Agilent Technologies 8510C Network Analyzer Operating and Programming Manual

Agilent Technologies
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For use with Firmware Revision C.07.XX with CRT display
For use with Firmware Revision C.08.XX or greater with LCD
Serial Numbers
This manual applies directly to instruments with
this serial prefix number or above: 3031A.
Part Number: 08510-90281
Printed in USA
May 2001
Edition 3.0
Supersedes January 31, 1994
© Copyright Agilent Technologies 1989, 1994, 2001
Certification
Agilent Technologies certies that this product met its published specications at the time
of shipment from the factory. Agilent further certies that its calibration measurements
are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the
extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other
International Standards Organization members.
Warranty
This Agilent instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for
a period of one year from date of delivery. During the warranty period, Agilent will, at its
option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.
For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated
by Agilent Technologies. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Agilent and Agilent shall
pay shipping charges to return the product to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping
charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to Agilent from another country.
Agilent warrants that its software and rmware designated by Agilent for use with an
instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on that
instrument. Agilent does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or
rmware will be uninterrupted or error free.
Limitation of Warranty
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate
maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modication or
misuse, operation outside of the environmental specications for the product, or improper site
preparation or maintenance.
NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. AGILENT SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. Agilent SHALL
NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.
c Copyright Agilent Technologies, Inc., 1989, 1994, 2001 All rights reserved. 1400
Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 U.S.A.
Safety and Regulatory Information
Review this product and related documentation to familiarize yourself with safety markings
and instructions before you operate this instrument.
This product has been designed and tested in accordance with the standards listed on the
Manufacturer's Declaration of Conformity, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The
documentation contains information and warnings that must be followed by the user to ensure
safe operation and to maintain the product in a safe condition.
The CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure
Caution
which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or
destruction of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution sign until the
indicated conditions are fully understood and met.
Warning
The WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which,
if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do
not proceed beyond a WARNING sign until the indicated conditions are fully
understood and met.
When you see this symbol on your instrument, you should refer to the
instrument's instruction manual for important information.
The CSA mark is the Canadian Standards Association safety mark.
The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community. If it is
accompanied by a year, it indicates the year the design was proven.
This symbol indicates that the instrument requires alternating current (ac) input.
This symbol is used to mark the STANDBY/OFF position of the power line
switch.
This symbol is used to mark the ON position of the power line switch.
This text indicates that the instrument is an industrial Scientic and Medical
Group 1 Class A product (CISPER 11, Clause 4).
The C-tick mark is a registered trademark of the Spectrum Management Agency
of Australia. This signies compliance with the Australian EMC Framework
regulations under the terms of Radio communications Act of 1992.
iii
General Safety Considerations
Warning
This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective earthing ground
incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a
socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the
protective conductor inside or outside of the product is likely to make the
product dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.
Before applying power, verify that the product is configured to match the
available main power source as described in the input power configuration
instructions. If this product is to be powered by autotransformer, make sure
the common terminal is connected to the neutral (grounded) side of the ac
power supply.
If this product is not used as specified, the protection provided by the
equipment could be impaired. This product must be used in a normal
condition (in which all means for protection are intact) only.
Caution
iv
Always use the three-prong AC power cord supplied with this product.
Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause
product damage.
Ventilation Requirements: When installing the product in a cabinet, the
convection into and out of the product must not be restricted. The ambient
temperature (outside the cabinet) must not be restricted. The ambient
temperature (outside the cabinet) must be less than the maximum operating
temperature of the product by 4 for every 100 watts dissipated in the
cabinet. If the total power dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800
watts forced convection must be used.
This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and Pollution
Degree 2 per IEC 1010 and 664 respectively.
Acoustic Noise Emissions Declaration
This is to declare that this instrument is in conformance with the German Regulation on
Noise Declaration for Machines (Laermangabe nach der Maschinenlaermrerordnung 03.
GSGV Deutschland).
Acoustic Noise Emission/Geraeuschemission
LpA < 70 dB
Operator position
normal operation
Per ISO 7779
LpA < 70 dB
am Arbeitsplatz
normaler Betrieb
nach DIN 45635 t. 19
By internet, phone, or fax, get assistance with all your test & measurement needs.
Table 0-1. Contacting Agilent
Online Assistance: www.agilent.com/find/assist
United States
Japan
New Zealand
(tel) 1 800 452 4844 (tel) (81) 426 56 7832 (tel) 0 800 738 378
(fax) (81) 426 56 7840 (fax) 64 4 495 8950
Canada
Latin America
Asia Pacic
(tel) 1 877 894 4414 (tel) (305) 269 7500
(tel) (852) 3197 7777
(fax) (905) 206 4120 (fax) (305) 269 7599 (fax) (852) 2506 9284
Europe
Australia
(tel) (31 20) 547 2323 (tel) 1 800 629 485
(fax) (31 20) 547 2390 (fax) (61 3) 9210 5947
v
Introduction
This 8510C Operating and Programming Manual is designed to provide you with
comprehensive tutorial material to help you learn typical applications and operating details of
the Agilent 8510 network analyzer system.
A companion volume, the 8510 Keyword Dictionary provides a complete alphabetical list of
8510 front-panel hardkeys, menu softkeys, and programming mnemonics. Each entry also
includes information about how to use the function in programmed operation.
The original 8510C incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT) based display. The
Note
current design incorporates a liquid crystal display (LCD). In this manual
references to either CRT or LCD apply to both display designs unless noted
otherwise.
Systems with a CRT based display in the 85101C use rmware revision
C.07.XX or greater.
Systems with an LCD require rmware revision C.08.00 or greater.
Note
In this manual, the terms GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus) and
HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus) refer to the same protocol.
Instrument softkeys for HP-IB related functions use \HP-IB", for example,
HP-IB ADDRESSES or HP-IB CONFIGURE .
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
vi
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
vii
Typeface Conventions
The following conventions are used in the 8510C Operating and Programming Manual and the
Keyword Dictionary .
Italics
Italic type is used for emphasis, and for titles of manuals and other publications. It is also
used to designate a variable entry value.
Computer
Computer type is used for information displayed on the instrument and to designate a
programming command or series of commands.
4Hardkeys5
Instrument keys are represented in \key cap." You are instructed to press a hardkey.
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Softkeys
Softkeys are located along side of the display, and their functions depend on the current
display. These keys are represented in \softkey." You are instructed to select a softkey.
viii
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
According to ISO/IEC Guide 22 and CEN/CENELEC EN 45014
Manufacturer’s Name:
Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Manufacturer’s Address:
1400 Fountaingrove Parkway
Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799
USA
Declares that the product:
Product Name:
Network Analyzer
Model Number:
8510C
Product Options:
This declaration covers all options of the above product.
Conforms to the following product specifications:
EMC: IEC 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 / EN 61326-1:1997+A1:1998
CISPR 11:1990 / EN 55011-1991 (Group 1, Class A)
IEC 61000-4-2:1995+A1998 / EN 61000-4-2:1995 (4 kV CD, 8 kV AD)
IEC 61000-4-3:1995 / EN 61000-4-3:1995 (3 V/m, 80 - 1000 MHz)
IEC 61000-4-4:1995 / EN 61000-4-4:1995 (0.5 kV sig. lines, 1 kV power lines)
IEC 61000-4-5:1995 / EN 61000-4-5:1996 (0.5 kV L-L, 1 kV L-G)
IEC 61000-4-6:1996 / EN 61000-4-6:1998 (3 V, 0.15 – 80 MHz)
IEC 61000-4-11:1994 / EN 61000-4-11:1998 (1 cycle, 100%)
Safety: IEC 61010-1:1990 + A1:1992 + A2:1995 / EN 61010-1:1993 +A2:1995
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 1010.1-92
Supplementary Information:
The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and the
EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and carries the CE-marking accordingly.
Santa Rosa, CA, USA
28 February, 2001
Greg Pfeiffer/Quality Engineering Manager
For further information, please contact your local Agilent Technologies sales office, agent or distributor.
Contents
1. Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8510 Network Analyzer System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Front Panel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display Modes and Annotation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Channel/Parameter Identication Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stimulus Values Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Active Entry Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Knowing When a Function Is Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recognizing Mutually-Exclusive Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Title Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Messages Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enhancement Annotation Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Softkey Menu and Marker List Display Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using ENTRY Block Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uparrow (485) and Downarrow (495) Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Numeric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Units Terminator Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Prior Menu Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Backspace Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the 4=MARKER5 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using ACTIVE CHANNEL Block Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupling Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using MENUS Block Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using STIMULUS, PARAMETER, FORMAT, and RESPONSE Blocks Keys .
Using INSTRUMENT STATE Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using AUXILIARY MODE Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using MEASUREMENT Block Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Menus, Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Create, Edit, or Delete a Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Adjust the Date/Time Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Analyzer Remembers Previous Settings (Limited Instrument State) .
INSTRUMENT STATE Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4USER PRESET5 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saving and Recalling Complete Instrument States . . . . . . . . . . .
4LOCAL5 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-4
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-6
1-6
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-8
1-8
1-8
1-8
1-9
1-9
1-10
1-10
1-11
1-12
1-12
1-12
1-13
1-13
1-13
1-14
1-15
1-15
1-15
1-16
1
2. Introductory Measurement Sequence
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Verifying the System Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If some instruments do not respond at power-up . . . . . . . . .
Turning on system power, the sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waiting for self-test and initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Sequence Example 1: Frequency Domain Measurement . .
1. Setting Up the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Factory Preset State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Set Stimulus, Parameter, Format, Response . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Performing the Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making a reection frequency response calibration . . . . . . . .
To Identify, Create, and Store S11 Measurement Calibration Data .
Reading the displayed response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making a transmission frequency response calibration . . . . . . .
To Identify, Create, and Store S21 Measurement Calibration Data .
3. Making a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To measure return loss (S11) in LOG MAG format (frequency domain
measurements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To measure the insertion loss (S21 ) in LOG MAG format . . . . . .
4. Saving Data and Getting an Output of the Results . . . . . . . .
Plotting Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To set up the plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plotting the Current Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To plot selected areas of the results display . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Sequence Example 2: Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Principles of Operation
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Principles of Network Measurements . . . .
System Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . .
Description of the 8510 Network Analyzer . . .
How the 8510 Makes Measurements . . . . .
Test and Measurement Input Channels . . .
Ratio Measurements and Sampling Details . .
Digital Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . .
CPU and Memory Description . . . . . . .
Data Processing Steps . . . . . . . . . . .
Button Push Detection . . . . . . . . . . .
Test Signal Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sources in ramp-sweep mode . . . . . . . .
Sources in step-sweep mode . . . . . . . .
Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coaxial Test Set Information . . . . . . . .
Reection/Transmission Test Sets . . . . . .
S-Parameter Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . .
Customized Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Accessories . . . . . . . . . .
Source Output-to-Test-Set Input Signal Cable
Test Port Return Cables . . . . . . . . . .
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2-1
2-1
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-8
2-8
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2-9
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-11
2-11
2-12
2-12
2-13
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3-1
3-1
3-3
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-6
3-7
3-7
3-7
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-11
3-11
Extension Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adapters (To Protect Test Ports from Wear) . .
Proper Connector Care and Use . . . . . . .
Calibration Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Verication Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automatic Recall of Instrument Settings . . . . . .
The Added Benet of the SAVE/RECALL Feature
Factory Preset State . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hardware State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3-11
3-13
3-13
3-13
3-14
3-15
3-15
3-16
3-17
Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dual Channel Display Modes . . . . . . . . . . .
Single Channel, Four Parameter Display Modes . . .
Adjust Display Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Background Intensity (CRT only) . . . . . . . . . .
Modify colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Default Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
External Video (CRT only) . . . . . . . . . . . .
External Video (LCD only) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limits: Limit Lines and Limit Points Measurements . . .
Types of Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limit Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limit Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creating a Limit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Set Up the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . .
To Set the Limit Test Values . . . . . . . . . . .
To Dene the Maximum Limit . . . . . . . . . .
To Dene Minimum Limit Lines . . . . . . . . .
Editing Limits in the Limits Table . . . . . . . . .
Trace Memory Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storing Trace Data in Memory . . . . . . . . . . .
To Display a Stored Trace . . . . . . . . . . . .
Settings that can and cannot be changed . . . . .
To Display Data and Memory Simultaneously . . .
Settings that can and cannot be changed . . . . .
To Select the Default Memory . . . . . . . . . .
Which memory locations are volatile, which are not
What is the operational life of non-volatile memory
Trace Math Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data from Channel 1 and Data from Channel 2 . . . .
Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Automatic Memory of Domain Settings . . . . . . .
Applicable Calibration Types for Each Domain Mode .
Auxiliary Voltage Domain Example . . . . . . . . .
FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cartesian Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Smith Chart Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Polar Display Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4-1
4-2
4-3
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-6
4-6
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-12
4-12
4-12
4-13
4-13
4-15
4-16
4-17
4-17
4-17
4-17
4-17
4-17
4-18
4-20
4-20
4-20
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-24
4-24
4-25
4-25
4-25
4-25
4. Measurement Controls
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3
Format Keys Available on the Front Panel . . . . . . . . .
Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Select the Active Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continuous and Discrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker List Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delta Mode Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker Search Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Search Right and Search Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delta Mode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker Familiarization Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Denitions and Conventions . . . . . . . . .
Parameter Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
User Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Redene Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Redene Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Redene User Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measuring Power (dBm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Range Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing Display Scale and Reference . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting Scale and Reference Values Automatically . . . . .
Changing Display Scale Manually . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the Position of the Reference Line Manually . . .
Changing the Value of the Reference Line Manually . . . .
Automatic Recall of Previous Display Settings . . . . . .
Hierarchy of the Automatic Memory . . . . . . . . . .
The automatic memory does not include Stimulus settings
Other options for control of Stimulus settings . . . . . .
The Eect of Factory Preset on Display Settings . . . . .
Response Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trace Averaging and Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Averaging Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Notication when averaging is nished . . . . . . . . .
Averaging Factor Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . .
Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Electrical Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Electrical Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Delay Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coaxial Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Waveguide Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Table Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting Velocity Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Auto Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Phase Oset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Magnitude Slope and Magnitude Oset . . . . . . . . . .
Stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4-25
4-29
4-29
4-29
4-30
4-31
4-31
4-33
4-34
4-35
4-36
4-36
4-38
4-38
4-38
4-39
4-40
4-41
4-42
4-44
4-44
4-46
4-48
4-48
4-48
4-48
4-48
4-49
4-49
4-49
4-50
4-50
4-50
4-50
4-50
4-51
4-51
4-51
4-51
4-52
4-53
4-53
4-53
4-54
4-54
4-54
4-54
4-54
4-54
4-55
4-56
Set Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Set Sweep Using Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Set Stimulus Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting and Monitoring Signal Levels . . . . . . . . . .
Set Source RF Output Level . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power Slope On/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Attenuator Port: 1 and Attenuator Port: 2 . . . . . . .
Setting power for passive devices, or devices with gain . .
Source Power and Flatness Correction Calibration . . . . .
Selecting the Number of Points to Measure . . . . . . . . .
Source Sweep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Speed of Step and Frequency vs. Ramp Modes . . . . . .
Measurement Hint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entering Ramp, Step, and Single Point Stimulus Values . .
Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example: Eects of Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweep Execution, Hold/Single/Number of Groups/Continual .
Why Use Number of Groups? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupled/Uncoupled Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to tell if a function is coupled . . . . . . . . . .
Dual Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uncoupled Stimulus Settings and Dual Channel Displays .
Trigger Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creating a Frequency List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entering the First Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Add Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Editing the Frequency List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing a Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deleting a Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding a Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Duplicate Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency List Save and Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting All Segments or a Single Segment . . . . . . .
To Exit Frequency List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Using System Functions
Chapter Contents . . . . . . . . . . .
System Menus . . . . . . . . . . . .
Controls that Aect the Network Analyzer
Phaselock Controls . . . . . . . . .
Lock Type . . . . . . . . . . . .
Step Type . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normal Step . . . . . . . . . .
Quick Step Mode . . . . . . . .
Lock Speed . . . . . . . . . . .
Warning Beeper . . . . . . . . . .
IF Calibration and Correction . . . .
IF Calibration Controls . . . . . .
Display Functions . . . . . . . . . .
Creating a Title . . . . . . . . .
Deleting a Title . . . . . . . . . .
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4-56
4-57
4-57
4-57
4-58
4-59
4-59
4-59
4-60
4-61
4-62
4-63
4-63
4-63
4-64
4-64
4-65
4-66
4-66
4-67
4-67
4-67
4-68
4-69
4-69
4-70
4-70
4-70
4-71
4-71
4-71
4-71
4-71
4-72
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5-1
5-2
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-4
5-4
5-4
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-6
5
Adjusting the Date/Time Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Security Features in the System DISPLAY FUNCTIONS Menu
Controls that Aect Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPIB Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GPIB Congure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Edit Multiple Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Controlling Multiple Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Multiple Source Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to Enter the Example Conguration . . . . . . . . . . .
Now save the conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Millimeter Wave Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uses for the SOURCE 1 and RECEIVER Formulas . . . . . . . .
SOURCE 1 Formula Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Receiver Formula Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Why are these settings used? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disc Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Bus Softkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IF Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Why Use Manual Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Why the problem occurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to Use Manual IF Gain Controls Properly . . . . . . . . .
Peek and Poke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of Peek and Poke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
6. COPY Printing and Plotting
Chapter Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . .
Supported Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecting a GPIB Printer or Plotter . . . . . .
Connecting an RS-232 Printer or Plotter . . . . .
Selecting the GPIB (System Bus) or RS-232 Ports
RS-232 Print/Plot Buers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adding Custom Annotations to the Screen . . . . .
Using a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Printed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installing a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting the Output Port . . . . . . . . . . .
Printer and the 8510C Conguration . . . . . . .
Using a Laser Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conguring the Laser Printer . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Standard Conguration . . . . . . . .
Using Other Laser Printer Settings . . . . . .
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . .
Selecting Printer Resolution . . . . . . . . .
Using the High Speed Conguration . . . . . . .
Why is it faster? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
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5-6
5-7
5-8
5-8
5-9
5-9
5-9
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-16
5-18
5-18
5-19
5-19
5-20
5-20
5-20
5-22
5-23
5-23
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6-1
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-3
6-3
6-4
6-4
6-4
6-4
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-6
6-6
6-6
6-6
6-6
6-7
6-7
My printer has built-in HP-GL. Do I still need the cartridge? . . . . .
Ordering the Cartridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Having Enough Printer Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the Printer Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Other Laser Printer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Switching Between Real Plotters and HP-GL-emulating Laser Printers .
Using an HP DeskJet, DeskJet Plus, or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printer .
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preparing the Printer for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting Printer Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the HP DeskJet 500C or 550C Additional Steps Required . . .
Using an HP QuietJet, QuietJet Plus, PaintJet, or PaintJet XL Printer . .
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting Up GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preparing the Printer for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting Printer Resolution (HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus Printers)
Selecting Printer Resolution (HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL Printers) .
Printing In Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using an HP ThinkJet Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting Up for GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preparing the Printer for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting Printer Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Non-HP Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting Up for GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pre-Printing Check-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Orientation: Either Landscape or Portrait . . . . . . . . . .
Printing One Snapshot per Page (Portrait or Landscape) . . . . . . . .
Printing Two Snapshots per Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Tabular Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the Tabular Data Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Instrument Settings and System Conguration . . . . . . . .
Using a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plotting Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Plotted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installing a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting the Output Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connecting the HP 7550, Special Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6-7
6-7
6-8
6-8
6-8
6-8
6-9
6-10
6-10
6-10
6-10
6-10
6-10
6-10
6-11
6-11
6-11
6-12
6-12
6-12
6-12
6-12
6-13
6-13
6-13
6-13
6-13
6-13
6-13
6-14
6-14
6-14
6-15
6-15
6-15
6-15
6-15
6-15
6-16
6-16
6-17
6-17
6-18
6-19
6-20
6-22
6-22
6-22
6-22
6-22
6-23
7
Using HP 7550B and HP 7550 Plus Plotters . . . .
Plotting Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting Plotter Pen Color . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plotting with a Single Pen Color . . . . . . . . . .
Plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plotting One Snapshot per Page . . . . . . . . . .
Plotting Individual Display Components . . . . . . .
Plotting a Selected Quadrant Four Snapshots per Page
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6-23
6-23
6-23
6-24
6-25
6-26
6-26
6-26
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7-1
7-1
7-2
7-2
7-2
7-3
7-3
7-4
7-6
7-7
7-7
7-8
7-8
7-8
7-8
7-8
7-8
7-9
7-10
7-11
7-11
7-12
What Is a Measurement Calibration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Vector Accuracy Enhancement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How the 8510 Corrects Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use the Same Stimulus and Parameter Settings in the Measurement .
Settings that should not be changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Use the Same Equipment Setup in the Measurement . . . . . . . .
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coupled/Uncoupled Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cal Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turning On an Existing Cal Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing a Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration Process Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exiting and Resuming a Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Low Pass Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Step 1. Select a Calibration Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What is a \Class" and what is a \Standard?" . . . . . . . . . .
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8-1
8-1
8-2
8-2
8-2
8-2
8-3
8-3
8-3
8-4
8-4
8-5
8-5
8-5
8-6
8-6
8-6
7. Disk Drive Operation
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compatible Disk Types, Disk Storage Capacity
DOS Subdirectories . . . . . . . . . . .
Disk Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASCII and Binary File Types . . . . . . . .
Changing between DOS and LIF Discs . . . .
Initializing Discs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storing Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loading Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loading a File . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Viewing a Directory of Files . . . . . . . .
Deleting Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . . .
Un-Deleting Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . .
Using an External Disk Drive . . . . . . . .
Compatible Disk Drives . . . . . . . . .
Disk Unit Number and Disk Volume . . . .
Connections and Conguration Settings . .
Initializing a Hard Disc . . . . . . . . .
Guide to Saving Data . . . . . . . . . . .
Sharing a System . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saving Everything . . . . . . . . . .
Viewing or Plotting Old Data . . . . . .
8. Calibrating for System Measurements
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Step 2. Select the Type of Cal You Need . . . . . . . .
What a Response Calibration Provides . . . . . . .
What a Response and Isolation Calibration Provides .
What a 1-Port Calibration Provides . . . . . . . . .
What a Full 2-Port Calibration Provides . . . . . . .
8510 Measurement Specications and Calibration . . .
Non-Insertable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Step 3. Measure all Required Standards . . . . . . . .
Connecting Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
When You Are Finished Connecting Standards . . . .
If you are using averaging . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standards Required for a Response Calibration . . . .
Standards Required for a S11 1-Port Calibration . . .
Standards Required for a Full 2-Port Calibration . . .
Measurement order is not important . . . . . . . .
Standards Required for a TRL 2-Port Calibration . . .
Step 4. Saving the Cal Set to Memory . . . . . . . . .
Calibration Save Registers and Storage Capacity . . .
How to tell if a register already has a Cal Set in it. . .
What to do if all registers are full . . . . . . . . . .
Cal Set Limited Instrument State . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Test Set (Two-Path) Calibration Error Models
Frequency Response Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . .
One-Port Device: S11 Frequency Response Calibration . .
Two-Port Device: S11 Frequency Response Calibration .
Two-Port Device: S21 Frequency Response Calibration .
Two-Port Device: S12 Frequency Response Calibration .
Two-Port Device: S22 Frequency Response Calibration .
Response and Isolation Calibration . . . . . . . . . .
1-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
One-Port Device: S11 1-Port Correction . . . . . . . .
One-Port Device: S22 1-Port Correction . . . . . . . .
Two-Port Device: Combining Error Models . . . . . .
Full 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TRL 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
R/T Test Set (One-Path) Calibration Error Models . . . .
Response and 1-Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
One-Path 2-Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Storing Calibration Data to Disc . . . . . . . . . . .
Principles and Care of Calibration Standards . . . . . . .
Calibration Standards Require Careful Handling . . . .
Proper Inspection, Cleaning, and Connection . . . . . .
Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quality of the Standards Aects Accuracy . . . . . .
Standard Models Dier Depending on Connector Type
Specications, Modifying a Cal Kit . . . . . . . . .
Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Verifying Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adjusting Trim Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Agilent 834x Series Sources . . . . . . . . . . .
Using 835x Series Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8-6
8-7
8-7
8-7
8-7
8-7
8-7
8-9
8-9
8-9
8-9
8-9
8-10
8-12
8-12
8-14
8-14
8-14
8-14
8-15
8-15
8-15
8-16
8-16
8-17
8-17
8-17
8-18
8-18
8-19
8-19
8-20
8-20
8-22
8-24
8-25
8-25
8-25
8-27
8-27
8-27
8-27
8-27
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-28
8-29
8-29
8-30
8-30
9
Modifying a Calibration Kit . . . . . . . . . . .
Modifying a Calibration Set . . . . . . . . . . .
Reducing the Number of Points After Calibration .
Eects in Step Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . .
Eects in Ramp Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . .
Dening a Frequency Subset . . . . . . . . . .
Create and Save the Frequency Subset . . . . .
Eects in Ramp Sweep Mode . . . . . . . .
Changing the Calibration Type . . . . . . . . .
Modifying a Cal Set with Connector Compensation
Using Connector Compensation . . . . . . . .
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8-31
8-32
8-32
8-33
8-33
8-34
8-34
8-35
8-36
8-36
8-38
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measuring Two-Port Devices . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting Up for Transmission Tests . . . . . . . . .
Transmission Measurement Calibration Choices . .
Setting up for Response Calibration . . . . . . . .
Response and Isolation Calibration . . . . . . .
One-Path 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . .
Full 2-Port and TRL Calibrations . . . . . . . .
Measurement Calibration for Noninsertable Devices .
Making an Adapter Removal Measurement . . . .
Insertion Loss/Gain Measurement . . . . . . . . .
Measuring 3 dB Frequencies . . . . . . . . . .
Measuring Maximum and Minimum Values . . . .
Making Insertion Phase Measurement . . . . . . .
Measuring S-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making Group Delay Measurements . . . . . . . .
Measuring Group Delay Aperture . . . . . . . .
Comparing aperture, resolution, and noise . . .
Measuring aperture and phase slope . . . . . .
Using aperture and smoothing . . . . . . . .
Measuring Deviation from Linear Phase Measurement
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9-1
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-3
9-4
9-4
9-4
9-4
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-6
9-7
9-8
9-9
9-10
9-11
9-12
9-12
9-12
9-12
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10-1
10-1
10-1
10-1
10-1
10-1
10-1
10-2
10-2
10-3
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-5
9. Transmission Measurements
10. Reection Measurements
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reection Test Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
One-Port Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Two-Port Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reection Measurement Calibration Choices . . . .
Response and Response-and-Isolation Calibrations
1-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
One-Path 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . .
2-Port Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Return Loss Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . .
SWR Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . .
Impedance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Admittance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
11. Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Front Panel Controls in Time Domain Mode . . . . . . . . . . .
General Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Domain Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reection Measurements Using Time Band Pass . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Reection Response Horizontal Axis . .
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Reection Response Vertical Axis . . .
Fault Location Measurements Using Time Band Pass . . . . . . . . . .
Transmission Measurements Using Time Band Pass . . . . . . . . . . .
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Horizontal Axis
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Vertical Axis . .
Time Domain Low Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Low Pass Mode Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting Frequency Range for Time Low Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Avoiding Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analyzing Time Low Pass Reections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reection Measurements using Time Low Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interpreting the Time Low Pass Reection Response Horizontal Axis . .
Interpreting the Time Low Pass Reection Response Vertical Axis . . .
Trace Bounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Domain Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Windowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Response Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Range Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Select Gate Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test Set Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Power Domain Measurements
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Power Domain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Is Receiver Cal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Making a Power Domain Measurement . . . . . . . . .
Performing a Receiver Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Flatness Calibration Must Be Completed . . . . .
Swept-Frequency Gain Compression Measurement Exercise .
Swept-Power Gain Compression Measurement Exercise . .
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11-1
11-1
11-1
11-3
11-4
11-5
11-5
11-5
11-6
11-7
11-7
11-8
11-8
11-8
11-9
11-9
11-9
11-10
11-10
11-12
11-14
11-14
11-15
11-17
11-18
11-18
11-19
11-19
11-20
11-21
11-22
11-23
11-23
12-1
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-4
12-4
12-6
12-7
11
13. GPIB Programming
What's in This Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What You Can Do with Remote Programming . . . . . . . . .
GPIB Command Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Programming Command Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Syntax Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Entering Mnemonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Numeric Entries and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\Next Menu" Commands Are Unnecessary . . . . . . . . .
Timing Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Overview of Computer-Controlled Measurements . . . . . . . .
Setting Up the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connect the External Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Address Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Set Up the Measurement Using GPIB Commands . . . . . . .
Transferring Data out of the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . .
Sending Data to the Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
What Types of Data Are Available from the 8510C? . . . . . .
Data Arrays Read by an External Computer . . . . . . . . .
Raw Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corrected Data Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Formatted Data Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Always Comes from the Active Channel . . . . . . . . .
Available Data Transfer Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How Much Data Is Transferred? . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preparing the Computer to Transmit or Receive Data . . . . .
Setting up the I/O Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Size of the Preamble, Size Block, and Data Blocks . . . . .
Setting Up Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Array Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Performing the Actual Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Example of a Data Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Preprocessing FORM1 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using Real/Imaginary Format for Vector Math . . . . . . . .
Converting Real/Imaginary Data to Magnitude and Phase Data
Transferring Data into the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . .
Raw, Corrected, Formatted Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trace Memories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FORM4 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Commonly-Used Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Active Function Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Query System State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Where to Find Other Query Commands . . . . . . . . . . .
Local Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Program Debugging Aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Programming Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 1: Syntax Familiarization . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 2: Active Function Output . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
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13-1
13-2
13-2
13-2
13-2
13-2
13-3
13-3
13-3
13-4
13-4
13-4
13-4
13-5
13-5
13-5
13-5
13-6
13-6
13-6
13-7
13-8
13-8
13-9
13-9
13-9
13-10
13-10
13-10
13-11
13-11
13-13
13-13
13-13
13-13
13-14
13-14
13-15
13-15
13-16
13-16
13-16
13-16
13-16
13-17
13-17
13-17
13-18
13-18
13-19
Example 3: Marker Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 4: Marker Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 5: Single- and Dual-Channel Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 6: Trace Data Output/Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 7: FORM1 Data Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 8: S11 1-Port and S21 Response Cals . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selecting the Calibration Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Select the Standard Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Select Calibration Standards in Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Save the Cal Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 9: Modify Cal Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 10: Simulated Standard Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 11: Using the Drive Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Internal Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
File Name Prexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Printing Your Own Messages on the Network Analyzer Display . . . . . .
Example 12: Making Plots Using COPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 13: List Trace Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 14: Print to Printer on 8510C System Bus . . . . . . . . . . .
General Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Passing Commands through the Network Analyzer Devices on the System
Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to send pass-through commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How pass-through works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pass-Through to a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output to a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
User Display Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 15: Plot User Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 16: Plot Using BASIC HP-GL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vector Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Select Pen Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Using the Internal Disk to Store the User Display . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary of User Graphics Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Summary of User Display Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 17: Redene Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 18: Read and Output Caution/Tell Message . . . . . . . . . .
Example 19: Read and Output Status Bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Read Status Bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Setting the Service Request Mask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 20: Output Key Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 21: Triggered Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 22: Wait Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 23: Wait Not Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 24: Frequency List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 25: Output/Learn String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 26: Input and Display ASCII Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 27: Delay Table Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 28: Fast CW Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 29: Test Port Power Flatness Cal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 30: Receiver Power Cal/Power Domain . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-20
13-21
13-22
13-22
13-22
13-22
13-22
13-23
13-24
13-24
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-25
13-26
13-26
13-26
13-27
13-27
13-27
13-27
13-27
13-28
13-29
13-29
13-29
13-29
13-29
13-29
13-30
13-31
13-31
13-31
13-32
13-32
13-32
13-32
13-33
13-33
13-34
13-34
13-34
13-34
13-34
13-35
13-35
13-36
13-36
13-36
13-36
13
Example 31: Disk Store and Load Using Cal Sets
General GPIB Programming . . . . . . . . . .
Interface Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Response to GPIB Universal Commands . . . .
Response to GPIB Addressed Commands . . .
Example Program Listing . . . . . . . . . . .
Example Programs in EX_8510 . . . . . . . .
14. Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
Operator's Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agilent 8510 Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Test Set Check . . . . . . . . .
In Case of Diculty . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Routine Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintain Proper Air Flow . . . . . . . . . .
Inspect and Clean Connectors . . . . . . . .
Cleaning the Test Set Rear-Panel Extensions .
Cleaning the Glass Filter and CRT . . . . . .
Cleaning the LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Deguass (Demagnetize) the Display (CRT Only)
Inspect the Error Terms . . . . . . . . . . .
Index
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13-37
13-38
13-38
13-39
13-39
13-40
13-40
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1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
Figures
1-1.
1-2.
1-3.
1-4.
1-5.
1-6.
1-7.
1-8.
1-9.
2-1.
2-2.
2-3.
2-4.
2-5.
2-6.
2-7.
2-8.
2-9.
2-10.
2-11.
2-12.
2-13.
3-1.
3-2.
3-3.
3-4.
3-5.
3-6.
3-7.
4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
4-4.
4-5.
4-6.
4-7.
4-8.
4-9.
4-10.
4-11.
4-12.
4-13.
Typical 8510 Network Analyzer System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8510C Network Analyzer Front-Panel Key Blocks . . . . . . . . . .
Annotation Areas for Single Parameter, or Dual Channel Display Mode
ENTRY Block Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Channel 1 and Channel 2 Selection Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uncoupled Channels Showing Alternate Frequency Sweep . . . . . .
Stimulus, Parameter, Format, and Response Keys . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement RESTART Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INSTRUMENT STATE Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Analyzer System Interconnections . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measurement Sequence 1, Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Initial Display Showing a Thru Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display with Open Circuit Connected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display with S11 Response Calibration ON . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display with Thru Connected (S21 Calibration) . . . . . . . . . . .
Display with S21 Response Calibration ON . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Return Loss: S11 LOG MAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Insertion Loss: S21 LOG MAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Domain Re Response Short Circuit: S11 TIME BANDPASS . .
Time Domain Reection Response of an Air Line and Short Circuit . .
Time Domain Reection Response of a Thru: S21 . . . . . . . . . .
Time Domain Reection Response of an Air Line: S21 . . . . . . . .
Reection and Transmission Measurements Diagramed . . . . . . .
Simplied System Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Digital Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reection/Transmission Test Set Signal Flow . . . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Test Set Signal Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8511A Frequency Converter Signal Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Recommended Typical Test Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display and Display Mode Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annotation Areas for Single Parameter or Dual Channel Display Mode
Annotation Areas for Four Parameter Split Display Mode . . . . . .
Dual Channel Overlay and Split Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adjust Display Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
External Video Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example of a Limit Test using Limit Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limit Test Example Using Limit Lines and Limit Points . . . . . . .
Display Menu Showing Trace Memory Locations Menu . . . . . . .
Trace Math Operations Menu Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Domain Main Menu Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Format Function Block and Format Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Format Selections (1 of 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1-2
1-3
1-4
1-7
1-9
1-9
1-11
1-12
1-15
2-2
2-5
2-6
2-9
2-9
2-9
2-9
2-10
2-10
2-13
2-14
2-15
2-15
3-2
3-3
3-6
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-12
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-7
4-9
4-12
4-16
4-19
4-21
4-23
4-26
4-27
15
4-14.
4-15.
4-16.
4-17.
4-18.
4-19.
4-20.
4-21.
4-22.
4-23.
4-24.
4-25.
4-26.
4-27.
4-28.
4-29.
4-30.
4-31.
4-32.
4-33.
4-34.
4-35.
4-36.
4-37.
4-38.
4-39.
4-40.
4-41.
4-42.
5-1.
5-2.
5-3.
5-4.
5-5.
5-6.
5-7.
5-8.
5-9.
5-10.
5-11.
5-12.
5-13.
6-1.
6-2.
6-3.
6-4.
6-5.
6-6.
6-7.
6-8.
6-9.
16
Format Selections (2 of 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MARKER Key and Marker Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Markers on Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker and 1 Mode Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Mode Markers on Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker Search Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 Mode Marker to Target . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parameter Function Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Flowgraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parameter Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical User 1, a1 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Redene Parameter Menu Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dynamic Range Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Response Function Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Response Menu Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Results of Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Smoothing Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Results of Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
STIMULUS Function Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source Power Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Points Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Narrowband Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sweep Mode Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eects of Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hold, Single, Number of Groups, Continual . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Trigger Mode Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency List Menu Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Enter the First Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency List, Display of Single Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main System Menu and Part of the Display Functions Menu . . . . . .
System Phaselock Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date/Time Functions Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Power Leveling Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Actual LO Frequency Required by a Harmonic Mixer . . . . . . . . .
Edit Multiple Source Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source 2 Modied for Third Harmonic Mixer System . . . . . . . . .
Finished Multi-Source Conguration, LO Source and 3rd Harmonic Mixers
Module Testing Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finished Multiple Source Conguration for Hypothetical Module . . . .
Service Functions Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Simplied Block Diagram of the Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer . . . .
Gain Stages in the IF section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dene Print Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
HP QuietJet and PaintJet (Family) Printer Serial Switch Settings . . . .
HP QuietJet and PaintJet (Family) Printer GPIB Switch Settings . . .
HP ThinkJet Printer GPIB Switch Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Landscape Printer Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Portrait Printer Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dene List Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
System/Operating Parameters Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dene Plot and Plot to Plotter Menu Structure . . . . . . . . . . . .
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4-28
4-29
4-30
4-33
4-34
4-35
4-36
4-38
4-39
4-40
4-40
4-43
4-47
4-48
4-50
4-52
4-52
4-53
4-56
4-58
4-61
4-62
4-63
4-65
4-65
4-68
4-69
4-70
4-72
5-2
5-3
5-6
5-10
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14
5-16
5-17
5-18
5-21
5-22
6-5
6-11
6-12
6-14
6-16
6-17
6-19
6-20
6-25
6-10.
7-1.
8-1.
8-2.
8-3.
8-4.
8-5.
8-6.
8-7.
8-8.
8-9.
8-10.
8-11.
8-12.
8-13.
8-14.
8-15.
9-1.
9-2.
9-3.
9-4.
9-5.
9-6.
9-7.
9-8.
9-9.
9-10.
9-11.
9-12.
9-13.
9-14.
10-1.
10-2.
10-3.
10-4.
10-5.
10-6.
11-1.
11-2.
11-3.
11-4.
11-5.
11-6.
11-7.
11-8.
11-9.
11-10.
11-11.
11-12.
11-13.
Four-Quadrant Plot Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disk Menu, Data Type Select Menu, Setup Disk Menu, and Initialize Disk
Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cal and Cal Type Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cal Type Selections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Response Cal Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S11 1-Port Cal Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LOADS Frequency Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Full 2-Port Reection, Transmission, and Isolation Cal Menus . . . . .
TRL 2-Port Cal Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Test Set Frequency Response Calibrations . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Test Set 1-Port Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S-Parameter Test Set Full 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reection/Transmission Test Set One-Path 2-Port Calibration . . . . .
Reduced Number of Points After Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Modify Cal Set, Frequency Subset Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dening a Frequency Subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Connector Compensation Menu Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Two-Port Device Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transmission Test Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adapter Removal Calibration Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Insertion Loss Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measuring 3 dB Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measuring Minimum and Maximum Insertion Loss . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Insertion Phase Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical S-Parameter Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Group Delay Denition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Group Delay Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Group Delay Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Changing the Group Delay Measurement Aperture . . . . . . . . . .
Group Delay Plots with Dierent Aperture Selections . . . . . . . . .
Typical Group Delay and Deviation from Ideal Phase Displays . . . . .
Typical Measurement Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Return Loss Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical SWR Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical S-Parameter Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Impedance Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Admittance Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency Domain and Time Domain Measurements . . . . . . . . .
Measurement of a Sliding Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cable Fault Location Measurement Using Time Band Pass . . . . . . .
Transmission Measurement in Time Band Pass . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Low Pass Step and Impulse Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Low Pass Step Response of a 25 Airline and Fixed Load . . . .
Step Response of a 30 cm Airline and Fixed Load . . . . . . . . . . .
Masking Example: 3 dB Pad and Short Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . .
Time Domain Window Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Approximate Formulas for Step Rise Time and Impulse Width . . . . .
Eect of Windowing on Time Domain Responses of a Short Circuit . . .
Time Domain Measurement Showing Response Repetitions . . . . . . .
Resolution in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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6-27
7-2
8-4
8-8
8-10
8-11
8-12
8-13
8-14
8-16
8-19
8-22
8-26
8-33
8-34
8-35
8-37
9-1
9-3
9-5
9-6
9-7
9-8
9-9
9-9
9-10
9-10
9-11
9-11
9-12
9-14
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-4
10-5
10-5
11-2
11-4
11-6
11-7
11-11
11-12
11-13
11-14
11-16
11-16
11-17
11-18
11-19
17
11-14. Typical Gate Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11-15. Reection Measurement of 7-mm to 3.5-mm Adapter, Airline, and Load
11-16. Gated Responses of the 7-mm to 3.5-mm Adapter . . . . . . . . . .
11-17. Gate Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12-1. Domain Menu with Power Domain Function Keys . . . . . . . . . .
12-2. Receiver Calibration Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-1. Data Processing Stages in the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . .
13-2. PA Vector Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13-3. Text Character Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-1. Typical Preset State Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-2. Removing the Glass Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14-3. Motion for Degaussing the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
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11-20
11-20
11-21
11-22
12-1
12-2
13-6
13-30
13-31
1
4
5
Tables
0-1.
1-1.
2-1.
2-2.
3-1.
3-2.
4-1.
4-2.
4-3.
4-4.
4-5.
4-6.
4-7.
4-8.
5-1.
6-1.
6-2.
7-1.
7-2.
7-3.
11-1.
11-2.
11-3.
13-1.
Contacting Agilent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ENTRY Key Terminator Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To Match Pen Colors to Display Default Colors . . . . . . . . . .
Plot Category Key Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Factory Preset Conditions for the 8510C . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Default Settings for Display Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
External Display Cable Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Standard PARAMETER Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Measuring Power (dBm) at First Frequency Converter . . . . . . .
Approximate Insertion Losses in Test Sets (dB) . . . . . . . . . .
Approximate Insertion Losses in Test Sets (dB) . . . . . . . . . .
Typical Test Port Power Ranges for Source or Test Set Congurations
Test Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Serial Printer Settings for Other Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Default Pen Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disk Storage Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Information You Can Store to Disc, and How it Is Saved . . . . . .
File Types and Prexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Useful Time Band Pass Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum Frequency Ranges for Time Low Pass . . . . . . . . .
Useful Time Low Pass Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marker Units for All display Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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v
1-8
2-12
2-12
3-16
3-17
4-8
4-10
4-31
4-41
4-45
4-45
4-46
4-60
5-19
6-15
6-24
7-1
7-3
7-7
11-5
11-8
11-12
13-20
19
1
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
Introduction
Vector network analyzer systems, such as the Agilent 8510, measure the magnitude and phase
characteristics of networks and of components such as lters, ampliers, attenuators, and
antennas. This chapter describes the system, how to use the front panel controls, and explains
the following:
system components
display and its annotations
various front panel keys (hardkeys)
menus and related softkeys used in the 8510 network analyzer system
8510 Network Analyzer System Description
The 8510 Network Analyzer is a fully integrated vector network analyzer system. The
minimum conguration consists of a source, a test set, and the network analyzer. Shown in
Figure 1-1 are the three major instruments of the basic system:
Source
The source provides the RF signal. An Agilent 8360 Series synthesized
sweeper, or an 834x Series synthesized sweeper, or an 835x-Series sweep
oscillator with an appropriate Agilent 835xx Series plug-in, may be used.
Test Set
The test set separates the signal produced by the source into an incident
signal, sent to the device-under-test (DUT), and a reference signal against
which the transmitted and reected signals are later compared. The test set
also routes the transmitted and reected signals from the DUT to the receiver
(IF/detector). Any 851x Series test set may be used.
Network
An 8510C network analyzer, which includes, the Agilent 85101
Analyzer
Display/Processor and the 85102 IF/Detector (Receiver). The receiver,
together with the display/processor, processes the signals. Using its integral
microprocessor, it performs accuracy enhancement and displays the results in
a variety of formats.
Peripherals
Additional system components can include GPIB peripheral devices such as
a printer, a plotter, and a disc drive. Measurement results and other kinds
of information can be sent to a printer or plotter, or to a disc drive. These
system instruments are controlled with network analyzer front panel keys.
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-1
Figure 1-1. Typical 8510 Network Analyzer System
Front Panel Controls
The keys that control the features of the network analyzer system are described in this
section. Front panel controls of the 8510 system are grouped in blocks and labeled as shown in
Figure 1-2. The only test set front panel control is the line switch, and if a switchable test set
is used, there are indicators showing the current signal path selection. The source is controlled
by the 8510 system bus, not from its own independent front panel.
Procedures in this section assume that the network analyzer system is installed properly. If
the system is not installed, refer to Chapter 9, \System Installation" in the Agilent 8510C
On-Site Service Manual for instructions.
The section is organized in left to right-hand order, as listed below:
Display Modes and Annotation Areas
ENTRY Block
ACTIVE CHANNEL Block
MENUS Block
STIMULUS/PARAMETER/FORMAT/and RESPONSE Blocks
INSTRUMENT STATE Keys
AUXILIARY MODE Keys
MEASUREMENT Key
1-2
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
Figure 1-2. 8510C Network Analyzer Front-Panel Key Blocks
Display Modes and Annotation Areas
Note
The original 85101C (top box) incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT) based
display. The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display (LCD). In
this manual, references to either CRT or LCD apply to both display designs
unless noted otherwise.
Information can be displayed in several ways on the network analyzer display and the screen
annotation areas are dependent on the display mode. See Figure 1-3 for an example of one
display with its annotation areas. The available display modes are listed below:
single channel, single parameter
single channel, four parameter overlay or split
or dual channel overlay or split
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-3
Figure 1-3. Annotation Areas for Single Parameter, or Dual Channel Display Mode
For simplicity, only one type of display mode is discussed here. If you need information about
the various display modes, refer to the section titled \Display" in Chapter 4 of this manual.
Channel/Parameter Identification Area
Measurement information appears at the top of the display for this display mode. The
parameter information, display format, reference line value(s), and the scale/division are
shown. Color matches the identication labels to the trace display. The active parameter is
indicated by a \ 7" symbol, and the color of the stimulus values (at the bottom of display)
match the color of the active parameter.
In the Single Parameter and Dual Channel display modes, Channel 1 information appears on
the left and Channel 2 information appears on the right.
Stimulus Values Area
The current start/stop, center/span, or single point stimulus settings appear along the
bottom of the display, and match the color of the active channel/parameter to emphasize the
channel/parameter you are controlling.
1-4
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
Active Entry Area
The active entry area of the display identies the current active function for the selected
channel/parameter, and matches the color of the active channel/parameter to emphasize the
channel/parameter you are controlling. Press 4ENTRY OFF5 to clear this area.
Knowing When a Function Is Selected
If the function sets a value only, then the current value is displayed in the active entry area
when the function is activated. Use the RPG knob, arrow keys, numeric, units, and 4=MARKER5
keys (in the ENTRY block) to enter values. Other functions indicate the value or choice
currently selected with an underline.
Recognizing Mutually-Exclusive Functions
Mutually exclusive functions are indicated by vertical lines connecting them. They are
individual choices available for one specic operation, as listed below:
SWR
|
LINEAR
Title Area
The title area provides a space to enter up to 50 characters of information about the
measurement. Notice that the location of this area depends on the display mode. An example
of how to create a title is given in this chapter in later paragraphs.
System Messages Area
Prompts, error messages, and procedural advisories appear in the system messages area
located below the Channel 1 identication labels.
If an error that aects the measurement occurs, a message is displayed and a \beep" may
signal you to look at the message. The message remains displayed until:
It is replaced by another system message.
You press a function key such as 4START5 or 4USER PRESET5.
You manually clear the message by pressing 4ENTRY OFF5 (located above the knob).
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-5
Enhancement Annotation Area
Along the left side of the screen, certain one-character labels appear when you select network
analyzer functions that aect the accuracy or presentation of the measurement trace. These
labels are:
* = Measurement Incomplete
C = Correction On
A = Averaging On
S = Smoothing On
G = Time Domain Gating On
D = Electrical Delay, Phase Oset, Magnitude Oset, or Magnitude Slope On
H = Hold
O = IF Overload
M = Multiple Source On
These symbols are present if the given condition exists on any displayed channel/parameter.
That is, for dual channel displays, if either channel has smoothing turned on, the \S" is
shown.
In four parameter display modes, unless a full 2-port calibration has been performed and
is the active correction, the correction-on symbol \C" is not shown, and a system warning
message is displayed.
The measurement incomplete symbol \*" is displayed in several situations. After any
measurement restart , it signies that the rst sweep has not been completed. When this
symbol disappears, you can be certain that all basic data acquisition and error correction
functions (except possibly averaging) are complete.
Display annotation for Cartesian displays includes Trace labels (1! for Channel 1, on the left
of the graticule and 2 for Channel 2, on the right), and Reference Line Position symbols (>
for Channel 1 on the left and < for Channel 2 on the right).
Softkey Menu and Marker List Display Area
Softkey menus appear in the area on the right side of the display, and beside them are the
eight keys used to make menu selections. Menus and how to make selections are discussed
later in this chapter.
The softkey menu display area is also used to display marker values and the internal
date/time clock of the analyzer. Markers and the date/time clock can only be displayed when
menus are not being displayed. The dierent types of marker displays and the date/time clock
are discussed in the section titled \Display" in later chapters. An example of how to change
the date/time clock is given in the paragraph titled \Using the Menus, Examples," in this
chapter.
1-6
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
Using ENTRY Block Keys
The ENTRY block contains the RPG knob, the entry o key, numeric keys, units terminator
keys, and the arrow keys. Use these keys to enter and terminate values for the function that is
currently active. Use the 4ENTRY OFF5 key to clear the information displayed in active function
area.
Figure 1-4. ENTRY Block Keys
Uparrow (485) and Downarrow (495) Keys
The arrow keys increase or decrease the value of the current active function. The size of the
step increment is determined by the current state of the network analyzer and cannot be
changed by the operator.
Using Numeric Keys
1. First select the function to change.
2. Press 4START5, for example. Its current value is now displayed in the active function area.
3. Rotate the RPG knob to change the value, or press an arrow key to incrementally increase
or decrease its value.
4. To enter a specic value, press the numeric keys, 405 through 495, then one of the units
terminator keys to the right of the numbers.
5. The 4+/-5 (change sign) can be entered before or after the numeric entry.
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-7
Using Units Terminator Keys
When a units terminator key is pressed, the instrument state displays the new function value.
The value of each terminator key depends on the function that is active. Refer to Table 1-1
for the meaning of each terminator key.
Table 1-1. ENTRY Key Terminator Definitions
Key
Description
G/n5
4M/5
4k/m5
4x15
Giga/nano
Mega/micro
kilo/milli
basic unit for active
function (dB, dBm,
Degree, second,
Hertz, volt).
4
Frequency Time
GHz
MHz
KHz
Hz
ns1
s
ms
s (second)
Power
dB
Power and
Magnitude Slope
dB/GHz
Voltage
mV
V (volts)
1 Note that you may enter time in picoseconds by using the decimal point. For example, to enter 10 picoseconds, enter
.01 then press 4G/n5.
Blank entries in Table 1-1 indicate that although the terminator keys for that quantity are
dened, the value may not be useful.
Using the Prior Menu Key
Press the front panel key labeled 4PRIOR MENU5 to return to the menu previously displayed. If
the menu currently displayed is a main (top-level) menu, pressing 4PRIOR MENU5 clears all key
labels from the menu area.
Using the Backspace Key
Use the 4BACKSPACE5 key to correct errors during entry.
Using the 4=MARKER5 Key
Use the 4=MARKER5 key to transfer the current value of a marker to the current active function.
For example, press 4MARKER5 (MENUS block). Use the knob to position the marker to the
desired point on the trace. Now press 4REF VALUE5 (RESPONSE block) 4=MARKER5. Notice that
the reference value becomes the marker value and the trace is moved to meet the reference line
at the marker point.
Not all active functions can use this feature, only those that are consistent with the marker
units.
1-8
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
Using ACTIVE CHANNEL Block Keys
When lit, the LED located above 4CHANNEL 15 or 4CHANNEL 25 indicates the channel selected.
Press either key to choose the channel for measurement control.
The capability of Channel 1 is identical for Channel 2. For most functions, they function
completely independently.
Figure 1-5. Channel 1 and Channel 2 Selection Keys
Coupling Channels
When channels are coupled, the setting for the currently active channel is automatically
duplicated into the other channel.
To uncouple the stimulus (and the error correction) functions between the channels, press the
STIMULUS block keys: 4MENU5, MORE , and UNCOUPLED CHANNELS .
Now change the STIMULUS controls. Figure 1-6 shows the alternate frequency sweep possible
using this feature.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Figure 1-6. Uncoupled Channels Showing Alternate Frequency Sweep
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-9
Coupling Conditions
Note
Some functions are always the same for each channel, that is, they are always
coupled . There are also some that are always uncoupled ; and some that
may be uncoupled , depending upon your selection of COUPLED CHANNELS or
UNCOUPLED CHANNELS . For more information about coupling, refer Section 4,
Stimulus Functions, \Coupled/Uncoupled Channels."
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Using MENUS Block Keys
The 8510 network analyzer system's extensive series of menus can be selected, modied, and
recalled using front panel keys and the eight softkeys (located along the right-hand side of the
display).
Refer to the information below for descriptions of the main function block menu keys.
Keys labeled 4CAL5, 4DOMAIN5, 4DISPLAY5, and 4MARKER5 (located in the MENUS function block)
display the sub-menus described below:
4CAL5
Use to remove systematic errors from measurements by calibrating against
high-quality reference standards.
4DOMAIN5
Use to select between frequency domain, optional time domain, voltage
domain, or power domain measurement modes. In Cartesian formats, the
\domain" is in reference to the X-axis value on the display.
In frequency domain, the X-axis is in frequency units.
In time domain, the X-axis is time (or distance).
In voltage domain, the X-axis is in voltage units.
In power domain, the X-axis is in absolute power units.
4DISPLAY5
Perform dual channel, four parameter, trace memory, limit line operations,
and adjust display attributes.
4MARKER5
Perform marker and delta marker functions.
1-10
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
Using STIMULUS, PARAMETER, FORMAT, and RESPONSE Blocks
Keys
Keys in these four function blocks control the four basic measurement functions of the
8510 system. A key labeled 4MENU5 is available in each of the four main function blocks,
STIMULUS, PARAMETER, FORMAT, and RESPONSE. Press the respective 4MENU5 key to
display sub-menus for that function.
Stimulus
Sets the start and stop frequency in Frequency Domain mode, or start
and stop time or length in Time Domain mode. Keys and softkeys in this
functional block control the RF source.
Parameter
Selects the device under test (DUT) characteristic you wish to observe.
Depending on the test set S11, S12 , S21, or S22 (ratioed measurements) and/or
a1, a2 , b1 , or b2 (unratioed measurements) can be made.
Format
Determines the graphical system is used to display the data. You can choose
from many display formats, including Log Mag, Phase, Delay, Polar, Smith
Chart Impedance, Admittance, Real, and Imaginary.
Response
Primarily sets the display scale and reference points used on the screen. An
4AUTO5 function conveniently centers the reference vertically and scales the
trace for optimum viewing.
In general, these controls are independent for channel 1 and channel 2. Each of these front
panel \functional blocks" has its own 4MENU5 key. Press the 4MENU5 key to display the
rst-level menu for that functional block.
Figure 1-7. Stimulus, Parameter, Format, and Response Keys
In the PARAMETER function block, pressing 4S115, 4S125, 4S215, or 4S225 displays the
measurement of that parameter. If the network analyzer incorporates an S-parameter test set,
the correct signal path for the forward or reverse measurement is automatically selected. Use
the FORMAT keys to select the desired grid for display of the measurement. Now use the
keys in the RESPONSE block to position the trace on the grid for convenient viewing.
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-11
Using INSTRUMENT STATE Keys
Keys labeled 4SAVE5, 4RECALL5, and 4LOCAL5 (located in the INSTRUMENT STATE block)
display the sub-menus described below:
4SAVE5 4RECALL5 Save and recall instrument settings (states) and Factory Preset.
4LOCAL5
Show all internal and external interface bus addresses.
Using AUXILIARY MODE Keys
Keys labeled 4COPY5, 4DISC5, and 4SYSTEM5 (in the front panel area labeled AUXILIARY
MENUS) display the sub-menus described below:
4COPY5
Printing and plotting functions.
4DISC5
Store measurement or calibration data to disc.
4SYSTEM5
Perform system-related functions such as dening multiple sources, phase lock
reference, and service-related functions.
Using MEASUREMENT Block Key
The MEASUREMENT 4RESTART5 key (at the bottom-right corner of the front panel) restarts
the measurement, including the current group of sweeps, and averaging.
Figure 1-8. Measurement RESTART Key
Measurement restart is performed automatically whenever a parameter is changed and in most
other instances when the machine state is changed in a way that could aect the measured
value, such as turning correction on.
1-12
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
Using the Menus, Examples
You can use the factory preset function to set the system to a known starting point. Refer to
the key presses below:
Press 4RECALL5.
Press the key next to the MORE label displayed on the screen.
Press FACTORY PRESET . Notice that all instruments on the System Bus get preset.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
To Create, Edit, or Delete a Title
1. To create or change a title, use the keys listed below:
a. Press 4SYSTEM5, TITLE to display the title menu and the current title.
b. To enter a character, position the " symbol below the character by rotating the RPG
knob.
c. Press SELECT LETTER . The character appears as the last character in the title area.
Repeat this process enter the remainder of the title characters.
d. Press BACK SPACE to erase the rst title character located to the left-hand side of the
arrow. When you nish creating or editing the title, select TITLE DONE .
2. To completely delete a displayed title, use either of the keys listed below:
a. Press the softkey labeled ERASE TITLE to completely erase the title.
b. Press the ENTRY block 4BACKSPACE5 key to erase individual title characters.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
To Adjust the Date/Time Clock
To adjust the date/time clock annotation, use the keys listed below:
You may use the RPG knob, numeric entry keys and a terminator key, or the
Note
485/495 arrow keys to select values. Keys used in the following example are for
demonstration purposes only. In the same manner, you may adjust the hour
and minutes of the date/time clock.
1. Press 4SYSTEM5, DISPLAY FUNCTIONS , DATE/TIME FUNCTIONS to display the adjust main
menu.
2. Select SET YEAR . The date/time clock appears in the lower right-hand corner of the
display. Notice the prompt in the active entry area; adjust the setting by rotating the RPG
knob and set the year.
3. Select SET MONTH . Press the numeric value corresponding to the number of the month.
Press 4x15 to terminate the entry. Notice that the month annotation is automatically
translated to the three-letter abbreviation of the month.
4. Select SET DAY . Use the 485/495 arrow keys to set the date.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-13
The Analyzer Remembers Previous Settings
(Limited Instrument State)
The analyzer has a system of remembering the settings you use. This allows you to switch
between measurements and have the instrument automatically remember all the settings you
have previously made. This feature is automatic, in that it does not require you to use a save
or recall function.
This ability to remember past settings is called a \limited instrument state," and works as
follows:
Channels 1 and 2 act like separate network analyzers. The analyzer remembers the various
settings you make in channel 1. If you change to channel 2, the instrument remembers all
the settings (listed below) automatically. When you come back to channel 1, all the settings
revert to their original state. Channel 2 works the same way. Each channel remembers all of
the settings listed below.
The selected domain (Frequency Domain, Time Domain or Voltage Domain). In addition,
each domain mode remembers all of the following settings.
The selected measurement parameter (S11, S12 , S21 , or S22 ). Each parameter (S11 , S12, and
so on) also remembers the display format (graph type) and response (scale and reference)
settings.
For example, you might want to display S11 and S22 on a Smith Chart; group delay for S21;
and phase for S12 .
To set this up:
1. Press 4S115 4SMITH CHART5.
2. Press 4S215 4DELAY5.
3. Press 4S125 4PHASE5.
4. Press 4S225 4SMITH CHART5.
Now, randomly select between S11, S12 , S21, and S22 . Notice that the analyzer remembers
the display format you chose for each one.
As mentioned above, each parameter selection remembers the scale and reference values you
last entered.
For example, you can select S11 , LOG MAG, at 10 dB/division; and S11, PHASE at 5
degrees/division. Now if you go back and forth between LOG MAG and PHASE display,
you can see that the scale switches as well.
For each parameter, the following information is memorized by the analyzer:
1. The last selected format (Log Mag, Phase, Smith Chart, and so on).
2. The last selected response settings (display scale and reference, and so on).
3. Whether calibration was last On or O for the parameter. This makes it very easy to
switch between displays of dierent parameters without having to specify the format each
time.
4. The display color setting.
Factory Preset always establishes a xed denition for the complete
Channel/Domain/Parameter/Format/Response limited instrument state memory.
1-14
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
INSTRUMENT STATE Block
The four keys in the INSTRUMENT STATE block near the bottom of the front panel, save
and recall instrument states.
Figure 1-9. INSTRUMENT STATE Block
The instrument state contains virtually all instrument settings, including the controlled
functions of the source and the test set. The contents of calibration and trace memories being
used are not saved, only the current reference to that memory.
4USER PRESET5 Key
The green 4USER PRESET5 key can be pressed at any time to return the network analyzer to
a predened state. The preset function performs all necessary internal network analyzer
initialization, then recalls instrument state 8. 4USER PRESET5 does not send an initialization
signal to the other instruments on the System Bus. The instrument conditions saved into
save/recall register 8 is the dened preset state. Save/Recall keys are discussed later in this
chapter.
If a known preset condition is desired, there is another type of initialization that can be done,
Factory Preset. This type of preset initializes all instrument state functions to the default
conditions (except for frequency range) and initializes all instruments on the System Bus.
Because an instrument preset is sent to all instruments on the System Bus, the time required
for this operation to complete depends on the instruments connected. Instrument state is
dened and a list of default conditions is given at the end of chapter 3, \Basic Principles
of Operation ". A Factory Preset is demonstrated at the beginning of the example \Using
Menus", later in this chapter.
Saving and Recalling Complete Instrument States
1. Press 4SAVE5 to bring the instrument state select menu onto the display.
2. Press the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 or 8 softkey to save the current complete state of the network
analyzer in the corresponding storage register (1 through 8).
3. Press RECALL 1 through 8 to recall an instrument state that you saved earlier.
NNNNN NNNNN
NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN NNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNN
NNNNN
NNNNN
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
1-15
4LOCAL5 Key
If the network analyzer system is under external computer control, pressing 4LOCAL5 returns
control of the system to the network analyzer front-panel and displays the address menu.
When a Local Lockout command is issued from an external controller, the 4LOCAL5 key is not
eective.
1-16
Introduction to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System
2
Introductory Measurement Sequence
Introduction
There is no better way to appreciate the speed and accuracy of an 8510C network analyzer
system than by performing an actual measurement on a device. Use a device with known
characteristics to use this introductory measurement sequence. The sequence suggests a
simple test device, but you may measure any appropriate device.
Procedures described in this section assume that the network analyzer system is properly
installed, otherwise, refer to Chapter 9, \System Installation" in the Agilent 8510C On-Site
Service Manual . The procedures also assume that the system is functioning within its
operating specications.
Initially, the system operation needs verication as explained in \Verifying System Setup."
Then begin with the rst stage of four stages in the example measurement sequence, as listed
below:
1. Setting Up the Measurement
Learn about making connections and checking the
connectors. Then, choose the instrument settings
appropriate for the intended measurement.
2. Performing Measurement
Learn to establish a magnitude and phase reference for
Calibration
the test setup. Then, remove measurement errors to the
desired degree.
3. Measuring the Device Under Test Learn about connecting the device under test (DUT),
then measuring it with a network analyzer.
4. Saving and Getting an Output of Learn about getting the measurement results data to a
the Result
printer or a plotter, onto a disc, or saved to memory.
Verifying the System Setup
Verifying the system setup involves checking the system bus addresses.
Press the front panel key labeled 4LOCAL5 to display the address menu. Check the address of
each instrument to verify whether it is the same as the setting shown on the display. For
incorrect addresses, those dierent from the addresses listed below, and shown in the active
entry area, use the instrument front-panel entry controls to correct the addresses.
The network analyzer system bus checks for the various system instruments at the following
addresses:
Source
Address 19 for any of the compatible sources
Test Set
Address 20 for any of the compatible test sets
Printer
GPIB address 1 for printers
Plotter
GPIB address 5 for plotters
Network Analyzer (8510)
Address 16 for the network analyzer
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-1
If some instruments do not respond at power-up
After system power is turned ON, instruments addressed dierently from the expected value
cannot respond to the network analyzer. Messages indicating possible causes are displayed.
After power-up, for instruments that do not respond but are connected properly, check the
instrument address assignments.
Figure 2-1. Network Analyzer System Interconnections
If you need more information about system connections, refer to Chapter 9, \System
Installation" in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual .
Turning on system power, the sequence
Do not use an external controller during this procedure if you have an external
computer-controller in the network analyzer system.
Turn on the network analyzer last. It is turned on after all other instruments
Note
in the system are turned on so that the network analyzer can gain control of
instruments connected to the System Bus.
For individual instruments, set the line switch of each instrument in the network analyzer
system to ON, turning on the network analyzer last . If your instruments are mounted in the
Agilent 85043C system rack, set the main power switch to ON.
Allow each instrument to complete its initialization routine. A measurement trace appears on
the system display when the system is ready to make a measurement.
2-2
Introductory Measurement Sequence
If the network analyzer fails to turn on, be sure the rear panel LINE switch is set for
the proper line voltage. Make sure the corresponding red switch is set to \SYSTEM
CONTROLLED."
Waiting for self-test and initialization
The network analyzer self-test and initialization sequence automatically begins at power-up
or when the recessed TEST button on the analyzer's front panel is pressed. This sequence
tests the various buses and circuits in the network analyzer, including operational checks of
the system instruments connected to it. Only the source and test set are checked; system
peripherals such as a plotter are not checked until its use is requested by the network
analyzer. If the system passes all of the tests in sequence, the measurement operating system
is activated, recall register 8 (Instrument State 8) is recalled, and measurements can begin.
The analyzer displays the following information as it performs the self-test and initialization
routine called on power-up.
1. The word TESTING appears briey on the LCD/CRT. This indicates that the display is
operating correctly.
2. The message LOADING OPERATING SYSTEM is displayed to indicate that the analyzer passed
self-test and the rmware operating system is being loaded from non-volatile memory to
active volatile memory.
3. SYSTEM INITIALIZATION IN PROGRESS is displayed in the upper left-hand corner. This
indicates that the system has completed the self-test sequence successfully.
4. RECALLING INSTRUMENT STATE appears below the system initialization message and
Instrument State 8 is recalled.
When self-test and initialization are complete, the LCD/CRT displays a graticule and a trace.
If not, or if a caution or a warning message appears on the analyzer LCD/CRT, refer to
Chapter 9, \System Installation," in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual . Also, refer to
the section labeled \Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance" at the end of this manual
for information about the TEST (recessed front panel button). Use this section to check the
system further if you suspect there is a problem.
Measurement Sequence Example 1: Frequency Domain
Measurement
The illustrations in this sequence indicate making a typical Frequency Domain measurement.
The sequence includes an example of a measurement calibration for reection and
transmission measurements. The gures illustrate typical displays of the following:
Return Loss (S11 ) in LOG MAG format
Insertion Loss (S21) in LOG MAG format
In this example, measure a bandpass lter or a simple transmission line with 3.5-mm or
7-mm connectors, or connectors that correspond with the test port connectors on the network
analyzer test set. If another connector type is needed, then install converting adapters for
3.5 mm or 7 mm operation. Consider the adapters as part of the test device. In addition, you
need a 3.5-mm or 7-mm calibration kit for the system.
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-3
1. Setting Up the Measurement
Refer to Figure 2-2 for the instrument setup used in this example. For S-parameter test sets,
the calibration and device measurements use a matched set of test port return cables.
For reection and transmission test sets, the calibration and DUT measurements are
performed at Port 1, with an attenuator pad and a single test port return cable attached to
Port 2.
Making Connections
Accuracy and repeatability in microwave measurements require care and skill, especially in
making connections. Not only does a bad connection or connector produce bad data, but
damage to the equipment is likely, requiring replacement of the parts or time consuming and
costly repairs. Moreover, work at Agilent on connector repeatability has shown clearly that
it is essential to inspect and clean all connectors before every use, if accurate measurements
are to be made. Dirt and contamination on connectors are the most important single source of
measurement problems, causing poor accuracy and poor repeatability.
AVOID STATIC DISCHARGE
Caution
When making a connection to the test set, be sure to wear a grounded wrist
strap and group the equipment before touching connectors. Avoid touching
the center conductor of a connector.
Wear a grounded wrist strap and grasp the outer shell of the test port briey
before touching the connector. This prevents electrostatic discharge (ESD)
that can severely damage the sensitive sampler circuit diodes in the test set.
Make connection inspection part of your routine. Before performing any calibrations or
making measurements, check:
That all connectors are undamaged and clean.
That the mechanical dimensions of the connectors, as checked with a connector gage, are
within mechanical specications.
That all connections are made in a way that assures consistent and repeatable mechanical
(and therefore electrical) contact between the connector mating surfaces.
Detailed information on inspecting and cleaning connectors, and on making connections,
appears in the calibration kit manuals and the Agilent Connector Care Manual and is
summarized in the verication kit manuals.
2-4
Introductory Measurement Sequence
Figure 2-2. Measurement Sequence 1, Test Setup
Factory Preset State
In order to set the instrument to a known state and begin the procedure, press 4RECALL5
MORE FACTORY PRESET . A partial list of the standard Factory Preset state conditions for
the analyzer system is given in Chapter 3, Table 3-1. Except for the frequency range, which
depends upon the capabilities of the source and test set, these Factory Preset conditions
cannot be changed.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Set Stimulus, Parameter, Format, Response
Use the function keys in the STIMULUS, PARAMETER, FORMAT, and RESPONSE
function blocks together with the ENTRY block keys to set the source and choose the type of
measurement and display desired. The following setting are used in this example:
Stimulus
Continuous sweep, ramp sweep mode, start frequency = 0.5 GHz, stop
frequency = 18 GHz, sweep time = 100 ms/sweep
Parameters Channel 1 = S11, channel 2 = S21
Format
LOG MAG
Response
Automatic, to let the analyzer choose the scale/division and the reference
position.
Set STIMULUS.
1. To set the start frequency, press the 4START5 key in the STIMULUS function block. For
this example, press 4START5 405 4.5 455 4G/n5.
2. Now set the desired stop frequency. Press 4STOP5 415 485 4G/n5.
Selections appear below the graticule (grid) and in the active entry area of the display as
you make them.
The Factory Preset state selects the continuous, ramp sweep mode and a sweep time of
166 ms/sweep. If distortion appears in the trace, a slower sweep time can be selected.
To change the sweep time:
1. Press the STIMULUS block 4MENU5 key, then the softkey labeled SWEEP TIME .
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-5
2. Use the ENTRY block controls to set the new sweep time. Enter the value, then press
either the 4x15 key, if the value is in seconds, or the 4k/m5 key if the desired value is in
milliseconds.
Set PARAMETER.
Use the PARAMETER keys to select the parameter to be measured and displayed. The
Factory Preset state initializes channel 1 to measure S11, channel 2 to measure S21 , and
selects the single channel display mode. Thus, after FACTORY PRESET , channel 1 displays
S11 and pressing 4CHANNEL 25 displays S21.
The LED indicators above the channel buttons indicate the channel currently selected. Any
parameter can be displayed using either channel.
Set FORMAT.
Use the FORMAT keys to select the type of graticule (grid) used for display of the
measured data. The standard Preset state initializes channel 1 and channel 2 to display
power ratio versus frequency using the LOG MAG graticule.
Any format can be selected for the display of any parameter.
Set RESPONSE.
Use the RESPONSE keys, 4SCALE5, 4REF VALUE5, and 4REF POSN5 to position the trace on the
LCD/CRT for viewing. Select the channel and parameter, press the key representing the
value you wish to change, then use the knob, step keys, or the numeric and 4x15 unit keys to
change the value.
Press the 4AUTO5 key to automatically select a scale/division value (Scale) and reference
position to display the entire trace. 4AUTO5 works best when the reference position is set
near the center horizontal graticule line.
See Figure 2-3 for a typical thru-response display.
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Figure 2-3. Initial Display Showing a Thru Connection
2-6
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2. Performing the Measurement Calibration
The dierent types of measurement calibrations oer a dierent degree of accuracy. For
comprehensive information about measurement calibration, refer to Chapter 8, \Measurement
Calibration."
In this example, two types of calibrations are used: 1) Reection and 2) Transmission
Frequency Response Calibrations.
Making a reflection frequency response calibration
A reection frequency response calibration removes systematic errors encountered during
reection measurements. This calibration is identied as an S11 response calibration.
To Identify, Create, and Store S11 Measurement Calibration Data. To follow this example, use
a standard 85052 3.5-mm calibration kit.
1. Press 4CHANNEL 15. In the PARAMETER function block, press 4S115.
2. In the MENUS block, press 4CAL5 to display the Calibration menu.
The name of each of the current calibration kits available internally are listed as the second
line of the CAL 1 and the CAL 2 softkey labels.
The name of the calibration kit used for the calibration should match the connector type of
the test port connector. If a dierent calibration kit has been dened and installed, some of
the key labels relating to calibration standard selection may be dierent, but the general
sequence is similar.
If a calibration kit appropriate for the test port connections is not listed, another can be
loaded inserting the appropriate calibration kit device characteristics data disc supplied
with the Agilent calibration kit, then using the DISC LOAD CAL KIT 1-2 CAL KIT 1
FILE n softkey sequence.
3. Select CAL 1 3.5 mm B.x , where x is the specic issue of the calibration kit. This step
identies the type of calibration kit used and displays the calibration type menu.
4. Select CALIBRATE: RESPONSE . This selects the type of calibration and displays the
frequency response calibration menu.
5. Notice the prompt on the display. Connect the shielded open supplied in the calibration kit
to port 1 of the test set (the same port where the device under test is connected). Channel
1 displays the uncorrected reection signal path frequency response of the shielded open
circuit. See Figure 2-4.
6. When the trace is stable, select OPEN to measure the reection path frequency response.
A prompt on the display tells you to wait for the analyzer to take the data. When the
analyzer is nished taking data, the OPEN key is underlined.
7. When the message WAIT--MEASURING CAL STANDARD disappears, press DONE RESPONSE to
indicate that the frequency response calibration is complete.
8. When the SELECT CALIBRATION SET prompt appears on the display, select CAL SET 1 to
store the calibration data. Now the calibration menu is displayed with CORRECTION 1 ON
underlined.
9. Press 4LOG MAG5 and 4PHASE5 to observe the magnitude and phase response of the calibration
standard.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-7
Reading the displayed response. The displayed trace represents the current measurement
normalized to the modeled response of the shielded open circuit.
For the 3.5 mm calibration, this is 0 dB Return Loss with some phase shift due to the
electrical delay of the oset and some phase shift due to reactive response.
For the 7 mm calibration, this is 0 dB Return Loss with some phase shift due to the
reactive response of the shielded open circuit.
The measurement calibration process has removed the reection signal path frequency
response errors of the system. The network analyzer can now measure reection, with the
analyzer frequency response corrected to the response of the shielded open circuit, on either
channel, in either domain, using any format. The display should look similar to Figure 2-5.
Making a transmission frequency response calibration
A transmission frequency response calibration removes many systematic errors found in
transmission measurements. This calibration is identied as an S21 response calibration.
To Identify, Create, and Store S21 Measurement Calibration Data.
1. Press 4CHANNEL 25, then, in the PARAMETER function block, select 4S215.
2. In the MENUS block, press 4CAL5, then press CAL 1 3.5 mm . This displays the calibration
type menu on the LCD/CRT.
3. Press CALIBRATE: RESPONSE to display the frequency response calibration menu.
4. Make a thru connection by connecting the two points where the two-port device will
eventually be connected. Channel 2 displays the frequency response of the uncorrected
transmission signal path.
5. When the trace is stable, indicating that the thru is properly connected, press THRU to
measure the transmission signal path frequency response. See the example in Figure 2-6.
6. When the message WAIT--MEASURING CAL STANDARD disappears, press DONE RESPONSE to
indicate that the frequency response calibration is complete.
7. Press CAL SET 2 to store the calibration data. The calibration menu reappears with
CORRECTION ON underlined.
8. Press 4LOG MAG5 and 4PHASE5 to observe the magnitude and phase response of the calibration
standard.
At this point the displayed trace represents the current measurement normalized to the
modeled response of the thru (0 dB Insertion Loss, with 0 degrees phase shift). The
measurement calibration process has removed the transmission signal path frequency response
errors of the system. The network analyzer can now measure transmission characteristics,
with the analyzer frequency response corrected to the response of the thru connection, on
either channel, in either domain, using any format. The screen will look similar to Figure 2-7.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
2-8
Introductory Measurement Sequence
Figure 2-4. Display with Open Circuit Connected
Figure 2-5.
Display with S11 Response Calibration ON
Figure 2-6.
Display with Thru Connected (S21 Calibration)
Figure 2-7.
Display with S21 Response Calibration ON
3. Making a Measurement
In this step, an actual measurement is completed.
To measure return loss (S11 ) in LOG MAG format (frequency domain measurements)
In the frequency domain mode, the X-axis of the display represents the frequency span. In
frequency domain, observe the performance characteristics of your DUT with respect to
frequency.
1. Connect the device under test between Port 1 and Port 2 as shown in Figure 2-2.
2. Read the Return Loss of the DUT.
a. Press 4CHANNEL 15 4S115 4LOG MAG5 4MARKER5.
b. Use the RPG knob to position the marker at any point on the trace. The measured
return loss, magnitude and value at the marker position is displayed above the graticule.
The frequency value is displayed in the active function area. See Figure 2-8 for an
example of the typical display.
3. To read the measured phase angle, press 4PHASE5.
4. To position the trace automatically for viewing, press 4AUTO5.
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-9
Figure 2-8. Return Loss: S11 LOG MAG
To measure the insertion loss (S21 ) in LOG MAG format
1. Read the Insertion Loss of the DUT.
a. Press 4CHANNEL 25 4S215 4LOG MAG5 4MARKER5.
b. Use the RPG knob to position the marker at any point on the trace. The measured
Insertion Loss, magnitude value at the marker position, is displayed above the graticule,
The frequency value is displayed in the active function area. See Figure 2-9 for an
example of a typical display.
2. To read the measured phase angle, press 4PHASE5.
3. To position the trace automatically for viewing, press 4AUTO5.
Figure 2-9. Insertion Loss: S21 LOG MAG
2-10
Introductory Measurement Sequence
4. Saving Data and Getting an Output of the Results
You may save the measurement data to the analyzer's internal memory, or save data to the
internal or an external disc drive.
To print or plot the results of the measurements, refer to the steps below. For simplicity,
this example uses the plotting capability. To learn about the other output formats, refer to
Chapter 6, \Copy: Printing and Plotting," and Chapter 7, \Disc Functions" in this manual.
Plotting Advantages
Plotters have higher resolution than printers.
Plotters allow portions of the display to be selectively plotted.
Plot up to four images on a single sheet of paper with the \select quadrant" feature. Refer
to Chapter 6, \Copy; Printing and Plotting" for an example of this feature.
To set up the plotter
1. Identify the plotter connection type needed (either GPIB or RS-232).
2. Connect the plotter to the System Bus or to one of the RS-232 ports.
If the plotter is GPIB , check its address. Verify that the analyzer address matches the
plotter's. Press 4LOCAL5 MORE ADDRESS of PLOTTER: HP-IB
If the plotter is an RS-232 type, check that the analyzer is set to send information
to the RS-232 port where the plotter is connected. Press 4LOCAL5 MORE
ADDRESS of PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #1 or ADDRESS of PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #2 .
3. Choose the type of plot desired, color or monochrome.
4. On the network analyzer press, 4COPY5 DEFINE PLOT PLOT TYPE: COLOR or
PLOT TYPE: MONOCHROME .
5. Load the paper in the plotter.
Monochrome plots require only one pen to execute plots.
Check
plotter pens
Color plots use more than one pen, therefore, you need to select the pens and
select associated slot numbers.
1. Press SET PEN NUMBERS to display the Select Pen Numbers menu.
2. Change the pen-slot assignments for the dierent display elements, or place
pens in appropriate slots, as indicated on the menu.
Refer to Table 2-1 for ideas about pens and the pen-number slot selections.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-11
Table 2-1. To Match Pen Colors to Display Default Colors
Color
Pen Size Pen Slot
Black
Red
Orange
Green
Aqua
Red-Violet
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
Plots
Grid, Markers, Stimulus values
Warnings
S11 data and memory
S22 data and memory
S21 data and memory
S12 data and memory
Plotting the Current Display
To plot all of the elements of the current display: Press 4COPY5 PLOT TO PLOTTER
PLOT: ALL . The analyzer freezes the current display and sends it to the plotter. Once the
data is transferred to the buer, the analyzer is available for use while the data is plotting.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
To plot selected areas of the results display
Press 4COPY5 PLOT TO PLOTTER PLOT: xx , where xx represents a category, as shown on the
Plot to Plotter menu. Categories may be plotted independently. The categories of the display
are listed in Table 2-2:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Table 2-2. Plot Category Key Choices
Category
NNNNNNNNNNNNN
Data
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Memory
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Graticule
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Marker(s)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Title
NNNNNNNNNNNNN
Text
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Limits
2-12
Description of What Gets Plotted
the displayed trace or traces
a measurement trace stored in memory that appears on the display
the display graticule
the display markers and their values
a title created by the operator (refer to Chapter 6 of this manual)
all visible text on the display
plots the limit display when limits are available (refer to the section titled
\Limits" in the DISPLAY menu key descriptions of Chapter 4)
Introductory Measurement Sequence
Measurement Sequence Example 2: Time Domain
If your 8510 system is equipped with Option 010, Time Domain, you can perform the
following additional steps to display measurement in Time Domain.
In time domain mode, the X-axis of the graticule represents time or physical distance. Time
domain allows you to see the performance characteristics of your DUT, with respect to time or
distance.
The procedure in this sequence is for making a typical Time Domain measurement. The
illustrations display examples of the following results:
Time Domain measurement of a short circuit
Time Domain measurement of an air line and short circuit
Time Domain measurement of a cable (a \thru" connection)
Time Domain measurement of an air line
To measure time domain reection response of a short, follow the procedure below:
1. Disconnect the device under test and connect the short circuit device at port 1.
2. Press 4CHANNEL 15 4S115 4DOMAIN5 to present the Time Domain menu, then press
TIME BAND PASS . The time band pass mode provides a Time Domain presentation
suitable for limited bandwidth test devices.
3. Position the marker on the peak of the response by pressing 4MARKER5 MORE
MARKER to MAXIMUM .
For 7 mm, the measured time value should be near 0 seconds, meaning that the short
circuit is connected to port 1 at the same point at which reection measurement calibration
was performed. For 3.5 mm, the peak will be displaced from 0 seconds due to the electrical
delay of the oset short circuit. See Figure 2-10 for an example of the display.
4. Remove the short circuit, install an air line (a 20 cm air line is shown in this example) at
port 1, and install the short circuit at the end of the air line.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Figure 2-10. Time Domain Refl Response Short Circuit: S11 TIME BANDPASS
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-13
To measure time domain reection response of an air line and a short, follow the procedure
below:
The peak response moves away from 0 seconds, out to approximately 1.35 nanoseconds. This
indicates that the short circuit is displaced that amount from the point at which the reection
measurement calibration was performed.
The peak response value represents twice the actual electrical propagation delay of the air line
because the signal travels its length twice: to the short circuit, then back again to the port 1
measurement plane. See Figure 2-11 for an example of the results display.
Figure 2-11. Time Domain Reflection Response of an Air Line and Short Circuit
To measure time domain transmission response of a thru, follow the procedure below:
1. Connect a thru to measure.
a. Disconnect the short circuit and the air line.
b. Press 4CHANNEL 25 4S215 4DOMAIN5 TIME BAND PASS .
2. Position the marker on the peak of the response. The measured time value should be near
0 seconds, indicating that the transmission return cable is connected to the point at which
the transmission measurement calibration was performed. See Figure 2-12 for an example
display.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
2-14
Introductory Measurement Sequence
Figure 2-12. Time Domain Reflection Response of a Thru: S21
To measure time domain response of an air line, follow the procedure below:
1. Insert an air line to measure.
2. Observe that the peak response moves away from 0 nanoseconds, out to approximately
675 picoseconds. This indicates that the transmission return port is displaced by that
time/distance away from the point at which the transmission calibration was performed.
The result represents the actual electrical propagation delay of the air line. See Figure 2-13
for an example of the results display.
Figure 2-13. Time Domain Reflection Response of an Air Line: S21
To return to the frequency domain, press 4DOMAIN5 FREQUENCY .
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Introductory Measurement Sequence
2-15
3
Principles of Operation
Introduction
Information in the next 8 chapters of this system manual helps you maximize the capabilities
of your 8510 system. The sections describe the network analyzer hardware and explain some
of its principles of operation.
The contents of Chapter 3, provide an overview of the sections listed below:
Basic Principles of Network Measurements
Digital Signal Processing
Test Signal Sources
Test Sets
Measurement Accessories
Factory Preset State
Hardware State
Basic Principles of Network Measurements
Vector network analyzers such as the 8510 network analyzer system measure the magnitude
and phase characteristics of electronic networks and components such as lters, ampliers,
attenuators, and antennas. The standard conguration described here measures linear
components stimulated by a swept or CW signal. These congurations can make either
reection measurements or transmission measurements .
An incident signal generated by an RF source controlled by the HP 8510 is applied to the test
network and compared with the signal reected from the test network input or transmitted
through it. See Figure 3-1.
Principles of Operation
3-1
Network Analyzer System Description
Figure 3-1. Reflection and Transmission Measurements Diagramed
Reection
These are made by comparing the reected signal to the incident signal.
measurements Measurement data about reection characteristics of the test network that can
be generated and used to examine the test network include the following:
Return Loss,
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR),
Reection Coecient, and
Impedance.
Transmission These are made by comparing the transmitted signal to the incident signal.
measurements The measurement data about the transmission characteristics of the network
include the following:
Insertion Loss or Gain,
Transmission Coecient,
Electrical Delay from which Electrical Length can be obtained,
Deviation from Linear Phase, and
Group Delay.
By application of the incident signal to the test network output port, the reverse
characteristics, output impedance and reverse transmission, can be measured.
Because both magnitude and phase can be measured, precision standards can be used to
characterize the main sources of measurement uncertainty for the purpose of enhancing the
accuracy of the displayed trace.
Mathematical analysis of the swept reection response using Fourier Transform principles
makes it possible to determine the position and magnitude of impedance changes with respect
3-2
Principles of Operation
Network Analyzer System Description
to a reference plane. Similarly, analysis of the transmitted response allows you to examine
dierent signal paths.
These measurements and accuracy enhancement techniques are further described in this
chapter.
System Block Diagram
Figure 3-2 is a simplied block diagram of the general-purpose 8510 network analyzer system.
Figure 3-2. Simplified System Block Diagram
Description of the 8510 Network Analyzer
The 8510 is a high performance vector receiver. The instrument has four inputs, two
independent measurement channels, and an internal microcomputer to automate
measurements, conduct data processing, display results, and manage data input/output
operations.
The dedicated system bus provides fast digital communication between individual system
instruments, allowing the network analyzer to fully use the source and test set capabilities.
The interface also provides direct data transfer to the hardcopy device for permanent records
of measurement displays.
Principles of Operation
3-3
Network Analyzer System Description
How the 8510 Makes Measurements
In a typical measurement, the signal source is swept from the lower measurement frequency
to the higher measurement frequency using a linear ramp controlled by the 8510. The sweep
is called a ramp sweep. Ramp sweep oers the fastest update of the measurement display.
In step-sweep mode, the source is phase-locked at each discrete measurement frequency
controlled by the 8510.
At the rst frequency conversion stage, signal separation components in the test set apply
a portion of the incident signal and the responses from the device under test to the rst
stage. Digital communication between the receiver and the test set pre-tunes the 65 MHz to
300 MHz voltage-tuned local oscillator (VTO) so that one of its harmonics mixes with the
stimulus to produce a 1st IF frequency close to 20 MHz.
Fine tuning is accomplished by comparing the IF frequency with the internal 20 MHz crystal
reference and sweeping the local oscillator to track the stimulus frequency.
When the local oscillator reaches its upper frequency limit, the sweep is stopped, the local
oscillator is tuned again, phase lock is reestablished, and the sweep is continued. Since the
rst local oscillator frequency is selected algorithmically from a known stimulus frequency, the
measurement is free of harmonic skip.
The second frequency conversion produces an IF frequency of 100 kHz for application to the
detection and data processing elements of the receiver. Because the frequency conversions
are phase-coherent and the IF signal paths are carefully matched, magnitude and phase
relationships between the input signals are maintained throughout the frequency conversion
and detection stages. Automatic, fully calibrated, autoranging IF gain steps maintain the IF
signal at optimum levels for detection over a wide dynamic range.
Test and Measurement Input Channels
Each measurement channel can use either input a1 or a2 as the reference signal; b1 and b2 are
always used for the test signal.
The unused reference channel can be used to measure a third test signal. For example,
assume you choose a1 as the phase-locking reference channel. You can now use a2 as a third
measurement channel.
Ratio Measurements and Sampling Details
Depending upon the test set conguration, the appropriate reference input and test input are
ratioed to obtain the measurement.
During a ramp sweep, the selected inputs are sampled up to 801 times, with sample timing
accomplished by sensing the 0 to 10 V sweep output from the source. For example, with 401
points selected, at each positive 0.025 V change in the sweep voltage, all selected inputs are
sampled and applied to the reference and test synchronous detectors.
In step sweep, the selected inputs are sampled a certain interval after phase lock is
established.
Each synchronous detector develops the real (X) and imaginary (Y) values of the reference,
or test signal, by comparing the input with an internally generated 100 kHz sine wave. This
method practically eliminates measurement uncertainty errors resulting from drift, osets,
and circularity. Each X,Y data pair is sequentially converted to digital values and read by the
central processing unit (CPU).
3-4
Principles of Operation
Network Analyzer System Description
Digital Signal Processing
Digital signal processing (DSP), Figure 3-3, proceeds under control of the 8510 rmware
operating system executed by the main CPU (central processing unit).
CPU and Memory Description
The CPU is a 32-bit Motorolla 68000 microprocessor equipped with 1 Mbyte of RAM, and
512 Kbytes of EEPROM. The rmware operating system is stored permanently in non-volatile
memory, then loaded into active (volatile) memory each time power is applied.
The CPU takes advantage of multi-tasking software architecture, and several distributed
processors, to provide a very fast data-acquisition and display-update rate. The CPU accepts
the digitized real and imaginary data, corrects for IF gain and quadrature errors before the
reference and test pairs are ratioed. If 0 is selected, the data is averaged, then stored in
channel 1 or channel 2 raw data array.
The constants used in this IF correction are obtained periodically with an automatic
self-calibration operation that is invisible to the operator.
Data Processing Steps
While data acquisition software is continually lling the raw data arrays, the data processing
software is processing the data for the two independent display channels.
If error correction is turned on, the raw data and error coecients from the selected
calibration coecient set are used in appropriate computations by a dedicated vector math
processor.
Next, magnitude and phase osets commanded by the electrical delay, reference plane
extensions, magnitude oset, and magnitude slope under the RESPONSE menu structure
are added to the data. If time-domain mode is available and selected, the corrected data
is converted from the frequency domain to time domain using the inverse Fourier Chirp-Z
transform technique. The results are stored into the corrected data arrays.
Memory arrays are lled from the corrected data array, by control of the user, with trace data
for use in vector computations with current corrected data. If trace math is selected, vector
multiplication, division, addition, or subtraction is performed.
Results are formatted according to the FORMAT selection, point-to-point smoothing is
applied, if selected, and stored into the formatted data arrays. Traces are now scaled, then
sent to the display memory where the trace data is combined with dierent display annotation
data.
A dedicated display processor asynchronously converts the formatted data and annotations for
viewing at a icker-free rate on the vector-writing display.
Principles of Operation
3-5
Network Analyzer System Description
Button Push Detection
When the operating system detects a front panel button push, it responds with one of the
following operations:
Executes the command immediately (as when a parameter change is made).
Makes the function just selected become the active function, then waits until input from the
RPG knob, numeric pad, or step keys (as when there is a scale/division change) is entered.
Displays the respective softkey menu.
Certain function selections abort the data processing operation. For example,
Note
MEASUREMENT 4RESTART5 restarts all measurement related functions to the
beginning of the data acquisition group. These groups are FACTORY PRESET
or 4USER PRESET5. These selections initialize the system to a pre-dened state.
In general, changes to the Instrument Sate of the source are executed after the
current sweep is completed.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Figure 3-3. Digital Signal Processing
Test Signal Sources
The 8510 network analyzer system accepts any of the following signal sources:
An 8360 Series Synthesized Sweeper
An 834x Series Synthesized Sweeper
An 8350x Series Sweep Oscillator with an 835xx Series plug-in
These sources have the correct analog interface signals and are fully 0 with the 8510 digital
system bus. The system bus allows the network analyzer to serve as the system controller by
managing the source using standard GPIB protocol.
3-6
Principles of Operation
Network Analyzer System Description
Sources in ramp-sweep mode
All of the of sources can operate in ramp sweep mode. In this mode, the network analyzer
directs the source to sweep in a linear ramp over the selected frequency range.
Synthesized sweepers use the \Lock-and-Roll" tuning technique. With this technique, the rst
frequency of the sweep is set with synthesizer accuracy and a linear analog sweep increases to
the stop frequency.
For narrow frequency sweeps (the width depends upon the frequency range), fully locked
synthesizer performance is obtained over the entire sweep. The sweep oscillator uses an
open-loop YIG-tuned source. Refer to the source specications for frequency accuracy and
resolution details.
Sources in step-sweep mode
Synthesized sweepers can also operate in the step sweep mode. In this mode, synthesizer-class
frequency accuracy and repeatability is obtained by phaselocking the source at each frequency
step over the selected frequency range. This mode provides the highest accuracy, although at
reduced measurement speed.
Test Sets
Agilent produces many dierent test sets. The conguration needed depends on the frequency
range and measurement capabilities desired. The two most commonly used test set types are
the Reection/Transmission test set and the S-parameter test set. Each test set provides the
following:
Input and output ports for connecting the device to test
Signal separation for sampling the reference signal and test signals
Test signal frequency to 20 MHz conversion
Coaxial Test Set Information
The following information applies to coaxial test sets for measurements up to 26.5 GHz. Test
sets for other frequency ranges are described in their appropriate documentation.
With standard coaxial test sets, the frequency converter is fully integrated into the signal
separation path, and provides optimum performance. Parameter selection is controlled from
the network analyzer front panel.
Principles of Operation
3-7
Network Analyzer System Description
Reflection/Transmission Test Sets
Several models of the reection/transmission test set are available. See Figure 3-4 for a signal
ow diagram of a typical Reection/Transmission test set. The test sets provide automatic
selection of S11 or S21 .
If parameter S21 or S22 is selected, it is assumed that the operator has manually reversed the
device under test. Fully error-corrected measurements for one-port devices can be made using
the 1-port calibration procedure.
The one-path 2-port calibration procedure provides full error correction for two-port devices if
the DUT is manually reversed. Note that an attenuator is connected at the device end of the
transmission return cable.
Figure 3-4. Reflection/Transmission Test Set Signal Flow
3-8
Principles of Operation
Network Analyzer System Description
S-Parameter Test Sets
S-parameter test sets (shown in Figure 3-5) provide automatic selection of S11 , S21, S12 , and
S22 . The stimulus is automatically switched for forward and reverse measurements. This
capability allows for fully error-corrected measurements on one-port devices and two-port
devices without needing to manually reverse the DUT. By taking the ratio after electronic
switching, switching path repeatability errors are eliminated.
The bias input and sense connections provided allow the testing of active devices. Internal
10 dB steps attenuators (from 0 dB to 90 dB), are available to control the incident stimulus
level at the DUT input, without causing a change in the reference signal level.
Figure 3-5. S-Parameter Test Set Signal Flow
Principles of Operation
3-9
Network Analyzer System Description
Customized Test Sets
To congure signal separation of your own design, use the 8511A frequency converter (see
Figure 3-6). The converter does not include signal separation devices, thus allowing you to
construct a test set and connect the reference and test signals to the frequency converter
inputs.
If your test setup does not follow the standard conventions of the reection/transmission or
S-parameter test set, use the REDEFINE PARAMETER function sequence in the network analyzer
system to select appropriate reference and test inputs to use.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Figure 3-6. 8511A Frequency Converter Signal Flow
3-10
Principles of Operation
Network Analyzer System Description
Measurement Accessories
Source Output-to-Test-Set Input Signal Cable
Use a high quality source-to-test-set cable set to minimize loss and instability. The preferred
source-to-test set cable set is part number 08513-60009. This set has has a 3.5-mm male
connector on one end and the 3.5-mm female connector on the other. These cables have low
loss and are rugged.
Test Port Return Cables
High quality cables, attenuators, and adapters to connect between the test set ports and
the device under test are essential to achieve accurate, repeatable measurements. Worn or
unstable cables and connectors increase measurement errors due to directivity, mismatch,
and frequency response eects. Check cables and connectors regularly and replace them as
necessary.
Test port return cables used with the network analyzer system must be durable and stable,
and care is required to avoid damaging them. Cables can be destroyed by bending with too
tight a radius. Because even with careful use, cables wear out eventually, treat all cables as
consumable items to be replaced as often as necessary. The most important characteristic of
all cables is minimum magnitude and phase change between movements (exures) of the cable.
Replace a cable when unacceptable magnitude and/or phase changes occur when the cable is
moved.
The standard recommended cables, in good condition, must be used for detailed performance
verication of the analyzer system. These cable sets have low insertion loss, good electrical
match, and high return loss, and they are stable in use. For other applications, any high
quality cable set can be used.
Extension Lines
External signal path extension lines connected to the test set rear panel EXTENSION A and
EXTENSION B connectors are used to balance the reference and test signal path lengths
according to the port 1 and port 2 connections to the test device. Balancing the reference
and test signal path lengths can be important when making measurements requiring highest
accuracy. Signal path balance is less important when using the synthesized sweeper in the
step sweep mode.
The extension lines are provided in two lengths: long, which has several loops, and short.
Figure 3-7 shows the recommended conguration of theses extension lines for the standard
coaxial test sets.
Principles of Operation
3-11
Network Analyzer System Description
Figure 3-7. Recommended Typical Test Setups
3-12
Principles of Operation
Network Analyzer System Description
For the reection/transmission test sets, when connecting the DUT directly to port 1, use
the short extension lines. On these test sets, the Extension B line is in the test signal path,
making it possible to add bias tees, step or xed attenuators, ampliers, isolators, or other
signal-conditioning devices.
For the S-parameter test sets, when using a standard test setup with the DUT connected at
the ends of the equal length test port extension cables, use the long rear panel extension lines.
When connecting the DUT directly at port 1 and using a single transmission return cable, use
the short extension line on Extension B.
You may observe the relative signal path length by observing the uncorrected phase response
of the short circuit and the thru connections. If non-standard test port extension cables are
used, the Extension Lines may be changed to other lengths of high quality cable (low insertion
loss, high return loss, stable in use) in order to balance electrical lengths.
Adapters (To Protect Test Ports from Wear)
To preserve the port connectors on the test set, avoid connecting any device under test
directly to the test set ports. Always use a high quality adapter or cable as a \connector
saver" to avoid damage and wear to the cable connector. Use only high-quality adapters such
as those supplied in the Agilent calibration kits. Connect an appropriate cable to the test set
port, then connect an adapter that mates to the device under test to the end of this cable.
Proper Connector Care and Use
Keep all connector mating surfaces clean, inspect all connectors visually before every use, and
use connector gages to verify that the mating tolerances are within specications. Always
use a calibrated torque wrench, set to the correct torque, when tightening or removing
connections.
Calibration Kits
Use only the highest quality calibration standards: devices that have a known response and
are stable in use. Only calibration devices that have an accuracy equal to or greater than
those in HP calibration kits can provide the calibration and error correction accuracy needed
to achieve full, specied measurement accuracy with the 8510 network analyzer system.
Also be aware that calibration standards, like all devices, can become worn and unstable
with use. When a calibration device is no longer stable and repeatable, or if it shows signs of
connector damage or wear, replace it. Detailed handling and storage instructions appear in
the calibration kit operating and service manuals.
A typical calibration kit contains a shielded open circuit, a short circuit, xed and sliding
loads, a connector gage, gage calibration blocks and aligning pins, extra precision 6-slot
center collets, a center collet extractor, a connector torque wrench, and a calibration kit
denition data cartridge. The calibration kit denition data cartridge contains the nominal
characteristics for each of the calibration devices in the kit.
If you use other than a standard Agilent calibration kit, you can dene the standard's nominal
characteristics from the analyzer front panel using the MODIFY CAL SET feature explained
\Modifying A Calibration Set," at then end of Chapter 8. After you dene the calibration kit
standards, you can store the data on disc and reload the data as required.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Principles of Operation
3-13
Network Analyzer System Description
Verification Kits
Performance verication standards are used to determine that the system can be calibrated
and can produce good measurement results. Devices in the verication kits are precision
devices that should not be used on a day-to-day basis. These devices have been characterized
on a standards-class network analyzer by experienced Agilent personnel. If you use proper
calibration and measurement techniques, your measurement results should be comparable
to the data supplied with the devices, within the system specications. The typical
Agilent verication kit includes xed attenuators, a beadless air line, and a beadless,
stepped-impedance, two-port air line mismatch standard. Data for the devices includes a
device data sheet that lists traceable fully error-corrected data and measurement uncertainty
data on all devices in the kit at various specied frequencies. This measurement uncertainty
includes both the uncertainty of the Agilent measurement system and the specied
uncertainty of the recommended test system.
For detailed system performance verication instructions, refer to Chapter 8, \Specications
and Performance Verication," in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual.
For information concerning the use and care of the test set, test cables, adapters, calibration
kits, and verication kits, refer to their respective manuals. These are supplied with your
system.
3-14
Principles of Operation
Automatic Recall of Instrument Settings
Automatic Recall of Instrument Settings
The receiver remembers most measurement settings when you switch back and forth between
channels, domains, parameters, or display formats. (This feature remembers all measurement
settings except stimulus settings.) This feature is automatic, and does not require you to use
the Save or Recall functions. The feature is called \limited instrument state memory."
Limited instrument state memory works by assigning a hierarchy to the instrument settings.
The hierarchy is as follows:
Channel (1 or 2)
Domain (Frequency, Time, or Power)
Parameter (1, 2, 3, or 4)
Format (any display format)
Response (scale and reference line)
Every mode in the above list remembers all settings you make that are lower in the hierarchy .
For example, assume you choose the following measurement settings.
Channel 1
Power Domain
Parameter 3
Log mag (format)
Reference 010 dB
Scale 5 dB/div
Now you go to Channel 2 and make completely dierent settings.
When you go back to Channel 1, the settings shown above automatically resume. This
hierarchical memory applies to all the controls in the above list.
The Added Benefit of the SAVE/RECALL Feature
Stimulus settings are not part of the limited instrument state memory explained above. To
save stimulus settings along with all the other settings, you must use the SAVE/RECALL
feature. Two other advantages of the Save/Recall feature are:
Saved instrument states can be stored to disc.
Instrument states saved to Save/Recall register 8 becomes the default power-ON or User
Preset state.
Principles of Operation
3-15
Factory Preset State
Factory Preset State
The Factory Preset State consists of the factory default values selected for various functions.
The following table lists the preset state or value associated with a function. If you have a
question about a specic function, refer to its individual entry in the Agilent 8510C Keyword
Dictionary .
Table 3-1. Factory Preset Conditions for the 8510C
CORRECTION OFF,
Z0 = 50
, PORT EXTENSIONS 1 and 2 = 0 seconds,
VELOCITY FACTOR = 1.0,
TRIM SWEEP = 0,
CAL SETS 1-8 = Not Changed
DOMAIN
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
GATE OFF
DISPLAY
SINGLE CHANNEL, DATA
Trace Memories 1-8 Not Changed
Display Colors Not Changed
Date/Time Clock On
MARKER
all OFF, 4 OFF,
DISCRETE
Marker List On, 1 Marker per Parameter
STIMULUS
Maximum sweep range of source and test set
NUMBER OF POINTS = 201,
Source Power = depends upon the source
Test Set Attenuation = 0 dB,
SWEEP TIME = 166 ms, RAMP SWEEP, CONTINUAL,
COUPLED CHANNELS
PARAMETER Channel 1 = S11 , Channel 2 = S21
FORMAT
Channel 1 = LOG MAG. Channel 2 = LOG MAG
RESPONSE
SCALE = 10 dB/division,
REF VALUE = 0 dB, REF POSN = 5,
ELECTRICAL DELAY = 0 seconds, COAXIAL,
AVERAGING = OFF, SMOOTHING = OFF,
PHASE OFFSET = 0 degrees, MAGNITUDE OFFSET = 0 dB,
MAGNITUDE SLOPE = 0 dB/GHz
INSTRUMENT Selected Channel = 1, No Menu Displayed
STATE
SAVE/RECALL Instrument States 1-8 Not Changed.
COPY
PLOT ALL = FULL PAGE
S11 Data = Pen 3
S21 = Pen 5
Plot Type = Color
SYSTEM
GPIB Addresses Not Changed
LCD/CRT ON, IF GAIN = AUTO
MULTIPLE SOURCE = OFF
CAL
3-16
Principles of Operation
Factory Preset State
Hardware State
In general, the Hardware State functions are those that are required for proper operation at
power up and relate more to the hardware conguration of the analyzer. These functions are
not aected by pressing either 4USER PRESET5 or FACTORY PRESET . Values or text shown in
parenthesis are factory default settings.
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Table 3-2.
Hardware State
GPIB Addresses
Setting
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of 8510
(16)
(17)
SOURCE #1 (19)
TEST SET (20)
PLOTTER (GPIB, 5)
PRINTER (GPIB, 1)
DISC (0)
SOURCE #2 (31)
PASS-THRU (31)
RF SWITCH (31)
POWERMETER (13)
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of SYSTEM BUS
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
ADDRESS of
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
Disc Unit Number (0)
Disk Volume Number (0)
System Phaselock Type (Internal)
System Phaselock Speed (Normal)
System Phaselock Step Type (Reads Source in System to Determine)
Multiple Source Values
GPIB Response to PRES; Command (User Preset)
Warning Beeper (On)
Power Level RF Source #1 (0 dBm)
Power Level LO Source #2 (0 dBm)
ADDRESS of
RF Source #1
Numerator (1)
Denominator (1)
Oset (0)
LO Source #2
Numerator (0)
Denominator (1)
Oset (0)
Receiver
Numerator (1)
Denominator (1)
Oset (0)
Principles of Operation
3-17
Factory Preset State
Table 3-2. (continued)
Hardware State
LCD/CRT Display Colors
External Video Synchronization (Sync on Green, Negative)
Power Leveling
3-18
Principles of Operation
Setting
Background Intensity (0%)
Softkeys (Bright White)
Warnings (Bright Red)
S11 Data (Bright Yellow)
S22 Data (Bright Green)
S21 Data (Bright Cyan)
S12 Data (Bright Salmon)
Graticule (Dim Grey)
Marker Symbols (White)
S11 Memory (Medium Yellow)
S22 Memory (Medium Green)
S21 Memory (Medium Cyan)
S12 Memory (Medium Salmon)
Stimulus Values (Medium White)
Source 1 (internal)
Source 2 (internal)
4
Measurement Controls
Measurement controls include the following menu blocks and front-panel keys, which are
described in this chapter in the following alphabetical order:
Display
Domain
Marker
Parameter
Response
Stimulus
Display
Press the 4DISPLAY5 key in the MENUS block to bring the Display menu onto the CRT/LCD.
The original 85101 (top box) of 8510 systems incorporated a cathode ray tube
Note
(CRT) based display. The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display
(LCD). Display references apply to both designs unless noted otherwise.
Choices under the Display menu allow you to choose:
Single channel, single parameter, or
Single channel, four parameter, or
Dual channel displays.
The color attributes of the CRT/LCD.
External video interface selections (CRT only).
Limit lines and limit point measurements.
Storage (to memory) and display of complete traces.
Complex trace math using the current data and a trace stored in memory or the current
data from either channel.
Measurement Controls
4-1
DISPLAY Functions
Display Modes
The display mode menu is shown in Figure 4-1.
Figure 4-1. Display and Display Mode Menus
Figure 4-2 shows one possible LCD/CRT display and its annotation areas. Figure 4-3 shows
the annotation areas for the four parameter split display mode.
Figure 4-2. Annotation Areas for Single Parameter or Dual Channel Display Mode
4-2
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
Figure 4-3. Annotation Areas for Four Parameter Split Display Mode
The annotation areas are explained in Chapter 1, \Principles of Operation." Note that the
following annotation areas stay in the same location regardless of the display mode.
Active Entry
System Messages
Enhancement Annotation Stimulus Values
Softkey Menu Display
Measurement Display
SINGLE PARAMETER is the Factory Preset state, with channel 1 displaying S11 .
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Dual Channel Display Modes
In dual channel operation, the current channel 1 and channel 2 measurements are displayed at
the same time.
DUAL CHAN OVERLAY displays both measurements full size on the format selected for each
channel. A dual channel overlay trace showing Log Mag for both channels is shown in
Figure 4-4, although any parameter, format, and response settings can be selected for either
channel. For Cartesian displays, trace labels identify the traces for the two channels: the
label 1 (identifying the trace from channel 1) appears on the left of the graticule; the label 2
(channel 2) appears on the right of the graticule.
DUAL CHAN SPLIT displays the measurements on two half-size graticules side by side.
Channel 1 measurements are on the left, channel 2 measurements on the right.
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Measurement Controls
4-3
DISPLAY Functions
Figure 4-4. Dual Channel Overlay and Split Displays
Operation in dual channel is the same as for single channel. To change the measurement
setup, rst select the channel, press 4CHANNEL 15 or 4CHANNEL 25, then make the control settings.
The Parameter, Format, and Response functions are selected independently for each channel.
If you want to choose dierent Stimulus functions for each channel, you must rst \uncouple"
the channels by pressing STIMULUS 4MENU5 MORE UNCOUPLED CHANNELS (see Stimulus for
details).
To return to a single-channel display, press 4DISPLAY5, DISPLAY MODE SINGLE PARAMETER .
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4-4
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
Single Channel, Four Parameter Display Modes
Four parameter display modes are useful for viewing all four S-parameters or a combination of
S-parameters with User parameters at the same time.
FOUR PARAM OVERLAY displays all four parameters full size in the format selected for each
parameter. In four parameter overlay display mode, information for all four parameters
appears at the top of the display in the following format:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
S11
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
S21
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
DISPLAY FORMAT
SCALE
DISPLAY FORMAT
SCALE
S12
DISPLAY FORMAT
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
S22
SCALE
DISPLAY FORMAT
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
SCALE
User parameters are shown in the following locations:
USER 1
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
USER 2
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
DISPLAY FORMAT
SCALE
DISPLAY FORMAT
SCALE
USER 3
DISPLAY FORMAT
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
USER 4
SCALE
DISPLAY FORMAT
REFERENCE LINE VALUE
SCALE
FOUR PARAM SPLIT displays all four parameters in four quarter-sized graticules. In the four
parameter split display mode (Figure 4-3), parameter identication information appears
directly above the respective trace display.
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Adjust Display Menu
In this menu, you can modify the visual characteristics of the display, including its intensity,
and colors.
The original 85101 (top box) of 8510 systems incorporated a cathode ray tube
Note
(CRT) based display. The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display
(LCD). Display references apply to both designs unless noted otherwise.
Intensity
To change the overall display intensity press, 4DISPLAY5 MORE ADJUST DISPLAY and
INTENSITY . Use the RPG knob or entry keys to enter the intensity value desired. Terminate
entries with the 4x15 key.
For a CRT display, the factory default setting is set to 83%. This setting maximizes display
life.
For an LCD, the factory default setting is set to 100%. It can be adjusted from 100% to
50%.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Measurement Controls
4-5
DISPLAY Functions
The intensity level cannot be saved/recalled. It remains as set or returns to the factory
default.
Background Intensity (CRT only)
Background intensity can be changed to any value from 0 to 100%. The factory set value
is zero, to oer the greatest contrast with the intensity level. Background intensity can be
saved/recalled.
Modify colors
The displayed colors can be changed to any of sixteen dierent colors, saved, and recalled. See
Figure 4-5 for the adjust display menu.
4-6
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
Figure 4-5. Adjust Display Menu
The following sequence of steps demonstrates how to change, save, and recall the colors for the
displayed elements.
1. Press 4DISPLAY5 ADJUST DISPLAY MODIFY COLORS . This keystroke sequence displays page
one of the modify colors menu.
2. Choose one of the various display elements shown on the menu. For example, press MORE
STIMULUS . By selecting the stimulus element, you have actually chosen to modify the color
assigned to the stimulus value notation shown on the display. Now you can adjust the
tint, brightness, and color saturation for that color. The tint, brightness, and color default
settings vary with the display element/color selected.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Measurement Controls
4-7
DISPLAY Functions
a. Press BRIGHTNESS . Use the knob to vary the intensity of the color from very dim
(cannot be seen at 0%) to very bright (100%).
b. Press COLOR . Use the knob to vary the color saturation of the the color from white
(0%) to all color (100%).
c. Press TINT . Tint is the continuum of hues on the color wheel, ranging from red,
through green and blue, and back to red.
The tint setting for the primary colors is as follows:
yellow = 14
blue (cyan) = 53
red = 0
3. The RESET COLOR softkey returns the display element/color to the default color denition
for that color.
4. Press PREDEFINED COLORS to display the menu of colors with predened denitions for
tint, brightness, and color.
5. Choose one of the predened colors, for example GREEN . The display element/color turns
green and the last active function, tint value in this case, is shown.
6. To save the color modications you have made, press 4PRIOR MENU5 as many times as
necessary to return to the adjust display menu or press 4DISPLAY5 ADJUST DISPLAY . Now
press SAVE COLORS .
7. To recall a previously saved color scheme, press RECALL COLORS .
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Default Colors
The DEFAULT COLORS softkey returns the display attributes to their factory set default colors
and background intensity. The following is a partial list of the default color denitions.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Table 4-1. Default Settings for Display Elements
Display
Element
SOFTKEYS
WARNING
S11 DATA
S22 DATA
S21 DATA
S12 DATA
GRATICULE
MARKERS
S11 MEM
S22 MEM
S21 MEM
S12 MEM
STIMULUS
4-8
Color
white
red
yellow
green
cyan (blue)
salmon
grey
white
mustard (yellow)
green
lt. cyan (blue)
lt. red
white
Measurement Controls
Tint
0
0
14
38
53
0
0
0
11
41
60
0
0
Brightness
%
100
100
100
93
100
100
49
80
70
63
70
75
90
Color
%
0
100
100
100
60
36
0
0
85
85
60
55
0
DISPLAY Functions
External Video (CRT only)
The network analyzer is designed to work with external video monitors. Use the controls in
the following menu to congure the system for compatibility with a variety of monitors. To
evaluate a display for analyzer compatibility, look for a horizontal scan range that includes
25.5 kHz. None of these controls aect the internal CRT.
Figure 4-6. External Video Menu
The external video connections are made available through the D1191A external video cable,
provided with your analyzer system. Connect the cable to the rear-panel EXTERNAL
DISPLAY multi-pin connector. Refer to Table 4-2.
To use the analyzer with an HP 35741 or 35742 external monitor, match and connect the red,
green, blue BNC cables and then check the analyzer external video settings for sync-on-green
mode. This synchronization method superimposes the combined horizontal and vertical sync
signals onto the green (analog) video signal. This is done in a manner similar to EIA standard
RS-330 (positive video, negative sync). This is the factory default setting, but once modied,
the new settings are retained in EEPROM and are not modied by FACTORY PRESET or by
recalling an Instrument State.
Use COMPOSITE SYNC when the external display device requires a TTL-level composite sync.
To some external display devices, the polarity of the synchronization signal is signicant. The
composite signal may be either positive or negative logic.
Use horizontal, vertical sync when an external display device requires separate TTLcompatible synchronization signals. After selecting H,V SYNC , check and set, if necessary, the
polarity of the synchronization signal.
Use NEGATIVE SYNC when an external display device requires negative logic, TTL-compatible
synchronization.
Use POSITIVE SYNC when an external display device requires positive logic, TTL-compatible
synchronization.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Measurement Controls
4-9
DISPLAY Functions
Table 4-2. External Display Cable Connections
Mode
BNC Cable Signal
Red Green Blue
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
SYNC ON GREEN
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
COMPOSITE SYNC
FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
H, V SYNC
External Video (LCD only)
RGB
RGB
RGB
Sync
on green/white BNC
on black/white BNC
horizontal (H) on black/white BNC
vertical (V) on brown/white BNC
Network analyzers with a liquid crystal display (LCD) installed are designed to work with
external VGA video monitors. The external video connections are made available through the
rear-panel VGA multi-pin connector.
4-10
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
Limits: Limit Lines and Limit Points Measurements
On the 8510C network analyzer, you can dene limits that are displayed on the screen, while
the trace is displayed. These limits allow you to visually compare the trace values with the
limits that are dened.
In addition to the limits display on the screen, you can select to have the 8510C perform a
numeric PASS/FAIL comparison with the dened limits. The comparison will indicate whether
the current trace meets the user-dened limits. PASS appears if the trace meets the dened
limits, or FAIL appears if the trace exceeds the dened limits.
Types of Limits
There are two limit types:
Limit Lines
Limit Points
This type of limit consists of two end points with a line drawn
between the end points. The end points of the line are dened by
a stimulus value, usually a frequency, and a limit value. The limit
line drawn between the two end points may be either at or sloping,
depending upon the end point settings. Make certain that you enter
an end-point value that is greater than the begin-point value.
This type of limit consists of a single point, having a single stimulus
value and limit value. A limit point is drawn on the display as ^
symbol. The sharp point in the ^ indicates the position of the limit
point.
Limit Testing
For the purpose of limit PASS/FAIL testing, limit lines and points may be dened as being
either \upper" (maximum) limits, or \lower" (minimum) limits. When limit PASS/FAIL
testing is turned on, the measurement points that are on-screen, and fall within any dened
limits, are tested. Either a PASS or FAIL message is displayed relating to the results of the
test.
For limit lines, keep in mind that only data points that are actually measured are tested
against the limits. For example, a limit line could end between two measurement points. If
this happens, the end point of the limit line is not tested.
For limit lines, only the measurement points that fall between the limit line
Note
end points are tested.
For limit points, if the limit point does not fall exactly on a measurement point, then the
nearest actual measurement point is used for the limit PASS/FAIL test. In addition, any limit
point that is not in the measurement range (o the edge of the display), of course, is not
tested.
When no limits are dened, turning limit testing ON displays a PASS message. Any limits
that are dened, but are not in the current measurement range (they are o the edge of the
display), are also not tested.
If desired, limit PASS/FAIL may be turned on without limits being displayed.
Measurement Controls
4-11
DISPLAY Functions
Limit Tables
Each limit table can consist of from 0 to 12 limits, in any combination of limit lines and limit
points.
An instrument state in the 8510C can contain eight limit tables. There are four tables for
each channel, and one table for each of the four \primary" parameters (one each for S11,
S21, S12, and S22, but the same limit table is used for S11 and User 1.) By having multiple
limit tables, separate tables of limits may be dened for each parameter while in 4-parameter
display mode.
After a limit table has been created for one parameter on one channel, that table may be
copied to any other parameter on either of the channels, using the COPY LIMITS function.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Figure 4-7. Example of a Limit Test using Limit Lines
Creating a Limit Test
Use the following example to set up an example limit test for an RF lter.
This procedure assumes a device response is displayed on the network analyzer
Note
screen.
To Set Up the Measurement
1. Connect the RF lter between the network analyzer RF OUT and RF IN ports.
2. Press 4PRESET5, 4FREQ5, then 4CENTER5. Enter the center frequency of the RF lter being
tested.
For this example, enter 175 MHz for the center frequency.
4-12
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
3. Press 4SPAN5 and enter a frequency span that simplies viewing the passband of the RF
lter.
4.
Use a 200 MHz span, as an example.
Press 4SCALE5 then AUTOSCALE to view the entire measurement trace.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
To Set the Limit Test Values
Limits create boundaries between which an active trace must remain for the measurement to
pass. To develop the limits, you select an appropriate softkey and adjust its position (value)
with the RPG, the step keys, or by entering the numeric value via the key pad.
5. Press 4DISPLAY5 then LIMITS . The network analyzer display splits into two sections. One
section displays the limit table and the other shows the selected limits on the display.
6. Press ADD LIMIT to display the Add Limit menu.
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To Define the Maximum Limit
In the following example, the response of the lter is measured against three maximum limit
lines. The values are determined from the displayed trace, then limit parameters are entered
for a limit test. The values used for determining the limits are as follows:
Location
The low side of the cut-o
frequency portion
The bandpass portion
The high-side of the cut-o
frequency portion
Frequency of Interest
125 MHz to 150 MHz
155 MHz to 195 MHz
200 MHz to 225 MHz
There are two ways to dene the test limits:
1. Use a marker to determine the frequencies of the trace you plan to limit test:
Press MARKER .
Use the RPG knob to move the marker along the trace, or use the = MARKER key to
enter values directly.
2. Or, use the softkeys and the RPG, step keys, or numeric keys in any combination to
visually adjust the limits in real-time, about the displayed measurement trace.
a. Press ADD MAX LINE to set a limit above the device's response trace.
b. Press BEGIN STIMULUS , then enter 125 MHz. This is the beginning frequency value of
the rst, maximum limit line.
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Measurement Controls
4-13
DISPLAY Functions
Note
Correct a mistake by using the following technique:
If your incorrect value is entered and you have not pressed 4MHz5, back space
over the error, then enter the correct value.
If you have pressed 4MHz5 for the incorrect value, press BEGIN STIMULUS
and enter the corrected value.
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c. Press END STIMULUS . Enter 150 MHz, the ending frequency of the rst maximum limit
line. A limit line is drawn between the two frequency values you entered, at a zero (0.0)
unit level.
d. Press BEGIN LIMIT and watch the limit segment and measurement trace as you rotate
the RPG knob to adjust the beginning of the limit segment.
e. Place the beginning of the limit line at 025 dB, which is the device's maximum
allowable output power level, for the beginning frequency.
Notice that the power level and frequency value appear in the limit-test table.
Note
You can iterate between setting the beginning and ending of the limit line
position.
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f. Press END LIMIT , and watch the traces on the display as you rotate the RPG to adjust
the end of the limit segment.
g. Place the end of the limit line at 0.0 dB, which is the device's maximum allowable
output power level, for the ending frequency.
3. Press 4PRIOR MENU5, then ADD MAX LINE . Repeat the above steps for the frequencies of the
second and third maximum limit lines. For this example:
1) 155 MHz to 195 MHz, and 2) 200 MHz to 225 MHz
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4-14
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
To Define Minimum Limit Lines
If desired, use the RPG, step keys, or numeric keypad to dene minimum limits. Minimum
limits may be at frequencies that are dierent from the maximum limit frequencies. It is
acceptable to enter minimum limits before or after entering maximum limits.
For this example, the frequencies used for maximum and minimum limit lines are slightly
dierent. Refer to the table below:
Location
The low side of the cut-o
frequency portion
The bandpass portion
The high-side of the cut-o
frequency portion
Frequency of Interest
125 MHz to 150 MHz
155 MHz to 195 MHz
200 MHz to 225 MHz
1. Press 4PRIOR MENU5, then ADD MIN LINE to set up the limit line for the device's lower level
response.
2. Press BEGIN STIMULUS and enter 125 MHz, the beginning frequency of the rst minimum
limit line.
Correct a mistake by using the following technique:
Note
If your incorrect value is entered and you have not pressed 4MHz5, back space
over the error, then enter the correct value.
If you have pressed 4MHz5 for the incorrect value, press BEGIN STIMULUS
and enter the corrected value.
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3. Press END STIMULUS . Enter 150 MHz, the ending frequency of the rst minimum limit
line. A limit line is drawn between the two frequency values you entered, at a zero (0.0)
unit level.
4. Press BEGIN LIMIT and watch the limit segment and measurement trace as you rotate the
RPG knob to adjust the limit segment.
5. Place the beginning of the limit line at 050 dB, which is the device's minimum allowable
output power level for the beginning frequency.
Notice that the power level and frequency value appear in the limit-test table.
Note
You can iterate between setting the beginning and ending of the limit line
position.
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6. Press END LIMIT and rotate the RPG to position the end of the limit line at 010 dB, the
device's minimum allowable output power level for the ending frequency.
7. Press 4PRIOR MENU5, then ADD MIN LINE and repeat the steps above for the second and
third minimum limit lines. For this example,
1) 155 MHz to 195 MHz, and 2) 200 MHz to 225 MHz
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Measurement Controls
4-15
DISPLAY Functions
Figure 4-8. Limit Test Example Using Limit Lines and Limit Points
Editing Limits in the Limits Table
You may edit any individual frequency, limit, or limit line after you have created it. Become
familiar with the information below about modifying a limit value:
1. Press 4DISPLAY5, then LIMITS . The display shows the test device response with limit lines
and the tabular listing of the limits set. The highlighted box surrounding one segment
indicates the currently selected limit for editing.
2. Press the arrow keys or use the RPG to move the highlighted box to the portion of the test
parameter to edit.
3. Press EDIT LIMITS , then press the keys that correspond to the portions of the limit you
want to edit (begin frequency, end frequency, begin limit, or end limit, as an example.
4. Enter new limit values.
5. Press 4PRIOR MENU5 to return to the limits menu.
6. Press LIMIT TEST ON to activate the limit test with the new limits. Test results are
displayed on the screen as PASS or FAIL.
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4-16
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
Trace Memory Operations
You can store a response in one of the eight trace memory locations, then compare the
data with the current measurement trace, in any format. The Display menu provides
softkeys so you can show the data and memory traces individually, or simultaneously. The
DATA AND MEMORIES softkey displays the menu to use.
In both single- and dual-channel modes, the display data, memory, and trace math operations
are always uncoupled. You may select memory operations independently for each channel.
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Storing Trace Data in Memory
Press the 4DISPLAY5 key in the MENUS block. The factory preset condition selects
DISPLAY: DATA for both Channel 1 and Channel 2. This setting displays the trace from the
current trace data.
To store the active trace in memory, press DATA ! MEMORYn (where n represents the memory
location number, 1 through 8). After a factory preset, each channel is assigned a separate
memory. The current channel selection for the memory is indicated by the number in the
softkey label, DATA ! MEMORY n .
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To Display a Stored Trace
To display the stored (memory) trace only, press DISPLAY: MEMORY . Notice that when the
memory trace is displayed, the numeric trace indicator for the Cartesian display (a 1 for
channel 1 or a 2 for channel 2) disappears. In addition, the sweep is stopped. The parameter
label located in the channel identication area changes to indicate which memory register is
being displayed.
Settings that can and cannot be changed. You may select any format and response setting
to display the stored trace. The STIMULUS menu 4START5 and 4STOP5 key functions are not
active. The marker can be used to read the power and frequency values of the memory trace.
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To Display Data and Memory Simultaneously
Press DATA AND MEMORIES , then press the DATA and MEMORY key. The two traces are
displayed in the same grid. The two traces use the same scale per division, reference line
value, and reference line position that was used for the selected data trace. The parameter
label in the channel identication area changes to name the parameter and the memory that is
displayed.
Notice the current data trace is annotated with either a 1 or a 2 at the end of the trace. The
memory trace, however is not annotated. The marker reads only the current data trace.
Settings that can and cannot be changed. The stored trace must be viewed in the same
domain (frequency, time, voltage, or power) as which the data was stored. Changing the
instrument domain before retrieving the data cannot change the data's domain. The same
number of frequency points must also be used. If the domain or number of points is changed
prior to retrieving the data, the current memory operation is automatically turned OFF, and
DISPLAY: DATA is selected.
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Measurement Controls
4-17
DISPLAY Functions
Most other display details, however, can be the ones chosen for the currently displayed trace
because of the following methodology:
Data is transferred to memory after error correction is performed.
Data is transferred to memory after electrical delay is applied.
Data is transferred to memory after time domain conversion is completed.
Data is transferred to memory prior to trace-math operations.
Refer to Figure 3-3, \Digital Signal Processing" diagram, for a better look at which operations
are a part of the stored trace data.
To Select the Default Memory
Refer to Figure 4-9. On the far, left-hand side is the Display menu. Press the
DATA AND MEMORIES key. Use the SELECT DEFAULTS key to change the DATA ! MEMORY 1
to be any one of eight memory locations. The number in the softkey reects the default
memory location you choose.
If you are using Channel 2, the softkey changes to DATA ! MEMORY 2 . Again, any of the
other eight memory locations may be selected. Figure 4-9 illustrates the menus available for
the memory operations.
The default settings after a factory preset are as follows:
Data for Channel 1 is saved in memory register 1.
Data for Channel 2 is saved in memory register 2.
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4-18
Measurement Controls
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DISPLAY Functions
Figure 4-9. Display Menu Showing Trace Memory Locations Menu
Measurement Controls
4-19
DISPLAY Functions
Refer to the following steps to select a memory location:
1. Select either 4CHANNEL 15 or 4CHANNEL 25.
2. Press 4DISPLAY5, then press DATA AND MEMORIES .
3. Press SELECT DEFAULTS . Notice that the currently selected memory register is underlined.
4. Press the key beside the memory register ( 1 through 7 , then MORE for 8 ) to underline a
dierent default memory register.
5. To leave the setting unchanged, press 4PRIOR MENU5.
Which memory locations are volatile, which are not. The Display menu reappears after pressing
a DEFAULT to MEMORY n (where n represents a number 1 through 8). Memory locations 1,
2, 3, or 4 are non-volatile memory locations. Therefore, the contents are retained after an
instrument power cycle.
If memory locations 5, 6, 7, or 8 are displayed, these are volatile registers. The contents of
these registers are purged after an instrument power cycle.
What is the operational life of non-volatile memory. In addition, memory locations 1, 2, 3, and
4 use a solid-state memory type that can fail after a number of DATA ! MEMORY operations
are used. The quantity is more than 10,000 operations, however. In view of this factor, use
memory registers 5, 6, 7, and 8 rather than 1, 2, 3, and 4 for repetitive memory operations.
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Trace Math Operations
The trace math operations provide functionality for complicated mathematical calculations
such as:
Vector addition
Vector subtraction
Vector multiplication
Vector division
You can use these functions on the data trace, using a selected memory, or in dual channel
operation, from the opposite channel. Following a factory preset sequence, the default math
operation for both channels is MATH (/) . This function provides a display showing the ratio
between the current trace and the stored trace. Notice that the parameter label in the channel
identication area changes to show the math operation is being performed. The equivalent
equation for this display is as shown:
current trace (DAT A)
stored trace (M EM ORY )
If the current trace and the stored trace are identical, the complex ration between them is one,
and a Cartesian display of the result would be a at line at 0 dB , or seconds.
Complex math operations are performed on real and imaginary data, from the corrected
data array for the selected channel. Data is processed by the math function before display
formatting and therefore, the results may be viewed in any format. Refer to the following
steps for an example of changing the default trace-math function:
1. Select either 4CHANNEL 15 or 4CHANNEL 25.
2. Press 4DISPLAY5, then press DATA AND MEMORIES .
3. Press MATH OPERATIONS and choose the operation you want to become the default setting.
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4-20
Measurement Controls
DISPLAY Functions
4. Press 4PRIOR MENU5 to retain the original setting.
Figure 4-10. Trace Math Operations Menu Structure
Measurement Controls
4-21
DISPLAY Functions
Data from Channel 1 and Data from Channel 2
The DATA from CHANNEL 1 and DATA from CHANNEL 2 keys allow comparison of the
current data from one channel with current data from the other channel. An example of this
procedure follows:
1. Press 4CHANNEL 25 and in the Parameters block, press 4S115.
2. Press 4DISPLAY5, then press DISPLAY MODE .
3. Press DUAL CHAN SPLIT to display two graticules side-by-side.
4. Press 4CHANNEL 15, 4PRIOR MENU5 and from the Display menu, press DATA AND MEMORIES .
5. Press SELECT DEFAULTS , MORE , then DATA CHANNEL 2 .
6. Press MATH (/) to display on Channel 1 the complex ratio of channel 1 current data
divided by channel 2 current data.
Although the feature was intended for dual-channel operations, if a channel
Note
1, single-channel display, is now selected, the last acquired channel 2 data is
used. Be aware, however, that channel 2 must have been selected long enough
for a complete sweep to have occurred after selecting DATA from CHANNEL 2
to have meaningful results.
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4-22
Measurement Controls
DOMAIN Functions
Domain
The features in the Domain menu (Figure 4-11) are listed and described below:
Frequency
Frequency Domain is the factory preset state. The device under test
Domain
response is displayed in relative frequency. Measurements may be made
over a ramp, step, or frequency list range, or as a single point frequency.
Time Domain Time Domain is available with an 8510C Option 010 system. Selecting
either TIME LOW PASS or TIME BAND PASS selects the time domain mode.
In time domain mode, the system makes a frequency domain measurement,
then mathematically converts and displays the device under test response
in time or distance. Time domain does not function in the frequency list
sweep mode. Time domain operations are more thoroughly explained in
the \Time Domain Measurements" chapter of this manual.
Auxiliary Voltage Auxiliary Voltage Domain ( AUX. VOLT OUTPUT ) selects the mode where
Domain
frequency sweep is xed at the current start, or single point, frequency,
then the voltage at the instrument's rear panel AUX OUTPUT is swept
from the specied start voltage to the specied stop voltage. The result is
a measurement of the device response with respect to the voltage output
value. Refer to the procedure that follows for an example of this function.
Power Domain Power Domain displays the measurement trace in power units. Pressing
POWER in the Domain menu selects this mode.
In power domain, the frequency sweep is xed at the current start or a
selected single point frequency, then the power output from the source
is swept from the specied start power to the specied stop power. The
result is a measurement of the device response with respect to the power
value. Power domain operations are explained more thoroughly in the
\Power Domain Measurements" chapter of this manual.
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Figure 4-11. Domain Main Menu Structure
Measurement Controls
4-23
DOMAIN Functions
Automatic Memory of Domain Settings
A domain selection is always uncoupled. Using any domain may be selected independently
for either channel. The control settings used in the selected domain are a part of the
Channel/Domain/Parameter/Format/Response-limited instrument state, explained in Chapter
1, \The Analyzer Remembers Previous Settings (Limited Instrument State)" section. As a
result, when selecting a channel, the network analyzer remembers the domain you last used,
and the parameter, format, and response settings last used for that domain.
Applicable Calibration Types for Each Domain Mode
All measurement calibration types operate with any domain selection. However, a calibration
performed in the AUX. VOLT DOMAIN applies only to that domain. Although a calibration
performed in Time Domain is valid for the Frequency Domain, and vice-versa, it is faster to
calibrate in Frequency Domain.
Auxiliary Voltage Domain Example
A typical application for the auxiliary voltage domain feature might be for a device whose
response is controlled by a voltage. Such a device might be a voltage-controlled attenuator,
or a bias voltage on an active device. To become familiar with using the Auxiliary Voltage
Domain function, try the procedure below:
1. Press 4RECALL5, MORE , and FACTORY PRESET .
2. In the Stimulus block, press 4MENU5, SINGLE POINT , 4CENTER5. Select a frequency value for
the measurement.
3. Press 4DOMAIN5, then press AUX. VOLT OUTPUT . Notice that the stimulus axis for
the log mag display is labeled START 01V and STOP 1.0V. This means that while the
frequency output of the source is set to a single frequency, the voltage at the rear panel
AUX OUTPUT is being swept from 01 volt to 1 volt at a rate selected by the current
sweep-time setting.
4. Press 4START5 and change the start voltage. Press 4STOP5 and change the stop voltage. The
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maximum range is 010 volts to +9.995 volts.
5. Measure the voltage at the rear panel AUX OUTPUT connector with an oscilloscope.
You will discover that the voltage sweep is not a true analog sweep, but changes in discrete
steps, as determined by the start- and stop-values and the number of points.
6. As you observe the voltage sweep, change the number of points, the start- and stop-values,
and the sweep time. Observe the changes to the voltage output waveform.
7. Change the measurement frequency, as explained below:
Press 4DOMAIN5, then FREQUENCY .
Press 4CENTER5, and enter the new center-frequency.
Press 4DOMAIN5, then AUX. VOLTAGE OUTPUT .
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4-24
Measurement Controls
FORMAT Functions
FORMAT
Format block keys and the associated Format menu, shown in Figure 4-12, allow choices of the
format used in displaying the measurement. Any format may be chosen for any parameter.
Cartesian Formats
Seven Cartesian display formats are available:
Log Magnitude
Phase
Delay
SWR
Linear Magnitude
Real
Imaginary
Smith Chart Formats
Two Smith chart display formats are available:
Smith chart
Inverted (admittance) Smith chart
Polar Display Formats
Three polar displays are available, diering in the nature of the trace marker used:
Linear magnitude and angle
Logarithmic magnitude and angle
Real/imaginary
Examples of the available display formats are shown in Figure 4-13 and Figure 4-14.
Format Keys Available on the Front Panel
Four of these display formats are available simply by pressing the labeled front-panel keys:
MAG5, 4PHASE5, 4DELAY5, and 4SMITH CHART5. Press the FORMAT 4MENU5 key to display the
Format menu. Choices on this menu allow choice of any of the other display formats. Press
the corresponding softkey. The display immediately changes to the format selected.
Explanations of how to use the various display formats in measurement applications appear
later in this manual, under the headings \Reection Measurements" and \Transmission
Measurements."
4LOG
Measurement Controls
4-25
FORMAT Functions
Figure 4-12. Format Function Block and Format Menu
4-26
Measurement Controls
FORMAT Functions
Figure 4-13. Format Selections (1 of 2)
Measurement Controls
4-27
FORMAT Functions
Figure 4-14. Format Selections (2 of 2)
4-28
Measurement Controls
MARKER Functions
Markers
Marker functions are:
Simple markers on the display trace
1 marker mode
Marker search modes
Marker list modes
In addition, you can choose whether markers can move only to measured values or
continuously along the trace.
Using the Markers
Markers are most often used to read the trace value at the marker position. The trace value
is displayed in the Channel Identication block directly below scale/1. The stimulus value
(frequency, time, or voltage depending upon the domain selected) at the marker position is
displayed in the Active Function area of the LCD/CRT.
Figure 4-15. MARKER Key and Marker Menus
Select the Active Marker
Markers are made active by pressing the 4MARKER5 key in the MENUS block and choosing a
marker from the Marker menu:
1. Press 4MARKER5.
This causes the last selected marker, Marker 1 after Factory Preset, to be displayed on the
trace and display the Marker menu. You can now move the selected marker to any position
on the trace using the knob, step, or numeric entry keys.
2. Press MARKER 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 softkeys to select another of the ve measurement
markers as the active marker.
3. Use the knob, step, or numeric keys to position the marker.
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Measurement Controls
4-29
MARKER Functions
The active marker is indicated by a r symbol, and the other markers are indicated by a 4
symbol. Thus in Figure 4-16, marker 1 is active; markers 2, 3, 4, and 5 are not active. To read
the value or change the position of a marker, you must make it the active marker.
Figure 4-16. Markers on Trace
To move the active marker to the position of a given stimulus value, enter the numeric value
and its units. For example, to move MARKER 2 to 5 GHz, press 4MARKER5 MARKER 2 455, 4G/n5.
When you press the units terminator, the active marker moves to the data point nearest to
that stimulus value and display the trace value as the active entry.
Press the corresponding step key to move the active marker left (down) or right (up)
1 x division (1/10 of the stimulus span).
Marker values remain displayed even when you select another function (such as 4SCALE5).
The knob no longer controls the marker position, but the marker and the trace value remain
displayed.
To remove all marker values from the LCD/CRT display, press the softkey all OFF .
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Marker Units
The units given for the trace value depend on the current selected display format as shown in
Table 4-3.
4-30
Measurement Controls
MARKER Functions
Table 4-3. Marker Units
FORMAT
LOG MAG
PHASE
DELAY
SMITH CHART
SWR
LINEAR MAGNITUDE
MARKER Basic Units
dB
degrees
( )
seconds
(s)
R 6jX
(
)
(unitless)
(unitless) (reection)
(unitless) (transmission)
LIN mkr on POLAR
6 '
(reection)
6 (transmission)
6
LOG mkr on POLAR dB '
Re/Im mkr on POLAR x 6 jy
(unitless)
INVERTED SMITH
G 6 jB
(Siemens)
REAL
x
(unitless)
IMAGINARY
jy
(unitless)
For unitless quantities such as Linear Magnitude and Real, the marker value is displayed in
units (u=units; mu=milliunits). A reection coecient measurement of 0.94 is displayed as
940.00 milliunits.
Continuous and Discrete
Press 4MARKER5, then MORE MORE to display the third Marker menu. The two choices
MARKERS DISCRETE and MARKERS CONTINUOUS select how the marker moves along the trace.
Factory Preset selects MARKERS DISCRETE because the measurement is made at discrete
frequencies with frequency resolution that depends upon the frequency span and the number
of points. When you select MARKERS CONTINUOUS , the marker can be moved continuously
across the trace with trace values between the actual measured points obtained by the process
of linear interpolation.
In Continuous mode, the marker value is obtained by a simple, linear interpolation between
adjacent measured points. The accuracy of the marker readout is not specied and the
resulting data value must be used with some caution.
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Marker List Displays
The third Marker menu also contains the marker list functions:
MARKER LIST ON / OFF
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FOUR PARAM 1 MARKER/
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FOUR PARAM 5 MARKERS
A marker list can contain the frequency and unit information for all displayed markers for one
parameter, or the list can contain the frequency and unit information for one marker for all
four parameters.
For example, to illustrate the marker list feature and the operation of discrete markers, set the
analyzer to continuously sweep from 2 to 18 GHz (201 points), S11 , LOG MAG.
Measurement Controls
4-31
MARKER Functions
1. Press 4MARKER5.
2. Select MARKER 1 425 4GHz5.
3. MARKER 2 445 4GHz5.
4. MARKER 3 465 4GHz5.
5. MARKER 4 485 4GHz5.
6. MARKER 5 415 435 4.5 455 4GHz5.
7. MORE MORE
8. FOUR PARAM 5 MARKERS .
9. MKR LIST ON
A marker list similar to the one shown below appears in the marker-display area:
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MARKER 1
2.02 GHz
026.461 dB
MARKER 2
3.975 GHz
020.99 dB
MARKER 3
6.015 GHz
022.54 dB
MARKER 4
7.97 GH
021.56 dB
7MARKER 5
13.495 GHz
42.6 dB
Notice the 7 symbol next to the marker 5 annotation. This symbol denotes the active marker.
If marker list is on (Factory Preset), whenever the softkey menu display area is empty
and markers are active, the marker list is displayed. Press 4PRIOR MENU5 as many times as
necessary to display the marker list. It is not required to activate all ve markers to display a
ve marker list.
Note also the frequency values for each of the markers. Even though you entered 2, 4, 6, 8,
and 13.5 GHz as the values for the marker frequencies, because discrete markers are selected,
the value entered and the value displayed are not exactly the same.
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Measurement Controls
MARKER Functions
The FOUR PARAM 1 MARKER/ selection lists the active marker value for each parameter when
the display mode is four parameter. The list below is an example.
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MARKER 3
6.015 GHz
S11
022.54 dB
S21
1.49 dB
S12
1.54 dB
S22
024.25 dB
Marker 3 is the active marker in this case. Note that the color of the marker list matches the
data shown for that parameter. Four parameter displays can choose either type of marker list.
Single parameter displays or dual channel displays can choose ve marker lists only.
Delta Mode Markers
Use the 1 marker mode to read the dierence in trace value and stimulus value between any
currently selected active marker and another marker designated as the reference marker.
Figure 4-17. Marker and Mode Menus
The 1 Mode sequence uses both the Marker menu and the 1 Mode menu as follows:
1. Press 4MARKER5. A marker is displayed and the Marker menu appears. Use the knob to
position this marker to any desired point on the trace.
2. Press the 1 MODE MENU softkey. This displays the 1 Mode menu.
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Measurement Controls
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MARKER Functions
3. Choose the reference marker by pressing a softkey ( 1 REF = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 ) dierent
from the current active marker. Any marker can be designated as the reference marker,
causing the currently selected active marker to read relative to it. The Marker menu
reappears on the display with the marker 1 REF = label.
4. Use the knob to position the active marker anywhere on the trace. The stimulus dierence
between the active marker and the reference marker is displayed as the active entry. The
trace value dierence between the active marker and the reference marker is displayed in
the normal marker readout.
If the current active marker and the reference marker are at the same position, the displayed
value is zero.
If the current active marker is also selected as the reference marker, the displayed value is zero
at all points on the trace because the marker is reading relative to itself.
To exit the 1 marker mode, press 1 MODE MENU 1 OFF .
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Figure 4-18. Mode Markers on Trace
Marker Search Modes
Select any of three marker search modes by pressing 4MARKER5, MORE , then
MARKER to MINIMUM , MARKER to MAXIMUM , or MARKER to TARGET . When you press one of
these softkeys, the mode selection is underlined and the selected search is executed.
MARKER to MINIMUM and MARKER to MAXIMUM always nd the minimum or maximum data
point on the trace, respectively.
MARKER to TARGET begins at the lowest stimulus value (the left side on Cartesian displays),
and searches for the target value.
If in discrete marker movement mode, the search stops at the stimulus point nearest to the
target value. The search always stops at the nearest actual measurement point that is below
the target value.
If in continuous marker movement mode, the search stops at the trace value. The active
function shows the stimulus value and the actual trace value is shown in the marker
readout.
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Measurement Controls
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MARKER Functions
Unsuccessful target searches result in the message TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND.
Set the target value by pressing TARGET VALUE , then enter the target value for the current
Format using the knob, step, or numeric keys. Switch between formats to see that the target
value is dierent for each format selection. Factory Preset selects a certain target value for
each format, for example 03 dB for 4LOG MAG5.
As an example:
1. Move the marker to any position on the trace, then press TARGET VALUE , =MARKER .
2. Now move the marker to another position on the trace, then press MARKER to TARGET .
The marker moves to the trace value closest to the target value,
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Figure 4-19. Marker Search Modes
Search Right and Search Left
Press SEARCH RIGHT or SEARCH LEFT to search for the next minimum, maximum, or target
value beginning from the present marker position to the right or left on the trace, respectively.
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Measurement Controls
4-35
MARKER Functions
Delta Mode Operation
When operating in the delta mode, the target searches begin from the current reference
marker instead of the lowest stimulus value. For example, a target search for 03 dB moves the
active marker to the next point 03 dB relative to the reference marker, to the right or left of
the reference marker, if a point exists.
Figure 4-20. Mode Marker to Target
Marker Familiarization Sequence
1. Press 4RECALL5 MORE FACTORY PRESET , then select a display with several maximums and
minimums.
2. Press 4MARKER5. Marker 1 is active. The stimulus value and the trace value are displayed,
and the Marker menu appears.
3. Position the marker on the trace using the knob, the step keys, or numeric entry.
4. Press MARKER 2 . Marker 2 is now active. Note the triangle symbol at marker 1 inverts to
indicate that it is no longer the active marker. Position marker 2.
5. Press MARKER 1 . Marker 1 is now active; Marker 2 symbol inverts. Press 1 MODE MENU ,
then press 1 REF = 2 . The delta symbol appears near marker 2 to indicate that it is the
reference marker. The stimulus dierence and trace value dierence between the active
marker and the reference marker (active 0 reference) is displayed.
6. Use the knob to move marker 1.
7. Press MARKER 3 . Marker 3 is now the active marker and it reads relative to marker 2.
8. Press MORE MORE MKR LIST ON . The marker list appears in the softkey menu display
area. Notice that all readings are dierences between the reference marker (2) and the
other markers. Marker 3 is denoted as the active marker by the 7 symbol in the marker
list.
9. Press 4MARKER5 1 REF = 2 . Marker 2 is now active and it reads relative to itself. Use the
knob to position marker 2.
10. Press 1 MODE MENU , then 1 OFF . Marker 2 is active and it reads the trace value.
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Measurement Controls
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MARKER Functions
11. Press all OFF . The markers disappear.
12. Press 4MARKER5, MORE , MARKER to MINIMUM . Marker 2 (which was the last active marker)
moves to the minimum trace value.
13. Press SEARCH LEFT . Marker 2 moves to the next trace minimum between the present
marker position and the beginning of the trace.
14. Press 4PRIOR MENU5, MARKER 1 , MORE , MARKER to MAXIMUM . Marker 1 moves to the
maximum trace value.
15. Press MARKER to TARGET . Marker 1 begins from the lowest stimulus value and moves
to the measurement point that is closest (but less than) the target value. If the message
TARGET VALUE NOT FOUND appears, press TARGET VALUE and enter an appropriate value for
the current format, then press MARKER to TARGET again.
16. Press SEARCH RIGHT . Marker 1 moves to the rst target value to the right (increasing
stimulus) of its present position, if another target value is found.
17. Press SEARCH LEFT . Marker 1 moves to the rst target value to the left (decreasing
stimulus) of its present position, if found.
18. Press 4PRIOR MENU5, 1 MODE MENU , then 1 REF = 2 . Now marker 1 is active and marker
2 is the reference.
19. Press MORE , MARKER to TARGET . Marker 1 begins from the current reference marker
position and moves to the rst point closest to the target value, if found.
20. Press SEARCH RIGHT . Marker 1 moves to the rst target value to the right (increasing
stimulus) of the reference marker position, if found. Press SEARCH LEFT . Marker 1 moves
to the rst target value to the left (decreasing stimulus) of the reference marker, if found.
21. Press 4PRIOR MENU5 1 MODE MENU 1 OFF all OFF .
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Measurement Controls
4-37
PARAMETER Functions
Parameter
PARAMETER block keys are used to select the parameter to be measured and displayed.
The Parameter menus make it possible to measure the approximate signal levels in the test
set, and allow you to and to change parameter denitions in order to use the network analyzer
system in special measurement applications.
Figure 4-21. Parameter Function Block
Basic Parameters
The 4S115 4S215 4S125 and 4S225 keys are used to select the parameter to be measured and
displayed. Notice the label that shows the parameter being displayed in the channel
Identication area of the LCD/CRT. These selections correspond to the signal ow diagram
on the front panel of the test set. They are called the \basic" parameters. When an
S-Parameter test set is used, test set switching is done automatically to choose the correct
reference and test signal paths for the selected parameter.
S-Parameter Definitions and Conventions
S-parameters are used predominantly at microwave frequencies because they provide a simple
notation with exact data on device performance in achievable environments. The fact that
the device under test is embedded in a characteristic impedance (usually, Z0 = 50 ) is
fundamental to denitions of S-parameter measurements. S-parameters are easy to measure,
and there are analytically convenient methods for predicting the response of the device when
combined with other devices for which the S-parameters are known.
The test set front panels use S-parameter owgraph notation in order to identify the
measurement capabilities of the test set. Let us examine S-parameter denitions and
conventions in order to understand these symbols.
First, S-parameters are always a ratio of two complex quantities. Complex means that both
a magnitude and a phase angle must be used to specify the quantity. S-parameter notation
identies these quantities using numbers. The S-parameter numbering convention is:
Sout in
where the rst number (out) refers to the port where energy is emerging and the second
number (in) names the port at which energy is incident. Thus, the S-parameter S21 identies
4-38
Measurement Controls
PARAMETER Functions
the measurement as the complex ratio of the energy emerging at port 2 with respect to the
energy incident at port 1.
Look at the ow diagram in the left-side of Figure 4-22. This is a owgraph representation of
a two-port device. Each port has two nodes: one representing the entering or \a" wave and
one for the emerging \b" wave. Lines that connect nodes are called branches. Each branch
has an arrow and value corresponding to an S-parameter. Energy ows only in the direction of
an arrow.
This two-port owgraph is used on the front panel of the S-parameter test set to indicate that
the test set can measure any of the four S-parameters by internally switching the incident
power to either Port 1 or Port 2 of the device under test. The indicator near a1 lights to
indicate that power is emerging from Port 1 of the test set (S11 or S21 selected); the indicator
near a2 lights when power is emerging from Port 2 of the test set (S22 or S12 selected).
Figure 4-22. S-Parameter Flowgraphs
Now look at the owgraph on the right-hand side of Figure 4-22. This owgraph appears on
the front panel of reection/transmission test sets. It shows that energy can only be applied
at the a1 node. To measure the reverse parameters the two-port device must be physically
turned around. Note that the user is responsible for choosing the correct parameter to
display when using this test set, either the forward parameters, S11 and S21 , or the reverse
parameters, S22 and S12 .
Parameter Menu
Pressing the PARAMETER 4MENU5 key summons the top level Parameter menu. This menu
and the associated redene parameter menu can be used to:
Measure approximate signal levels in the test set.
Change the denitions of the four basic S-parameters.
Redene the four user parameters.
Measurement Controls
4-39
PARAMETER Functions
Figure 4-23. Parameter Menu
User Parameters
After Factory Preset, the measurement selections USER 1 a1 , USER 2 b2 , USER 3 a2 , and
USER 4 b1 , are dened to allow measurement of the unratioed power at the rst frequency
converter inputs for each of the reference and test signal paths.
For example, press PARAMETER 4MENU5, then USER 1 a1 . Figure 4-24 shows a typical
display of this measurement. Refer to the test set signal ow diagrams, Figure 3-4 and Figure
3-5 in Chapter 3 of this manual. This display represents the power incident at the a1 rst
frequency converter, which is the reference signal for forward measurements. Now select
USER 2 b2 , which is the transmitted signal for forward transmission measurements. The ratio
of these two measurements is displayed when you select S21.
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Figure 4-24. Typical User 1, a1 Measurement
4-40
Measurement Controls
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PARAMETER Functions
Please be aware that this measurement is not displayed with power meter accuracy, and the
frequency response and conversion loss of the frequency converter is not included. However,
these User parameters, when properly applied, are of great value in setting up the network
analyzer to achieve maximum accuracy and dynamic range. Later in \Dynamic Range
Considerations," you can use these User parameters to measure and set the signal levels in the
test set.
Redefine Parameter
Redening parameters makes it possible to use custom test sets built around the 8511
frequency converter and to use the network analyzer system in special measurement
applications.
In frequency response calibrations both basic and user parameter denitions can be used.
Because the 1-Port and 2-Port calibration models include automatic parameter selection, only
the four basic S-parameters can be used in these calibrations (Figure 4-25).
FACTORY PRESET restores all basic and user parameter denitions to their standard values.
Table 4-4 lists the standard parameter denitions selected when the FACTORY PRESET key is
pressed and an S-parameter test set responds to that preset.
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Table 4-4. Standard PARAMETER Definitions
Function
S11
Drive port
1
Phase lock a1
Numerator b1
Denominator a1
Conversion S
Parameters
Basic
User
S21 S12 S22 a1 b2 a2 b1
1 2 2 1 1 1 1
a1 a2 a2 a1 a1 a1 a1
b2 b1 b2 a1 b2 a2 b1
a1 a2 a2 NO RATIO
S S S S S S S
Note: For Reection/Transmission Test Sets, or no test set, the standard denitions are:
S22 = S11 and S12 = S21.
Ports and nodes are identied on the front panel of the test set. In all cases the notation used
is the same as on the test set block diagrams (Figure 4-4 and 4-5).
Measurement Controls
4-41
PARAMETER Functions
Redefine Basic Parameters
To redene one of the basic S-parameters (S11 , S21 , S12, S22 ):
1. Press PARAMETER 4MENU5.
2. Press the front-panel key in the PARAMETER block that corresponds to the parameter to
be redened: 4S115, 4S215, 4S125, or 4S225.
3. Press REDEFINE PARAMETER . This displays the Redene Parameter menu.
4. Use the softkeys to choose the drive port, phase lock, numerator, denominator, and
conversion denitions to be used in the new denition of the parameter:
Press the softkey corresponding to the item on the Redene Parameter menu to be
redened. This displays a menu of the available choices, and the current selection is
underlined. Press the softkey corresponding to the new denition.
Changes are executed immediately when the softkey corresponding to the new denition is
pressed.
5. When the parameter has been redened, press REDEFINE DONE to save the instrument
state that has now been dened. Now each time you select this parameter, your denition
is displayed.
Please note that Factory Preset restores the standard S-parameter denitions given in
Table 4-4. Redened basic S-parameters cannot be recalled as part of an instrument state.
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Measurement Controls
PARAMETER Functions
Figure 4-25. Redefine Parameter Menu Structure
Measurement Controls
4-43
PARAMETER Functions
Redefine User Parameters
To dene a User parameter:
1. Press PARAMETER 4MENU5. This displays the Parameter menu.
2. Press the softkey that corresponds to the user parameter you wish to redene: USER 1
USER 2 USER 3 or USER 4 . Your choice will now be underlined.
3. Press REDEFINE PARAMETER . This displays the Redene Parameter menu.
4. Use the corresponding softkeys to dene the drive port, phase lock, numerator,
denominator, and conversion denitions for the user parameter.
Changes are executed immediately when the softkey corresponding to the new denition is
pressed. The Redene Parameter menu also reappears on the LCD/CRT, allowing further
changes or denitions if desired.
5. To redene the label of the parameter, press the softkey PARAMETER LABEL . This displays
the Title menu and the existing label.
To delete the whole title, press the softkey ERASE TITLE or use the 4BACKSPACE5 key in the
ENTRY block. To enter a character, position the " symbol below the character by turning
the knob, then press SELECT LETTER . The character appears in the title area. Repeat this
process to write the rest of the new label.
When you have nished entering the new label, press the softkey labeled TITLE DONE .
This enters the new label and returns the Redene Parameter menu to the display. The
label appears in the channel identication area of the display when the parameter is
selected.
6. When you have nished dening and labeling the parameter, press REDEFINE DONE to save
the instrument state that has now been dened.
Any of the four user-dened parameters can be dened in this way. They can be saved
and/or recalled as part of an instrument state and used in frequency response calibrations.
4USER PRESET5 (or recalling an instrument state) restores the standard basic parameter
denitions given in Table 4-4.
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Measuring Power (dBm)
Signal levels (in dBm) at the rst frequency converter in the test set can be measured by
using the standard USER 1 through USER 4 denitions on the Parameter menu. In this way
it is possible to determine the approximate dynamic range available for measurements in the
actual setup being used. The measurement is approximate because no account is taken of
variations in losses in the signal path before detection. To compensate for atness variations,
use the calibrate atness functions discussed under the STIMULUS controls section.
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Measurement Controls
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PARAMETER Functions
Signal ow in the various test sets used with the network analyzer system is shown in Figure
4-4, Figure 4-5, and Figure 4-6. Table 4-5 lists the measurements that are displayed using
the standard user parameter denitions given in Table 4-4. Use the following procedure to
measure power:
1. Press 4RECALL5 MORE FACTORY PRESET , then press PARAMETER 4MENU5. This displays
the Parameter menu.
2. Refer to Table 4-5 and press the softkey corresponding to the power level you wish to
measure: USER 1 a1 , USER 2 b2 , USER 3 a2 , or USER 4 b1 .
Note that since a2 is dened as phase locking from and driving Port 1, with S-parameter
test sets it must be redened before it can be used directly as an indication of the Port 2
drive power.
3. Press the 4MARKER5 key in the MENUS block.
The trace now displays the power level in dBm. Use the knob to position the marker on the
trace to read the power at the rst frequency converter.
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Table 4-5. Measuring Power (dBm) at First Frequency Converter
Function
Reection/Transmission and S-Parameter Test Sets
a1
Reference (S11 and S21 )
b2
Transmitted to Port 2. (Connect Thru) or
(S-parameter test sets only) Reected at Port 2. (Connect Short
Circuit)
a2
Reference (S12 and S22 ) for S-parameter test
set. (Not used for reection/transmission test set.)
b1
Reected at Port 1. (Connect Short Circuit) or
(S-parameter test sets only) Transmitted to Port 2. (Connect Thru)
To approximate the power incident at the device under test, for example, connect a short
circuit at port 1, and select b1 for display. The trace represents the power appearing at the
b1 frequency converter. Since there is loss in the reection signal path between port 1 and
the frequency converter, and because of conversion loss of the frequency converter, the actual
power at the port is greater. Table 4-6 and Table 4-7 list approximate losses in the test sets.
To approximate the power appearing at port 2, connect the thru and select b2 for display.
The dierence between the power reading with the thru connected and disconnected is the
approximate dynamic range available for the transmission measurement.
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Table 4-6. Approximate Insertion Losses in Test Sets (dB)
Test Set Source to Source to port Port 1 to b1
a1 or a2 1
(S11 )
8512A
8513A
028 dB
026 dB
08 dB
015 dB
020 dB
013 dB
Port 1 to b2 or
Port 2 to b2
(S21 , S22 or S12 )
0 dB
03 dB
1 00.35 dB/GHz
Measurement Controls
4-45
PARAMETER Functions
Table 4-7. Approximate Insertion Losses in Test Sets (dB)
Test Set
Source to
a1 or a2 1
Source to port Port 1 to b1 or
Port 2 to b2
(S11 or S22 )
Port 1 to b2 or
Port 2 to b2
(S21 or S12 )
8514A/B
028 dB
08 dB
020 dB
8515A
026 dB
015 dB
013 dB
020 dB or
07 to 020 w/ Opt 003
013 dB
8517B
015 to 028 dB
08 dB
015 to 012 dB
015 to 012 dB
1 00.35 dB/GHz
In systems with an S-parameter test set, this method can also be used to see the eects of
changing the internal attenuator values. Change the attenuator value using the method
described earlier under the heading of \Attenuator Port: 1 and Attenuator Port: 2" under
Stimulus.
That is, press STIMULUS 4MENU5, POWER MENU , ATTENUATOR PORT: 1 or 2 , and then use
the step keys to change the internal attenuator value. Then measure power using the method
described here.
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Dynamic Range Considerations
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As stated earlier, after Factory Preset, the source power level is appropriate for most
measurements on passive devices and for range without overload or excessive measurement
uncertainty. The maximum signal that can be applied to port 1 or port 2 of the test set
without damage is about +20 dBm. For measurements on passive devices, the incident signal
level should be as high as the test device characteristics permit without exceeding 010 dBm
into any of the rst frequency conversion stages. For gain measurements, set the incident
signal level to a value at which the expected test device output does not exceed 010 dBm into
any of the rst frequency converters.
Figure 4-26 shows these dynamic range considerations. Example 1 shows levels at calibration
for a passive device with both reference (R) and test (T) inputs near 010 dBm. When
calibrated at these levels, the maximum dynamic range is available for insertion loss
measurements.
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Measurement Controls
PARAMETER Functions
Figure 4-26. Dynamic Range Considerations
Example 2 shows levels at calibration for an active device with an expected 20 dB of gain.
The reference input is set near the top of its range and the test signal is set to produce near
030 dBm with the thru connected. With an S-parameter test set, reducing the test signal
level is accomplished by setting the internal port 1 attenuator to about 20 dB. At these levels
the network analyzer can measure about 20 dB of gain and insertion loss down to the noise
oor.
Maximum input to the reference or test rst frequency conversion stage without gain
compression is 010 dBm up to 18 GHz (015 dBm, 18 to 26.5 GHz). The reference input
requires at least 045 dBm to maintain phase lock.
Measurement Controls
4-47
RESPONSE Functions
Response
RESPONSE block function keys provide various options in positioning the trace and the
reference line on the display. The associated Response menu structure oers selections for
averaging and smoothing of the trace and to add magnitude and phase compensation.
Figure 4-27. Response Function Block
Changing Display Scale and Reference
To set the scale and reference values automatically, or manually, follow the procedure for that
operation.
Setting Scale and Reference Values Automatically
Press 4AUTO5 to automatically select a scale and reference value that results in the display
of the entire trace on the LCD/CRT. You can then adjust for the preferred display. For
Cartesian displays, 4AUTO5 usually works best when the reference line is at the center of the
grid.
Changing Display Scale Manually
Press 4SCALE5, and then use the knob, step, or numeric 4x15 keys in the ENTRY block to
change the scale/division value. The trace expands or contracts around the reference position
line.
Changing the Position of the Reference Line Manually
Press 4REF POSN5 to move the reference position line on Cartesian displays. For Smith Chart
and polar displays, 4REF POSN5 does not function.
The reference position line for Channel 1 is identied by the > indicator on the left of the
graticule; for Channel 2 it is the < indicator on the right side of the graticule.
At Factory Preset, 4REF POSN5 is set to 5. To move the reference position line, press 4REF POSN5,
and then use the knob, step, or numeric 4x15 keys to change its position. If you use the
numeric keys, 0 is the bottom graticule; 10 is the top graticule.
4-48
Measurement Controls
RESPONSE Functions
Changing the Value of the Reference Line Manually
Use 4REF VALUE5 and the knob, step, or numeric and units keys to assign a new value to the
Cartesian reference position line or the Smith or polar outer circle. The trace is positioned
relative to the reference position so changing the reference value moves the trace, but does not
change the marker value. For Smith and polar displays, changing 4REF VALUE5 is equivalent to
changing scale/division.
Automatic Recall of Previous Display Settings
As an operating convenience, the 4SCALE5, 4REF VALUE5, and 4REF POSN5 settings are part of the
Channel/Domain/Parameter/Format/Response \limited instrument state." As mentioned in
Chapter 1, the network analyzer automatically remembers previous combinations of many
instrument settings. In each channel, the analyzer remembers all previous display settings
for each Parameter (S11, S21, S12 , S22 ). In addition, a completely dierent \memory" is
automatically engaged depending on which domain or channel you are in.
Refer to the section in Chapter 1, \The Analyzer Remembers Previous Settings (Limited
Instrument State)" for more detail about this concept. The \limited instrument state" or
\automatic memory" remembers all past combinations of the following:
Channel 1 or 2
Domain (Frequency, Time or Voltage)
Parameter (S11 , S21 , S12, S22 )
Colors assigned to the parameters
Display Scale, Reference, graphic presentation Format
As an example of this, select 4CHANNEL 15, 4S115, 4SMITH5, 4S215, 4DELAY5.
Switch between S11 and S21 . Did you notice how the network analyzer remembered the format
you chose for each parameter?
4CHANNEL 15 4S225 4LOG
MAG5 4AUTO5
4CHANNEL 25 4S115 4LOG MAG5
4MARKER5 4REF VALUE5 4= MARKER5
4SCALE5 4.15 4x15
Now switch between Channel 1 and Channel 2 and the various parameters and formats on
both channels.
Hierarchy of the Automatic Memory
Look at the list of memorized settings, above. This represents the hierarchy of the automatic
memory. Each channel remembers all lower setting combinations independently. In other
words, each channel acts like a completely dierent analyzer as far as the listed features
are concerned. Domain settings, in turn, remember all setting combinations lower in the
hierarchy. Each parameter setting also remembers all lower level settings (display setting).
Measurement Controls
4-49
RESPONSE Functions
Note that the automatic memory
(known as the limited instrument state) does not include a memory of stimulus values. The
analyzer assumes it is more convenient to retain the same stimulus settings as you change
channels and other settings.
Other options for control of Stimulus settings. You can have the two instrument channels keep
track of separate stimulus settings by \uncoupling" them. Refer to \Coupled/Uncoupled
Channels".
You can save all instruments states, including Stimulus settings, using the Save/Recall feature
of the network analyzer.
The automatic memory does not include Stimulus settings.
The Effect of Factory Preset on Display Settings
Factory Preset assigns an appropriate 4SCALE5, 4REF VALUE5, and 4REF POSN5 setting for each
format of each parameter on each channel. Color assignments are not changed by Factory
Preset.
Response Menu
Press the RESPONSE 4MENU5 key to display the Response menu. Choices on this menu
structure allow you to add electrical delay, phase oset, magnitude slope and oset, and to
apply averaging or smoothing to the trace.
Figure 4-28. Response Menu Structure
Trace Averaging and Smoothing
Averaging reduces random noise variations in measurements, improving both accuracy and
resolution. Smoothing changes the eective measurement aperture by averaging adjacent
measurement points. Both averaging and smoothing can be used simultaneously. Both can be
set independently for each channel.
4-50
Measurement Controls
RESPONSE Functions
Averaging
Averaging enhances meaningful resolution and increases dynamic range by eectively
decreasing the input noise bandwidth.
Press AVERAGE ON/restart then use the knob, step, or numeric keys to select the averaging
factor applied to the displayed data. Terminate a numeric entry with 4x15.
When averaging is turned on, the A enhancement annotation appears on the display.
Averaging restarts when:
The averaging factor is changed.
An important measurement or display characteristic is changed.
When a measurement calibration device is selected for measurement.
When AVERAGE ON/restart or the MEASUREMENT 4RESTART5 key is pressed.
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Averaging Details
In the ramp sweep mode, the new trace, weighted by 1/n, is summed with the current trace,
weighted by (01)/n, where n is the averaging factor. This is an exponential running average.
Also, the averaging factor selection controls the number of sweeps taken for measurement of
a standard during measurement calibration. When a calibration standard selection key is
pressed, n+1 groups are automatically taken, where n is the selected averaging factor.
Note that in the ramp sweep mode each time averaging is restarted, the averaging algorithm
starts with a small averaging factor, then increases the averaging factor group-by-group, up
to the selected factor, thus allowing fast convergence to the nal value. This fast convergence
algorithm means that the trace is fully averaged in n+1 sweeps rather than 4n sweeps, as
would be the case if the fast convergence were not used. In the step sweep, single point, and
frequency list sweep modes, each data point is averaged n times as it is read, so only one
sweep is required to present fully averaged data. This is a linear block average.
Notification when averaging is finished. You can use the NUMBER of GROUPS function on the
STIMULUS menu to signal when the trace is fully averaged. Here's how to do this:
1. Enter the averaging factor as explained above.
2. Assuming you chose an averaging factor of 16, enter NUMBER of GROUPS , 4175, 4x15. When
the H enhancement annotation appears, the data is fully averaged.
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Averaging Factor Recommendations
Select an averaging factor appropriate to the operation being performed. When adjustments
to the test device or test setup are made, select a lower averaging factor (128 or below) to see
changes quickly. If a very noisy trace is being analyzed, use a higher value (up to 4096) and
allow more time for the trace to settle.
Averaging operates in powers of 2 only. Averaging factors which are not powers of two are
rounded down to the closest power of 2. For example, if a factor of 150 is entered, it is
rounded down to 128.
Measurement Controls
4-51
RESPONSE Functions
Figure 4-29. Results of Averaging
Smoothing
Smoothing operates on Cartesian data formats in much the same way as a video lter
operates, producing a linear moving average of adjacent points. The selected smoothing
aperture is displayed in percent of sweep width, as shown in Figure 4-30.
When smoothing is applied to the trace the S enhancement annotation appears. The
smoothing aperture (the width of the linear moving average) is displayed in Hz, seconds, or
volts, depending upon the domain selected. When Smith or polar display formats are selected,
the trace data is not smoothed however, the smoothing aperture is displayed.
Figure 4-30. Smoothing Operation
Smoothing is especially useful in group delay measurements because it allows the response to
be measured using small frequency steps (for high phase resolution). Then you can display
data using an aperture that is appropriate for the measurement. Figure 4-31 shows this.
4-52
Measurement Controls
RESPONSE Functions
Figure 4-31. Results of Smoothing
Electrical Delay
The electrical delay function acts as an electronic line stretcher, providing a calibrated phase
compensation versus frequency with femtosecond resolution. In eect, the specied delay
is added to the reference signal path in order to make measurements such as deviation from
linear phase, described later in \Transmission Measurements." Electrical Delay can be set
independently for each parameter on each channel and aects both the phase and delay
frequency domain trace and the time domain trace.
Using Electrical Delay
Press ELECTRICAL DELAY . The Active function shows electrical delay in terms of seconds,
with the supplementary display below showing the equivalent length in meters relative to the
current Velocity Factor setting. After Factory Preset, this is relative to the speed of light in
free space.
For example, select 4PHASE5, and then use the knob to change the value. Notice that when
delay is added, the D enhancement annotation appears on the left side of the LCD/CRT. You
can use the step keys and the numeric and units keys to enter the amount of electrical delay
desired.
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Delay Features
Press RESPONSE 4MENU5, then MORE and notice the three choices:
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COAXIAL DELAY
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WAVEGUIDE DELAY
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TABLE DELAY
Coaxial and Waveguide softkeys allow you to select the media type simulated by the electrical
delay function.
Measurement Controls
4-53
RESPONSE Functions
Factory Preset selects COAXIAL DELAY which applies a linear phase
compensation to the trace. That is, the eect is the same as if a corresponding length of
perfect vacuum dielectric coaxial transmission line was added to the reference signal path.
Waveguide Delay. Selecting WAVEGUIDE DELAY applies a non-linear phase shift which follows
the standard dispersive phase equation for rectangular waveguide. When WAVEGUIDE DELAY
is pressed the active function becomes the WAVEGUIDE CUTOFF frequency, which is used
in the phase equation. Choosing a Start frequency less than the Cuto Frequency results in
phase errors.
Table Delay. The TABLE DELAY selection allows an array of real,imaginary data pairs input
by the user via the GPIB to be applied to the data for the selected channel. Selecting
TABLE DELAY disables Electrical Delay, Phase Oset, Magnitude Slope, Magnitude Oset,
and the Port 1 and Port 2 Extensions. This array must be loaded using GPIB (see description
in the Programming section of this volume), then the table may be stored and loaded using
the disc drive.
Selecting Velocity Factor. The relative velocity factor of propagation can be selected. Press
4CAL5, MORE , PORT EXTENSIONS , then VELOCITY FACTOR . The active function is now Relative
Velocity Factor. After Factory Preset, this value is 1.0 which is the equivalent of the speed of
light in free space (2.997925 x108 meters per second). The range of the relative velocity factor
is 0.001 to 500, with values less than 1 indicating that the propagation velocity is less than the
speed of light in free space.
For example, the relative velocity is 1 divided by the square root of the dielectric constant
for the media, er . For air dielectric coaxial lines and waveguide media in standard air, the
dielectric constant is about 1.00064, giving a relative velocity factor of about 0.999680.
Changing the velocity factor changes only the supplementary distance readout.
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Coaxial Delay.
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Auto Delay
The AUTO DELAY key automatically selects the appropriate value of electrical delay to balance
the reference and test signal path lengths to nd the electrical length of the test device.
This results in a reasonable balanced (at) phase trace at the marker position. When you
press AUTO DELAY , the phase values at the marker position and the two adjacent points are
sampled and electrical delay is added in order to make the phase constant. You may then
make ne adjustments of Electrical Delay to achieve the desired trace.
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Phase Offset
The phase oset function adds a xed phase shift to each frequency point of the current
selected trace. It also changes the marker value, but does not aect the group delay
measurement. Phase oset can be set independently for each parameter in each channel.
Do not use phase oset with the Time Domain conversion.
Note
When the phase oset value is other than 0 degrees for the current parameter, the D
enhancement annotation appears on the left side of the LCD/CRT to indicate that phase
oset is applied to the current trace.
4-54
Measurement Controls
RESPONSE Functions
Magnitude Slope and Magnitude Offset
Magnitude slope and magnitude oset produce an eect on the displayed Frequency Domain
and Time Domain traces. Magnitude slope adds a magnitude oset that begins at 0 dB at
0 Hz, increasing by the selected dB/GHz over the frequency sweep. Magnitude oset adds a
constant magnitude value to each frequency point. A non-zero value for either function causes
the D enhancement annotation to be displayed.
Reasons for using magnitude slope and oset include viewing:
Deviation from constant magnitude.
Compensation for magnitude loss versus frequency.
Compensation for insertion of a series attenuator in the test setup.
Measurement Controls
4-55
STIMULUS Functions
Stimulus
STIMULUS block keys and the associated stimulus menus allow complete control of the
source in network measurement applications from the network analyzer front panel. The
4START5, 4STOP5, 4CENTER5 and 4SPAN5 keys are used to set the frequency parameters. The
STIMULUS 4MENU5 key displays the top level stimulus softkey menu on the LCD/CRT, which
provides you control over other source characteristics such as:
Sweep time
Number of data points taken during the sweep
Source RF power
Sweep modes
Trigger modes
S-parameter test set attenuation
Source power atness calibration
In multiple source applications, the stimulus frequency settings are made using these Stimulus
controls and the Edit Multiple Source menu under the 4SYSTEM5 key. For Multiple Source
operation, refer to the SYSTEM section of this document.
Figure 4-32. STIMULUS Function Block
Set Frequency Sweep
To set the frequency sweep, use the 4START5 and 4STOP5 keys or the 4CENTER5 and 4SPAN5 keys.
Enter actual values using the knob, numeric, step, and units keys in the ENTRY block.
To familiarize yourself with the source controls, press 4START5, 4STOP5, 4CENTER5, or 4SPAN5, and
observe the current value on the LCD/CRT in the active function area. Use the ENTRY
block keys to change the value. When you rotate the knob or press a step key, the value is
updated and the instrument state is changed immediately. Enter a specic value using the
numeric pad by pressing the numeric keys, then terminate the entry by pressing one of the
units terminator keys. When you press one of the units keys, the value is entered and the
system is set to the specied value.
For example, to change the start frequency to 2 GHz, press 4START5, then 425, then the 4G/n5
units key. Or press 425 405 405 405, then press the 4M/5 key; the eect is the same. To correct
errors made during entry, use the 4BACKSPACE5 key.
4-56
Measurement Controls
STIMULUS Functions
If you press 4START5 or 4STOP5, the Start/Stop display mode is selected and you can set the
start or the stop frequency. If you press 4CENTER5 or 4SPAN5, the center/span display mode is
selected and you can set the center frequency or the span width. Note that as you switch
between start/stop or center/span sweeps, the frequency settings of the source are not
changed, only the stimulus labels.
The range of possible frequency settings depends on the frequency limits of the source and of
the test set used. The range of values for other functions allowed is determined by internal
network analyzer logic.
Set Sweep Using Markers
Another way to set the sweep is by using a measurement marker. Here's how:
1. Use the knob to position the marker anywhere on the trace.
2. Press any of the three keys: 4START5, 4STOP5, or 4CENTER5.
3. Press the 4=MARKER5 key in the ENTRY block. The value at the point where the marker is
positioned now becomes the new start, stop, or center frequency.
Set Stimulus Power
There are two considerations for obtaining best accuracy and dynamic range:
Stimulus signal level at the test port (what is the maximum and minimum incident signal
level required for measurement of the device under test).
Signal levels at the receiver input (what are the maximum and minimum signal levels
required at the reference and test inputs).
The signal level at the test port must be appropriate for measurement of the device, and the
inputs to the frequency converters must be appropriate to achieve the desired dynamic range.
You can estimate the signal level available at the test port by estimating the losses in the
various signal paths of the test set, or by direct measurement using a power meter. Signal
levels at the rst frequency converters can be measured directly by the network analyzer by
means of the USER parameters under the Parameter menu.
Setting and Monitoring Signal Levels
The following paragraphs describe controls for setting and monitoring signal levels.
Measurement Controls
4-57
STIMULUS Functions
Figure 4-33. Source Power Menu
The SOURCE POWER 1 softkey allows you to set the source
output level at its RF OUTPUT connector. After Factory Preset, the source RF power level
is set to an appropriate value, usually +10 dBm. In most applications for measurement of
passive devices, this level does not need to be changed.
Be careful not to exceed the damage power level for the test set's inputs.
Note
Set Source RF Output Level.
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When changing output signal level of the source, caution should be observed because power
levels above +20 dBm may damage the test set.
Be aware of your source's maximum power output, especially at higher
Note
frequencies.
Lower levels also depend on the source capabilities; the source may not be able to achieve the
selected power for all frequencies. Maximum power from RF sources is generally less at higher
frequencies. If the sources UNLEVELED indicator comes on, you are requesting more power
than the source can produce across the selected frequency band. In general, it is not harmful
for the source to operate unleveled and does not aect most measurements because they are
usually ratioed. However, for applications using the atness correction features, operating
with the source unleveled gives incorrect results and causes warning messages to appear.
Before changing power levels, consult the specications for the source and the test set.
If you have decided to change the source RF power level, use the Source Power menu as
follows:
4-58
Measurement Controls
STIMULUS Functions
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5 POWER MENU POWER SOURCE 1 . The current value appears as the
active function.
2. Use the ENTRY block controls to set the new source power level. Press the 4x15 key to set
the source RF power in dBm.
Messages appear on the LCD/CRT if the source power level selected is too low or too high for
proper network analyzer operation:
IF OVERLOAD indicates that the power level is too high.
PHASE LOCK LOST, NO IF FOUND, VTO FAILURE, or similar messages indicate that power is too
low.
Remember that 4ENTRY OFF5 must be pressed to clear an error message; it does not go away
automatically when you correct the problem.
Please note that all keys associated with a second source apply to Multiple Source
applications and are described later.
Power Slope On/Off. The source output is internally leveled at its RF OUTPUT port, but it is
also possible to set the amount by which the source RF power level is increased or decreased
from the base level over the sweep. Generally, this power slope function is used to increase the
source output power at higher frequencies in order to compensate for losses in the test setup
and thus preserve dynamic range.
Pressing the softkey POWER SLOPE then SLOPE SRC1 ON turns on the power slope function
and the source is commanded to start the sweep at the value set by the POWER SOURCE 1
function, then increase or decrease the output signal level by the displayed dB/GHz value as
the sweep progresses. Press the softkey labeled SLOPE SRC1 OFF to turn o the power slope
function. Factory Preset selects slope o and 0.0 dB/GHz.
Attenuator Port: 1 and Attenuator Port: 2. Attenuator choices on the source power menu
control the internal 0 to 90 dB, 10 dB/step attenuators in many test sets. Such attenuators
are useful for reducing the incident signal level applied at the test set port without
changing the level of the reference signal. The network analyzer attenuator functions do
not operate when the S-Parameter test set is not equipped with the attenuators, or when a
reection/transmission test set is used. Even if there is no attenuator, the display indicates
(falsely) that a change has been made.
Pressing the PORT 1 or PORT 2 softkey selects the attenuator aecting that port, and the
attenuation value may be increased or decreased using the step keys. Note that if attenuation
is changed while calibration is on, the message Correction May Be Invalid is displayed,
warning you that the current correction factors may not apply. After Factory Preset, both
Port 1 and Port 2 attenuators are set to 0 dB.
Setting power for passive devices, or devices with gain. After Factory Preset, the source
power, power slope, and test set attenuation are appropriate for measurement of most passive
devices. For measurement of devices having gain, increase the Port 1 attenuator by 10 dB for
each 10 dB of device gain before connecting the device, to reduce the input level to the device,
and thus keep its output level within limits. Messages NO IF FOUND (RF input too low) and
IF OVERLOAD (RF input too high) appear if the input range is exceeded. More information on
setting optimum signal levels of the source and test set for the specic device under test are
give in the following Parameter section under \Dynamic Range Considerations."
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Measurement Controls
4-59
STIMULUS Functions
Source Power and Flatness Correction Calibration
This function enables the analyzer to set and control the power level at the test port. Flatness
correction calibration compensates for path losses at each measurement frequency, as specied
by the number of points. This function is only available to systems using an Agilent 8360
series synthesized sweeper.
To accomplish atness correction, the analyzer controls an external power meter to measure
test port power. A table of power corrections versus frequency is created and stored in register
1 of the source save/recall memory. When atness correction calibration is enabled, the
source produces for each frequency a corrected power level at the test port and the softkey
POWER SOURCE 1 controls the test port power level, not the RF input power into the test set.
The source and test set used determine the available test port power range. The test port
power levels must be set within the power range given in Table 4-8.
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Table 4-8.
Typical Test Port Power Ranges for Source or Test Set Configurations
RF Source
8510 Test Set1
83620A/83621A
w/ 8514B
Frequency (GHz)
0.05
2.0
20.0
26.5
40.0
50.0
w/ 8515A
83631A
83651A
83651A
w/ 8515A
w/ 8517B
w/ 8517B, Opt. 007
Set to
Set to
+10 dBm
020 dBm
Test Port Power Levels [Pmax /Pmin ] (dBm)
+2.5 to 020.5 03.5 to 026 03.5 to 026
+1 to 022.0 06 to 0 29 06 to 0 29
07.5 to 027 013.5 to 030 013.5 to 030
025 to 030
+1.5 to 021.5
+0.5 to 023.5
07.5 to 030
013.5 to 030
020 to 030
027 to 030
+5
+5
+2
+1
03
013
021
021
023
024
021.5
029
1 Data presented assumes no test-set step attenuation. Since the test port atness correction feature
cannot compensate for losses above 20 GHz with an 8516A, no data is provided.
Note
4-60
Refer to Product Note 8510-16 for a complete description of the operation of
the atness correction calibration feature.
Measurement Controls
STIMULUS Functions
Selecting the Number of Points to Measure
After a Factory Preset, the network analyzer selects 201 points per sweep. In Frequency
Domain mode, this produces 200 equally spaced frequency intervals. To change the number of
points:
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5 NUMBER of POINTS . This brings the number of points menu
onto the display. The current value is underlined.
2. Press the appropriate softkey to select 51, 101, 201, 401, or 801 points. Sweep time
increases when you choose a higher number of points.
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Figure 4-34. Number of Points Menu
Number of points is always coupled. Selecting the number of points for one channel
automatically selects the same number of points for the other channel.
With broadband sweeps, responses that are narrow with respect to the frequency interval
may not be accurately represented. For example, with a 10 GHz sweep width, the frequency
resolution is:
Number of
Points
51
101
201
401
801
Frequency Resolution
(10 GHz Span)
200 MHz
100 MHz
50 MHz
25 MHz
12.5 MHz
This means that with 51 points selected, responses that are narrower than 200 MHz are not
represented accurately using a 10 GHz sweep width. Figure 4-35 shows the eect of changing
the number of points from 51 to 401 in such a measurement.
Measurement Controls
4-61
STIMULUS Functions
Figure 4-35. Narrowband Responses
Source Sweep Modes
Four source sweep mode selections are available on the stimulus menu.
The Ramp mode is the fastest data acquisition mode. The source is
RAMP
swept in a continuous analog sweep from the lower to upper frequency
and the data is sampled without stopping the sweep. This mode is
available with either a sweeper source or a synthesized sweeper source.
For Agilent 835x sources, this selects the standard analog sweep with
open loop YIG oscillator tuning accuracy and repeatability.
For Agilent 834x sources, this selects standard analog \lock and roll"
sweep. The source is phase-locked at all frequencies for less than 5 MHz
sweep widths.
For Agilent 8360 sources, this selects enhanced analog \lock and roll"
sweep. The source reads its frequency at the end of the rst sweep and
adjusts the slope and oset of the 0 to 10 V sweep voltage ramp so that
subsequent sweeps are more accurate. The analyzer processes the rst
sweep (referred to as the \learn" sweep) at a slightly slower rate than the
subsequent sweeps. This is why the data may change slightly from the
rst sweep to the second and subsequent sweeps.
The source is tuned and phaselocked at each frequency point. This
STEP
mode is available only with synthesized sources. You can select two
speeds for step mode using controls in the 4SYSTEM5 menu. The types are
STEP TYPE NORMAL and STEP TYPE QUICK . Quick Step mode is not a
function for systems using multiple sources.
Sets the source to the center frequency of the sweep already selected in
SINGLE POINT
the ramp or step sweep mode. Single point mode measures only one
point of data. Displaying one point of data on the screen would result in
one little dot in the middle of the display. To make the signal level easier
to view, the system duplicates the data to create a at horizontal line
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4-62
Measurement Controls
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STIMULUS Functions
that goes across the entire display. All points of the trace are replicated
from the rst, original data point.
Allows you to enter a list of frequencies for measurement. For sweeper
FREQUENCY LIST
sources, the source is set to its CW mode and tuned to each frequency
point in the list. For synthesized sweeper sources, the source is
phase-locked at each frequency point, as in the step sweep mode.
To select the source mode:
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5. The current source mode is underlined.
2. Use the corresponding softkey to select the source mode: RAMP STEP SINGLE POINT or
FREQUENCY LIST .
You may switch between ramp, step, single point, and frequency list modes at any time.
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Figure 4-36. Sweep Mode Menu
Speed of Step and Frequency vs. Ramp Modes
Using less than about 100 averages, taking one sweep in the step sweep mode or the frequency
list mode takes about the same time as about 100 sweeps in the ramp mode. Notice that
measurement time at each step or frequency list data point is not visibly aected until the
averaging factor is increased above about 100.
Measurement Hint
Often, in applications requiring highest accuracy, measurement data is examined using ramp
sweep with a small averaging factor. This has the advantage of the fast update. Then step
mode is activated with increased averaging for the nal measurement. This provides the
accuracy benet of improved frequency accuracy.
Entering Ramp, Step, and Single Point Stimulus Values
For ramp and step sweep modes, enter the frequency span using the 4START5, 4STOP5, 4CENTER5,
and 4SPAN5 controls. To select another frequency in the single point mode, press 4CENTER5 and
the annotation C.W. will appear in the active entry area. Now enter the new frequency desired
Measurement Controls
4-63
STIMULUS Functions
using the knob, step, or numeric keys. If the frequency list mode is selected and a frequency
list has not been created, the message FREQUENCY LIST EMPTY appears and the sweep mode is
not changed.
Sweep Time
The SWEEP TIME softkey in the stimulus menu allows you to change the amount of time it
takes to complete a frequency sweep. If you have selected step sweep or frequency list mode,
sweep time changes to dwell time and the softkey label is DWELL TIME . Dwell time is the
amount of time the analyzer waits before measuring the data after the source is settled at the
frequency point in the frequency list. To change the sweep time:
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5, SWEEP TIME . The current value appears in the active entry
area. The 8510 automatically selects the minimum recommended sweep time, unless
increased by the user.
2. Use the ENTRY block controls to set the new sweep time where the units terminator key
4x15 = seconds and 4k/m5 = milliseconds. In general, depending upon the frequency span,
the best ramp mode frequency accuracy and repeatability is achieved with sweep times
from 300 to 500 milliseconds per sweep.
If the sweep time/dwell time selected is faster than the DUT response time, a distorted
measurement response is obtained. Distortion of the trace or an error message indicates that
the sweep is too fast. In general, the optimum sweep time can be determined using:
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Sweep Time (s) > [Span (GHz)2 Group Delay (ns)] / 100
The length of the dwell time can be determined by using:
Dwell Time (ms) = Sweep Time (ms)/ (Number of Points 0 1)
Select the fastest possible sweep time or the shortest possible dwell time that does not result
in distortion of the trace. In the ramp sweep mode, the standard Preset state selects a sweep
time of 166.0 ms/sweep for 51, 101, 201, and 401 points, or 184 ms/sweep for 801 points.
For narrowband devices, when the sweep width is wider with respect to the device response,
an overly fast sweep time can distort the response of the device under test because the device
does not have time to respond fully to the stimulus signal. If so, the trace changes when the
sweep time is slowed. This example measurement illustrates the eects of an overly fast sweep
time.
Example: Effects of Sweep Time
A good way to see the eects of changing sweep times is to measure a device whose response
changes rapidly with frequency. A narrow-bandwidth device such as a crystal lter or an
electrically long device such as a long cable are good examples.
1. Set up the measurement and notice the appearance of the trace at the Preset sweep time.
2. Store this trace in memory by pressing 4DISPLAY5, DATA AND MEMORIES ,
DISPLAY: DATA and MEMORY .
3. Then use the stimulus menu to set the sweep time to 110 milliseconds/sweep.
4. Compare the new trace to the original. Store this new trace by pressing 4DISPLAY5,
DATA AND MEMORIES and change the sweep time again.
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Measurement Controls
STIMULUS Functions
5. Repeat this process until you reach the fastest possible sweep time with no change in
appearance of the trace. This is the optimum sweep time for that device using that
frequency span and number of points.
Details of storing and comparing traces are given earlier in this chapter in the \Trace Memory
Operations" section.
Figure 4-37. Effects of Sweep Time
Sweep Execution, Hold/Single/Number of Groups/Continual
The Factory Preset condition selects CONTINUAL sweep; the network analyzer continually
executes the sweeps required to produce a measurement. In this mode, the trace is continually
updated.
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Figure 4-38. Hold, Single, Number of Groups, Continual
Measurement Controls
4-65
STIMULUS Functions
Three other choices are available on the continuation of the Stimulus menu. Press the
STIMULUS 4MENU5 key, then MORE , to summon these choices:
stops updating the trace. Most processing functions can be changed
HOLD
while in this mode unless they require that additional sweeps be taken.
When in this mode, the enhancement annotation H appears on the
LCD/CRT.
rst executes a measurement restart. A single group of sweeps is taken,
SINGLE
and then HOLD is selected automatically. The H annotation appears on
the LCD/CRT.
NUMBER of GROUPS initiates a specic number of measurement sweeps, then places
the instrument in Hold mode. To enter a number of groups, press
NUMBER OF GROUPS followed by a numeric entry and 4x15. Entering a
number of groups automatically forces a measurement restart.
After the group is nished, an H appears in the annotation area, showing
that the analyzer is in Hold mode. You may restart the number of
groups at any time by entering a number and pressing 4x15.
To resume continuous operation, press CONTINUAL at any time.
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Why Use Number of Groups?
A group of sweeps consists of the number of frequency sweeps necessary to present data for
the current measurement. For example, if in ramp sweep mode with averaging on, the trace is
fully averaged by n+1 groups of sweeps, where n is the averaging factor. In this way Number
of Groups can be used to signify that the measurement is complete. If the Averaging Factor is
16, then press NUMBER of GROUPS , enter 4175, 4x15. When the measurement is complete, Hold
is selected.
Using step sweep or frequency list with an S-Parameter test set, 1 sweep always equals 1
group because all necessary data is taken at each frequency step. Regardless of the averaging
factor you may enter NUMBER of GROUPS , 415 4x15 for this conguration.
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Coupled/Uncoupled Channels
Almost all features in the network analyzer are uncoupled, this allows each channel to act like
completely dierent analyzers. All stimulus settings, however, are normally coupled|they
remain the same when you change channels. The instrument couples many stimulus functions
because it is usually more convenient to use this way. For this reason, Factory Preset selects
the COUPLED CHANNELS mode. All stimulus functions are identical for both channels.
The network analyzer allows you to uncouple most stimulus functions, so you can have
dierent stimulus settings when you change channels.
Some stimulus functions are always coupled and cannot be set independently. These functions
are:
Sweep Modes:
Ramp, Step, Single Point, Frequency List Frequencies, Hold, Single,
Number of Groups, Continual, Number of Points.
Marker Functions: Active markers and reference markers.
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4-66
Measurement Controls
STIMULUS Functions
To determine if any given function is coupled or
uncoupled, make it the active function. Press 4CHANNEL 15, change the function value, and
then press 4CHANNEL 25. If the active function value shown for Channel 2 has also changed,
the two channels are coupled. Otherwise the function is always uncoupled and can be set
independently.
Selecting UNCOUPLED CHANNELS makes it possible to set some stimulus functions
independently for each channel. These functions are:
Start/Stop/Center/Span
Source Power
Power Slope
Sweep Time
Trim Sweep
Correction On/O
Cal Set
How to tell if a function is coupled.
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Dual Channel
Another control related to measurement channel selection and uncoupled channels is
\dual channel." When a dual channel display mode has been selected, the current selected
measurement is displayed. If possible, the measurement for both channels is made by a single
frequency sweep, or else the channels are measured alternately. Pressing 4CHANNEL 15 or
4CHANNEL 25 selects the channel that is controlled by the front panel. Note on the display, the 7
annotation next to the parameter identier indicating the active channel.
To change to a dual channel display mode, press DISPLAY DISPLAY MODE ; select either
DUAL CHAN OVERLAY or DUAL CHAN SPLIT .
Uncoupled Stimulus Settings and Dual Channel Displays. For dual channel displays, separate
stimulus values for each channel are displayed below the graticule area. These stimulus
values can be changed independently by pressing 4CHANNEL 15 or 4CHANNEL 25, then setting the
stimulus values for that channel in the usual way.
To set dierent stimulus functions for Channel 1 and Channel 2:
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5, MORE , UNCOUPLED CHANNELS .
2. Press 4CHANNEL 15. Set the Start/Stop or Center/Span frequencies for Channel 1 using the
STIMULUS keys.
3. Press 4CHANNEL 25. Set the Start/Stop or Center/Span frequencies for Channel 2 using the
STIMULUS keys.
4. Press 4DISPLAY5 DUAL CHANNEL OVERLAY or SPLIT .
When you select COUPLED CHANNELS , the stimulus values for both channels are set to the
current values of the selected channel. For example, select 4CHANNEL 15 or 4CHANNEL 25, then
press COUPLED CHANNELS. Both channels now have the same stimulus values.
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Measurement Controls
4-67
STIMULUS Functions
Trigger Modes
Three softkeys control the data acquisition triggering for the analyzer system:
TRIGGERING INTERNAL , TRIGGERING EXTERNAL and TRIGGER DELAY . The internal trigger
control sets the acquisition cycle to synchronize with the source frequency ramp output. This
is the Factory Preset setting.
TRIGGERING EXTERNAL sets the data acquisition cycle to synchronize with an external trigger
provided at the rear-panel connection, TRIGGER IN. This allows synchronization with an
event other than the source frequency sweep.
TRIGGER DELAY allows you to set the data acquisition point at a spot delayed from the
leading edge of the trigger pulse. The delay time for internal trigger equals zero seconds
when the signal at the rear-panel PULSE OUT connector is asserted. You can set the delay
for a time before zero seconds (negative time delay) to 40.88 ms after the pulse output
signal is asserted. For external triggering, time zero is at the falling edge of the signal at the
TRIGGER IN connector. You can set the delay for times after the time zero up to 40.88 ms.
For internal and external triggers, the range of delay times allowed are dependent on the pulse
width and the number of points measured. Trigger delay range in external triggering is also
dependent on the stop time.
Trigger delay is active only in Frequency Domain measurements and is normally used for
pulsed-RF applications. Refer to the Pulsed RF-Measurements User's Guide (tabbed section
GENERAL APPLICATIONS) for more information on triggering applications.
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Figure 4-39. Trigger Mode Menu
4-68
Measurement Controls
STIMULUS Functions
Creating a Frequency List
Frequency list provides the capability to measure only specic frequencies of interest. The
frequency list is made up of segments and each segment may consist of a single CW frequency
or a frequency span. The span may be specied using start/stop or center/span frequencies
and either a frequency step or number of points.
Figure 4-40. Frequency List Menu Structure
Entering the First Segment
To create a frequency list:
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5, MORE , then EDIT LIST . The LCD/CRT appears as shown here.
2. Press ADD . The rst segment appears as shown here.
3. Press SEGMENT: START and enter the start frequency of the rst segment.
4. Press SEGMENT: STOP and enter the stop frequency of the segment.
5. Press SEGMENT: STEP SIZE and enter the frequency step.
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Measurement Controls
4-69
STIMULUS Functions
6. Press SEGMENT: DONE . Now press DONE again to return to the main stimulus menu, then
press FREQUENCY LIST . The LCD/CRT frequency annotation is updated to the limits of
the frequency list and the sweep of the frequency list begins.
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Figure 4-41. Enter the First Segment
Add Segments
To add a segment to the list:
1. Press EDIT LIST , then press ADD . Each time you press ADD , the current segment is
duplicated.
2. Enter new segment values by following the instructions given previously, then press
SEGMENT: DONE .
The segments do not have to be entered in any particular order. They are sorted
automatically by start or CW frequency each time you press SEGMENT: DONE . If you try to
add more than the maximum allowed number of segments or frequency points, a warning
message is displayed.
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Editing the Frequency List
To change the contents of the list, press EDIT LIST to display the edit
frequency list menu, press SEGMENT to choose a segment, then press EDIT .
The SEGMENT key determines the segment to be edited or deleted. Press SEGMENT , then enter
the number of the segment in the list or use the knob or step keys to scroll the pointer >
to the segment number. Press EDIT to edit the current segment. The segment edit menu
appears, allowing you to change any of the segment characteristics.
Please note that the 4START5, 4STOP5, 4CENTER5, and 4SPAN5 keys in the STIMULUS block are
not used during the frequency list editing process.
For example, enter a frequency list as follows:
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5, MORE EDIT LIST .
2. Press the following keys:
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Changing a Segment.
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4-70
Measurement Controls
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STIMULUS Functions
a. ADD SEGMENT: START 425 4G/n5
b. SEGMENT: STOP 445 4G/n5
c. SEGMENT: STEP SIZE 41005 4M/5
d. SEGMENT: DONE DONE FREQUENCY LIST
The frequency list sweep starts.
In the frequency list mode, you may edit the segments interactively. When you press
SEGMENT: DONE , the frequency list segments are arranged in ascending order and the
measurement begins.
Deleting a Segment. When you press DELETE , the current segment is deleted.
Adding a Segment. Now add a segment to the list as follows:
1. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5 MORE EDIT LIST .
2. Press the following:
a. ADD SEGMENT: START 445 4G/n5
b. SEGMENT: STOP 485 4G/n5
c. SEGMENT: STEP SIZE 42005 4M/5
d. SEGMENT: DONE
The sweep restarts and the new list is measured.
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To Duplicate Points
If you followed the above sequence, notice that the point at 4 GHz is brighter. This is because
it is being measured and plotted twice. If you select the delay format, you can see that
the group delay trace shows an unexpected discontinuity at the duplicated point. Later,
in the discussion of the COPY menu, you will see that you can print the list of measured
frequencies and values in tabular format. If you performed this operation, you would see that
4 GHz is listed twice. If this is an undesired duplication, press DUPLICATE POINTS , then
DUPLICATES DELETED . The sweep is restarted and any duplicate point is measured only once.
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Frequency List Save and Recall
Of course you may save the current frequency list in the same way as any instrument state is
saved, by using the 4SAVE5 and 4RECALL5 keys.
Selecting All Segments or a Single Segment. It is very convenient to dene all segments of the
frequency list, perform the measurement calibration, then select a single segment for viewing.
This simplies measurement calibration because all segments are calibrated with a single
connection of the standards, and speeds the measurement process because you can examine
only the segment of interest for the current test.
When you press FREQUENCY LIST with more than one segment dened, the menu allows
selection of either ALL SEGMENTS or SINGLE SEGMENT . Press SINGLE SEGMENT to cause
the current selected segment to become the active segment and the network analyzer to
measure that segment. Use the step keys, knob, or numeric entry to select the segment for
measurement.
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Measurement Controls
4-71
STIMULUS Functions
Figure 4-42 shows the display when the complete frequency list is swept, then after a single
segment is selected. The current listing of frequency list segments is displayed with the
arrow pointing to the current segment. If you do not want the frequency list displayed, press
STIMULUS 4MENU5. It disappears but segment number remains the active function. Note
that the Stimulus values at the bottom of the screen show the actual frequency range being
measured and that Correction remains On.
Figure 4-42. Frequency List, Display of Single Segment
To Exit Frequency List
To exit the frequency list mode, press STIMULUS 4MENU5, then press RAMP , STEP , or
SINGLE POINT . The frequency endpoints of the frequency list are used for the ramp or step
sweep.
FACTORY PRESET clears the frequency list and selects DUPLICATES MEASURED .
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Measurement Controls
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5
Using System Functions
Chapter Contents
The topics covered in this chapter are listed below:
System Menus
Controls That Aect the Network Analyzer
Phaselock Controls
Warning Beeper
IF Calibration and Correction
Display Functions (Creating a Title, Adjusting the Date/Time Clock)
Security Features
Controls that Aect I/0
GPIB Addresses
Power Leveling
Controlling Multiple Sources (Multiple Source Menu/Mode)
Service Functions
Using System Functions
5-1
Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer
System Menus
Figure 5-1 shows the main System menu.
Figure 5-1. Main System Menu and Part of the Display Functions Menu
5-2
Using System Functions
Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer
Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer
The following features aect only the network analyzer:
Phaselock Controls
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE SYSTEM PHASELOCK to access the System Phaselock Menu, shown in
Figure 5-2. The functions of this menu control the timing of data acquisition cycle and the
point where the system is phaselocked.
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Figure 5-2. System Phaselock Menu
Lock Type
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE
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SYSTEM PHASELOCK
LOCK TYPE: EXTERNAL .
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to access LOCK
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TYPE: INTERNAL
or
EXTERNAL lock type selects the system rst IF phase lock, and phase locks on an external
LO source.
INTERNAL lock type selects the system rst IF phase lock, and the internal LO source.
NONE turns phaselock o.
Step Type
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE SYSTEM PHASELOCK to access the Step Type softkeys.
The step type softkeys control the data acquisition cycle during Frequency Domain
measurements. There are two step types: Normal Step and Quick Step. Normal Step is
the factory default mode. Once changed by the user, this mode never changes. The mode
you choose, either Quick Step or Normal Step, aects measurements made in the Step or
Frequency List sweep modes.
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Using System Functions
5-3
Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer
Normal Step.
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE
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SYSTEM PHASELOCK STEP TYPE: NORMAL
to select Normal
Step mode.
In normal-step, the network analyzer tunes to a frequency and measures all necessary
parameters before breaking phaselock and tuning to the next frequency. The network analyzer
goes through a complete phaselock sequence at each frequency step.
This method of phaselock requires a software handshake only (occurs through the System
Bus). No other external connectors between the source and network analyzer are required,
and GPIB extenders can be used.
Quick Step Mode. Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE SYSTEM PHASELOCK STEP TYPE: QUICK to select
Quick Step mode.
In Quick Step, the source is tuned from one measurement to the next in small steps allowing
the receiver to track the source without breaking phaselock. Since the time required for
the receiver to achieve phaselock is a major portion of the measurement cycle time for each
point, Quick Step mode increases the speed of Step sweep measurements up to six times with
no penalty in the frequency accuracy and repeatability specications. Quick Step requires
a compatible 836xx source. The Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual provides a list of
compatible 836xx sources.
Quick Step mode does not function in a system that uses multiple sources.
Note
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The key attributes of the quick-step phaselock method are:
Each data acquisition point is fully synthesized.
The source is \tuned" from point-to-point; it does not break phaselock.
The network analyzer remains phaselocked to the source except at the source bandcross
points or when the test VTO needs to reset.
The network analyzer and source require two BNC connections, described below.
Typically (depends on averaging), increased data acquisition speed (six times improvement)
is achieved by this method of phaselock.
The 8510C uses STEP TYPE: NORMAL if the source is not compatible with quick step. Agilent
8340/41 sources are NOT compatible with quick step.
To use Quick Step mode with an Agilent 836xx RF source:
1. Connect the network analyzer's TRIGGER IN BNC to the source's TRIGGER OUT BNC.
2. Connect the network analyzer's STOP SWP BNC to the source's STOP SWEEP BNC.
3. Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE SYSTEM PHASELOCK STEP TYPE: QUICK .
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Lock Speed
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE
to access the Lock Speed controls.
LOCK SPEED NORMAL provides the best frequency accuracy when using Step, Single Point, or
Frequency List modes. Lock Speed Normal is the factory default setting. This feature has no
eect in Ramp Sweep mode.
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SYSTEM PHASELOCK
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5-4
Using System Functions
Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer
allows you to increase stepped measurement speed with a tradeo of
decreased frequency accuracy. Fast Speed increases the speed of Step, Single Point, and
Frequency List modes. This feature has no eect in Ramp Sweep mode.
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LOCK SPEED FAST
Warning Beeper
The BEEPER ON or BEEPER OFF softkeys control whether you hear a \beep" whenever a
warning message is displayed. The BEEPER ON selection is the factory default setting.
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IF Calibration and Correction
IF calibration/correction is an automatic calibration feature that reduces IF gain and
quadrature errors in each of the four input channels (a1, a2, b1 and b2). This process is
composed of two features:
IF Calibration IF calibration measures a crystal reference signal, and determines gain
and quadrature errors for each input channel. A series of error-correction
coecients are calculated. The network analyzer rmware determines how
often IF calibrations should be performed. When the network analyzer is
warming up, it performs IF calibrations often. When the network analyzer is
fully warmed up, it performs IF calibrations less often.
Refer to Figure 5-12. To perform an IF calibration, the network analyzer
measures a 100 kHz reference signal (from a built-in crystal oscillator)
with the Test and Reference Synchronous Detectors. Then, IF calibration
calculates gain and quadrature errors for each input channel.
The network analyzer inhibits periodic IF calibrations during Fast CW modes.
You can force an IF calibration to be performed. Refer to the \IF Calibration
Controls," below, for instructions.
IF Correction IF Correction subtracts IF calibration error coecients from the measurement
data. IF correction is always ON. IF correction occurs before any other data
processing, before data reaches the Raw Data Arrays.
IF Calibration Controls
Press 4SYSTEM5 RESET IF CORRECTION to have the network analyzer perform an IF
calibrations now. Otherwise the network analyzer automatically performs IF calibrations at
periodic intervals. The network analyzer modies measurement data with the most-recent IF
calibration coecients.
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Display Functions
Part of the display functions menu is shown in Figure 5-1, and the date/time functions menu
is shown in Figure 5-3.
Creating a Title
To create or change a title, use the System function keys listed below:
1. Press 4SYSTEM5, DISPLAY FUNCTIONS , TITLE to display the title menu and the existing
title.
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Using System Functions
5-5
Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer
2. To enter a character, position the " (uparrow) symbol positioned below the character by
turning the knob.
3. Press SELECT LETTER . The character appears as the last character in the title area.
Repeat this process to write the rest of the title.
4. Use the BACK SPACE softkey to erase the rst title character to the left of the arrow.
When you have nished creating or changing the title, select the softkey labeled
TITLE DONE .
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Deleting a Title
To delete the whole title, press the softkey labeled ERASE
the ENTRY block to erase one character at a time.
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TITLE
or use the 4BACKSPACE5 key in
Adjusting the Date/Time Clock
Figure 5-3. Date/Time Functions Menu
To adjust the date/time clock annotation:
1. Press 4SYSTEM5, DISPLAY FUNCTIONS , DATE/TIME FUNCTIONS .
This brings up the adjust date/time menu.
2. Select SET: YEAR . Notice that the date/time clock appears in the lower right-hand of the
display. Also, notice the prompt in the active entry area. Use the knob to adjust the year.
3. Select SET: MONTH . Press 425 (or other numeric characters from 1 to 12), then press 4x15 to
terminate the entry. Notice that the month annotation is automatically translated to a
three letter abbreviation of the month, in the date/time annotation.
4. Select SET: DAY . Use the 485/495 arrow keys to adjust the day.
5. In the same manner, you can adjust the hour and minutes of the date/time clock.
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5-6
Using System Functions
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Controls that Affect the Network Analyzer
Note
You can use the RPG knob, numeric entry keys with a terminator, or the
485/495 arrow key to enter any value. Any association with a particular key is
for demonstration purposes only.
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Using Security Features in the System DISPLAY FUNCTIONS Menu
The CRT OFF softkey turns the display OFF, resulting in a blank display. External displays
driven by the network analyzer rear-panel EXTERNAL DISPLAY output continue to
function. To turn the display ON again, press 4RECALL5 MORE FACTORY PRESET , or recall an
Instrument State which was created with the display turned ON.
The FREQUENCY OFF softkey turns o frequency annotations display OFF. All stimulus
functions operate normally except that the start, stop, center, and span display values are set
to 0.000000000 GHz and the marker frequency value is blanked. The Time Domain stimulus
display is not changed. FACTORY PRESET or 4RECALL5 of Instrument State stored without
FREQUENCY OFF restores normal Frequency Domain displays.
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Using System Functions
5-7
Controls that Affect I/O
Controls that Affect Input/Output
The following controls aect how the network analyzer communicates with external
instruments:
GPIB Addresses
The GPIB address menu is identical to the main local menu and address assignments are
made the same way. The following is a list of address assignments you can make using either
of these menus. The factory default values are shown in parenthesis.
If you perform either of the following, you must turn the network analyzer
Note
OFF, then ON again:
When you change the address of any instrument on the System Bus.
When you replace an RF or LO source with a source having a dierent
model number.
System operating problems can result if you do not follow the above
precautions.
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ADDRESS of 8510
(16)
(17)
SOURCE #1 (19)
SOURCE #2 (31)
TEST SET (20)
RF SWITCH (31)
POWERMETER (31)
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SYSTEM BUS
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MORE
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DISC
(0)
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PLOTTER: HP-IB
(05)
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PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #1
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PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #2
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PRINTER: HP-IB
(01)
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PRINTER: RS-232 PORT #1
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PRINTER: RS-232 PORT #2
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PASS-THRU
5-8
(31)
Using System Functions
Controls that Affect I/O
To set the bus address of a device on the system bud, press 4SYSTEM5, HPIB ADDRESS , then
follow the steps below:
1. Check the hardware switch (usually located on the rear-panel of the instrument). Convert
the binary switch setting to decimal format.
2. Select the corresponding network analyzer softkey for that instrument.
3. Set the decimal value using the knob, step, or numeric keys.
4. Terminate with the 4x15 key.
5. Press 4RECALL5 MORE FACTORY PRESET .
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GPIB Configure
The softkeys in this menu control system operation in response to a PRES; GPIB command
(issued by a computer).
Select HP-IB USES USR PRESET to use the PRES; command the same as the front-panel key
4USER PRESET5.
Select HP-IB USES FACTORY PRESET to use the PRES; command the same as the softkey
FACTORY PRESET (under 4RECALL5 MORE ).
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Edit Multiple Source
The EDIT MULT. SCR. softkey accesses the menu that allows you to congure the system for
the following:
LO Sources
External Mixers
RF frequency multipliers that do not have a digital communications link (source module
interconnect) with an RF source.
Special modules that must be tested with an IF output frequency other than 20 MHz.
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Power Leveling
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE POWER LEVELING to enter the System Power Leveling Menu, shown in
Figure 5-4. This function is part of the Hardware State and is not changed by power-up or
preset or an instrument state recall.
The RF source (source 1) levels its power using its internal
SOURCE 1: INTERNAL
leveling when this is selected.
When this is selected, the RF source requires an external
SOURCE 1: EXT. LEVEL
leveling loop to complete its leveling loop. Refer to the
individual source manual to nd information on external
leveling requirements.
This setting should be used in millimeter wave systems where
SOURCE 1: MM MODULE
the source module interface cable is attached to the SOURCE
MODULE INTERFACE connector on the RF source.
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Using System Functions
5-9
Controls that Affect I/O
Figure 5-4. System Power Leveling Menu
Source 2 leveling requires the two following items:
The LO source GPIB port must be connected to the network analyzer system bus.
An LO source must be specied in the network analyzer's Multiple Source menu before you
can change its power leveling type. Other LO source power and phaselock controls (LOCK
TYPE) are located in the 4SYSTEM5 key menus. The Source 2 leveling functions are the same
as those used for Source 1.
5-10
Using System Functions
Controlling Multiple Sources
Controlling Multiple Sources
Many measurement systems require remote mixers, and therefore require an LO source. Such
a system is shown in Figure 5-5. The network analyzer controls all aspects of RF and LO
source frequencies. In setups that use multiple sources, the Multiple Source Menu allows the
network analyzer to properly manage these frequencies.
Here is an example of a setup that requires multiple source mode. The system shown uses an
LO source and 3rd harmonic mixers.
Figure 5-5. Actual LO Frequency Required by a Harmonic Mixer
This setup creates two management tasks for the network analyzer:
The LO source must supply the appropriate LO signal to the mixer. The mixer uses the
third harmonic of the LO signal. The network analyzer must compensate by setting the LO
source frequency to be 1/3 of the needed frequency. The formula shown in Figure 5-7 would
be appropriate for this situation.
The mixer must produce a 20 MHz IF for the network analyzer. Therefore, the third
harmonic of the LO frequency must be 20 MHz away from the RF frequency.
The Multiple Source Menu provides the special control for this and other types of setups.
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE EDIT MULT. SRC. to display the Multiple Source Menu. It appears as
shown in Figure 5-6.
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Using System Functions
5-11
Controlling Multiple Sources
Figure 5-6. Edit Multiple Source Menu
There are three entries in the multiple source mode, labeled: SOURCE 1 (the RF source),
LO source), and RECEIVER. Each of these entries contains a blank formula.
SOURCE 1
the SOURCE 1 formula tells the network analyzer to adjust frequency
commands sent to the RF source.
SOURCE 2
the SOURCE 2 formula tells the network analyzer to adjust frequency
commands sent to the LO source.
RECEIVER
the RECEIVER formula tunes the frequency converter to the frequency sent by
the mixer.
Examples are provided later for each of these formulas.
SOURCE 2 (the
Using the Multiple Source Menu
Given the test setup shown earlier, here is an example of how to use the Multiple Source
Menu.
Look at the SOURCE 2 line. Like the other two lines, this one is accompanied by a formula.
Refer to Figure 5-7 and Figure 5-5.
5-12
Using System Functions
Controlling Multiple Sources
Figure 5-7. Source 2 Modified for Third Harmonic Mixer System
The term FREQ represents the original RF frequency requested by the user. First, the oset
(20 MHz) is added to the original frequency value. Since 1/3 is entered as a multiplier,
(FREQ + 20 GHz) is now divided by 3.
The functions in the Multiple Source Menu, shown in Figure 5-6, are explained below:
As shown in Figure 5-7, the frequency multiplier is entered as a
MULTIPLIER NUMER.
fraction x/y. This softkey allows you to enter the numerator (x),
which is 1 in almost all applications. Terminate this entry with 4x15.
This allows you to enter the denominator (y) for the frequency
MULTIPLIER DENOM.
multiplier. In harmonic mixer setups, the denominator is always
equal to the harmonic used by the mixer. In other words, if the
mixer is a 10th harmonic type, use a denominator of 10. Terminate
this entry with 4x15.
This enters a xed oset which is added to, or subtracted from,
OFFSET FREQUENCY
the FREQ frequency. (FREQ represents the stimulus (RF source)
frequency entered by the user.) In most setups the oset you enter
becomes the IF frequency. To enter a positive oset, simply enter
the desired oset value. Terminate this entry with an appropriate
units key. To enter a negative oset, press 4+/05, enter the value,
then press the appropriate units terminator key.
When used with SOURCE 1 or SOURCE 2, sets the source to one
CONSTANT FREQUENCY
xed frequency. When used with RECEIVER, it tunes the frequency
converter to measure that particular frequency. Terminate this
entry with an appropriate units key.
Returns the Multiple Source menu to factory default settings.
DEFAULT
Press after dening the SOURCE 1, SOURCE 2 or RECEIVER formula.
DONE
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How to Enter the Example Configuration
Still following the original example setup, here are the steps required to congure the Multiple
Source menu for the LO source and 3rd harmonic mixer.
1. First, congure the SOURCE 2 formula for a 3rd harmonic mixer, with 20 MHz oset:
a. Press DEFINE: SOURCE 2 .
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Using System Functions
5-13
Controlling Multiple Sources
2. The multiplier requires two values, the numerator, and denominator. For the example
above, you would press:
b. MULTIPLIER NUMER. 1 4x15
c. MULTIPLIER DENOM. 3 4x15
d. OFFSET FREQUENCY 20 4M/5
e. DONE (indicates you are nished dening the Source 2 formula)
3. Next, congure the receiver formula to measure the 20 MHz IF produced by the mixer.
Press the following keys:
a. DEFINE: RECEIVER
b. CONSTANT FREQUENCY 20 4M/5
c. DONE
Now save the configuration. Before leaving the multiple source menus, you must press
either MULT. SRC: OFF/SAVE or MULT. SRC: ON/SAVE . If not, all denition changes
are lost. These softkeys turn the function on or o and save the equation denitions in
the Hardware State. Note that changes can be made and saved with the mode o (using
MULT. SRC: OFF/SAVE ). This means that at power-up the equations are dened but not
active.
Figure 5-8 shows how the multiple source menu looks after you perform the above steps, and
press MULT. SRC: ON/SAVE .
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Note
Do not be concerned if you see the error message: CHANGING STEP TYPE TO
NORMAL STEP. This message occurs if the network analyzer was in the quick
phase lock mode. The network analyzer cannot use quick phase lock mode
when multiple sources are in use, and selects normal phase lock mode instead.
Figure 5-8.
Finished Multi-Source Configuration, LO Source and 3rd Harmonic Mixers
Note that the example setup in Figure 5-5 requires NO changes to the default SOURCE 1
conguration.
5-14
Using System Functions
Controlling Multiple Sources
Millimeter Wave Mixers
The SOURCE 2 setup would only change slightly for millimeter wave systems (that use mixers
with large harmonic values). For example, Q band mixers use 10th harmonic mixers. To use
these mixer types, you would simply enter a 10 as the multiplier denominator. The numerator
and oset remain the same.
Uses for the SOURCE 1 and RECEIVER Formulas
As implied above, the three formulas in the Edit Multiple Source menu (SOURCE 1,
SOURCE 2, and RECEIVER) compensate for frequency translation that is occurring
somewhere in the system.
SOURCE 1 Formula Use
The SOURCE 1 formula could compensate for any frequency translation occurring in the RF
portion of the system. An example would be a frequency multiplier that cannot communicate
digitally with the RF source. Agilent multipliers and most RF sources have an interconnect
bus that allows them to communicate directly. When using these devices you do not need
to change the SOURCE 1 formula from the default settings. However, if you have a source or
multiplier that does not have the interconnect, then change the SOURCE 1 formula as needed:
For example, for a 3x multiplier you would enter 1/3 as the multiplier (and no oset).
Assume you are using this type of setup, and you request an RF frequency of 45 GHz. The
network analyzer divides that value by 3 and programs the RF source for the new value
(15 GHz). The RF source outputs 15 GHz, which is then multiplied (by 3) by the RF
multiplier. The multiplier then outputs the desired 45 GHz signal.
Receiver Formula Use
All the examples above assume that a 20 MHz IF frequency is available from the frequency
converter. These examples are very useful if you are testing discrete devices. However, some
users may need to test modules which contain mixers, and which may not a produce 20 MHz
IF output.
Figure 5-9 shows an example setup.
Using System Functions
5-15
Controlling Multiple Sources
Figure 5-9. Module Testing Example
Note that the Module Under Test contains a 10th harmonic mixer. Also, the module only
produces a 1 GHz IF signal. In this example you must modify the SOURCE 2 and RECEIVER
formulas as follows:
SOURCE 2
1/10 * ( FREQ +
1.000000000 GHz )
RECEIVER
1.000000000 GHz
(The RECEIVER is set to a CONSTANT FREQUENCY of 1 GHz.)
Why are these settings used?. Here are the objectives of this measurement setup:
The nal LO frequency must mix with a 100 GHz RF signal to produce a 1 GHz IF.
Therefore the nal LO frequency must equal 99 or 101 GHz. For the sake of this example,
101 GHz is used.
The LO frequency output by the LO source must be 1/10th of the required LO frequency.
This is because the 10th harmonic mixers essentially multiplies the LO frequency by 10 (by
picking the 10th harmonic).
The setup must allow the network analyzer/frequency converter combination to measure the
1 GHz IF signal.
5-16
Using System Functions
Controlling Multiple Sources
These design objectives are met as follows:
The formula for SOURCE 2 must be:
1/10 * (RF FREQ + 1.000000000 GHz)
This yields:
1/10 * (100 GHz + 1 GHz)
= 1/10 * 101 GHz
= 10.1 GHz
When the mixer picks the 10th harmonic, it is at 101 GHz. Therefore, the IF becomes
1 GHz.
The network analyzer must tune the 8511 frequency converter to measure 1 GHz. Setting
RECEIVER to a constant frequency of 1 GHz does this.
Figure 5-10 shows how the multiple source menu appears after these changes are made.
Figure 5-10. Finished Multiple Source Configuration for Hypothetical Module
Using System Functions
5-17
Service Functions
Service Functions
The Service Functions menu contains several functions that are useful to you as an operator.
Some keys on this menu however, are more appropriate for service personnel and are discussed
in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual .
Figure 5-11. Service Functions Menu
To view the service functions menu, press 4SYSTEM5 MORE
SERVICE FUNCTIONS .
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Test Menu
Access the Test menu by pressing 4SYSTEM5 MORE SERVICE FUNCTIONS TEST MENU . Selecting
TEST MENU disables the GPIB interface. This menu gives access to self-test menu items.
To return to normal operation, enter 15 then 4= MARKER5, or cycle line power, or press the
TEST button. Operation of selections from the Test menu are described as part of the service
procedures in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual .
To exit the Test menu, enter 15 with the numeric keypad, then press 4=05. The
Note
instrument state is reset to factory preset.
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The following list of options are available in the test menu:
5-18
Using System Functions
Service Functions
Table 5-1. Test Menu
MAIN SERVICE FUNCTIONS MENU
SYSTEM COMMANDS
15 RUN MAIN PROGRAM
A5 PROCESSOR EPROM
16 MEMORY OPERATIONS
A5 PROCESSOR RAM
17 RERUN SELF TEST
A7 DATA BUS
18 REPEAT TEST LOOP
A4 (A14) DISPLAY PROCESSOR
A4 (A14) DISPLAY RAM
DISC COMMANDS
A7 TIMER/CLOCK/RS-232
A7 PUBLIC HPIB
19 LOAD PROGRAM DISC
A7 SYSTEM BUS
20 RECORD PROGRAM DISC
INTERRUPT SYSTEM
21 INITIALIZE DISC
A5 MULTIPLIER
A7 DISC CONTROLLER
SERVICE COMMANDS
A6 NON-VOLATILE MEMORY
IF DETECTOR DATA
22 RUN SERVICE PROGRAM
KEYBOARD
23 DIAGNOSE A FAILURE
LOOPING SELF TESTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
ENTER SELECTION, THEN PRESS =MARKER
Disc Commands
19 LOAD PROGRAM
DISC
20 RECORD PROGRAM
DISC
21 INITIALIZE
DISC
Use this selection to load or reload the operating system. Slide the
operating disc into the disc drive. Press 415 495 4=MARKER5. In about
one minute, the operating system should be loaded and running.
Use this selection to record a backup copy of the operating system on
an initialized blank disc. Slide the initialized disc into the disc drive.
Press 425 405 4=MARKER5.
Use this selection to initialize a disc prior to recording the operating
system on it. You can use a disc that has been recorded on, but it
should be double-sided and of good quality. Slide the disc into the disc
drive. Press 425 415 4=MARKER5.
System Bus Softkeys
Use the SYSTEM BUS `LOCAL' softkey to suspend all activity on the System Bus and enter
the hold mode. Front panel control of instruments connected to the System Bus is enabled to
allow you to change instrument functions not controllable from the network analyzer.
Selecting SYSTEM BUS `LOCAL' also allows an external controller to communicate directly
with any \appliance" or instrument on the System Bus via the System Bus Address.
Any pass-thru command to any \appliance" or instrument on the System Bus causes an
automatic System Bus `LOCAL'.
Selecting SYSTEM BUS `REMOTE' returns control of instruments on the System Bus to
the network analyzer. Source functions controlled by the network analyzer are returned
to the state represented by the current network analyzer Instrument State (for example:
ramp/step/single point, frequency range, sweep time, source power, and power slope). Other
source functions set from its front-panel are not changed. The test set is interrogated and
parameter denitions are established (see REDEFINE PARAMETER ). Raw data arrays are zeroed
and the displayed trace is updated by the next group of sweeps.
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Using System Functions
5-19
Service Functions
Addressing the network analyzer GPIB after pass-thru to any System Bus Address (except
address 31) causes an automatic System Bus `Remote'.
IF Gain
The IF Gain menus allow you to select either autoranging or xed IF gain control for the
8510C input signal paths. Remember, the IF section of the network analyzer:
Downconverts the 20 MHz input signals to a lower frequency, so the signal is easier to
manipulate and sample.
Changes the amount of IF gain so the detectors and A/D converter operate with optimum
accuracy (refer to Figure 5-12).
Selects the input ratio (b1/a1 for example).
Normally the network analyzer uses automatic gain control. In this mode, the network
analyzer automatically adjusts IF gain for a high signal level (around 015 dBm) at the
detectors and A/D converter. This allows the detectors and A/D converter to operate with
optimum accuracy. The default (automatic) mode is appropriate for almost all measurement
setups.
Why Use Manual Control
You should use manual IF gain control if any of the following applies to your measurement:
There are large power changes between adjacent data points (greater than 24 dB between
points).
The \IF OVERLOAD" message keeps appearing, even though RF Power to the network
analyzer inputs is less than 010 dBm.
Why the problem occurs. When the network analyzer measures a data point, automatic
IF gain control detects the power at the input. Assume (for example) that this is a very
low power level. The gain control increases IF gain to amplify the signal. This allows the
synchronous detectors and A/D converter (shown in Figure 5-12) to operate in their most
accurate range. Now assume the network analyzer measures the next data point, and the
power level is much higher. The IF gain stages are still set for the previously-measured low
power level. When the large signal arrives, it is amplied greatly and often overdrives the
detectors. The error message \IF OVERLOAD" appears when this occurs.
Figure 5-13 shows a block diagram of the IF gain stage.
5-20
Using System Functions
Service Functions
Figure 5-12. Simplified Block Diagram of the Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer
Note the block in Figure 5-12 titled \IF AMPS & INPUT SELECTOR." It is this section that
we evaluate more closely in Figure 5-13.
Using System Functions
5-21
Service Functions
Figure 5-13. Gain Stages in the IF section
Notice that, in Figure 5-12, the 100 kHz mixers are shown as having only a single output
each. This is not really true. Figure 5-13 shows a closer representation of the actual circuitry.
The dierent signals (a1, a2, b1, and b2) are split o and routed to input selectors. When
you select a specic parameter, a ratio such a b1/a1 is selected. The network analyzer
automatically selects the correct positions on the input selector to send the b1 signal to the
test channel, and a1 to the reference channel.
The signals then go to a series of 12 dB ampliers. In automatic IF gain mode, the network
analyzer controls these ampliers. These ampliers can also be controlled manually with the
softkeys in the IF Gain Select Menu.
How to Use Manual IF Gain Controls Properly
You can solve the IF OVERLOAD problem by using xed IF gain, and setting it as necessary
for the higher power level .
Press 4SYSTEM5 MORE SERVICE FUNCTIONS IF GAIN . Then select gain control for either the
test or reference path with TEST AMP. GAIN or REFERENCE AMP. GAIN .
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5-22
Using System Functions
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Service Functions
The xed gain control softkeys are now displayed:
Turns all four ampliers OFF for that test or reference path (0 dB
GAIN: (MIN) 0
gain).
Turns one amplier ON for that test or reference path (12 dB gain).
GAIN: 1
Turns two ampliers ON for that test or reference path (24 dB gain).
GAIN: 2
Turns three ampliers ON for that test or reference path (36 dB gain).
GAIN: 3
Turns all four ampliers ON for that test or reference path (48 dB
GAIN: (MAX) 4
gain).
The receiver automatically adjusts IF gain for a high signal level at
AUTO
the detectors and A/D converter. At this level, the A/D converter and
detectors can operate with optimum accuracy.
No matter which gain setting you choose, the network analyzer adjusts displayed power levels
automatically.
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Peek and Poke
The POKE function is NOT for casual usage. Only qualied service personnel
should use this softkey. Using POKE is a GUARANTEED way to harm the
network analyzer's operating system, unless it is done under the supervision
of a qualied Agilent service representative. Misusing POKE can cause all
kinds of operating and measurement problems. Some problems may corrupt
measurement data without the operator being aware of it.
Service personnel are aware that valid POKEs change rmware versions from
one version to the next.
Caution
If you have already \poked" some values, you can restore the integrity of the network analyzer
by reloading the 8510C operating system. To do this, insert the operating system disc and
press:
4SYSTEM5 MORE SERVICE FUNCTIONS TEST MENU 19 4=MARKER5
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Purpose of Peek and Poke
It is possible to examine memory locations in the network analyzer using the PEEK softkey,
and change their contents using POKE . These functions are for service personnel only.
The SOFTWARE REVISION softkey displays the date and revision code of the operating system
rmware. Use this key to determine the rmware revision and to help in communications
about the rmware.
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Using System Functions
5-23
6
COPY
Printing and Plotting
Chapter Contents
Installation Considerations
RS-232 Print/Plot Buers
Adding Custom Annotations to the Display
Using a Printer
Printing and the 8510C Conguration
Using a Laser Printer
Using the Standard Conguration
Using the High Speed Conguration
Using an HP DeskJet, DeskJet Plus, or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printer
Using an HP QuietJet, QuietJet Plus, PaintJet or PaintJet XL Printer
Using an HP ThinkJet Printer
Using Non-HP Printers
Printing
Printing One Snapshot per Page
Printing Two Snapshots per Page
Printing Tabular Measurement Data (as text)
Printing Instrument Settings and System Conguration (as text)
Using a Plotter
Installing a Plotter
Plotting Options
Plotting
COPY
Printing and Plotting
6-1
Service Functions
Installation Considerations
The following topics explain the printing and plotting capabilities of the 8510C.
Supported Interfaces
The 4COPY5 key (in the AUXILIARY MENUS block) provides the means to control output to a
GPIB or RS-232 plotter or printer.
In order to use currently available printers, a GPIB to parallel port
Note
adapter is needed. Adapters, such as MicroPlot 50A, are available from
Intelligent Interfaces. For more information, consult their web site at:
http://www.intelligentinterfaces.com.
Connecting a GPIB Printer or Plotter
To use a GPIB printer or plotter, connected it to the system bus. GPIB outputs are not
buered. After sending the print or plot command, you must wait for the output to nish
before pressing any other keys. Pressing any key during the output aborts the process and can
cause a timing error. If you need to abort the process, use the ABORT PRINT/PLOT softkey,
located in the Copy function main menu.
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Connecting an RS-232 Printer or Plotter
The 8510C has two serial interfaces. You can select either of these interfaces for printing or
plotting. In addition, you can assign one of the ports to a printer, and the other to a plotter.
An RS-232 plotter/printer normally accepts data and does not \answer" or \acknowledge"
that data has been received and, as such, the network analyzer may be unable to determine if
a plotter/printer is connected to the RS-232 port selected. A message saying that the plot is
complete may result even if no plotter/printer is connected.
Selecting the GPIB (System Bus) or RS-232 Ports
Softkeys in the 4LOCAL5 menu allow you to:
Select GPIB (system bus), RS-232 Port #1, or RS-232 Port #2 for serial printers or
plotters.
Set the GPIB address of a GPIB printer or plotter. Information on address selection is
provided in the SYSTEM chapter.
6-2
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Printing and Plotting
Service Functions
RS-232 Print/Plot Buffers
Both RS-232 ports have a built-in print/plot buer. The network analyzer can dump most (or
all) of the data into the buer during the print or plot. Once all of the data has made it into
the buer, the buer continues to send the data to the printer or plotter, and the network
analyzer can make measurements again.
The buer in RS-232 Port #1 is much larger than the one in RS-232 PORT #2 (400 kBytes
and 100 kBytes respectively). Therefore, it is preferable to connect your printer or plotter
to Port #1. This becomes more important when making high resolution printouts at 150 or
300 DPI. (These high resolutions are available if you use an HP DeskJet or laser printer.)
High resolution printouts contain a large amount of data, which takes longer to send to the
printer. The larger buer in Port #1 holds more data, reducing the time it takes to resume
measurements. Print resolution is explained fully in the printer setup section.
The system bus does not supply a print/plot buer. Because of this, measurements are
suspended until the print or plot is completely nished.
Adding Custom Annotations to the Screen
You can add your own text annotations to the screen before printing or plotting. To do this:
1. Press 4SYSTEM5 DISPLAY FUNCTIONS TITLE . A \label maker" menu appears.
2. Use the front panel knob to place the selection cursor under the rst desired letter or
number. Press SELECT LETTER .
3. Repeat this step for each desired character. Press SPACE to insert a space, and BACKSPACE
to back up if you make a mistake. ERASE TITLE removes the title front the screen.
4. Press TITLE DONE when you are nished entering the title.
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Printing and Plotting
6-3
Printer Setup
Using a Printer
This section explains:
How to install RS-232 or GPIB printers.
How to congure the printer and the 8510C.
How to Print
Printing Features
The printing feature allows you to:
Print an exact copy of the display (a \snapshot").
Print measurement data in table form.
Print instrument settings and system conguration.
Print in Color, Monochrome, Portrait, or Landscape mode.
Print one snapshot (measurement display) per page.
Print two snapshots per page.
What Is Printed?
The displayed measurement is printed or plotted exactly as displayed on the screen. The
softkey menus do not appear on prints/plots unless you select them using a GPIB command.
The marker list and real-time clock are printed (if they are active), unless softkey menus are
being printed.
Installing a Printer
Installation is described in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual .
Selecting the Output Port
Select the appropriate output port for your printer as follows:
1. Turn the network analyzer ON.
2. If using a serial printer: Press 4LOCAL5 MORE PRINTER: RS-232 PORT #1 or
PRINTER: RS-232 PORT #2 , depending on which serial port you used.
3. If using a GPIB printer: Press 4LOCAL5 MORE PRINTER: HP-IB . The message PRINTER
HP-IB ADDRESS 1 appears on the screen.
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6-4
COPY
Printing and Plotting
Printer Setup
Printer and the 8510C Configuration
The next step is to make appropriate switch settings on the printer, as explained in following
pages. Also, the 8510C must be congured so it controls your printer properly. This is done
with the Dene Print menus, located under the 4COPY5 key. Refer to Figure 6-1.
Figure 6-1. Define Print Menu
The required settings are dependent on the type of printer you use. The following pages
explain how to set up:
HP-Compatible Laser Printers
HP DeskJet, DeskJet Plus, or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printers
HP QuietJet or QuietJet Plus Printers
HP PaintJet or PaintJet XL Printers
HP ThinkJet Printers
Non-HP Printers
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Printing and Plotting
6-5
Printer Setup
Using a Laser Printer
Connect the printer as explained in the installation chapter of the Agilent 8510C On-Site
Service Manual .
Configuring the Laser Printer
There are two ways to congure a laser printer.
Standard
This conguration requires no extra equipment and provides normal laser
printer print speeds. Customers have asked for faster laser print-outs than the
standard setup provides (it takes about 7 minutes to print one page at 300
DPI). This speed problem is caused by the laser printer, not with the 8510C.
However, there is a clever way to get around the problem and speed printing
up signicantly. So why even talk about the \standard" (slow) method?
Answer: Because the high speed method requires a special printer cartridge
that you may not have.
High Speed The high speed conguration requires a special plug in cartridge for the
printer. With this cartridge, a simple measurement display prints in about 12
seconds. A very complex print takes about 2 minutes 20 seconds. Most prints
are completed in 1 minute or less.
Using the Standard Configuration
Turn the laser printer ON. Refer to the laser printer's operating manual.
Select SERIAL input/output (I/O).
Use the factory default RS-232 settings for the printer:
Baud Rate 9,600
Robust Xon ON
DTR Polarity HI
These settings never have to be entered again.
Using Other Laser Printer Settings
1. If using metric paper sizes, refer to the printer manual for setup instructions.
2. Make sure paper is loaded.
Configuring the Network Analyzer
Selecting Printer Resolution
The 8510C allows you to select any print resolution from 1 to 1,200 DPI. Laser printers
typically use 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 dots per inch (DPI). To choose a specic resolution:
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT MORE PRINTER RESOLUTION .
2. Enter the desired value using the keypad, and press 4x15.
Note: Higher resolutions take longer to print.
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6-6
COPY
Printing and Plotting
Printer Setup
For instructions on making actual printouts, refer to \Printing" towards the end of this
chapter.
Using the High Speed Configuration
As mentioned above, you need a special cartridge called the \Plotter in a Cartridge" from
Pacic Data Products. This device programs the laser printer so it understands plotter
commands (HP-GL). The cartridge essentially turns the laser printer into a plotter. The
\laser plotter" accepts HP-GL commands and \draws" the picture in its own memory. The
printer then produces a page based on the \drawing" in its memory.
Why is it faster?
In normal laser printer operation, the analyzer must send pixel data for the entire page |even
if the displayed measurement is very simple. A whole page of pixels at 300 DPI requires a
little over 1 megabyte of data. It takes a long time to transfer this much data over the serial
bus. With HP-GL emulation, printing is faster for two reasons: 1. There is far less data to
transfer since only HP-GL commands must be sent over the serial bus. 2. The laser printer
must only change memory locations that equate to black pixels. The majority of memory
locations (those that represent white pixels) do not need to be accessed. This saves even more
time.
My printer has built-in HP-GL.
Do I still need the cartridge?
Yes. To use the built-in HP-GL emulation mode, laser printers usually require the computer
or instrument to send a special \escape sequence" code. The code turns HP-GL mode ON.
Such printers usually do not allow you to turn HP-GL mode ON from the front panel. At
this time, the 8510C cannot send this special code, so you must use a special cartridge to use
HP-GL mode.
Ordering the Cartridge
There are two versions of Plotter in a Cartridge:
Standard
For use with the HP LaserJet Series II.
\Personal Edition" (P.E.) For use with the HP LaserJet IIP, IID, III, and IIID.
You can order either of these cartridges from many computer suppliers. We found them for
about half suggested retail price at:
DH Systems: 1940 Cotner Ave,
Los Angeles, CA 90025
(800)-747-4755
Attention: Sales Department
The part number to order from DH Systems is:
Standard
DH 701-PCRT
Personal Edition
DH 702-PCRT-P
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Printing and Plotting
6-7
Printer Setup
If you want to contact the manufacturer of the cartridge, call or write:
Pacic Data Products
9125 Rehco Road, San Diego, CA. 92121
Phone: (619) 552-0880
Fax: (619) 552-0889
Having Enough Printer Memory
The plotter in a Cartridge requires 1.5 Mbytes of printer memory in order to operate.
Setting the Printer Up
1. Turn the laser printer ON. Refer to the laser printer's operating manual to perform the
following.
2. Select SERIAL input/output (I/O).
3. Use the factory default RS-232 settings for the printer:
Baud Rate 9,600
Robust Xon ON
DTR Polarity HI
Using Other Laser Printer Settings
1. If using metric paper sizes, refer to the printer manual for setup instructions.
2. Turn the printer OFF.
3. Install the \Plotter in a Cartridge." If your printer has two cartridge slots, make sure you
use the left slot.
4. Turn the printer ON.
5. Make sure paper is loaded.
Configuring the Network Analyzer
The following instructions look unusual because you are telling the 8510C to plot . Remember,
the laser printer looks just like a plotter to the 8510C.
1. Determine which 8510C RS-232 port has the printer connected to it. (Agilent recommends
RS-232 Port #1 because it has a larger printer buer than RS-232 Port #2.)
2. Press 4LOCAL5 MORE and PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #1 or PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #2 . Be
sure you have chosen the appropriate port under \PLOTTER:" on the softkey menu.
3. To \print," press:
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4COPY5
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PLOT TO PLOTTER PLOT: ALL
For other \printing" options, refer to the section on PLOTTING later in this chapter.
Remember, the network analyzer thinks the laser printer is a plotter.
6-8
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Printing and Plotting
Printer Setup
Note
You may want to photocopy the following notice and tape it near your 8510C:
TO PRINT:
1. Make sure the \Plotter in a Cartridge" is installed. Turn the printer OFF
when installing the cartridge! (Remember, it goes in the left cartridge slot.)
2. On the 8510C, press 4COPY5, PLOT TO PLOTTER , PLOT:ALL (trust us on
this).
This could save the \occasional" user a great deal of confusion when they try
to make print outs.
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Switching Between Real Plotters and
HP-GL-emulating Laser Printers
To switch between a laser printer (acting like a plotter) and a real plotter, you must select the
port to which the desired device is connected.
Press 4LOCAL5 MORE , then press one of the following softkeys:
Press this to select a real plotter connected to the GPIB bus.
PLOTTER: HP-IB
PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #1 Press this to select a real plotter or \laser plotter" connected
to RS-232 Port #1.
PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #2 Press this to select a real plotter or \laser plotter" connected
to RS-232 Port #2.
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Printing and Plotting
6-9
Printer Setup
Using an HP DeskJet, DeskJet Plus,
or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printer
Choose the serial (RS-232) or GPIB setup, depending on how your printer is equipped:
Using Serial Setup
Connect the printer as explained in the 8510C On-Site Service Manual. The 8510C does not
support the Centronics interface.
Setting the Serial DIP Switch
Make sure all DIP switches (mounted in the lower-front portion of the printer) are all in the
down position. These recommended switch settings assume you are using 8.5 by 11 inch
paper. If using metric paper sizes, refer to the printer manual for proper DIP switch settings.
Preparing the Printer for Use
Load the paper, then turn the printer ON.
Configuring the Network Analyzer
Selecting Printer Resolution
The 8510C allows you to select any print resolution from 1 to 1200 DPI. HP DeskJet printers
typically use 75, 100, 150, and 300 dots per inch (DPI). To choose a specic resolution:
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT MORE PRINTER RESOLUTION .
2. Enter the desired value using the keypad, and press 4x15.
Note: Higher resolutions take longer to print.
Now refer to \Printing" near the end of this chapter for instructions on making actual
printouts.
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Using the HP DeskJet 500C or 550C
Additional Steps Required
The color capabilities of the HP DeskJet 500C or 550C are supported. You can use this
printer to make printouts by performing the following steps:
1. Make sure the network analyzer is set to color mode.
2. If needed, press the following keys to set the network analyzer:
4COPY5
6-10
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DEFINE PRINT PRINT TYPE COLOR
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Printing and Plotting
Printer Setup
Using an HP QuietJet, QuietJet Plus, PaintJet,
or PaintJet XL Printer
Choose the serial (RS-232) or GPIB setup, depending on how your printer is equipped:
Using Serial Setup
Refer to Chapter 9, \Installation," in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual , for
information about connecting the printer.
Setting the Serial DIP Switch
Make sure all DIP switches are positioned as shown in Figure 6-2. If necessary, refer to the
printer's user's guide for switch location. These recommended switch settings assume you are
using 8.5 by 11 inch paper. If you are using Metric paper sizes, refer to the printer manual for
the appropriate switch settings.
Figure 6-2. HP QuietJet and PaintJet (Family) Printer Serial Switch Settings
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Printing and Plotting
6-11
Printer Setup
Setting Up GPIB
Connect the printer as explained in the service manual.
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch
Set the printer DIP switches as shown in Figure 6-3. The HP 8510C uses address 01 as the
default GPIB address for printers. Figure 6-3 shows proper switch settings (with the GPIB
address set to 01). If you are using Metric paper sizes, refer to the printer manual for the
appropriate switch settings.
Figure 6-3. HP QuietJet and PaintJet (Family) Printer GPIB Switch Settings
Preparing the Printer for Use
1. Load the paper, then turn the printer ON.
On HP QuietJet, QuietJet PLUS, and PaintJet Printers (not XL):
2. Move the Paper Advance Knob (on the right-hand side of the printer) to advance the
paper. Set the top of the page so it is just above the inkjet print head. These printers
automatically set Top of Form to the current position when the paper Advance Knob is
moved.
Configuring the Network Analyzer
Selecting Printer Resolution
(HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus Printers)
The 8510C allows you to select two dierent print resolutions for HP QuietJet printers, 96 and
192 dots per inch (DPI). To choose a specic resolution:
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT MORE PRINTER RESOLUTION .
2. Enter the desired value using the keypad, and press 4x15.
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6-12
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Printing and Plotting
Printer Setup
Note
Higher resolutions take longer to print. Refer to \Printing" towards the end of
this chapter for instructions on making actual printouts.
Selecting Printer Resolution
(HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL Printers)
The only resolutions for these printers is 90 or 180 DPI. This resolution is selected
automatically when you select color printing (see below).
Printing In Color
If using the HP PaintJet or PaintJet XL printers, set the 8510C for color printing as follows:
Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT COLOR . Making this selection automatically sets the printer
resolution for an HP PaintJet or PaintJet XL printer (90 and 180).
Now refer to \Printing" towards the end of this chapter for instructions on making actual
printouts.
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Using an HP ThinkJet Printer
Choose the serial (RS-232) or GPIB setup, depending on how your printer is equipped.
Using Serial Setup
Connect the printer as explained in the service manual.
Setting the Serial DIP Switch
Make sure all DIP switches (mounted on the back of the printer) are down (o). These
recommended switch settings assume you are using 8.5 by 11 inch paper. If you are using
Metric paper sizes, refer to the printer manual for the appropriate switch settings.
Setting Up for GPIB
Connect the printer as explained in the service manual.
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch
The 8510C uses address 01 as the default GPIB address for printers. Figure 6-4 shows proper
switch settings (with the GPIB address set to 01). These recommended switch settings
assume you are using 8.5 by 11 inch paper. If you are using Metric paper sizes, refer to the
printer manual for the appropriate switch settings.
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Printing and Plotting
6-13
Printer Setup
Figure 6-4. HP ThinkJet Printer GPIB Switch Settings
Preparing the Printer for Use
1. If using metric paper sizes, refer to the printer manual for setup instructions.
2. Turn the printer ON.
3. Load the fan-fold paper. Use the 4LF5 key to advance the paper. Set the top of the page so
it is just above the inkjet print head.
4. Turn the printer OFF, then ON to set top of form.
Configuring the Network Analyzer
Selecting Printer Resolution
The 8510C allows you to change printer resolution. The HP ThinkJet printer, however, can
be used only with the 96 dots per inch (DPI) setting. To check the current printer resolution
setting:
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT MORE PRINTER RESOLUTION .
2. If necessary, press 495 465 4x15.
Refer to \Printing" towards the end of this chapter for instructions on making actual
printouts.
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6-14
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Printing and Plotting
Printer Setup
Using Non-HP Printers
Choose the serial (RS-232) or GPIB setup, depending on how your printer is equipped.
Using Serial Setup
Connect the printer as explained in the service manual.
Setting the Serial DIP Switch
Refer to your printer's user's guide. Make sure the following settings are made:
Table 6-1. Serial Printer Settings for Other Printers
Item
Serial 1
BAUD Rate
Parity
XON-XOFF/DTR
7/8 Bits
Stop Bits
Proper
Setting
ON
9600
None
XON-XOFF
8 Bits
1
1 Most laser printers must be set
to SERIAL mode by the user.
Setting Up for GPIB
Connect the printer as explained in the service manual.
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch
Refer to the printer's User's guide for instructions. The default address used by the 8510C is
01.
Pre-Printing Check-Out
Load paper and, if using fan-fold paper, align the paper properly. Turn the printer ON, set
top of form.
Now refer to the Printing or the Plotting sections in this chapter for instructions about
making actual printouts.
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Printing and Plotting
6-15
Printing
Printing
The printing feature allows you to:
Print an exact copy of the display
Print tabular data
Print instrument settings and system conguration
Printouts can be make in Portrait or Landscape mode.
Printing Orientation: Either Landscape or Portrait
Next, dene the print orientation. Select either PRINT PORTRAIT or PRINT LANDSCAPE .
Portrait orientation is the factory default. See Figure 6-5 and Figure 6-6.
Press MORE to set the printer resolution, margins widths, and total print width.
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Figure 6-5. Landscape Printer Orientation
6-16
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Printing and Plotting
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Printing
Figure 6-6. Portrait Printer Orientation
Printing One Snapshot per Page
(Portrait or Landscape)
Two printout sizes are available, 1/2 page (use portrait mode) and full page (use landscape
mode).
1. Select Portrait or Landscape orientation by pressing: 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT , then press
PORTRAIT or LANDSCAPE .
2. Press AUTO FEED ON .
3. To print, press 4PRIOR MENU5 PLOT TO PRINTER .
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Printing Two Snapshots per Page
By leaving the Auto Form Feed feature OFF, and Portrait mode ON, two screen snapshots
can be printed to a single page:
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT PORTRAIT AUTO FEED OFF .
2. Press 4PRIOR MENU5 PLOT TO PRINTER . The printer starts printing the rst snapshot.
(Laser printers show a ashing LED or uses another data transfer indication.)
Once you have pressed PLOT TO PRINTER , wait until PLOT COMPLETE is
Note
displayed before you press any other front panel key (otherwise the print
aborts).
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Printing and Plotting
6-17
Printing
3. After PLOT COMPLETE appears on the screen, you can press keys on the 8510C. Before
printing the second snapshot, you can change instrument settings, make another
measurement, or load data from disc.
4.
HP PaintJet XL printers stops printing when the rst snapshot is 3/4 complete. This is
normal, it nishes the snapshot when you perform the next step.
Press 4COPY5 (if necessary), then PLOT TO PRINTER . The next snapshot is sent to the
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printer.
If using a laser printer, the data transfer indicator starts ashing again.
Wait for the laser
printer transfer indicator to stop ashing before proceeding to the next step.
HP PaintJet XL printers stop printing when the second snapshot is 3/4 complete. This is
normal, it nishes the snapshot when you perform the next step.
5. When the printer stops printing (or when the laser printer data transfer light stops
ashing), press DEFINE PRINT FORM FEED . (This step is not required if you are using an
HP ThinkJet Printer.)
FORM FEED causes fanfold-paper printers to go to the top of the next page. It causes laser
printers to eject the page.
Alternatively, you can press 4FORM FEED5 on the printer. (Some printers must be taken OFF
LINE before you can form feed.)
If you abort a printout, always use form feed to eject the partial printout.
Note
This is especially important on laser printers, otherwise a portion of the
aborted snapshot is superimposed on your next printout.
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Printing Tabular Measurement Data
You can print out all measurement data points for the active parameter, or for all four
parameters in the active channel:
1. Select Auto feed by pressing 4COPY5 DEFINE PRINT AUTO FEED ON .
2. To print, press 4PRIOR MENU5 LIST TRACE VALUES .
a. To print data for the active parameter only, press LIST ONE PARAMETER in the new
menu.
b. To print data for all four parameters, press LIST ALL PARAMETERS .
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6-18
COPY
Printing and Plotting
Printing
The list below shows an example of an Frequency Domain list trace value output.
FREQUENCY (HZ)
dB
04.0609370000E+01,
7.5000000000E+09
0.0000000000E+00
7.5062500000E+09
0.0000000000E+00
7.5132500000E+09
0.0000000000E+00
7.5198750000E+09
0.0000000000E+00
7.5265000000E+09
0.0000000000E+00
04.0003900000E+01,
03.9474610000E+01,
03.8996090000E+01,
03.8386710000E+01,
The rst column is the always the stimulus value, followed by two columns of trace values in
the basic units selected by the current FORMAT selection. If the marker value consists of a
single value, for example LOG MAG or PHASE, the second column is zero.
Changing the Tabular Data Format
To change the format of the list trace data, press 4COPY5 DEFINE
dene list menu as shown in Figure 6-7.
LIST .
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This displays the
Figure 6-7. Define List Menu
You can dene various format aspects of the printed tabular data.
The number of lines of data printed depends upon the number of points selected (Stimulus
menu) and the list skip factor. When the skip factor = 1, all frequency points are printed.
When the skip factor = 2, every other frequency point is printed, and so on with larger
skip factors. At skip factor = 4 (default value) with 201 frequency points of data, the list
contains 51 points of information, one full (8.5 x 11 inch) page. To set skip factor, press
LIST SKIP FACTOR and use the knob or numeric entry keys to enter a value.
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COPY
Printing and Plotting
6-19
Printing
Press LIST FORMAT to view the menu selections that control the column formats.
You can adjust the overall number of characters of the printed stimulus data as well as the
decimal position and the units selected. Select STIMULUS: WIDTH and use the knob or
numeric entry keys to enter a number representing the desired number of characters. The
minus sign and decimal point are counted as characters. The column heading varies with the
domain currently active. Select STIMULUS DECIMAL POSITION to set a value that represents
the number of digits after the decimal point. Select STIMULUS UNITS to view the available
stimulus unit selections.
The column 1 and column 2 information is formatted in similar manner.
COLUMN 1 WIDTH sets the overall number of characters printed for column 1 and
COLUMN 1 DECIMAL POSITION sets the number of digits after the decimal point.
COLUMN 2 WIDTH and COLUMN 2 DECIMAL POSITION set the column 2 format aspects.
For those printers with automatic paper feed capabilities you can select: FORM FEED to cause
a page to automatically eject from the printer and AUTO FEED ON/OFF to set the automatic
next page load to either on/o.
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Printing Instrument Settings and System Configuration
The Copy menu also makes it possible to document the 8510C system conguration (System
Parameters) and instrument settings (Operating Parameters). Refer to Figure 6-8 for the
menu.
Figure 6-8. System/Operating Parameters Menu
To display the current system operating parameters, press SYS/OPER
SYSTEM PARAMETERS or OPERATING PARAMETERS .
PARAMETERS ,
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6-20
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COPY
Printing and Plotting
then press
Printing
Next, press LIST PARAMETERS or PLOT PARAMETERS , depending or whether you have a
printer or plotter. Current page position and pen number are used for the plot. To restore the
measurement display, press the softkey RESTORE DISPLAY or any front-panel key other than a
softkey.
Refer to SYSTEM PARAMETERS and OPERATING PARAMETERS in the Agilent 8510 Keyword
Dictionary for typical displays of these parameters.
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COPY
Printing and Plotting
6-21
Installing a Plotter
Using a Plotter
This section explains:
Installing the Plotter
Plotting Options
Plotting
Plotting Features
The plotting feature allows you to:
Plot an exact copy of the display (a \snapshot").
Plot selected display components, such as the data, graticule, markers, or text.
Plot in one color (monochrome) or in multiple colors (color).
Plot one snapshot per page
Plot four snapshots per page.
Select specic pens and pen colors.
What Is Plotted?
The displayed measurement can be plotted out exactly as displayed on the screen, or you can
print certain screen components such as the data, graticule, markers, or text only. The softkey
menus do not appear on plots unless asked for using a GPIB command. The marker list and
real-time clock are always plotted if they are active, unless menus are being plotted.
Installing a Plotter
Installation is described in the Agilent 8510C On-Site Service Manual .
Selecting the Output Port
Select the appropriate output port for your plotter as follows:
1. Turn the network analyzer ON.
2. If using a serial plotter: Press 4LOCAL5 MORE PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #1 or
PLOTTER: RS-232 PORT #2 , depending on which serial port you used.
3. If using a GPIB plotter: Press 4LOCAL5 MORE PLOTTER: HP-IB . The message PLOTTER
HP-IB ADDRESS 5 appears on the screen.
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6-22
COPY
Printing and Plotting
Plotting Options
Connecting the HP 7550, Special Instructions
HP 7550 plotters have two RS-232 ports, however, the two ports are wired dierently. You
should use the male RS-232 port (marked \COMPUTER"). The RS-232 cables shipped with
the HP 8510C do not work with the HP 7550, you must order an HP 24542H cable.
HP 7550B and 7550 Plus plotters must be placed in \7550A Emulation" mode, with
TIMEOUT turned O. Refer to the HP 7550B or Plus User's Guide for instructions.
Using HP 7550B and HP 7550 Plus Plotters
The HP 7550A/B plotter is congured using its front panel controls. To use either of these
plotters you must do the following:
Select HP 7550A emulation mode.
Turn the TIMEOUT feature O.
Instructions on how to perform these steps are provided in the HP 7550B or 7550 Plus User's
Guide.
Plotting Options
Press 4COPY5 to display the Copy menu (Figure 6-9). Press DEFINE PLOT , and select any of
the following plotting options:
Choose PLOT TYPE: MONOCHROME (to use one pen only) or PLOT TYPE: COLOR (to use all
pens).
Choose dierent pens for parameter 1, 2, 3, and 4 traces, or for the graticule, using
SET PEN NUMBERS (if your plotter has multiple pens).
Turn Auto Form Feed ON or OFF.
Choose full page or 1/4 page plot size using SELECT QUADRANT and either select
FULL PAGE or one of the four quadrant softkeys.
The softkeys AUTO FEED ON/OFF and FORM FEED apply to plotters with automatic
paper feed capabilities. FORM FEED causes a page to automatically eject from the plotter.
AUTO FEED ON/OFF sets the automatic next page load to either on/o.
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Selecting Plotter Pen Color
For multiple-pen plotters, each display component can be plotted using a dierent pen/color
using the softkey SET PEN NUMBERS on the Copy menu.
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PLOT PLOT TYPE: COLOR SET PEN NUMBERS , then press the softkey
corresponding to the display element for which you wish to select a pen number. Insert the
pen in the plotter pen slot corresponding to the number selected for that display element.
Continue to select pen numbers for the other display elements in the same way.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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COPY
Printing and Plotting
6-23
Plotting Options
2. Press 4COPY5 to return to main Copy menu. Select PLOT TO PLOTTER and then the
softkey corresponding to the material you wish plotted using the pen numbers just chosen:
PLOT: ALL , DATA , MEMORY , GRATICULE , MARKER(S) , TITLE , or TEXT .
3. If you selected a single element, wait for the plot to be completed, then repeat the process
as often as needed to complete the multi-pen plot.
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Plotting with a Single Pen Color
The following sequence causes the entire plot to be drawn using a single pen.
4COPY5
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DEFINE PLOT
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PLOT TYPE: MONOCHROME
4PRIOR
MENU5
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PLOT TO PLOTTER
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
PLOT: ALL
Pen selections are saved as part of the Instrument State. The following is a list of the factory
default pen number assignments selected also, by the softkey DEFAULT PEN NUMBERS .
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Table 6-2. Default Pen Numbers
6-24
Display
Element
Pen
Number
SOFTKEYS
WARNING
PARAM 1
DATA
PARAM 2
DATA
PARAM 3
DATA
PARAM 4
DATA
GRATICULE
1
2
3
COPY
Printing and Plotting
5
6
4
1
Display
Element
MARKERS
PARAM 1
MEM
PARAM 2
MEM
PARAM 3
MEM
PARAM 4
MEM
STIMULUS
Pen
Number
1
3
5
6
4
1
Plotting
Plotting
You can plot a single 0 per page, plot only a portion of the display, or plot all four quadrants
on a page.
Figure 6-9. Define Plot and Plot to Plotter Menu Structure
COPY
Printing and Plotting
6-25
Plotting
Plotting One Snapshot per Page
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PLOT SELECT QUADRANT FULL PAGE .
2. Press 4COPY5 PLOT TO PLOTTER , and the plotting starts.
If the marker list feature is on, it is plotted when PLOT ALL is executed. The same is true of
the date/time clock feature.
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Plotting Individual Display Components
To plot only part of the display, press 4COPY5, 4PLOT TO PLOTTER5, followed by one of the
following:
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PLOT: ALL
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DATA
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
GRATICULE
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MARKER(S)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
MEMORY
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TITLE
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
TEXT
ALL FOUR PARAMETERS .
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To plot more than one of these (for example to plot the trace and then the graticule), wait
for the rst plot to be completed, then, without changing the plotter paper, press the softkey
corresponding to the other component you want to plot. Note that on certain plotters you
may have to load the paper again before the plot begins.
Plotting a Selected Quadrant
Four Snapshots per Page
Factory Preset selects full page plots. The current selection is shown underlined on the select
quadrant menu.
6-26
COPY
Printing and Plotting
Plotting
Figure 6-10. Four-Quadrant Plot Example
To plot all or part of the display at approximately quarter-page size:
1. Press 4COPY5 DEFINE PLOT SELECT QUADRANT . This displays the plot quadrant menu.
2. Select the quadrant for the rst plot by pressing LEFT UPPER , LEFT LOWER ,
RIGHT UPPER , or RIGHT LOWER .
3. Press 4COPY5 PLOT TO PLOTTER PLOT: ALL or one of the softkeys for plotting only part of
the display.
The material selected is plotted at approximately one-quarter size in the location you have
specied. To select the location for the next plot, select the next quadrant, select the location,
then select the material to be plotted. Repeat the process for the next plot. Note that on
certain plotters you may have to load and reload the paper to complete all four plots.
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COPY
Printing and Plotting
6-27
7
Disk Drive Operation
Features
Features under the 4DISK5 key allow you to save measurement, calibration, or instrument state
information to disc. This information can be retrieved when desired. You can use the built-in
internal disk drive, or compatible external disk drives. External drives must be connected
to the system bus. You can control these devices using the 4DISK5 key in the AUXILIARY
MENUS block, and its associated menus.
The 4DISK5 key and related menus allow you to:
Store les (save various types of data to internal or external disc).
Load les (load a disk le containing data).
Delete les from internal or external disc.
Un-Delete the last le you deleted.
View a directory of les
Initialize new discs.
Use internal or external disk drives.
Both internal disk and SS/80 type external disk drives can provide data storage for
instrument states, calibration error coecient sets, calibration kit denitions, measurement
data, memory data, hardware states, user display memory, delay table, or machine dump
(these terms are dened later in this chapter).
Compatible Disk Types, Disk Storage Capacity
The network analyzer can initialize oppy discs using DOS format or Logical Interface Format
(LIF). DOS format is used by PC compatibles, LIF is used by HP 9000 series 200/300
workstations. The HP 8530 uses high-density or low-density 3.5 inch discs. Use only certied
double-sided discs or you may cause excessive wear to the disk drive.
Table 7-1. Disk Storage Capacities
Disk Type
Low Density
High Density
LIF Capacity
622 Kbytes
1.244 Mbytes
DOS Capacity
720 Kbytes
1.44 Mbytes
Disk Drive Operation
7-1
DISK Functions
DOS Subdirectories
The 8510C can only access les on the \root" directory of a disc. Files cannot be accessed in
DOS subdirectories.
Disk Menu
Figure 7-1.
Disk Menu, Data Type Select Menu, Setup Disk Menu,
and Initialize Disk Menu
ASCII and Binary File Types
The network analyzer can save some le types in binary le format, and others in ASCII
format. The format used for each type of data cannot be changed by the user, and are listed
in Table 7-2.
All other types of data are saved as shown in Table 7-2.
Binary data les require less disk space and the le transfer is faster. If the cal set le is to be
read by a computer, use ASCII format.
Table 7-2 shows the information you can store to internal or external disk drives, and the data
format the network analyzer uses when saving it (ASCII or binary).
7-2
Disk Drive Operation
DISK Functions
Table 7-2. Information You Can Store to Disc, and How it Is Saved
Files Saved in
ASCII Format
Memory data
RAW measurement data
DATA (corrected) measurement data
FORMATTED measurement data
The electrical delay table
Calibration error coecient sets
Files Saved in
Binary Format
Network Analyzer Calibration Kit
Calibration kit denitions
The user portion of the display memory
Hardware state
Instrument states
Machine dump
The ASCII data is saved in the CITIle ASCII format. CITIle adds informative headers
to the information in the le, and allows data to be exchanged with the Agilent Microwave
Design System. Complete information on the CITIle format is provided at the end of this
chapter.
Changing between DOS and LIF Discs
When you insert a formatted disc, the network analyzer can automatically tell whether it
is LIF or DOS format. The only time you must choose between LIF and DOS is when you
initialize discs.
Initializing Discs
1. Before you initialize a oppy disk make sure the write-protect tab is completely shut.
2. Insert the disk with the label-side facing left.
3. Press 4DISK5 SETUP DISK .
4. To initialize the disk using DOS format, press INITIALIZE DOS DISK INIT DOS? YES .
5. To initialize the disk using LIF format, press INITIALIZE LIF DISK INIT LIF? YES .
The initialization process takes about 2 minutes 20 seconds per disc.
The disk drive has a light that comes ON when the disk is being accessed.
Note
Do not eject the disk when this light is ON or you could lock-up the network
analyzer. If this occurs, simply place the disk back into the drive.
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Disk Drive Operation
7-3
DISK Functions
Storing Disk Files
Files that are associated with internal instrument operation (instrument states, hardware
states, machine dumps, and so on) are stored in binary format. Measurement data is always
stored in \CITIle" ASCII format. The \CITIle" format has informative headers, and allows
data to be exchanged with other programs. Complete information on the CITIle format is
provided at the end of this chapter.
1. Insert an initialized disc.
2. Press 4DISK5 STORE .
3. Choose the type of le by pressing one of the following keys:
Press this softkey, then select the instrument state register
INST STATE 1-8
you want to store to disc.
Press this softkey to store all eight instrument states to one
INST STATE ALL
le.
MEMORY 1-8
Press this softkey, then select the memory register you want
to store to disc.
MEMORY ALL
Press this softkey to store all eight memories to one le.
Press this softkey, then select the cal set you want to store
CAL SET 1-8
to disc.
CAL SET ALL
Press this softkey to store all eight cal sets to one le.
Press this softkey, then select the cal kit denition you want
CAL KITS
to store to disk.
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7-4
Disk Drive Operation
DISK Functions
Press MORE to see the following choices:
Press this softkey to store the raw data array for the active
DATA: RAW
channel.
DATA
Press this softkey to store the calibrated data array for the
active channel.
FORMATTED
Press this softkey to store the formatted data array for the
active channel.
DELAY TABLE
Press this softkey to store the electrical delay table to disc.
Press this softkey to store User Display graphics to disc.
USER DISPLAY
Press this softkey to store multiple source mode settings,
HARDWARE STATE
GPIB settings for external hardware, and test set (frequency
converter) states.
Press this softkey to store the following instrument registers
MACHINE DUMP
to a single disk le:
a. Current instrument state
b. Instrument states 1 { 8
c. Cal sets 1 { 8
d. Cal kits
e. Hardware state
f. Memories 1 { 8
When you load a machine dump from disc, the contents of
these internal registers are replaced with the data from the
machine dump le.
NOTE: Before saving a machine dump le, store your
current measurement setup in Save Register 8 (the user
preset/power ON register). Later, when that machine dump
is loaded, the network analyzer will wake up in that state.
When a machine dump le is loaded, the network analyzer
wakes up with whatever is in Register 8. The machine
dump does not automatically remember your desired setup
unless it is stored in Register 8.
4. A \label maker" menu will appear. Notice that the menu has a list of alpha-numeric
characters and a selector arrow. The le name prex for the selected type of data will
already be entered for you.
If you want to overwrite an existing le, press REPLACE FILE . A list of the current disk
les will appear on screen. (The network analyzer will only list the type of les selected in
step 3. For example, if you are storing a Raw data le, only raw data les will be shown in
the directory listing.)
Use the knob or 8 9 keys to select the le you want to replace, then press REPLACE FILE .
The instrument will now store the le to disc.
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Disk Drive Operation
7-5
DISK Functions
5. If you are creating a new le, enter the desired le name as follows:
a. Using the rotary knob, place the cursor under the rst desired letter or number. Press
SELECT LETTER . If you make a mistake, press BACK SPACE . Continue until you have
selected all desired characters. You can enter up to seven characters. Note: If saving
to DOS discs, the sixth and seventh characters will become a le name extender (for
example: RD 12345.67).
b. When you are done entering le name characters, press STORE FILE to store the le to
disc.
The error message CAUTION: DISK IS WRONG FORMAT, INITIALIZE TO USE means:
A. The disk has never been initialized.
B. The disk is not a compatible format. Apple 0 (GCR) format is not compatible, for
example. Use a DOS or LIF compatible disc, or copy any important les o the disk
and initialize it in DOS or LIF format.
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Loading Disk Files
You can load les in any sequence with the following considerations:
Before loading measurement data, turn on hold mode by pressing:
STIMULUS 4MENU5 MORE HOLD
Otherwise the data you load will be immediately overwritten with new data.
In Frequency Domain, the currently-selected number of points must match the number
of points in the data le. For example, if you want to load a Frequency Domain data le
with 801 points, make sure you set the 8510C to Frequency Domain mode, and select
STIMULUS 4MENU5 NUMBER of POINTS 801 .
If you do not perform these initial steps, the current \number of points" may not match
the number of data values in the disk le. If this occurs, an error message similar to the
following with appear:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNN
CAUTION: UNABLE TO LOAD 181 POINTS
If you load Raw data, the network analyzer places it in the Raw data array, and performs
all subsequent data processing functions on it. This includes calibration (if turned on) as
well as all display formatting. After all processing is done, the data appears on the screen.
If you load \Data" data (corrected data), the network analyzer places the data in the
Corrected data array, and performs all display formatting. After all processing is done, the
data appears on the screen.
Calibration must be turned OFF when you load cal sets.
If the display memory feature is ON (a memory trace is displayed on the screen), you can
only load memory data les into empty memory registers. If the display memory feature is
OFF, you can load memory data les into any memory register.
7-6
Disk Drive Operation
DISK Functions
Loading a File
Perform the following steps to load a disk le.
1. Press 4DISK5 LOAD .
2. Now choose the type of le you want to load.
3. If you choose to load an instrument state, memory, cal set, or cal kit:
a. Choose the specic destination register. For example, if you choose CAL SET 1-8 ,
the network analyzer now displays CAL SET 1 through 8 register choices. Select the
desired register to hold the cal set data.
If you select any other data type, you do not have to select a destination register.
4. A \le selector" box now appears on the screen. The le selector shows a directory of all
les of the desired type. For example, if you chose CAL SET 1-8 , the le selector lists only
the cal set les on the disc.
5. Use the 8 9 keys or knob to highlight the desired le, then press LOAD FILE . The le will
now load from disc.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Viewing a Directory of Files
Press 4DISK5 DIRECTORY to display a directory of all the les on the inserted disc. Each disk
can hold many les in each data type. There are often more les on the disk than can be seen
at one time. Use the knob to scroll through the le listing.
Each 8510C data le type has a three-character prex. The prex is convenient for two
reasons:
It allows the 8510C to show only the les of a specic type. When you are loading a Cal Set
le, it is convenient to see a listing that only includes that type of le.
If you are performing a directory listing of the disc, the prexes show the exact type of each
le.
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Table 7-3. File Types and Prefixes
File Type
Cal Kit
Cal Set
Cal All
Memory File
Memory All
Inst State
Hardware State
Program
Prex
CK_
CS_
CA_
DM_
MA_
IS_
HS_
PG_
File Type
Instrument State All
Raw Data
Data
Formatted
Display
Delay Table
Machine Dump
Prex
IA_
RD_
DD_
FD_
UD_
DT_
MD_
Disk Drive Operation
7-7
DISK Functions
Deleting Disk Files
eliminates the specied le from the disc. To delete a le:
1. Press 4DISK5 DELETE .
2. Now select the type of le you wish to delete.
3. A File Selector box will now appear on the screen, listing all disk les of the selected type.
Place the box-shaped cursor over the le you wish to delete (using the knob or 8 9 keys).
4. Press DELETE FILE . The le will be deleted. If you made a mistake and really did not
want to delete the le, un-delete the le as explained below.
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DELETE
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Un-Deleting Disk Files
This feature only works on discs that have been formatted in the Logical Interchange Format
(LIF).
Press UN-DELETE to restore the most recently deleted le. You cannot retrieve a deleted le if
any of the following actions occur:
If you store another le on the disk after the deletion.
If you remove the disk and then reinsert it.
If you delete a second le. (The un-delete feature only works on the last le you deleted.)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Using an External Disk Drive
Compatible Disk Drives
An external disk drive must be GPIB compatible. It must be able to use the Hewlett-Packard
SS/80 protocol, and be capable of being formatted to 256 bytes per sector.
You can use a oppy disc, hard disc, or combination hard/oppy drive.
Disk Unit Number and Disk Volume
The softkeys DISK
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
UNIT NUMBER
and DISK
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
VOLUME
Connections and Configuration Settings
only apply to external disk drives.
Install the drive using the installation portion of the disk drive's operating manual, and by
following the instructions below. If you have a hard drive, read about setting up \volumes" in
the drive's manual. Hewlett-Packard hard discs can be partitioned into two or more volumes,
which act like separate drives.
1. Connect the external drive to the network analyzer's System Bus.
2. Select the number of desired hard disk volumes using the hard disc's rear panel selector.
7-8
Disk Drive Operation
DISK Functions
3. Make sure the external drive's GPIB address matches the address in the network analyzer's
GPIB address menu (press 4LOCAL5 MORE DISK ). You can change the address shown in the
address menu by entering the actual address followed by the 4x15 key. Alternatively, you can
change the GPIB address switches on the external disk drive. Turn the disk drive O, then
On if you change its GPIB switch settings.
4. Press 4DISK5 STORAGE IS EXTERNAL then SET UP DISK to select the unit and volume
number (explained below).
5. If using a disk drive that has more than one drive mechanism (unit), you must select the
specic drive you want to use. The default is 0 (usually the left drive on a dual oppy
drive, or the hard disk in a oppy/hard disk combination drive).
If you want to use the right-hand drive (in a dual oppy system), or the oppy drive in a
hard disc/oppy drive:
Press 4DISK5 SET UP DISK DISK UNIT NUMBER 415 4x15.
Refer to the disk drive's operating manual to verify the unit numbers used by your drive.
6. Hard drives can be partitioned into one or more \volumes." Volumes act like separate
drives, even though they are, in fact, part of the same physical disc. A control wheel on the
back of the hard disk selects the number of volumes that can be used. Select the specic
volume you want to address by pressing:
4DISK5 SET UP DISK DISK VOLUME , then enter the desired volume number and press 4x15.
Volume 0 through 7 may be specied. Factory Preset selects volume 0.
You must initialize each hard disk volume before use. Refer to \Initializing a
Note
Hard Disc" later in this section.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
If the disk drive does not respond to subsequent commands, the message NO DISK is displayed.
Check the disk address again (both on the unit itself and in the network analyzer's 4LOCAL5
Menu). Also check and the unit and volume number again.
Initializing a Hard Disc
If using a hard disk for the rst time, you must initialize each volume. You can do this using
a computer, or using the 8510C. To initialize the hard disk using the 8510C, follow these
steps:
1. Set the volume number to 0 by pressing: 4DISK5 SET UP DISK DISK VOLUME 405 4x15.
2. Press INITIALIZE LIF DISK .
3. Press INIT LIF? YES . Depending on the size of that volume, it will take between 10 to 30
minutes to initialize.
4. Select the next volume number (if using a multi-volume drive), and repeat steps 1, 2, and
3.
5. Repeat the above steps for each volume.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Disk Drive Operation
7-9
DISK Functions
Guide to Saving Data
This section explains two common applications for saving data.
First of all, a more in-depth description of the dierent le types will be helpful in this
discussion:
Instrument These states contain front panel settings, including:
States
Instrument settings
Frequency list segments
Whether calibration was On or O
Whether the Delay table was On or O
Whether user display was on or o
The cal set in use (if any) for that state
Whether electrical delay was On or O
The instrument state does not keep track of calibration data, cal kit
denitions, user delay table contents, or any settings that control external
hardware.
Memory
These store a display data trace. These stored traces can be viewed next to
current data. Memory trace data can be used as an addend, subtrahend,
multiplicand, or dividend of current data using trace math features.
Cal Sets
A cal set contains all the error coecients for a calibration you have
performed.
Cal Kit
Contains the mathematical models for the precision standards in a calibration
kit.
Note: In the following descriptions, data is described as being aected by various features
(averaging, calibration, and so on). Such user-selected features only aect the data when
turned On.
Raw Data
Raw data is averaged, but no other processing is performed. This data is
stored in an internal memory array called the \Raw Data Array." Raw data is
composed of complex data pairs (real,imaginary) for each stimulus point.
\Data" Data This is measurement data that has been processed by calibration, electrical
delay, the user-dened delay table, and time domain. \Data" data is stored in
an array in complex data pairs.
Formatted
This is measurement data that has been processed by trace math, smoothing,
Data
and has been formatted according to any display settings. If you have selected
a Cartesian display format, formatted data is no longer a complex value, but
is scaler (magnitude only). If you have selected Polar format, formatted data
is a complex value.
Delay Table The delay table allows you to mathematically change each raw data point
with a complex (real,imaginary) multiplier of your own choosing. The result
is saved in the \Data" data array. The network analyzer multiplies each
measurement data pair with the corresponding number pair in your delay
table.
User Display Contains user-dened graphic elements drawn on the display.
7-10
Disk Drive Operation
DISK Functions
Hardware
State
Machine
Dump
These are mostly settings found under the 4SYSTEM5 or 4LOCAL5 keys.
These settings control GPIB addresses, multiple source settings, and other
hardware-related settings. The hardware state also controls the default RF
source power.
Stores the following registers:
All eight Instrument States
The Hardware State
All eight Memory registers
All eight Cal Sets
All Network Analyzer Cal Kits
Delay Table
User Display graphics
Sharing a System
Often several users must share the network analyzer. When you nish your session, it is useful
to save your setup so you can begin working quickly during your next session.
In this application you should:
1. Store one or more instrument state les to disc, as needed. If you have saved
many dierent instrument states, you may want to store them all at once using the
INSTR STATE ALL softkey.
2. If you have performed one or more calibrations, store them to disc. If you used many
dierent calibrations, you may want to save them all at once using the CAL SET ALL
softkey. Save an instrument state for each cal set. This will ensure that you can recall the
settings that are applicable for each calibration.
Calibrations are sensitive to ambient temperature and humidity, and therefore have a
limited life span. In addition, a cal set's life can be limited because of changes to the
system's components (including wear). You can use \old" calibrations if you measure a
well-known device and compare the data to expected data. You can then decide whether or
not the old calibration is still useful.
3. If using a special calibration kit, store the cal kit denition to disk too.
4. It is a good idea to save the hardware state to disc, especially if your network analyzer is
controlling more than one source. The hardware state saves all multiple source settings.
The hardware state also saves various GPIB settings for external hardware. You can skip
this if the hardware setup rarely or never changes.
5. If using a user-generated delay table, store it to disc.
6. If you created special graphic elements, store them to disc.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Saving Everything
If you use a large number of states, cal sets, memories, and so on, you may nd that storing
using Machine Dump is easier. This takes longer than saving one or two individual types
of data, and takes up more disk space. However, this may be the best method in complex
situations.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Disk Drive Operation
7-11
DISK Functions
When you load a Machine Dump from disc, the contents of applicable internal registers are
replaced with the data from the machine dump le.
A Machine Dump le does not automatically save the current measurement settings . Before
saving a Machine Dump, always save the current measurement setup to save register 8. If you
do this, the instrument will return to a known setup when you load the Machine Dump le.
Viewing or Plotting Old Data
If you know you want to plot, analyze, or view data at a later date, store the Raw, \Data," or
\Formatted" data to disc.
7-12
Disk Drive Operation
8
Calibrating for System Measurements
What Is a Measurement Calibration?
Calibration greatly reduces repeatable systematic errors from your measurements. A
Measurement Calibration procedure transfers the accuracy of your calibration standards
to the measurement of your device. Since the response of the standards is known to a high
degree of accuracy, the system can measure one or more standards, then use the results of
these measurements to provide data to algorithms which process the measured data for
display. This process is called measurement calibration, accuracy enhancement, or error
correction.
Use the information in this section for the following:
Understanding fundamental concepts.
Performing dierent types of measurement calibration.
Saving calibrations.
Understanding calibration standard principles and care.
Evaluating calibration data.
Using trim sweep.
Modifying a calibration kit .
Modifying a calibration set .
What Is Vector Accuracy Enhancement?
Vector accuracy enhancement techniques provide the means of greatly reducing the systematic
errors in transmission and reection measurements. This is achieved by rst measuring the
magnitude and phase response of standard devices, using this data to develop coecients in a
model of the measurement system, then measuring a test device and using vector mathematics
to compute the actual test device response by removing the error contributions. The dynamic
range and accuracy of the measurement is then limited by random and drift eects, the
correctness of the model, and the accuracy to which the characteristics of the standard devices
are known. This is the basic concept of vector accuracy enhancement.
Other publications discuss the causes of these errors, details of the accuracy enhancement
error model, the physical aspects of the calibration standards, the mathematical response
models of the standards, and the vector mathematics used to correct the measured data.
Background theory and additional application information is described in the Agilent
Application Note \Vector Accuracy Enhancement."
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-1
Measurement Calibration
How the 8510 Corrects Measurement Data
In a typical application, the system is set up for a particular measurement.
An appropriate measurement calibration is performed at each frequency point for each
parameter to be measured.
The calibration is saved in any of the eight calibration set memory registers.
The device under test is connected, its response is measured, and then the data is corrected
and output.
The following diagram shows a typical operating sequence used when the device under test is
measured using more than one set of stimulus conditions (frequency range, number of points,
source power).
Calibration Requirements
There are several requirements you should be aware of before using the calibration feature.
Use the Same Stimulus and Parameter Settings in the Measurement
The Stimulus settings and Parameter used during the calibration must match those used
during the calibrated measurement. You can use the eight calibration set memories and the
eight instrument states together to provide eight instant-access measurement setups. For
example, you could store the calibration data for a certain measurement in calibration set
memory 1, and the proper instrument settings for that cal in storage register 1.
To make things simpler, however, the calibration memory automatically returns the
instrument to the original stimulus settings. Therefore, all you have to do is:
1. Select the Parameter (S11, S12, S21 or S22) that you used during the calibration. This step
must be performed rst.
2. Recall the calibration.
3. Now turn correction On and make the measurement.
Settings that should not be changed. If you change Parameter: If you change to a parameter
that has no calibration associated with it, the calibration feature immediately turns itself O.
The message THIS PARAMETER NOT IN COEFFICIENT SET will appear.
If you change Frequency Range or Number of Points: Correction is automatically turned O,
and CORRECTION RESET is displayed.
8-2
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
If you switch between Ramp, Step, Frequency List, or Single Point mode:
automatically turned O, and CORRECTION RESET is displayed.
Correction is
If you change Source Power, Sweep Time, Power Slope, Ramp/Step Sweep values, or Trim
Sweep values: The message CAUTION: CORRECTION MAY BE INVALID is displayed. It is the
user's responsibility to determine whether the change invalidates the calibration.
If you change ATTENUATOR PORT:1 . . . 2 settings: Error correction is not turned o
even though the displayed data may be in error. CAUTION: CORRECTION MAY BE INVALID is
displayed.
Use the Same Equipment Setup in the Measurement
Always calibrate using the same adapters and cables that will be used for the measurement. If
the adapters or cables are changed between calibration and measurement, unpredictable errors
will result due to the fact that the error coecients determined during calibration do not
apply to the altered setup. Even disconnecting and reconnecting the same adapter can cause
inaccuracy. If you change the setup, you must perform the measurement calibration procedure
again to nd appropriate error terms for the new setup.
Averaging
For all calibrations, use the same or greater averaging factor than will be used for the
device measurement. In general, use an averaging factor of 8 or 16 for most measurements
and increase the averaging factor to 64, 128, or 256, depending upon the dynamic range
required for the measurement, for Isolation steps. This can be easily accomplished by turning
Averaging On before beginning the calibration then leaving Averaging Factor as the active
function during the calibration.
Coupled/Uncoupled Channels
With COUPLED CHANNELS selected, when you turn correction on for a parameter on
one channel, it is also turned on for that parameter on the other channel. Selecting
UNCOUPLED CHANNELS allows you to apply a dierent calibration set to the measurement on
the other channel.
For example, to display real time responses of corrected and uncorrected data:
1. Perform a response cal for a parameter and turn correction on.
2. Press 4DISPLAY5 DUAL CHANNEL OVERLAY .
3. Select the same parameter for display on both channels. Notice that correction is On for
both channels.
4. Press 4CAL5 CORRECTION OFF . Correction is turned o for both channels.
5. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5 MORE UNCOUPLED CHANNELS .
6. Press 4CHANNEL 15 4CAL5 CORRECTION ON CAL SET n . Correction is turned On only for
Channel 1.
When UNCOUPLED CHANNELS is selected, correction o/on and the calibration set must be
selected independently for each channel.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-3
Measurement Calibration
Cal Menu
The Cal menu, the Cal Type menu, and the Cal Set Select menu are shown in Figure 8-1.
Pressing the 4CAL5 key brings the Cal menu onto the display.
Figure 8-1. Cal and Cal Type Menus
Turning On an Existing Cal Set
and CORRECTION ON provide selection of calibrated or non-calibrated vector
measurement data. The C annotation and the number of the current calibration set (next to
the ON label) show correction is applied to the measurement.
Pressing CORRECTION ON brings the Cal Set Selection menu onto the display and the message
SELECT CALIBRATION SET onto the display. An asterisk (*) next to the calibration set number
indicates that calibration error coecients are already stored in that calibration set. Select a
number to recall a calibration set and apply it to the measured data.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
CORRECTION OFF
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
8-4
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Performing a Measurement Calibration
This section contains the following information:
A synopsis of the steps required to perform and save a calibration.
A complete explanation of each major step.
A step-by-step example of each available type of calibration.
A procedure for verifying the accuracy of your calibration.
A description of the calibration error model.
Calibration Process Synopsis
A calibration is comprised of the following steps:
1. Select the type of calibration kit you intend to use. Calibration kits are sold separately,
and vary in cost and accuracy. This step is explained in \Step 1. Select a Calibration Kit",
next.
2. Choose the kind of calibration you need. Two factors are involved here:
a. How accurate you need the calibration to be.
b. What kind of measurement you are making.
This step is explained in \Step 2. Select the Type of Cal You Need", next.
3. Connect and measure each required calibration standard device. This is explained in \Step
3. Measure all Required Standards", later in this section.
4. Save the calibration to memory. This is explained in \Step 4. Saving the Cal Set to
Memory".
5. Store the calibration to disc if desired. This is explained in \Storing Calibration Data to
Disc".
Exiting and Resuming a Calibration Procedure
The RESUME CAL SEQUENCE key allows you to exit the calibration sequence currently in
progress, for example to change the averaging factor, then reenter at the same point in the
sequence. As you learn the calibration menus, you will see the standards are divided into
classes, such as SHORT or THRU, and that the classes are divided into groups, such as
Reection or Isolation. Sometimes there are more than one standard in the class, such as
LOADS. You may exit and reenter the current calibration sequence between measurement of
groups. That is, if a group requires multiple standards, if you exit before all standards in the
group are complete, then the data thus far measured for that group is lost and the standard
label will not be underlined. If you leave the cal menu structure by pressing a function which
displays another menu, press 4CAL5, RESUME CAL SEQUENCE . The last cal menu for which data
is available will be displayed.
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-5
Measurement Calibration
Time Low Pass Frequencies
In Time Domain, Time Low Pass mode, set the STOP frequency and number of points.
Then press SET FREQ. (LOW PASS) and proceed with measurement calibration. Refer to
the chapter titled, \Introduction to Time Domain" for a description of the frequency range
requirements.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Step 1. Select a Calibration Kit
Press CAL 1 <kit name> or CAL 2 <kit name> to select the appropriate calibration kit,
depending upon the category of calibration standards to be used. The accuracy enhancement
algorithms use mathematical models of the standards to nd the error coecients. These
models, and the specic names of the standards used in the calibration of a particular test
port connector, are part of the calibration kit denition. Before starting the calibration
procedure, be sure that the correct calibration kit for the test port connector type, the types
of standards to be used, and frequency range is in 8510 memory.
The following descriptions assume use of a standard Agilent 7-mm or 3.5-mm calibration kit.
Most calibration kits contains similar types of standards for a particular cal type so the names
for any particular standards may be similar.
Refer to the instruction manual for the calibration kit in use to nd the labels assigned to
each class and each standard for the connector type of your test set. A complete calibration
kit will contain a tape or disc le which denes the standards used in the kit. This le can be
loaded using the disc load feature.
Pressing either the CAL 1 or the CAL 2 softkey brings the accuracy enhancement error model
selection menu, known as the Cal Type menu onto the LCD/CRT display.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
What is a \Class" and what is a \Standard?"
A standard is an individual calibration device, like a 3.5 mm female short. A class would be
all the shorts. All the opens would be a dierent class.
Step 2. Select the Type of Cal You Need
Select the type of calibration you wish to perform:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
RESPONSE RESPONSE & ISOL'N
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
S11 1-PORT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
S22 1-PORT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
ONE-PATH 2-PORT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
FULL 2-PORT
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
TRL 2-PORT
Each of these calibration types is useful under a dierent set of circumstances. Figure 8-2
shows the errors corrected by each type of calibration, and the equivalent S-parameter error
model.
Choices from the Cal Type menu branch to procedures involving connection and measurement
of calibration standards.
8-6
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
What a Response Calibration Provides
The Response error model provides signal path frequency response error correction for the
selected parameter. This model may be adequate for transmission measurements of well
matched, low loss devices and for some reection measurements where vector normalization of
magnitude and phase frequency response errors provides sucient measurement accuracy.
What a Response and Isolation Calibration Provides
The Response and Isolation error model adds correction of the leakage term, either directivity
for reection measurements, or crosstalk for transmission measurements. This model is
appropriate for transmission measurements of well matched, high loss devices and for
reection measurements where mismatch is not a large factor.
What a 1-Port Calibration Provides
The 1-Port error model provides directivity, source match, and reection signal path frequency
response vector error correction for reection measurements. This model is best applied to
high accuracy reection measurements of one-port devices.
What a Full 2-Port Calibration Provides
The error model used for Full 2-Port and TRL 2-Port provides full directivity, isolation,
source match, load match, and frequency response vector error correction for transmission
and reection measurements of two-port devices on S-Parameter test sets. This model
provides best magnitude and phase measurement accuracy for two-port devices but requires
measurement of all four S-parameters of the two-port device. Both Full 2-Port and TRL
2-Port use the same error model and the same accuracy enhancement mathematics. The
dierence is in the standards used and the measurements made to quantify the error terms.
(TRL requires fewer standards.)
8510 Measurement Specifications and Calibration
8510 measurement specications are determined using either the 1-Port model for one-port
devices, or either of the 2-Port models when measuring two-port devices.
Non-Insertable Devices
Multiple 2-Port calibrations can be used to calibrate the system when measuring
\noninsertable" devices. This procedure is described later under \Transmission
Measurements."
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-7
Measurement Calibration
Figure 8-2. Cal Type Selections
8-8
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Step 3. Measure all Required Standards
Connecting Standards
To measure a calibration standard, select an appropriate standard from the list (such as
OPEN or SHORT), connect the standard, and press the key. If there is a single standard
assigned to that label, measurement of the standard begins and the message WAIT-MEASURING
CAL STANDARD appears while the standard is being measured. Do not press any front panel
key while this message is displayed unless it is your intent to stop the measurement process.
When the standard has been measured, the standard name will be underlined to indicate
measurement is complete.
If the standard label (shown on the LCD/CRT) includes an M (male), or an F
Important
(female), the reference is to the sex of the test port connector, not the sex of the
calibration standard. This only occurs in sexed test port connectors such as
type-N.
For example: You see a standard labeled SHORT (F) on the screen. You
should connect a male short to the type-N female test port and then press the
SHORT (F) softkey.
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
When You Are Finished Connecting Standards
When you measure all standards required for the selected cal type, press the DONE or SAVE
key at the bottom of the menu.
If the calibration is not complete, such as in the case where the standards thus
Note
far measured are not specied over the full frequency range being swept, then
pressing DONE or SAVE causes the message ADDITIONAL STANDARDS NEEDED to
appear. Measure the additional standards needed then press DONE or SAVE
again.
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After you press DONE or SAVE , and all standards necessary for the cal type have been
measured, the Cal Set Selection menu appears. Press one of the softkeys to select Cal Set 1, 2,
3, 4 ,5, 6, 7, or 8 to contain the error coecients for the calibration. The error coecients are
computed and stored then correction is turned on and corrected data is displayed.
If you are using averaging. If averaging is On when the standard selection key is pressed, then
the correct number of measurements needed to provide fully averaged data are automatically
taken. For Ramp sweeps, this means that n+1 sweeps, where n is the current averaging factor,
are taken. For Step, Single Point, or Frequency List, each data point is averaged n+1 times.
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Standards Required for a Response Calibration
The Response Cal menu for the 7 mm connector is shown in Figure 8-3. The response
measurement calibration sequence requires a single standard:
A SHORT or OPEN for reection measurements.
Or a THRU for transmission measurements.
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-9
Measurement Calibration
The standard is used to determine the frequency response of the current signal path. If more
than one standard is measured, the last standard pressed is used to compute the frequency
response correction term.
Figure 8-3. Response Cal Menu
Standards Required for a S11 1-Port Calibration
The S11 1-Port calibration sequence requires a minimum of three standards, an OPEN, a
SHORT, and at least one standard from the LOADS menu.
8-10
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Figure 8-4. S11 1-Port Cal Menu
For some calibration kits, the standards on the Loads menu are specied as to the frequency
range they cover:
A lowband load is specied from the lowest frequency up to 2.001 GHz for
LOWBAND
7 mm and 3.001 GHz for 3.5 mm standards.
SLIDING
A sliding load is specied from 1.999 GHz up to the highest frequency. Use
the Sliding Load menu to control measurement by pressing SLIDE is SET to
make at least 5 measurements with the load element in dierent positions,
then press SLIDING LOAD DONE .
A broadband load is specied over the full frequency range.
BROADBAND
an oset standard can be used instead of the Sliding Load when the
OFFSET
appropriate transmission line is available. It is specied from 2.0 GHz up to
the highest frequency. When you select this standard, measure the Broadband
load connected directly to the port and press LOAD NO OFFSET , then connect
the transmission line and the load to the port and press LOAD OFFSET . When
both measurements have been made, press OFFSET LOAD DONE .
Thus, for sweeps that cross 2 GHz, calibration using such a kit requires that you use both the
LOWBAND and SLIDING or OFFSET loads, or the BROADBAND load.
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-11
Measurement Calibration
Figure 8-5. LOADS Frequency Ranges
Standards Required for a Full 2-Port Calibration
Selecting FULL 2-PORT brings the Full 2-Port measurement calibration menu onto the display.
This cal requires you to do the following:
1. If you intend on performing a reection measurement, select REFLECTION then measure
at least three standards, just as in the 1-Port sequence. Connect and measure the
appropriate S11 standards at Port 1 and the appropriate S22 standards at Port 2, then
press REFLECT'N DONE .
2. If you intend on performing a transmission measurement, select TRANSMISSION , connect
the thru, then press the four standard selection softkeys to measure transmission frequency
response and the terminating impedance.
3. Now select ISOLATION , and connect appropriate Z0 terminations (xed loads) at Port 1
and Port 2. For best isolation cal, select a large averaging factor (at least 128) by pressing:
RESPONSE 4MENU5 AVERAGING ON/restart 42565 4x15 4CAL5 RESUME CAL SEQUENCE
Then select the measurement.
If a large averaging factor is not used, the error may be greater than if the isolation cal
were not performed. To skip isolation cal, press OMIT ISOLATION . When the measurement
is complete, press ISOLATION DONE .
4. When all necessary standards on the list have been measured, press the bottom softkey
labeled DONE or SAVE . You may measure the standards in any order. Until you press
DONE or SAVE , you may remeasure any standard on the currently displayed list and the
last measurement on any particular standard will be used.
Measurement order is not important. Reection, Transmission, and Isolation steps can be
done in any sequence, and you can measure standards in any order. Parameter selection is
automatic during these sequences.
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8-12
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Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Figure 8-6. Full 2-Port Reflection, Transmission, and Isolation Cal Menus
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-13
Measurement Calibration
Standards Required for a TRL 2-Port Calibration
Selecting TRL 2-PORT brings the TRL 2-Port Cal menu onto the display. This menu, for the
7 mm precision calibration kit, is shown in Figure 8-7. This calibration technique uses the
thru connection, a short circuit at Port 1 and Port 2, loads for isolation, and a certain length
of precision transmission line. Parameter selection is automatic during these sequences.
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Figure 8-7. TRL 2-Port Cal Menu
Although this calibration can be performed over the entire frequency range of the connector
type, for best accuracy a separate Lowband Reection calibration is recommended (but
not required) below 2 GHz. The standards for the keys THRU THRU , S11 REFLECT SHORT ,
S22 REFLECT SHORT , ISOLATION , and LINE 2-18 LINE must be measured rst. Afterwards,
if the Start frequency is below 2 GHz, press LOWBAND REFLECT'N .
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Step 4. Saving the Cal Set to Memory
Calibration Save Registers and Storage Capacity
At this point, the Cal Set Selection menu and the message SELECT CALIBRATION SET are
displayed. Error terms are computed and stored in the internal calibration set storage register
you specify at the end of the measurement calibration sequence. Up to eight calibration sets
can be saved. However, only four calibration sets can be stored if they are 801 point Full
2-Port or TRL 2-Port calibration sets. That is, if you perform four 801 point Full 2-Port or
TRL 2-Port calibrations and store the results in Cal Sets 1, 2, 3, and 4, the internal storage
will be full even though calibration set numbers 5 through 8 are empty.
How to tell if a register already has a Cal Set in it.
If the calibration memory register has an * next to it, there is already a calibration stored in
it. If you select that register anyway, the old calibration set will be deleted and replaced by
the new one.
8-14
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
What to do if all registers are full
If internal storage is already full, a calibration set must be deleted using DELETE CAL SET
before calibration can proceed. Selecting a calibration set to receive error coecient data
automatically replaces the old data with the new data.
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Cal Set Limited Instrument State
The calibration set saves critical settings that were in eect when the calibration was saved.
Changing any of these settings once calibration is turned On can invalidate the calibration, or
cause calibration to turn O automatically.
Parameter
Frequency Range
Number of Points
Source Power
Sweep Time
Power Slope
Sweep Mode and values
Trim Sweep values
S-Parameter Test Set (Two-Path) Calibration Error Models
All calibration error models may be used with S-Parameter test sets:
Frequency Response: S11 , S21, S12 , or S22
Frequency Response & Isolation: S11, S21 , S12 , or S22
1-Port: S11 or S22
Full 2-Port: S11 , S12, S21 , and S22
TRL 2-Port: S11, S12 , S21, and S22
The following pages contain example measurement calibration sequences using each of these
models. The standard labels are those used for the standard 7 mm or 3.5 mm calibration kits.
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-15
Measurement Calibration
Frequency Response Calibrations
This calibration error model provides vector error correction for the selected parameter signal
path frequency response using a single standard (usually a thru for transmission; a short or an
open for reection).
Figure 8-8. S-Parameter Test Set Frequency Response Calibrations
One-Port Device: S11 Frequency Response Calibration
1. Press 4S115 4CAL5 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE .
2. At Port 1, connect either a short or a shielded open circuit.
3. When the trace is correct, press SHORT or OPEN . Data is measured.
4. Press DONE RESPONSE , then select a Cal Set (1 through 8). Error coecients are computed
and stored; Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON . A Corrected trace is displayed.
5. Connect the test device, and measure S11 .
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8-16
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Two-Port Device: S11 Frequency Response Calibration
1. Press 4S115 4CAL5 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE .
2. At Port 1, connect either a short circuit or a shielded open circuit.
3. When the trace is correct, press SHORT or OPEN . (S11 data is measured.)
4. Press DONE RESPONSE , then select CAL SET 1 . (Error coecient is computed and stored;
Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON .)
5. Corrected S11 data is displayed.
6. Connect the test device.
7. Measure S11 .
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Two-Port Device: S21 Frequency Response Calibration
1. Press 4S215 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE .
2. Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru.
3. When the trace is correct, press THRU . (S21 thru data is measured.)
4. Press DONE RESPONSE then select CAL SET 2 . (Error coecient is computed and stored;
Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON .)
5. Corrected S21 data is displayed.
6. Connect the test device.
7. Measure S21 .
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Two-Port Device: S12 Frequency Response Calibration
1. Press 4S125 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE .
2. When the trace is correct, press THRU . (S12 thru data is measured.)
3. Press DONE RESPONSE , then select CAL SET 3 . (Error coecient is computed and stored;
Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON .)
4. Corrected S12 data is displayed.
5. Connect the test device.
6. Measure S12 .
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-17
Measurement Calibration
Two-Port Device: S22 Frequency Response Calibration
1. Press 4S225 CAL 1, CALIBRATE: RESPONSE .
2. At Port 2, connect either a short circuit or a shielded open circuit.
3. When the trace is correct, press OPEN or SHORT . (S22 data is measured.)
4. Press DONE RESPONSE , then select CAL SET 4 . (Error coecient is computed and stored;
Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON .)
5. Corrected S22 data is displayed.
6. Connect the test device.
7. Measure S22 .
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Response and Isolation Calibration
To extend the measurement dynamic range in the presence of noise, such as for a high
loss two-port device, use the Response and Isolation calibration instead of the simpler
Response calibration. While this calibration improves the eective directivity for reection
measurements, it is best applied to transmission measurements.
Two-Port Device: Transmission Frequency Response and Isolation Calibration
1. Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru.
2. Press 4S215 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE & ISOL'N then RESPONSE .
3. When the trace is correct, press THRU . S21 thru data is measured.
4. Connect a load at Port 1 and a load at Port 2.
5. When the trace is correct, press ISOL'N STD . S21 noise oor is measured.
6. Press SAVE RESP&ISOL , then select CAL SET 2 .
7. Corrected S21 data is displayed.
8. Connect the test device, and measure S21 .
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8-18
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Calibrating for System Measurements
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Measurement Calibration
1-Port Calibration
This calibration error model provides the best accuracy for measurement of a one-port device,
providing full vector error correction for directivity, source match, and reection signal path
frequency response. The procedure uses three standards, usually a shielded open circuit, a
short circuit, and a load.
During the S11 1-Port calibration, all standards are connected at Port 1 (the point at which
the test device input port will be connected).
During the S22 1-Port calibration, all standards are connected at Port 2.
Figure 8-9. S-Parameter Test Set 1-Port Calibrations
One-Port Device: S11 1-Port Correction
1. Press 4S115 4CAL5 CAL 1, CALIBRATE: S11 1-PORT .
2. At Port 1, connect a shielded open circuit.
3. When the trace is correct, press (S11): OPEN . Open circuit data is measured.
4. At Port 1, connect a short circuit.
5. When the trace is correct, press (S11): SHORT . Short circuit data is measured.
6. Press (S11): LOADS to present the Loads menu. If the frequency sweep crosses 2 GHz,
then both the LOWBAND and SLIDING loads, or the BROADBAND load must be used.
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-19
Measurement Calibration
7. At Port 1, connect a xed load.
8. When the trace is correct, press LOWBAND . Load data is measured.
9. At Port 1, connect a sliding load.
10. Move sliding element to the rst index mark; then, when the trace is correct, press
SLIDE IS SET . Load data is measured.
11. Repeat 5 to 8 times, each time moving the sliding element to the next index mark, then
pressing SLIDE IS SET .
12. Press SLIDING LOAD DONE .
13. Press DONE LOADS . If the message ADDITIONAL STANDARDS NEEDED appears,
then the loads were not specied for the current frequency range (for example, only the
LOWBAND load was used for a sweep that crossed 2 GHz).
14. Press SAVE 1-PORT CAL , then select a CAL SET 1 . (Error coecients are computed and
stored; Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON .)
15. Corrected S11 trace is displayed.
16. Connect the test device.
17. Measure S11 .
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One-Port Device: S22 1-Port Correction
To use the S22 1-Port calibration, proceed as follows, connecting the standards at Port 2.
1. Press 4S225 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: S22 1-PORT .
2. Perform the S22 1-Port calibration procedure, use (S22): OPEN , SHORT , and LOADS ,
connect all standards at Port 2, press SAVE 1-PORT CAL , then store the error coecients
using another CAL SET 1 through 8.
3. Connect the test device.
4. Measure S22 .
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Two-Port Device: Combining Error Models
To obtain greater accuracy in measurement of a one-port device, perform the S11 1-Port and
S22 1-Port calibration sequences described above instead of the S11 and S22 frequency response
calibrations. This procedure shows a calibration sequence for measurement of a two-port
device using a combination of S21 and S12 frequency response and S11 and S22 1-Port error
models.
If the insertion loss of the device is large, then the Response and Isolation cal should be used
instead of the response cal for S21 and S12 .
1. Press 4S115 4CAL5 CAL 1 CALIBRATE S11 1-PORT .
2. Perform the S11 1-PORT calibration sequence, already described; use S11 OPEN , SHORT ,
and LOADS , connect standards at Port 1.
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8-20
Calibrating for System Measurements
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Measurement Calibration
3. Press SAVE 1-PORT CAL then select CAL SET 1 .
4. Corrected S11 data is displayed.
5. Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru.
6. Press 4S215 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE .
7. When the trace is correct, press THRU . S21 thru data is measured.
8. Press DONE RESPONSE then select CAL SET 2 .
9. Corrected S21 data is displayed.
10. Press 4S125 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: RESPONSE .
11. When the trace is correct, press THRU . S12 thru data is measured.
12. Press DONE RESPONSE then select CAL SET 3 .
13. Corrected S12 data is displayed.
14. Press 4S225 CAL 1 CALIBRATE: S22 1-PORT .
15. Perform the S22 1-PORT calibration sequence; use S22 OPEN , SHORT , and LOADS ,
connect standards at Port 2.
16. Press SAVE 1-PORT CAL then select CAL SET 4 .
17. Corrected S22 data is displayed.
18. Connect the test device.
19. Measure any parameter.
This procedure is less accurate than the 2-Port model because source and load match
correction is not included in the transmission measurement. However, the procedure is slightly
faster to perform and since all four parameters do not need to be measured, the measurement
of each parameter is faster.
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-21
Measurement Calibration
Full 2-Port Calibration
The Full 2-Port measurement calibration procedure can be used only with the S-parameter
test sets. This calibration error model provides the best accuracy when measuring two-port
devices. Four standards are used, usually a shielded open circuit, a short circuit, a load or
loads, and a thru. This model provides full error correction of directivity, source match,
reection and transmission signal path frequency response, load match, and isolation for S11 ,
S21 , S12, and S22 .
Figure 8-10. S-Parameter Test Set Full 2-Port Calibration
Two-Port Device: Full 2-Port Calibration Sequence (S-Parameter Test Sets)
1. Press 4CAL5 CAL 1, CALIBRATE: FULL 2-PORT then REFLECT'N .
2. Proceed as for the S11 1-PORT calibration sequence; connect standards at Port 1, use
(S11 ): OPEN , SHORT , and LOADS , do not press REFLECT'N DONE .
3. Proceed as for the S22 1-PORT calibration sequence; connect standards at Port 2, use
(S22 ): OPEN , SHORT , and LOADS .
4. Press REFLECT'N DONE . Reection error coecients are computed.
5. Press TRANSMISSION .
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8-22
Calibrating for System Measurements
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Measurement Calibration
6. Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru.
7. When the trace is correct, press FWD. TRANS. THRU . S21 frequency response is measured.
8. Press FWD. MATCH THRU . S21 load match is measured.
9. Press REV. TRANS. THRU . S12 frequency response is measured.
10. Press REV. MATCH THRU . S12 load match is measured.
11. Press TRANS. DONE . Transmission error coecients are stored.
12. Press ISOLATION .
13. Connect a load at Port 1 and a load at Port 2.
14. When the trace is correct, press FWD. ISOL'N ISOL'N STD . S21 noise oor is measured.
15. Press REV. ISOL'N ISOL'N STD . S12 noise oor is measured.
16. Press ISOLATION DONE . Forward and reverse isolation error coecients are stored.
17. Press SAVE 2-PORT CAL , then select a Cal Set (1 through ) to save the error coecients.
Error coecients are computed and stored; Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON .
18. Corrected trace is displayed.
19. Connect test device.
20. Press any PARAMETER key, 4S115, 4S215, 4S125, or 4S225, to display corrected data for that
parameter.
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-23
Measurement Calibration
TRL 2-Port Calibration
Not all calibration kits contain the precision transmission line required to accomplish the
LINE part of the TRL 2-Port calibration.
Two-Port Device: TRL 2-Port Calibration Sequence
1. Press 4CAL5 CAL 1, CALIBRATE: TRL 2-PORT .
2. Connect Port 1 to Port 2 Thru.
3. When the trace is correct, press THRU THRU . Several parameters are measured.
4. At Port 1, connect a short circuit.
5. When the trace is correct, press S11 REFLECT SHORT . Data is measured.
6. At Port 2, connect a short circuit.
7. When the trace is correct, press S22 REFLECT SHORT . Data is measured.
8. Press ISOLATION .
9. Connect a load at Port 1 and a load at Port 2.
10. When the trace is correct, press FWD. ISOL'N ISOL'N STD . S21 noise oor is measured.
11. Press REV. ISOL'N ISOL'N STD . S12 noise oor is measured.
12. Press ISOLATION DONE . Forward and reverse isolation error coecients are stored.
13. Connect the precision transmission line between Port 1 and Port 2.
14. When the trace is correct, press LINE 2-18 LINE . Several parameters are measured.
15. If the Start frequency is below 2 GHz, press LOWBAND REFLECT'N , then proceed to the
Reection part of the Full 2-Port calibration procedure.
16. Press SAVE TRL 2-PORT , then select a Cal Set (1 through ) to save the error coecients.
Error coecients are computed and stored; Cal menu is displayed with CORRECTION ON .
17. Corrected trace is displayed.
18. Connect test device.
19. Press any PARAMETER key, 4S115, 4S215, 4S125, or 4S225, to display corrected data for that
parameter.
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8-24
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
R/T Test Set (One-Path) Calibration Error Models
You may choose S11 Response, S21 Response, S11 1-Port, or One-Path 2-Port calibration
error models. Reverse calibration may also be performed (S12 and S22 response and S22
1-Port), but in this case, the standards (open, short, and load) are still connected to port 1.
During measurement, you must use care to physically reverse the test device and select the
appropriate parameter (S11 or S22).
Use procedures similar to those listed for the S-Parameter test set but only connect standards
to Port 1.
Response and 1-Port
The reection/transmission test set cannot produce real-time error corrected measurements
using the One-Path 2-Port error model because the device under test must be manually
reversed for each measurement. For this reason, the technique of combining the response and
1-Port error models described above is usually the quickest way to measure a two-port device
on a reection/transmission test set where source and load match eects are not an important
factor in the accuracy of the measurement.
One-Path 2-Port
The One-Path 2-Port calibration error model is designed specially for the
reection/transmission test set. It provides vector error correction of directivity,
source match, reection and transmission signal path frequency response, load match,
and isolation errors for S11 , S21, S12 , and S22 . This procedure is similar to the Full 2-Port
calibration procedure described previously for S-parameter test sets, except that all calibration
takes place with respect to Port 1, and the device under test (and possibly the adapters if
used) must be manually reversed in the process of measuring any S-parameter.
This manual reversal makes it impossible to obtain fully error-corrected data in real
time. Instead, pressing the softkey labeled PRESS TO CONTINUE controls a measurement
process that includes operator prompts to connect the test device for forward and reverse
measurements, nishing with the corrected data for the selected parameter displayed and
ready for data output. Pressing another parameter key either displays the corrected data for
the new parameter choice immediately, or restarts the measurement process.
When load and source match eects are not major error contributors in the measurement, or
when you wish to view the real time response of the device under test and are not concerned
with absolute measurement accuracy, use a combination of S11 1-Port and S22 1-Port reection
calibrations with S21 and S12 frequency response transmission calibrations, instead of the
One-Path 2-Port sequence.
Averaging may be used during measurement calibration. If you use Ramp sweep during
the device measurement, averaging cannot be used with correct results due to the need to
repeatedly manually reverse the device. In Step sweep, averaging can be used with the usual
benet.
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-25
Measurement Calibration
Figure 8-11. Reflection/Transmission Test Set One-Path 2-Port Calibration
After you complete the calibration procedure:
1. Connect test device.
2. Select parameter for display by pressing 4S115, 4S215, 4S125, or 4S225.
3. Follow instructions to connect the test device for forward measurement, then
PRESS TO CONTINUE .
4. Follow instructions to connect the test device for reverse measurement, then
PRESS TO CONTINUE .
5. Observe the corrected trace.
6. To measure another parameter, press the key for the desired PARAMETER.
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8-26
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
7. To measure the next test device, connect the test device, then PRESS
MEASUREMENT 4RESTART5.
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TO CONTINUE
or
Storing Calibration Data to Disc
Cal data can be stored on disc, recalled, checked for validity, then used if acceptable results
are obtained. To store a calibration set on disc:
Press 4DISC5 STORE CAL 1-8 CAL SET n CAL SET FILE n .
To transfer the calibration set from tape to internal memory:
Press 4DISC5 LOAD CAL SET 1-8 CAL SET n CAL SET FILE n .
Since many les of a single calibration set can be stored on disc, it is convenient to save a
calibration set and use it at another time rather than recalibrate the system. However, if the
mechanical characteristics (such as connectors and cables) of the test setup has changed, the
calibration set may no longer apply. To test the validity of the calibration set, measure a
simple known device such as a calibration standard and verify that the response is correct.
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Principles and Care of Calibration Standards
This section explains the special care required by calibration standards, principles behind their
use, and common problems associated with them.
Calibration Standards Require Careful Handling
For best accuracy and repeatability, use great care in handling and storing the calibration
devices. Their performance and accuracy depend on very precise mechanical tolerances,
sometimes on the order of a few ten thousandth of an inch. Therefore, the standards must be
handled and stored more carefully than ordinary devices.
Proper Inspection, Cleaning, and Connection
Inspect and clean the connectors using the methods recommended in the calibration kit
manuals. Use gauges on the test port connectors, standards, cables, and the test device to
verify that the mating plane dimensions of all connectors are within the allowable tolerances.
To minimize repeatability errors, use an appropriate torque wrench when tightening or
loosening connections. Detailed information on calibration standards, and on recommended
techniques of using them appears in the calibration kit manuals.
Principles of Operation
In simple terms, accuracy enhancement is accomplished by measuring known standards.
The measured response is compared to the predicted response, then error terms are derived
from the magnitude and phase dierence between the measured response and the predicted
response. The predicted response is determined by using a complex mathematical model
which predicts the magnitude and phase response of the calibration standard over its entire
frequency range. Thus, the accuracy improvement which can be expected is directly related
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-27
Measurement Calibration
to how well the models predict the response of the standard. The model for each standard is
specied in a data le on the disc supplied with the calibration kits.
Examples of \perfect" standards are shown in the assumptions made for the xed and sliding
loads used in reection calibration. The device impedance is assumed to be exactly the system
characteristic impedance, Z0 , usually 50 ohms.
Quality of the Standards Affects Accuracy
The quality of the load used for calibration determines the eective directivity for reection
measurements. A high quality xed load exhibits the lowest repeatable return loss. The
quality of the sliding load is determined by the return loss of the connector and the
transmission line between the connector and the sliding element.
Standard Models Differ Depending on Connector Type
Standard models dier according to connector type. For example, the short circuit in the
Agilent 7-mm calibration kit is modeled as a perfect zero ohm termination, having a reection
coecient of 16 6180 positioned at the reference plane. The short circuit in the Agilent
3.5-mm calibration kit is modeled as a perfect short displaced about 1 cm from the reference
plane.
Specications for the shielded open circuits add a reactive phase shift to the modeled response
characteristic. In order to model the typical non-linear phase shift, the shielded open circuit is
assumed to exhibit a phase shift with frequency that can be approximated using the equation
Ctotal = C0 + C1 *F + C2 *F2 + C3 *F3
where C0 is the DC capacitance, C1*F is the capacitance times frequency, C2*F2 is the
capacitance times frequency squared, and C3*F3 is the capacitance times frequency cubed.
The shielded open circuits in the 3.5 mm calibration kit use a center pin extender, so the
models for these devices also include a linear phase shift component to account for the oset
from the reference plane.
Specifications, Modifying a Cal Kit
The specications contained on the calibration kit data le are nominal values based on
typical expected responses of the standards. If you wish to substitute your own standards,
or change the models for the standards supplied in the calibration kit, you may use the
MODIFY CAL KIT sequence.
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Common Problems
Common calibration problems which can be traced to standards are:
Non-repeatable contact due to wear, dirt, grease, or other contaminants on the contacting
surfaces or other accessible parts of the standard. Assure that the standard is properly
cleaned. Make sure the connector is dry.
Connector damage due to connecting the standard to a connector with mechanical defects
or out-of-spec tolerances. Use the connector gage on both the test port and the standard
prior to measurement calibration.
Poor contact due to improper alignment or torquing practice. Use the correct connection
technique and the proper torque wrench for each connection.
8-28
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Using cal standards whose response does not match the constants used in the 8510 internal
calibration kit denitions. Refer to the calibration kit manuals for electrical and mechanical
specications.
Verifying Calibration Data
Immediately following calibration, and at intervals during the measurement process, it is
recommended that you measure a standard device with known responses. This is to verify
that the system characteristics have not changed, thus making the current calibration error
coecients invalid. Measuring a device from the calibration kit used for measurement
calibration will allow you to determine that the system is making repeatable measurements.
The measured response of a calibration standard will be exactly the modeled response if the
connection is repeatable.
To determine measurement accuracy, however, it is necessary to measure an independent
standard with known responses, such as the attenuators or air lines in the 8510 verication
kit, or a standard you produce that is representative of the devices you are testing. If
standards-quality data for the device is available, it can be compared with your measurement
results to determine accuracy. If the data is outside acceptable limits and good technique was
used during the calibration, then the system characteristics have changed, thus making the
current calibration error coecients invalid. Standards-quality measurement data is supplied
with the Agilent verication devices.
Adjusting Trim Sweep
The Trim Sweep Adjustment procedure applies only to measurements made in the Ramp
sweep mode. It is considered a part of the measurement calibration process because it
provides most improvement when it is accomplished for each particular frequency range.
The TRIM SWEEP setting is saved as part of the instrument state when you press 4SAVE5
INSTRUMENT STATE n , and as part of the limited instrument state saved when you save a
calibration set. It is set to zero by FACTORY PRESET .
The TRIM SWEEP function performs a dierent purpose for Agilent 834x and 835x sources.
For Agilent 8340 sources used in the Ramp Sweep mode, it is used to adjust the end frequency
at the band switch points to minimize the frequency dierence between the end frequency
of one band and the start frequency of the next higher band. Trim Sweep is not used in the
Step Sweep mode. For 835x sources, Trim Sweep is adjusted to provide the best frequency
accuracy.
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-29
Measurement Calibration
Using Agilent 834x Series Sources
If you are using the ramp sweep mode, set trim sweep to provide minimum frequency
dierence between the step and ramp modes as follows:
1. Press 4RECALL5 MORE FACTORY . Select 4S215 for display.
2. Connect measurement Port 1 to measurement Port 2 (thru connection).
3. Set the START/STOP or CENTER/SPAN controls to sweep the frequency range of
interest.
4. Select STIMULUS 4MENU5 STEP . When the sweep is complete, press DISPLAY DATA !
MEMORY MATH (/) . When the next sweep is complete, the trace should be a at line at
zero degrees.
5. Press STIMULUS 4MENU5 RAMP . The displayed trace may exhibit a sharp phase transition
at the band switch points. Sharp transitions indicate the need to adjust TRIM SWEEP .
6. Press 4CAL5 MORE TRIM SWEEP . Then use the knob to adjust the phase trace for minimum
phase change at the band switch points. When the best (attest) phase trace is achieved,
press 4SAVE5 INSTRUMENT STATE n to save this setting. Now proceed with the appropriate
measurement calibration.
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Using 835x Series Sources
Set TRIM SWEEP to provide best frequency accuracy as follows:
1. Press 4RECALL5 MORE FACTORY PRESET . Select 4S215 4PHASE5 for display.
2. Connect measurement Port 1 to measurement Port 2 (thru connection).
3. Set the START/STOP or CENTER/SPAN controls to sweep the frequency range of
interest.
4. Set Averaging Factor to 128. Select 4DELAY5 4MARKER5, then move the marker to the center
frequency. Read Delay value = Delay1.
This step measures a reference value, Delay1, which represents the electrical length
dierence between the reference and test signal paths. If the signal paths are exactly
equal, the result will be zero seconds.
5. Press 4DISPLAY5 DATA ! MEMORY MATH (/) . The trace should be a at line at zero
degrees.
6. Connect an electrical delay of known length between measurement Port 1 and
measurement Port 2. The device should have a low loss and exhibit a precisely known
electrical delay, as does the air line in an Agilent verication kit.
Any air line may be used but you must know its exact electrical delay.
7. Select 4PHASE5. Enter the electrical delay of the air line by pressing RESPONSE 4MENU5
ELECTRICAL DELAY , and then entering the specied electrical delay of the device. The
phase transitions should disappear, leaving a phase trace with some slope. Any residual
slope indicates a need to adjust TRIM SWEEP .
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8-30
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
8. Press 4CAL5 MORE TRIM SWEEP . Then use the knob to adjust for at phase trace
(endpoints). Record this value as TRIM SWEEP1.
9. Read the delay value at the center frequency = DELAY2 .
10. Compute:
Delay + Delay 1
2 T rim Sweep
T rim Sweep2 =
1
Delay
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2
11. Set Trim Sweep to TRIM SWEEP2 . This step compensates for imbalance in the test set
signal paths. The phase trace may not be at.
12. Press 4SAVE5 INSTRUMENT STATE n to save this setting. Now proceed with the appropriate
measurement calibration.
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Modifying a Calibration Kit
The Modify Cal Kit menu structure allows you to create or change the mathematical model
and label for each calibration standard and to specify how the standards are used in the
calibration process. The following paragraphs provide an overview of the sequence used to
modify a calibration kit denition. Detailed descriptions of each part of the calibration kit
denition are included in the Agilent 8510 Keyword Dictionary . The calibration kit denition
for each calibration kit is provided as a Cal Kit data le on the tape supplied with each
calibration kit, and it is listed in the Standard Denitions and Standard Class Assignments
tables in the calibration kit manual.
You may explore the Modify Cal Kit menus without actually changing any part of the
denition stored in 8510 memory. Each time CAL 1 , CAL 2 , MODIFY 1 , or MODIFY 2 is
pressed, the selected calibration it denes is loaded from non-volatile memory to active
memory. Denitions and assignments that are not actually changed remain the same. The kit
denition is not re-stored into non-volatile memory until KIT DONE (MODIFIED) is pressed.
So, if you are simply examining the contents, exit the menu structure by pressing 4CAL5, then
CAL 1 or CAL 2 , not by pressing KIT DONE (MODIFIED) .
Before entering the Modify Cal Kit menu structure, make certain that you have a copy of
the calibration kit denition you are about to modify. If necessary, copy the calibration kit
denition to disc using the STORE , CAL KIT 1-2 operation on the disc menu.
Now locate the calibration kit documentation tables found in the calibration kit manuals
and use them as worksheets to specify the characteristics of each standard, the label for the
standard, assign each standard to one or more classes, to specify the label for each class, and
nally to specify the new label for the modied calibration kit.
To modify the calibration kit denition, rst press 4CAL5 MORE , then either
MODIFY 1 <cal kit label> or MODIFY 2 <cal kit label> .
Press SELECT STANDARD , then select the device denition to be modied by entering a
Standard Number (a numeric between 1 and 22) then pressing 4x15. The Standard Type menu
is displayed with the current standard type underlined. Press the appropriate standard type
key, then enter the appropriate characteristics of the standard using the Standard Denitions
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-31
Measurement Calibration
and the Specify Oset menus. Label the standard using LABEL STD key and the Title menu.
This label will appear on the cal Standard Selection menu during the calibration procedure.
Repeat this sequence for each new or modied standard in the calibration kit. Standard
denitions not changed during this process are included in the modied calibration kit with
their pre-existing values.
Press SPECIFY CLASS , then use the Specify Class menus to assign appropriate standards to
each of the classes required for the calibration type. When you select a class, the current
standard numbers assigned to that class are listed in the title area. Enter one, or a sequence
of, standard number followed by 4x15 for each standard to be used in the class, then press
CLASS DONE (SPEC'D) .
Now press LABEL CLASS and name each new or changed standard class. This label will
appear on the appropriate cal menus when there is more than one standard assigned to the
class.
Repeat this procedure for each of the Standard Classes required for the calibration procedure.
Next, press LABEL KIT and name the modied calibration kit. This name will appear on the
Cal menu. Finally, press KIT DONE (MODIFIED) to store the new kit in place of the selected
kit.
Notice that to indicate that the kit denition has been modied, if any standard denition
is changed, the kit name is automatically changed by replacing the last character of the
calibration kit label with the * symbol. This is why the LABEL KIT operation is the last to be
performed.
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Modifying a Calibration Set
You can modify a calibration set in the following ways:
Reducing the number of points measured after a calibration set has been created.
Dening a frequency subset. You can create a new set by zooming in on a frequency subset
of the original calibration set frequency range.
Changing the calibration type. Create a new set by changing the calibration type. You can
change an active two-port calibration (full, one-path, or TRL) set to a one-port calibration
set.
Modifying a Cal Set with connector compensation. Create a new calibration set by applying
connector compensation to an active one-port or two-port calibration set.
Reducing the Number of Points After Calibration
This type of modication allows the number of points to be reduced without aecting the
calibration or the endpoints of the current frequency range. Thus, after a calibration using
801 points, either 401, 201, 101, or 51 points can be selected. This is accomplished by
skipping over alternate frequency points. For example, when the number of points is reduced
from to 101 to 51, only every other point is measured.
8-32
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Effects in Step Sweep Mode
This feature is designed for use in step sweep applications where it is necessary or desirable
to calibrate using the maximum number of points, but portions of the test can be performed
using less frequency resolution. In these instances, test time can be reduced by selecting a
fewer number of points, resulting in a shorter time for the frequency sweep.
In the example shown in Figure 8-12, measurement calibration is performed using step sweep
and 801 points, then the number of points is reduced to 51. The time required to update the
trace is decreased by a factor of about 16. When necessary, the original number of points can
be selected by either changing the NUMBER OF POINTS selection, or, by recalling the original
calibration set.
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Figure 8-12. Reduced Number of Points After Calibration
If a number of points greater than the original calibration is selected, a caution message is
displayed and correction is turned o. Note that when the number of points is reduced from
the original calibration, Time Low Pass cannot be selected.
Effects in Ramp Sweep Mode
The number of points may also be reduced after calibration in the ramp sweep mode, however,
in order for the data to remain valid, the sweep time cannot change. This limits the usefulness
of this feature for ramp sweeps.
After Factory Preset, the analyzer automatically selects a faster sweep for 51 points than
for 801 points. If the network analyzer sweep time is changed after calibration, a caution is
displayed in order to alert the user to examine the resulting data carefully. The dynamics
of the measurement process change and the accuracy of the data may be aected. For
best results, press STIMULUS 4MENU5 then SWEEP TIME , and set the sweep time to 200 ms
(milliseconds) prior to measurement calibration. Now the sweep time will remain constant
regardless of the NUMBER OF POINTS selection.
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-33
Measurement Calibration
Defining a Frequency Subset
After calibration in either ramp, step, or frequency list sweep mode, a subset of the current
frequency range can be selected by choosing new Start/Stop or Center/Span frequencies and
a new calibration set. This provides a very useful \frequency zoom" function by allowing the
user to arbitrarily select a subset of the current frequency sweep. This results in less time for
the frequency sweep because fewer points are measured. The frequency subset menu is shown
in Figure 8-13
Figure 8-13. Modify Cal Set, Frequency Subset Menu
Create and Save the Frequency Subset
To dene a frequency subset, turn correction ON, then press 4CAL5, MORE , MODIFY CAL SET ,
and FREQUENCY SUBSET .
As shown in Figure 8-14, markers appear on the trace to show you the current Start/Stop or
Center/Span of the frequency subset. Position these markers by pressing the SUBSET: START ,
STOP , CENTER or SPAN softkeys and using the knob, step keys, or numeric entry. Now press
CREATE & SAVE , then select a new calibration set (dierent from the existing calibration set,
or else the existing calibration set is lost). The appropriate error coecients from the existing
calibration set are transferred to the new calibration set, a frequency list is created and stored,
the frequency list sweep mode is selected, and corrected data for the subset is displayed.
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8-34
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Figure 8-14. Defining a Frequency Subset
Note that the frequencies in the subset may be examined by selecting STIMULUS 4MENU5,
MORE , EDIT LIST . If this list is edited, correction is turned O. To return to the original
frequency sweep, recall the original calibration set. To select the frequency subset sweep,
recall the new calibration set.
Effects in Ramp Sweep Mode. A frequency subset created from a ramp sweep may be less
accurate than the original ramp sweep due to the fact that the original calibration took
place in ramp sweep while the new frequency subset is measured in the frequency list sweep
mode. Since the ramp sweep is not phaselocked at each frequency point, the slight potential
frequency dierence at each point between the ramp and frequency list sweeps may cause the
displayed data to change.
To reduce this eect, prior to calibration in the ramp sweep mode, set the sweep time to
200 ms or greater, and perform the trim sweep (8350-series and 8340-series sources only)
adjustment. The trim sweep adjustment, along with the slower sweep time, minimizes the
frequency dierence at each point and improve accuracy of the data. For Agilent 8360-series
sources, put the analyzer in the SYSTEM BUS 'LOCAL' mode and press the source front-panel
keys 4USER CAL5 FullUsr Cal (use the Front-Panel Emulator Program for those sources with
no front-panel keys).
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Calibrating for System Measurements
8-35
Measurement Calibration
Changing the Calibration Type
There are applications when it is not possible to use a 2-port calibration for measurement
because automatic switching of the test set cannot be tolerated when the device is
connected. For these applications, it is typical to perform a 1-port calibration for the
reection parameters and response or response and isolation calibrations for the transmission
parameters.
However, in a subset of these applications, automatic switching can be tolerated during
calibration, but not during measurement. For these applications, you can create new
calibration sets from an active two-port calibration set, using the Change Cal Type feature.
The two-port set can be a full two-port, a one-path two-port, or a TRL two-port calibration
set.
2-PORT to: S11 1-PORT creates an S11 1-port calibration from the currently active 2-port
calibration set.
2-PORT to: S22 1-PORT creates an S22 1-port calibration from the currently active 2-port
calibration set. Use the following key sequence to create the new calibration set.
1. 4CAL5 MORE
2. MODIFY CAL SET
3.
CHANGE CAL TYPE
4.
2-PORT to: S11 1-PORT
5.
CHANGE & SAVE
6. CAL SET n (select a new cal set, dierent from the
existing cal set. If the same cal set is used,
its original contents are overwritten.)
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Modifying a Cal Set with Connector Compensation
Connector compensation is a feature that provides for compensation of the discontinuity
found at the interface between the test port and a connector. The connector here, although
mechanically compatible, is not the same as the connector used for the calibration. There are
several connector families that have the same characteristic impedance, but use a dierent
geometry. Examples of such pairs include:
3.5 mm
3.5 mm
SMA
2.4 mm
/ 2.92 mm
/ SMA
/ 2.92 mm
/ 1.85 mm
The interface discontinuity is modeled as a lumped, shunt-susceptance at the test port
reference plane. The susceptance is generated from a capacitance model of the form:
C=C0 + C1 2F + C2 2F2 + C3 2F3
where F is the frequency. The coecients are provided in the default Cal Kits for a number
of typically used connector-pair combinations. To add models for other connector types, or
to change the coecients for the pairs already dened in a Cal Kit, use the \Modifying a
8-36
Calibrating for System Measurements
Measurement Calibration
Calibration Kit" procedure on the previous pages. Note that the denitions in the default Cal
Kits are additions to the Standard Class ADAPTER, and are Standards of type \OPEN."
Figure 8-15. Connector Compensation Menu Keys
Calibrating for System Measurements
8-37
Measurement Calibration
Using Connector Compensation
1. Press 4CAL5, then press MORE .
2. Press MODIFY CAL SET , then press CONNECTOR
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Note
COMPENSATE .
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Connector compensation requires that the active Cal Set be a 1-Port or 2-Port
calibration. If a Cal Set of any other type is selected, the message ACTIVE
CALSET WRONG TYPE appears.
3. Choose the connector pair at either PORT 1 connectors or PORT 2 connectors to apply
connector compensation.
4. From the standards menu, choose the correct pair of connectors.
If the connector pairs listed do not include the connector pairs you you
Note
are using, return to the prior menu to choose the alternate Cal Kit before
repeating the procedure.
If the connector pairs you are using are not listed in either Cal Kit 1 or Cal
Kit 2, then you need to modify the calibration kit. Use the MODIFY 1 or
MODIFY 2 functions to enter an appropriate set of coecients. Refer to the
previous section, \Modifying a Calibration Kit."
After selecting a connector pair, the previous menu re-appears with the
selected Port selection underlined.
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5. To apply connector compensation to the other port, repeat Step 3 for the other port.
6. Press COMPENSATE & SAVE to compute the modied Cal Set.
7. Select a Cal Set to store the modied calibration terms.
Other than the changes to the error coecients, all other properties of the Cal Set remain
unchanged.
Note that you do not need to overwrite the original (uncompensated) Cal Set. You may
also compare the compensated Cal Set with the uncompensated Cal Set and view the eect
of compensation.
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8-38
Calibrating for System Measurements
9
Transmission Measurements
Introduction
This part of the Agilent 8510 network analyzer system manual explains how to make the
following transmission measurements on a typical two-port device:
Insertion loss and gain
Insertion phase
S-parameters
Group delay
Electrical delay
Deviation from ideal phase
Also included is the description of the procedure used to measure noninsertable devices. These
measurements are described individually, each with separate setup, measurement calibration,
and measurement sequences.
Measuring Two-Port Devices
When planning a test sequence for a two-port device, there are two important factors to
consider: the type of two-port device you are going to measure and the type of test set in your
system.
There are generally three kinds of two-port devices (Figure 9-1), as listed below:
Insertable
The port 1 connector type will mate with the port 2 connector
type (port 2 is of the same family but is of opposite sex to that
of port 1).
Reversible
Reversible devices use the same connector type on both port 1
and port 2 (port 2 is the same family and same sex as port 1).
Transitional
Transitional devices use connectors from dierent families on
port 1 and port 2.
Both reversible and transitional devices are called \noninsertable." Only hermaphroditic
(sexless) connectors, like the standard 7 mm, are both insertable and reversible.
Figure 9-1. Two-Port Device Types
Transmission Measurements
9-1
Note
The main problem when attempting fully calibrated measurements on
a noninsertable device is that the test set Port 1 and Port 2 connectors
cannot be mated in order to make the thru connection. Conventional
calibration strategies for measurement of noninsertables include either
switching the sex of one port of the test set to make the thru, or inserting
an appropriate adapter of the same connector types as the test device during
the thru calibration, then ignoring the errors caused by changing the test set
between calibration and measurement. A new technique for measurement of
noninsertables is discussed later.
Using Test Sets
The two basic types of test sets are listed below:
S-parameter
Called two-path test sets because the stimulus can be switched
to either port 1 or port 2, thus allowing both forward and
reverse characteristics of the test device to be measured without
manually reversing the test device.
Reection/Transmission Called one-path test sets because the stimulus can only be
applied to port 1 and the test device must be physically reversed
to measure its reverse parameters.
Each combination of device type and test set type calls for a slightly dierent measurement
calibration and measurement sequence. For example, measurement of an insertable device
using a two-path test set is the ideal case. Because the test device has connector types which
can be mated on its port 1 and port 2, measurement calibration can be performed with the
correct adapters in place, and since the test set can switch the stimulus between port 1 and
port 2, all parameters can be measured without manually reversing the test device.
9-2
Transmission Measurements
Figure 9-2. Transmission Test Setups
Setting Up for Transmission Tests
Figure 9-2 shows typical transmission test setups for S-parameter and reection/transmission
test sets.
Transmission Measurement Calibration Choices
There are four dierent calibration types available for transmission measurements:
Response calibration
Response and Isolation calibration
One-Path 2-port calibration
2-Port calibration
Transmission Measurements
9-3
These types dier in accuracy or in the type of errors they remove.
Setting up for Response Calibration
The RESPONSE calibration model uses a thru (connect Port 1 and Port 2 together at the
point at which the test device will be connected) as the standard device. The RESPONSE
model can be used for S21 forward transmission calibration and for S12 reverse transmission
calibration. It can also be used for calibration with all user parameters.
Response and Isolation Calibration
The RESPONSE & ISOL'N calibration model uses a thru and an open transmission path
to determine signal path frequency response and the crosstalk, or isolation. It provides an
increase in dynamic range for transmission measurements by reducing the eects of leakage
between the reference and test signal paths and averaging random noise. This model can be
used for S21 forward transmission calibration and for S12 reverse transmission calibration. It
can also be used for calibration with all user parameters.
One-Path 2-Port Calibration
This model provides fully corrected transmission and reection measurements for a
reection/transmission test set. It uses a thru, a shielded open circuit, a short circuit, and
loads to calibrate at Port 1. The operator follows instructions displayed on the LCD/CRT to
manually reverse the test device for measurement of the reverse parameters .
Full 2-Port and TRL Calibrations
This model provides fully corrected transmission and reection measurements with an
S-parameter test set. The Full 2-Port typically uses a thru, a shielded open circuit, a short
circuit, and loads to calibrate at Port 1 and Port 2. The TRL 2-Port technique uses a thru,
shorts, isolation loads, and a precision transmission line. Multiple 2-Port calibrations are used
in the procedure for measurement of noninsertable devices.
Measurement Calibration for Noninsertable Devices
The Modify Cal Set function under the Cal menu provides a means of obtaining exact
calibration coecients when measuring noninsertable devices. This technique requires
calibration standards for both connector types and an adapter whose connectors match that
of the device under test and whose electrical length is known within 690 degrees at each
measured point over the selected frequency range. This technique is called Adapter Removal
because after the procedure, the eects of the adapter used in the calibration are eectively
removed. In order to accomplish the two calibrations as quickly as possible, measure the
thru connection last when you perform the initial calibration. Leave the thru connected and
measure it rst in the subsequent calibration. Figure 9-3 illustrates the following procedure.
The intent of the procedure is summarized below:
Adapter A1, which mates with port 1 of the device, is installed on test set Port 1.
Adapter A2, which mates with port 2 of the device is installed on Port 2 of the test set.
The adapter A3, which has the same connectors as the device, is installed.
Two Full 2-Port or TRL 2-Port calibrations are performed, the rst at the connection
between A1 and A3, and the second at the connection between A2 and A3, with the error
coecients for each cal stored in separate calibration sets.
9-4
Transmission Measurements
Making an Adapter Removal Measurement
1. Press MODIFY CAL SET ADAPTER REMOVAL and the Adapter Removal menu appears.
2. Press CAL SET for PORT 1 and designate the calibration set for the rst calibration (A3
connected to Port 2).
3. Press CAL SET for PORT 2 and designate the calibration set for the second calibration
(A3 connected to Port 1).
4. Press one of the ADAPTER <kit name> softkeys to select the Cal Kit which contains the
denition of the adapter A3.
5. Press MODIFY & SAVE then select the calibration set to receive the processed cal
coecients.
The calibration set that results from combining the two calibration sets is computed and
stored, then correction is turned on.
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Figure 9-3. Adapter Removal Calibration Sequence
The resultant 2-Port calibration set contains error coecients that accurately represent the
characteristics of Port 1 and Port 2, as if A1 and A2 were actually connected together to
measure forward and reverse frequency response and load match.
Further, as a check on the accuracy of the calibration, if you measure adapter A3, the
measurement results will accurately represent the actual characteristics of the adapter. If
not, then either the calibration was not performed properly or the adapter was not specied
properly in the calibration kit denition. Unexpected phase transitions in the adapter
measurement indicates that the adapter's electrical delay is not specied correctly.
Transmission Measurements
9-5
Insertion Loss/Gain Measurement
This sequence lists the steps for a typical insertion loss or gain measurement.
1. Select start and stop frequency and display scale settings as desired.
2. Perform an appropriate measurement calibration.
3. Connect the DUT.
4. Select 4LOG MAG5.
5. Press 4MARKER5 and read insertion loss (dB).
Measurement calibration sets the magnitude and phase ratio between the reference and test
signal paths to zero with a thru connection. After connecting the test device, a negative
measured value indicates insertion loss; a positive measured value indicates gain. Take care to
choose signal levels to achieve maximum dynamic range.
Figure 9-4 shows a display of the magnitude response of a bandpass lter using the 4LOG MAG5
format. The measurement marker is positioned to the minimum insertion loss point using the
sequence 4MARKER5 MORE MARKER TO MAXIMUM .
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Figure 9-4. Typical Insertion Loss Display
Measuring 3 dB Frequencies
The insertion loss and gain measurement procedure can be extended to measure the 3 dB
insertion loss points of the lter.
1. Press 4MARKER5 MARKER 1 MORE MARKER TO MAXIMUM .
2. Press TARGET VALUE 4035 4x15.
3. Press 4MARKER5 or 4PRIOR MENU5 1 MODE MENU 1 REF = 1 .
4. MARKER 2 MORE MARKER to TARGET .
5. 4MARKER5 MARKER 1 MORE SEARCH LEFT .
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9-6
Transmission Measurements
Markers 1 and 2 are now set to the 3 dB points of the lter. To read the entire 3 dB
bandwidth frequency span:
6. 4MARKER5 MARKER 2 .
The frequency span between the 3 dB points will be shown in the Active Entry area.
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Figure 9-5. Measuring 3 dB Points
Measuring Maximum and Minimum Values
Measure the maximum and minimum values of the response using this sequence.
1. Find the appropriate start/stop or center/span frequencies over which the maximum and
minimum values are to be measured. Then perform appropriate measurement calibration
over this frequency range.
2. Press 4MARKER5 MARKER 1 MORE MARKER TO MINIMUM .
3. Press 4PRIOR MENU5.
4. Press MARKER 2 1 MODE MENU 1 REF = 1 MORE MARKER TO MAXIMUM .
Marker 2 is active, and the Active Entry shows the dierence between Marker 1 (at the trace
minimum) and Marker 2 (at the trace maximum).
In the example shown below, the test frequencies are chosen so that passband atness can be
measured. Marker 1 is set to the minimum value and marker 2 is set to the maximum value.
The sequence provides direct readout of the peak-to-peak dierence in the trace.
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Transmission Measurements
9-7
Figure 9-6. Measuring Minimum and Maximum Insertion Loss
Making Insertion Phase Measurement
This sequence lists the steps for a typical insertion phase measurement.
1. Perform appropriate S21 or S12 measurement calibration.
2. Connect the DUT.
3. Select 4PHASE5.
4. Press 4MARKER5 and read insertion phase (degrees).
Figure 9-7 shows a bandpass lter insertion phase display using the 4PHASE5 format. The
measurement range is +180 degrees to 0180 degrees, and the vertical line represents the
transition between these two values. Thus, the trace between any two of these transitions
represents 360 degrees of phase shift.
To illustrate the display format, determine the total phase shift for the selected sweep width
as follows:
1. Position the marker as far to the left as possible and note the phase reading.
2. Determine the number of degrees before the rst transition.
3. Count the second and following transition traces and multiply by 360.
4. Now determine the number of degrees from the last transition trace to the right edge of the
screen. The sum of these numbers is the total phase shift over the frequency sweep.
For example, in Figure 9-7:
TOTAL PHASE SHIFT = (49.313+180) + 3(360) + 40 = 1349.3
When the transmitted signal is below the noise oor for insertion phase measurements, the
LCD/CRT trace usually becomes random.
9-8
Transmission Measurements
Figure 9-7. Typical Insertion Phase Display
Measuring S-Parameters
The procedure for measurement of transmission S-parameters is identical to measurement of
insertion loss and insertion phase described earlier except that the response is viewed using
the LIN mkr on POLAR display on the under the 4FORMAT5 key.
The magnitude is given in linear terms ( ) and an angle 6 , in degrees. A magnitude value
greater than one indicates gain; less than one indicates loss. The conversion from dB to linear
units is given by the equation
dB = 20 (log ).
Note that the LOG mkr on POLAR format presents the same data with magnitude given in dB.
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Figure 9-8. Typical S-Parameter Display
Transmission Measurements
9-9
Making Group Delay Measurements
Reduced phase measurement uncertainty due to error correction provides very meaningful
and exible group delay measurements. This implementation makes it quite simple to make
accurate, very high resolution group delay measurements at microwave frequencies.
Group delay is the measurement of signal transit time through a test device. It is dened as
the derivative of the phase slope with respect to frequency.
Figure 9-9. Group Delay Definition
The 8510 network analyzer computes group delay from the phase slope. Phase data for the
selected parameter is used to nd the phase change, 1', over a specied frequency aperture,
1f, to obtain a linear approximation for the rate of change of phase with frequency. This
value represents the group delay in seconds assuming linear phase change over the frequency
aperture 1f.
Figure 9-10. Group Delay Aperture
This sequence lists the steps for a typical group delay measurement.
1. Perform appropriate S21 or S12 measurement calibration.
2. Connect the DUT.
3. Select 4DELAY5.
4. Press 4MARKER5 and read group delay (seconds).
Measurement calibration sets the group delay to zero seconds with a zero-length thru
connection. After connecting the test device, a positive measured value indicates transit time
through the test device.
9-10
Transmission Measurements
Figure 9-11. Typical Group Delay Display
Discontinuities in the group delay trace may appear if there are more than 180 degrees of
phase shift that occur from one frequency point to the next.
Measuring Group Delay Aperture
When comparing group delay measurements, it is very important to know the measurement
aperture. With smoothing o, or set to 0.0 percent of span, the minimum aperture for a
given sweep width depends on the number of points selected. In Ramp and Step sweeps, the
measurement aperture, 1f, is computed from the frequency span and number of points:
(stop f requency 0 startf requency)
M easurement Aperture =
(number of points 0 1)
With smoothing selected, the displayed smoothing aperture represents the percent of span
(and the actual 1f) over which the group delay values are averaged to obtain the trace value
at any given point.
Press RESPONSE 4MENU5 SMOOTHING ON . Use the knob to adjust the smoothing aperture.
If the phase slope is not constant, changing the aperture can result in dierent values for
group delay.
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Figure 9-12. Changing the Group Delay Measurement Aperture
Transmission Measurements
9-11
Comparing aperture, resolution, and noise. Note that the slope (group delay) varies as the
aperture is increased. A wider aperture results in loss of the ne grain variations in group
delay. This loss of detail is the reason that in any comparison of group delay data you must
know the aperture used to make the measurement.
In selecting the aperture, there is a tradeo between resolution of ne detail and the eects of
noise. The eects of noise can be reduced by increasing the aperture, however, this will tend
to smooth out the ne detail. In decreasing the aperture, more ne detail will become visible
but the noise will also increase, possibly to the point of obscuring the detail.
Measuring aperture and phase slope. For a specic measurement, the average electrical length
or phase slope characteristic of the test device must be considered. To maintain group delay
resolution uncertainty below 1 percent, use an aperture which results in a phase change of at
least 1 degree.
Using aperture and smoothing. Smoothing is used to change the aperture during the
measurement. For example, with smoothing o, group delay is computed using the phase
change between each frequency step. With smoothing on, the phase change over the selected
percent of sweep is used to compute group delay.
The two LCD/CRT display plots in Figure 9-13 show the eect of increasing the aperture.
Use a smaller aperture to assure that ne grain variations are not missed, then
Suggestion
increase the aperture to smooth the trace.
Figure 9-13. Group Delay Plots with Different Aperture Selections
Measuring Deviation from Linear Phase Measurement
For coaxial devices, Insertion Phase consists of two components, linear and non-linear. The
linear component can be attributed to the electrical length of the test device and represents
the average transit time. As for group delay, the non-linear phase components, or the
variations from constant group delay, are interpreted as variations in the electrical length,
or transit time, at dierent frequencies and represent a source of signal distortion. This is
also true for dispersive media like waveguide, except that the phase shift attributed to the
electrical length of the device is not linear.
9-12
Transmission Measurements
Measuring deviation from ideal phase is an alternative to measuring group delay. This is made
possible by the range of the Electrical Delay function and the 8510's ability to provide both
linear and dispersive electrical delay compensation. By compensating the insertion phase due
to the electrical length of the device using the Electrical Delay controls, the deviation from
ideal phase over the frequency sweep can be measured directly and viewed at high resolution.
Measuring deviation from ideal phase typically produces greater detail than measuring group
delay when the phase response of the device under test changes rapidly over a small frequency
range. This is because group delay is a derived measurement (the derivative of the phase
change with frequency) and is averaged over the specied aperture.
1. Perform an appropriate measurement calibration.
2. Connect the DUT.
3. Press 4PHASE5.
4. Position the marker to the area of interest.
5. Press RESPONSE 4MENU5 COAXIAL or WAVEGUIDE depending upon whether the media
exhibits intrinsic linear or dispersive phase shift.
6. Press AUTO DELAY . The electrical delay necessary to make the phase trace at at the
marker position is automatically selected.
7. After you press AUTO DELAY , ELECTRICAL DELAY becomes the Active Function. You may
use the knob (femtosecond resolution), STEP keys (1, 2, 5 sequence), or numeric and units
(4x15=seconds) to change the Electrical Delay value. You should adjust the controls until
the displayed trace is at.
This measurement determines the insertion phase required to equalize the electrical length of
the reference and test signal paths. You should adjust the controls until a the displayed trace
is at.
Adding positive Electrical Delay tends to atten the trace. When the phase response in the
area of interest is at, read the Electrical Delay value in seconds (and the corresponding free
space distance in meters).
Note that adding Electrical Delay changes the phase slope and thus changes the group
delay measurement. Since Electrical Delay is independent for Channel 1 and Channel 2,
you can measure Deviation from Ideal Phase and Group Delay simultaneously, as shown in
Figure 9-14. Group Delay is the top trace, Deviation from Linear Phase the bottom trace.
Press 4DISPLAY5 DUAL CHANNEL then OVERLAY . Present the deviation from ideal phase display
on Channel 1, then select Channel 2, and set ELECTRICAL DELAY to zero seconds.
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Transmission Measurements
9-13
Figure 9-14. Typical Group Delay and Deviation from Ideal Phase Displays
9-14
Transmission Measurements
10
Reflection Measurements
Introduction
This part of the Agilent 8510 network analyzer system manual explains how to measure:
Reection return loss
SWR
S-parameter
Impedance
Admittance
These example measurements are applicable to typical one-port or two-port devices.
To make reection measurements on multiport devices, all ports except the test port are
assumed to be terminated with Z0.
Reflection Test Setups
One-Port Devices
To measure 1-port devices, connect the appropriate adapter (if necessary) at port 1, perform
the appropriate measurement calibration, then connect the device under test.
Two-Port Devices
When measuring reection of a two-port device, the device output port must be terminated in
Z0. This is accomplished either by actually terminating the device output with Z0 , or by using
2-port error correction to compensate the measurement for the actual terminating impedance.
Reflection Measurement Calibration Choices
The following types of calibration are applicable to reection measurements:
Response
Response and Isolation
1-Port calibration
One-Path 2-Port calibration
Response and Response-and-Isolation Calibrations
A Short Circuit or a Shielded Open Circuit is used as the standard to characterize frequency
response errors, and a Load is used to characterize directivity errors.
1-Port Calibration
Use this for fully error-corrected reection measurements for one-port devices. A Load, a
Short Circuit, and a Shielded Open Circuit are used as the standards.
Reflection Measurements
10-1
One-Path 2-Port Calibration
This model provides fully corrected transmission and reection measurements (although not
in real time) for a reection/transmission test set. It uses a Thru, a Shielded Open Circuit,
a Short Circuit, and Loads to calibrate at port 1. Follow instructions displayed on the
LCD/CRT to manually reverse the test device for measurement of the reverse parameters.
2-Port Calibrations
This model provides fully corrected transmission and reection measurements with an
S-parameter test set. It uses a Thru, a Shielded Open Circuit, a Short Circuit, and Loads to
calibrate at port 1 and port 2.
Figure 10-1. Typical Measurement Setup
10-2
Reflection Measurements
Return Loss Measurement
This sequence lists the steps for a typical Return Loss measurement.
1. Perform an appropriate S11 or S22 measurement calibration.
2. Connect the DUT.
3. Select 4LOG MAG5.
4. Press 4MARKER5, read Return Loss (dB).
Measurement calibration sets the magnitude and phase ratio between the reference and
test signal paths to zero dB at 6180 degrees with a short circuit at the reference plane.
Figure 10-2 shows the return loss of a bandpass lter.
Figure 10-2. Typical Return Loss Display
SWR Measurement
The measurement sequence for Standing Wave Ratio, SWR, is the same as that for Return
Loss.
Select the SWR display by pressing FORMAT 4MENU5, then SWR .
SWR is calculated from the Return Loss value using these equations:
= 10D where D = measured value (dB)/20
SWR = (1 + ) / (1 0 )
For example, if the measured magnitude ratio is 030 dB, then is 0.032 and the SWR is 1.07.
NNNNNNNNNNN
Reflection Measurements
10-3
Figure 10-3. Typical SWR Display
S-Parameter Measurement
The procedure for measurement of reection S-parameters is identical to measurement of
Return Loss and reection phase discussed earlier except that the response is viewed using the
LIN mkr on POLAR display in the Format menu.
The magnitude is given in linear terms () and an angle 6 , in degrees. A magnitude value
greater than one indicates greater than unity reection; less than one indicates lower than
unity reection. The conversion from dB to linear units is given by the equation
dB = 20 (log ).
Note that the LOG mkr on POLAR format (Figure 10-4) presents the same data with
magnitude given in dB.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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Figure 10-4. Typical S-Parameter Display
10-4
Reflection Measurements
Impedance Measurement
Pressing the softkey labeled SMITH CHART on the Format Menu presents the reection
measurement using the Smith Chart, providing readout in units of real and imaginary ohms
(R 6 jx ). The measurement calibration and measurement procedure are the same as for
Return Loss described above. The impedance base for the marker readout is set by the system
Z0 .
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Figure 10-5. Typical Impedance Display
Admittance Measurement
Pressing the softkey labeled INVERTED SMITH on the Format Menu presents the reection
measurement using an inverted Smith (Admittance) chart. The readout is in terms of
susceptance and conductance (G 6 jB). The measurement calibration and measurement
procedure are the same as for the Return Loss measurement described above.
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Figure 10-6. Typical Admittance Display
Reflection Measurements
10-5
11
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Introduction
This section provides information about making reection and transmission measurements
in time domain mode. Measurements are made in frequency domain are mathematically
transformed into time domain using the internal 8510 computer. The system must be
equipped with the 8510 Operating System Firmware, Option 010, which contains Time
Domain mode. Without this option installed, the message FUNCTION NOT IMPLEMENTED is
displayed when TIME DOMAIN is selected.
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Using Front Panel Controls in Time Domain Mode
In Time Domain mode, the front-panel STIMULUS block keys 4START5, 4STOP5, 4CENTER5, and
4SPAN5 relate to time. They aect the horizontal (time) axis value of the display, independent
of the frequency range chosen. Use the RPG knob, step keys, or the keypad for data entry.
The keypad terminators also refer to time in seconds, using lowercase annotation. As an
example, entering 40.015 4G/n5 displays 10 picoseconds.
General Theory
The relationship between the Frequency Domain response and the Time Domain response in a
network is described with the Fourier Transform:
Frequency Domain ! Time Domain
H(f)
0!
h(t)
It is therefore possible to measure the response of a device under test (DUT) in the Frequency
Domain and then mathematically calculate the inverse Fourier Transform of the data to
give the Time Domain response. The 8510C internal computer calculates the time domain
response value using Chirp-Z Fast Fourier Transform computation techniques. The resulting
measurement is the fully error-corrected Time Domain reection or transmission response of
the device, displayed as a real-time value. Figure 11-1 shows the Frequency and Time Domain
reection responses of the same device.
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-1
Figure 11-1. Frequency Domain and Time Domain Measurements
A Frequency Domain reection measurement is a composite response of all impedance
discontinuities found in the device under test.
A Time Domain measurement provides the eects of all individual discontinuities, as a
function of time (or distance).
In time domain, the device response consists of three separate impedance changes, with the
second discontinuity having a reection coecient magnitude of 0.013. This discontinuity is
located 167.5 picoseconds from the reference plane relative to the speed of light in free space.
In the time domain trace shown in Figure 11-1, the trace peaks show the round-trip time to
each reection and back (335 picoseconds for the center peak).
11-2
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Modes
The 8510 network analyzer system is equipped with two dierent time domain modes of
operation. These are listed below:
Band Pass The Time Band Pass mode is the most general-purpose mode of operation.
Mode
It gives the impulse response of the device, works on any device over any
frequency range, and is relatively simple to use. It is especially helpful for
measuring band-limited devices and for making fault location measurements.
The impulse is an RF burst comprising the frequency domain stimulus
frequencies having an impulse-shaped envelope. This is a distinct advantage
over traditional TDR, which requires that the DUT be able to operate at DC.
With Time Band Pass, there are no restrictions on the frequency range of the
measurement.
Low Pass
The Time Low Pass mode is used to simulate a traditional Time Domain
Mode
Reectometer (TDR) measurement. The response can be viewed as if the
device were stimulated by either an impulse or a step function. The response
helps to determine the type of discontinuity present (R, L, or C). This mode
has special frequency setting requirements and assumes that the device has
adequate frequency response over a broad range of the frequency domain
stimulus, especially the low frequencies.
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-3
Time Domain Band Pass
Reflection Measurements Using Time Band Pass
As an example of a 0 using Time Band Pass, consider the reection of a short or a load at the
end of a cable or air transmission line. The sliding load is shown here. Before making Time
Domain reection measurements, it is necessary to perform the appropriate measurement
calibration.
FACTORY PRESET sets all instruments in the system to a known state, but it has the
disadvantage of putting all the instruments through self-test. The unwanted self-test can take
several minutes, depending on the instruments in your system.
To save time, press FACTORY PRESET once, then save the instrument state to save register 8,
the user preset register. Then, instead of pressing FACTORY PRESET , you can simply press the
green 4USER PRESET5 key and recall an instrument state.
1. Press 4USER PRESET5. Save the preset state to a save register for future use.
2. Perform an S11 1-PORT calibration. Leave the sliding load connected and observe the
Frequency Domain response as the sliding element is moved.
3. Press 4DOMAIN5, TIME BAND PASS .
4. Press AUTO to display the trace and observe the Time Domain response as the sliding
element is moved. Typical Frequency Domain and Time Domain responses of a sliding load
are shown in Figure 11-2.
5. Move the sliding element and observe the response in both Frequency and Time Band
Pass. If a high quality sliding load is used and the calibration is adequate, the Frequency
Domain measurement of the sliding load should change very little when the slide is moved.
However, the Time Domain measurement shows the individual response of the load
element, and it moves along the horizontal axis as the slide is moved.
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Figure 11-2. Measurement of a Sliding Load
11-4
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Band Pass
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Reflection Response Horizontal Axis
In Time Band Pass reection measurements, the horizontal axis represents the amount of time
that it takes for an impulse, launched at the test port, to reach the discontinuity and return.
Thus, this is the two-way travel time to the discontinuity, which in Figure 11-2 is the load
element of the sliding load.
The Marker reads out both the time (x2) and the electrical length (x2) to the discontinuity.
The electrical length is obtained by multiplying the time by the velocity of light in free space
(2.997925E8 m/sec). To get the physical length, multiply the displayed electrical length by
the relative velocity of light in the transmission medium, or use the 8510 VELOCITY FACTOR
function.
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Interpreting the Time Band Pass Reflection Response Vertical Axis
The quantity displayed on the vertical axis depends on the format selected. Time Band Pass
presets to the Linear Magnitude format which displays the response in reection coecient
units. This can be thought of as an average reection coecient of the discontinuity over the
frequency range of the measurement.
Other useful formats are listed in Table 11-1. The Time Band Pass response gives the
magnitude of the reection only and has no impedance information (R, L, or C). This
information is available, however, in the Time Low Pass response.
Table 11-1. Useful Time Band Pass Formats
Format
LINEAR MAG
LOG MAG
SWR
Trace Value
Reection Coecient Units
Return Loss (dB)
SWR Units
Fault Location Measurements Using Time Band Pass
The Time Band Pass mode is very useful in making fault location measurements. Figure 11-3
shows the Band Pass Time Domain measurement of a length of coaxial cable having multiple
discontinuities and terminated in 50 ohms. Note the responses of each discontinuity and of the
terminating element.
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-5
Time Domain Band Pass
Figure 11-3. Cable Fault Location Measurement Using Time Band Pass
Also, because the Time Band Pass mode will work over any frequency range, it can be used
to do fault location in band-limited transmission media, such as waveguide. Using Velocity
Factor along with Waveguide Electrical Delay can produce accurate distance measurements in
dispersive media.
Transmission Measurements Using Time Band Pass
The Time Band Pass mode is also useful in making transmission measurements. It provides
the means to analyze the length and loss of multiple signal propagation paths of the device.
Before making Time Domain transmission measurements, it is necessary to perform the
appropriate measurement calibration.
1. Press 4USER PRESET5, or recall an instrument state in which you have saved preset values.
2. Perform an appropriate transmission measurement calibration.
3. Connect a 20 dB coaxial attenuator and observe the Frequency Domain response.
4. Press 4DOMAIN5, TIME BAND PASS .
5. Press AUTO to display the trace.
The Frequency Domain and Time Domain responses of a 20 dB attenuator are shown in
Figure 11-4.
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11-6
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Band Pass
Figure 11-4. Transmission Measurement in Time Band Pass
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Horizontal Axis
In Time Domain transmission measurements, the horizontal axis is displayed in units of time.
The response of the thru connection used in the calibration is an impulse at t = 0 seconds and
with unit height, indicating that the impulse made it through in zero time and with no loss.
When a device is inserted, the time axis indicates the propagation delay or electrical length of
the device. Note that in Time Domain transmission measurements, the value displayed is the
actual electrical length (not x2). The Marker reads out the electrical length in both time and
distance. You must multiply the distance number by the relative velocity of the transmission
medium to get the actual physical length, or use the 8510 Velocity Factor function.
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Vertical Axis
The vertical axis displays the transmission response in transmission coecient units in the
Linear Magnitude format and the transmission loss or gain in dB in the Log Magnitude
format. This can be thought of as an average transmission coecient of the signal path over
the frequency range of the measurement. For the 20 dB attenuator example, the Band Pass
response has a magnitude of 0.10 transmission coecient units (020 dB insertion loss).
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-7
Time Domain Low Pass
Time Domain Low Pass
The Time Low Pass mode is used to simulate a traditional TDR measurement. This mode
gives the user information to determine the type of discontinuity (R, L, or C) that is present.
Time Low Pass provides the best resolution (fastest rise time), and it may be used to give
either the Step or Impulse response of a device.
Low Pass Mode Requirements
The Time Low Pass mode is less general purpose than Time Band Pass in that it places
strict limitations on the frequency range of the measurement. It requires that the Frequency
Domain data points be harmonically related from dc to the Stop frequency (Stop = n x Start,
where n = Number of Points). The DC frequency response is extrapolated from the low
frequency data. The requirement to pass DC is the same limitation that exists for traditional
TDR measurements.
Setting Frequency Range for Time Low Pass
To set the frequency range for measurement using Time Low Pass, rst select Number of
Points, enter the desired Stop frequency, then press the SET FREQ (LOW PASS) softkey, either
on the Cal Type menu, or after pressing TIME LOW PASS on the Domain menu. Notice that
the Start and Stop frequencies may be changed. This is in order to meet the mathematical
requirements of the time domain transformation.
The 8510B sets the Time Low Pass frequency range as shown in Table 11-2. After
you press SET FREQ (LOW PASS) , rst the instrument computes Stop = n x Start,
where n is the Number of Points. If the Stop frequency is above the maximum shown
for \DC Extrapolation," then the Start frequency is increased to make the frequency
points harmonically related. If the Stop frequency is below the value shown for \2-Point
Extrapolation," then the Stop frequency is increased. If your device can be measured over this
frequency range, proceed with the measurement. If not, then change the number of points and
try again. If an appropriate Time Low Pass frequency range is not possible, then use Time
Band Pass.
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Table 11-2. Maximum Frequency Ranges for Time Low Pass
Number
of
Points
51
101
201
401
801
Minimum Frequency Range (GHz)
Stop
Start
2-point
DC
0.045
1.170
2.295
0.045
2.295
4.545
0.045
4.545
9.045
0.045
9.045
18.045
0.045
18.045
36.045
Since the time low pass transformation requires a data point at DC, and the network analyzer
does not measure below 45 MHz, the value of the DC data point is always extrapolated from
the value of the lowest frequency point measured. This sets the minimum frequency range
shown in Table 11-2 for \DC" Extrapolation, using 45 MHz as the Start frequency.
11-8
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Low Pass
In order to accommodate applications where this method would result in a Stop frequency
that is too high, the 8510 also incorporates \2-Point" Extrapolation. If the Stop frequency is
between the minimum for 2-Point Extrapolation and the value for DC Extrapolation, then an
additional data point between DC and the Start frequency is extrapolated. This reduces the
minimum frequency range to:
(
n + 1)
45 M Hz 2
which is one-half of the minimum frequency range requirement for DC extrapolation.
Because the 8510 will not convert to the Low Pass mode until the SET FREQ. (LOW PASS)
key is pressed at least once, it is very important that this be done before calibrating.
Otherwise, going to Time Low Pass will change the measurement frequencies which will turn
o error correction.
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Avoiding Noise
When the Start frequency data is noisy, the trace will be unstable and dicult to interpret.
If the minimum Stop frequency range is beyond the upper bandwidth of the device and the
frequency domain data is noisy, then the time domain responses will also be unstable.
Analyzing Time Low Pass Reflections
As mentioned, Time Low Pass gives the TDR response of the device under test. This response
contains information that is useful in determining the type of discontinuity you are viewing.
Before making actual measurements using Time Low Pass mode, it is helpful to review the
Time Low Pass response of a known discontinuity. Figure 11-5 shows the resultant Time Low
Pass S11 response waveform for some various discontinuities viewed with either a Step or an
Impulse stimulus. (Mathematically, the Time Low Pass Impulse stimulus is the derivative of
the Step stimulus.)
Reflection Measurements using Time Low Pass
To make a reection measurements in the Time Low Pass mode, use the following procedure:
1. Press 4USER PRESET5, or recall a save/recall register that has preset conditions stored in it.
2. Press 4CAL5, then press either CAL 1 ( 7 mm ) or CAL 2 ( 3.5 mm ) .
3. Press SET FREQ. (LOW PASS) .
4. Perform an S11 1-PORT calibration.
5. Connect a 25 airline and broadband load.
6. Press 4DOMAIN5, TIME LOW PASS , SET FREQ. (LOW PASS) .
7. Press AUTO to view the STEP response (example in Figure 11-6).
8. To view the Low Pass Impulse response of the device, press 4DOMAIN5, SPECIFY TIME ,
IMPULSE (LOW PASS) .
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Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-9
Time Domain Low Pass
Interpreting the Time Low Pass Reflection Response Horizontal Axis
The horizontal axis for the Low Pass measurement is the 2-way travel time to the
discontinuity, the same as for the Time Band Pass mode. Also, the Marker function displays
both the time (x2) and electrical length (x2), obtained by multiplying the time by the velocity
of light in a vacuum (2.997925E8 m/sec). To get the actual physical length, multiply by the
relative velocity of light in the propagation medium, or use the VELOCITY FACTOR function.
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Interpreting the Time Low Pass Reflection Response Vertical Axis
The vertical axis depends upon the format chosen. In Time Low Pass, the most useful format
is REAL , which displays the TDR response in reection coecient units.
This points out a key dierence between Time Band Pass and Time Low Pass modes:
Band Pass This measurement is actually the response of the device to an RF pulse
with an impulse shaped envelope. The Inverse Fourier Transform Frequency
Domain data gives a response that is a function of this simulated RF
waveform. For ease of interpretation only, the magnitude portion of this
response that is displayed. This is why the default display format for this
mode is LIN MAG.
Low Pass
Because the Frequency Domain data is taken at harmonically related
frequencies down to DC, the Inverse Fourier Transform has only a real part
(the imaginary part is zero). Therefore, the most useful format for the Low
Pass mode is the REAL format. Other useful formats are listed in Table 11-3.
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11-10
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Low Pass
Figure 11-5. Time Low Pass Step and Impulse Responses
These Time Domain responses were generated using the Circuit Modeling Program (CMP)
which is supplied with the Time Domain option.
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-11
Time Domain Low Pass
Figure 11-6. Time Low Pass Step Response of a 25
Airline and Fixed Load
Table 11-3. Useful Time Low Pass Formats
Format
LINEAR MAG
LOG MAG
SWR
Trace Value
Reection Coecient Units
Return Loss (dB)
SWR Units
Trace Bounce
Depending on the magnitude of the response and on the test set used, the TIME Low Pass
Step response of the device may exhibit a phenomenon called display trace bounce. This is
normal, and it can be improved by turning on trace averaging. Trace bounce may be caused
by a loss of measurement dynamic range at low frequencies due to lack of low frequency
response of the test setup, or of the device under test. For example, the coupler-based Agilent
8414B test set rolls-o below 500 MHz (down 030 dB at 45 MHz). The trace bounce is
a factor of 30 times less the bridge-based Agilent 8515A test set which has at magnitude
frequency responses down to 45 MHz.
As a second example of Low Pass reection measurements, consider the Low Pass Step
response of a 30 cm airline and xed load, shown in Figure 11-7.
The Time Low Pass response at t = 0 seconds is that of the airline connection. By comparing
this response with the theoretical Time Low Pass responses, one can determine whether the
mismatch present is capacitive or inductive. The discontinuity at the rst connection of the
airline is capacitive. The upward slope of the center section of the response is caused by the
series loss in the airline. The second major response is that of the xed load.
11-12
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Low Pass
Figure 11-7. Step Response of a 30 cm Airline and Fixed Load
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-13
Time Domain Concepts
Time Domain Concepts
This section discusses in-depth time domain concepts, including:
Masking
Windowing
Range
Resolution
Gating
Measurement recommendations
Masking
Masking occurs when an Impulse or Step response of one discontinuity aects (or hides) the
response of subsequent discontinuities in the circuit. This occurs because the energy reected
from (or absorbed in) the rst discontinuity never reaches the second. In the 25
airline
example (Figure 11-6), the Time Low Pass step response shows a 00.33 reection coecient
at the rst discontinuity, which is the correct value for an impedance of 25
. However, at the
end of the 25
section, the response does not return to zero reection coecient, which would
be expected for a 50
impedance. The reason is that the step incident on the second response
is of less than unity amplitude because of the energy reected in the rst mismatch.
As a second example of masking, consider the Time Domain response of a 3 dB attenuator
and a short circuit. The Impulse response of the short circuit alone, Figure 11-8, shows a
return loss of 0 dB. However, the response of the short circuit placed at the end of the 3 dB
attenuator displays a return loss of 06 dB. This value actually represents the forward and
return path loss through the attenuator, and it illustrates how a lossy network can aect the
responses that follow it.
Figure 11-8. Masking Example: 3 dB Pad and Short Circuit
11-14
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Concepts
Windowing
The 8510 has a feature called Windowing that is designed to enhance Time Domain
measurements. The need for Windowing is due to the abrupt transitions in the Frequency
Domain measurement at the Start and Stop frequencies. This band limiting of the Frequency
Domain response causes overshoot and ringing in the Time Domain response. It causes the
(un-windowed) Impulse stimulus to have a sin(kt)/kt shape (k = 1/frequency span), which has
two eects that limit the usefulness of the Time Domain measurement:
Finite Impulse Width This limits the ability to resolve between two closely spaced
responses. The eects of the nite impulse width cannot
be improved without increasing the frequency span of the
measurement. See Figure 11-9.
Sidelobes
The Impulse sidelobes limit the dynamic range of the Time Domain
measurement by hiding low level responses within the sidelobes of
the higher level responses. The eects of sidelobes can be improved
by Windowing. See Figure 11-10.
Windowing improves the dynamic range of the Time Domain measurement by modifying
(ltering) the Frequency Domain data prior to conversion to the Time Domain to produce an
impulse stimulus with lower sidelobes. This greatly enhances the eectiveness in viewing Time
Domain responses that are very dierent in magnitude. The sidelobe reduction is achieved,
however, with the tradeo with increased impulse width. The eect of Windowing on the
Step stimulus (integral of the impulse stimulus, Time Low Pass mode only) is a reduction of
overshoot and ringing with the tradeo with increased rise time.
Three Windows are available:
MINIMUM is essentially no window and therefore gives the highest sidelobes.
NORMAL (selected by FACTORY PRESET ) gives reduced sidelobes and is normally the most
useful.
MAXIMUM gives the minimum sidelobes and thus provides the greatest dynamic range.
The Window may be selected by pressing DOMAIN, SPECIFY TIME , then selecting MINIMUM ,
NORMAL , OR MAXIMUM . The sidelobe levels of the Time Domain stimulus depend only on the
Window that is selected (see Figure 11-10).
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Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-15
Time Domain Concepts
Figure 11-9. Time Domain Window Characteristics
The sidelobe reduction due to Windowing is achieved at a tradeo with an increase in
the Step (10% 0 90%) Rise Time and the Impulse (50%) width. These parameters also
depend upon the frequency span of the measurement, and they can be calculated using the
approximate formulas given in gure below.
Figure 11-10. Approximate Formulas for Step Rise Time and Impulse Width
Multiply by the velocity of light in a vacuum (2.997925E8 m/sec) to get electrical length, and
then by the relative velocity of light in the propagation medium to get physical length.
The purpose of windowing is to make the Time Domain response more useful in isolating and
identifying individual responses. The window does not aect the displayed Frequency Domain
response. It is turned on only when the Time Domain response is viewed. Figure 11-11 shows
typical eects of windowing on the Time Domain response of the reection measurement of a
short circuit.
11-16
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Concepts
Figure 11-11. Effect of Windowing on Time Domain Responses of a Short Circuit
Range
In the Time Domain, the RANGE is dened as the length in time that a measurement can be
made without encountering a repetition of the response (see Figure 11-12). The repetition
of the Time Domain response occurs at regular intervals of time and is a consequence of
the Frequency Domain data being taken at discrete frequency points rather than being
continuous.
The Range of a measurement is equal to 1/1F, the spacing between frequency data points. It
is therefore directly proportional to the number of points and inversely proportional to the
Frequency Span (Stop 0 Start frequency) and can be calculated using the following formula.
RANGE = 1/1F = (Number of Points 0 1)/Frequency Span
As a sample calculation, for a 201 point measurement from 50 MHz to 18 GHz (SPAN =
17.95 GHz), the Range is:
(201 0 1)/17.95 GHz= 11.1 nsec (3.34m).
Thus the device under test has to be 3.34 m or less in electrical length for a transmission
measurement (1.67 m for a reection measurement) or else an overlapping of the Time
Domain responses (aliasing) will occur. (Remember to multiply by the relative velocity of
light in the medium to get actual physical length.)
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-17
Time Domain Concepts
Figure 11-12. Time Domain Measurement Showing Response Repetitions
To increase the Time Domain measurement Range, it is usually better to rst increase the
number of points, because decreasing the frequency span will reduce the Time Domain
resolution.
Resolution
There are two dierent terms involving resolution in Time Domain: Response-Resolution and
Range-Resolution, shown in Figure 11-13.
Response Resolution
The Time Domain Response Resolution is dened as the ability to resolve two closely spaced
responses. In other words, if two responses are present, this is how closely they can be spaced
and still be distinguished from one another. For responses of equal amplitude, the Response
Resolution is equal to the 50% (06 dB) impulse width. It therefore is inversely proportional
to the frequency span of the measurement and is also a function of the window that is used.
Approximate formulas for calculating the 50% Impulse width are given in Figure 11-10. For
responses that are of dierent amplitudes, the Response-Resolution will be slightly wider than
one impulse width.
11-18
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Concepts
Figure 11-13. Resolution in Time Domain
Range Resolution
Range Resolution is dened as the ability to locate a single response in time. In other words,
if only one response is there, this is how closely you can pinpoint the peak of that response.
The Range Resolution is equal to the digital resolution of the LCD/CRT (which is the time
span displayed divided by the number of points). Maximum Range Resolution is achieved by
centering the response on the display and then reducing the time span. Therefore, the Range
Resolution is always much ner than the Response Resolution.
To illustrate the dierence between these two resolution terms, consider a measurement
with a frequency span of 18 GHz. For Time Low Pass, with a Normal Window, the
Response-Resolution (Impulse width) is 53 psec (0.6 x (1/18 GHz) x 1.6) or 16 mm in
electrical length (53 psec x 2.997925E8 m/sec). As illustrated in Figure 11-13, two Time
Domain responses of equal amplitude separated by 16 mm could begin to be resolved in this
Time Domain measurement. (This indicates an actual discontinuity separation of 8 mm for
reection measurements.)
Now consider the case where only one response is present. By centering that response on
the display and adjusting the time SPAN to equal the 50% Impulse width (53 psec, 16
mm), Figure 11-13, the Range Resolution is reduced to 40 m (16 mm/401 points). The
Range-Resolution can be further reduced by narrowing the time span.
Gating
The 8510 gating feature gives the user the exibility to selectively remove reection or
transmission Time Domain responses. In converting back to the Frequency Domain, the
eects of the responses outside the Gate are removed. In a reection measurement, you
can remove the eects of unwanted mismatches or else isolate and view the response of an
individual mismatch. In a transmission measurement, you can remove the responses of
multiple transmission paths.
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-19
Time Domain Concepts
Setting the Gate
A Gate is a time band pass lter used to lter out unwanted Time Domain responses.
Responses outside the selected gate are not included in the trace. There are three Gate
indicators:
START and STOP The Gate START and STOP indicate the 06 dB cuto times. Gate
SPAN = STOP 0 START.
CENTER
The GATE CENTER indicates the center time (not frequency) of this
lter.
The Gate has a bandpass lter shape, as shown in Figure 11-14.
Figure 11-14. Typical Gate Shape
Figure 11-15 shows the Frequency Domain and the Band Pass Time Domain responses of a
7 mm to 3.5 mm adapter connected to a 3.5 mm airline and a xed load.
Figure 11-15. Reflection Measurement of 7-mm to 3.5-mm Adapter, Airline, and Load
We will now use gating to analyze the response of the adapter only.
11-20
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Concepts
1. Press 4DOMAIN5, TIME BAND PASS , SPECIFY GATE . The three Gate indicators will now
appear on the screen.
2. Press GATE CENTER , and use the knob or keypad to move the center indicator to t = 0.
In Figure 11-16, the time domain display shows the gate center, 86 ps, as the Active
Function.
3. Press GATE SPAN and use the knob or keypad to adjust the Gate Span to 0.70 ns.
4. Press GATE ON to turn on the Gate.
The responses outside the Gate will be removed. See Figure 11-16.
5. Press 4DOMAIN5, FREQUENCY .
View the gated Frequency Domain response of the adapter. See Figure 11-16.
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Figure 11-16. Gated Responses of the 7-mm to 3.5-mm Adapter
The smoother trace in the Frequency Domain plot of Figure 11-16 shows the Gated Frequency
Domain response, which is that of the adapter only. The eects of the xed load on the
measurement are removed.
Select Gate Shape
Four dierent Gate shapes are available:
MINIMUM
NORMAL
WIDE
MAXIMUM
Each of the Gates have dierent passband atness, cuto rate, and sidelobe levels. T1
indicates the Gate span which is the time between the Gate start and stop indicators. T2 is
the time between the edge of the Gate passband and the 06 dB Gate stop time. T3 , equal to
T2, is the time between the Gate stop time and the point where the lter rst reaches the
level of the highest Gate sidelobe. The Gate characteristics for each Gate shape are listed in
Figure 11-17.
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-21
Time Domain Concepts
Figure 11-17. Gate Characteristics
The Passband Ripple and Sidelobe Levels are descriptive of the gate (lter) shape. The Cuto
Time, T2 = T3 (see Figure 11-17), indicates how fast the gate lter rolls o. For each gate
shape, there is also a Minimum Gate Span (T1min = 2 x T2) which gives a lter passband of
zero.
To enter a Gate span smaller than minimum will produce a distorted lter shape that:
Will have no passband.
Will not have a narrower shape.
May have higher sidelobe levels.
Will give an incorrect indication of gate Start and Stop times.
Therefore, it is important to always select a Gate span that is higher than the minimum value.
The cuto time and the minimum gate span are inversely proportional to the frequency span
of the measurement as indicated in Figure 11-17.
For best results using Gating, it is important to always center the Gate around the
response(s) that you want to retain in the measurement and to make the Gate span wide
enough to include all of those responses. It is also recommended to use the widest Gate shape
possible.
Measurement Recommendations
When making Time Domain measurements, it is generally good practice to measure the device
within the frequency range that it is designed to operate. There are two reasons for this:
The noise oor of the Time Domain response is directly related to the noise in the
Frequency Domain data. Therefore, if many of the Frequency Domain data points are taken
at or below the noise oor of the measurement, then the noise oor of the Time Domain
measurement will be increased.
The in-band response is normally what you want to measure. The Time Domain
measurement is an average of the response over the frequency range of the measurement,
and if the Frequency Domain data is measured out of band, then the Time Domain
measurement will also be the out of band response.
11-22
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Time Domain Concepts
However, since the Time Domain Response-Resolution is inversely proportional to
the frequency span, it may at times be desirable (with these limitations in mind) to
use a frequency span that is slightly wider than the device bandwidth to give better
response-resolution.
Source Considerations
A sweep oscillator or synthesized source will work well in making Time Domain
measurements. A synthesizer has the capability of operating in Step sweep mode. The Step
sweep mode provides greater dynamic range than Ramp sweep mode. The main reason for
this is the frequency stability of a synthesized source. The small nonlinearities and phase
discontinuities that occur in the Ramp sweep mode cause low level noise sidebands on the
Time Domain Impulse or Step stimulus. These interfere in measurements requiring large
dynamic range. Perform a TRIM SWEEP adjustment before calibrating to help minimize
these noise sidebands.
In the Step sweep mode, the improvement in source stability eliminates these noise sidebands
and improves the Time Domain measurement dynamic range by as much as 30 dB. A second
improvement is that the stepped sweep mode allows the use of many averages per point
without greatly aecting the sweep time, and this lowers the noise oor of the Time Domain
measurement.
Test Set Considerations
Wide frequency range test sets have two advantages over narrow frequency range test sets
(when making Time Domain measurements). These advantages assume that the DUT has a
bandwidth that is roughly the same as the test set's frequency range.
The wide frequency range, when measuring broadband devices, provides greater bandwidth
and thus better Time Domain Response-Resolution.
If the test set does not have a at response down to the Start frequency, then the roll
o reduces the dynamic range available at the low frequencies (030 dB at 45 MHz) and
therefore increases the Time Domain noise oor when measurements are made at those
frequencies. Assuming that the device under test response is not the limiting factor, this
causes the trace bounce in the Time Low Pass Step response.
Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
11-23
12
Power Domain Measurements
Introduction
This chapter explains the function and use of power domain in the Agilent 8510C network
analyzer, with rmware revision 7.0 or higher. The following sections explain the concept of
power domain, how to set up the 8510C to use power domain, the calibration implications,
and limitations, as well as detailed measurement examples.
This chapter also includes a description of Receiver Cal function, which is required to allow
calibrated measurements in power domain mode.
What Is Power Domain?
Power domain allows measurements of a device under test, over a power range of interest, at
a constant frequency. In contrast, a frequency domain mode measurement measures power
over a frequency range of interest. A typical application for power domain is measuring the
compression of ampliers. In power domain, the independent variable (STIMULUS) swept
or stepped by the network analyzer system (normally frequency) is changed to power. The
STIMULUS block keys (4START5, 4STOP5, 4CENTER5, and 4SPAN5) refer to power and aect the
horizontal axis of a rectangular display. A frequency point must be selected, and is displayed
beside the range of power.
Without a calibrated receiver ( RECEIVER CAL ) and source atness calibration
( FLATNESS CAL ), the test port absolute power cannot be known. The power is varied by
controlling the Agilent 8360 synthesized source.
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Figure 12-1. Domain Menu with Power Domain Function Keys
Power Domain Measurements
12-1
Power Domain Measurements
What Is Receiver Cal?
The 8510C network analyzer receiver calibration ( RECEIVER CAL ) feature provides a display
of unratioed receiver inputs, calibrated in absolute power (usually dBm). The feature is
normally used in association with power domain since the power levels displayed are otherwise
those determined by the source and do not account for losses in the path between the source
and the test ports. Receiver calibration is performed after calibrating the 8360 Series source
with a power meter and ensuring that it remains leveled across the frequency range of
operation. A receiver calibration is stored as a Cal Set and corrects Port 1 (a1) output power
and Port 2 (b2) input power, only.
There are a number of assumptions associated with receiver calibration.
Note
Specically, the feature relies on the linearity of the detectors and does not
make any correction for mismatches at the test ports.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Figure 12-2. Receiver Calibration Menu
12-2
Power Domain Measurements
Power Domain Measurements
Making a Power Domain Measurement
The 8510C must already be calibrated in the frequency range of choice, or the user should
perform the calibration at the beginning of this power domain procedure.
It is recommended that you choose a frequency range that gives frequency steps of a
convenient size. Doing so allows the measurement frequencies to be easily recalled later. For
example, setting 4START5 to 50 MHz, and 4STOP5 to 5050 MHz, with the number of points set
to 101, gives measurement frequencies in even 50 MHz increments.
1. In frequency domain, set the 8510C to the frequency range of interest. Press the
appropriate STIMULUS block keys to enter the values (4START5 and 4STOP5, or 4CENTER5,
and 4SPAN5).
2. Press the STIMULUS block 4MENU5 key, then press STEP to underline step mode.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Note
Step mode is required while using the power domain function. If you
calibrate or use a previously stored Cal Set, the power domain frequency of
measurement must be a point in the original (frequency domain) calibration.
3. Either calibrate the system at this point, or recall a previously stored Cal Set to use.
4. Activate a marker and set the marker to the frequency at which you wish to make a power
sweep. If the marker is not used, the power domain is entered at 2 GHz.
If multiple markers are ON, the active marker is used for the power domain
Note
frequency of measurement.
5. Press 4DOMAIN5, POWER , then press the appropriate STIMULUS block keys to set the power
levels of interest.
The default power level values are START equals 010 dBm, STOP equals
Note
0 dBm. The POWER SOURCE 1 softkey in the STIMULUS POWER MENU has no
eect in power domain mode. Pressing the key and entering a value displays
an error message. When you enter frequency domain mode again, source 1
power is reset to its original value.
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
6. With the power level set, you may change frequency setting using the
FREQ. of MEASUREMENT key.
a. To choose a calibrated frequency point, use the NEXT PT HIGHER or NEXT PT LOWER
keys.
b. Select a valid (calibrated) frequency value. Notice that as you change frequencies, the
trace changes as the calibration is rst turned OFF , then back ON again.
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Power Domain Measurements
12-3
Power Domain Measurements
Note
When in power domain mode, you may use only one Cal Set for 4-parameter
display. If power domain is selected with more than one Cal Set applied, then
the active parameter calibration is converted to power domain and applied to
the measurements. All others are reset. Dual channel display may be used to
view power domain data and frequency domain data simultaneously, however,
UNCOUPLED CHANNELS must rst be selected.
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Performing a Receiver Calibration
1. Set the 8510C system to Frequency Domain and set the frequency range of interest.
2. Select the desired number of points to measure. If you plan to use power domain, STEP
sweep mode must be selected.
3. Set the source power level.
a. Press the 8510C STIMULUS block 4MENU5 key.
b. Press POWER MENU , then press POWER SOURCE 1 .
c. Adjust the source power to a value appropriate for the device under test.
If you have carried out a power atness calibration since cycling the system power, skip to
Step 5, otherwise, continue with the atness calibration at Step 4.
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
The Flatness Calibration Must Be Completed
Flatness calibration must be completed before beginning the receiver calibration. Data
obtained during the atness calibration is used during the receiver calibration.
4. Connect the power sensor from a zeroed power meter to Port 1 of the test set.
a. Press the STIMULUS block 4MENU5 key, then press the following keys:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
POWER MENU
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
POWER FLATNESS
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
CALIBRATE FLATNESS
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
FLATNESS CAL START
b. Wait until the completion message is displayed before continuing.
The source must remain leveled during the atness calibration process.
Note
Calibration fails and displays an error message if the source is unleveled at any
frequency. Refer to Product Note 8510-16 for a complete description of the
atness correction feature.
c. Remove the power sensor from Port 1 of the test set.
5. Perform the receiver calibration. If valid power atness data is not available, the system
requires that a atness calibration be completed. Return to Step 4, above.
12-4
Power Domain Measurements
Power Domain Measurements
6. Connect a thru between Port 1 and Port 2 of the 8510C. It is not necessary for the thru to
be zero length or lossless, but should be appropriately dened in the selected Cal Kit.
7. In the MENUS block, press 4CAL5, then press RECEIVER CAL .
a. Press INPUT PWR to measure power at Port 1. The softkey label is underlined after the
measurement is completed.
b. Press OUTPUT PWR to measure power at Port 2. If several THRUs have been dened in
the Cal Kit, a further menu appears to allow selection of the appropriate standard. At
the completion of the measurement, the OUTPUT PWR key is underlined.
c. Press SAVE RCVR CAL , then select a Cal Set number and store the receiver cal data.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Note
Unless both input and output power have been measured, pressing
SAVE RCVR CAL generates an error message.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
When Receiver Cal is turned on, parameter User 1 a1 displays input power (Pin) in dBm and
User 2 b2 displays output power (Pout). Note that once calibrated, the measurements are
valid even if the source power level is changed and whether atness is turned ON or OFF.
Power Domain Measurements
12-5
Power Domain Measurements
Swept-Frequency Gain Compression Measurement Exercise
Making a swept-frequency gain compression measurement requires the receiver calibration
feature to obtain the output power at the desired compression level, in absolute power units.
1. Set the 8510C to the frequency range of interest.
2. Set the power to a value low enough to avoid driving the device under test (DUT) into
compression.
3. Perform a receiver calibration as appropriate. Then connect the (DUT).
4. Display S21 and perform an S21 Response Cal (Thru) with the DUT in place.
5. Press 4SCALE5 415 4x15 for convenient viewing.
6. Select split channel display mode.
a. Press 4DISPLAY5, then DISPLAY MODE .
b. Select either DUAL CHAN SPLIT or DUAL CHAN OVERLAY .
c. Press CHANNEL 2 , PARAMETER 4MENU5, then USER 2 b2 .
d. Conrm that the display on Channel 2 reads Pout in units of dBm.
7. Press 4CHANNEL 15, and increase the source power until the gain (S21) decreases to 01 dB at
any frequency point.
8. Press MARKER and set the marker to the frequency point at which S21 is 01 dB.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Marker search may be used by pressing 4MARKER5, MORE , and MINIMUM .
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Note
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
9. Read the absolute power at the output from the marker readout for Channel 2.
12-6
Power Domain Measurements
Power Domain Measurements
Swept-Power Gain Compression Measurement Exercise
Making a swept-power gain compression measurement requires using the power domain and
receiver calibration features.
1. Set up the 8510C for this measurement as for the \Swept-Frequency Gain Compression
Measurement Exercise" above.
2. Ensure that a receiver calibration has been completed, and an appropriate calibration for
S21 is done (a response cal is usually adequate for well-matched ampliers).
3. Connect the DUT and display S21 on Channel 1 with calibration turned ON.
4. Display a1 (Pin) or b2 (Pout) on Channel 2. Turn on the previously stored Cal Set
having a receiver calibration.
5. Set a marker to the desired frequency of measurement for Power Domain.
6. Select Power Domain. Press 4DOMAIN5, then POWER .
7. Set the start- and stop-power points to values that drive the amplier into compression
during the trace.
8. Use the marker search function to locate a gain drop of 1 dB on the S21 trace.
9. Read the marker value for Channel 2 to determine the absolute input power (Pin) or
output power (Pout) at the 1 dB compression point.
a. Press 4CHANNEL 25, then 4MENU5 in the PARAMETER block.
b. Press USER 1 a1 or USER 2 b2 .
10. To make calibrated compression measurements at other frequencies of interest, use the
steps that follow:
a. Press DOMAIN , POWER , then NEXT PT HIGHER or NEXT PT LOWER to select the next
point from the original frequency domain calibrations.
OR
Enter a valid frequency of measurement using the numeric keypad. This method
may be used provided the exact frequency point entered is contained in the original
frequency domain calibration. Press DOMAIN POWER , then FREQUENCY OF MEAS. and
enter the valid frequency.
Entering a frequency of measurement not contained in the original frequency
Note
domain calibration causes the calibrations to be turned OFF.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
b. Repeat steps 8 and 9 above for the new frequency of measurement.
Power Domain Measurements
12-7
13
GPIB Programming
This chapter explains how to automate measurement and data processing operations using
the network analyzer system with an external controller over the General Purpose Interface
Bus (GPIB). Programming information in this section is not comprehensive. Refer to the
Agilent 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary for details of each function. The
instructions assume you are familiar with manual operation of the network analyzer system,
and that you have read the \Basic Network Measurements" section in this manual. Details of
each function are given only if these are unique to programmed operation or are dierent for
manual and programmed operation.
What's in This Chapter
What You Can Do with Remote Programming
GPIB Command Information
Setting up the System
Transferring Data out of the Network Analyzer
Using the Data
Transferring Data into the Network Analyzer
Commonly Used Queries
Local Operation
Programming Examples
General GPIB Programming
BASIC Program Listing
GPIB Programming
13-1
GPIB Programming Basics
What You Can Do with Remote Programming
When you connect an external computer to the network analyzer GPIB interface, you can:
Change instrument settings or set up measurements.
Transfer data to or from dierent stages of internal data processing.
Control instruments connected to the system bus through the network analyzer.
Use the network analyzer LCD/CRT as a graphics display.
GPIB Command Information
Programming Command Sequence
Use standard GPIB protocol to program the system state. In most cases, you will use the
same sequence as you do when you press network analyzer front-panel hardkeys and softkeys.
From the computer, the network analyzer system functions as a single instrument, just as
the various instruments that make up the system are controlled using the network analyzer
front-panel controls.
Syntax Requirements
Mnemonics may be written using all uppercase characters (for example, STAR;); this is the
preferred syntax. You may also write mnemonics with an initial capital letter followed by
lowercase (for example, Star;)
The network analyzer accepts syntax with extraneous blanks; however note that spaces are
NOT allowed within the mnemonic name. For example, the mnemonic name MARK 1 in a
statement would cause a syntax error, but MARK1 would not.
Use the semicolon (;) to separate instructions. Use the comma (,) to separate each value in a
series.
If no units terminator follows the value for frequency and time units, the system defaults
to network analyzer basic units (Hz, seconds). For other quantities (power, length), a units
terminator is not used.
Entering Mnemonics
The program code for each function is a four- to eight-character mnemonic version of its
key label. Many mnemonics must be followed by a numeric value in the basic measurement
units. For example, the STIMULUS 4START5 key is programmed using STAR. Programming
mnemonics for all network analyzer front panel controls and menu softkeys are given in the
8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary .
Strings of commands are written in logical sequences separated by a semicolon. For example:
OUTPUT 716;"FACTPRES;STAR 2E9;STOP 18E9;S11;LINP;MARK1 9E9;"
This series of command mnemonics executes a factory preset, selects a 2 GHz to 18 GHz
sweep, displays S11 using the polar format, then positions measurement marker #1 at 9 GHz.
Notice that the values are in units raised to a power of 10. MARK1 9E9 means to place marker
#1 (MARK1) at 9 GHz (9 x 109). The E represents \raised to the power of."
13-2
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
Using Numeric Entries and Units
Numeric entries without a units terminator are equivalent to pressing the 4x15 key in the
entry area. Rather than using the \E" exponent system, you can enter the actual units for
frequency, time, or voltage. For example:
OUTPUT 716;"FACTPRES; STAR 2 GHz; STOP 18 GHz; S11; LINP; MARK1 9 GHz;"
Frequency:
Time:
Use GHz, MHz, and kHz. No terminator is required for Hz units.
Use fs, ps, ns, us, and ms. No terminator is required for seconds.
\Next Menu" Commands Are Unnecessary
Certain functions must be programmed in strict order, but it is not necessary to program a
key whose only function is to present a new menu. For example, you can set marker 2 to
minimum trace value with the sequence:
"OUTPUT 716;MARK2; MARKMINI;"
These are the only commands you need, even though the front panel key sequence is:
4MARKER5
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
MARKER 2 MORE
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
MARKER TO MINIMUM
You do not need to program the 4MARKER5 hardkey or the MORE softkey (in fact, there are no
GPIB mnemonics for these keys).
NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Timing Considerations
In general, timing considerations are handled automatically and data is not displayed until it
is valid. However, depending upon the speed of the computer, the programmer may need to
intervene to make certain that the data is ready.
The SING; and NUMG; instructions always hold o execution of the instructions that follow
until the specied number of groups is nished. These statements are the primary means of
data synchronization. For example, in the sequence:
"CHAN1; TIMB; SING; OUTPDATA;"
the SING; instruction holds o execution of any following instruction, OUTPDATA; in this case,
until a sweep is nished and the data is ready.
In addition, the output instructions (OUTPMARK; and OUTPACTI;) are always held o until all
preceding instructions are completed. For example:
"LOG MAG; MARK1 9 GHz; OUTPMARK;"
In this sequence, the marker data is not made available until the format change has been
executed and the marker has been positioned. Likewise, operations such as AUTO; MARKMAXI;
MARKMINI; and EQUA; are held o until all preceding instructions are completed.
However, for the array output statements (OUTPRAWn ; OUTPDATA; OUTPFORM; OUTPMEMO; and
OUTPCALCn ;) the data is always made available immediately without regard to operations
that may be in progress, except for SING; and NUMG;. For example, in the sequence "TIMB;
OUTPDATA;" the instruction TIMB performs a time domain conversion, this requires a certain
GPIB Programming
13-3
GPIB Programming Basics
length of time. Execution of OUTPDATA; is not delayed until the conversion is nished. Thus,
the data that is output probably is not the actual converted data (depending upon the speed
of the computer), but the data that existed before the domain conversion.
If you don't want or need to take new data, and you change the channel or domain
immediately before requesting data output, use the WAIT; instruction. Use WAIT; at any
time, to make certain that the instruction immediately before WAIT; has nished before the
instruction that follows WAIT; begins execution. So, for the time domain conversion example,
use a sequence such as:
"TIMB; WAIT; OUTPDATA;"
This assures that the conversion is nished before the data is made ready for output.
Overview of Computer-Controlled Measurements
In a typical computer-controlled measurement, you will:
Set up the system for a particular measurement.
Perform an appropriate measurement calibration for each parameter to be measured.
Save the calibration in a cal set memory location.
Install the test device and measure its response; the network analyzer applies calibration
osets to the data.
Output the data from the desired array to the computer.
The stimulus settings and parameter used during the calibration must match those used
during the calibrated measurement. Cal sets remember the stimulus settings that were in
eect when the calibration was made. When you recall a cal set, it automatically changes the
stimulus settings accordingly. The cal set does not remember any non-stimulus settings.
Setting Up the System
Connect the External Computer
Connect the computer to the main GPIB connector. Connect RF sources to the system
interconnect. You must not connect the same device to the GPIB connection and system bus
at the same time!
Address Settings
Instrument interconnections and the GPIB system bus address settings in the network
analyzer system are shown in Chapter 2, \Introductory Measurement Sequence."
The network analyzer's system bus uses two-digit GPIB addresses to control instruments
and peripherals connected to it. To change these addresses, use the menu under the
network analyzer's front panel 4LOCAL5 key (the same menu is available under 4SYSTEM5
HP-IB ADDRESSES ).
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13-4
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
Set Up the Measurement Using GPIB Commands
Set up the measurement using GPIB Commands, following the guidelines discussed in \GPIB
Command Information". A typical setup command string is:
OUTPUT 716;"FACTPRES;STAR 2E9;STOP 18E9;S11;LINM;MARK1 19E9;"
This command string:
Performs a factory preset (which selects frequency domain and step sweep mode)
Sets start frequency to 2 GHz
Sets stop frequency to 18 GHz
Selects S11
Selects linear magnitude display format
Puts a marker at 19 GHz
Refer to the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary for additional commands.
If you do not know the command for a specic function, look at the \Menu Structures"
chapter in the keyword dictionary. This section has fold-out pages showing all menu maps,
each softkey function, and the GPIB mnemonic for each softkey.
Transferring Data out of the Network Analyzer
Sending Data to the Computer
You can send measurement data to the computer in either of two ways:
You can output the current-active marker value.
You can output a complete data trace.
Before you attempt to transfer data to the computer, you should know:
Which network analyzer data arrays you can transfer
Which instrument features aect each data array
Which of the ve data transfer protocols (formats) you should use
What Types of Data Are Available from the 8510C?
After making a measurement, you can send raw, corrected, or formatted measurement data
to the computer. These arrays represent dierent stages of data processing, illustrated in
Figure 13-1.
As explained next, there are specic GPIB commands used to transfer each type of data array.
GPIB Programming
13-5
GPIB Programming Basics
Figure 13-1. Data Processing Stages in the Network Analyzer
Data Arrays Read by an External Computer
Raw Data
This data array contains the ratioed and averaged measurement data results.
In fast CW mode, raw data is the only available format.
Note
To transfer the data from this array to the computer, use the GPIB command OUTPRAWn ,
where n is the desired S-parameter (S11, S21, S12, S22). Refer to the 8510C Network
Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary for syntax and other information about OUTPRAWn and
other commands. The raw array data is in real/imaginary pairs.
Raw data can be output for any parameter at any time, assuming the parameter is actually
being measured. If a parameter is displayed on the screen, it is being measured by the
network analyzer. Or, when a full 2-port calibration is active, all four S-parameters are
measured.
Corrected Data Array
In addition to ratioing and averaging, corrected data has been through:
Time domain
Calibration
Table delay, electrical delay
Magnitude oset
Remember that these features must be active to aect the data. To transfer data from the
corrected data array to the computer, use the GPIB command OUTPDATA. Although you can
select any raw data array for transfer, you cannot do this with the corrected data array.
13-6
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
Instead, OUTPDATA outputs the data for the active parameter only. The corrected data array is
in real/imaginary pairs.
Formatted Data Array
This data has had all the data processing of the raw and corrected data arrays, plus
smoothing, formatting, and trace math processing. To transfer data from this array to the
computer, use the GPIB command OUTPFORM. This command outputs the data for the active
parameter only.
The data format that you get out of the formatted array depends on the display mode you are
using:
If you are in a polar display mode, the formatted array will output real/imaginary data
pairs.
If you are in a Cartesian magnitude display mode, a data pair will be output. The rst
value will be magnitude data. The second value output is always zero. The units will match
those you selected for the display (dB or linear).
If you are in Cartesian phase display format (4PHASE5), a data pair will be output. The rst
value will be phase (in degrees). The second value output is always zero.
Calibration Coecients These are the error correction coecients created during calibration
(also called a \cal set"). The error coecient arrays can be read
from or sent to a computer, just like the arrays described above.
Refer to the descriptions for the OUTPCALC and INPUCALC commands
in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary .
Delay Table
Each parameter has its own special array called a \delay table." The
table must be created using an external computer, then be sent to
the network analyzer. The network analyzer uses the table to modify
measurement data. The table contains real/imaginary data pairs in
the internal FORM1 compressed format. A typical use is to modify
frequency domain data to synthesize a special window shape for use
in time domain measurements. Refer to the descriptions for the
OUTPDELA and INPUDELA commands in the 8510C Network Analyzer
System Keyword Dictionary .
Memory Data
Valid data can be read from this array if data has been stored to
memory. Refer to the descriptions for the OUTPMEMO command in the
8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary . (There is no
command to send data directly into memory from the computer.
However, you can send data to the raw or corrected array, then save
it to memory using DATI.)
A trace currently stored in one of the eight trace math memories
may be output by selecting the memory, using one of these
mnemonics:
DEFM1; to select Memory 1
DEFM2; to select Memory 2
DEFM3; to select Memory 3
DEFM4; to select Memory 4
DEFM5; to select Memory 5
DEFM6; to select Memory 6
GPIB Programming
13-7
GPIB Programming Basics
to select Memory 7
to select Memory 8
First select the memory using the DEFMn ; instruction, turn on
memory by issuing a DISPMEMO; instruction, then use OUTPMEMO; to
read currently selected memory. This transfers the memory data in
real/imaginary pairs.
DEFM7;
DEFM8;
Data Always Comes from the Active Channel
Notice that there are two entirely dierent, parallel, data processing paths shown in
Figure 13-1. One path is for Channel 1 and one is for Channel 2. Each channel has raw,
corrected, and formatted data arrays. Because the paths are separate and independent,
dierent features can be active for Channel 1 and OFF for Channel 2. As you have seen,
the GPIB transfer commands let you select the S-parameter (S11, S21, S12, or S22) for data
transfer. But since each channel has four independent parameters, the data transfer always
occurs on the active channel.
Available Data Transfer Formats
In remote programming, you can choose one of four binary data formats, or an ASCII data
format.
Use the descriptions of each form to decide which transfer format is appropriate for your
needs. Specic information about byte sizes and structure of these formats is provided in
\Preparing the Computer to Transmit or Receive Data", later in this chapter; and also in
the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary .
Form 1
(GPIB Command: FORM1) FORM1 is signicantly dierent from the other four
transfer modes. The biggest dierence is that you can only obtain data from the
raw array when you use FORM1. The other four transfer modes let you choose any
internal data array for transfer.
FORM1 is the fastest transfer format available and is almost exclusively used
in fast CW mode. Refer to \FORM 1" in the 8510C Network Analyzer System
Keyword Dictionary for a full description of this transfer format. FORM1 data can
be converted to oating point data in the computer. FORM1 is the only transfer
format you can use for fast CW mode.
Form 2
(GPIB Command: FORM2) 32-bit IEEE 728 oating point format. This format is
not commonly used. It consists of a header, a two-byte number indicating how
many bytes follow, then the real and imaginary data pairs for each stimulus point.
Form 3
(GPIB Command: FORM3) This is the recommended format for use with HP 9000
Series 200/300 workstations. It consists of a header, a two-byte number indicating
how many bytes follow, then the real and imaginary data pairs for each stimulus
point. FORM3 follows the 64-bit IEEE 728 standard format.
Form 4
(GPIB Command: FORM4) This format is ASCII and is not as commonly used as
other formats because it is relatively slow. However, even with this limitation there
are still two circumstances in which FORM4 is useful:
When rst learning how to transfer data. FORM4 comes out in ASCII format
that is meaningful to a human being.
13-8
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
When using GPIB cards of limited ability. Some third party GPIB (IEEE 488-2)
cards (for PC compatibles) requires ASCII format data.
Form 5
(GPIB Command: FORM5) This is the recommended format for use with IBM PCs
and compatibles. This is a 32-bit DOS-compatible oating point format.
The 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary describes each form in detail. It
also describes the component pieces of information that accompanies the data.
The following example shows the data transfer to the computer when FORM3 is selected:
ASSIGN @Nwa to 716; FORMAT OFF
OUTPUT @Nwa; "FORM3; SING; OUTPDATA"
ENTER @Nwa_data; Preamble, Size, Data(*)
Use NUMG; or SING; to synchronize data output with completion of data acquisition.
The variable Preamble accepts the #A block header, the variable Size accepts the value
representing the total number of data bytes in the block, and the variable Data(*) accepts the
real/imaginary data pairs.
If Data(*) is dimensioned to less than the number of points currently selected, then the ENTER
operation does not terminate. You may issue another ENTER statement to read the remaining
data, or send another network analyzer command (such as ENTO;) to terminate the network
analyzer data output mode.
How Much Data Is Transferred?
When you measure data, the network analyzer stores data for the entire sweep in the raw,
corrected, and formatted arrays. In addition, data for all displayed parameters are stored in
these arrays. For example, if you have selected 201 frequency points, each array contains 201
data points. If more than one parameter is displayed, a complete set of data exists for each
one.
When you transfer raw data, the entire array for the selected S-parameter (S11, S21, S12, or
S22) is sent to the computer.
When you transfer corrected data or formatted data, the entire array for the active parameter
is sent to the computer.
Preparing the Computer to Transmit or Receive Data
Setting up the I/O Path
If you are using BASIC, the ASSIGN command sets up the I/O path and its attributes.
FORM1 requires the FORMAT attribute to be turned OFF (FORMAT OFF) in the assign
statement. All other data formats (FORM2 through FORM5) require the format attribute to
be ON (FORMAT ON). This type of data format (FORM1 through FORM5) transfers data in
three portions, each of equal size (mentioned below).
The entire data block to be transferred is composed of:
A \preamble" or \header" block, composed of the characters #A. All forms have this header
block except FORM4, and FORM1 when in the fast CW modes.
A size block. This block contains the size (in bits), of the preamble, the size block itself, and
each data block. All forms have this header block, except FORM4.
GPIB Programming
13-9
GPIB Programming Basics
One data block for each point in the measurement. Each block contains one data pair.
FORM4 contains only data blocks.
Size of the Preamble, Size Block, and Data Blocks
In FORM1 each block is 16 bits long (2 bytes per data point).
In FORM2, each block is 32 bits long (8 bytes per data point).
In FORM3, each block is 64 bits long (16 bytes per data point).
FORM4 is an ASCII format, which contains only data blocks, each of which being 24 bytes
long. Each of these blocks contain a data pair, in which the two numbers is separated by a
comma. Each block is separated by a line feed.
In FORM5, each block is 32 bits long (8 bytes per data point).
Setting Up Variables
Unless you are using FORM4, you must set up an integer variable for the preamble and the
size block. Dimension an array of appropriate size for the data. FORM4 data requires a string
array.
Dynamic Array Allocation
Setting up xed array sizes is all you may need in simple programs. However, large
measurement programs may need to call subroutines that can intelligently determine the size
of the required data array. Fortunately, you can write your program so it reads the size block,
then dynamically allocates the required data array storage, as in this sequence:
OUTPUT @Nwa; "FORM3; SING; OUTPDATA"
ENTER @Nwa_data;Preamble, Size
N=Size/16 ! 16 bytes per data point using FORM3
REDIM Data(1:N, 1:2)
ENTER @Nwa_data; Data(*)
You can do the same thing by making the number of points the active function then reading
the value, as in this sequence:
OUTPUT @Nwa; "POIN; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa; Points
REDIM Data(1:Points, 1:2)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3;OUTPDATA;"
ENTER @Nwa_data; Preamble, Size, Data(*)
All transfers use standard IEEE 728 block transfer formats with EOI asserted with the last
byte of data.
13-10
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
Performing the Actual Transfer
Now that you know which data array and transfer format to use, and have dimensioned
appropriate computer variables and an array, you are ready to perform the actual data
transfer. Refer also to programming examples 6 and 7 later in this chapter.
An Example of a Data Transfer
The following BASIC example performs a data transfer, and demonstrates many
commonly-needed tasks:
Measurement setup
Data acquisition
Conversion of real and imaginary data into magnitude and phase format
Printout of the values for each point
This example is complete. It dimensions all needed variables, shows all GPIB bus
\maintenance" commands, and so on. If you are not using BASIC, you need to write the
necessary lines of code for I/O setup. BASIC has advanced I/O features and requires the
ASSIGN command only for this.
The sample measurement uses 201 points of data. All loop counters and arrays are written to
handle 201 points. Step sweep mode is used, with a single sweep. The example uses FORM3
transfer, but is applicable to FORM2 or FORM5 by changing line 39 to the correct FORMn .
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
67
69
71
73
OPTION BASE 0
DIM Data(200,1)
DIM Mag(200),Phase(200)
INTEGER Preamble,Size
ASSIGN @Nwa TO 716
!
!
!Set loop and array counting at the number 0
!Dimension a 201 x 2 array to hold transferred data.
!Dimension two 1-dimensional arrays to hold the
!final magnitude and phase values for each point.
!Define integer variables for the preamble and
!size blocks.
!This sets up the I/O path for the network analyzer, and
!defines the GPIB address used to talk to it.
ASSIGN @Nwa_data2 TO 716;FORMAT OFF!
CLEAR 716
OUTPUT @Nwa;"USERPRES;"
DEG
!
!Tells the network analyzer to do a user preset.
!BASIC command to express angles in degrees
!rather than radians.
!
!The next line selects 201 points, S11, log magnitude display
!Log Format, Single Sweep, FORM3:
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"POIN201;S11;LOGM;SING;FORM3;"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPDATA;" !Tells the network analyzer to output the entire
!Calibrated array (201 points)
!
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)!Tells the computer to store:
!the Preamble in the "Preamble" variable
!the Size block in the "Size" variable
!All data in the "Data" array
!
FOR N=0 TO 200
!Start a for/next loop (loops 201 times)
Real=Data(N,0)
!These two lines grab the first data point out
Imag=Data(N,1)
!of the array (starts with the start frequency point)
!
!Convert one point of data from real/imaginary to magnitude/phase
!
Mag(N)=SQR(Real^2+Imag^2)
!Determine magnitude value
IF Imag=0 AND Real<0 THEN
!Determine phase value
GPIB Programming
13-11
GPIB Programming Basics
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
125
13-12
Phase(N)=-180
ELSE
IF Imag=0 AND Real=0 THEN
Phase (N)=0
ELSE
Phase(N)=2*ATN(Imag/(Real+Mag(N)))
END IF
END IF
!
!Mag(N) and Phase(N) are 1-dimensional arrays that will hold the new
!magnitude and phase data.
!
!
!The following two lines simply print the real, imaginary, magnitude and
!phase values for the first point and every 20th point.
!
IF N=0 OR N/20=INT(N/20) THEN
PRINT "Point:";N+1;TAB(13);"Real:";Real;TAB(36);" Imag:";Imag
PRINT "Point:";N+1;TAB(13);" Mag: ";Mag(N);TAB(36);"Phase: ";Phase(N)
END IF
!
NEXT N
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"Mark1;"
LOCAL 716
!Place network analyzer back in local mode
END
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
Using the Data
The 8510C outputs data in two basic formats:
FORM1 format
Real/imaginary format
Use the following information to process the data into usable formats.
Preprocessing FORM1 Data
Example 7 converts FORM1 data into to real/imaginary pairs, which are then converted into
linear magnitude, log magnitude, and phase data.
Using Real/Imaginary Format for Vector Math
Real and imaginary data in its existing form is useful for vector math. Once you have done
any mathematical processing of the data, you can convert it into magnitude and phase
information as explained below.
Converting Real/Imaginary Data to Magnitude and Phase Data
As explained earlier in this chapter, data is often in real/imaginary data pairs. You can
perform vector math on this data directly, or you can convert it into magnitude and phase
information (refer to lines 71 through 81 in \An Example of a Data Transfer").
GPIB Programming
13-13
GPIB Programming Basics
Transferring Data into the Network Analyzer
Raw, Corrected, Formatted Arrays
Load trace data into network analyzer memory using hold mode. Hold mode avoids
overwriting the loaded data with newly acquired data. When hold mode is selected,
completion of a data input operation initiates a data processing cycle in which the displayed
trace is updated to reect the new data. The following mnemonics prepare the network
analyzer to transfer data pairs at the network analyzer GPIB to the specied array for the
currently selected channel:
INPUFORM; load into selected channel formatted data array
INPUDATA; load into selected channel corrected data array
INPURAW1; load into selected channel S11 raw data array
INPURAW2; load into selected channel S21 raw data array
INPURAW3; load into selected channel S12 raw data array
INPURAW4; load into selected channel S22 raw data array
INPUDATA; and INPURAWn ; expect data in real/imaginary pairs regardless of the currently
selected display format.
Each display S-parameter (S11, S21, S12, S22) has its own raw array, corrected array and
formatted array. In addition, each channel has an independent set of four parameters, each
with its own raw, corrected, and formatted arrays.
When you perform an INPUDATA; command, the data is placed in the corrected array for the
active parameter on the active channel. INPUFORM; works the same way.
With raw data, there is a dierent GPIB command for each raw data array (INPURAW1;
through INPURAW4;). When you issue an INPURAW3; command, data is sent to the S12 raw
data array in the active channel.
INPUFORM; requires you to supply data in exactly the same format as the network analyzer
would use during an OUTPFORM operation. (As explained earlier, when you output data from
the formatted array, the exact form of the data depends on the domain the network analyzer
is in, and the selected display format. Depending on these conditions, the network analyzer
outputs data in a specic way. This is explained in \Formatted Data Array," earlier in this
chapter. When you use INPUFORM;, you must make sure you send the data to the network
analyzer in the same way the network analyzer would use if it were sending the data to the
computer.)
You cannot send data to an array if that parameter is not displayed on the
Note
screen. When a parameter is shown on the screen, it is essentially turned ON.
If a parameter is not on the screen, it is OFF. Usually, you cannot perform
functions (of any kind) on a parameter that is not currently shown on the
screen. This limitation applies to sending data to the various arrays.
For example, to send data to the corrected array of S22, one of the following
must be true:
SINGLE PARAMETER display mode is selected, and S22 is the selected
parameter.
FOUR PARAMETER display mode is selected, and S22 must be the active
parameter.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
13-14
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
Trace Memories
First, use one the following commands to select the trace memory to be loaded:
DEFM1; select Memory 1
DEFM2; select Memory 2
DEFM3; select Memory 3
DEFM4; select Memory 4
DEFM5; select Memory 5
DEFM6; select Memory 6
DEFM7; select Memory 7
DEFM8; select Memory 8
Next, load data into the corrected data array, using:
"INPUDATA;"
Finally, store the data into the selected memory, using:
"DATI;"
The data format for these transfers is selected by the FORM1, FORM2, FORM3, FORM4 and FORM5
mnemonics as for the OUTP instructions. One of the FORMn instructions should precede each
transfer.
This example shows the data transfer from the computer to network analyzer corrected data
array for the currently selected channel using FORM3.
OUTPUT @Nwa; "HOLD; FORM3; INPUDATA;"
OUTPUT @Nwa; Preamble, Size, Data(*)
prevents overwriting the data just input with data from the next group of sweeps. The
variable Preamble holds the #A block header, the variable Size holds the value representing
the total number of data bytes in the block, and Data(*) holds the real/imaginary data pairs.
The network analyzer accepts data until the specied number of bytes is received, or EOI is
detected, then terminates the listen mode. If the number of data bytes is not equal to the
value of the variable Size, the message BLOCK INPUT ERROR is displayed. If the value of the
variable Size does not correspond to the current number of points selected, the message
BLOCK INPUT LENGTH ERROR is displayed. If more than the internally allocated number of bytes
are input, these bytes are treated like regular commands, which causes a syntax error. If less
than the specied number of bytes are input without an EOI, you may continue with another
OUTPUT statement.
HOLD
FORM4 Input
When using FORM4, always suppress the CR/LF which would normally terminate the
OUTPUT statement that sends the INPU instruction as follows.
OUTPUT @Nwa; "HOLD; FORM4; INPUDATA;";
OUTPUT @Nwa; Data(*)''
The semicolon following the last quotation mark in the rst line is used in BASIC to suppress
the normal CR/LF. Failure to suppress this character results in the network analyzer
accepting the CR/LF as the rst data byte.
GPIB Programming
13-15
GPIB Programming Basics
Commonly-Used Queries
Marker Value
The marker value is output as two ASCII numbers in the basic units for the selected display
format. Use two real variables. For example:
Mag,Phase
If the marker value consists of a single value, as when LOG MAG (LOGM;) or PHASE (PHAS;)
is selected, then the rst number becomes the desired value (magnitude or phase) and the
second value is set to zero.
Active Function Value
The current value of the active function is read as a single ASCII number in the basic
units for the quantity. The following sequence turns on marker 2, moves the marker to the
maximum value on the trace. Then OUTPACTI readies the network analyzer to output the
current active function, which is the stimulus value at the marker position in the sequence:
"MARK2; MARKMAXI; OUTPACTI;"
To accept the data, use a single real variable. For example:
Freq
Query System State
For instrument state settings that cannot be made the active function, use the query
instructions function. For example:
DOMA?
This command returns the current domain selection as an ASCII string enclosed as quotes, for
example "FREQUENCY" if the frequency domain is currently selected.
System Status
Important system status information is available by reading a two-byte status word. For
example,
"OUTPSTAT;"
This command sets up the network analyzer to output the status value so you can read one or
two ASCII numbers. A change in the status bytes can be set to generate the SRQ on specic
events using the SRQM instruction.
The following instruction outputs a single ASCII message number and, if desired, the text of
any system message appearing on the display.
"OUTPERRO;"
13-16
GPIB Programming
GPIB Programming Basics
Where to Find Other Query Commands
Refer to the chapter on programming codes in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword
Dictionary . You'll nd useful information in the \8510C Query Commands" table near the
end of that chapter.
Local Operation
Return the network analyzer to local control by pressing the front panel 4LOCAL5 key or by
issuing the GPIB command GTL 716 or GTL 7 (LOCAL 716 or LOCAL 7 using HP Series
200/300 BASIC language).
Program Debugging Aids
To further assist in program development, the statements DEBUON; (debug on) and DEBUOFF;
(debug o) control a network analyzer debug mode. Instructions currently being executed are
displayed in the title area of the network analyzer.
GPIB Programming
13-17
Programming Examples
Programming Examples
A sample program is supplied with your network analyzer, on the 8510C Software Toolkit
The name of the program is: EX_8510
The program contains many example routines, which show how to perform various
programming tasks. The text on the following pages describe each of these examples.
The program requires BASIC 5.0 or higher with the following binaries: IO, MAT, TRANS,
and COMPLEX.
The disk also contains a measurement data le (BPF DATA) that is accessed by some of the
programming example routines.
Disk .
Example 1: Syntax Familiarization
This example can help you become familiar with the network analyzer GPIB instructions.
The rst part of this example sends commands (entered by the user) to the network analyzer.
The second part sends query or output commands to the network analyzer and prints the
response. You do not need to use quotation marks or include the nal `;' when you enter
GPIB commands. Syntax errors are detected and cleared. See Example 1, in \Example
Program Listings" in this chapter, for the program executable using BASIC.
! Start: !
INPUT "Type 8510 command."; String$
OUTPUT @Nwa; String$
GOTO Start
The input statement displays a message, then waits for an input (type the string and then
press computer Return or ENTER). Using a simple program like this one, you can input
commands one at a time and observe the network analyzer response. At rst, try instructions
such as:
"STAR 10 GHz"
Refer to the list of programming codes in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword
to see the syntax requirements for each programmable function.
Enter a sequence of 8510C instructions by separating each instruction with a semicolon (;), as
follows:
Dictionary
"STAR 2 GHz; STOP 10 GHz; CHAN2; LINP"
The network analyzer instruction DEBUON causes all network analyzer instructions to be
displayed in the title area of the network analyzer display. The last 30 characters in the
instruction queue appear, with the most recently received instruction at the left-hand side of
the title area, pushing instructions higher on the queue o to the right. This means that the
currently executing command may not be visible if the queue is over 30 characters long. Use
the network analyzer instruction DEBUOFF to disable display of the command queue.
If the network analyzer does not recognize a mnemonic, or cannot execute it in the correct
sequence, then GPIB activity stops and the instruction in error is shown in the title area
of the network analyzer display with an upward pointing arrow at the location of the error.
You must press 4LOCAL5, then continue operation, or issue an GPIB DCL or SDC (the example
program does this for you).
13-18
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Commands are executed in the sequence in which they are received by the network analyzer.
When a command is received, the syntax is checked, stored in the command queue, then
executed. Some commands, such as SING, free the processor for other tasks during the time
that they are executing. If time becomes available while such a command is executing,
the process of reading a command, syntax checking, storage in the command queue, and
sometimes overlapping execution continues until up to eight commands are stored for pending
execution.
The second part of this example sends instructions that prompt a response from the network
analyzer. These are the query commands and the OUTPxxxx; commands. Refer the 8510C
Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary for more information.
OUTPUT 716;"STAR; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER 716; Freq
PRINT Freq
This example prints the current value for start frequency.
Example 2: Active Function Output
The following example executes a user preset, then reads and prints the current values for
seven active functions. The value for any function that can be made the active function can
be read this way. Functions or settings that do not have an active function may be read using
query commands. (Refer to the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary for a list
query commands.)
The value of the current active function is output as a single ASCII value in the basic units of
the function. For example:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1;OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa;Freq
When executed with a marker as the active function, the sequence (above) returns the
frequency (in Hertz) at the marker position.
The sequence AVERON; OUTPACTI; outputs the currently selected averaging factor. The
sequence ELED; OUTPACTI; returns the currently selected Electrical Delay value in seconds.
The title and various other user-dened labels can also be read over the GPIB by making it
the active function, then reading the characters into a string variable. For example:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"TITL; OUTPTITL;"
ENTER @Nwa; String$
This example returns the current title as the active function. The title, calibration kit label,
standard class label, standard label, and the user parameter label are enclosed in quotation
marks. The standard class assignments list does not include the quotation marks.
GPIB Programming
13-19
Programming Examples
Example 3: Marker Output
This example prints the x- and y-axis values of a marker in any selected domain or format. A
single sweep with averaging (factor of 4) is taken before reading the marker. Then, the display
format is queried and appropriate units are printed for the y axis value. Next, the x axis value
is read and the selected domain is queried and appropriate units are printed for the x axis.
If the system is currently operating in either the hold or the continual mode (see STIMULUS
menu), then the data is output immediately; if SINGLE, or NUMBER OF GROUPS has
been selected, then the data output operation waits until the specied number of sweeps has
nished. For example, the following sequence selects the linear magnitude polar display, turns
on averaging, and commands 17 groups of sweeps. When nished, marker 1 is turned on,
moved to the maximum trace value, then the marker value is assigned to the variables Mag
and Phase:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LINP; AVERON 16;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"NUMG 17; MARK1; MARKMAXI; OUTPMARK;"
ENTER @Nwa;Mag,Phase
The OUTPMARK; statement always transfers two values in standard ASCII format. As shown
in Table 13-1, the values depend upon the currently selected display format. Two values are
output in every display format, but for Cartesian displays the second value is zero.
Table 13-1. Marker Units for All display Formats
FORMAT
LOG MAG
PHASE
DELAY
SWR
SMITH CHART
LINEAR MAGNITUDE
LIN mkr on POLAR
LOG mkr on POLAR
Re/lm mkr on POLAR
INVERTED SMITH
REAL
IMAGINARY
MARKER
Basic Units
dB
degrees ( )
seconds (s)
(unitless)
R 6 jX (
)
(unitless) (reection)
(unitless) (transmission)
6 ' (reection)
6 (transmission
dB 6 '
x 6 jy (unitless)
g 6 jB
x (unitless)
jy (unitless)
OUTPMARK
A,B Value
dB, 0
degrees, 0
seconds, 0
SWR, 0
ohms, ohms
lin mag, 0
lin mag, 0
lin mag, degrees
lin mag, degrees
log mag, degrees
real, imag
Siemens, Siemens
real, 0
real, 0
Data taken in step sweep mode requires only one group of sweeps (NUMG 1; or SING;) because
each data point is averaged before the next point is measured.
To move the marker to a specic stimulus value, include a numeric value in the instruction.
The following sequence moves marker 1 to the data point closest to 9.123456789 GHz, then
transfers the marker value:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1 9.123456789 GHz; OUTPMARK;"
ENTER @Nwa;Mag,Phase
13-20
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Example 4: Marker Operations
Use of the =Marker (\EQUA;") function is demonstrated for reference value, stimulus
settings, and oset values. This may be very useful when combined with marker searches.
Use of the 4=MARKER5 (EQUA;) function to position the trace on the display is shown in the
following example.
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; LOGM; MARK1; MARKMAXI; REFV; EQUA;"
This sequence selects channel 2, selects the LOG MAG display, moves the marker to the
maximum point on the trace, then assigns the current marker value to the REF VALUE.
In all EQUA; applications, the current marker value becomes the value of the current active
function. Valid functions for use with EQUA; are start, stop, center, span, reference value,
electrical delay, phase oset, and the cuto frequency for waveguide delay.
Next, this example nds the peak-to-peak range of a trace and measures the 03 dB
bandwidth of a lter. The lter data is loaded from the le BPF DATA (included on the
software toolkit disk).
The marker functions are programmed in the same order as you would press the keys on the
front panel. For example:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK2; MARKMAXI; DELR2; MARK1; MARKMINI; OUTPMARK;"
ENTER @Nwa;Mag,Phase
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPACTI"
ENTER @Nwa;Freq
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DELO; MARKOFF"
This sequence moves marker 2 to the maximum trace value, selects the delta marker mode
with marker 2 as the reference marker, moves marker 1 to the maximum trace value, then
outputs the dierence between marker 2 and marker 1. Then the delta mode is turned o, and
the markers are turned o.
To read marker values in dual-channel display modes, rst select the channel, as follows:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1 3.5 GHz;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN1; SING; AUTO; OUTPMARK;"
ENTER @Nwa;Mag,Phase
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; SING; AUTO; OUTPMARK;"
ENTER @Nwa;Mag,Phase
The SING instruction (take single group of sweeps) or the NUMG instruction following channel
selection, parameter change, or domain change, ensures that the trace has been updated
and the data is ready to be read. After SING or NUMG, the network analyzer is placed in
the hold mode. It is generally best to select the hold mode for data output. Use the CONT
(CONTINUAL) instruction to restart the sweep.
When you change the parameter selection, you must take at least one group of sweeps to
assure current data.
Note that if the system is in hold mode, the parameter is changed, and raw data is not
available, then the raw data array is initialized to the equivalent of measured data equal to 0,0
at every data point. If LOG MAG is selected, the marker magnitude value is approximately
0857 dB. The raw data array and trace are updated at the completion of the next group of
sweeps.
GPIB Programming
13-21
Programming Examples
Example 5: Single- and Dual-Channel Displays
Network analyzer display modes (single-channel, dual-channel and four-parameter) are
demonstrated in split and overlay display formats. Also, marker list functions 1 marker/ and 5
markers are shown with a four-parameter display.
Example 6: Trace Data Output/Input
In this example, the network analyzer measures a single sweep, then outputs a 201 point
Corrected Data array using FORM 3. After this, the array of real and imaginary pairs is
written back to the network analyzer. Before writing the data, the network analyzer is put in
hold mode (this prevents the network analyzer from acquiring new data and overwriting the
data being written by the program). The current data is rst zeroed (by resetting the number
of points while in hold mode). This forces the data array to be reallocated and be initially
loaded with zeros (0857 dB); then the data is written.
Example 7: FORM1 Data Conversion
After taking a single sweep, the network analyzer outputs the current data array using
FORM1 output format. This is the fastest form for data transfer. The FORM1 data is
then converted to real/imaginary pairs, which are then converted to linear magnitude, log
magnitude and phase data.
Example 8: S11 1-Port and S21 Response Cals
This set of examples guides you through an S11 1-port calibration and an S21 response
calibration. Next, you measure a device using the S11 cal on channel 1 and the S21 cal on
channel 2, in dual-channel display mode.
Example 8a reads the S21 response cal coecient, processes the data, and writes it back into
another cal set register. Then the S11 1-port cal coecients for directivity, source match, and
reection tracking are read and displayed on the 8510C display.
Example 8b creates several frequency subset calibrations of the S11 1-port cal and saves them
in other cal set registers.
As shown in the program listing, the measurement calibration sequence is performed under
program control using the same procedure as described for the manual operation in the
chapter on measurement calibration:
1. Select the calibration kit using CAL1 or CAL2.
2. Select the type of calibration to be performed.
3. Select the class of standard to be measured.
4. Measure the standards required for the class.
5. When all necessary standards in all necessary standard classes are measured, save the cal
set and turn correction ON.
Selecting the Calibration Type
Use one of these mnemonics to select the calibration type:
13-22
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Mnemonic
CALIRESP;
CALIRAI;
CALIS111;
CALIS221;
CALIFUL2;
CALIONE2;
CALITRL2;
CALRCVR;
Cal Type
Response
Response and isolation
S11 1-port
S22 2-port
Full 2-port
One-path 2-port
TRL 2-port
Receiver
Except for the TRL 2-port calibration, these are dened so there is one standard class for each
error coecient of the error model. All calibration types (except response) consist of multiple
standard classes. In the 2-port calibrations, these classes are grouped into categories such as
reection, transmission, and isolation. The associated mnemonics (REFL;, TRANS;, and ISOL;)
are used to proceed between the calibration type selection and the class selection.
Select the Standard Class
Because standard class labels are user-denable, a special mnemonic is used to select
measurement of each standard class.
Mnemonic
CLASS11A;
CLASS11B;
CLASS11C;
CLASS22A;
CLASS22B;
CLASS22C;
RAIRESP;
FWDT;
FWDM;
REVT;
REVM;
FWDI;
REVI;
TRLT;
TRLR1;
TRLR2;
TRLL;
Example Standard Class Labels
S11 OPEN
(1st S11 standard class)
S11 SHORT
(2nd S11 standard class)
S11 LOADS
(3rd S11 standard class)
S22 OPEN
(1st S22 standard class)
S22 SHORT
(2nd S22 standard class)
S22 LOADS
(3rd S22 standard class)
RESPONSE (response and isolation)
FWD. TRANS. THRU
FWD. MATCH THRU
REV. TRANS. THRU
REV. MATCH THRU
FWD. ISOL'N ISOL'N STD
REV. ISOL'N ISOL'N STD
THRU THRU
S11 REFLECT SHORT
S22 REFLECT SHORT
LINE 2-18 SHORT
GPIB Programming
13-23
Programming Examples
If the single standard is assigned to the class, then any of these will cause a measurement
restart and the measurement of the standard. The message WAIT - MEASURING CAL STANDARD
appears while the measurement is being made. The speed of the measurement depends on the
mode (ramp or step) selected and on the number of averages. For ramp sweep mode, n +1
sweeps (where n is the current averaging factor) are taken.
Select Calibration Standards in Class
If two or more standards are assigned to the class (up to seven may be assigned), then the
standard to be measured is selected using the instructions STANA through STANG.
Again, since the standard labels are user-denable, a special mnemonic is used to select
measurement of each standard in the class. This table shows the standard labels assigned to
several of the standards in a typical cal kit, and the mnemonics used to select the standard:
Mnemonic
STANA;
STANB;
STANC;
STAND;
STANE;
STANF;
STANG;
Examples of Standard Labels
(S11 and S22 LOADS)
RESPONSE
BROADBAND
OPEN
SLIDING
SHORT
LOWBAND
THRU
OFFSET
(not used)
(not used)
(not used)
(not used)
(not used)
(not used)
(not used)
Any of these except SLIDING and OFFSET will cause a measurement restart and
measurement of the standard. The message WAIT - MEASURING CAL STANDARD appears while
the measurement is being made. The speed of the measurement depends on the mode (ramp
or step) selected and on the number of averages.
If a sliding-type standard is used, then the instructions LOAO; (load oset) and LOAN; (load no
oset) are used to measure the device.
Send the command DONE; when the necessary standards in the class are measured. The
message CAUTION ADDITIONAL STANDARDS NEEDED is displayed if the standards already
measured do not cover the current frequency range.
Save the Cal Set
The DONE or SAVn instruction (depending on calibration type) initiates nal error coecient
computation. Finally, issue CALSn to specify the cal set to receive the error coecients.
Correction is turned ON for the parameters covered by the calibration set (for both channels if
\coupled channels" is selected, or for the current channel if \uncoupled channels" is selected).
13-24
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Example 9: Modify Cal Kit
This example demonstrates the ability to load a user-dened cal kit. After saving the original
cal kit denition for cal kit 2 to disk, the program loads and labels a new denition typical for
X-band waveguide cal kits. The new denition is also stored to disk before restoring the user's
original cal kit.
Example 10: Simulated Standard Measurement
The 8510C can input raw calibration standard data from a controller and perform a
calibration using this data rather than actual measured data. This example performs an S11
1-port cal using this technique. First data is collected for the standards that will be input in
the actual SIMS calibration portion of the example. Then the simulated cal is performed and
saved. For more information, refer to the listing for SIMS in the 8510C Network Analyzer
System Keyword Dictionary .
Example 11: Using the Drive Disk
The rst part of this example stores (to disk) then loads (from disk) the instrument state,
formatted and raw data arrays, display memory, and cal kit les. The le transfer can be done
using the network analyzer's internal drive, or a compatible external drive connected to the
network analyzer's system bus. The program prompts the user to choose which drive to use
(internal or external).
In the second part of the example program, the computer reads and displays the disk les
(which were stored in part 1 of the program). This is done to show the CITIle format. A
disk drive must be connected to the computer during this part of the example program.
The network analyzer disk drive is very useful during large tests because it provides capacity
to store instrument states, cal sets, calibration kits, trace data, and other types of data. Refer
to the Disk menu in Chapter 7 for a complete list of data types. The menu maps in the
keyword dictionary show all disk functions and GPIB commands.
Using the Internal Disk
The following example shows how to store les using the built-in disk drive.
Store Instrument State 1 to a le named \IS INST1"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; INSS1; DISF ""INST1"";"
Notice that you do not have to include the prex (IS ). The network analyzer does this
automatically.
Load the network analyzer memory from the disk as follows:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"HOLD;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN1; LOAD; DATAFORM; DISF ""CHAN1"";"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; LOAD; DATAFORM; DISF ""CHAN2"";"
The example above loads the formatted data les \FD CHAN1" and \FD CHAN2".
If HOLD is not programmed, the formatted data traces are overwritten by new data during
the next sweep.
GPIB Programming
13-25
Programming Examples
Note that in order to use DATAFORM, DATARAW, or DATADATA, the channel to which the data
applies must be selected. When loaded, the trace is automatically updated. DATARAW stores
information from the raw data array for the active parameter on the Active channel. However,
there is an exception to this rule: If four parameter display is turned on, DATARAW stores all
four raw data arrays for the selected channel.
To load a memory trace, the memory display must be o (DISPDATA;). Correction must be o
(CORROFF;) before cal sets can be loaded into network analyzer memory from disk.
Note that the DISF command is used for all disk operations (store, load, replace, delete). The
le name must be enclosed in quotation marks, and BASIC usually requires that in order to
send the quote symbol that it be doubled.
File Name Prefixes
If you examine the directory following this operation, notice that the le name is given as
FD FILE1. The three character lename prex is automatically included in the directory
listing: it is the way in which the network analyzer operating system keeps track of the data
type. This lename prex is never used in the lename you select for store, load, or delete
disk le operations. However, if the disk is to be read by the external computer directly, the
prex is considered part of the lename and must be used. Table 7-3 shows all le name
prexes used by the network analyzer.
Printing Your Own Messages on the Network Analyzer Display
Messages of up to 50 characters are displayed using:
"TITL" "GOOD MORNING" ";"
This causes the message GOOD MORNING to appear in the title area of the network analyzer
display. The quotation marks are required; BASIC usually requires double marks to send
quotation marks.
Text and graphics information can be written to the display using a special area of network
analyzer memory, with an internal HP-GL subset or the standard plotting language
implemented by the computer.
Example 12: Making Plots Using COPY
This example requires that a properly addressed XY plotter be connected to the network
analyzer (system bus or RS-232 port). Refer to Chapter 6 for instructions. The program
measures a single sweep with autoscaling, then plots each parameter.
Measurement results are output to a plotter connected to the network analyzer system bus
using a sequence of commands to specify the quadrant on the paper, the pen number, and the
data to be plotted. The following sequence plots the four parameters.
INPUT "Load Paper, then
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S11; SING;
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S21; SING;
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S12; SING;
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S22; SING:
CONTINUE"
LEFU; PLOTALL"
LEFL; PLOTALL"
RIGU; PLOTALL"
RIGL: PLOTALL"
causes the entire screen, except the menu, to be plotted. Other commands to specify
the part of the screen to be plotted and the pen color may be used.
PLOTALL
13-26
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Example 13: List Trace Values
This example requires a printer to be connected to the network analyzer (system bus or
RS-232 port) and to be properly addressed. Refer to Chapter 6 for instructions. The program
prints a tabular listing of the displayed trace. The data is printed in the displayed format
(linear polar). A skip factor of 7 is used, so every seventh data point is printed.
The printer connected to the system bus may be used in the same way as in manual
operation.
Example 14: Print to Printer on 8510C System Bus
This example requires a properly installed printer and plotter connected to the network
analyzer's system bus. This example does not work with printers or plotters connected to the
network analyzer's RS-232 ports. In this program example, the computer sends commands
through the network analyzer to a printer and plotter connected to the network analyzer's
system bus (pass through mode). The computer sends a title to the printer, and a label to the
plotter.
General Input/Output
The network analyzer can pass computer commands through to devices on the system bus.
In addition, the network analyzer can allow data to ow back from the device, direct to the
computer.
Passing Commands through the Network Analyzer Devices on the System Bus
The network analyzer listens to commands sent to either of two addresses:
8510 Address The \8510 Address" (specied under 4LOCAL5 ADDRESS of 8510 ) is the
address of the 8510C network analyzer itself. Any commands sent to this
address will cause the 8510C to perform the function.
System Bus The \system bus" address (specied under 4LOCAL5 SYSTEM BUS ) is the
Address
address of the system bus. Commands sent to this address will be passed to a
specied device on the system bus.
How to send pass-through commands. First, you must tell the network analyzer which device
you want to access directly. To do this, send the command:
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
ADDRPASS nn
where nn is the system bus address of the desired device.
Note
Why are some addresses three-digit numbers, while others are two-digit
numbers?
When you tell the computer to control an GPIB device, you must use a
three-digit address. The rst number (usually 7) selects the GPIB bus and is
called the \GPIB bus select code." The last two digits are the address of a
specic instrument on the bus. For example, when you program the computer
to send the \PLOP" command to address 705, the following happens:
1. The \7" tells the computer to select the GPIB bus I/O card which is set to
bus select code 7. (The GPIB bus uses a \bus select code" because there
GPIB Programming
13-27
Programming Examples
can be more than one GPIB bus in a computer system. The select code
allows you to access multiple GPIB busses independently.)
2. The computer sends the command \PLOP", along with the two-digit
instrument address number (05).
3. All instruments on the bus see the \PLOP" command. But only the device
set to address 05 with accept the command and perform it.
(In this example, a plotter set to address 05 would perform the PLOP
command, which plots a list of network analyzer operating parameter
values.)
Devices on the network analyzer's system bus only use a two-digit address. A
\bus select code" is not needed because the network analyzer is designed with
only one system bus. When you enter the addresses of system bus devices (in
the 8510C address menu), only two digits are required.
Assume for now that the system bus address (under 4LOCAL5
SYSTEM BUS ) is still set to 17. Also assume that you have selected a printer of the system bus
with the ADDRPASS 01; command.
Under these conditions, the network analyzer will accept any command sent to address 717.
When such a command is received, the analyzer passes it to the system bus, to the device at
address 01.
For example:
How pass-through works.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 01;" ! Select address 01 for pass through commands
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus; CHR"12"
! Send a form feed command to the printer
Remember, \@Nwa systbus;" and \@Nwa systbusdata" represent the address of the system
bus. You must set this up using a statement such as:
"ASSIGN @Nwa_systbus TO 717"
If the device is to output ASCII data, use:
ENTER @Nwa_systbusdata; String$
where String$ is dimensioned to accept the ASCII string sent from the device. If the device
on the system bus does not terminate its output with the CR/LF, then the program must
terminate the ENTER operation.
The specied pass-through address remains in eect until changed by the programmer.
Instructions and data may be sent to the network analyzer GPIB address or to the network
analyzer system bus address in any sequence. When the network analyzer system bus is
addressed, an automatic system bus `Local' is issued which halts all system bus activity and
places the network analyzer in Hold. When the network analyzer GPIB is addressed following
a pass-through, an automatic system bus `Remote' is issued which returns control of the
system bus to the network analyzer.
The addressed device cannot handshake to the computer or respond to GPIB universal or
addressed commands via the system bus.
13-28
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Pass-Through to a Printer
You may print directly to the printer using the pass-through mode as follows:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 01;" ! Printer's system bus address is 01
PRINTER IS 717 ! (@Nwa_systbus)
PRINT "MEASUREMENT NUMBER 1"
This example begins with the network analyzer instruction ADDRPASS 01 that sets the state
in which data addressed to 717 (the 8510C system bus address) is passed through to the
device at address 01 on the 8510C system bus. Next, a computer-specic command, HP 9000
Series 200/300 in this example, species the hardcopy device as the printer at address 717.
Finally, the computer-specic hardcopy output statement outputs the message. The string is
accepted at the network analyzer system bus address 717 and passed through to the printer.
Output to a Plotter
It is generally not recommended that HP-GL commands be passed through directly to the
plotter on the network analyzer system bus; the typical drivers used for this purpose require
communication with the computer during the operation, a capability not handled by network
analyzer pass-through. You can, however, plot graphics and text to the network analyzer user
display as described later in this section, then plot the network analyzer display to the plotter.
Examples of printing or plotting using pass-through are given in the paragraphs describing
user display graphics, below.
User Display Graphics
Example 15: Plot User Graphics
User display functions are demonstrated by using HP-GL commands to draw a series of boxes.
The boxes have labels that correspond to areas of the measurement display, which are used by
various display formats. The user display is then:
Stored to the internal disk.
Erased.
Reloaded from the disk.
Example 16: Plot Using BASIC HP-GL
This example draws a simple graphic on the network analyzer User display using BASIC
graphics instructions. Optionally, the graphic may be sent to a plotter on the network
analyzer system bus.
Vector diagrams and text can be written to a reserved area of the network analyzer display
memory via the network analyzer system bus using either an HP-GL subset internal to the
network analyzer, or the standard computer language graphics commands. This reserved
graphics area is output using PLOTALL; and may be recorded and subsequently reloaded into
user display memory using the Disk command USED;.
Vector Diagrams
A vector diagram consists of a PA (plot absolute) display instruction followed by any number
of x,y integer pairs.
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 31"
GPIB Programming
13-29
Programming Examples
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"CS; PU"
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 128,384; PD; PA 3328,384, 3328,3584, 128,3584, 128,384"
ADDRPASS 31 sets up the pass-through mode in which data sent to the 8510C system bus
address, 717, is routed to the user display area of the network analyzer display memory. The
CS instruction clears the screen. The PU instruction lifts the pen, causing the following PA
instruction to draw a blank vector. The PD, Pen Down, causes the following PA instruction to
draw a visible line. The PA, Plot Absolute, instruction is followed by the coordinates for the
other three corners of the box.
The plotting area of the network analyzer display is:
x = 0 to 5377, y = 0 to 4095
Figure 13-2 shows internal scaling for PA vector diagrams.
Figure 13-2. PA Vector Scaling
The PR, Plot Relative, instruction moves the pen from its present position to the new position
x,y units away.
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 31"
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"CS; PU"
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 128,384; PD; PR 3200,0, 0,3200,
This outlines the Menu labels area.
Text
03200,0,
0,03200"
Position standard ASCII text on the screen by addressing the text location with a PA or PR
vector. Text between the LB mnemonic and the end of text character, CTRL C, is displayed
beginning at the character cell position of the current vector. Figure 13-3 shows the 64 by
128 element character cell which encloses the 48 by 64 element character image area. The LB
command is shown in the \PLOT TO PLOTTER ON 8510 SYSTEM BUS" example in the
program examples section (at the end of this chapter).
13-30
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Figure 13-3. Text Character Cell
Select Pen Colors
The color selected for the current operation is specied using the SPn ; command, where n = 1
to 16. The color is assigned to the pen in the same order as the colors appear in the set pen
numbers menu under the dene plot menu of the 4COPY5 hardkey.
Using the Internal Disk to Store the User Display
By storing the user display on the network analyzer disk drive, the vector diagrams and text
can be recalled for display even if the computer is disconnected from the network analyzer.
For example:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; USED; DISF ""USER1"";"
This stores the vector and text data presently in user display memory in user display le 1.
The user display graphics may be loaded from tape using:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LOAD; USED; DISF ""USER1"";"
This erases the current user display, then loads and displays the previously stored graphics
and text.
Summary of User Graphics Statements
The following statements are used to control plotting of vectors and text into the network
analyzer user display area of internal memory.
PA
x1,y1 plot absolute vector. Move the pen from the current location to the location
specied by the following x,y pair. Any number of x,y pairs may follow the PA
instruction; each number must be separated from the previous number by a
comma. 0 x 5377; 0 y 4095.
PR
x1,y1 plot relative vector. Move the pen from the current location to the relative
position specied by the following x,y pair. Any number of x,y pairs may follow
the PR instruction; each number must be separated from the previous number by a
comma. 0 x 5377; 0 y 4095.
PD
Pen down. When followed by a PA or PR instruction, this instruction will cause a
visible vector to be drawn to the new location.
GPIB Programming
13-31
Programming Examples
PU
LB
DF
SPn
Pen up. When followed by a PA or PR instruction, this instruction will cause a
blank vector to be drawn to the new location.
ASCII character label text. The ASCII characters following the LB command are
drawn on the display beginning in the character cell at the current vector position.
The string must be terminated with the end-of-text character, CNTRL C.
Set to default state (PU, PA).
Select Pen (Color), 1 to 5 in the same sequence as shown in the set pen number
menu (see 4COPY5).
Summary of User Display Instructions
The following instructions control whether the standard measurement display (graticule,
labels, etc.) and the user display are on or o.
KP
Turn o user display. Memory contents are not changed.
RP
Turn on user display. Memory contents are not changed.
PG
Clear (Erase) user display memory.
CS
Turn o measurement display (standard graticule, trace, and labels). User display
is not aected.
RS
Turn on measurement display. User display is not changed.
Example 17: Redefine Parameter
This example redenes and displays the four user parameters. The new denitions are then
saved in an instrument state register. It is possible to dene both user and S-parameters
specifying numerator, denominator, phase lock, and port drive.
Example 18: Read and Output Caution/Tell Message
This example prints the number and message of any error or warning shown on the network
analyzer display. The user is rst prompted to \Adjust" the network analyzer to force an
error to be displayed. To get an error message, perform any of the following:
Press the 4= Marker5 key with no function active.
Perform a disk directory (press 4Disk5 DIRECTORY ) without a disk in the drive.
Turn Calibration ON, but select an empty cal register.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Example 19: Read and Output Status Bytes
This program example displays the decimal value of the primary and extended status
bytes. You are prompted to \Adjust" the network analyzer and then the status is read and
displayed. Try pressing a front panel key or taking a single sweep.
The tables below show bit assignments of the network analyzer primary and secondary status
bytes. These bits are set according to the current instrument state of the network analyzer
system.
Important network analyzer instructions relating to the status word are:
13-32
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
OUTPSTAT;
CLES;
SRQM a,b;
Prepare the network analyzer to output the status word as two ASCII
numbers, 0 to 255. Completion clears the status word to 0,0.
Clear status bytes to 0,0; clear SRQ.
Send two integer ASCII values, 0 to 255 to set the service request mask.
Power On, TEST, and PRESET clear the service request mask to 0,0.
Read Status Bytes
Both status bytes are read using a sequence such as:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPSTAT;"
ENTER @Nwa; Primary,Secondary
where primary and secondary are variables to receive the value of each byte. You may read
the status bytes in separate ENTER operations.
After the power up sequence is nished, bit 2 of the extended status byte is set, making the
value of OUTPSTAT 0,4.
BIT #
7
Decimal
128
Value
Function Reason in
extended
byte
BIT #
7
Decimal
128
Value
Function Not used
PRIMARY STATUS BYTE (#1)
6
5
4
3
64
32
16
8
RQS
(SRQ
issued)
Syntax
error
SING,
NUMB,
CALF,
complete
Waiting
for GET
after
reverse
device
EXTENDED STATUS BYTE (#2)
6
5
4
3
64
32
16
8
Not used
Not used
Not used
Not used
2
4
1
2
0
1
TRIG
Data entry CAUTION
waiting for complete message
GET
displayed
FASC;
issued
ready for
external
trigger
2
4
Power ON
sequence
nished
1
2
Key
pressed
0
1
Not used
Setting the Service Request Mask
After power ON, TEST, and factory preset, the network analyzer SRQ mask is set to 0,0
and no changes in the primary or secondary status byte will generate an SRQ. To enable
generation of an SRQ when one or more of the status bits changes from 0 to 1 (changes
from cleared to set), specify the SRQ mask to sense the change in status. Using the network
analyzer SRQM instruction, send two bytes, each having a value from 0 to 255, as follows:
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SRQM 16,0;"
GPIB Programming
13-33
Programming Examples
This will cause the network analyzer to generate an SRQ when bit 4 of the primary status
byte changes from 0 to 1.
Detect and service the SRQ according to the computer protocol. Normal completion of a
service cycle clears the network analyzer status bytes to 0,0 and does not change the SRQ
mask.
Examples in the Example Program Listings show various interrupt service routines.
Example 20: Output Key Code
The key code (as documented in the 8510C Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary ) is
printed for any network analyzer front panel key pressed by the user. The network analyzer is
set to issue a SRQ when a key press occurs.
Example 21: Triggered Data Acquisition
External GPIB triggers are used to measure points in step sweep in this example. The 8510C
is set to issue a service request when it is ready for a trigger.
Example 22: Wait Required
This example creates a continuously changing display pattern using an endless loop to update
the values for electrical delay and parameter color. The main feature of this example is the
\WAIT;" command that is sent to the network analyzer. This forces the display to update
each time the loop is executed. Without the WAIT command, the loop might execute several
times before the display updates and certain changes would be missed. Refer to the 8510C
Network Analyzer System Keyword Dictionary entry for WAIT.
Example 23: Wait Not Required
This example executes an endless loop which steps a marker to a new frequency and then
reads the marker frequency, magnitude, and phase. The OUTPxxxx; commands used to
read the marker value automatically hold o further program execution and ensure that the
network analyzer has completed all prior instructions before the marker value is output. It is
not necessary to send the network analyzer a WAIT; before reading the marker.
Example 24: Frequency List
This example shows how to dene, manipulate, and read frequency list data. First, a
three-segment frequency list is dened and activated. Next, the list and the trace data for
S11 is output to the computer. Then, single segments (selected by the user) are swept, the
network analyzer leaves, then re-enters, the frequency list mode.
13-34
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Example 25: Output/Learn String
This example program performs a user preset, then prompts the user to change the current
instrument state as desired. The learn string is then read out which includes the changes
made by the user. Another user preset is done, then the learn string is loaded into the
network analyzer. The network analyzer restores the modied instrument state.
The network analyzer learn string is a binary coded string which describes the current
instrument state. This string may be read from the network analyzer to computer memory via
the GPIB, then it may be loaded back into network analyzer memory in order to reset the
system to the state represented by the string. This learn string is transferred using internal
network analyzer binary format (FORM1), and it is not intended that the user attempt to
decode or modify the string. Please note that each rmware revision may create learn strings
of greater or smaller size (compared to learn strings created by other rmware revisions).
Thus, learn strings created by one rmware version may not be compatible with earlier or
later rmware revisions.
The following commands control transfer of the string.
OUTPLEAS;
Output learn string to GPIB.
INPULEAS;
Input learn string from GPIB; Set the network analyzer controls to that state.
The contents of the learn string is identical to the information processed by the SAVE
and RECALL features for network analyzer internal storage, and the disk store and load
instrument state functions for the network analyzer disk drive.
The following example shows a sequence to transfer the learn string. The learn string is 4390
bytes in length and can be read into an integer type array of length 2195.
DIM Integer Learn_string (4000)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPLEAS;"
ENTER @Nwa;Preamble, Size
REDIM Learn_string (1:Size/2)
ENTER @Nwa;Learn_string (*)
.
.
OUTPUT @Nwa;"INPULEAS;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data;Preamble, Size, Learn_string (*)
and INPULEAS; select FORM1 data format transfers. The data is transferred in a
sequence beginning with the Preamble, #A; an integer size, that tells the number of bytes
to follow, followed by the network analyzer internal binary format data which represents the
control state of the network analyzer, with EOI asserted on the last byte.
OUTPLEAS;
Example 26: Input and Display ASCII Trace
This example writes trace data to the network analyzer in either oating point (FORM 3) or
ASCII (FORM 4) formats. The data array is continuously re-written to the display with an
oset added each time. Note the dierence in speed between the two data formats.
GPIB Programming
13-35
Programming Examples
Example 27: Delay Table Operations
This example demonstrates how to input, output and apply table delay. The delay table is
also stored and loaded using the network analyzer internal disk.
Example 28: Fast CW Data Acquisition
Fast CW setup and operation is demonstrated using an external trigger source. Once the data
is collected, it is converted from FORM1 to real/imaginary data pairs.
Example 29: Test Port Power Flatness Cal
Test port power atness cal can be performed only on a system using an 8360 Series source.
If your system uses an 8350 or 8340 Series source, you must skip this example. A properly
addressed power meter must also be connected to the 8510C network analyzer system bus.
After zeroing the power sensor, the user is prompted to connect it to port 1 on the test set.
The calibration measures the power from 2 GHz to 20 GHz, compares the measured power
to the source power setting, and calculates a power oset factor to obtain leveled power at
the port. This correction array is stored in the source and applied to its output power when
atness is turned ON. When power atness is ON, the value displayed or entered for source
1 power is the power at the test set port 1. With atness OFF, it is the power at the source
output.
Example 30: Receiver Power Cal/Power Domain
Note
Receiver calibration and power domain require 8510C rmware Rev. C.07.00
or greater.
This example performs a receiver calibration, which then allows the 8510C to display
unratioed power measurements of the input and output power of a device connected between
ports 1 and 2 on the test set, calibrated in dBm. A test port power atness cal, valid from
2 GHz to 20 GHz, must have been performed before running this example. If you need to do a
atness calibration, run Example 29. When the calibration is nished, the display shows input
power on channel 1 and output power on channel 2. The marker readout is calibrated in dBm.
Next, power domain is shown. The receiver cal performed in the frequency domain is
converted automatically for use in power domain, as long as the frequency of the measurement
is at a point in the original frequency domain cal. A valid frequency may be selected by
placing a marker on the frequency point before entering power domain. The marker frequency
is used as the frequency of measurement when power domain is selected. Once in power
domain, the NEXT PT HIGHER and NEXT PT LOWER softkeys may be used to select a new
frequency-of-measurement that is valid for the calibration.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
13-36
GPIB Programming
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Programming Examples
Example 31: Disk Store and Load Using Cal Sets
This example performs storage and loading of data sets using the internal disk drive in the
8510C. Calibration set are used in this example, but other data types can be used by changing
the intermediate commands in the sequence. The basic cal storage sequence is STOR;, CALSn ;,
DISF;, lename . CALSn ; can be replaced with several other data type commands, such
as: INSSn , INSSALL, MEMOn , MEMALL, CALSALL, CALK1, CALK2, DATARAW,
DATAFORM, DELT, USED, HARS, MACD.
The LOAD version of the command is the same with LOAD replacing STOR. It can be
switched between internal or external disk drive with STOIINT or STOIEXT. External
drives with multiple bays can be selected using DISCVOL and DISCUNIT. Refer to the menu
structure for DISC in the front section of the 8510C Keyword Dictionary .
GPIB Programming
13-37
Programming Examples
General GPIB Programming
After the GPIB REMOTE command is issued, addressing the network analyzer using an
appropriate OUTPUT statement causes the network analyzer to enter the remote mode in which
the front panel hardkeys and softkeys are locked out. The only key that is not locked out is
the 4LOCAL5 key. After the initial OUTPUT statement, either ENTER or OUTPUT statements are
accepted.
Press the 4LOCAL5 key to restore front-panel control functions until the next OUTPUT command
is received. Program the Local Lockout command, LLO, to lock out the front panel completely,
even the 4LOCAL5 key. Issue the GPIB LOCAL command to cancel Local Lockout, then issue a
REN command to return the network analyzer to remote command.
If the network analyzer is already addressed as a listener, a GTL 716 (LOCAL 716) sets the
network analyzer system to the normal manual mode without changing the current instrument
state.
All GPIB Universal and Addressed Commands and the network analyzer system response to
the commands are listed below. computer-specic and language considerations are discussed
in the \Example Program Listings" later in this chapter.
Interface Functions
The following identication codes for the interface functions indicate the network analyzer
GPIB interface capability.
SH1
Source handshake: full capability
AH1
Acceptor handshake: full capability
T6
Talker: basic talker, serial poll
TE0
No extended talker
L4
Listener: basic listener
LE0
No extended listener
SR1
Service request: full capability
RL1
Remote/local: complete capability
PP0
No parallel poll capability
DC1
Device clear: full capability
DT1
No device trigger capability
C0
No computer capability
E1
Driver electronic: tri-state drive
13-38
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
Response to GPIB Universal Commands
The network analyzer GPIB responds to the following universal commands from an external
computer at any time, regardless of whether or not it is addressed. Refer to the language
reference manual of the computer being used to nd the corresponding commands allowed by
the computer.
DCL
Device clear: Clears network analyzer status; no change in instrument state;
system is ready to accept GPIB commands and data.
LLO
Local lockout: Disables the GPIB front panel 4LOCAL5 key. GTL to clear.
SPD
Serial poll disable: Disables the serial poll mode over the network analyzer GPIB.
SPE
Serial poll enable: Enables the serial poll mode over the network analyzer GPIB.
PPU
Parallel poll uncongure: The network analyzer system does not respond.
Response to GPIB Addressed Commands
The network analyzer GPIB responds to the following addressed commands when it is
addressed as a listener. Refer to the language reference manual of the computer being used to
nd the corresponding commands allowed by the computer.
GET
Group execute trigger: The network analyzer system, already in the triggered
data acquisition mode, initiates the preprogrammed action of continuing the data
acquisition process.
GTL
Go to local: Returns the network analyzer system to local control. Following GTL,
the network analyzer GPIB will respond only to GPIB universal and addressed
commands, not to GPIB data. Issue REN to enable data transfer using computer
OUTPUT and ENTER commands.
REN
Remote enable: Enable all GPIB command and data functions.
SDC
Selected device clear: Clears network analyzer status, no change to instrument
state; system is ready to accept instructions and data.
The network analyzer system does not respond to the following addressed commands.
PPC
Parallel poll congure.
TCT
Take control.
GPIB Programming
13-39
Programming Examples
Example Program Listing
The following pages contain the program listing for the BASIC examples program. The
program itself is supplied on the Software Toolkit Disk in LIF format for workstation BASIC
(part number 85103-10002), supplied with the network analyzer. The name of the program is:
EX_8510.
The program requires BASIC 5.0 or higher with the binaries IO, MAT, TRANS, and
COMPLEX. The disk also contains a measurement data le (BPF DATA) that is accessed by
some of the programming example routines.
Programs in BASIC for Windows, C++, and Visual Basic can be found on the Agilent
website: http://www.agilent.com. Enter 8510C Example Programs in the search window.
Example Programs in
EX_8510
1. Syntax familiarization
2. Active function output
3. Marker output
4. Marker operations
5. Single- and dual-channel displays
6. Trace data output/input
7. FORM1 data conversion
8. S11 1-port and S21 response cals
8a. Cal error coecients
8b. Modify cal set frequency subset
9. Modify cal kit
10. Simulated standard measurement
11. Using disk and tape
12. Making Plots using COPY
13. List trace values
14. Print to printer on 8510C system bus
15. Plot user graphics
16. Plot using BASIC HP-GL
17. Redene parameter
18. Read and output caution/tell message
19. Read and output status bytes
20. Output key code
21. Triggered data acquisition
22. WAIT required
23. WAIT not required
24. Frequency list
25. Output/learn string
26. Input and display ASCII trace
27. Delay table operations
28. Fast CW data acquisition
29. Test port power atness cal
30. Receiver power cal
31. Disk store and load
13-40
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
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59
!
EXAMPLES FOR INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING "EX_8510"
!
for revisions HP8510C.07.00: January 31, 1994 or later
!
!
Copyright @ HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY 1984,1994
!
SANTA ROSA SYSTEMS DIVISION
!
Copyright @ AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES COMPANY 2000
!
COMPONENT TEST PRODUCT GENERATION UNIT
!
! You can view the SYNTAX of any of these examples.
! Clear a line and type "EDIT ExampleXX" where X is the example number
!=====================================================================
OPTION BASE 0
DIM Formatted_data(200,1),Data(200,1)
! 201 point trace I/O
DIM Data1(50,1),Data2(50,1),Data3(50,1)
! 51 point trace I/O
INTEGER Form1_data(1:201,0:2)
INTEGER Learn_string(1:5000)
DIM Input$[200]
INTEGER Length,Error_number,Bytea,Byteb,Points,Trig,Segment
INTEGER Preamble,Size,Size_list,Mem
DIM Filename$[30],Current_line$[256],Response$[30]
REAL Freq,Freq2,Real,Imag,Mag,Phase,Log_mag,Lin_mag,Value
REAL Freq_list(400)
DIM Data_ascii$(200,1)[24]
ASSIGN @Nwa TO 716
! Network Analyzer HP-IB Address
! Read ASCII Data to/from HP 8510 HP-IB (OUTPMARK, OUTPACTI, FORM4 I/O)
ASSIGN @Nwa_data1 TO 716;FORMAT ON
! (OUTPERRO, OUTPSTAT, OUTPACTI)
! Read non-ASCII Data to/from HP 8510 HP-IB (FORM1, FORM2, and FORM3 I/0)
ASSIGN @Nwa_data2 TO 716;FORMAT OFF
ASSIGN @Nwa_systbus TO 717
! Write to 8510 System Bus
ASSIGN @Nwa_systbusdata TO 717;FORMAT ON ! Read from 8510 System Bus
!
ON TIMEOUT 7,1 GOTO No_analyzer
ABORT 7
CLEAR 716
PRINTER IS 1
CONTROL KBD,2;1
! Activate user softkeys
CLEAR SCREEN
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEBUON; MKRLISTON; DATETIMEON; OUTPERRO;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Error_number
! Clear Message
OFF TIMEOUT
!
PRINT
PRINT TAB(20);RPT$("*",37)
PRINT TAB(20);"*";TAB(56);"*"
PRINT TAB(20);"*
HP 8510C PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES *"
PRINT TAB(20);"*";TAB(56);"*"
PRINT TAB(20);RPT$("*",37)
PRINT
PRINT "Note:
Refer to the HPIB Programming section of the 8510C Operating"
PRINT "
and Programming Manual for complete documentation."
PRINT
!
GOSUB Run_mode
! run All or a Single example
!
LINPUT "Example 1, Input Syntax Familiarization: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example1
!
LINPUT "Example 2, Active Function Output: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example2
GPIB Programming
13-41
Programming Examples
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
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115
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118
13-42
!
LINPUT "Example 3, Marker Output: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example3
!
LINPUT "Example 4, Marker Operations: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example4
!
LINPUT "Example 5, Single and Dual Channel Displays: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example5
!
LINPUT "Example 6, Trace Data Output / Input: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example6
!
LINPUT "Example 7, FORM1 Data Conversion: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example7
!
LINPUT "Example 8, S11 1-Port and S21 Response Cals: Press Return",Input$
! Example8_a, Cal Error Coefficients
! Example8_b, Modify Cal Set, Frequency Subset
GOSUB Example8
!
LINPUT "Example 9, Modify Cal Kit: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example9
!
LINPUT "Example 10, Simulated Standard Measurement: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example10
!
LINPUT "Example 11, Using Disc and Tape: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example11
!
LINPUT "Example 12, Plots Using Copy: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example12
!
LINPUT "Example 13, List Trace Values: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example13
!
LINPUT "Example 14, Print to Printer on 8510 System Bus: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example14
!
LINPUT "Example 15, Plot User Graphics: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example15
!
LINPUT "Example 16, Plot Using BASIC HPGL: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example16
!
LINPUT "Example 17, Redefine Parameter: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example17
!
LINPUT "Example 18, Read and Output Caution/Tell Message: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example18
!
LINPUT "Example 19, Read and Output Status Bytes: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example19
!
LINPUT "Example 20, Output Key Code: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example20
!
LINPUT "Example 21, Triggered Data Acquisition: Press Return",Input$
GOSUB Example21
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
119
!
120
LINPUT "Example 22, WAIT Required: Press Return",Input$
121
GOSUB Example22
122
!
123
LINPUT "Example 23, WAIT Not Required: Press Return",Input$
124
GOSUB Example23
125
!
126
LINPUT "Example 24, Frequency List: Press Return",Input$
127
GOSUB Example24
128
!
129
LINPUT "Example 25, Output/Input Learn String: Press Return",Input$
130
GOSUB Example25
131
!
132
LINPUT "Example 26, Input and Display ASCII Trace: Press Return",Input$
133
GOSUB Example26
134
!
135
LINPUT "Example 27, Delay Table Operations: Press Return",Input$
136
GOSUB Example27
137
!
138
LINPUT "Example 28, FASTCW Data Acquisition: Press Return",Input$
139
GOSUB Example28140
!
141
LINPUT "Example 29, Test Port Power Flatness Cal: Press Return",Input$
142
GOSUB Example29
143
!
144
LINPUT "Example 30, Receiver Power Cal: Press Return",Input$
145
GOSUB Example30
146
!
147
LINPUT "Example 31, Cal Sets LOAD and STORE Operations: Press Return",Input$
148
GOSUB Example31
149
!
150
DISP "END OF EXAMPLES"
151
LOCAL @Nwa
152
STOP
153
!
154
! ***********************************************
155
!
156 Example1:
! INPUT SYNTAX FAMILIARIZATION ****************
157
PRINT
158
PRINT "Example 1, Input Syntax Familiarization"
159
!
160
PRINT " Commands"
161 Again1:
!
162
LOCAL @Nwa
163
LINPUT "TYPE 8510 INSTRUCTION, THEN RETURN; ENTER 0 TO EXIT",Input$
164
IF Input$[1,1]="0" THEN
165
PRINT " Querys"
166
GOTO Query
167
END IF
168
OUTPUT @Nwa;Input$;";"
169
PRINT Input$,
170
IF BIT(SPOLL(@Nwa),5) THEN
! Check for syntax error
171
GOSUB Syntax_error
! Clear error
172
END IF
173
PRINT
174
GOTO Again1
175
!
GPIB Programming
13-43
Programming Examples
176 Query:
!
177
LOCAL @Nwa
178
LINPUT "TYPE 8510 QUERY OR OUTPUT INSTRUCTION,THEN RETURN; ENTER 0 TO EXIT ",Input$
179
IF Input$[1,1]="0" THEN
180
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPERRO;"
181
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Error_number
! Clear Message
182
RETURN
183
END IF
184
PRINT Input$,
185
OUTPUT @Nwa;Input$;";"
186
IF BIT(SPOLL(@Nwa),5) THEN
! Check for syntax error
187
GOSUB Syntax_error
! Clear error
188
PRINT
189
ELSE
190
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Input$
191
PRINT Input$
192
END IF
193
GOTO Query
194
!
195 Syntax_error:
!
196
PRINT "<< Syntax Error",
197
CLEAR @Nwa
198
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES; OUTPERRO;"
199
ENTER @Nwa;Error_number
! Clear Message
200
RETURN
201
!
202 Example2:
! ACTIVE FUNCTION OUTPUT ****************************
203
PRINT
204
PRINT "Example 2, Active Function Output."
205
!
206
OUTPUT @Nwa;"USERPRES; LOGM;"
207
!
208
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STAR; OUTPACTI;"
209
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Value
210
PRINT " Start Frequency =";Value/1.E+6;" Mhz"
211
!
212
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOP; OUTPACTI;"
213
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Value
214
PRINT " Stop Frequency =";Value/1.E+6;" Mhz"
215
!
216
OUTPUT @Nwa;"POWE; OUTPACTI;"
217
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Value
218
PRINT " Power Source 1 =";PROUND(Value,-2);" dbm"
219
!
220
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SCAL; OUTPACTI;"
221
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Value
222
PRINT "
Scale =";PROUND(Value,-2);" db/"
223
!
224
OUTPUT @Nwa;"REFV; OUTPACTI;"
225
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Value
226
PRINT " Refrence Value =";PROUND(Value,-2);" db"
227
!
228
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MAGO; OUTPACTI;"
229
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Value
230
PRINT "Magnitude Offset=";Value;" db"
231
!
232
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MAGS; OUTPACTI;"
233
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Value
234
PRINT "Magnitude Slope =";Value;" db/Ghz"
235
RETURN
13-44
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
236
!
237 Example3:
! MARKER DATA OUTPUT ****************************
238
!
239
PRINT
240
PRINT "Example 3, Marker Data Output"
241
DISP "Initializing System"
242
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES;"
243
PRINT "Averaging On, Avg Factor = 4"
244
OUTPUT @Nwa;"AVERON 4; MENUFORM; POIN 51; SING;"
245
PRINT "Automatic Holdoff For Single or Number of Groups"
246
!
247 Again_3:
!
248
LOCAL @Nwa
249
LINPUT "Set 8510 to desired Domain, Format and Sweep Mode or E to Exit",Input$
250
IF UPC$(Input$)="E" THEN
251
OUTPUT @Nwa;"AVEROFF; FREQ; CONT;"
252
RETURN
253
END IF
254
!
255
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SWEM?"
! Query sweep mode
256
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Input$
257
IF Input$[2;4]="RAMP" THEN
258
OUTPUT @Nwa;"NUMG 5;"
! NUMG = AVER factor + 1
259
ELSE
260
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SING;"
! 8510C automatically waits until SING or NUMG
261
! completes before executing further instructions
262
END IF
263
!
264
OUTPUT @Nwa;"AUTO; MARK1; MARKMAXI; OUTPMARK;"
265
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Mag,Phase
! Read Marker Value
266
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM?;"
! Query Display Format
267
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Input$
268
!
269
PRINT " Marker ";Input$;" = ";Mag;
270
IF Phase<>0 THEN PRINT Phase;
271
!
272
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1; OUTPACTI;"
273
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Freq
274
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DOMA?;"
! Query Domain
275
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Input$
276
SELECT Input$[2;3]
277
CASE "FRE"
278
PRINT " @";Freq/1.E+6;" Mhz"
279
CASE "AUX"
280
PRINT " @ ";Freq;" Volts"
281
CASE ="TIM"
282
PRINT " @ ";Freq*1.E+9;" nano Seconds"
283
CASE "PUL"
284
PRINT " @ ";Freq*1.E+6;" micro Seconds"
285
CASE "POW"
286
PRINT " @ ";Freq;" dBm"
287
END SELECT
288
GOTO Again_3
289
!
290 Example4:
! MARKER OPERATIONS *******************************
291
!
292
PRINT
293
PRINT "Example 4, Marker Operations"
GPIB Programming
13-45
Programming Examples
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
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311
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313
314
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351
352
13-46
!
PRINT "Using = Marker"
!
DISP "Initializing System"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; POIN51; SING; AUTO; CONT;"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1; MARKMAXI;"
PRINT "Refrence Value = Marker"
LINPUT "Press Return for REF VALUE = MARKER",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"REFV; EQUA;"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1 5Ghz;"
PRINT "Start Frequency = Marker"
LINPUT "Press Return for START FREQ = MARKER",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STAR; EQUA;"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK2 15Ghz;"
PRINT "Stop Frequency = Marker"
LINPUT "Press Return for STOP FREQ = MARKER",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOP; EQUA;"
!
PRINT "Phase Offset = Marker"
LINPUT "Press Return for PHASE OFFSET = MARKER",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PHAS; AUTD; MARK3 10.25E9;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PHAO; EQUA;"
!
PRINT "Peak-to-Peak Measurement."
!
LINPUT "Press Return for Peak-to-Peak Measurement",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LOGM; MARKOFF; ENTO; SING; AUTO; MKRLISTON;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK2; MARKMAXI; DELR2; MARK1; MARKMINI; OUTPMARK;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Mag,Phase
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Freq
PRINT "P-P Mag = ";Mag;"
P-P Freq = ";Freq
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MKRLISTON;"
LINPUT "Press Return for -3db Measurement",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DELO; MARKOFF; CONT;"
!
PRINT "-3 dB Bandwidth Measurement."
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S21; POIN 201; SPAN 1GHZ; CENT 10.24GHZ; SING;"
ASSIGN @File TO "BPF_DATA" ! load data for band pass filter
ENTER @File;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
ASSIGN @File TO *
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPURAW1;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"REFP 7; SCAL 3; MARKCONT; MARK1; MARKMAXI; REFV; EQUA;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK2; MARKMAXI; MARK3; MARKMAXI;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DELR1; TARV -3; MARKTARG; MARK2; SEAL;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DELR2; MARK3; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Freq
PRINT "-3db Bandwidth = ";Freq/1.E+6;" MHz"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DELO; MARK2; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Freq
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK3; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Freq2
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
353
PRINT "Center Frequency = ";((Freq+Freq2)/2)/1.E+9;" GHz"
354
RETURN
355
!
356 Example5:
! DISPLAY MODES **********************************
357
PRINT
358
PRINT "Example 5, Display Modes"
359
!
360
! SINGLE CHANNEL DISPLAYS
361
!
362
PRINT "Single Channel, Four Parameter Split Display"
363
OUTPUT @Nwa;"COUC; CHAN1; FOUPSPLI; NUMG2;"
364
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S11; AUTO; S21; AUTO; S12; AUTO; S22; AUTO;"
365
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S11; CONT; MKRLFIVM; MARK1; MARK2; MARK3; MARK4; MARK5;"
366
PRINT "Marker List shows All Markers for Selected Parameter"
367
!
368
LINPUT "Press Return to Continue.",Input$
369
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MKRLFOUP; MARK3;"
370
PRINT "Marker List shows Active Marker for all Parameters"
371
!
372
LINPUT "Press Return to Continue.",Input$
373
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FOUPOVER;"
374
PRINT "Single Channel, Four Parameter Overlay Display"
375
!
376
LINPUT "Press Return for Channel 2 Display",Input$
377
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; SING; AUTO; CONT; MARK1;"
378
PRINT "Single Channel, Single Parameter Display"
379
PRINT "Single or Four Parameter Display is Not Coupled"
380
!
381
LINPUT "Press Return for Channel 1 Display",Input$
382
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN1;"
383
!
384
! DUAL CHANNEL DISPLAYS
385
!
386
LINPUT "Press Return for Dual Channel Split Display",Input$
387
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPLI;"
388
PRINT "Dual Channel, Single Parameter/Channel Split Display"
389
!
390
LINPUT "Press Return for Dual Channel Overlay Display",Input$
391
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OVER;"
392
PRINT "Dual Channel, Single Parameter/Channel Overlay Display"
393
!
394
LINPUT "Press Return to Continue",Input$
395
!
396
! DUAL CHANNEL ALTERNATE SWEEP
397
!
398
PRINT "Dual Channel, Uncoupled Stimulus, Alternate Sweep"
399
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CONT; MARKOFF;"
400
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN1; STAR 2 GHz; STOP 5 GHz; SING; CONT; UNCC;"
401
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; S11; STAR 3 GHz; STOP 4 GHz;"
402
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPLI; SING; CONT; MARK1 3.5 GHZ; AUTO;"
403
!
404
LINPUT "Press Return to Continue",Input$
405
RETURN
406
!
407 Example6:
! TRACE DATA OUTPUT / INPUT ***********************
408
PRINT
409
PRINT "Example 6, Trace Data Output / Input (FORM3)."
GPIB Programming
13-47
Programming Examples
410
!
411
! Output data from analyzer
412
!
413
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES;"
414
OUTPUT @Nwa;"POIN201; SPAN .5GHZ; REIP; SING; AUTO; FORM3; OUTPDATA;"
415
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
416
!
417
PRINT "First and last data points of output corrected data array :"
418
PRINT "Point: 1";TAB(13);"Real:";Data(0,0);TAB(36);" Imag:";Data(0,1)
419
PRINT "Point: 201";TAB(13);"Real:";Data(200,0);TAB(36);" Imag:";Data(200,1)
420
!
421
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1 0;"
! set marker to first point
422
LOCAL @Nwa
423
INPUT "Corrected data array read. Press Return to Continue",Input$
424
!
425
! Input data to analyzer
426
!
427
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ENTO; POIN201;"
! Zero Trace for effect
428
LINPUT "Data Zeroed, Press Return To Write Data To 8510",Input$
429
!
430
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPUDATA;"
431
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
432
PRINT "Corrected array data Written (input) to 8510."
433
RETURN
434
!
435 Example7:
! FORM1 DATA CONVERSION ************************
436
!
437
PRINT
438
PRINT "Example 7, Form1 Data Conversion"
439
!
440
! This example reads FORM1 data (internal binary format) and converts
441
! it to real & imaginary, linear magnitude, log magnitude and phase.
442
! The data arrays size will automatically adjust for any number of
443
! measurement points. Converted values are printed for the first and
444
! last points.
445
!
446
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SING; MARK1;"
447
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM1; OUTPDATA;"
! or OUTPRAWn; OUTPDATA; OUTPFORM;
448
! or OUTPDELA; OUTPMEMO;
449
! note: if using OUTPFORM, Data_re(I) will be in the current display
450
!
format and Data_im(I) will = 0 for all display formats that
451
!
are not plots of real / imaginary pairs. Calculated linear,
452
!
log and phase values are not valid.
453
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size
! Size/6 = number of data points
454
!
455
REDIM Form1_data(1:Size/6,2)
! dimension 0 = imag mantissa,
456
! 1 = real mantissa and 2 = common exponent
457
!
458
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Form1_data(*)
! read the data
459
!
460
! Calculate Exponent - The exponent is represented by bits 0-7 of
461
! the 16 bit integer, Form1_data(n,2). Bit 7 is the sign bit (1="-",
462
! 0="+"). The computed value is offset by -15 to give values which
463
! are in a useful range for measurements. Thus, for Form1_data(n,2)
464
! values of 0 to 127, exponents range from -15 to 112 and for values
465
! of 128 to 255, exponents range from -143 to -16 respectivly. This
466
! gives a data range of ~ 674 to -860 db using db=20*LGT(2^(exponent)).
467
! An alternate, table method is used to decode the exponent in example28.
13-48
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
468
!
469
FOR I=1 TO SIZE(Form1_data,1)
470
Exponent=BINAND(Form1_data(I,2),255)
! bits 0-7 are the exponent
471
!
472
IF Exponent<128 THEN
! exponent is positive
473
Exponent=2^(Exponent-15)
! offset (-15)
474
!
475
ELSE
! exponent is negative
476
Exponent=2^(BINCMP(BINEOR(Exponent,255))-15)
! reverse [EOR],
477
! change sign [CMP] and offset [-15] for negative going exponents
478
END IF
479
!
480
! Calculate real and imaginary data
481
Real=Form1_data(I,1)*Exponent
482
Imag=Form1_data(I,0)*Exponent
483
!
484
! Calculate linear magnitude data
485
Lin_mag=SQRT(Real^2+Imag^2)
486
!
487
! Calculate log magnitude data
488
Log_mag=20*LGT(Lin_mag)
489
!
490
! Calculate phase data
491
DEG
492
IF Imag=0 AND Real<0 THEN
493
Phase=-180
494
ELSE
495
Phase=2*ATN(Imag/(Real+Lin_mag))
496
END IF
497
!
498
IF I=1 OR I=SIZE(Form1_data,1) THEN
! print first and last points
499
PRINT "Pt";I;" Real = ";Real;" Imag = ";Imag
500
PRINT "
Lin = ";Lin_mag;"
Log = ";Log_mag;"
Phase = ";Phase
501
PRINT
502
END IF
503
NEXT I
504
!
505
REDIM Form1_data(0:2,1:201)
506
!
507
PRINT
508
LOCAL @Nwa
509
RETURN
510
!
511 Example8:
! S11 1-PORT AND S21 RESPONSE CALIBRATIONS ******
512
PRINT
513
PRINT "Example 8, S11 1-Port and S21 Response Calibrations"
514
!
515
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; MENUCAL;"
516
LINPUT "Which Cal Kit is being used (ENTER 1 or 2)?",Kit$
517
PRINT "S11 1-Port Measurement Calibration USING Cal ";Kit$
518
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES; CAL";Kit$;"; CALIS111;"
519
!
520
LINPUT "Port 1, Connect Shielded Open, then press Return",Input$
521
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11A;"
522
GOSUB Wait_for_meas
523
! (Shielded Open Circuit Data Measured)
524
LINPUT "Port 1, Connect Short, then press Return",Input$
GPIB Programming
13-49
Programming Examples
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
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548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
13-50
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11B;"
! (Short Circuit Data Measured)
GOSUB Wait_for_meas
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11C;"
! (Uses Both LOWBAND and SLIDING)
LINPUT "Broadband OR Lowband, Slidiing Load Cal (ENTER B or S)?",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)="B" THEN
LINPUT "Port1, Connect Broadband Load, then press Return",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STANA;"
GOSUB Wait_for_meas
ELSE
LINPUT "Port 1, Connect Lowband Load, then press Return",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STANC;"
! (LOWBAND Load Data Measured)
GOSUB Wait_for_meas
!
LINPUT "Port 1, Connect Sliding Load, then press Return",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STANB;"
! (Select Sliding Load)
LINPUT "Move Element to First Index Mark, then press Return",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SLIS;"
! (Sliding Load Data Measured)
GOSUB Wait_for_meas
FOR Slide=2 TO 6
LINPUT "Move Element to Next Index Mark, then press Return",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SLIS;"
! (Sliding Load Data Measured)
GOSUB Wait_for_meas
NEXT Slide
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SLID;"
END IF
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DONE; SAV1; CALS4;"
! (Error coefficients computed and stored;
!
Cal Menu displayed with CORRECTION ON;
!
Corrected S11 trace displayed.)
PRINT "S11 1-Port Cal Complete and Saved in Cal Set 4"
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
!
PRINT "S21 Response Measurement Calibration."
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; S21; CAL";Kit$;"; CALIRESP;"
LINPUT "Connect Thru, then press Return",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STANC;"
! (Thru Data Measured)
GOSUB Wait_for_meas
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DONE; CALS5;"
! (Vector frequency response computed and stored;
!
Cal Menu displayed with CORRECTION ON;
!
Corrected S21 trace displayed.)
PRINT "Response Cal Complete and Saved in Cal Set 5"
!
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
!
PRINT "Corrected Measurement Device S11 and S21."
LINPUT "Connect Device Under Test, then press Return",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPLI; SING; AUTO; CHAN1; AUTO; CONT;"
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
!
GOSUB Example8_a
GOSUB Example8_b
!
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
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600
601
602
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604
605
606
607
608
609
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611
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620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
Wait_for_meas:
! Status Byte BIT 4 True when Standard Measured
REPEAT
Ser_poll=SPOLL(@Nwa)
WAIT .1
UNTIL BIT(Ser_poll,4)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES;"
RETURN
!
Example8_a:
! CAL ERROR COEFICIENTS ********************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 8_a, Calibration Error Coefficients"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES;"
Read_response:
!
PRINT "Read Cal Coefficient, Cal 5 (S21 Response Cal)"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S21; CORRON; CALS5; FORM3; OUTPCALC01;"
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
!
FOR N=0 TO 200
! Data can be modified here
Formatted_data(N,0)=Data(N,0)
Formatted_data(N,1)=Data(N,1)
NEXT N
!
PRINT "Write Processed Cal Coefficients."
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CORROFF; CAL1; CALIRESP; FORM3; INPUCALC01;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Formatted_data(*)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SAVC; CALS6; CONT;"
!
PRINT " Processed Cal saved in Cal Set 6."
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
!
Read_1_port:
!
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEBUOFF; HOLD; S11; CORRON; CALS4; OUTPERRO;"
ENTER @Nwa;Error_number
! clear message
!
PRINT "Read and Display Cal Coefficients, Cal 4 (S11 1-Port)"
PRINT " Display Directivity Coefficient."
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPCALC01;"
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPUDATA;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"AUTO; TITL""PORT 1 DIRECTIVITY"";"
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
!
PRINT " Display Source Match Coefficient."
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPCALC02;"
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPUDATA;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"AUTO; TITL""PORT 1 SOURCE MATCH"";"
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
!
PRINT " Display Relection Tracking Coefficient."
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPCALC03;"
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
GPIB Programming
13-51
Programming Examples
638
!
639
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPUDATA;"
640
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
641
OUTPUT @Nwa;"AUTO; TITL""PORT 1 REFLECTION TRACKING"";"
642
!
643
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
644
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CONT; DEBUON;"
645
RETURN
646
!
647 Example8_b:
! Modify Cal Set, Frequency Subset *********************
648
PRINT
649
PRINT "Example 8_b, Modify Cal Set, Frequency Subset"
650
!
651
PRINT "Define Frequency Subset of Cal 4 (S11 1-Port)"
652
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CORRON; CALS4;"
653
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FRES; SUBSCENT 12 GHz; SUBSSPAN 2 GHz; CRES; CALS7;"
654
!
655
PRINT " Subset Defined, Cal Set 7."
656
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
657
PRINT "Interactive Method to Define Frequency Subset."
658
!
659
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CORROFF; CORRON; CALS4; MENUCAL;"
660
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SOFT8; SOFT4; SOFT4;"
! freq subset menu
661
LOCAL @Nwa
662
LINPUT "Define Frequency Subset, then Press Return.",Input$
663
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CRES; CALS8;"
664
PRINT " Subset Defined, Cal Set 8."
665
RETURN
666
!
667 Example9:
! MODIFY CAL KIT (TYPICAL X-BAND WAVEGUIDE) *****************
668
PRINT
669
PRINT "Example 9, Modify Cal Kit (Typical X-Band Waveguide)"
670
!
671
OUTPUT @Nwa;"USERPRES; MENUCAL;"
672
PRINT "Saving Current Cal Kit 2 to Disc."
673
LINPUT "Insert Initialized Disc, then Return",Input$
674
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIINT; STOR; CALK2; FILE2;"
675
PRINT "Old Cal Kit 2 now on File2."
676
!
677
PRINT "Defining New Cal Kit 2."
678
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MODI2; DEFS 1; STDTSHOR;"
679
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OFFD 0.018652 ns; OFFL 0; OFFZ 1;"
680
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MINF 6.557 GHz; MAXF 999 GHz;"
681
OUTPUT @Nwa;"WAVE; LABS""XSHORT 1""; STDD;"
682
!
683
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEFS 2; STDTSHOR;"
684
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OFFD 0.055957 ns; OFFL 0; OFFZ 1;"
685
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MINF 6.557 GHz; MAXF 999 GHz;"
686
OUTPUT @Nwa;"WAVE; LABS""XSHORT 2""; STDD;"
687
!
688
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEFS 3; STDTLOAD;"
689
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OFFD 0; OFFL 0; OFFZ 1; MINF 6.557 GHz; MAXF 999 GHz;"
690
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FIXE; WAVE; LABS""XLOAD""; STDD;"
691
!
692
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEFS 11; STDTDELA;"
693
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OFFD 0; OFFL 0; OFFZ 1; MINF 6.557 GHz; MAXF 999 GHz;"
694
OUTPUT @Nwa;"WAVE; LABS""XTHRU""; STDD;"
13-52
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
695
!
696
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECS11A 1; CLAD; SPECS11B 2; CLAD; SPECS11C 3; CLAD;"
697
!
698
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES11A""1/8 SHORT"";"
699
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES11B""3/8 SHORT"";"
700
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES11C""STDXLD"";"
701
!
702
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECS22A 1; CLAD; SPECS22B 2; CLAD; SPECS22C 3; CLAD;"
703
!
704
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES22A""1/8 SHORT"";"
705
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES22B""3/8 SHORT"";"
706
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABES22C""STDXLD"";"
707
!
708
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECFWDT 11; CLAD; SPECREVT 11; CLAD;"
709
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECFWDM 11; CLAD; SPECREVM 11; CLAD;"
710
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SPECRESP 1, 2, 11; CLAD;"
711
!
712
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABEFWDT"" THRU ""; LABEREVT"" THRU "";"
713
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABEFWDM"" THRU ""; LABEREVM"" THRU "";"
714
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABERESP""RESPONSE"";"
715
!
716
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LABK"" X BAND "";"
717
OUTPUT @Nwa;"KITD;"
718
!
719
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; CALK2; FILE3; MENUCAL;"
720
PRINT "New Cal Kit now in File3."
721
!
722
LINPUT "Reload Old cal kit? (Y/N)",Input$
723
IF UPC$(Input$)="N" THEN RETURN
724
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LOAD; CALK2; FILE2; MENUCAL;"
725
PRINT "Prior Cal Kit 2 Reloaded."
726
!
727
RETURN
728
!
729 Example10:
! SIMS CALIBRATION *******************************
730
PRINT
731
PRINT "Example 10, Simulated Calibration"
732
!
733
PRINT "Measure Standards Data Used For Simulated Cal."
734
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; STEP; POIN51; AVERON 4; ENTO;"
735
!
736
LINPUT "Connect Short to Port 1, then Return",Input$
737
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SING; FORM3; OUTPDATA;"
738
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data1(*)
! std 1 data
739
!
740
LINPUT "Connect Open to Port 1, then Return",Input$
741
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SING; FORM3; OUTPRAW1;"
742
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data2(*)
! std 2 data
743
!
744
LINPUT "Connect Broadband Load to Port 1, then Return",Input$
745
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SING; FORM3; OUTPRAW1;"
746
ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data3(*)
! std 3 data
747
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CONT;"
748
!
749
! Begin SIMS S11 1-Port Calibration
750
!
751
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES; TRIG;"
! Set Up FOR SIMS;
752
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CAL1; CALIS111"
! Select Cal Type
GPIB Programming
13-53
Programming Examples
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
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791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
13-54
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11A;"
! Select Standard (short)
GOSUB Wait_for_trig
! Wait for Bit 2 then CLEAR 716
CLEAR @Nwa
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPURAW1;"
! Input simulated Standard data
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data1(*)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SIMS;"
! Input Complete
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11B;"
! Select Next Standard (open)
GOSUB Wait_for_trig
CLEAR @Nwa
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPURAW1;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data2(*)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SIMS;"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLASS11C; STANA;"
! Select Next Standard (broadband)
GOSUB Wait_for_trig
CLEAR @Nwa
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPURAW1;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data3(*)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SIMS;"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DONE;"
! Standard Class Complete
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SAV1; CALS3;"
! Cal Complete and Saved
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FRER;"
! Return to normal sweeping
!
PRINT "Simulated Cal Complete and Saved in Cal Set 3"
RETURN
!
Wait_for_trig:
! Bit 2, ready for trigger
REPEAT
Ser_poll=SPOLL(@Nwa)
UNTIL BIT(Ser_poll,2)
RETURN
!
Example11:
! USING DISC / READ CITIFILE ***********************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 11, Using Disc / Read CITIfile"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; POIN51; USER1; SING; DATI; S11; SPLI; SING;"
!
Disc:
!
LINPUT "Internal or External Disc? (I or E).",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)="E" THEN
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIEXT;"
! Use External Disc ******
LINPUT "Insert Disc in External Drive, then Return",Input$
ELSE
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIINT;"
! Use Internal Disc ******
LINPUT "Insert Disc in Internal Drive, then Return",Input$
END IF
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SAVE1;"
! save set-up in instrument state 1
!
Initdisc:
!
LINPUT "Initialize Disc? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN OUTPUT @Nwa;"INID;"
!
Storedisc:
!
PRINT "Store Data to Disc"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; INSS1; DISF ""IFILE1"";"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN1; STOR; DATARAW; DISF ""DFILE1"";"
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
811
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; STOR; DATARAW; DISF ""DFILE2"";"
812
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; MEMO1; DISF ""MFILE1"";"
813
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR; CALK1; DISF ""KFILE1"";"
814
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DIRE;"
815
LOCAL @Nwa
816
LINPUT "Directory Displayed, Press Return to Load Data",Input$
817
!
818 Loaddisc:
!
819
PRINT "Load Data From Disc"
820
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LOAD; INSS1; DISF ""IFILE1"";"
821
OUTPUT @Nwa;"RECA1;"
822
PRINT "HOLD Avoids Overwritting Data Loaded From Disc."
823
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
824
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN1; LOAD; DATARAW; DISF ""DFILE1"";"
825
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; LOAD; DATARAW; DISF ""DFILE2"";"
826
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; DISPDATA; CHAN1; DISPDATA;"
827
PRINT "Must Turn Both Channel's Memories Off Before Loading any Memory."
828
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LOAD; MEMO1; DISF ""MFILE1"";"
829
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DISPDATM;"
830
!
831
LINPUT "Print Contents of a CITIfile? (ENTER Y or N) External Drive Required on Controller Bus",!
832
IF UPC$(Input$)<>"Y" THEN RETURN
833
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DIRE;"
834
LINPUT "Output to Printer or Controller CRT? (ENTER P or C)",Out$
835
IF UPC$(Out$)="P" THEN
836
LINPUT "Is Printer on 8510 System Bus? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
837
IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN
838
PRINTER IS 717
839
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 01;"
840
ELSE
841
PRINTER IS 701
! Connected to Controller HP-IB
842
END IF
843
ELSE
844
PRINTER IS 1
! Print to Controller CRT
845
END IF
846
!
847
LINPUT "INSTALL DISC IN CONTROLLER DRIVE :,700,0 THEN RETURN.",Input$
848 Citiread:
!
849
LINPUT "NAME OF CITIfile to Read?",File_name$
850
ON ERROR GOSUB File_error
851
ASSIGN @Discfile TO UPC$(File_name$)&":,700,0"
852
ON END @Discfile GOTO End_of_file
853
PRINT "DISC FILE NAME=",File_name$
854
PRINT
855
I=0
856
LOOP
857
I=I+1
858
ENTER @Discfile;Current_line$
859
PRINT Current_line$
860
IF I MOD 16=0 AND UPC$(Out$)="C" THEN INPUT "Press Return to Continue",In$
861
END LOOP
862 End_of_file:
!
863
PRINT
864
PRINT "END OF FILE"
865
PRINTER IS 1
866
LINPUT "Print Another CITIfile? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
867
IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN GOTO Citiread
868
OFF ERROR
869
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ENTO;"
870
RETURN
GPIB Programming
13-55
Programming Examples
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
13-56
!
File_error:
!
IF ERRN=56 OR ERRN=53 OR ERRN=58 THEN
! file undefined or wrong type
IF ERRN=56 OR ERRN=53 THEN
PRINT "File ";File_name$;" Not Found. Check Directory On 8510 Display"
ELSE
! ERRN=58
PRINT "File TYPE Must Be ASC. Check Directory On 8510 Display."
END IF
BEEP 300,.1
LINPUT "NAME OF CITIfile to Read?",File_name$
ELSE
OFF ERROR
END IF
RETURN
!
Example12:
! PLOTS USING COPY *********************************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 12, Plots Using Copy"
PRINT "Requires Properly Addresed 8510C Plotter"
LINPUT "Skip This Example ? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)<>"N" THEN RETURN
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEBUOFF; PRES; POIN51; MARK1; FOUPSPLI; ENTO; OUTPERRO;"
ENTER @Nwa;Error_number
! clear message
LINPUT "Load Paper, then Return",Input$
PRINT "Press any 8510C key to ABORT Plot."
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SING; AUTO; S21; AUTO; S12; AUTO; S22; AUTO;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FULP; PLOTALL;"
!
INPUT "Wait until Plotter has finished Plotting, then Press Return",Input$
RETURN
!
Example13:
! TRACE LIST TO PRINTER ****************************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 13, List Trace Values to System Printer."
!
PRINT "Requires Properly Addressed 8510C Printer"
LINPUT "Skip This Example ? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN RETURN
!
PRINT "Printing 51 Point Trace, with Skip Factor of 7"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SINC; S21; LINP; POIN51; SING; AUTO;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LISSKIP 7; LIST;"
RETURN
!
Example14:
! PRINT TO PRINTER ON 8510 SYSTEM BUS ***
PRINT
PRINT "Example 14, Print / Plot To 8510C System Bus"
PRINT "Requires Printer and Plotter on HPIB System Bus"
LINPUT "Skip This Example ? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)<>"N" THEN RETURN
!
PRINT "Print Title via Pass-Thru."
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 01;"
PRINTER IS 717
! (Nwa_systbus)
PRINT
PRINT "MEASUREMENT NUMBER 1"
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
928
PRINT
929
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ENTO;"
930
PRINTER IS 1
931
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
932
!
933 Example14a:
! PLOT TO PLOTTER ON 8510 SYSTEM BUS *************
934
!
935
PRINT "Plot Label via Pass-Thru."
936
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 05;"
937
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"CS;PU;SP1;PA 2500,2500;PD;LB PASS-THRU^C;PU;SP0;"
938
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ENTO;"
939
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
940
RETURN
941
!
942 Example15:
! PLOT USER DISPLAY USING HP-GL SUBSET (8510C) *****
943
!
944
!
8510C:
X=0-5733
Y=0-4095
945
!
946 Plot_absolute:
!
947
PRINT
948
PRINT "Example 15, User Display."
949
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ADDRPASS 31;"
950
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PG; CS; DF;"
! User display on and clear
951
!
952
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP1; PA 0,0; PD;"
953
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 0,4095, 5733,4095, 5733,0, 0,0;"
954
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 2475,3950; PD; LBFULL SCREEN^C;"
955
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU;"
956
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
957
!
958
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP2; PA 180,384; PD;"
959
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 180,3585, 4660,3585, 4660,384, 180,384;"
960
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 2420,1980; PD;"
! Polar Center
961
GOSUB Draw_cross
962
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 2000,3300; PD; LBSINGLE CHANNEL^C;"
963
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU;"
964
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
965
!
966
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP3; PA 180,1180; PD;"
967
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 180,2780, 2420,2780, 2420,1180, 180,1180;"
968
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 1300,1980; PD;"
! Polar Center
969
GOSUB Draw_cross
970
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 250,1500; PD; LBDUAL, CHANNEL 1^C;"
971
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU;"
972
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
973
!
974
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP4; PA 2465,1180; PD;"
975
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 2465,2780, 4705,2780, 4705,1180, 2465,1180;"
976
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 3585,1980; PD;"
! Polar Center
977
GOSUB Draw_cross
978
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 2665,1500; PD; LBDUAL, CHANNEL 2^C;"
979
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU;"
980
LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
981
!
982
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP5; PA 180,210; PD;"
983
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 180,1760, 2335,1760, 2335,210, 180,210;"
984
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 1255,980; PD;"
! Polar Center
985
GOSUB Draw_cross
986
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP6; PU; PA 180,2260; PD;"
GPIB Programming
13-57
Programming Examples
987
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 180,3805, 2335,3805, 2335,2260, 180,2260;"
988
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 1255,3030; PD;"
! Polar Center
989
GOSUB Draw_cross
990
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP7; PU; PA 2510,2260; PD;"
991
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 2510,3805, 4665,3805, 4665,2260, 2510,2260;"
992
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 3590,3030; PD;"
! Polar Center
993
GOSUB Draw_cross
994
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP9; PU; PA 2510,210; PD;"
995
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 2510,1760, 4665,1760, 4665,210, 2510,210;"
996
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 3590,980; PD;"
! Polar Center
997
GOSUB Draw_cross
998
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP5; PU; PA 250,500; PD; LBFOUR PARAMETER^C;"
999
OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU;"
1000 LINPUT "Press Return",Input$
1001
!
1002 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"SP10; PA 4870,0; PD;"
1003 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PA 4870,4095, 5733,4095, 5733,0, 4870,0;"
1004 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU; PA 4930,2000; PD; LBMENU AREA^C;"
1005 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PU;"
1006
!
1007 LINPUT "Press Return For Measurement Display On",Input$
1008
!
1009 OUTPUT @Nwa;"SINC; MENUDOMA; ENTO;"
1010 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"RS;"
! measurement display on
1011
!
1012 LINPUT "Insert Initialized Disc in 8510C Drive: Press Return",Input$
1013 PRINT "Store User Display to Disc."
1014 OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIINT; STOR; USED; FILE1;"
1015
!
1016 LINPUT "Press Return For Measurement Display Off",Input$
1017 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"CS;"
! measurement display off
1018
!
1019 LINPUT "Erase User Display: Press Return",Input$
1020 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PG;"
1021
!
1022 LINPUT "Press Return For Measurement Display On",Input$
1023 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"RS;"
1024
!
1025 LINPUT "Load User Display from Disc: Press Return",Input$
1026 PRINT "Load User Display from Disc."
1027 OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIINT; LOAD; USED; FILE1;"
1028
!
1029 LINPUT "Next Example: Press Return",Input$
1030 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PG; RS;"
1031 RETURN
1032
!
1033 Draw_cross:
!
1034 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PR -200,0, 400,0, -200,0;"
1035 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PR 0,-200, 0,400, 0,-200;"
1036 RETURN
1037
!
1038 Example16:
! PLOT TO USER DISPLAY USING BASIC HP-GL **************
1039 PRINT
1040 PRINT "Example 16, Plot Using BASIC HP-GL"
1041
!
1042 OUTPUT @Nwa;"SINC; FULP; ADDRPASS 31;"
1043 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PG; CS;"
13-58
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
1044 PLOTTER IS 717,"HPGL"
1045 WINDOW 0,4095,0,4095
1046
!
1047
! HP-GL PLOTTING STATEMENTS
1048
!
1049 FRAME
1050 MOVE 100,100
1051 DRAW 3995,3995
1052 MOVE 3995,100
1053 DRAW 100,3995
1054 MOVE 1600,800
1055 LABEL "BASIC HP-GL"
1056
!
1057 LINPUT "Output Display To 8510C Plotter ? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
1058 IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN
1059
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FULP; PLOTALL;"
1060 END IF
1061
!
1062 OUTPUT @Nwa_systbus;"PG; RS;"
1063 RETURN
1064
!
1065 Example17:
! REDEFINE PARAMETER ******************************
1066 PRINT
1067 PRINT "Example 17, Redefine Parameter"
1068 !
1069 OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; POIN51; FOUPSPLI; DEBUOFF; ENTO;"
1070 OUTPUT @Nwa;"USER1; USER2; LOCKA2; DRIVPORT2; REDD;"
1071 OUTPUT @Nwa;"USER3; LOCKA2; DRIVPORT2; REDD; USER4;"
1072 OUTPUT @Nwa;"SAVE5;"
1073 PRINT "Redefined USER Parameters now Saved in INST STATE 5."
1074 !
1075 ! PRESET selects standard User parameter definition.
1076 ! RECALL 5 selects saved user parameter definitions.
1077 !
1078 RETURN
1079 !
1080 Example18: ! READ AND OUTPUT CAUTION/TELL MESSAGE *************
1081 PRINT
1082 PRINT "Example 18, Read and Output Caution/Tell Message"
1083 !
1084 LOOP
1085
LOCAL @Nwa
1086
LINPUT "Adjust 8510C & Press Return to Read Caution/Tell (E to Exit)",Input$
1087 EXIT IF UPC$(Input$)="E"
1088
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPERRO;"
1089
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Error_number,Input$
1090
PRINT Error_number,Input$
1091 END LOOP
1092 RETURN
1093
!
1094 Example19: ! READ AND OUTPUT STATUS BYTES *************
1095 PRINT
1096 PRINT "Example 19, Read and Output Status Bytes"
GPIB Programming
13-59
Programming Examples
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
13-60
LOOP
OUTPUT @Nwa;"cles;"
LOCAL @Nwa
LINPUT "Adjust 8510C & Press Return to Read Status (E to Exit)",Input$
EXIT IF UPC$(Input$)="E"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPSTAT;"
! output and clear status
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Bytea,Byteb
PRINT "Primary =";Bytea,"Extended =";Byteb
END LOOP
RETURN
!
Example20:
! OUTPUT KEY CODE **************************************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 20, Output Key Code"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEBUON; CLES; SRQM 128,2;" ! set mask for key press
ON INTR 7 GOSUB Key_code
ENABLE INTR 7;2
GOSUB Blank_keys
ON KEY 5 LABEL " NEXT EXAMPLE" GOTO Exit_example20
DISP "PRESS 8510 Front Panel Key. (f5 to EXIT.)"
GOTO Wait_loop
!
Exit_example20: !
DISABLE INTR 7
GOSUB Keys_off
PRINT ""
RETURN
!
Key_code:
!
Ser_poll=SPOLL(@Nwa)
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPKEY;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;A
PRINT A;
ENABLE INTR 7
RETURN
!
Example21: ! TRIG Mode, TRIGGERED DATA ACQUISITION ********************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 21, TRIG Mode, Triggered Data Acquisition"
!
DISP "Initializing System"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES;"
Start_21: !
LINPUT "Press Return to start Triggered sweep.",Input$
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES; SRQM 4,0;" ! ready for trigger bit
OUTPUT @Nwa;"POIN; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Points
! number of points in sweep
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ENTO;"
ON INTR 7 GOTO Next_point
ENABLE INTR 7;2
Trig=0
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STEP; TRIG;"
! triggered step sweep mode
GOTO Wait_loop
!
Next_point:
!
Ser_poll=SPOLL(716)
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
1155 IF Trig=Points THEN GOTO End_of_sweep
1156 TRIGGER 716
! measure a point
1157 Trig=Trig+1
1158 DISP "Trigger =";Trig
1159 ENABLE INTR 7
1160 GOTO Wait_loop
1161 !
1162 End_of_sweep: !
1163 OFF INTR 7
1164 PRINT "End Of Sweep,";Trig;" points measured"
1165 LINPUT "Another Sweep? (ENTER Y or N)",Input$
1166 IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN GOTO Start_21
1167 DISABLE INTR 7
1168 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FRER;"
1169 OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES; SRQM 0,0"
1170 RETURN
1171 !
1172 Example22: ! WAIT Required ************************************
1173 PRINT
1174 PRINT "Example 22, WAIT Required for display updates."
1175
!
1176 GOSUB Blank_keys
1177 ON KEY 5 LABEL " NEXT EXAMPLE" GOTO Exit_example22
1178
!
1179 OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEBUOFF; FOUPOVER; STEP; POIN101; SING;"
1180 OUTPUT @Nwa;"S11; LINP; DATI; DISPMATH; PHAO 0;"
1181 OUTPUT @Nwa;"S21; LINP; DATI; DISPMATH; PHAO 90;"
1182 OUTPUT @Nwa;"S12; LINP; DATI; DISPMATH; PHAO 180;"
1183 OUTPUT @Nwa;"S22; LINP; DATI; DISPMATH; PHAO 270;"
1184 OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPERRO;"
1185 ENTER @Nwa;Error_number
! clear message
1186
!
1187 T=0
! initial tint increment value
1188 M=2.5E-11
! electrical delay increment
1189
!
1190 Eled:
!
1191 FOR N=0 TO 1 STEP M
1192
FOR P=1 TO 4
1193
SELECT P
! Choose Parameter
1194
CASE 1
1195
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S11; COLRS11D;"
1196
T1=T+0
1197
CASE 2
1198
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S21; COLRS21D;"
1199
T1=T+25
1200
CASE 3
1201
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S12; COLRS12D;"
1202
T1=T+50
1203
CASE 4
1204
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S22; COLRS22D;"
1205
T1=T+75
1206
END SELECT
1207
IF T1>100 THEN T1=T1-100
1208
OUTPUT @Nwa;"TINT";INT(T1);";"
! Change Color
1209
OUTPUT @Nwa;"ELED";P*N;"s;" ! Increment Delay
1210
!
1211
OUTPUT @Nwa;"WAIT; ENTO;" ! This WAIT insures that the 8510C updates
1212
! the display before executing more commands
1213
!
GPIB Programming
13-61
Programming Examples
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
13-62
T=T+.25 ! tint value increment
IF T>100 THEN T=0
NEXT P
NEXT N
GOTO Eled
!
Exit_example22:
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DEFC;"
! Default Colors
GOSUB Keys_off
RETURN
!
Example23:
! WAIT Not Required (holdoff included in OUTPxxxx) **********
PRINT
PRINT "Example 23, Wait Not Required (OUTPUxxxx holds off further execution)"
!
GOSUB Blank_keys
ON KEY 5 LABEL " NEXT EXAMPLE" GOTO Exit_example23
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"USERPRES; LOGM; SING; AUTO; STAR; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa;Freq1
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOP; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa;Freq2
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1"
LOOP
FOR N=Freq1 TO Freq2 STEP (Freq2-Freq1)/50
OUTPUT @Nwa;N;";"
! move marker to new frequency
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa;Freq
! read current marker frequency
OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPMARK;"
ENTER @Nwa;Mag,Phase
DISP "Marker is ";Mag,Phase;" @ ";Freq;"Ghz"
NEXT N
END LOOP
!
Exit_example23:
!
GOSUB Keys_off
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CONT;"
RETURN
!
Example24:
! FREQUENCY LIST ****************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 24, Frequency List"
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"S21;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"EDITLIST; CLEL;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SADD; STAR 2 GHz; STOP 4 GHz; STPSIZE 100 MHz; SDON;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SADD; STAR 4 GHz; STOP 8 GHz; STPSIZE 200 MHz; SDON;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SADD; STAR 8 GHz; STOP 16 GHz; STPSIZE 400 MHz; SDON;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"DUPD; EDITDONE;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LISFREQ; SING; AUTO; CONT; SAVE7;"
!
PRINT "Frequency List set-up Complete and Saved in Instrument State 7."
LINPUT "Press Return to Read Frequency List and Data.",Input$
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"POIN; OUTPACTI;"
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Points
REDIM Freq_list(Points-1),Data(Points-1,1)
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
1272 !
1273 PRINT "Read Frequency List and Data from 8510C."
1274 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPFREL;"
1275 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size_list,Freq_list(*)
1276 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPDATA;"
1277 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
1278 !
1279 PRINT "Selected Unformatted Data from";Points;" Point Frequency List"
1280 FOR I=0 TO Points-1 STEP INT(Points/2)
1281
PRINT "Point";I+1;" is ";Data(I,0);Data(I,1);" @ ";Freq_list(I)
1282 NEXT I
1283 !
1284 LOOP
1285
INPUT "Enter Segment to Sweep (1-3) (0 to Exit).",Segment
1286 EXIT IF Segment=0
1287
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CONT; SSEG";Segment;";"
1288
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SEG?;"
1289
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Input$
1290
OUTPUT @Nwa;"SEGM; OUTPACTI;"
1291
ENTER @Nwa_data1;Segment
1292
PRINT "Sweeping ";Input$;Segment
1293 END LOOP
1294 !
1295 REDIM Data(200,1)
1296 RETURN
1297
!
1298 Example25:
! Learn String **********************
1299 PRINT
1300 PRINT "Example 25, Learn String"
1301
!
1302 DISP "Initializing System"
1303 OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES;"
1304 LOCAL @Nwa
1305 LINPUT "Set State to Save then Press Return.",Input$
1306 OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPLEAS;"
! Always FORM1
1307 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size
1308 PRINT "Learn String Length=";Size;"Bytes"
1309 REDIM Learn_string(1:Size/2)
! Size Depends Upon Firmware Version
1310 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Learn_string(*)
1311 OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES;"
1312 !
1313 LINPUT "Press Return to Recall Previous Instrument State.",Input$
1314 OUTPUT @Nwa;"INPULEAS;"
1315 OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Learn_string(*)
1316 RETURN
1317 !
1318 Example26:
! Input Floating Point or ASCII Data ********************
1319 PRINT
1320 PRINT "Example 26, Input Floating Point or ASCII Data"
1321 !
1322 GOSUB Blank_keys
1323 ON KEY 5 LABEL " NEXT EXAMPLE" GOSUB Finish
1324 !
1325 OUTPUT @Nwa;"HOLD; POIN201; SINC; S11; LINP; ENTO;"
1326 !
1327 OUTPUT 716;"FORM3; OUTPDATA;" ! Get Preamble and Size for Form 3 Input
1328 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size
1329 OUTPUT @Nwa;"ENTO;"
GPIB Programming
13-63
Programming Examples
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
13-64
!
DEG
Again26: !
Finish=0
Offset=0
!
LINPUT "ASCII OR FLOATING POINT? (Enter A or F)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)="A" THEN
PRINT "Input ASCII (FORM4;) Data"
GOTO Input_ascii
ELSE
PRINT "Input Floating Point (FORM3;) Data"
END IF
!
Input_fp:
! Input Floating Point
IF Finish=1 THEN GOTO Exit_example26
GOSUB Compute_trace
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; INPUDATA;"
OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
GOTO Input_fp
!
Input_ascii:
! Input ASCII
IF Finish=1 THEN GOTO Exit_example26
GOSUB Compute_trace
!
OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM4; INPUDATA;";
OUTPUT @Nwa_data1;Data_ascii$(*)
!
GOTO Input_ascii
!
Finish:
!
Must Finish ASCII Trace Before Exit
Finish=1
RETURN
!
Exit_example26:
!
LINPUT "Repeat Example? (Enter Y or N)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)="Y" THEN GOTO Again26
GOSUB Keys_off
RETURN
!
Compute_trace:
!
Offset=Offset-10
FOR I=0 TO 200
Data(I,0)=SIN(2*I+Offset)
Data(I,1)=COS(2*I)
NEXT I
FOR I=0 TO 200
Data_ascii$(I,0)=VAL$(Data(I,0))
Data_ascii$(I,1)=VAL$(Data(I,1))
NEXT I
RETURN
!
Example27:
! DELAY TABLE OPERATIONS *****************************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 27, Delay Table Operations"
!
DISP "Initializing System"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; LINP; SING; AUTO; DATI; DISPMATH; MARK1;"
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
1389 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPDATA;" ! current trace data is used for delay tbl.
1390 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
! Get Data for Example
1391
!
1392 LINPUT "Press Return to Input Delay Table",Input$
1393 PRINT "Input Delay Table Data"
1394 OUTPUT @Nwa;"HOLD; FORM3; INPUDELA;"
1395 OUTPUT @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
1396 !
1397 LINPUT "Press Return to Turn On Table Delay",Input$
1398 OUTPUT @Nwa;"TABD;"
1399 !
1400 LINPUT "Press Return to Turn Off Table Delay",Input$
1401 OUTPUT @Nwa;"COAD;"
! Or "WAVD;"
1402 !
1403 LINPUT "Press Return to Output Table Delay",Input$
1404 PRINT "Output Delay Table Data"
1405 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FORM3; OUTPDELA;"
1406 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Preamble,Size,Data(*)
1407 !
1408 LINPUT "Press Return to Store Delay Table to Disc",Input$
1409 PRINT "Store and Load Delay Table to Disc"
1410 OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIINT; STOR; DELT; DISF""DELT"";"
1411 !
1412 LINPUT "Press Return to Load Delay Table form Disc",Input$
1413 OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOIINT; LOAD; DELT; DISF""DELT"";"
1414 RETURN
1415 !
1416 Example28:
! FASTCW Data Acquisition ************************
1417 PRINT
1418 PRINT "Example 28, FASTCW Data Acquisition"
1419 !
1420 PRINT "Pulse Generator or External Trigger Source Required"
1421 LINPUT "Skip This Example? (Y or N)",Input$
1422 IF UPC$(Input$)<>"N" THEN GOTO Exit_example28
1423 LINPUT "Connect Pulse Gen or an external trigger source to 8510 EXT TRIGGER IN.",Input$
1424 !
1425 OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; CONT; SINP;"
1426 OUTPUT @Nwa;"CENT 10 GHz;"
! measurement frequency
1427 Again28: !
1428 GOSUB Blank_keys
1429 ON KEY 5 LABEL " NEXT EXAMPLE" GOSUB Exit_example28
1430 OUTPUT @Nwa;"FASC;"
1431 REPEAT
! WAIT UNTIL 8510 IS READY TO TAKE DATA.
1432
WAIT .001
1433 UNTIL BIT(SPOLL(@Nwa),2)
1434 !
1435 LINPUT "START PULSE GEN. OR EXTERNAL TRIGGER SOURCE THEN PRESS RETURN",Input$
1436 TRIGGER @Nwa
! ISSUE A SINGLE HPIB TRIGGER TO BEGIN FAST MODE.
1437 DISP "Collecting data, please wait..."
1438 !
1439 REDIM Form1_data(1:100,2) ! THE SIZE OF THIS ARRAY DETERMINES THE NUMBER
1440
! OF POINTS MEASURED
1441 ENTER @Nwa_data2;Form1_data(*)! GET THE DATA, Continues when array is full
1442 !
1443 Data_collected:
! COLLECT DATA IN FORM 1 FORMAT.
1444 OUTPUT @Nwa;"SINP;"
! EXIT FROM FAST DATA MODE.
1445 OUTPUT @Nwa;"OUTPERRO;" ! CHECK ERROR STATUS.
1446 ENTER @Nwa_data1;Error_number,Input$
GPIB Programming
13-65
Programming Examples
1447 PRINT "8530A ERROR STATUS: ";Error_number,Input$
1448 PRINT SIZE(Form1_data,1);"Points Data Collected"
1449 !
1450 LINPUT "Press Return to Convert Data",Input$
1451 !
1452 ! This table is used to convert the exponent value from form1 data
1453 REAL Exp_tbl(0:255)
1454 Exp_tbl(0)=2^(-15) ! BUILD EXPONENT TABLE FOR DATA CONVERSION
1455 FOR I=0 TO 126
1456
Exp_tbl(I+1)=Exp_tbl(I)+Exp_tbl(I)
1457 NEXT I
1458 Exp_tbl(128)=2^(-143)
1459 FOR I=128 TO 254
1460
Exp_tbl(I+1)=Exp_tbl(I)+Exp_tbl(I)
1461 NEXT I
1462 !
1463 FOR N=1 TO SIZE(Form1_data,1) ! CONVERT THE DATA.
1464
Exponent=Exp_tbl(BINAND(Form1_data(N,2),255))
1465
Real=Form1_data(N,1)*Exponent
1466
Imag=Form1_data(N,0)*Exponent
1467
Lin_mag=20*LGT(SQRT(Real^2+Imag^2))
1468
IF N/20=INT(N/20) THEN PRINT "Point";N;") ";Lin_mag
1469 NEXT N
1470 !
1471 Exit_example28:
!
1472 GOSUB Keys_off
1473 LINPUT "Repeat Example? (Enter Y or N)",Input$
1474 IF UPC$(Input$)<>"Y" THEN
1475
RETURN
1476 ELSE
1477
GOTO Again28
1478 END IF
1479 !
1480 Example29:
! Test Port Power Flatness Cal *********************
1481 PRINT
1482 PRINT "Example 29, Test Port Power Flatness Cal"
1483 PRINT "8360 Series Source and Power Meter On System Bus Required"
1484 INPUT "Skip this example? (Enter Y or N)",Input$
1485 IF UPC$(Input$)<>"N" THEN RETURN
1486 !
1487 DISP "Initializing System"
1488 OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; POWE 0; POIN51; STAR 2GHZ; STOP 20GHZ; ENTO;"
1489 PRINT "Frequency Range, Number of Points and Leveled Power Set"
1490 INPUT "Zero Power Meter and Connect to Port 1 (Press Return)",Input$
1491 !
1492 OUTPUT @Nwa;"CLES; CALF;"
! Bit 4 Set When Complete
1493 DISP "Flatness Calibration in Progress ..."
1494 REPEAT
1495
WAIT .5
1496
Ser_poll=SPOLL(@Nwa)
1497 UNTIL BIT(Ser_poll,4)
! flatness cal complete
1498 !
1499 OUTPUT @Nwa;"POWE -15; FLATON;" ! set test port power
1500 PRINT "Flatness On, Source 1 Power is now power at Port 1"
1501 !
1502 OUTPUT @Nwa;"USER1; STEP; SING; DATI; MAGO -15;"
1503 OUTPUT @Nwa;" DISPMATH; MARK1; SCAL 5; CONT;"
1504 OUTPUT @Nwa;"DWET .5; POWE;"
! dwell slows sweep for power meter
13-66
GPIB Programming
Programming Examples
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
PRINT "Change Source Power while Observing Trace AND Power Meter."
LOCAL @Nwa
RETURN
!
Example30:
! Receiver Power Cal *********************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 30, Receiver Power Cal"
PRINT "A Valid 2-20 Ghz Test Port Power Flatness Cal (Example 29)"
PRINT "And 8510C Firmware >= Rev.C.07.00 Required."
INPUT "Skip this example? (Enter Y or N)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)<>"N" THEN RETURN
DISP "Initializing System"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"PRES; POIN101; STEP; STAR 2GHZ; STOP 20GHZ; MARK1; POWE -5; USER1;"
INPUT "Connect Thru between Port 1 and Port 2 for Receiver Cal (Press Return)",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CALRCVR; RCVO; RCVI; SAVR; CALS2;"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CHAN2; USER2; SPLI; MENUSTIM; SOFT1; SOFT8"
LOCAL @Nwa
PRINT "Calibrated DUT Input and Output Power now displayed (dbm)."
INPUT "Turn Flatness On if leveled test port power is desired (Press Return)",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"MARK1"
LOCAL @Nwa
INPUT "Set Marker to desired Frequency of Measurement for Power Domain (Press Return)",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"POWD;"
LOCAL @Nwa
PRINT "Power Domain - Stimulus Start, Stop keys set Power"
PRINT "Next Pt Higher / Lower keys select next Calibrated Frequency of Measurement"
RETURN
!
Example31:
! Cal Sets LOAD and STORE Operations *****************
PRINT
PRINT "Example 31, Cal Set LOAD & STORE"
PRINT "8510C Firmware >= Rev.C.07.00 Required."
PRINT "Requires any valid calibration in CAL SET 1 and a disk in the internal drive"
INPUT "Skip this example? (Enter Y or N)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)<>"N" THEN RETURN
DISP "Initializing System"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"CORROFF"
OUTPUT @Nwa;"STOR;CALS1;DISF;""ABC"""
PRINT "'FILE ""CS_ABS"" STORED TO DISC' now displayed on 8510."
INPUT "To continue with LOAD operation; (Press Return)",Input$
OUTPUT @Nwa;"LOAD;CALS1;DISF;""ABC"""
PRINT "'FILE ""CS_ABS"" LOADED FROM DISC' now displayed on 8510."
RETURN
! ****************
! End of Examples. The following subroutines are used by the examples:
! ****************
!
Run_mode:
!
INPUT "Run ALL Examples or a SINGLE Example? (Enter A or S)",Input$
IF UPC$(Input$)="A" THEN
RETURN
ELSE
Choice:
!
INPUT "Enter the number of the example you wish to run. (1 to 31 or 0 to Quit)",Input$
IF Input$="0" THEN
LOCAL @Nwa
STOP
END IF
GPIB Programming
13-67
Programming Examples
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
68
IF Input$="1" THEN GOSUB Example1
IF Input$="2" THEN GOSUB Example2
IF Input$="3" THEN GOSUB Example3
IF Input$="4" THEN GOSUB Example4
IF Input$="5" THEN GOSUB Example5
IF Input$="6" THEN GOSUB Example6
IF Input$="7" THEN GOSUB Example7
IF Input$="8" THEN GOSUB Example8
IF Input$="9" THEN GOSUB Example9
IF Input$="10" THEN GOSUB Example10
IF Input$="11" THEN GOSUB Example11
IF Input$="12" THEN GOSUB Example12
IF Input$="13" THEN GOSUB Example13
IF Input$="14" THEN GOSUB Example14
IF Input$="15" THEN GOSUB Example15
IF Input$="16" THEN GOSUB Example16
IF Input$="17" THEN GOSUB Example17
IF Input$="18" THEN GOSUB Example18
IF Input$="19" THEN GOSUB Example19
IF Input$="20" THEN GOSUB Example20
IF Input$="21" THEN GOSUB Example21
IF Input$="22" THEN GOSUB Example22
IF Input$="23" THEN GOSUB Example23
IF Input$="24" THEN GOSUB Example24
IF Input$="25" THEN GOSUB Example25
IF Input$="26" THEN GOSUB Example26
IF Input$="27" THEN GOSUB Example27
IF Input$="28" THEN GOSUB Example28
IF Input$="29" THEN GOSUB Example29
IF Input$="30" THEN GOSUB Example30
IF Input$="31" THEN GOSUB Example31
GOTO Choice
END IF
STOP
!
Wait_loop:WAIT .01
GOTO Wait_loop
! ********
Blank_keys:
! erases all the softkeys
FOR I=1 TO 8
ON KEY I LABEL "" GOSUB Do_nothing
NEXT I
RETURN
! ********
Do_nothing:
!
WAIT .01
RETURN
! ******
Keys_off:
!
FOR I=1 TO 8
OFF KEY I
NEXT I
RETURN
! ******
No_analyzer: !
DISP " *** 8510 Not Responding ***
Check HPIB.
BEEP 200,.2
END
GPIB Programming
Program Terminated."
4
Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
Operator's Check
The following system operation checks conrm that the system is functional and ready for
performance verication or operation or both. These simple checks are optional and primarily
serve to establish condence in the integrity of the system.
Agilent 8510 Self-Test
Press the analyzer front panel TEST activator to run the self-test sequence. Observe the
LCD/CRT for the following sequence:
TESTING
LOADING OPERATING SYSTEM
SYSTEM INITIALIZATION IN PROGRESS
(ashes quickly)
SYSTEM INITIALIZATION IN PROGRESS
RECALLING INSTRUMENT STATE
The Instrument State recalled is exactly the same as a factory preset with the addition of
resetting the display colors to their default values.
The LCD/CRT should show a trace similar to the gure below.
Figure 14-1. Typical Preset State Display
Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
1
Programming Examples
S-Parameter Test Set Check
1. Press 4S125 (PARAMETER area) to further conrm that the system is ready for
performance verication or operation. The trace should drop to the bottom graticule of the
display.
2. Press 4AUTO5 (RESPONSE area). The trace should reappear near the center of the display,
probably with a change in scale.
3. Connect an RF cable to ports 1 and 2 of the test set. The trace should rise toward the top
of the display.
4. Press 4AUTO5 again. The trace should reappear near the center of the display, probably with
another change in scale.
This concludes the basic system tests. To thoroughly check the performance of the system,
refer to the \Performance Verication" procedures. To operate the system, refer to the
operating manual.
In Case of Difficulty
Incorrect operation can be indicated by:
Error messages or error codes on the analyzer LCD/CRT.
Abnormal system response or operation.
The most likely causes of problems for newly installed systems are poor cable connections or
System Bus address errors.
Switch o the line power to all instruments and carefully recheck all cable connections and
GPIB addresses, refer to the Installation section of the On-Site Service Manual . Then
power-up the system instruments again in the correct sequence.
If the problem still exists, refer to the troubleshooting chapter of the On-Site Service Manual
or contact your local Agilent customer engineer.
2
Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
Programming Examples
Routine Maintenance
Routine Maintenance consists of ve tasks that should be performed at least every six months.
If the system is used daily on a production line or in a harsh environment, the tasks should be
performed more often. The tasks are:
Maintain proper air ow.
Inspect and clean connectors.
Clean the glass lter and CRT (for CRT only).
Degauss the display (for CRT only)
Clean the LCD (for LCD only).
Inspect the error terms.
The original 8510C Display/Processor incorporated a cathode ray tube (CRT).
Note
The current design incorporates a liquid crystal display.
Maintain Proper Air Flow
It is necessary to maintain constant air ow in and around your analyzer system. If the
message, CAUTION: Test Set is Too Hot! is displayed, immediately inspect for items (a piece
of paper for example) on the test set fan. Items on top of the test set or around the system
may also impede the air ow. The test set will not shut down if it becomes too hot! If the
Agilent 85101 or 85102 overheat, the system will shut down until the temperature drops to the
operating range.
Additionally, it is recommended that the source fan lter (if any) be inspected once a week
and cleaned as necessary.
Inspect and Clean Connectors
For accurate and repeatable measurement results, it is essential that connectors on calibration
and verication devices, test ports, cables and other devices be cleaned and gaged regularly.
It is also necessary that standard devices are handled and stored properly, and that all
connectors are regularly inspected for signs of damage. This not only ensures the best
performance from the connectors, but also extends their life. Refer to the calibration kit
operating and service manuals and the Microwave Connector Care Manual shipped with the
calibration kits, for a detailed description of microwave connector care techniques. These
manuals also describe proper techniques for making connections.
Visually inspect the test port connectors. They should be clean and the center pin centered.
If so, gage the microwave connectors (gages are supplied in Agilent calibration kits). Conrm
that the recession is correct. Refer to the \Specications" section in the test set manual for
connector specications.
Also inspect, clean, and gage the connectors of the calibration and verication kit devices.
Refer to the kit manuals for center pin recession specications.
Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
3
Programming Examples
Cleaning the Test Set Rear-Panel Extensions
Over a period of time, the test set rear extensions can aect the performance of the analyzer
system unless they, and the corresponding bulkhead connectors they are connected to, are
kept clean. Use a foam swab and alcohol to clean the rear extensions and the bulkhead
connectors. Be careful not to damage the center conductors of the bulkhead connectors.
Notice that these bulkhead connectors provide a direct path to the samplers. The appropriate
static precautions, as outlined in the test set manual, should be used to prevent damage to the
static-sensitive samplers.
Cleaning the Glass Filter and CRT
A gasket between the CRT and glass lter limits air dust inltration between them.
Therefore, cleaning the outer surface of the glass lter is usually sucient. Use a soft cloth
and, if necessary, a cleaning solution recommended for optical coated surfaces: part number
8500-2163 is one such solution.
If, after cleaning the outer surface of the glass lter, the CRT appears dark or dirty or
unfocused, clean the inner surface of the lter and the CRT.
1. Remove the softkeys cover (a plastic cover through which the front panel softkeys
protrude): carefully insert a thin, at screwdriver blade (or your ngernail) between the
upper left corner of the softkeys cover and the glass lter. See Figure 14-2. Be extremely
careful not to scratch or break the glass. Carefully pull the cover forward and o.
2. Remove the two screws that are now uncovered.
Figure 14-2. Removing the Glass Filter
3. Remove the display bezel assembly by pulling out the end that is now free. Pivot the bezel
around its left edge until it is released.
4. Clean the CRT surface and the inner glass lter surface gently, as in step 1.
5. Allow the surfaces to dry and then reassemble the instrument.
4
Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
Programming Examples
Cleaning the LCD
Use a soft cloth and, if necessary, a cleaning solution recommended for optical coated surfaces.
Agilent part number 8500-2163 is one such solution.
Deguass (Demagnetize) the Display (CRT Only)
If the display becomes magnetized, or if color purity is a problem, cycle the power several
times. Leave the instrument o for at least 15 seconds before turning it on. This activates
the automatic degaussing circuit in the analyzer display. If this is insucient to achieve color
purity, a commercially available demagnetizer must be used (either a CRT demagnetizer or a
bulk tape eraser can be used). Follow the manufacturer's instructions keeping in mind the
following: it is imperative that at rst it be placed no closer than 4 inches (10 cm) from the
face of the CRT while demagnetizing the display. If this distance is too far to completely
demagnetize the CRT, try again at a slightly closer distance until the CRT is demagnetized.
Generally, degaussing is accomplished with a slow rotary motion of the degausser, moving it in
a circle of increasing radius while simultaneously moving away from the CRT.
Applying an excessively strong magnetic eld to the CRT face can destroy the
Caution
CRT.
Like most displays, the CRT can be sensitive to large magnetic elds generated from
unshielded motors. In countries that use 50 Hz, some 10 Hz jitter may be observed. If this
problem is observed, remove the device causing the magnetic eld. Figure Figure 14-3 shows
the motion for degaussing the display.
Figure 14-3. Motion for Degaussing the Display
Inspect the Error Terms
Error terms (E-terms or calibration coecients) are an indication of the condition of the
instrument, its calibration kits, and cables. When tracked over a period of time, error
terms can signal and identify system component and performance degradation. Error
term comparisons are best made with data generated periodically by the same system and
calibration kit (the kit normally used with the analyzer). For this reason, generating error
terms at the time of installation and at regular intervals thereafter is recommended.
A log book can be a helpful to store the error term plots. Error term plots are generated by
performing the verication procedure.
Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
5
Programming Examples
Refer to the Measurement Calibration chapter for information on how to perform a full 2-port
or TRL 2-port calibration. To inspect the error terms or compare them to typical values, refer
to \Error Terms" in the 8510C On-Site Service Manual .
6
Operator's Check and Routine Maintenance
Index
1
1-Port calibration, performing, 8-19
1-port calibration, S11, program example, 13-22
3
35741/42 external monitor, 4-9
7
7550B or 7550 Plus plotters, how to make them
function properly, 6-23
8
8510
description of, 3-3
how it makes measurements, 3-4
system description, 1-1
8511 test set, 3-10
A
a1, 3-4
a2, 3-4
accessories, 3-11
extension lines, 3-11
source output to test set input signal cable,
3-11
test port return cables, 3-11
accuracy
and connection quality, 2-4
accuracy errors
caused by worn or unstable cables and
connectors, 3-11
accuracy, power, and dynamic range
considerations, 4-57
acquisition cycle of data, 4-68
active function output, program example, 13-19
adapters, 3-13
addresses, assignment of, 5-8
address menu, 1-16
adjust colors, 4-6
admittance display format, 4-25
admittance measurement, 10-5
air ow, 14-3
always coupled, denition of, 1-9
always uncoupled, denition of, 1-9
annotations, 1-6
annotations, adding to the screen, 6-3
aperture, 9-11
and phase slope, 9-12
and smoothing, 9-12
versus resolution and noise, 9-12
applying connector compensation, 8-37
array, corrected data, 13-6
array, formatted data, 13-7
array, raw data, 13-6
ASCII data format (CITIle), 7-2
attenuator, changing attenuation setting, 4-59
attenuator port 1 and 2, 4-59
attenuator, test set, 4-59
audio annunciator (beeper), 5-5
auto feed on/o, 6-23
AUTO FEED ON/OFF softkey, 6-23
automatic display reference feature, 2-6
automatic display scale feature, 2-6
automatic recall of instrument settings, 3-15
averaging, 4-50
averaging, recommended values, 4-51
B
b1 , 3-4
b2 , 3-4
background intensity, 4-6
4BACKSPACE5 key, 1-8
balancing the reference and test signal paths,
3-11
beeper, 5-5
binary data format, 7-2
blocked air ow, 14-3
C
cable
for external monitor, 4-9
cal coecients, inspection of, 14-5
calibration, 8-1
coupling or uncoupling channels, 8-3
doing a measurement cal, 8-5
main menu structure, 8-4
measurement correction data creation, 8-2
measuring in time domain, time lowpass
frequencies, 8-6
performing a 1-Port calibration, 8-19
performing a Full 2-Port calibration, 8-22
Index-1
performing a Response and Isolation
calibration, 8-18
performing a TRL 2-Port calibration, 8-24
performing Frequency Response calibrations,
8-16
principles and care of calibration standards,
8-27
reection/transmission test set calibration,
8-25
requirements, 8-2
saving/storing and register capacity, 8-14
settings that should not be changed, 8-2
transmission frequency (S21 ) response
calibration, 2-8
turning on an existing calibration, 8-4
tutorial, 2-7
types applicable to reection measurements,
10-1
types applicable to transmission measurements,
9-3
types of calibrations and their uses, 8-6
using averaging, 8-3
using connector compensation, 8-37
using required standards, 8-9
using RESUME CAL SEQUENCE , 8-5
verifying your calibration, 8-29
calibration coecient data arrays, 13-7
calibration, IF, 5-5
calibration kit (cal kit), 2-7
calibration kits, 3-13
calibration standards, principles and care of,
8-27
CAL KITS softkey, 7-4
CAL SET 1-8 softkey, 7-4
CAL SET ALL softkey, 7-4
cal type change, 8-36
Cartesian display formats, 4-25
caution message
test set too hot, 14-3
caution/tell messages, reading and outputting,
program example, 13-32
central processing unit and memory description,
3-5
change cal type, 8-36
change ca; set, 8-32
channel 1 and 2 data processing, 13-5
channel coupling, 1-9
channel coupling, stimulus settings, 4-66
channel selection, 1-9
chirp-Z transform, 3-5
CITIle data format, 7-2
cleaning connectors, 14-3
cleaning the CRT, 14-4
cleaning the LCD, 14-5
clock adjust, 1-13, 5-6
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Index-2
codes, GPIB programming, 13-2
color, 4-6
color of plotter pens, selecting, 6-23
color printing, 6-13
COLOR softkey, 6-13
compatible instruments and peripherals, 1-1
conguring a printer
laser printer, 6-6
connecting the 8510C to a computer, 13-4
connector care and use, proper, 3-13
connector compensation, cal set modications,
8-36
connector pairs for compensation, 8-36
connector savers, 3-13
connectors, care of, 2-4
connectors, maintenance of, 14-3
connector torque, 3-13
CONSTANT FREQUENCY softkey, 5-13
contacting Agilent , v
controlling LO sources, 5-11
controlling multiple sources, 5-11
conventions, typeface, vii
copolar and crosspolar measurements, problems
with (IF overload error), 5-20
corrected data array, 13-6
corrected measurement data arrays, 13-5
correcting entry errors, 4-56
correction, IF, 5-5
coupling stimulus settings between channels,
4-66
crosspolar and copolar measurements, problems
with (IF overload error), 5-20
CRT, cleaning of, 14-4
CRT colors, 4-6
CRT, demagnetizing of, 14-5
CRT intensity, 4-5
CRT OFF softkey, 5-7
custom test set, 3-10
custom test sets, using, 4-41
cycle of data acquisition, 4-68
D
D1191A cable for external monitors, 4-9
data acquisition cycle, 4-68
data array, corrected, 13-6
data array, formatted, 13-7
data array, raw, 13-6
data arrays, 3-5
data le formats, 7-2
DATA RAW softkey, 7-5
DATA softkey, 7-5
data transfer formats (Form 1 through 5), 13-8
date/time clock, adjust, 1-13, 5-6
DATE/TIME FUNCTIONS softkey, 5-6
date/time plot, 6-22
date/time printout, 6-4
DEFAULT PEN NUMBERS softkey, 6-24
DEFAULT softkey, 5-13
DEFINE PLOT softkey, 6-23
DEFINE PRINT softkey, 6-6, 6-10, 6-12, 6-14
DEFINE RECEIVER softkey, 5-15
DEFINE SOURCE 1 softkey, 5-15
DEFINE SOURCE 2 softkey, 5-13
degauss CRT, 14-5
delay display format, 4-25
delay, electrical, 4-53
delay table data array, 13-7
delay table, program example, 13-36
DELAY TABLE softkey, 7-5
deleting disk les, 7-8
delta marker modes, program example, 13-21
delta markers, 4-33
demagnetize the display, 14-5
DeskJet family printers, using, 6-10
Deviation from Linear Phase, 3-2
deviation from linear phase measurement, 9-12
diculties in operation, 14-2
digital signal processing, 3-5
directory, viewing disk les, 7-7
discs, compatible types, 7-1
discs, formatting, 7-3
discs, initializing, 7-3
disk drive (external) unit and volume number,
7-9
disk drive operation, 7-1
disk drive, using an external drive, 7-8
disk les
deleting, 7-8
directory function, 7-7
loading, 7-6
storing, 7-4
un-deleting, 7-8
disk storage capacity, 7-1
disk storage, program example, 13-25
disk store and load, program examples, 13-37
disk utilities
initializing a hard disc, 7-9
display
change colors, 4-6
marker lists, 4-31
display features, 1-3
display format, changing, 2-6
display functions, 4-1
display messages, 1-5
display modes, 4-2
display modes, program example, 13-22
display scale and reference, automatic, 2-6
display scale and reference, changing, 2-6
display titles, 1-5
DOS and LIF disk formats, 7-3
DOS disk format, changing to, 7-3
dual channel displays, 4-3
dual channel mode, 4-67
duplicate frequency list points, eliminating, 4-71
dwell time, 4-64
dynamic range considerations, 4-46
dynamic range, power, and accuracy
considerations, 4-57
E
EDIT MULT. SRC. softkey, 5-11
EIA standard RS-330, 4-9
electrical delay, 4-53
auto, 4-54
automatically balancing test and reference
inputs, 4-54
coaxial mode, 4-54
entering delay values over GPIB, 4-54
purpose of, 4-54
setting velocity factor, 4-54
waveguide mode, 4-54
Electrical Delay and Electrical Length, 3-2
enhancement labels (symbols and annotations),
1-6
entry block, description, 1-7
error messages
IF OVERLOAD, 5-20
errors, correcting entry errors, 4-56
error terms, inspection of, 14-5
estimating test port signal level, 4-57
extension cables, test port, 3-11
extension lines
description of, 3-11
using with reection/transmission test sets,
3-13
using with S-parameter test sets, 3-13
external disk drive, using, 7-8
EXTERNAL DISPLAY connector, 4-9
external trigger, 4-68
external video , 4-9
F
factory preset
denition of, 1-15
how to do, 1-13
fast CW, program examples, 13-36
fault location measurement using time band
pass, 11-5
les
deleting, 7-8
directory function, 7-7
un-deleting, 7-8
atness calibration in receiver cal, 12-4
atness correction, 4-60
Index-3
ow of air, 14-3
FORM 1 data conversion, program example,
13-22
Form 1 data transfer format, 13-8
Form 2 data transfer format, 13-8
FORM 3 and FORM 4, program example, 13-35
Form 3 data transfer format, 13-8
Form 4 data transfer format, 13-8
Form 5 data transfer format, 13-8
FORMAT
selecting display format, 2-6
format functions, 4-25{28
FORMAT, keys, 1-11
formatted data array, 13-7
formatted measurement data arrays, 13-5
FORMATTED softkey, 7-5
formatting discs, 7-3
formatting (initializing) a hard disc., 7-9
FORM FEED softkey, 6-23
Fourier Transform, 3-2
four parameter displays, 4-5
frequency domain example measurement
sequence, 2-3
frequency domain measurements, 2-9
frequency list
deleting duplicate measurements, 4-71
frequency list, program example, 13-34
frequency list, save and recall, 4-71
frequency lists, creating and editing, 4-69
frequency list sweep mode, 4-63
FREQUENCY OFF softkey, 5-7
frequency parameters, setting of, 4-56
Frequency Response calibration, performing,
8-16
frequency zoom, 8-32
Full 2-Port calibration performing, 8-22
G
G/n5 key, 1-8
GPIB addresses, 5-8
GPIB address menu, 1-16
GPIB address settings, 13-4
GPIB interface (system bus), selecting for printer
or plotter, 6-2
GPIB interface, use with printers and plotters,
6-2
GPIB programming, 13-1
active function output, 13-19
caution/tell messages, reading and outputting,
13-32
codes, 13-2
debugging, 13-17
delta marker modes, 13-21
disk storage, 13-25
disk store and load, 13-37
4
Index-4
display modes, 13-22
dynamic array allocation, 13-10
example programs, 13-18
fast CW modes, 13-36
FORM1 data conversion, 13-22
FORM 3 and FORM 4, 13-35
format of data output to the computer, 13-16
frequency list, 13-34
GPIB triggered data acquisition, 13-34
HP-GL graphics, 13-29
key code output, 13-34
learn string, 13-35
listener-only commands, 13-39
list of executable examples, 13-40
marker data output, 13-20
mnemonics, 13-2
numeric entries and units terminators, 13-3
order of commands, 13-2
outputting the current active function value,
13-16
outputting the current system state, 13-16
pass-through mode, 13-27
pass-through to
system bus instruments/peripherals,
13-27
plotting, 13-26
printing, 13-26
printing tabular data, 13-27
printing your own messages on the display,
13-26
reading marker values in dual channel modes,
13-21
receiver power cal, 13-36
redene parameters, 13-32
S11 1-port and S21 response calibrations,
13-22
status bytes, 13-32
syntax information, 13-18
table delay, 13-36
test port power atness calibration, 13-36
timing considerations, 13-3
trace data output and input, 13-22
transferring trace data to network analyzer
memory, 13-14
universal commands, 13-39
user display graphics, 13-29
user graphics, 13-29
using =MARKER, 13-21
wait not required, 13-34
wait required, 13-34
GPIB triggered data acquisition, program
example, 13-34
GPIB USES FACTORY PRESET softkey, 5-9
GPIB USES USR PRESET softkey, 5-9
graphics (user) plotting, program example, 13-29
Group Delay, 3-2
group delay aperture, 9-11
and phase slope, 9-12
and smoothing, 9-12
versus resolution and noise, 9-12
group delay, measuring, 9-10
intensity, CRT, 4-5
intensity, LCD, 4-5
internal trigger, 4-68
introduction to basic network measurements,
3-1
inverted Smith chart display format, 4-25
H
K
hard disc, initializing, 7-9
hardware state dened, 3-17
HARDWARE STATE softkey, 7-5
harsh environments and maintenance, 14-3
hierarchical memory of instrument settings, 3-15
HP 7550B or 7550 Plus plotters, how to make
them function properly, 6-23
HP DeskJet 500C or 550C Printer, trouble when
attempting to print, 6-10
HP DeskJet family printers, using, 6-10
HP-GL graphics, plotting, program example,
13-29
HP PaintJet, and PaintJet XL printers, using,
6-11
HP PaintJet, and PaintJet XL printer switch
settings, 6-11
HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus printer switch
settings, 6-11
HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus, using, 6-11
I
IF calibration, 5-5
IF calibration (correction) controls, 5-5
IF correction, 5-5
IF CORRECTION softkey, 5-5
IF Gain, 5-20
IF Gain controls, automatic and manual, 5-20
IF GAIN softkey, 5-20
IF OVERLOAD, error message, 5-20
imaginary display format, 4-25
Impedance, 3-2
impedance measurement, 10-5
initializing a hard disc, 7-9
initializing discs, 7-3
input channels, 3-4
insertion loss and phase angle, measuring, 2-10
Insertion Loss or Gain, 3-2
insertion loss or gain, measuring, 9-6
insertion phase, measuring, 9-8
installation, printer, 6-4
instrument factory preset conditions, 3-16
instruments, compatible, 1-1
instrument settings, automatic recall of, 3-15
instrument state, limited, 4-49
instrument states, saving and recalling, 1-15
INST STATE 1-8 softkey, 7-4
INST STATE ALL softkey, 7-4
key code output, program example, 13-34
4k/m5 key, 1-8
L
landscape printer mode, 6-17
landscape printing orientation, 6-16, 6-17
laser printer conguration, 6-6
laser printers, using, 6-6
LCD, cleaning of, 14-5
LCD intensity, 4-5
learn string (using), program example, 13-35
learn sweep, dened, 4-62
LEFT LOWER softkey, 6-27
LEFT UPPER softkey, 6-27
leveling power, 5-9
LIF and DOS disk formats, 7-3
LIF disk format, changing to, 7-3
limited instrument state, 1-14, 4-49
limited instrument state memory, 3-15
limit points, 4-11
limits, 4-11
linear magnitude display format, 4-25
lines of limits, 4-11
LIST ALL PARAMETERS softkey, 6-18
listing, programming examples, 13-40
LIST ONE PARAMETER softkey, 6-18
LIST PARAMETERS softkey, 6-20
list skip factor, 6-19
LIST SKIP FACTOR softkey, 6-19
lists, markers display of, 4-31
LIST TRACE VALUES softkey, 6-18
loading disk les, 7-6
loading instrument data from disk, 7-1
loading the network analyzer operating system
from disc, 5-19
4LOCAL5 key, 1-16
LOCAL menu, 5-8
lock and roll, 3-6
lock speed, 5-4
LOCK SPEED FAST softkey, 5-4
LOCK SPEED NORMAL softkey, 5-4
lock type, 5-3
LOCK TYPE EXTERNAL softkey, 5-3
LOCK TYPE INTERNAL softkey, 5-3
LOCK TYPE NONE softkey, 5-3
log magnitude display format, 4-25
Index-5
LO source conguration, 5-11
M
MACHINE DUMP softkey, 7-5
magnitude oset, 4-55
magnitude slope, 4-55
maintenance of the analyzer system, 14-3
making connections properly, 2-4
marker data output, program example, 13-20
marker functions, 4-29{37
marker list plots, 6-22
marker list prints, 6-4
marker lists, 4-31
markers
continuous, 4-31
delta markers, 4-33, 4-36
discrete, 4-31
making a marker the active marker, 4-29
marker to maximum, 4-34
marker to minimum, 4-34
marker to target, 4-34
moving the marker continuously or by discrete
measurement points, 4-31
search modes, 4-34
search right and left, 4-35
setting the reference to the value at the active
marker, 1-8
setting the sweep with markers, 4-57
units, 4-30
using, 4-29
markers, removing all markers from the display,
4-30
math co-processor, 3-5
maximum value, nding, 9-7
may be uncoupled, denition of, 1-9
measurement display custom titles, 1-5
measurement inputs, selecting, 2-6
measurement 4RESTART5, 1-12
measurement sequence, tutorial, 2-1
measurement signal processing, 3-5
measuring 3 dB frequencies, 9-6
measuring admittance, 10-5
measuring deviation from linear phase, 9-12
measuring group delay, 9-10
measuring impedance, 10-5
measuring insertion loss and gain, 9-6
measuring insertion phase, 9-8
measuring maximum and minimum values, 9-7
measuring reection S-parameters, 10-4
measuring return loss, 10-3
measuring SWR, 10-3
measuring transmission S-parameters, 9-9
MEMORY 1-8 softkey, 7-4
MEMORY ALL softkey, 7-4
memory data array, 13-7
Index-6
memory description, 3-5
memory of instrument settings, automatic, 3-15
memory, previous settings, 1-14
menu keys (in each functional group), description
of, 1-10
menus, plotting of, 6-22
menus, printing of, 6-4
message areas, 1-3
Microwave Design System, 7-2
minimum value, nding, 9-7
4M/5 key, 1-8
mnemonics, GPIB programming, 13-2
modify cal sets, 8-32
modify display colors, 4-7
monitors, external video, 4-9
multiple source menu, 5-11
multiple source mode, 5-11
multiple sources, controlling, 5-11
MULTIPLIER DENOM. softkey, 5-13
MULTIPLIER NUMER. softkey, 5-13
MULT. SRC ON / SAVE softkey, 5-13
N
network analyzer principles of operation, 3-1
network analyzer system description, 1-1
network measurements, introduction to, 3-1
noise reduction techniques, 4-50
non-HP printers, using, 6-15
normal step mode, 5-3
number of groups, purpose of, 4-66
number of points and frequency resolution, 4-61
number of points, selecting, 4-61
numeric keys, description, 1-7
O
OFFSET FREQUENCY softkey, 5-13
OPERATING PARAMETERS softkey, 6-20
operating system, loading from disc, 5-19
operating system, storing to disc, 5-19
operation diculties, 14-2
overheating, 14-3
overlay displays
dual channel, 4-3
four parameter, 4-5
P
PaintJet, and PaintJet XL printers, using, 6-11
PaintJet, and PaintJet XL printer switch settings,
6-11
parameter
four parameters display of, 4-5
single display of, 4-2
PARAMETER
selecting, 2-6
parameter functions, 4-38{47
PARAMETER, keys, 1-11
parameter, redening, 4-41
parameters, redening, program example, 13-32
parameters, user, 4-40
pass-through mode, program example, 13-27
Peek/Poke, 5-23
pen color, selecting, 6-23
periodic maintenance, 14-3
peripherals, compatible, 1-1
phase display format, 4-25
phaselock controls, 5-3
phase oset, 4-54
PLOT ALL FOUR PARAMETERS softkey,
6-26
PLOT ALL softkey, 6-26
plot buer, 6-3
PLOT DATA softkey, 6-26
PLOT GRATICULE softkey, 6-26
PLOT MARKERS(S) softkey, 6-26
PLOT MEMORY softkey, 6-26
plot menus, 6-22
PLOT PARAMETERS softkey, 6-20
plotter interfaces, supported, 6-2
plotter pen color, selecting, 6-23
plotters, using the HP 7550B or 7550 Plus
properly, 6-23
PLOT TEXT softkey, 6-26
plotting, 6-25
plotting a 1/4 size snapshot in a selected page
quadrant, 6-26
plotting categories, 2-11
plotting four snapshots per page, 6-26
plotting individual display components, 6-26
plotting options, 6-23
plotting, program example, 13-26
plotting the entire display, 6-26
plotting user graphics, program example, 13-29
PLOT TITLE softkey, 6-26
PLOT TO PLOTTER softkey, 6-26
PLOT TYPE COLOR softkey, 6-23
PLOT TYPE MONOCHROME softkey, 6-23
points of limits, 4-11
Poke, 5-23
polar display formats, 4-25
portrait printer mode, 6-17
portrait printing orientation, 6-16, 6-17
power, accuracy, and dynamic range
considerations, 4-57
power, compensating for power loss at high
frequencies with power slope, 4-59
power domain, 12-1
completing a receiver cal, 12-4
atness calibration procedure, 12-4
function description, 12-1
measurement units and parameter labels, 12-6
receiver calibration, 12-2
using the menu keys, 12-3
power leveling, 5-9
power on sequence, 2-2
power, setting, 4-57
power slope, using, 4-59
precautions when changing addresses of System
Bus Instruments, 5-8
precautions when changing RF or LO sources
on the System Bus, 5-8
PRES command, 5-9
preset
factory, denition of, 1-15
factory how to do, 1-13
presetting the 8510, 2-5, 3-16
principles of operation, network analyzer, 3-1
print buer, 6-3
printer conguration
HP DeskJet, DeskJet Plus, or DeskJet 500 or
550 Series printers, 6-10
HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL printers, 6-11
HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus printers, 6-11
HP ThinkJet printer, 6-13
laser printer, 6-6
laser printers, 6-6
non-HP printers, 6-15
printer installation, 6-4
printer interfaces, supported, 6-2
PRINTER RESOLUTION of Analyzer, 6-12
PRINTER RESOLUTION softkey, 6-6, 6-10,
6-14
printing
landscape, 6-16, 6-17
portrait, 6-16, 6-17
printing in color, 6-13
printing instrument settings and system
conguration, 6-20
printing one snapshot per page, 6-17
printing tabular measurement data, 6-18
printing two snapshots per page, 6-17
PRINT LANDSCAPE softkey, 6-16, 6-17
PRINT PORTRAIT softkey, 6-16, 6-17
print resolution setting
for HP DeskJet family printers, 6-10
for HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL Printers,
6-12
for HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus Printers,
6-12
for HP ThinkJet printer, 6-14
for laser printers, 6-6
problems in operation, 14-2
programming codes, 13-2
programming example listing, 13-40
programming examples
Index-7
active function output, 13-19
caution/tell messages, reading and outputting,
13-32
delta marker modes, 13-21
disk storage, 13-25
disk store and load, 13-37
display modes, 13-22
fast CW modes, 13-36
FORM1 data conversion, 13-22
FORM 3 and FORM 4, 13-35
frequency list, 13-34
GPIB triggered data acquisition, 13-34
HP-GL graphics, 13-29
key code output, 13-34
marker data output, 13-20
pass-through mode, 13-27
plotting, 13-26
printing tabular data, 13-27
receiver power cal, 13-36
redene parameters, 13-32
S11 1-port and S21 response calibrations,
13-22
status bytes, 13-32
syntax information, 13-18
table delay, 13-36
test port power atness calibration, 13-36
trace data output and input, 13-22
user graphics, 13-29
using =MARKER, 13-21
using the learn string, 13-35
wait not required, 13-34
wait required, 13-34
programming mnemonics, 13-2
programming over GPIB, 13-1
Q
query system state, 13-16
quick step mode, 5-4
QuietJet and QuietJet Plus printer switch
settings, 6-11
QuietJet and QuietJet Plus, using, 6-11
R
ramp sweep, denition of, 3-4
ramp sweep, description of, 3-6
ramp sweep mode, 4-62
ramp sweep, sampling during, 3-4
ratio measurements, description of, 3-4
raw data, 13-6
raw data array, 13-6
raw measurement data arrays, 13-5
real display format, 4-25
real-time annotations and plots, 6-22
real-time annotations and printouts, 6-4
recalling instrument states, 1-15
Index-8
receiver power cal, program examples, 13-36
redene parameter, 3-10, 4-41
redene parameters, program example, 13-32
Reection Coecient, 3-2
reection measurement examples, 10-1
reection measurements
description of, 3-1
types of measurement results, 3-2
reection/transmission test set, 3-8
reection/transmission test set calibration, 8-25
reloading the network analyzer operating system
from disc, 5-19
repeatability and connection quality, 2-4
RESET IF CORRECTION softkey, 5-5
resolution setting
for HP DeskJet family printers, 6-10
for HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL Printers,
6-12
for HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus Printers,
6-12
for HP ThinkJet printer, 6-14
for laser printers, 6-6
RESPONSE
changing display scale and reference, 2-6
Response and Isolation calibration, performing,
8-18
response calibration, S21, program example,
13-22
response functions, 4-48{55
RESPONSE, keys, 1-11
restart, measurement, 1-12
RESTORE DISPLAY softkey, 6-20
return cables, test port, 3-11
Return Loss, 3-2
return loss and phase angle, measuring, 2-9
return loss measurement, 10-3
RF power, accuracy, and dynamic range
considerations, 4-57
RF sources, 3-6
RF source, setting power, 4-57
RIGHT LOWER softkey, 6-27
RIGHT UPPER softkey, 6-27
RS-232 interface, use with printers and plotters,
6-2
RS-232 PORT #1 softkey, 6-4, 6-22
RS-232 PORT #2 softkey, 6-4, 6-22
S
S11 , 3-8, 3-9
S11 and S21 calibrations, program example,
13-22
S11 key, 4-38
S12 , 3-8, 3-9
S12 key, 4-38
S21 , 3-8, 3-9
S21 key, 4-38
S22 , 3-8, 3-9
S22 key, 4-38
sampling details, 3-4
save and recall feature, added benet over
the automatic settings memory (limited
instrument state), 3-15
Saving instrument data to disk, 7-1
saving instrument states, 1-15
screen annotations, adding to the screen, 6-3
search modes, markers, 4-34
security features, 5-7
select quadrant, 6-23
SELECT QUADRANT softkey, 6-27
selftest, 14-1
self-test and initialization, 2-3
serial interface, 6-2
serial interface, selecting for printer or plotter,
6-2
service functions, 5-18
SERVICE FUNCTIONS softkey, 5-18
service test menu, 5-18
SET DAY softkey, 5-6
SET MONTH softkey, 5-6
SET PEN NUMBERS softkey, 6-23, 6-23
settings, automatic memory of measurement
settings, 1-14
settings, automatic recall of, 3-15
setting test port signal level, 4-57
setting the time and date, 5-6
SET YEAR softkey, 5-6
signal levels at test ports, estimating, 4-57
signal levels at test ports, setting, 4-57
signal processing, 3-5
single channel displays, 4-2
single point sweep mode, 4-62
skip factor, 6-19
Smith chart display format, 4-25
smoothing, 4-50, 4-52
snapshot, plotting, 6-26
snapshot, printing, 6-17
softkey menu general description, 1-6
softkey menus, general description and
explanation of special markings, 1-10
SOFTWARE REVISION softkey, 5-23
SOURCE 1 EXT. LEVEL softkey, 5-9
SOURCE 1 INTERNAL softkey, 5-9
SOURCE 1 MM MODULE softkey, 5-9
source, setting power, 4-57
S-parameters, denitions and conventions, 4-38
S-parameters, measuring reection, 10-4
S-parameters, measuring transmission, 9-9
S-parameter test set, 3-9
speed comparison, step and frequency list versus
ramp mode, 4-63
split displays
dual channel, 4-3
four parameters, 4-5
SRQ, 13-16
Standing Wave Ratio (SWR), 3-2
start frequency, setting, 2-5
static discharge, consequences of, 2-4
status bytes, program example, 13-32
step attenuator, changing attenuation setting,
4-59
step attenuator, test set, 4-59
step sweep, denition of, 3-4
step sweep mode, 4-62
step sweep mode, description of, 3-7
step sweep, sampling during, 3-4
step type, 5-3
STEP TYPE NORMAL softkey, 5-3
STEP TYPE QUICK softkey, 5-3
step (up and down) keys, description, 1-7
STIMULUS
coupling settings between channel 1 and 2,
4-66
examples of use, 2-5
settings than can be uncoupled between
channels, 4-67
settings than cannot be uncoupled between
channels, 4-66
uncoupling settings between channel 1 and 2,
4-66
stimulus functions, 4-56{59
STIMULUS, keys, 1-11
stimulus power, setting, 4-57
stop frequency, setting, 2-5
storing disk les, 7-4
storing the network analyzer operating system
to disc, 5-19
storing to disc
cal kit denitions, 7-4
cal sets (calibration data), 7-4
hardware state (conguration settings), 7-4
instrument state registers (measurement
settings), 7-4
machine dump (all registers and states), 7-4
measurement data (raw, corrected or
formatted), 7-4
memory registers, 7-4
sweep frequency, 4-56
sweep modes
frequency list, 4-63
ramp, 4-62
single point, 4-62
step, 4-62
sweep time
Index-9
changing, 2-5, 4-64
default settings with dierent number of
points, 4-64
determining optimum, 4-64
measurement distortion caused by, 4-64
switch settings
HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL, 6-11
HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus, 6-11
HP ThinkJet Printer, 6-13
SWR display format, 4-25
SWR measurement, 10-3
symbols and annotations (enhancement labels),
1-6
synchronization with external monitors, 4-9
syntax information, program example, 13-18
SYS/OPER PARAMETERS softkey, 6-20
system bus, 2-1
system bus address menu, 1-16
SYSTEM BUS `LOCAL' softkey, 5-19
SYSTEM BUS `REMOTE' softkey, 5-19
system bus, selecting for printer or plotter, 6-2
system description, network analyzer, 1-1
system functions, 5-2
4SYSTEM5 key, 5-2
system menu, 5-2
system messages, 1-5
SYSTEM PARAMETERS softkey, 6-20
system state query, 13-16
system status information, getting over GPIB,
13-16
T
table delay data array, 13-7
table delay, program example, 13-36
tabular data, printing, program example, 13-27
terminator keys, description of, 1-8
TEST button, 2-3
test menu, 5-18
TEST MENU softkey, 5-18
test port power atness cal, program examples,
13-36
test port return cables, 3-11
test port signal level, estimating, 4-57
test port signal level, setting, 4-57
TEST, recessed button, 14-1
test set check, 14-2
test sets, 3-7
8511, 3-10
custom, 3-10
reection/transmission, 3-8
S-parameter, 3-9
test sets, custom, using, 4-41
test set too hot message, 14-3
ThinkJet printer conguration, 6-13
ThinkJet printer switch settings, 6-13
Index-10
ThinkJet printer, using, 6-13
time/date, setting, 5-6
time domain
advanced concepts, 11-14
advantages of step sweep mode over ramp
sweep mode, 11-23
band pass mode, description, 11-3
basic principles of operation, 11-1
fault location measurements, 11-5
gating, 11-19
low pass mode, description, 11-3
masking, 11-14
measurement considerations, 11-22
range, 11-17
range resolution, 11-19
reection measurements using time band pass,
11-4
response resolution, 11-18
source considerations, 11-23
test set considerations, 11-23
transmission measurements using time band
pass, 11-6
windowing, 11-15
time domain band pass mode, description, 11-3
time domain low pass mode
analyzing reections, 11-9
avoiding noise, 11-9
description, 11-8
interpreting reection horizontal axis, 11-10
interpreting reection vertical axis, 11-10
reection measurements, 11-9
setting frequency range, 11-8
trace bounce, 11-12
time domain measurements
introduction to, 2-13
time domain reectometry, simulating, 11-3
title
creating, 1-13, 5-5
deleting, 1-13, 5-6
title area, denition of, 1-5
trace data output and input, program example,
13-22
Transmission Coecient, 3-2
transmission measurement examples, 9-1
transmission measurements
description of, 3-1
types of measurement results, 3-2
transmission/reection test set calibration, 8-25
trigger delay, 4-68
trigger modes, 4-68
trim sweep, adjusting, 8-29
TRL 2-Port calibration, performing, 8-24
typeface conventions, vii
U
uncoupling stimulus settings between channels,
4-66
un-deleting disk les, 7-8
unit number, for external disk drive, 7-9
units keys, description of, 1-8
USER DISPLAY softkey, 7-5
user atness correction, 4-60
user graphics, plotting, program example, 13-29
user parameters, 4-40
USER PRESET5
4
denition of, 1-15
using a plotter, 6-22
using =MARKER, program example, 13-21
using receiver calibration, 12-2
V
verication kits, 3-14
verifying your calibration, 8-29
video monitors, 4-9
volume number, for external disk drive, 7-9
W
wait not required, program example, 13-34
wait required, program example, 13-34
X
x1 key, 1-8
4 5
Z
zoom, frequency subset, 8-32
Index-11
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