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Computere og elektronik Software 4tH 4tH Forth compiler Brugermanual

17.5 Stack, I/O and arithmetic. 4tH 4tH Forth compiler

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CHAPTER 17. SHELL MANUAL

17.5 Stack, I/O and arithmetic

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EQUIVALENT

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dup rot over swap drop

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dup rot over swap drop

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Table 17.1: 4tsh commands

358

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Indholdsfortegnelse

Setting up your working directory

Writing your first 4tH program

45

A more complex program

Making calculations without parentheses

66

Manipulating the stack

67

Deep stack manipulators

68

Passing arguments to functions

68

Making your own words

69

Adding comment

70

Text-format of 4tH source

70

Displaying string literals

7.11 Built-in variables

71

7.12 What is a cell?

72

7.13 What is a literal expression?

72

7.14 Declaring arrays of numbers

72

7.15 Using arrays of numbers

73

7.16 Copying arrays of numbers

73

7.18 Built-in constants

74

7.19 Using booleans

75

7.20 IF-ELSE constructs

75

7.21 FOR-NEXT constructs

75

7.22 WHILE-DO constructs

76

7.25 Including source files

77

7.26 Getting a number from the keyboard

78

Aligning numbers

79

Creating arrays of constants

79

Using arrays of constants

79

Using values

80

Creating string variables

Initializing string variables

82

8.10 Initializing a NULL string variable

83

8.12 Printing a string variable

83

8.13 Copying a string variable

84

8.14 The string terminator

84

8.15 Slicing strings

84

8.16 Appending strings

85

8.17 Comparing strings

86

8.18 Finding a substring

86

8.19 Replacing substrings

88

8.20 Deleting substrings

88

8.21 Removing trailing spaces

88

8.22 Removing leading spaces

89

8.23 Upper and lower case

89

8.25 Printing individual characters

90

8.26 Distinguishing characters

91

8.27 Getting ASCII values

91

8.28 Printing spaces

91

8.29 Fetching individual characters

92

8.30 Storing individual characters

93

8.31 Getting a string from the keyboard

94

The Character Segment

How do I use TIB and PAD?

96

Converting a string to a number

98

Controlling the radix

98

Pictured numeric output

101

Converting a number to a string

103

9.10 Aborting a program

104

9.11 Opening a file

104

9.12 Reading and writing from/to a file

105

9.13 Closing a file

106

9.14 Writing text-files

106

9.15 Reading text-files

106

9.17 Reading binary files

107

9.18 Writing binary files

108

9.19 Reading and writing block files

108

9.20 Parsing textfiles

110

9.21 Parsing binary files

111

9.22 Parsing comma-delimited files

112

9.23 Advanced parsing

113

9.24 Appending to existing files

114

9.25 Using pipes

114

9.27 Using random access files

116

9.28 The layout of the I/O system

117

9.30 The layout of the Character Segment

119

10.1 The Code Segment

120

10.2 The address of a colon-definition

120

10.3 Vectored execution

121

10.4 Execution tokens

122

10.5 The Integer Segment

122

10.6 A portable way to access application variables

123

10.7 Returning a result to the host program

123

10.8 Using commandline arguments

124

10.9 The layout of the Variable Area

124

10.10The stacks

125

10.11Saving temporary values

126

10.13Other Return Stack manipulations

128

10.15Leaving a colon-definition

129

10.16The layout of the Stack Area

130

10.17Booleans and numbers

131

10.18Using ’ with other names

132

10.19Deleting files

133

10.20Querying environment variables

133

10.21What is not implemented

134

11.1 Compiletime calculations

135

11.3 Checking the environment at compiletime

138

11.4 Checking a definition at compiletime

11.7 Forward declarations

142

11.8 Recursion

144

11.9 Private declarations

144

11.10Aliases

145

11.11Changing behavior of data

146

11.13Binary string constants

148

11.14Binary string variables

150

11.15Records and structures

150

11.16Unions

152

11.17Complex control structures

153

11.19Static variable pointers

11.24Embedding 4tH programs in a batch file

163

12.1 Adding your own library

165

12.2 Adding templates

167

12.3 Parsing the command line

169

12.4 Mixing character and number data

170

12.5 Dynamic memory allocation

171

12.6 Tweaking dynamic memory

172

12.7 Using two heaps

174

12.8 Garbage collection

175

12.9 Application stacks

12.14Associative arrays (using hash tables)

183

12.16Lookup tables with string keys

187

12.18Lookup tables with duplicate keys

189

12.19Fixed point calculation

190

12.20Double numbers

192

12.21Floating point numbers (unified stack)

194

12.22Floating point numbers (separate stack)

196

12.23Floating point functions

198

12.24Floating point configurations

199

12.25Forth Scientific Library

200

12.26Statistical functions

201

13.2 Evaluating infix formulas at runtime

204

13.4 Portable Bitmap graphics

206

13.6 Annotating Portable Bitmap images

13.10Finite state machines

13.14Tokenizing strings

221

13.15Regular expressions

223

13.16String pattern matching

223

13.17Escape characters

227

13.19Writing spreadsheet files

13.23Sorting a database

236

13.25GUI applications

14.2 Stack instructions

14.6 Object orientation

246

14.6.1 Encapsulation

246

14.6.2 Subtype polymorphism

248

14.6.3 Inheritance

250

14.6.4 Determining the type and size of an object

16.4 Line editing commands

354

16.6 Cursor control and string editing

354

16.8 String editing commands

17.2 Loading and saving

17.5 Stack, I/O and arithmetic

359

18.1 Introduction

360

18.2.1 Back quoted strings

361

18.2.2 Registers

361

18.2.3 Parsing strings

362

18.2.4 The string stack

362

18.2.5 Phony variables

363

18.2.6 Branching and looping

363

18.2.7 Functions

364

18.3 Invocation (4tH script)

365

18.3.1 Options

365

18.4 Invocation (Executable)

18.8 Preprocessor libraries

19.4.1 System messages

374

20.1 ANS-Forth Label

375

20.2 Unsupported CORE words

376

20.3 Supported ANS Forth word sets

377

20.3.1 Core Extensions word set

377

20.3.2 Block Extensions word set

378

20.3.3 Double number word set

378

20.3.4 Double number Extensions word set

379

20.3.5 Facility Extensions word set

379

20.3.6 File-Access word set

379

20.3.7 File-Access Extensions word set

379

20.3.8 Floating-Point word set

380

20.3.10 Programming-Tools word set

381

20.3.12 String word set

382

20.3.13 XCHAR word set

382

21.1 Introduction

383

21.3 Differences between 4tH and ANS-Forth

384

21.3.2 Double numbers

21.3.7 Interpretation and compilation mode

387

21.3.8 BEGIN..WHILE..REPEAT

388

21.3.9 CASE..OF..ENDOF..ENDCASE

388

21.3.10 DO..LOOP

389

21.4.1 Enabling the String Space

392

21.5 The preprocessor

394

21.6 Converting ANS-Forth programs to 4tH

394

22.1 How to use this manual

396

22.2 Interpreter (exec_4th)

396

22.3 Compiler (comp_4th)

402

22.4 Loader (load_4th)

408

22.5 Saver (save_4th)

410

23.1 4tH library files

411

23.2 Library dependencies

423

24.1 What’s new in version

429

24.2 What’s new in version

431

24.3 What’s new in version

433

24.4 What’s new in version

435

24.5 What’s new in version

437

24.6 What’s new in version

439

24.7 What’s new in version

441

24.8 What’s new in version

442

24.9 What’s new in version

445

24.10What’s new in version

447

24.13What’s new in version 3.5d

451

24.14What’s new in version 3.5c, release

453

24.15What’s new in version 3.5c, release

453

24.16What’s new in version 3.5c

455

24.18What’s new in version 3.5b

457

24.19What’s new in version 3.5a, release

458

24.20What’s new in version 3.5a

459

24.22What’s new in version 3.3d

465

24.23What’s new in version 3.3c

467

24.24What’s new in version 3.3a

468

24.25What’s new in version 3.2e

470

24.26What’s new in version 3.1d

25.4 Compiling the library

479

25.5 Choosing Makefiles

480

25.6 Shared library

481

25.7 64-bit platforms

481

25.8 Regenerating the include files

482

25.9 Optimizations

483

25.10GCC specific optimizations

483

26.1 Introduction

486

26.2 A sample program

486

26.3 A first look at open_4th()

488

26.4 A closer look at H-code

489

26.5 A closer look at HX-code

489

26.6 A first look at comp_4th()

493

26.7 A first look at exec_4th()

494

26.9 A first look at save_4th()

498

26.10A first look at load_4th()

499

26.11A first look at error-trapping

499

26.13A first look at cgen_4th()

503

26.14Converting HX-files

504

26.15A first look at fetch_4th()

504

26.16A first look at store_4th()

505

26.17Examples of embedded HX code

505

26.18Suspended execution

507

26.19Useful variables

512

27.1 Introduction

513

27.2 Understanding 4tHs versioning

513

27.4 Adding a constant

516

27.6 A closer look at exec_4th()

519

27.7 A first look at name_4th()

521

27.8 Extending the compiler

522

27.10Giving a name to an application variable

524

27.11Adding new variables

525

27.13Tuning pipe failure detection

528

27.14Adding new error messages

530

27.15Sizing the Code Segment

531

27.16Adding inline macros

533

27.18Adding words with arguments

536

27.19Packing several words into one token

538

27.20Adding conditionals

539

27.21Extending the I/O subsystem

544

27.22Using the symbol table

545

27.23Using variables and datatypes

547

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