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کمپیوٹرز اور الیکٹرانکس سافٹ ویئر 4tH 4tH Forth compiler صارف دستی

17.5 Stack, I/O and arithmetic. 4tH 4tH Forth compiler

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CHAPTER 17. SHELL MANUAL

17.5

Stack, I/O and arithmetic

4tsh 4

T

H

EQUIVALENT

4tsh 4

T

H

EQUIVALENT

*

/

+

cr cr

.( .(

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/

*

+

-

.

dup rot over swap drop

=

.

dup rot over swap drop

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Table 17.1: 4tsh commands

358

/

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Съдържание

H-code compiler

About this package

Android package

MS-Windows package

Setting up your working directory

4tH interactive

Starting up 4tH

Running a program

Writing your first 4tH program

A more complex program

Advanced features

Calculator mode

Making calculations without parentheses

Manipulating the stack

Deep stack manipulators

Passing arguments to functions

Making your own words

Text-format of 4tH source

Displaying string literals

Creating variables

7.10 Using variables

7.11 Built-in variables

7.12 What is a cell?

7.13 What is a literal expression?

7.14 Declaring arrays of numbers

7.15 Using arrays of numbers

7.16 Copying arrays of numbers

7.18 Built-in constants

7.19 Using booleans

7.20 IF-ELSE constructs

7.21 FOR-NEXT constructs

7.22 WHILE-DO constructs

7.25 Including source files

7.26 Getting a number from the keyboard

Aligning numbers

Creating arrays of constants

Using arrays of constants

Creating string variables

What is an address?

String literals

String constants

Initializing string variables

8.10 Initializing a NULL string variable

8.12 Printing a string variable

8.13 Copying a string variable

8.14 The string terminator

8.15 Slicing strings

8.16 Appending strings

8.17 Comparing strings

8.18 Finding a substring

8.19 Replacing substrings

8.20 Deleting substrings

8.21 Removing trailing spaces

8.22 Removing leading spaces

8.23 Upper and lower case

8.25 Printing individual characters

8.26 Distinguishing characters

8.27 Getting ASCII values

8.28 Printing spaces

8.29 Fetching individual characters

8.30 Storing individual characters

8.31 Getting a string from the keyboard

The Character Segment

What is the TIB?

What is the PAD?

How do I use TIB and PAD?

Converting a string to a number

Controlling the radix

Pictured numeric output

Converting a number to a string

9.10 Aborting a program

9.11 Opening a file

9.12 Reading and writing from/to a file

9.13 Closing a file

9.14 Writing text-files

9.15 Reading text-files

9.17 Reading binary files

9.18 Writing binary files

9.19 Reading and writing block files

9.20 Parsing textfiles

9.21 Parsing binary files

9.22 Parsing comma-delimited files

9.23 Advanced parsing

9.24 Appending to existing files

9.25 Using pipes

9.27 Using random access files

9.28 The layout of the I/O system

9.30 The layout of the Character Segment

10.1 The Code Segment

10.2 The address of a colon-definition

10.3 Vectored execution

10.4 Execution tokens

10.5 The Integer Segment

10.6 A portable way to access application variables

10.7 Returning a result to the host program

10.8 Using commandline arguments

10.9 The layout of the Variable Area

10.10The stacks

10.11Saving temporary values

10.13Other Return Stack manipulations

10.15Leaving a colon-definition

10.16The layout of the Stack Area

10.17Booleans and numbers

10.18Using ’ with other names

10.19Deleting files

10.20Querying environment variables

10.21What is not implemented

11.1 Compiletime calculations

11.3 Checking the environment at compiletime

11.4 Checking a definition at compiletime

11.5 Exceptions

11.6 Enumerations

11.7 Forward declarations

11.9 Private declarations

11.11Changing behavior of data

11.13Binary string constants

11.14Binary string variables

11.15Records and structures

11.17Complex control structures

11.19Static variable pointers

11.20Assertions

11.21Breakpoints

11.24Embedding 4tH programs in a batch file

12.1 Adding your own library

12.2 Adding templates

12.3 Parsing the command line

12.4 Mixing character and number data

12.5 Dynamic memory allocation

12.6 Tweaking dynamic memory

12.7 Using two heaps

12.8 Garbage collection

12.9 Application stacks

12.10Random numbers

12.13Bit arrays

12.14Associative arrays (using hash tables)

12.16Lookup tables with string keys

12.18Lookup tables with duplicate keys

12.19Fixed point calculation

12.20Double numbers

12.21Floating point numbers (unified stack)

12.22Floating point numbers (separate stack)

12.23Floating point functions

12.24Floating point configurations

12.25Forth Scientific Library

12.26Statistical functions

13.2 Evaluating infix formulas at runtime

13.4 Portable Bitmap graphics

13.6 Annotating Portable Bitmap images

13.7 Color Palettes

13.8 Interpreters

13.10Finite state machines

13.11Virtual memory

13.13Time & date

13.14Tokenizing strings

13.15Regular expressions

13.16String pattern matching

13.17Escape characters

13.19Writing spreadsheet files

13.23Sorting a database

13.25GUI applications

13.26Card games

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Stack instructions

14.3 Coroutines

14.4 Interpretation

14.6 Object orientation

14.6.1 Encapsulation

14.6.2 Subtype polymorphism

14.6.3 Inheritance

14.6.4 Determining the type and size of an object

14.7 This is the end

16.1 Introduction

16.3 Line editing

16.4 Line editing commands

16.6 Cursor control and string editing

16.8 String editing commands

16.10Calculator mode

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Loading and saving

17.3 Task management

17.5 Stack, I/O and arithmetic

18.1 Introduction

18.2.1 Back quoted strings

18.2.2 Registers

18.2.3 Parsing strings

18.2.4 The string stack

18.2.5 Phony variables

18.2.6 Branching and looping

18.2.7 Functions

18.3 Invocation (4tH script)

18.4 Invocation (Executable)

18.6 Error messages

18.8 Preprocessor libraries

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Statements

19.4 Error messages

19.4.1 System messages

20.1 ANS-Forth Label

20.2 Unsupported CORE words

20.3 Supported ANS Forth word sets

20.3.1 Core Extensions word set

20.3.2 Block Extensions word set

20.3.3 Double number word set

20.3.4 Double number Extensions word set

20.3.5 Facility Extensions word set

20.3.6 File-Access word set

20.3.7 File-Access Extensions word set

20.3.8 Floating-Point word set

20.3.10 Programming-Tools word set

20.3.12 String word set

20.3.13 XCHAR word set

21.1 Introduction

21.3 Differences between 4tH and ANS-Forth

21.3.2 Double numbers

21.3.3 Booleans

21.3.4 CREATE..DOES>

21.3.6 2>R and 2R>

21.3.7 Interpretation and compilation mode

21.3.8 BEGIN..WHILE..REPEAT

21.3.9 CASE..OF..ENDOF..ENDCASE

21.3.10 DO..LOOP

21.4.1 Enabling the String Space

21.5 The preprocessor

21.6 Converting ANS-Forth programs to 4tH

22.1 How to use this manual

22.2 Interpreter (exec_4th)

22.3 Compiler (comp_4th)

22.4 Loader (load_4th)

22.5 Saver (save_4th)

23.1 4tH library files

23.2 Library dependencies

24.1 What’s new in version

24.2 What’s new in version

24.3 What’s new in version

24.4 What’s new in version

24.5 What’s new in version

24.6 What’s new in version

24.7 What’s new in version

24.8 What’s new in version

24.9 What’s new in version

24.10What’s new in version

24.13What’s new in version 3.5d

24.14What’s new in version 3.5c, release

24.15What’s new in version 3.5c, release

24.16What’s new in version 3.5c

24.18What’s new in version 3.5b

24.19What’s new in version 3.5a, release

24.20What’s new in version 3.5a

24.22What’s new in version 3.3d

24.23What’s new in version 3.3c

24.24What’s new in version 3.3a

24.25What’s new in version 3.2e

24.26What’s new in version 3.1d

25.1 Introduction

25.3 Compiling 4th

25.4 Compiling the library

25.5 Choosing Makefiles

25.6 Shared library

25.7 64-bit platforms

25.8 Regenerating the include files

25.9 Optimizations

25.10GCC specific optimizations

26.1 Introduction

26.2 A sample program

26.3 A first look at open_4th()

26.4 A closer look at H-code

26.5 A closer look at HX-code

26.6 A first look at comp_4th()

26.7 A first look at exec_4th()

26.9 A first look at save_4th()

26.10A first look at load_4th()

26.11A first look at error-trapping

26.13A first look at cgen_4th()

26.14Converting HX-files

26.15A first look at fetch_4th()

26.16A first look at store_4th()

26.17Examples of embedded HX code

26.18Suspended execution

26.19Useful variables

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Understanding 4tHs versioning

27.4 Adding a constant

27.6 A closer look at exec_4th()

27.7 A first look at name_4th()

27.8 Extending the compiler

27.10Giving a name to an application variable

27.11Adding new variables

27.13Tuning pipe failure detection

27.14Adding new error messages

27.15Sizing the Code Segment

27.16Adding inline macros

27.18Adding words with arguments

27.19Packing several words into one token

27.20Adding conditionals

27.21Extending the I/O subsystem

27.22Using the symbol table

27.23Using variables and datatypes

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