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nPath
null
handling nulls in COPY loads, V-24
null value, checking for, in SQL, V-96
numbering window functions, V-139
O
GRANT on database objects, V-61
object naming conventions, V-199
octet_length operator for bit strings, character strings, V-103
octet_length() function, V-100
ON
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE: Use MERGE instead, V-66
consistent sorting of window function input rows, V-153
PARTITION BY should always be used, V-156
output format, time and date values, V-168
OVER, V-137 in window function, V-137
not used to sort output, V-138
sort order of input rows, V-146
V--216 Database SQL and Function Reference, version 4.6.2
P
padding out text strings, V-101
parameter, V-83 performance settings, V-83
SET value, V-83 settings for SQL, V-83
change inheritance with ALTER TABLE, V-12
declare parent of new child table, V-37
passing along table privileges to children, V-61
always include when sorting, V-156
performance considerations, V-154
partition key
cannot add to or drop from existing table, V-13
CREATE TABLE AS with partition key, V-42
partition key: See distribution key
partitioning
automatic partition during COPY, V-25
repartitioning perfomance for window functions, V-154
list of approaches to pattern matching, V-108
with POSIX regular expression, V-110
pattern matching functions, V-108
avoiding scanning for IS NULL, V-30
permissions
list of SQL-MapReduce privileges, V-188
schemas for setting user rights, V-188
pipe operator for concatenation, V-100
position operator for bit strings, character strings, V-103
POSIX regular expression, V-110
PostgreSQL-nCluster command compatibility, V-3
cannot add to or drop from existing table, V-13
declaring in CREATE TABLE, V-38
aster data
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Table of contents
- 5 Conventions Used in This Guide
- 5 Typefaces
- 5 SQL Text Conventions
- 6 Command Shell Text Conventions
- 6 Contacting Technical Support
- 6 About Aster Data
- 7 About This Document
- 14 ABORT
- 14 ABORT -- abort the current transaction
- 14 Synopsis
- 14 Description
- 14 Parameters
- 14 Notes
- 14 Examples
- 14 Compatibility
- 14 See Also
- 15 ALTER INDEX
- 15 ALTER INDEX -- change the definition of an index
- 15 Synopsis
- 15 Description
- 15 Parameters
- 15 Notes
- 15 Examples
- 15 Compatibility
- 15 ALTER ROLE
- 15 ALTER ROLE -- change a database role
- 15 Synopsis
- 16 Description
- 16 Parameters
- 16 Notes
- 16 Compatibility
- 16 See Also
- 16 ALTER SCHEMA
- 16 Synopsis
- 16 Description
- 16 Parameters
- 17 See Also
- 17 ALTER TABLE
- 17 ALTER TABLE -- change the definition of a table
- 17 Synopsis
- 18 Description
- 18 Actions for ALTER TABLE
- 21 Parameters for ALTER TABLE
- 21 Notes About ALTER TABLE
- 21 ALTER TABLE Examples
- 23 Compatibility of ALTER TABLE
- 23 ALTER USER
- 23 ALTER USER - changes attributes of a user
- 23 Synopsis
- 23 Example usage
- 23 Description
- 24 Parameters
- 24 Compatibility
- 24 See Also
- 24 ALTER VIEW
- 24 ALTER VIEW -- change the definition of a view
- 24 Synopsis
- 24 Description
- 25 Parameters
- 25 Notes
- 25 Examples
- 25 Compatibility
- 25 See Also
- 25 ANALYZE
- 25 ANALYZE -- collect statistics about a database
- 25 Synopsis
- 25 Description
- 26 Parameters
- 26 Outputs from ANALYZE
- 26 Notes About ANALYZE
- 26 Compatibility
- 26 See Also
- 26 BEGIN
- 26 BEGIN -- start a transaction block
- 26 Synopsis
- 26 Description
- 27 Parameters
- 27 Notes
- 27 Examples
- 27 Compatibility
- 27 See Also
- 28 CASE
- 28 CLOSE
- 28 CLOSE -- close a cursor
- 28 Synopsis
- 28 Description
- 28 Parameters for CLOSE
- 28 Notes
- 28 Examples
- 28 Compatibility
- 28 See Also
- 29 CLUSTER
- 29 Synopsis
- 29 Description
- 29 Parameters
- 29 Notes
- 30 Examples
- 30 Compatibility
- 30 COALESCE
- 30 COMMIT
- 30 COMMIT -- commit the current transaction
- 30 Synopsis
- 30 Description
- 30 Parameters
- 30 Notes
- 30 Examples
- 31 Compatibility
- 31 See Also
- 31 COPY
- 31 COPY -- copy data between a client and a table
- 31 Synopsis
- 31 Copy into Aster Database:
- 32 Copy from Aster Database:
- 32 Description
- 32 Parameters for COPY
- 34 Notes About COPY
- 34 Input Formats for COPY
- 34 Text Formatted Input to COPY
- 35 CSV Formatted Input to COPY
- 35 Example Use of COPY
- 36 Compatibility of COPY
- 36 See Also
- 36 CREATE DATABASE
- 36 CREATE DATABASE -- create a new database
- 36 Synopsis
- 36 Description
- 36 Parameters for CREATE DATABASE
- 37 Notes
- 37 Examples
- 37 Compatibility
- 37 CREATE INDEX
- 37 CREATE INDEX -- define a new index
- 37 Synopsis
- 37 Description
- 38 Parameters
- 38 Notes
- 39 Examples
- 39 Compatibility
- 39 See Also
- 39 CREATE ROLE
- 39 Synopsis
- 39 Description
- 39 Parameters
- 40 Notes
- 40 Examples
- 40 Compatibility
- 40 See Also
- 40 CREATE SCHEMA
- 40 CREATE SCHEMA -- define a new schema
- 40 Synopsis
- 41 Description
- 41 Parameters
- 41 See Also
- 42 CREATE TABLE
- 42 CREATE TABLE -- define a new table
- 42 Synopsis
- 43 Description
- 43 Parameters for CREATE TABLE
- 45 Setting Constraints in CREATE TABLE
- 45 Constraint Syntax for CREATE TABLE
- 47 Notes on CREATE TABLE
- 47 Examples of CREATE TABLE
- 48 Compatibility
- 49 See Also
- 49 A Note on Unique Constraints
- 50 CREATE TABLE AS
- 50 CREATE TABLE AS - define a new table from the results of a query
- 50 Synopsis
- 50 Description
- 51 Parameters
- 51 Compatibility
- 51 See Also
- 51 CREATE USER
- 51 CREATE USER
- 51 Synopsis
- 52 Description
- 52 Parameters
- 52 Notes
- 52 Examples
- 52 Compatibility
- 53 Compatibility
- 53 See Also
- 53 CREATE VIEW
- 53 CREATE VIEW
- 53 Synopsis
- 53 Synopsis
- 53 Description
- 53 Parameters
- 54 Notes
- 54 Example
- 54 Compatibility
- 54 See also
- 54 DECLARE
- 54 DECLARE -- define a cursor
- 54 Synopsis
- 55 Description
- 56 Parameters for DECLARE
- 56 Notes on DECLARE
- 57 Examples
- 57 Compatibility of DECLARE
- 57 See Also
- 57 DELETE
- 57 DELETE -- delete rows of a table
- 57 Synopsis
- 57 Description
- 58 Parameters for DELETE
- 58 Outputs
- 58 Notes on DELETE
- 58 Examples
- 59 Compatibility of DELETE
- 59 DROP DATABASE
- 59 DROP DATABASE -- remove a database
- 59 Synopsis
- 59 Description
- 59 Parameters for DROP DATABASE
- 59 Notes
- 59 Compatibility
- 59 See Also
- 59 DROP INDEX
- 59 DROP INDEX -- remove an index
- 59 Synopsis
- 60 Description
- 60 Parameters for DROP INDEX
- 60 Examples
- 60 Compatibility
- 60 See Also
- 60 DROP ROLE
- 60 DROP ROLE -- remove a role from Aster Database
- 60 Synopsis
- 60 Parameters
- 60 Examples
- 60 Description
- 61 Compatibility
- 61 See Also
- 61 DROP SCHEMA
- 61 Synopsis
- 61 Description
- 61 Parameters
- 61 See Also
- 61 DROP TABLE
- 61 DROP TABLE -- remove a table
- 61 Synopsis
- 62 Description
- 62 Parameters
- 62 Examples
- 62 Compatibility
- 62 See Also
- 62 DROP USER
- 62 DROP USER -- delete a user from Aster Database
- 62 Synopsis
- 62 Example Usage
- 62 Description
- 63 Compatibility
- 63 See Also
- 63 DROP VIEW
- 63 DROP VIEW -- remove a view
- 63 Synopsis
- 63 Description
- 63 Parameters
- 63 Examples
- 63 Compatibility
- 63 See Also
- 64 END
- 64 END -- commit the current transaction
- 64 Synopsis
- 64 Description
- 64 Parameters
- 64 Notes
- 64 Examples
- 64 Compatibility
- 64 See Also
- 65 EXPLAIN
- 65 EXPLAIN -- show the execution plan of a statement
- 65 Synopsis
- 65 Description
- 65 Parameters
- 65 Notes
- 65 Compatibility
- 65 See Also
- 65 FETCH
- 65 FETCH -- retrieve rows from a query using a cursor
- 65 Synopsis
- 66 Description
- 67 Parameters
- 67 Output
- 67 Notes
- 68 Examples
- 68 Compatibility
- 68 See Also
- 69 GRANT
- 69 GRANT -- define access privileges
- 69 Synopsis
- 69 Description
- 69 GRANT on Database Objects
- 71 GRANT on Roles
- 71 Notes on GRANT
- 71 Examples
- 71 Compatibility
- 72 See Also
- 72 INSERT
- 72 INSERT -- create new rows in a table
- 72 Synopsis
- 72 Description
- 72 Parameters
- 72 Outputs
- 73 Notes
- 73 Examples
- 73 Working With Default Values
- 74 Compatibility
- 74 MERGE
- 74 MERGE -- update or insert rows of a table based on source data
- 74 Synopsis
- 74 Description
- 75 Parameters and Clauses
- 75 Output
- 75 Notes
- 76 Example
- 76 Compatibility
- 76 See Also
- 77 MOVE
- 77 MOVE -- position a cursor
- 77 Synopsis
- 77 Description
- 77 Output
- 77 Examples
- 77 Compatibility
- 77 See Also
- 78 REINDEX
- 78 REINDEX -- rebuild indexes
- 78 Synopsis
- 78 Description
- 78 Parameters
- 78 Notes
- 79 Examples
- 79 Compatibility
- 79 REVOKE
- 79 REVOKE -- remove access privileges
- 79 Synopsis
- 79 Description
- 80 Notes
- 81 Examples
- 81 Compatibility
- 81 See Also
- 82 ROLLBACK
- 82 ROLLBACK -- abort the current transaction
- 82 Synopsis
- 82 Description
- 82 Parameters
- 82 Notes
- 82 Examples
- 82 Compatibility
- 82 See Also
- 83 SELECT
- 83 SELECT -- retrieve rows from a table or view
- 83 Synopsis of SELECT
- 84 Description of SELECT
- 84 Clauses of the SELECT Statement
- 85 The SELECT List
- 85 FROM Clause in SELECT
- 86 WHERE Clause in SELECT
- 86 GROUP BY Clause in SELECT
- 87 HAVING Clause in SELECT
- 87 UNION Clause in SELECT
- 87 INTERSECT Clause in SELECT
- 88 EXCEPT Clause in SELECT
- 88 ORDER BY Clause in SELECT
- 89 DISTINCT Clause in SELECT
- 89 LIMIT Clause in SELECT
- 90 Examples of SELECT Statements
- 90 Compatibility of SELECT
- 90 Omitted FROM Clauses
- 90 No Support for VALUES Clause
- 90 Namespace Available to GROUP BY and ORDER BY
- 91 Nonstandard Clauses
- 91 SET
- 91 SET -- Set the value of a runtime configuration parameter
- 91 Synopsis
- 91 Description
- 91 Scope of a Parameter Setting
- 91 Runtime Parameters
- 93 Examples Using SET
- 93 Compatibility
- 93 See Also
- 93 SHOW
- 93 SHOW -- Display value of a run-time configuration parameter
- 93 Synopsis
- 93 Description
- 94 Parameters for SHOW
- 94 Example of SHOW
- 94 Compatibility
- 95 See Also
- 95 START TRANSACTION
- 95 START TRANSACTION -- start a transaction block
- 95 Synopsis
- 95 Description
- 95 Parameters
- 95 Notes
- 95 Example
- 95 Compatibility
- 95 See Also
- 96 TRUNCATE
- 96 TRUNCATE -- empty a table or set of tables
- 96 Synopsis
- 96 Description
- 96 Parameters
- 96 Notes
- 96 Examples
- 96 Compatibility
- 97 See Also
- 97 UPDATE
- 97 UPDATE -- update rows of a table
- 97 Synopsis
- 97 Description
- 98 Parameters
- 98 Outputs
- 98 Notes
- 98 Examples
- 99 Compatibility
- 100 VACUUM
- 100 VACUUM -- garbage-collect and optionally analyze a table (or, if cluster is so configured, a database)
- 100 Synopsis
- 100 Description
- 101 Parameters
- 101 Outputs
- 101 Notes
- 102 Compatibility
- 102 See Also
- 102 WITH
- 102 WITH -- convenience syntax that lets you declare and name a sub-SELECT query
- 102 Synopsis
- 102 Description
- 103 Logical Operators
- 104 Comparison Operators
- 105 Mathematical Operators and Functions
- 107 Trigonometric Functions
- 108 String Functions and Operators
- 108 SQL String Functions and Operators
- 109 Additional String Functions and Operators
- 111 Bit String Functions and Operators
- 111 SQL/MapReduce Functions
- 112 Synopsis
- 112 nPath
- 112 nPath Synopsis
- 113 nPath Pattern
- 113 nPath Symbols
- 113 nPath Operators
- 114 Nesting parentheses in nPath
- 114 nPath Anchors
- 114 nPath Examples
- 114 nPath Example 1: Lead
- 114 nPath Example 2: Rank
- 115 nPath Example 3: Complex Path Query
- 115 nPath Aggregates
- 116 Pattern Matching Functions and Operators
- 116 LIKE
- 117 SIMILAR TO Regular Expressions
- 118 SUBSTRING Function with Three Parameters
- 118 POSIX Regular Expressions
- 119 SUBSTRING Function with Two Parameters
- 119 regexp_replace Function
- 119 regexp_split_to_table Function
- 119 Some regexp_split_to_table Examples
- 120 Regular Expression Details
- 122 Bracket Expressions
- 123 Regular Expression Escapes
- 125 Regular Expression Metasyntax
- 126 Regular Expression Matching Rules
- 128 Limits and Compatibility
- 128 Basic Regular Expressions
- 129 Datatype Formatting Functions and Operators
- 131 Date/Time Functions and Operators
- 131 Date/Time Operators
- 132 Date/Time Functions
- 132 EXTRACT Function
- 133 century Field Name
- 133 day Field Name
- 133 decade Field Name
- 133 dow Field Name
- 133 doy Field Name
- 133 epoch Field Name
- 134 hour Field Name
- 134 microseconds Field Name
- 134 millenium Field Name
- 134 milliseconds Field Name
- 134 minute Field Name
- 134 month Field Name
- 135 quarter Field Name
- 135 second Field Name
- 135 timezone Field Name
- 135 week Field Name
- 135 year Field Name
- 135 date_part Function
- 136 date_trunc Function
- 136 date_trunc Arguments
- 136 date_trunc Examples
- 137 Current Date/Time
- 138 Aggregate Functions
- 138 Aggregate Functions for Statistics
- 139 Conditional SQL Expressions
- 139 CASE
- 140 COALESCE
- 141 NULLIF
- 141 GREATEST and LEAST
- 141 Subquery SQL Expressions
- 141 EXISTS
- 141 IN
- 142 NOT IN
- 142 ANY/SOME
- 143 ALL
- 145 Synopsis of Window Function Syntax
- 146 Window Function Order of Evaluation
- 147 Numbering Window Functions
- 147 ROW_NUMBER()
- 147 RANK()
- 148 DENSE_RANK()
- 148 Numbering Window Function Examples
- 148 Window Function Example 1: ROW_NUMBER()
- 148 Window Function Example 2: RANK()
- 149 Window Function Example 3: DENSE_RANK()
- 150 Window Function Example 4: Output Row Ordering
- 151 Window Function Example 5: Multiple RANK()s
- 151 Window Function Example 6: Attributes
- 152 Window Function Example 7: Expressions, Improper Use
- 152 Window Function Example 8: Expressions, Proper Use
- 153 LEAD and LAG functions
- 153 Syntax
- 153 LEAD/LAG Examples
- 153 Window Function Example 9: LEAD()
- 154 Window Function Example 10: LAG()
- 154 Aggregate Window Functions
- 155 Window Frame Syntax
- 156 Window Frame Requirements
- 156 Valid Examples
- 156 Invalid Examples
- 157 ORDER BY Required
- 157 Window Frame Types: ROWS vs. RANGE
- 157 Window Function Example 11: Running AVG()
- 158 Window Function Example 12: Moving AVG()
- 158 Window Function Example 13: Cumulative Running AVG()
- 159 The Default Window Frame
- 159 Window Function Example 14: Running SUM()
- 160 Window Function Example 15: ORDER BY SUM()
- 160 Window Function Example 16: SUM(SUM(n))
- 161 Consistent Sort Behavior of Input Rows
- 161 Warning: Rewrite When Using Specific Left Endpoint and Unbounded Right Endpoint
- 162 Repartitioning Performance for Window Functions and SQL-MapReduce Queries
- 162 Deprecated Behavior
- 163 Examples of the Old Aliasing Behavior
- 163 Example That Uses an Alias in a Window Function (Deprecated)
- 163 Window Function Known Issues
- 163 COUNT(*)
- 164 ORDER BY without PARTITION BY
- 164 Use in SELECT Clause Only
- 164 No Support for WINDOW Clause
- 164 Size Limit of Sliding Window Frames
- 164 Limited Support for RANGE-Based Window Frames
- 165 List of Supported Datatypes
- 165 List of Types
- 166 Compatibility
- 167 Numeric Types
- 167 Integer Types
- 168 Arbitrary Precision Numbers
- 169 Floating-Point Types
- 170 Serial Types
- 170 Local and Global
- 170 Creating Columns of Type Serial
- 170 Automatic Numbering
- 171 Primary Key Constraint Not Recommended on Serial Columns
- 171 Actual Datatype of a Serial Column
- 171 Character Types
- 172 Storage Requirements
- 172 Tip for Using Character Types
- 172 Examples
- 173 Date/Time Types
- 173 Date/Time Input
- 174 Date Input Formats
- 174 Time Input Formats
- 175 Time Stamp Input Formats
- 176 Intervals
- 176 Date/Time Output
- 177 Time Zones
- 177 Bit String Types
- 177 Boolean Types
- 177 Allowed Boolean Values
- 178 Examples
- 178 Binary Types
- 179 Entering bytea Values
- 179 bytea Output Representations
- 180 Compatibility
- 180 Network Address Types
- 180 ip4 and ip4range Datatypes in Aster Database
- 180 Simple usage examples
- 181 ip4 Datatype
- 181 Type Conversions
- 182 Operators and Functions
- 182 ip4range Datatype
- 183 Typecasting for ip4range
- 183 Functions for ip4range
- 183 Operators for ip4range
- 184 GiST Indexes (ip4range Indexes)
- 184 Use Cases for ip4range
- 185 Examples Using ip4 and ip4range
- 185 Example: GiST indexes
- 185 Example: Joins on IP addresses and ranges
- 185 Examples: IP address-related functions and operators
- 186 UUID Type
- 187 Type Casts
- 189 Date/Time Input Interpretation
- 190 Date/Time Keywords
- 190 Month Names
- 190 Day-of-Week Names
- 191 Date Time Field Modifiers
- 194 Introduction to Data Dictionary Views
- 194 User-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 195 Role-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 195 Group Membership Data Dictionary Views
- 195 Database-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 196 Schema-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 196 SQL-MapReduce and Installed File-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 196 nc_user_installed_files, nc_user_owned_installed_files, nc_all_ installed_files
- 197 nc_user_sqlmr_funcs, nc_user_owned_sqlmr_funcs, nc_all_sqlmr_ funcs
- 197 nc_user_sqlmr_func_privs, nc_user_owned_sqlmr_func_privs, nc_ all_sqlmr_func_privs
- 198 Table-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 198 Column-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 199 Index-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 199 Constraint-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 200 Logical Partition-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 201 Inheritance-Related Data Dictionary Views
- 201 Types Data Dictionary View
- 201 Cluster State Data Dictionary Views
- 201 Physical Node State: nc_physical_node_state
- 202 Storage State: nc_cluster_storage
- 202 Activity Data Dictionary Views
- 202 Session Statistics: nc_all_sessions
- 203 Transaction Statistics: nc_all_transactions
- 203 Transaction Phases: nc_all_transaction_phases
- 203 Statement Statistics: nc_all_statements
- 204 Load Error Logging Tables
- 204 Schema of the Load Error Logging Tables
- 204 Sample Entries in a Load Error Logging Table
- 205 Creating a Load Error Logging Table
- 205 Load Error Statistics Tables
- 206 Temporary Data Dictionary Views
- 207 Identifiers, Keywords, and Naming Conventions
- 208 Quoted Identifiers
- 209 Comments in SQL
- 209 Value Expressions
- 210 Column References
- 219 A
- 219 B
- 219 C
- 220 D
- 221 E
- 221 F
- 222 G
- 222 H
- 222 I
- 222 J
- 223 K
- 223 L
- 223 M
- 223 N
- 224 O
- 224 P
- 225 Q
- 225 R
- 225 S
- 227 T
- 227 U
- 228 V
- 228 W
- 228 X
- 228 Y
- 228 Symbols