, it goes to the statement immediately

following the last GOSUB command executed. If no GOSUB was previously

issued, then a RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB ERROR message is delivered, and

program execution is stopped.

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Returns from a subroutine to the statement following the last

subroutine call (GOSUB statement).

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/SCALE statement/SCALE

NAME

SCALE -- Controls bit maps scaling

ABBREVIATION

sc <shift> A

SYNOPSIS

SCALE <scaling_flag>

FUNCTION

The scaling of the bit maps in multicolor and high resolution modes can

be changed with the SCALE command. Entering:

SCALE 1

turns scaling on. Coordinates may then be scaled from 0 to 1023 in

both x and y rather than the normal scale values, which are:

multicolor mode............ x = 0 to 159, y = 0 to 199

high resolution mode....... x = 0 to 319, y = 0 to 199

SCALE 0

turns scaling off.

INPUTS

<scaling_flag> - scaling mode: 0=no scaling, 1=scale

RESULT

Turns scaling on or off.

EXAMPLES

SCALE 1

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/SCNCLR statement/SCNCLR

NAME

SCNCLR -- Clears the screen

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> C

SYNOPSIS

SCNCLR

FUNCTION

Clears the current screen, whether graphics, text, or both (split

screen).

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Clears the current screen.

EXAMPLES

SCNCLR

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/SOUND statement/SOUND

NAME

SOUND -- Produces a sound

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

SOUND <voice>,<frq_control>,<duration>

FUNCTION

This statement produces a SOUND using one of the three voices (<voice>)

with a frequency control (<frq_control>) in the range of 0-1023 for a

duration (<duration>) of 0-65535 60ths of a second.

The Commodore 16 have 2 independent sound channels and ability to

produce square and white noise timbres as follows:

Voice Sound channel Wave shape

-----------------------------------

1 1 square

2 2 square

3 2 noise

If a SOUND for voice n is requested, and the previous SOUND for the same

n is still playing, BASIC waits for the previous SOUND to complete.

SOUND with a duration of 0 is a special case. It causes BASIC to turn

off the current SOUND for that voice immediately, regardless of the time

remaining on the previous SOUND.

INPUTS

<voice> - voice number (1-3)

<frq_control> - sound register value (0-1023)

<duration> - duration of a sound in 60ths of a second (0-65535)

RESULT

Cuts off or produces a sound with square or white noise timbre.

EXAMPLES

SOUND 2,800,3600

Plays a note using voice 2 with frequency set at 800 for one minute.

NOTES

The sound register value (<frq_control>) does not correspond directly to

the real sound frequency. If you want to produce a sound with a certain

frequency use the following formulas to find the sound register value

for the desired frequency:

formula for computers using PAL television standard

SOUND REGISTER VALUE = 1024-(111840.45/FREQUENCY)

formula for computers using NTSC television standard

SOUND REGISTER VALUE = 1024-(111860.781/FREQUENCY)

BUGS

None

statement/SSHAPE statement/SSHAPE

NAME

SSHAPE -- Saves a rectangular graphic area into a string variable

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> S

SYNOPSIS

SSHAPE <shape>,<left>,<top>[,<right>,<bottom>]

FUNCTION

This statement is used to save a rectangular area of multicolor or high

resolution screen using BASIC string variable.

Because BASIC limits string lengths to 255 characters, the size of the

area you may save is limited. The string size required can be calculated

using one of the following (unscaled) formulas:

L(mcm) = INT((ABS(<left>-<right>)+1)/4+.99)*(ABS(<top>-<bottom>)+1)+

L(h-r) = INT((ABS(<left>-<right>)+1)/8+.99)*(ABS(<top>-<bottom>)+1)+

(mcm) refers to multi-color mode; (h-r) is high resolution mode.

The shape is saved row by row. The last four bytes of the string contain

the column and row lengths less one (i.e.: ABS(<left>-<right>)) in

low/high byte format (if scaled divide the lengths by 3.2 (X) and 5.12

(Y)).

INPUTS

<shape> - string variable where shape should be stored

<left> - scaled corner coordinate

<top> - scaled corner coordinate

<right> - scaled corner coordinate

<bottom> - scaled corner coordinate

RESULT

Saves a defined rectangular graphic area into a BASIC string variable.

EXAMPLES

SSHAPE V$,0,0

Saves screen area from the upper left corner to where the cursor is

positioned under the name V$.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/STOP statement/STOP

NAME

STOP -- Halts the program execution

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> T

SYNOPSIS

STOP

FUNCTION

This statement halts the program. A message, BREAK IN LINE <line>, where

the <line> is the line number containing the STOP. The program can be

re-started at the statement following STOP if you use the CONT command.

The STOP statement is usually used while debugging a program.

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Halts the program execution.

EXAMPLES

100 STOP

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/SYS statement/SYS

NAME

SYS -- Executes a machine language program

ABBREVIATION

s <shift> Y

SYNOPSIS

SYS <address>

FUNCTION

The word SYS is followed by a decimal number or numeric variable in the

range 0 to 65535. The program begins executing the machine language

program starting at that memory location. (This is similar to the USR

function, but does not pass a parameter.) However, parameters can be passed

anyway using the following memory locations:

2034 = Accumulator

2035 = X register

2036 = Y register

These can be used both before SYS to set the processor registers (for example POKE

2034,255) and after the return from the machine language routine to check the results

(for example A=PEEK(2034) )

(For further communication, you can of course also poke and peek to memory locations that you design your ML routine to use.)

INPUTS

<address> - memory address (0-65535)

RESULT

Begins executing a machine language program from the given memory

location.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/TRAP statement/TRAP

NAME

TRAP -- Turns on or off error interception

ABBREVIATION

t <shift> R

SYNOPSIS

TRAP [<line>]

FUNCTION

When turned on, TRAP intercepts all error conditions (including the

<run/stop> key) except "UNDEF'D STATEMENT ERROR". In the event of any

execution error, the error flag is set, and execution is transferred to

the line number named in the TRAP statement (<line>). The line number in

which the error occurred can be found by using the system variable EL.

The string function ERR$(ER) gives the error message corresponding to

any error condition ER.

TRAP with no line number argument turns off error TRAPping.

INPUTS

<line> - BASIC line number where program execution should continue when

an error occurs

RESULT

When line number has been given turns on error interception, otherwise

turns it off.

EXAMPLES

200 TRAP 210

210 PRINT "AN ERROR OCCURED IN LINE"EL".":STOP

NOTES

An error in a TRAP routine cannot be trapped. The RESUME statement can

be used to resume execution.

BUGS

None

statement/TROFF statement/TROFF

NAME

TROFF -- Turns trace mode off

ABBREVIATION

tro <shift> F

SYNOPSIS

TROFF

FUNCTION

This statement turns trace mode off.

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Exits trace mode.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/TRON statement/TRON

NAME

TRON -- Turns trace mode on

ABBREVIATION

tr <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

TRON

FUNCTION

TRON is used in program debugging. This statement begins trace mode.

When you are in trace mode, as each statement executes, the line number

of that statement is printed.

INPUTS

None

RESULT

Begins the trace mode.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/VOL statement/VOL

NAME

VOL -- Sets sound volume level

ABBREVIATION

v <shift> O

SYNOPSIS

VOL <volume>

FUNCTION

Sets the current VOLume level for SOUND commands. VOLume may be set from

0 to, where 8 is maximum volume, and 0 is off. VOL affects all channels.

INPUTS

<volume> - sound volume (0-8)

RESULT

Sets sound volume level.

EXAMPLES

10 VOL 8

Sets sound volume level to the maximum.

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

statement/WAIT statement/WAIT

NAME

WAIT -- Waits for a change of memory address

ABBREVIATION

w <shift> A

SYNOPSIS

WAIT <address>,<ctrl_value1>[,<ctrl_value2>]

FUNCTION

The WAIT statement is used to halt the program until the contents of a

location in memory changes in a specific way. The address (<address>)

must be in the range from 0 to 65535. Value 1 (<ctrl_value1>) and value

2 (<ctrl_value2>) must be in the range from 0 to 255.

The content of the memory location is first exclusive-ORed (XOR) with

value 2 (if present), and then logically ANDed (AND) with value 1. If

the result is zero, the program checks the memory location again. When

the result is not zero, the program continues with the next statement.

INPUTS

<address> - memory location to be monitored (0-65535)

<ctrl_value1> - first control value (0-255)

<ctrl_value2> - second control value (0-255)

RESULT

Halts program execution until the contents of a given memory address

changes.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

BUGS

None

VARIABLES

Your computer uses three types of variables in BASIC. These are: normal

numeric, integer numeric, and string (alphanumeric) variables.

NUMERIC VARIABLES

Normal numeric variables, also called floating point variables, can have

any value from ^ -38 to ^ +38, with up to nine digits of accuracy. When

a number becomes larger than nine digits can show, as in 10 ^ -10 or

10 ^ +10, your computer displays it in scientific notation form, with

the number normalized to 1 digit and eight decimal places, followed by

the letter E and the power of ten by which the number is multiplied. For

example, the number 12345678901 is displayed as 1.23456789E+10.

INTEGER VARIABLES

Integer variables can be used when the number is from +32767 to -32768,

and with no fractional portion. An integer variable is a number like 5,

10, or -100. Integers take up less space than floating point variables

when used in an array.

STRING VARIABLES

String variables are those used for character data, which may contain

numbers, letters, and any other character that your computer can make.

An example of a string variable is "COMMODORE 16".

VARIABLE NAMES

Variable names may consist of a single letter, a letter followed by a

number, or two letters. Variable names may be longer than 2 characters,

but only the first two are significant.

An integer variable is specified by using the percent (%) sign after the

variable name. String variables have the dollar sign ($) after their

names.

Examples:

Numeric Variable Names: A, A5, BZ

Integer Variable Names: A%, A5%, BZ%

String Variable Names : A$, A5$,BZ$

ARRAYS

Arrays are lists of variables with the same name, using an extra number

(or numbers) to specify an element of the array. Arrays are defined

using the DIM statement, and may be floating point, integer, or string

variables arrays. The array variable name is followed by a set of

parentheses ( ) enclosing the number of the variable in the list.

Examples:

A(7), BZ%(11), A$(87)

Arrays may have more than one dimension. A two dimensional array may be

viewed as having rows and columns, with the first number identifying the

column and the second number in the parentheses identifying the row (as

if specifying a certain grid on a map).

Examples:

A(7,2), BZ%(2,3,4), A$(3,2)

RESERVED VARIABLE NAMES

There are seven variable names which are reserved for use by the

computer, and may not be used for another purpose. These are the

variables:

variable/DS variable/DS

NAME

DS -- Disk drive's status

DESCRIPTION

The variable DS reads the disk drive command channel, and returns the

current status of the drive.

DS is used after a disk operation (like DLOAD or DSAVE) to find out why

the red error light on the disk drive is blinking.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

variable/DS$ variable/DS$

NAME

DS$ -- Disk drive's status in words

DESCRIPTION

The variable DS$ reads the disk drive command channel, and returns the

current status of the drive in words.

DS$ is used after a disk operation (like DLOAD or DSAVE) to find out why

the red error light on the disk drive is blinking.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

variable/EL variable/EL

NAME

EL -- Last error line

DESCRIPTION

The variable EL is used typically in error trapping routines. EL stores

the line number where last error occurred.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

variable/ER variable/ER

NAME

ER -- Last error line

DESCRIPTION

The variable ER is used typically in error trapping routines. ER stores

the last error (error condition number) encountered since the program

was run.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

variable/ST variable/ST

NAME

ST -- Input/output status

DESCRIPTION

ST is a status variable for input and output (except normal

screen/keyboard operations). The value of ST depends on the results of

the last input/output operation.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

variable/TI variable/TI

NAME

TI -- Clock value

DESCRIPTION

TI variable contains the current value of the clock in 1/60ths of a

second.

EXAMPLES

None

NOTES

None

variable/TI$ variable/TI$

NAME

TI$ -- Current time

DESCRIPTION

TI$ is a string that reads the value of the real-time clock as a 24 hour

clock. The first two characters of TI$ contain the hour, the 3rd and 4th

characters are the minutes, and the 5th and 6th characters are the

seconds. This variable can be set to any value (so long as all

characters are numbers), and will be automatically updated as a 24 hour

clock.

The value of the clock is lost when computer is turned off. It starts at

zero when computer is turned on, and is reset to zero when the value of

the clock exceeds 235959 (23 hours, 59 minutes and 59 seconds).

EXAMPLES

TI$ = "101530"

Sets the clock to 10:15 and 30 seconds (AM).

NOTES

None

BASIC ERROR MESSAGES

These error messages are printed by BASIC. You can also PRINT the

messages through the use of the ERR$ function. The error number refers

only to the number assigned to the error for use with this function.

basic_error/01_TOO_MANY_FILES basic_error/01_TOO_MANY_FILES

NUMBER

MESSAGE

TOO MANY FILES

DESCRIPTION

There is a limit of 10 files OPEN at one time.

basic_error/02_FILE_OPEN basic_error/02_FILE_OPEN

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE OPEN

DESCRIPTION

An attempt was made to open a file using the number of an already open

file.

basic_error/03_FILE_NOT_OPEN basic_error/03_FILE_NOT_OPEN

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE NOT OPEN

DESCRIPTION

The file number specified in an I/O statement must be opened before use.

basic_error/04_FILE_NOT_FOUND basic_error/04_FILE_NOT_FOUND

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE NOT FOUND

DESCRIPTION

No file with that name exists (disk).

basic_error/05_DEVICE_NOT_PRESENT basic_error/05_DEVICE_NOT_PRESENT

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DEVICE NOT PRESENT

DESCRIPTION

The required I/O device not available.

basic_error/06_NOT_INPUT_FILE basic_error/06_NOT_INPUT_FILE

NUMBER

MESSAGE

NOT INPUT FILE

DESCRIPTION

An attempt made to GET or INPUT data from a file that was specified as

output only.

basic_error/07_NOT_OUTPUT_FILE basic_error/07_NOT_OUTPUT_FILE

NUMBER

MESSAGE

NOT OUTPUT FILE

DESCRIPTION

An attempt made to send data to a file that was specified as input only.

basic_error/08_MISSING_FILE_NAME basic_error/08_MISSING_FILE_NAME

NUMBER

MESSAGE

MISSING FILE NAME

DESCRIPTION

An OPEN, LOAD, or SAVE to the disk generally requires a file name.

basic_error/09_ILLEGAL_DEVICE_NUMBER basic_error/09_ILLEGAL_DEVICE_NUMBER

NUMBER

MESSAGE

ILLEGAL DEVICE NUMBER

DESCRIPTION

An attempt made to use a device improperly (SAVE to the screen, etc.).

basic_error/10_NEXT_WITHOUT_FOR basic_error/10_NEXT_WITHOUT_FOR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

NEXT WITHOUT FOR

DESCRIPTION

Either loops are nested incorrectly, or there is a variable name in a

NEXT statement that does not correspond with one in a FOR.

basic_error/11_SYNTAX_ERROR basic_error/11_SYNTAX_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

SYNTAX ERROR

DESCRIPTION

A statement is unrecognizable by BASIC. This could be because of missing

or extra parenthesis, misspelled keyword, etc.

basic_error/12_RETURN_WITHOUT_GOSUB basic_error/12_RETURN_WITHOUT_GOSUB

NUMBER

MESSAGE

RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB

DESCRIPTION

A RETURN statement encountered when no GOSUB statement was active.

basic_error/13_OUT_OF_DATA basic_error/13_OUT_OF_DATA

NUMBER

MESSAGE

OUT OF DATA

DESCRIPTION

A READ statement encountered, without data left unREAD.

basic_error/14_ILLEGAL_QUANTITY basic_error/14_ILLEGAL_QUANTITY

NUMBER

MESSAGE

ILLEGAL QUANTITY

DESCRIPTION

A number used as the argument of a function or statement is outside the

allowable range.

basic_error/15_OVERFLOW basic_error/15_OVERFLOW

NUMBER

MESSAGE

15 OVERFLOW

DESCRIPTION

The result of a computation is larger than the largest number allowed

(1.701411833E+38).

basic_error/16_OUT_OF_MEMORY basic_error/16_OUT_OF_MEMORY

NUMBER

MESSAGE

OUT OF MEMORY

DESCRIPTION

Either there is no more room for program and program variables, or there

are too many DO, FOR, or GOSUB statements in effect.

basic_error/17_UNDEF'D_STATEMENT basic_error/17_UNDEF'D_STATEMENT

NUMBER

MESSAGE

UNDEF'D STATEMENT

DESCRIPTION

A line number referenced does not exist in the program.

basic_error/18_BAD_SUBSCRIPT basic_error/18_BAD_SUBSCRIPT

NUMBER

MESSAGE

BAD SUBSCRIPT

DESCRIPTION

The program tried to reference an element of an array out of the range

specified by the DIM statement.

basic_error/19_REDIM'D_ARRAY basic_error/19_REDIM'D_ARRAY

NUMBER

MESSAGE

REDIM'D ARRAY

DESCRIPTION

An array can only be DIMensioned once. If an array is referenced before

that array is DIM'd, an automatic DIM (to 10) is performed.

basic_error/20_DIVISION_BY_ZERO basic_error/20_DIVISION_BY_ZERO

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DIVISION BY ZERO

DESCRIPTION

Division by zero is not allowed.

basic_error/21_ILLEGAL_DIRECT basic_error/21_ILLEGAL_DIRECT

NUMBER

MESSAGE

ILLEGAL DIRECT

DESCRIPTION

INPUT or GET statements are only allowed within a program.

basic_error/22_TYPE_MISMATCH basic_error/22_TYPE_MISMATCH

NUMBER

MESSAGE

TYPE MISMATCH

DESCRIPTION

This occurs when a number is used in place of a string or vice-versa.

basic_error/23_STRING_TOO_LONG basic_error/23_STRING_TOO_LONG

NUMBER

MESSAGE

STRING TOO LONG

DESCRIPTION

A string can contain up to 255 characters.

basic_error/24_FILE_DATA basic_error/24_FILE_DATA

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE DATA

DESCRIPTION

Bad data read from a tape.

basic_error/25_FORMULA_TOO_COMPLEX basic_error/25_FORMULA_TOO_COMPLEX

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FORMULA TOO COMPLEX

DESCRIPTION

Simplify the expression (break into two parts or use fewer parentheses).

basic_error/26_CAN'T_CONTINUE basic_error/26_CAN'T_CONTINUE

NUMBER

MESSAGE

CAN'T CONTINUE

DESCRIPTION

The CONT command does not work if the program was not RUN, there was an

error, or a line has been edited.

basic_error/27_UNDEF'D_FUNCTION basic_error/27_UNDEF'D_FUNCTION

NUMBER

MESSAGE

UNDEF'D FUNCTION

DESCRIPTION

A user defined function referenced that was never defined.

basic_error/28_VERIFY basic_error/28_VERIFY

NUMBER

MESSAGE

VERIFY

DESCRIPTION

The program on tape or disk does not match the program in memory.

basic_error/29_LOAD basic_error/29_LOAD

NUMBER

MESSAGE

LOAD

DESCRIPTION

There was a problem loading. Try again.

basic_error/30_BREAK basic_error/30_BREAK

NUMBER

MESSAGE

BREAK

DESCRIPTION

The stop key was hit to halt program execution.

basic_error/31_CAN'T_RESUME basic_error/31_CAN'T_RESUME

NUMBER

MESSAGE

CAN'T RESUME

DESCRIPTION

A RESUME statement encountered without TRAP statement in effect.

basic_error/32_LOOP_NOT_FOUND basic_error/32_LOOP_NOT_FOUND

NUMBER

MESSAGE

LOOP NOT FOUND

DESCRIPTION

The program has encountered a DO statement and cannot find the

corresponding LOOP.

basic_error/33_LOOP_WITHOUT_DO basic_error/33_LOOP_WITHOUT_DO

NUMBER

MESSAGE

LOOP WITHOUT DO

DESCRIPTION

LOOP encountered without a DO statement active.

basic_error/34_DIRECT_MODE_ONLY basic_error/34_DIRECT_MODE_ONLY

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DIRECT MODE ONLY

DESCRIPTION

This command is allowed only in direct mode, not from a program.

basic_error/35_NO_GRAPHICS_AREA basic_error/35_NO_GRAPHICS_AREA

NUMBER

MESSAGE

NO GRAPHICS AREA

DESCRIPTION

A command (DRAW, BOX, etc.) to create graphics encountered before the

GRAPHIC command was executed.

basic_error/36_BAD_DISK basic_error/36_BAD_DISK

NUMBER

MESSAGE

BAD DISK

DESCRIPTION

An attempt failed to HEADER a disk, because the quick header method

(no ID) was attempted on an unformatted disk, or the disk is bad.

DISK ERROR MESSAGES

NOTES

Error message numbers 02-19, 35-38, 40-49, 53-59, and 68-69 should be

ignored. Message number 01 (<deleted>) gives information about the

number of files deleted with the SCRATCH command.

disk_error/20_READ_ERROR disk_error/20_READ_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

READ ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Block header not found.

The disk controller is unable to locate the header of the requested data

block. Caused by an illegal sector number, or the header has been

destroyed.

disk_error/21_READ_ERROR disk_error/21_READ_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

READ ERROR

DESCRIPTION

No sync character.

The disk controller is unable to detect a sync mark on the desired

track. Caused by misalignment of the read/write head, no disk is

present, or unformatted or improperly seated disk. Can also indicate a

hardware failure.

disk_error/22_READ_ERROR disk_error/22_READ_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

READ ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Data block not present.

The disk controller has been requested to read or verify a data block

that was not properly written. This error message occurs in conjunction

with the BLOCK commands and indicates an illegal track and/or sector

request.

disk_error/23_READ_ERROR disk_error/23_READ_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

READ ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Checksum error in data block.

This error message indicates that there is an error in one or more of

the data types. The data has been read into the DOS memory, but the

checksum over the data is in error. This message may also indicate

grounding problems.

disk_error/24_READ_ERROR disk_error/24_READ_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

READ ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Byte decoding error.

The data or header has been read into the DOS memory, but a hardware

error has been created due to an invalid bit pattern in the data byte.

This message may also indicate grounding problems.

disk_error/25_WRITE_ERROR disk_error/25_WRITE_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

WRITE ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Write-verify error.

This message is generated if the controller detects a mismatch between

the written data and the data in the DOS memory.

disk_error/26_WRITE_PROTECT_ON disk_error/26_WRITE_PROTECT_ON

NUMBER

MESSAGE

WRITE PROTECT ON

DESCRIPTION

This message is generated when the controller has been requested to

write a data block while the write protect switch is depressed.

Typically, this is caused by using a disk with a write protect tab over

the notch.

disk_error/27_READ_ERROR disk_error/27_READ_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

READ ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Checksum error in header.

The controller has detected an error in the header of the requested data

block. The block has not been read into the DOS memory. This message may

also indicate grounding problems.

disk_error/28_WRITE_ERROR disk_error/28_WRITE_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

WRITE ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Too long data block.

The controller attempts to detect the sync mark of the next header after

writing a data block. If the sync mark does not appear within a

pre-determined time, the error message is generated. The error is caused

by a bad disk format (the data extends into the next block), or by

hardware failure.

disk_error/29_DISK_ID_MISMATCH disk_error/29_DISK_ID_MISMATCH

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DISK ID MISMATCH

DESCRIPTION

This message is generated when the controller has been requested to

access a disk which has not been initialized. The message can also occur

if a disk has a bad header.

disk_error/30_SYNTAX_ERROR disk_error/30_SYNTAX_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

SYNTAX ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Error in general syntax.

The DOS cannot interpret the command sent to the command channel.

Typically, this is caused by an illegal number of file names, or

patterns are illegally used. For example, two file names may appear on

the left side of the COPY command.

disk_error/31_SYNTAX_ERROR disk_error/31_SYNTAX_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

SYNTAX ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Invalid command.

The DOS does not recognize the command. The command must start in the

first position.

disk_error/32_SYNTAX_ERROR disk_error/32_SYNTAX_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

SYNTAX ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Invalid command.

The command sent is longer than 58 characters.

disk_error/33_SYNTAX_ERROR disk_error/33_SYNTAX_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

SYNTAX ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Invalid file name.

Pattern matching is invalidly used in the OPEN or SAVE command.

disk_error/34_SYNTAX_ERROR disk_error/34_SYNTAX_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

SYNTAX ERROR

DESCRIPTION

No file given.

The file name was left out of a command or the DOS does not recognize it

as such. Typically, a colon (:) has been left out of the command.

disk_error/39_SYNTAX_ERROR disk_error/39_SYNTAX_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

SYNTAX ERROR

DESCRIPTION

Invalid command.

This error may result if the command sent to command channel (secondary

address 15) is unrecognized by the DOS.

disk_error/50_RECORD_NOT_PRESENT disk_error/50_RECORD_NOT_PRESENT

NUMBER

MESSAGE

RECORD NOT PRESENT

DESCRIPTION

Result of disk reading past the last record through INPUT#, or GET#

commands. This message will also occur after positioning to a record

beyond end of file in a relative file. If the intent is to expand the

file by adding the new record (with a PRINT# command), the error message

may be ignored. INPUT or GET should not be attempted after this error is

detected without first repositioning.

disk_error/51_OVERFLOW_IN_RECORD disk_error/51_OVERFLOW_IN_RECORD

NUMBER

MESSAGE

OVERFLOW IN RECORD

DESCRIPTION

PRINT# statement exceeds record boundary. Information is truncated.

Since the carriage return which is sent as a record terminator is

counted in the record size, this message will occur if the total

characters in the record (including the final carriage return) exceeds

the defined size.

disk_error/52_FILE_TOO_LARGE disk_error/52_FILE_TOO_LARGE

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE TOO LARGE

DESCRIPTION

Record position within a relative file indicates that disk overflow will

result.

disk_error/60_WRITE_FILE_OPEN disk_error/60_WRITE_FILE_OPEN

NUMBER

MESSAGE

WRITE FILE OPEN

DESCRIPTION

This message is generated when a write file that has not been closed is

being opened for reading.

disk_error/61_FILE_NOT_OPEN disk_error/61_FILE_NOT_OPEN

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE NOT OPEN

DESCRIPTION

This message is generated when a file is being accessed that has not

been opened in the DOS. Sometimes, in this case, a message is not

generated; the request simply ignored.

disk_error/62_FILE_NOT_FOUND disk_error/62_FILE_NOT_FOUND

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE NOT FOUND

DESCRIPTION

The requested file does not exist on the indicated drive.

disk_error/63_FILE_EXISTS disk_error/63_FILE_EXISTS

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE EXISTS

DESCRIPTION

The file name of the file being created already exists on the disk.

disk_error/64_FILE_TYPE_MISMATCH disk_error/64_FILE_TYPE_MISMATCH

NUMBER

MESSAGE

FILE TYPE MISMATCH

DESCRIPTION

The file type does not match the file type in the directory entry for

the requested file.

disk_error/65_NO_BLOCK disk_error/65_NO_BLOCK

NUMBER

MESSAGE

NO BLOCK

DESCRIPTION

This message occurs in conjunction with the B-A command. It indicates

that the block to be allocated has been previously allocated. The

parameters indicate the track and sector available with the next highest

number. If the parameters are zero (0), then all blocks higher in number

are in use.

disk_error/66_ILLEGAL_TRACK_AND_SECTOR disk_error/66_ILLEGAL_TRACK_AND_SECTOR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

ILLEGAL TRACK AND SECTOR

DESCRIPTION

The DOS has attempted to access a track or block which does not exist in

the format being used. This may indicate a problem reading the pointer

to the next block.

disk_error/67_ILLEGAL_SYSTEM_T_OR_S disk_error/67_ILLEGAL_SYSTEM_T_OR_S

NUMBER

MESSAGE

ILLEGAL SYSTEM T OR S

DESCRIPTION

This special error message indicates an illegal system track or sector.

disk_error/70_NO_CHANNEL disk_error/70_NO_CHANNEL

NUMBER

MESSAGE

NO CHANNEL

DESCRIPTION

No channel available.

The requested channel is not available, or all channels are in use. A

maximum of five sequential files may be opened at one time to the DOS.

Direct access channels may have six opened files.

disk_error/71_DIRECTORY_ERROR disk_error/71_DIRECTORY_ERROR

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DIRECTORY ERROR

DESCRIPTION

The BAM (Block Availability Map) does not match the internal count.

There is a problem in the BAM allocation or the BAM has been overwritten

in DOS memory. To correct this problem reinitialize the disk to restore

the BAM in memory. Some active files may be terminated by the corrective

action.

disk_error/72_DISK_FULL disk_error/72_DISK_FULL

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DISK FULL

DESCRIPTION

Either the blocks on the disk are used or the directory is at its entry

limit. DISK FULL is sent when two blocks are available on the 1541 to

allow the current file to be closed.

disk_error/73_DOS_MISMATCH disk_error/73_DOS_MISMATCH

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DOS MISMATCH

DESCRIPTION

DOS 1 and 2 are read compatible but not write compatible. Disks may be

interchangeably read with either DOS, but a disk formatted on one

version cannot be written upon with the other version because the format

is different. This error is displayed whenever an attempt is made to

write upon a disk which has been formatted in a non-compatible format.

(A utility routine is available to assist in converting from one format

to another.) This message may also appear after power up.

NOTES

Error number 73 in CBM DOS V2.6 1541.

disk_error/74_DRIVE_NOT_READY disk_error/74_DRIVE_NOT_READY

NUMBER

MESSAGE

DRIVE NOT READY

DESCRIPTION

An attempt has been made to access the Floppy Disk Drive without any

disk present.

BASIC ABBREVIATIONS

To obtain Basic keywords without having to type the whole command, press the letter(s) on the left and then shift key and the letter on the right.

The shifted character appears as a graphics character but when the line is listed, the abbreviation will be expanded out into the full word.

The abbreviation for a keyword is generally the first letter of the keyword and the second letter shifted, but this may vary.

Keyword First letter(s) Shifted Letter

===============================================================================

ABS A R

ASC A S

ATN A T

AUTO A U

BACKUP B A

BOX B O

CHAR CH A

CHR$ C H

CIRCLE C I

CLOSE CL O

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CLR C L

CMD C M

COLLECT COL L

COLOR CO L

CONT C O

COPY CO P

COS none

DATA D A

DEC none

DEF FN D E

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DELETE DE L

DIM D I

DIRECTORY DI R

DLOAD D L

DO none

DRAW D R

DSAVE D S

END E N

ERR$ E R

EXP E X

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FOR F O

FRE F R

GET G E

GET# none

GETKEY GETK E

GOSUB GO S

GOTO G O

GRAPHIC G R

GSHAPE G S

HEADER HE A

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HELP HE L

HEX$ H E

IF none

INPUT none

INPUT# I N

INSTR IN S

INT none

JOY J O

KEY K E

LEFT$ LE F

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

LEN none

LET L E

LIST L I

LOAD L O

LOCATE LO C

LOG none

LOOP LO O

MID$ M I

MONITOR M O

NEW none

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NEXT N E

ON..GOSUB ON..GO S

ON..GOTO ON..G O

OPEN O P

PAINT P A

PEEK P E

POKE P O

POS none

PRINT ?

PRINT USING ?US I

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRINT# P R

PUDEF P U

RCLR R C

RDOT R D

READ R E

REM none

RENAME RE N

RENUMBER REN U

RESTORE RE S

RESUME RES U

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RETURN R T

RGR R G

RIGHT$ R I

RLUM R L

RND R N

RUN R U

SAVE S A

SCALE SC A

SCNCLR S C

SCRATCH SC R

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SGN S G

SIN S I

SOUND S O

SPC S P

SQR S Q

SSHAPE S S

STOP S T

STR$ ST R

SYS S Y

TAB( T A

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TAN none

TRAP T R

TROFF TRO F

TRON TR O

UNTIL U N

USR U S

VAL none

VERIFY V E

VOL V O

WAIT W A

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

WHILE W H

PETASCII CODES

Codes 192-223 are same as 96-127.

Codes 224-254 are same as 160-190.

Code 255 is the same as code 126.

Code 5 appears between quotes as code 69, but reversed.

Code 28 appear between quotes as code 92, but reversed.

Codes 30-31 appear between quotes as codes 94-95, but reversed.

Code 129 appears between quotes as code 97, but reversed.

Code 144 appears between quotes as code 112, but reversed.

Codes 149-156 appear between quotes as codes 117-124, but reversed.

Codes 158-159 appear between quotes as codes 126-127, but reversed.

Examples:

print chr$(130);"this is blinking!" print chr$(14);"everything is lo case"

MUSICAL NOTE TABLE

The table below contains the sound register values of six octaves of

notes for PAL and NTSC television standards. The sound register values

To use the first note in the table (A - sound register value 7) use the 7

as a second number after the SOUND command - SOUND 1,7,30.

========================================================

NOTE REGISTER (PAL) REGISTER (NTSC) FREQUENCY (HZ)

========================================================

A 7 7 110.0

#A 64 64 116.6

H 118 118 123.5

--------------------------------------------------------

C 169 169 130.9

#C 217 217 138.6

D 262 262 146.9

#D 305 305 155.6

E 345 345 164.9

F 383 383 174.7

#F 419 419 185.0

G 453 453 196.0

#G 485 485 207.7

A 516 516 220.0

#A 544 544 233.1

H 571 571 247.0

--------------------------------------------------------

C 596 597 261.7

#C 620 621 277.2

D 643 643 293.7

#D 664 665 311.2

E 685 685 329.7

F 704 704 349.3

#F 722 722 370.0

G 739 739 392.0

#G 755 755 415.4

A 770 770 440.0

#A 784 784 466.2

H 798 798 493.9

--------------------------------------------------------

C 810 810 523.3

#C 822 822 554.4

D 834 834 587.4

#D 844 844 622.3

E 854 854 659.3

F 864 864 698.5

#F 873 873 740.0

G 881 881 784.0

#G 889 889 830.7

A 897 897 880.0

#A 904 904 932.4

H 911 911 987.8

--------------------------------------------------------

C 917 917 1046.6

#C 923 923 1108.8

D 929 929 1174.7

#D 934 934 1244.6

E 939 939 1318.6

F 944 944 1397.0

#F 948 948 1480.0

G 953 953 1568.0

#G 957 957 1661.3

A 960 960 1760.0

#A 964 964 1864.7

H 967 967 1975.6

--------------------------------------------------------

C 971 971 2093.0

#C 974 974 2217.5

D 976 976 2349.4

#D 979 979 2489.1

E 982 982 2637.1

F 984 984 2793.9

#F 986 986 2960.0

G 988 988 3136.0

#G 990 990 3322.5

A 992 992 3520.0

#A 994 994 3729.3

H 996 996 3951.1

AUTHORS

Janne Peräaho

Anders Persson

E-mail: [email protected]

http://listen.to/boray

ALL DOCUMENTS

This document is part of a document package intended for Plus/4, C16 and C116 users.

The documents included are:

● "basic35.pdf", This document - Janne's original manual (more or less).

● "short35.pdf", A basic quick guide.

● "advanced.pdf", The Hardware and Advanced Basic programming.

● "tedmon.pdf", A short description of the built in machine language monitor.

REFERENCES

Commodore 16 Käyttäjän opas, Commodore 16 User Manual, Commodore 64 Käyttäjän opas,

Kaikki kuusnelosesta, 3. painos, Commodore Vic-20 Swedish User Manual, Commodore plus/4 and c16 memory map.

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Key features

Commands
Statements
Functions
Variables
Operators
Expressions

Frequently asked questions

BASIC is a high-level language which is based on the following six concepts: commands, statements, functions, variables, operators, and expressions.

Commands and statements are instructions to the computer to perform a certain task. For example, an instruction to load a basic program into memory. The difference between them is that Basic commands are intended to be used in direct mode, while statements should be used in programs. However, in most cases, commands can be used as statements in a program if you prefix them with a number. You can also use several statements as commands by using them in direct mode (i.e., without line numbers).

A function performs a simple task, based on a given arguments, and it always replies with a value - a result.

COMMODORE BASIC 3.5 MANUAL

version 2.2d

COMMANDS

FUNCTIONS

OPERATORS

STATEMENTS

VARIABLES

RESERVED VARIABLE NAMES

BASIC ERROR MESSAGES

DISK ERROR MESSAGES

BASIC ABBREVIATIONS

PETASCII CODES

Examples:

MUSICAL NOTE TABLE

AUTHORS

ALL DOCUMENTS

REFERENCES

What is BASIC language?

What are commands and statements?

What is a function?

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