20 Chapter 3. Macros
If you want to stringify the result of expansion of a macro argument, you have to use two levels of macros.
#define xstr(s) str(s)
#define str(s) #s
#define foo 4 str (foo)
==> "foo" xstr (foo)
==> xstr (4)
==> str (4)
==> "4" s is stringified when it is used in str
, so it is not macro-expanded first. But s is an ordinary argument to xstr , so it is completely macro-expanded before xstr itself is expanded (Section 3.10.6
Argument
Prescan ). Therefore, by the time str gets to its argument, it has already been macro-expanded.
3.5. Concatenation
It is often useful to merge two tokens into one while expanding macros. This is called token pasting or token concatenation . The ## preprocessing operator performs token pasting. When a macro is expanded, the two tokens on either side of each
## operator are combined into a single token, which then replaces the ## and the two original tokens in the macro expansion. Usually both will be identifiers, or one will be an identifier and the other a preprocessing number. When pasted, they make a longer identifier. This isn’t the only valid case. It is also possible to concatenate two numbers (or a number and a name, such as 1.5
and e3 ) into a number. Also, multi-character operators such as += can be formed by token pasting.
However, two tokens that don’t together form a valid token cannot be pasted together. For example, you cannot concatenate x with + in either order. If you try, the preprocessor issues a warning and emits the two tokens. Whether it puts white space between the tokens is undefined. It is common to find unnecessary uses of ## in complex macros. If you get this warning, it is likely that you can simply remove the ## .
Both the tokens combined by ## could come from the macro body, but you could just as well write them as one token in the first place. Token pasting is most useful when one or both of the tokens comes from a macro argument. If either of the tokens next to an ## is a parameter name, it is replaced by its actual argument before ## executes. As with stringification, the actual argument is not macroexpanded first. If the argument is empty, that ## has no effect.
Keep in mind that the C preprocessor converts comments to whitespace before macros are even considered. Therefore, you cannot create a comment by concatenating
/ and
*
. You can put as much whitespace between ## and its operands as you like, including comments, and you can put comments in arguments that will be concatenated. However, it is an error if
## appears at either end of a macro body.
Consider a C program that interprets named commands. There probably needs to be a table of commands, perhaps an array of structures declared as follows: struct command
{ char *name;
}; void (*function) (void); struct command commands[] =
{
