Datasheet | Crown IQ-PIP-AP Technical information

Model: Macro-Tech 5002VZ

Some models may be exported under the name Amcron.

®

©2000 by Crown International, Inc., P.O. Box 1000, Elkhart, IN 46515-1000 U.S.A. Telephone: 219-294-

8000. Fax: 219-294-8329. Macro-Tech amplifiers are produced by the Professional Audio Unit of Crown

International, Inc. Trademark Notice: PIP, ™ SmartAmp ™ and Grounded Bridge ™ are trademarks and

Amcron, ® Crown, ® Macro-Tech, ® IOC, ® ODEP ® , IQ System ® and P.I.P.

® are registered trademarks of Crown

International, Inc. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Approved for

THX Theatre

Systems

128313-2

8/00

3

YEAR

THREE YEAR

FULL WARRANTY

3

YEAR

WORLDWIDE

SUMMARY OF WARRANTY

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 West

Mishawaka Road, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you, the

ORIGINAL PURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of each

NEW Crown 1 product, for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase by the original purchaser (the “warranty period”) that the new

Crown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship, and we further warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason for failure, except as excluded in this Crown Warranty.

1 Note: If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for the name “Crown” in this warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTY

This Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product which occurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any product which has been damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident, negligence, or loss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts.

This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial number has been defaced, altered, or removed.

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DO

We will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except as excluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refund unless you agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, and repair is not practical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, then you must make the defective or malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liens or other encumbrances. The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price, not including interest, insurance, closing costs, and other finance charges less a reasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase. Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers. We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the service center within a reasonable time after receipt of the defective product at our authorized service center.

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE

You must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety

(90) days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must be shipped in a factory pack. Corrective action will be taken within a reasonable time of the date of receipt of the defective product by our authorized service center. If the repairs made by our authorized service center are not satisfactory, notify our authorized service center immediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGES

YOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTAL

DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWN

PRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT

OR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT.

WARRANTY ALTERATIONS

No person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this Crown

Warranty. This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time which you are deprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs and replacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty.

DESIGN CHANGES

We reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to time without notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes in products previously manufactured.

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASER

No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later than ninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERS

CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

9/90

Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301

NORTH AMERICA

SUMMARY OF WARRANTY

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 West Mishawaka

Road, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you, the ORIGINAL

PURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of each NEW Crown product, for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase by the original purchaser

(the “warranty period”) that the new Crown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship. We further warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason for failure, except as excluded in this Warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTY

This Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product which occurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any product which has been damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident, negligence, or loss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts. This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial number has been defaced, altered, or removed.

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DO

We will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except as excluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refund unless you agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, and repair is not practical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, then you must make the defective or malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liens or other encumbrances. The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price, not including interest, insurance, closing costs, and other finance charges less a reasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase.

Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers or at the factory. We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the service center or our factory within a reasonable time after receipt of the defective product at our authorized service center or our factory. All expenses in remedying the defect, including surface shipping costs in the United States, will be borne by us. (You must bear the expense of shipping the product between any foreign country and the port of entry in the United States and all taxes, duties, and other customs fees for such foreign shipments.)

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICE

You must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must be shipped in a factory pack, which, if needed, may be obtained from us free of charge.

Corrective action will be taken within a reasonable time of the date of receipt of the defective product by us or our authorized service center. If the repairs made by us or our authorized service center are not satisfactory, notify us or our authorized service center immediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGES

YOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTAL

DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWN

PRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT OR

PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT. SOME STATES DO

NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL OR

CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR

EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

WARRANTY ALTERATIONS

No person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this Crown Warranty.

This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time which you are deprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs and replacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty.

DESIGN CHANGES

We reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to time without notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes in products previously manufactured.

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASER

THIS CROWN WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, YOU

MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.

No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later than ninety

(90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERS

CONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301 9/90

Macro-Tech 5002VZ Power Amplifier

Important Safety Instructions

1) Read these instructions.

2) Keep these instructions.

3) Heed all warnings.

4) Follow all instructions.

5) Do not use this apparatus near water.

6) Clean only with a dry cloth.

7) Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

8) Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other apparatus that produce heat.

9) Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding-type plug. A polarized plug has two blades with one wider than the other. A groundingtype plug has two blades and a third grounding prong. The wide blade or the third prong is provided for your safety. If the provided plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician for replacement of the obsolete outlet.

10) Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched, particularly at plugs, convenience receptacles, and the point where they exit from the apparatus.

11) Only use attachments/accessories specified by the manufacturer.

12) Use only with a cart, stand, bracket, or table specified by the manufacturer, or sold with the apparatus.

When a cart is used, use caution when moving the cart/apparatus combination to avoid injury from tipover.

13) Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for long periods of time.

14) Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel. Servicing is required when the apparatus has been damaged in any way, such as power-supply cord or plug is damaged, liquid has been spilled or objects have fallen into the apparatus, the apparatus has been exposed to rain or moisture, does not operate normally, or has been dropped.

15) To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, do not expose this apparatus to rain or moisture.

Reference Manual Page 3

The information furnished in this manual does not include all of the details of design, production, or variations of the equipment. Nor does it cover every possible situation which may arise during installation, operation or maintenance. If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for the name “Crown” in this manual. If you need special assistance beyond the scope of this manual, please contact our Technical Support Group.

Crown Audio Technical Support Group

Plant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, Indiana 46517 U.S.A.

Phone: 800-342-6939 (North America, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) or 219-294-8200

Fax: 219-294-8301 Internet: http://www.crownaudio.com

The lightning bolt triangle is used to alert the user to the risk of electric shock.

DANGER:

This amplifier can produce lethal levels of output power! Be very careful when making connections. Do not attempt to change the output wiring unless AC power has been removed from the amplifier for at least 10 seconds.

The exclamation point triangle is used to alert the user to important operating or maintenance instructions.

WARNING:

This unit is capable of producing very high sound pressure levels. Continuous exposure to high sound pressure levels can cause permanent hearing impairment or loss. Caution is advised and ear protection recommended when playing at high volumes.

C A U T I O N

RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

DO NOT OPEN

TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DO

NOT REMOVE TOP OR BOTTOM

COVERS. NO USER SERVICEABLE

PARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO

QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.

DISCONNECT POWER CORD BE-

FORE REMOVING REAR INPUT

MODULE TO ACCESS GAIN SWITCH.

A V I S

RISQUE DE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE

N’OUVREZ PAS

À PRÉVENIR LE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE

N’ENLEVEZ PAS LES COUVERCLES. IL

N’Y A PAS DES PARTIES

SERVICEABLE À L’INTÉRIEUR. TOUS

REPARATIONS DOIT ETRE FAIRE PAR

PERSONNEL QUALIFIÉ SEULMENT.

DÉBRANCHER LA BORNE AVANT

D’OUVRIR LA MODULE EN ARRIÈRE.

WARNING

TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC

SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS

EQUIPMENT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE!

Magnetic Field

CAUTION!

Operation of high power amplifiers generates magnetic fields which may distort signals in sensitive equipment. To avoid magnetically induced noice in highly sensitive equipment such as audio processors, mixers, or other equipment having high gain and low signal levels, do not mount or use these products within 19.7

inches (50 cm) of this Crown amplifier.


Page 6

CONTENTS

1 Welcome ................................................................................. 8

1.1 Why So Much Power? ....................................................... 8

1.2 Unpacking ........................................................................ 8

1.3 Features ........................................................................... 9

2 Facilities ................................................................................ 10

3 Installation ............................................................................ 13

3.1 Mounting ........................................................................ 13

3.2 Cooling ........................................................................... 13

3.3 Wiring ............................................................................ 14

3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) Operation .......................... 14

3.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ....................................... 15

3.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation ...................................... 16

3.3.4 Input Connection ................................................. 17

3.3.5 Output Connection .............................................. 18

3.3.6 Additional Load Protection ................................... 20

3.4 AC Mains Power Requirements ...................................... 21

4 Operation .............................................................................. 22

4.1 Precautions ..................................................................... 22

4.2 Indicators ....................................................................... 22

4.3 Protection Systems ......................................................... 24

4.3.1

ODEP .................................................................. 24

4.3.2 Standby ............................................................... 24

4.3.3 Transformer Thermal Protection ........................... 25

4.3.4 Power Supply Fuses ............................................ 25

4.4 Controls .......................................................................... 26

4.5 Filter Cleaning ................................................................. 27

5 Technical Information ........................................................... 28

5.1 Overview ........................................................................ 28

5.2 VZ Power ........................................................................ 28

5.2.1 Background ......................................................... 28

5.2.2 The VZ Supply ..................................................... 29

5.3 Circuit Theory ................................................................. 29

5.3.1 Stereo Operation ................................................. 29

5.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ....................................... 32

5.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation ...................................... 32

5.3.4 Terminator Module ............................................... 32

5.3.5. Display Module .................................................... 32

6 Specifications ....................................................................... 33

7 AC Power Draw and Thermal Dissipation ............................ 39

8 Accessories .......................................................................... 40

8.1

PIP Modules ................................................................... 40

8.2 Level Control Security Kit ................................................ 42

Reference Manual



Contents continued...

9 Service .................................................................................. 43

9.1 Worldwide Service .......................................................... 43

9.2 North American Service .................................................. 43

9.2.1 Service at a North American Service Center ........ 43

9.2.2 Factory Service .................................................... 43

ILLUSTRATIONS

1.1

Macro-Tech 5002VZ Amplifier ................................................... 8

2.1

Front Facilities ......................................................................... 10

2.2

Front Facilities behind the Filter Grille ..................................... 11

2.3

Rear Facilities ......................................................................... 12

2.4

International Output Binding Posts .......................................... 12

2.5

Output Cover .......................................................................... 12

3.1

Mounting Dimensions ............................................................. 13

3.2

Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit ........................................... 13

3.3

Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet ........................................... 13

3.4

Stereo Wiring .......................................................................... 14

3.5

Bridge-Mono Wiring ................................................................ 15

3.6

Parallel-Mono Wiring ............................................................... 16

3.7

Unbalanced Input Wiring ........................................................ 17

3.8

Balanced Input Wiring ............................................................ 17

3.9

Balanced and Unbalanced Phone Plug Wiring ....................... 17

3.10 Loudspeaker Offset Integration Switch ................................... 18

3.11 Input Ground Lift Switch .......................................................... 18

3.12 Wire Size Nomograph ............................................................. 19

3.13 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph .............................................. 20

4.1

Indicators ................................................................................ 22

4.2

Macro-Tech 5002VZ Indicator States ...................................... 23

4.3

Input Sensitivity, LOI and Compressor Switches ..................... 26

4.4

Channel 1 VZ Mode Switch (Behind Filter) .............................. 27

5.1

A Typical Power Supply .......................................................... 29

5.2

Music Waveforms .................................................................... 29

5.3

VZ High-Current Mode ............................................................ 29

5.4

VZ High-Voltage Mode ............................................................ 29

5.5

Circuit Block Diagram ............................................................. 30

6.1

Minimum Power Matrix ............................................................ 35

6.2

Maximum Power Matrix ........................................................... 36

6.3

Typical Frequency Response .................................................. 37

6.4

Typical Damping Factor .......................................................... 37

6.5

Typical Output Impedance ...................................................... 37

6.6

Typical Phase Response ......................................................... 38

6.7

Typical Crosstalk ..................................................................... 38

7.1

Power Draw, Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation ............... 39

8.1

PIP2 Adaptor Connection ........................................................ 40

8.2

Installing a PIP Module ............................................................ 40

8.3

Installing a PIP2 Module .......................................................... 40

8.4

Installing MA-LOCK Level Control Shaft Locks ....................... 42

Printed on recycled paper.

Page 7


Fig. 1.1 Macro-Tech 5002VZ Amplifier

1 Welcome

Congratulations on your purchase of a Macro-Tech ®

5002VZ.

® You have selected one of the most reliable, powerful and cost-effective professional amplifiers ever made. From now on, you can enjoy the advantages of having the highest level of innovation available in any amplifier at any price.

The Macro-Tech 5002VZ is the most advanced amplifier to offer Crown’s patented Variable Impedance (VZ) power supply technology. New semiconductor technology is combined with superior VZ power supplies to enable the Macro-Tech 5002VZ to pack unprecedented power levels into 5¼ inches (13.3 cm) of vertical rack space. And because it is a Macro-Tech, you have the benefit of ODEP ® protection to keep the show going long after other amplifiers have failed—even under the most severe conditions. In addition, your amplifier provides enhanced PIP2 compatibility, which makes it easy to customize with a variety of popular input modules

(see Section 8.1 for a list of available PIP TM and PIP2 modules).

This manual will help you successfully install and use your new amplifier. Please read all instructions, warnings and cautions. Be sure to read Sections 3.3.2 and

3.3.3 if you plan to use one of the amplifier’s two mono modes. Also for your protection, please send in your warranty registration card today and save your bill of sale because it is your official proof of purchase.

1.1 Why So Much Power?

The Macro-Tech 5002VZ can deliver up to 2,500 watts per channel into 2-ohm stereo loads or 5,000 watts bridged into a single 4-ohm load.* That’s a lot of power for a unit that is only 5¼ inches (13.3 cm) tall and weighs less than 80 pounds (36.3 kg).

There are many reasons to use amplifiers with an extremely high power density. As more loudspeakers are driven with fewer amplifiers, audio systems become more compact and efficient. If the system is used for touring, this can reduce shipping costs and setup time.

But concentrating so much power in one amplifier creates potential hazards that can permanently ruin your day. Your amplifier is capable of delivering enough electrical power at the output terminals to produce a lethal shock. If used improperly, it can also drive loudspeakers to levels that will cause permanent hearing damage. For these reasons, we have included appropriate warnings and cautions in this manual.

1.2 Unpacking

Please unpack and inspect your new amplifier for any damage that may have occurred during transit. If damage is found, notify the transportation company immediately. Only you, the consignee, may initiate a claim for shipping damage. Crown will be happy to cooperate fully as needed. Save the shipping carton as evidence of damage for the shipper’s inspection.

Even if the unit arrived in perfect condition, as most do, save all packing materials so you will have them if you ever need to transport the unit. NEVER SHIP

THE UNIT WITHOUT THE FACTORY PACK.

*Minimum guaranteed standard 1 kHz power with 120 volt,

60 Hz AC mains. See Section 6 for other AC mains voltages and frequencies.

Page 8 Reference Manual


1.3 Features

The Macro-Tech 5002VZ uses the very latest technology and miniaturized design to provide the highest power and value for its size, weight and price. Its patented Grounded

Bridge ™ circuitry offers many advantages over conventional designs. In Stereo mode, the amplifier’s separate high-voltage supplies and ultra-low crosstalk make it possible to treat each channel as an independent amplifier.

Here are some more of its impressive features:

❏ Patented Variable Impedance (VZ) power supplies for each channel provide the best power matching to your load. Three special modes are provided to control how and when the supplies shift impedance modes.

❏ Crown’s Grounded Bridge design delivers extreme voltage swings without using easily stressed output transistor configurations like conventional amplifiers. The results are lower distortion and superior reliability.

❏ Patented ODEP (Output Device Emulation Protection) circuitry detects and compensates for overheating and overload to keep the amplifier working when others would fail. In addition, ODEP can be used to control the VZ power supplies by shifting them into high-current mode based on the requirements of the immediate conditions.

❏ IOC

® (Input/Output Comparator) circuitry immediately alerts you of any distortion that exceeds 0.05%, providing dynamic proof of distortion-free performance.

❏ Enhanced PIP2 (Programmable Input Processor) design accepts accessory modules that tailor the amplifier to suit individual applications, including wide-band load current monitoring.

❏ Convenient front panel indicators include an Enable indicator for the low-voltage power supply, and an ODEP,

Signal Presence/IOC and I

Load

/I

Limit

indicator for each channel.

❏ Full protection against overvoltage, shorted outputs, mismatched loads, general overheating, DC and high-frequency/RF overloads. Full internal fault protection.

❏ “Standby” mode protects loudspeakers from lowfrequency/DC output, turn-on/turn-off transients and other transients that can occur during an AC brownout.

Standby mode also provides overvoltage protection from

AC mains of more than 11% over the rated voltage.

❏ Innovative Loudspeaker Offset Integration (LOI) circuitry prevents asymmetrical audio waveforms from causing off-center woofer cone movement.

❏ Each channel has an independent, error-driven compres-

Reference Manual sor that can be set for fast or slow attack and release times.

❏ Two custom toroidal power transformers (one per channel) provide maximum power transfer with minimum electromagnetic fields.

❏ The soft-start feature slowly brings the power supplies up to full voltage to avoid tripping the breaker that protects your AC wiring.

❏ Universal power supplies can be easily reconfigured for different AC mains voltages, making the amplifier convenient for use around the world.

❏ Low harmonic and intermodulation distortion give the best dynamic transfer function in the industry.

❏ Superior damping factor delivers maximum loudspeaker motion control.

❏ Balanced inputs for each channel have independent three-way input sensitivity switches.

❏ The factory-installed PIP2-FXQ includes a ground lift switch that can be used to isolate the AC (chassis) ground from the XLR and phone jack input grounds.

❏ Internal test ports provide rapid manufacturing and service diagnostics.

❏ Internal diagnostics LEDs make it easy to identify internal operating conditions in the field.

❏ Modular design makes service and maintenance much more convenient.

❏ The super-efficient cooling system features front-to-back air flow with cutting edge heat sinks and proportional ondemand forced-air cooling to prevent overheating and prolong component life.

❏ New touring chassis is extremely rugged and has been torture-tested with over 100,000 miles of simulated road abuse—even passing mil. spec. shock and vibration testing.

❏ Extruded aluminum front panel provides extra strength to resist physical damage.

❏ Rack mountable in a standard 19-inch (48.3-cm) equipment rack (the back of the amplifier should be supported) or units can be stacked directly on top of each other.

❏ Three year “No-Fault” full warranty completely protects your investment and guarantees its specifications.

Page 9


Fig. 2.1 Front Facilities

2 Facilities

A. Dust Filters

The dust filters remove large particles from air drawn in by the cooling fans. Check the filters regularly to prevent clogging (see Sections 3.2 and 4.5).

B. Level Controls

The output level for each channel is set with these convenient front panel level controls. Each control has

31 detents for precise adjustment (see Section 4.4). A security option is also available to prevent tampering

(see Section 8.2).

parator) indicators, they flash brightly with a 0.1 second hold delay if there is a difference of 0.05% or more between the input and output audio waveforms. IOC “errors” occur most commonly when a large input signal causes an input overload or output clipping. The IOC function is also provided as proof of distortion-free performance (see Section 4.2).

C. I

Load

/I

Limit

Indicators

The flow of current to the loudspeakers (“load current”) and the maximum current limit of the amplifier (“limit current”) are monitored by these two-color front panel indicators. Normally, the I

Load

/ I

Limit

indicators glow green to show that load current is flowing. They turn off when there is no significant load current. This happens when there is no input signal, the input signal is at an extremely low level, or there are no loads connected to the amplifier’s outputs. They turn red if the amplifier has reached its maximum output current capacity.

E. ODEP Indicators

During normal operation of the ODEP (Output Device

Emulation Protection) circuitry, these amber indicators glow brightly to show the presence of reserve thermaldynamic energy. They dim proportionally as energy reserves decrease. In the rare event that energy reserves are depleted, the indicators turn off and ODEP proportionally limits output drive so the amplifier can safely continue operating even under severe conditions.

These indicators also help to identify more unusual operating conditions (see Section 4.2).

F. Enable Indicator

This indicator lights when the amplifier has been turned on (enabled) and has AC power (see Section 4.2).

The I

Load

/I

Limit

indicators are very useful when loading the amplifier for maximum output. Just continue to connect additional loudspeakers in parallel with each output until the I

Load

/I

Limit

indicator turns red under normal operating conditions. The optimum load is achieved just before the indicator turns red (see Section 4.2).

D. Signal/ IOC Indicators

These green multifunction indicators show both signal presence and distortion for each channel. As signal presence indicators, they flash synchronously with the amplifier’s audio output. As IOC (Input/Output Com-

G. Enable Switch

This push button is used to turn the amplifier on and off.

When turned on, the output is muted for about four seconds to protect your system from start-up transients.

This is why a power sequencer is rarely needed for multiple units. (The length of the turn-on delay can be changed. Contact Crown’s Technical Support Group for details.)

H. VZ Mode Switches

A four-position switch is used to control the switching



Fig. 2.2 Front Facilities behind the Filter Grille mode for each power supply. The switches are located behind the top dust filter about 1.75 inches (4.5 cm) behind the front panel. Always turn off the power be-

fore changing either switch. To access the VZ mode switches, remove the top dust filter and reach upward through the grille opening with a long narrow nonconductive object like a plastic pen. The switches are easy to locate with the aid of a flashlight. The switch for Channel 1 is located to the left side of the amplifier, while the switch for Channel 2 is located to the right.

From left to right, the four switch settings are VZ-ODEP,

Lock Low, VZ and VZ (the third and fourth switch positions are identical). The first switch position sets the power supply to the VZ-ODEP switching mode, which is the default setting from the factory. The VZ-ODEP mode automatically shifts between high-current and high-voltage modes as needed, except when ODEP actively limits output drive, in which case the power supply is locked in its high-current mode. The second switch position is called “Lock Low.” It locks the power supply in high-current mode so the amplifier will always be ready to deliver maximum current to low-impedance loads. The third and fourth switch positions set the power supply to standard VZ mode. Standard VZ mode automatically switches between high-current and highvoltage modes as needed, but is not affected by ODEP

(see Section 4.4).

I. Stereo/Mono Switch

This switch is used to select one of three output modes.

Stereo mode is used for normal two-channel operation,

Bridge-Mono mode is used to drive a single channel with a load impedance of at least 4 ohms, and Parallel-

Mono mode is used to drive a single channel with a load impedance less than 4 ohms. WARNING: The

Reference Manual amplifier should be off for at least 10 seconds before changing this switch (see Section 3.3).

J. Compressor Switches

A three-position back panel switch is provided to control each channel’s “error-driven” input compressor. Attack and release times can be set to either “fast” or

“slow,” or compression can be turned off for output clipping errors. The “fast” setting yields a 4-millisecond attack time and 300-millisecond release time. The “slow” setting yields a 12-millisecond attack and 600-millisecond release (see Section 4.4).

K. Loudspeaker Offset Integration Switches

Each channel has a two-position back panel on/off switch used to control the Loudspeaker Offset Integration (LOI) circuitry. LOI compensates for asymmetrical audio waveforms that cause off-center woofer cone movement (see Sections 3.3.4, 3.3.5 and 4.4).

L. Input Sensitivity Switches

These three-position back panel switches are used to select the input sensitivity for each channel. Available settings include 0.775 volts or 1.4 volts for standard

1 kHz output power, or a 26 dB voltage gain (see Section 4.4).

M. Power Cord

Units configured for 100 to 120 VAC have a 10-AWG,

30-amp line cord, while units set up for 200 to 240 VAC have a 12-AWG, 20-amp line cord. North American units configured for 120 VAC, 60 Hz power are shipped with a grounded 125-volt, 30-amp NEMA TT30P plug; units shipped outside North America are provided without a plug. See Sections 3.4 and 7 for AC requirements.

Page 11


N. Output Connectors

Fig. 2.3 Rear Facilities

This high-current output block is provided for output connection. Its connectors accept banana plugs, spade lugs or bare wire. The detachable output cover

(S) shown in Figure 2.5 is used to protect against accidental short circuits and dangerous electrical shock.

DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal energy levels! Do not change the output wiring unless the amplifier has been off for at least 10 seconds.

P. Balanced Phone Jack Inputs

A balanced ¼-inch (6.35-mm) phone jack for each channel is provided on the PIP2-FXQ. These phone jacks can be used for signal input, or for “daisychained” output to other amplifiers. The phone jacks may be used with either balanced (tip, ring and sleeve) or unbalanced (tip and sleeve) wiring (see Section 3.3).

Note: The Channel 2 input is bypassed in either mono mode.

Some international models include high-current binding posts for output connection rather than the output block shown in Figure 2.3. The international binding posts are shown below in Figure 2.4:

Q. Balanced XLR Inputs

A balanced 3-pin female XLR connector is provided on the PIP2-FXQ for input to each channel, or for “daisychained” output to other amplifiers.

Note: The Channel 2 input is bypassed in either mono mode.

R. Input Ground Lift Switch

This ground lift switch is located on the PIP2-FXQ. It is used to isolate the input signal grounds from the AC

(chassis) ground to help prevent ground loops that can result in unwanted hum and noise.

S. Output Cover

This protective cover is provided to prevent an electrical shock or short circuit at the output terminals.

Fig. 2.4 International Output Binding Posts

O. PIP Module

The standard PIP2-FXQ is included with your amplifier.

It provides female XLR and ¼-inch (6.35-mm) phone jack input connectors. Each pair of XLR and phone jack connectors is wired in parallel, so the unused connector can be used as a “daisy chain” output to connect a source to multiple amplifiers. Other PIP and PIP2 modules can be used in place of the PIP2-FXQ to provide additional features that customize the amplifier for different applications. Your amplifier is a PIP2 amplifier, which means it can take advantage of the many advanced features found in PIP2 modules. In addition, your amp can also use standard PIP modules (without the PIP2 logo). See Section 8.1 for available PIP and

PIP2 modules.

Page 12

Fig. 2.5 Output Cover



3 Installation

3.1 Mounting

The Macro-Tech 5002VZ is designed for standard

19 inch (48.3 cm) rack mounting and “stack” mounting without a cabinet. For optimum cooling and rack support, multiple units should be stacked directly on top of each other.

Important: Always support the back of the unit. Provide extra support if the unit will be transported.

Fig. 3.1 Mounting Dimensions

3.2 Cooling

NEVER block the air vents in the front or back of the amplifier. Macro-Tech amplifiers do not need to be mounted with space between them. If you must leave open spaces in a rack for any reason, close them with blank panels or recirculation will result. Allow for air flow of at least 75 cubic feet (2.1 cubic meters) per minute per unit. Additional air flow may be required when driving low-impedance loads at consistently high output levels. Refer to Section 7 for detailed information on thermal dissipation.

When mounting the amplifier in a rack cabinet, the back wall of the rack should be at least 3 inches (7.6 cm) away from the back of the amplifier chassis as shown in

Figure 3.2.

Tip: An easy way to verify adequate cooling is to observe the ODEP indicators while the amplifier is operating under worst-case conditions. If the indicators dim, additional cooling is recommended.

If your rack has a door that could block air flow to the amplifier’s air intakes, you must provide adequate air flow by installing a grille in the door or by pressurizing the air behind the door. Wire grilles are recommended over perforated panels because they tend to cause less air restriction. A good choice for pressurizing the air behind the rack cabinet door is to mount a “squirrel cage” blower inside the rack (Option 1 below). At the bottom of the rack, mount the blower so it blows outside air into the space between the door and front of the amplifiers, pressurizing the “chimney” behind the door.

This blower should not blow air into or take air out of the space behind the amplifiers. For racks without a door, you can evacuate the rack by mounting the blower at the top of the rack so that air inside the cabinet is drawn out the back (Option 2 below).

WARM

EXHAUST

BLOWER

(OPTION 2)

FRONT

OF

RACK

DOOR

EQUIPMENT

RACK

(SIDE VIEW)

Fig. 3.2 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit


COOL AIR

INLET

BLOWER

(OPTION 1)

Fig. 3.3 Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet

If the air supply is unusually dusty, you might want to pre-filter it using commercial furnace filters to prevent rapid loading of the unit’s own air filters. When needed, the unit’s filters can be cleaned with mild dish detergent and water (see Section 4.5).

Page 13


3.3 Wiring

The following instructions describe the most common ways to install your amplifier in a sound system. The input and output terminals are located on the back panel. Please use care when making connections, selecting signal sources and controlling the output level.

The load you save may be your own! Crown assumes no liability for personal injury or damaged loads from careless amplifier use or deliberate overpowering. All units include an output cover to prevent accidental electrical shock and short circuits. We strongly recommend that you use this safety feature.

DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal energy levels. Do not change the output wiring unless the

amplifier has been off for at least 10 seconds. Turning off the amplifier also reduces the chance of blasts that can damage your hearing or loudspeakers.

Your amplifier can be operated in Stereo, Bridge-Mono, or Parallel-Mono mode by switching the back panel stereo/mono switch. Turn off the amplifier and wait at least 10 seconds before changing this switch or in-

ternal damage to the circuitry may result. There are

VERY IMPORTANT wiring differences among the three operating modes that will be discussed next.

3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) Operation

In Stereo mode, installation is intuitive: input Channel 1 feeds output Channel 1, and input Channel 2 feeds output Channel 2. To activate Stereo mode, first turn off the amplifier and wait 10 seconds for the power supply to discharge. Then, slide the stereo/mono switch to the center position, and connect the output wiring as shown in Figure 3.4.

CAUTION: In Stereo mode, never parallel the two outputs by directly tying them together, and never parallel them with the output of another amplifier.

Such a connection does not result in increased power output, but may result in overheating and premature activation of the protection circuitry.

PARALLEL

MONO

STEREO

BRIDGE

MONO

CAUTION : TURN OFF AMPLIFIER

BEFORE CHANGING THIS SWITCH!

STEREO MODE

MIXER

CHANNEL 2 CHANNEL 1

PARALLEL

MONO

STEREO

BRIDGE

MONO

Macro-Tech 5002VZ

Page 14

C H - 2 O U T P U T S C H - 1 O U T P U T S FXQ

PUSH PUSH

+ – + – + – + –

CHANNEL 2

LOUDSPEAKERS

Fig. 3.4 Stereo Wiring

CHANNEL 1

LOUDSPEAKERS



Note: A method for paralleling multiple amplifiers for failsafe redundancy is available from Crown’s Technical

Support Group.

3.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation

Bridge-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with a total impedance of 4 ohms or more (see Section 3.3.3 if the load is less than 4 ohms). Installing the amplifier in

Bridge-Mono mode is different from the other modes and requires special attention.

To activate Bridge-Mono mode, turn the amplifier off, wait at least 10 seconds, and then slide the stereo/mono switch to the BRIDGE MONO position. Both outputs receive the signal from the Channel 1 input, with output

Channel 2 inverted so it can be bridged with the Channel 1 output.

Note: The Channel 2 input jack and level control are disconnected in Bridge-Mono mode. A signal feeding

Channel 2 will have no effect on the output.

Connect the load across the Channel 1 and 2 positive

(+) terminals attaching the positive lead from the load to Channel 1 and the negative lead from the load to

Channel 2 as shown in Figure 3.5. The negative (–) terminals are not used and should not be shorted. In addition, the connected load must be balanced (neither side connected to ground).

CAUTION: Be certain that every device connected to the Bridge-Mono output is balanced (not ground referenced). If the input signal ground is not fully isolated, connecting an output lead to ground may cause oscillations.

PARALLEL

MONO

STEREO

BRIDGE

MONO



BRIDGE-MONO MODE

MIXER

ONLY USE THE

CHANNEL 1 INPUT.

PARALLEL

MONO

STEREO

BRIDGE

MONO

C H - 2 O U T P U T S C H - 1 O U T P U T S


DO NOT USE THE

NEGATIVE

OUTPUT

TERMINALS.

– +

DO NOT USE THE

NEGATIVE

OUTPUT

TERMINALS.

FXQ

PUSH

THE CHANNEL 2

INPUTS ARE

NOT USED.

PUSH

LOUDSPEAKER

Fig. 3.5 Bridge-Mono Wiring



3.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation

Parallel-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with a total impedance of less than 4 ohms (see Section 3.3.2

if the load is 4 ohms or greater). Installing the amplifier in Parallel-Mono mode is different from the other modes and requires special attention.

CAUTION: Do NOT operate the amplifier in Stereo or

Bridge-Mono mode until the Parallel-Mono jumper is removed. Failure to do so will result in high distortion and excessive heating.

To activate Parallel-Mono mode, turn off the amplifier, wait at least 10 seconds, and slide the stereo/mono switch to the PARALLEL MONO position. Connect the input signal to Channel 1, and do not use the Channel 2 input. Both outputs will now receive the signal from the

Channel 1 input.

Note: The Channel 2 input jack and level control are disconnected in Parallel-Mono mode. A signal feeding

Channel 2 will have no effect on the output.

Install a jumper wire between the positive (+) outputs of

Channel 1 and 2 that is at least 14 gauge in size. Then, connect the load to the output of Channel 1 as shown in

Figure 3.6. The positive (+) lead from the load connects to the positive (+) Channel 1 terminal, and the negative

(–) lead from the load connects to the negative (–) Channel 1 terminal.

CAUTION: Remove the jumper wire before changing to Stereo or Bridge-Mono mode.

PARALLEL

MONO

STEREO

BRIDGE

MONO



PARALLEL-MONO MODE

MIXER

ONLY USE THE

CHANNEL 1 INPUTS.

PARALLEL

MONO

STEREO

BRIDGE

MONO

C H - 2 O U T P U T S C H - 1 O U T P U T S


ADD A 14 GAUGE OR LARGER

JUMPER BETWEEN THE CHANNEL 1

CHANNEL 2 POSITIVE TERMINALS.

– +

FXQ

PUSH

THE CHANNEL 2

INPUTS ARE

NOT USED.

PUSH

LOUDSPEAKER

Fig. 3.6 Parallel-Mono Wiring



3.3.4 Input Connection

Both the XLR and ¼-inch phone jack inputs are balanced. They have a minimum impedance of 10 K ohms

(5 K ohms with unbalanced wiring) and will accept the line-level output of most devices. The XLR connectors and phone jacks are provided on the standard

PIP2-FXQ input module (other PIP and PIP2 modules are described in Section 8.1). Correct input wiring will depend on two factors: (1) whether the input signals are balanced or unbalanced, and (2) whether the signal source floats or has a ground reference. Figures 3.7 and

3.8 show the recommended XLR connection techniques for each type of signal source.

Fig. 3.8 Balanced Input Wiring

The phone jack input connectors can be wired similarly for balanced or unbalanced, ground-referenced or floating sources. They have a standard tip-ring-sleeve (TRS) configuration: the tip is positive (+), the ring is negative

(–) and the sleeve is ground (see Figure 3.9). Wiring for various sources follows the XLR wiring guidelines shown in Figures 3.7 and 3.8.

The XLR and ¼-inch phone jacks provided on the

PIP2-FXQ are wired in parallel. This makes it possible to use one set for input to the amplifier and the other set for “daisy-chained” output to other amplifiers.

Please follow the instructions in Section 3.3.2 and 3.3.3

if the amplifier will be used in either Bridge-Mono or

Parallel-Mono mode. Remember, the Channel 2 input and level control are disconnected in both mono modes.

Fig. 3.7 Unbalanced Input Wiring


Fig. 3.9 Balanced and Unbalanced

Phone Plug Wiring

Page 17


SOLVING INPUT PROBLEMS

Sometimes large infrasonic (subaudible) frequencies are present in the input signal. This can cause output clipping and off-center woofer cone movement. As a result, the loudspeakers may handle less power and could be damaged by overload or excess heat. To reduce the risk of such problems, turn on the Loudspeaker Offset Integration (LOI) for each channel. The

LOI switches are located on the back panel of the amplifier. This circuitry includes a third-order high-pass

Butterworth filter with a –3 dB frequency of 35 Hz.

Fig. 3.10 Loudspeaker Offset Integration Switch

Another problem to avoid is the presence of large levels of radio frequencies (RF) in the input signal. Although high RF levels may not pose a threat to the amplifier, they can burn out tweeters or other loads that are sensitive to high frequencies. Extremely high RF levels can also cause the amplifier to prematurely activate its protection circuitry, resulting in inefficient operation.

RF can be introduced into the signal by local radio stations and from the bias signal of many tape recorders.

The LOI circuitry will also help to avoid this potential problem. It includes a second-order Bessel low-pass filter with a –3 dB frequency of 50 kHz.

A third problem to avoid is hum. The two most common sources of hum in an audio system are inductive cou-

pling and ground loops.

Inductive coupling can occur when input cables are subjected to a magnetic field from a power cord or power transformer. One way to prevent inductive coupling is to lace the input cables together along their length and route them as far away as possible from power transformers and power cords. The use of shielded pair cable is another effective way to reduce or eliminate hum resulting from inductive coupling.

Ground loops often result when two or more devices are improperly grounded. This causes undesirable stray currents that may produce hum in the output. The best way to avoid ground loops is to ensure that all system devices are plugged into the same power strip. In addition, make sure that all cable shields are grounded at one end only.

Input and output grounds are sometimes tied together for testing or metering. This can cause feedback oscil-

lation from load current in the test loop. In some systems, even the AC power line may provide this feedback path. To avoid this problem, use proper grounding, isolate the inputs and other common AC devices. If needed, the input signal ground can be isolated from the AC mains ground with the ground lift switch located on the PIP2–FXQ (see Figure 3.11 and

Section 4.4).

Input Wiring Tips

1. Use only shielded cable. Cables with higher density shields are better. Spiral wrapped shield is not recommended.

2. When using unbalanced lines, keep the cables as short as possible. Avoid cable lengths greater than 10 feet (3 meters).

3. Do not run signal cables together with high-level wiring such as loudspeaker wires or AC cords. This reduces the chance of hum or noise being induced into the input cables.

4. The amplifier should be off for at least

10 seconds before changing any connections. This amplifier can produce lethal output energy and can drive loudspeakers to levels that can cause permanent hearing damage.

Turn down level controls completely before powering the system back up. Crown is not liable for personal injury or damage that can result when a system component is overdriven.

Page 18

Fig. 3.11 Input Ground Lift Switch

3.3.5 Output Connection

Consider the power-handling capacity of your load before connecting it to the amplifier. Crown is not liable for damage incurred at any time due to overpowering. Fusing loudspeaker lines is highly recommended (see Section 3.3.6). Also, please pay close attention to the precautions provided in Section 4.1.

DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal energy levels! Do not change the output wiring unless the amplifier has been off for at least 10 seconds.



Use Good Connectors

1. To prevent possible short circuits, do not expose the loudspeaker cable connectors.

2. Do not use connectors that might accidentally tie two channels together when making or breaking connections (for example, a standard three-wire stereo phone plug).

3. Connectors that can be plugged into AC power receptacles should never be used.

4. Connectors with low current-carrying capacity should not be used.

5. Connectors with any tendency to short should never be used.

HOW TO DETERMINE

APPROPRIATE WIRE GAUGE

It is important to use loudspeaker cables with sufficient gauge (thickness) for the length being used. The resistance introduced by inadequate cables reduces both the output power and the motion control of the loudspeakers. The latter occurs because the damping factor decreases as the cable resistance increases. This is very important because the amplifier’s excellent damping factor can easily be negated by insufficient loudspeaker cables.

Use the nomograph in Figure 3.12 and the procedure that follows to find the recommended wire gauge (AWG or American Wire Gauge) for your system.

1. Note the load resistance of the loudspeakers connected to each channel of the amplifier. Mark this value on the Load Resistance line of the nomograph.

2. Select an acceptable damping factor and mark it on the Damping Factor line. Your amplifier can provide an excellent damping factor of 1,000 from 10 to 400 Hz in Stereo mode with an 8-ohm load. In contrast, typical damping factors are 50 or lower. Higher damping factors yield lower distortion and greater motion control over the loudspeakers. A common damping factor for commercial applications is between 50 and 100.

Higher damping factors may be desirable for live sound, but long cable lengths often limit the highest damping factor that can be achieved practically. (Under these circumstances, Crown’s IQ System is often used so amplifiers can be easily monitored and controlled when they are located very near the loudspeakers.) In recording studios and home hi-fi, a damping factor of 500 or more is very desirable.

3. Draw a line through the two points with a pencil, and continue until it intersects the Source Resistance line.


R

L

Load

Resistance

(Ohms)

40

30

20

15

200

100

50

20

10

5

2,000

1,000

500

2

1

R

L

R

S

Damping

Factor

20,000

10,000

5,000

.004

.006

.01

.02

.04

.06

.1

.2

20

40

4

6

10

.4

.6

1

2

.0002

.0002

.0004

R

S

Source

Resistance

(Ohms)

.0006

.001

.002

8000

5000

Ohms/1000 Feet

(305 Meters)

Copper

Wire

AWG (American

Wire Gauge)

10

20

50

100

200

500

1000

2000

Two

Conductor

Cable

1 0.3

2

5

0.6

1.5

3.1

6.1

15.3

30.5

61.0

152.5

305.0

610.0

1000

500

100

50

10

5

1

5000

Feet

1525

Meters .5

.1

.05

#10

#8

#6

#4

#2

#0

#00

#0000

#28

#26

#24

#22

#20

#18

#16

#14

#12

.01

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1.5

Example Shown:

Load Resistance = 8 ohms

Desired Damping Factor = 500

Source Resistance = 0.016 ohms

Cable Length = 10 feet (3.1 meters)

Recommended Wire: #8 AWG or equivalent wire with 1.75 ohms or less resistance per

1000 feet (305 meters).

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

Fig. 3.12 Wire Size Nomograph

4. On the 2-Cond. Cable line, mark the length of the cable run.

5. Draw a pencil line from the mark on the Source Resis-

tance line through the mark on the 2-Cond. Cable line, and on to intersect the Annealed Copper Wire line.

6. The required wire gauge for the selected wire length and damping factor is the value on the Annealed Cop-

per Wire line. Note: Wire size increases as the AWG gets smaller.

Page 19


7. If the size of the cable exceeds what you want to use,

(1) find a way to use shorter cables, like using an IQ

System, (2) settle for a lower damping factor, or (3) use more than one cable for each line. Options 1 and 2 will require the substitution of new values for cable length or damping factor in the nomograph. For option 3, estimate the effective wire gauge by subtracting 3 from the apparent wire gauge every time the number of conductors of equal gauge is doubled. So, if #10 wire is too large, two #13 wires or four #16 wires can be used for the same effect.

SOLVING OUTPUT PROBLEMS

Sometimes high-frequency oscillations occur which can cause your amplifier to prematurely activate its protection circuitry and result in inefficient operation. The effects of this problem are similar to the effects of the RF problem described in Section 3.3.4. To prevent highfrequency oscillations:

1. Turn on Loudspeaker Offset Integration for each channel. It includes a low-pass filter to prevent

RF problems (see Section 3.3.4).

2. Lace together the loudspeaker conductors for each channel (do not lace together the conductors from different channels). This minimizes the chance that cables will act like antennas and transmit or receive high frequencies that can cause oscillation.

3. Avoid using shielded loudspeaker cable.

4. Avoid long cable runs where the loudspeaker cables from different amplifiers share a common cable tray or cable jacket.

5. Never connect the amplifier’s input and output grounds together.

6. Keep loudspeaker cables well separated from input cables.

7. Install the input wiring according to the instructions in Section 3.3.4.

Another problem to avoid is the presence of large infra-

sonic currents when primarily inductive loads are used. Such loads include 70 volt step-up transformers and electrostatic loudspeakers.

Inductive loads may appear as a short circuit at low frequencies. This can cause the amplifier to produce large low-frequency currents and activate its protection circuitry. Always turn on the LOI circuitry when a primarily inductive load is used. The LOI circuitry provides protection from most low-frequency input and output problems.

20

25

30

7

8

9

10

12

14

16

4

5

6

2

2.5

3

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

40

3.3.6 Additional Load Protection

Your amplifier can generate high power levels. If your loudspeakers do not have built-in protection from excessive power, it’s a good idea to protect them. Loudspeakers are subject to thermal damage from sustained overpowering and mechanical damage from large transient voltages. Special fuses can be used to protect your loudspeakers in both cases.

Different types of fuses are required for thermal protection and voltage protection. Slow-blow fuses are usually selected to protect loudspeakers from thermal damage because they are similar to loudspeakers in the way they respond to thermal conditions over time. In contrast, high-speed instrument fuses like the Littlefuse

361000 series are used to protect loudspeakers from large transient voltages. The nomograph in Figure 3.13

can be used to select the properly rated fuse for either type of loudspeaker protection.

There are basically two approaches that can be taken when installing fuses for loudspeaker protection. A common approach is to put a single fuse in series with

20

Example:

Impedance = 8 ohms.

Peak Power = 200 W

6

5

4

3

15

10

8

2

Answer:

Fuse = 2 A

.2

.15

.1

.08

.6

.5

.4

.3

1.5

1

.8

400

300

200

150

100

80

60

40

30

3000

2000

1500

1000

800

600

4

3

20

15

10

8

6

2

1.5

1

Fig. 3.13 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph


Macro-Tech 5002VZ Power Amplifier the output of each channel. This makes installation convenient because there is only one fuse protecting the loads on each output. The main disadvantage of this approach becomes apparent if the fuse blows, because none of the loads will receive any power.

A better approach is to fuse each driver independently.

This allows you to apply the most appropriate protection for the type of driver being used. In general, lowfrequency drivers (woofers) are most susceptible to thermal damage and high-frequency drivers (tweeters) are usually damaged by large transient voltages. This means that your loudspeakers will tend to have better protection when the woofers are protected by slow-blow fuses and high-frequency drivers are protected by highspeed instrument fuses.

3.4 AC Mains Power Requirements

Each Macro-Tech 5002VZ is supplied from the factory with an appropriate AC cord. Units configured for 100 to 120 VAC operation are shipped with 10 AWG, 30 amp line cords. Units configured for 200 to 240 VAC operation are shipped with 12 AWG, 20 amp line cords. North

American units configured for 120 VAC, 60 Hz operation are provided with a 125 volt, 30 amp NEMA TT30P plug. Units destined for other parts of the world are provided without a plug. Whenever possible, connect the power cord to an isolated power circuit with adequate current (see Section 7 for detailed information on current draw). Excessive line voltages of more than 11% above the amplifier’s rated line voltage will activate the overvoltage protection circuitry (refer to Section 4.3.2).

For example, do not exceed a line voltage of 133 VAC for units configured for 120 VAC operation.

All specifications in this manual were measured using

120 VAC, 60 Hz power mains unless otherwise noted.

Specifications are derived using a mains voltage that is accurate to within 0.5% and with THD less than 1.0% under all testing conditions. Performance variations can occur at other AC mains voltages and line frequencies.

In addition, line regulation problems will directly affect the output power available from the amplifier.

A qualified technician can reconfigure your amplifier for different AC voltages and frequencies by changing the power supply connections on the control board inside the amplifier. The proper procedures are outlined inside the top cover of the amplifier. Contact Crown’s Technical Support Group for more information.

WARNING: Risk of severe electric shock. Only a qualified technician should attempt to alter the line voltage configuration.

Although this amplifier is rated for operation at 100 and

120 VAC, it is more efficient at 200, 208, 230 or 240 VAC.

At these higher voltages, less power is converted to thermal energy in the AC cord and slightly more power is available at low frequencies.



4 Operation

4.1 Precautions

The Macro-Tech 5002VZ is protected from internal and external faults, but you should still take the following precautions for optimum performance and safety:

1. DANGER: The outputs can produce lethal energy levels! Do not change the output wiring unless the amplifier has been off for at least

10 seconds.

2. DANGER: Improper use of this amplifier may result in permanent hearing damage. Be very careful when working near the loudspeakers that are connected to this amplifier.

3. Improper wiring for Stereo, Bridge-Mono and

Parallel-Mono modes can result in serious operating difficulties. Refer to Section 3.3 for details.

4. WARNING: After the amplifier has been turned off, wait at least 10 seconds before changing the position of the stereo/mono switch.

5. CAUTION: In Parallel-Mono mode, a jumper is used between the positive (+) Channel 1 and

2 output terminals. Be sure to remove this jumper for Stereo or Bridge-Mono mode, otherwise high distortion and excessive heating

will occur. Check the stereo/mono switch on the back panel for proper position.

6. Turn off the amplifier and unplug it from the

AC power before removing the PIP card.

7. Use care when making connections, selecting signal sources and controlling the output level.

The load you save may be your own.

8. Do not short the ground lead of an output cable to the input signal ground. This may form a ground loop and cause oscillations.

9. Operate the amplifier only at its rated AC power voltage ±10% and the specified line frequency.

10. Never connect the output to a power supply

output, battery or power main. Such connections may result in electrical shock.

11. Tampering with the circuitry or making unauthorized modifications can cause severe electric shock and may invalidate the warranty.

Remember: Crown is not liable for damage or personal injury that results from overdriving system components.

4.2 Indicators

The Macro-Tech 5002VZ has several internal indicators that can be used to help to identify a problem that causes a power supply to be put in “standby.” These indicators are described in Section 4.3.2.

Fig. 4.1 Indicators

The amber Enable indicator is provided to show that the amplifier has been turned on (or enabled), and that its low-voltage power supply is working. It does not indicate the status of the high-voltage power supplies.

The Enable indicator will stay on during unusual conditions that cause the amplifier’s protection systems to put a channel in “standby” (see Section 4.3).

The amber ODEP indicators confirm the normal operation of Crown’s patented Output Device Emulation

Protection circuitry. During normal operation, they glow brightly to show the presence of reserve thermaldynamic energy. An indicator will dim proportionally as the energy reserve for its channel decreases. In the rare event that a channel has no reserve energy, the indicator turns off and ODEP proportionally limits the channel’s output drive level so the amplifier can continue safe operation even when conditions are severe. (See Section

4.3.1 for a detailed description of ODEP.)

The ODEP indicator for the affected channel will turn off if a high-voltage power supply is put in “standby” mode, a high-voltage power supply fuse blows, or a transformer activates its thermal protection circuitry (see

Section 4.3). Both ODEP indicators turn off if the amplifier loses AC power, the power switch is turned off or the low-voltage power supply fuse blows.

The green Signal/ IOC indicators show signal presence, distortion and input overload. As signal presence indicators, they flash with normal intensity in sync with the audio output. As IOC (Input/Output Comparator) indicators, they flash brightly if there is any difference between the input and output signal waveforms greater than 0.05%. Because transient distortion happens quickly, a 0.1 second “hold delay” keeps the indicators on long enough to be easily noticed. The IOC function essentially provides proof of distortion-free performance. As input overload indicators, they flash brightly




Fig. 4.2 Macro-Tech 5002VZ Indicator States

Page 23

Macro-Tech 5002VZ Power Amplifier with a 0.1 second hold delay to show that an input signal is too large and must be compressed at the input.

The indicators will also stay on brightly for a channel that is put in standby mode (see Section 4.3.2). Under abnormal operating conditions, a high-voltage power supply may be put in standby mode to prevent amplifier damage. If this happens, the channel’s Signal/IOC indicator will stay on with full brightness.

The two-color I

Load

/ I

Limit

indicators show current flow to the loudspeakers (“load current”) and the maximum current available from the amplifier (“limit current”). As load current indicators, they glow green to show that current is flowing to the loads connected to the amplifier outputs. As current limit indicators, they turn red to show that the amplifier is delivering its maximum output current. The indicators turn off when there is no significant load current flowing. This can happen when a channel has no input signal, the input signal is at a very low level, there is no load connected to the output, or the output cable is damaged.

The amount of current an amplifier can produce determines the lowest impedance it can drive. Parallel-Mono mode can deliver the most current, so it can drive the most loudspeakers wired in parallel with the lowest total impedance. For maximum performance, loads should be matched to the amplifier. If load impedance is too low, the amplifier’s protection systems will limit output. If load impedance is too high, some of the amplifier’s output power capability will go unused.

The I

Limit

feature is designed to help you get the maximum power out of your amplifier. In the real world, loudspeaker impedance varies with frequency, and loudspeaker impedance ratings are only approximations. Without I

Limit

, you have to do some lengthy calculations to approximate the maximum number of loudspeakers you can drive with the amplifier—and this does not allow for a 4 ohm loudspeaker whose impedance drops below 2 ohms at 80 Hz.

This is why your amplifier has I

Limit

. The I

Limit

function turns a channel’s I

Load

/ I

Limit

indicator red when it reaches maximum current output. This makes it possible to connect real loudspeakers and conduct realistic tests to find the maximum number of loudspeakers that should be connected. To do a test like this, you can operate under worst-case conditions and continue to connect additional loudspeakers in parallel with each output until the I

Load

/ I

Limit

indicator turns red. The optimum load is achieved before the I

Load

/ I

Limit

indicator turns red, so disconnecting the last added loudspeaker gives you an optimized load.

Page 24

4.3 Protection Systems

The Macro-Tech 5002VZ provides extensive protection and diagnostics capabilities. Protection systems include ODEP, “standby” mode, special thermal protection for the unit’s transformers and power supply fuses.

4.3.1 ODEP

Crown invented ODEP to prevent amplifier shutdown during demanding operation and to increase the efficiency of the output circuitry. To do this, Crown established a rigorous program to measure the safe operating area (SOA) of each output transistor before installing it in an amplifier. Next, Crown designed intelligent circuitry to simulate the instantaneous operating conditions of those output transistors. Its name describes what it does: Output Device Emulation Protection or ODEP. In addition to simulating the operating conditions of the output transistors, it also compares their operation to their known SOA. If it sees that more power is about to be asked of them than they are capable of delivering under the present conditions, ODEP immediately limits the drive level until it falls within the SOA. Limiting is proportional and kept to an absolute minimum—only what is required to prevent output transistor damage.

This level of protection enables Crown to increase output efficiency to never-before-achieved levels while greatly increasing amplifier reliability.

The on-board intelligence is monitored in two ways.

First, the front panel ODEP indicators show whether the amplifier is functioning correctly or if ODEP is limiting the drive level. Second, ODEP data is fed to the PIP connector so advanced PIP modules like the IQ-PIP-

USP2 can monitor and control the amplifier.

With ODEP, the show keeps going because you get the maximum power with the maximum protection.

4.3.2 Standby

At the heart of the protection systems is standby mode which temporarily removes power from the high-voltage supplies to protect the amplifier and connected loads. Several conditions can put a channel into standby mode. Use the indicator table in Figure 4.2 to identify an amplifier channel in standby mode.

The overvoltage protection circuitry puts both channels in standby if the AC line voltage increases to more than 11% of the amplifier’s rated AC configuration. This circuitry prevents power supply damage that can result from excessive AC line voltage, voltage spikes, and other unusual conditions.

The undervoltage protection circuitry can also activate


Macro-Tech 5002VZ Power Amplifier the standby mode. If the AC line voltage drops to about

20% or more below the unit’s rated voltage, both channels will go into standby to prevent loudspeaker damage that can result from brownouts and blackouts.

If dangerous subsonic frequencies or direct current

(DC) is detected in the amplifier’s output, the DC/low-

frequency protection circuitry will put the channel in standby to protect the loads and prevent oscillations.

The unit resumes normal operation as soon as the am-

Internal Standby Indicators

(For Qualified Technicians Only)

Although it is very unlikely that you will ever see an amplifier channel unintentionally put in standby, eight internal indicators (four per channel) are provided to help troubleshoot such a situation. They are located inside the top cover of the amplifier.

DANGER: Electrical shock from this amplifier can be lethal. The top cover should only be removed by a qualified technician.

Four indicators are provided per channel, with six on the main board and two on the control board.

Main board indicators include the following:

(1) DC/low-frequency protection, labeled “DC/LF,”

(2) fault, labeled “OUTPUT MOD FAULT,” and (3) standby, labeled “STBY.” The control board indicators help identify overvoltage conditions or transformer thermal protection. These indicators are labeled “OVER-VOLT/THERM.”

If the DC/LF indicator is lit, see what the indicator does when you remove the input signal. If it turns off, the problem is DC or subsonic material in the input signal and you should refer to Section 3.3.4; if it stays on, refer the amplifier to a qualified technician for service.

If the OUTPUT MOD FAULT indicator is lit, turn the amplifier off, wait ten seconds and then turn it back on. If the indicator stays off, try using the amplifier for normal operation; if the indicator turns on again, refer the amplifier to a qualified technician for service.

If the STBY indicator is lit, the installed PIP module has put the channel in standby. For example, PIPs controlled by the IQ System can be used to put each channel in standby to conserve energy.

If the OVER-VOLT/THERM indicator is lit for one channel, transformer thermal protection has been activated. An overvoltage condition always causes both indicators to light. If both indicators are lit, test your AC mains voltage. If it is within tolerance, you have somehow managed to activate thermal protection for both transformers (a feat that is virtually impossible).

plifier no longer detects dangerous low frequency or DC output. Although it is extremely unlikely that you will ever activate the amplifier’s DC/low-frequency protection system, improper source materials like subsonic square waves can activate this system.

The amplifier’s fault protection system will put a channel in standby mode in rare situations where heavy common-mode current is detected in the channel’s output.

The amplifier should never output common-mode current unless its circuitry is damaged in some way, and putting a channel in standby mode helps to prevent further damage.

The amplifier’s transformer thermal protection circuitry is activated if the unit’s transformer temperature rises to unsafe levels. Under these abnormal conditions, the amplifier will put the affected channel’s transformer in standby mode. The amplifier will return to normal operation after the transformer cools to a safe temperature. (For more information, refer to Section 4.3.3.)

4.3.3 Transformer Thermal Protection

All Macro-Tech amplifiers have transformer thermal protection. It protects the power supplies from damage under conditions where transformer temperatures rise too high. A thermal switch embedded in each transformer removes power to the channel if there is excessive heat. The switch automatically resets when the transformer cools to a safe temperature.

As long as it is operated within rated conditions (see

Section 6), it is extremely unlikely that your amplifier will ever activate transformer thermal protection. One reason is that ODEP keeps the amplifier working under very severe conditions. Even so, higher than rated output levels and loads with excessively low impedances can generate more heat in the transformer than in the output devices. These conditions can overheat the transformers and activate the protection system.

Macro-Tech amplifiers are designed to keep working when other amplifiers would fail. But even when the limits of a Macro-Tech amplifier are exceeded, it will still protect itself—and your investment—from damage.

4.3.4 Power Supply Fuses

An internal fuse protects the Macro-Tech 5002VZ’s lowvoltage power supply. The low-voltage power supply fuse will not blow unless something is wrong with the amplifier. If the low-voltage power supply fuse blows, refer the unit to a qualified technician for service.



The high-voltage power supplies are also protected by internal fuses. With rated loads and output levels, a fuse should only shut down its channel in the rare instance of a catastrophic amplifier failure. Other protection systems like ODEP keep the amplifier operational under most other severe conditions. A fuse can also shut down its channel if an extremely low-impedance load and high output level result in current draw that exceeds the fuse rating. Again, this should only be possible when operating outside rated conditions, like when the amplifier is used to drive a 1 ohm load in Stereo mode, or when the amplifier is driven with subsonic square waves. If a highvoltage power supply fuse blows, please refer the unit to a qualified technician.

4.4 Controls

The Enable switch is located on the front panel so you can easily turn the amplifier on and off. If you ever need to make any wiring or installation changes, don’t forget to disconnect the power cord first. Please follow these steps when first turning on your amplifier:

1. Turn down the level of your audio source. For example, set your mixer’s master volume to –

∞

.

2. Turn down the Level controls of the amplifier (if they are not already down).

3. Turn on the Enable switch. The Enable indicator beside the switch should glow. During the four second turn-on delay which immediately follows, the Signal/ IOC indicators will light brightly, the

ODEP indicators will stay off, and the I

Load

/

I Limit

indicators usually stay off but may flash immediately after the switch is turned on. After the turn-on delay, all lights should indicate normal operation.

4. After the turn-on delay, turn up the level of your audio source to the maximum desired level.

5. Turn up the level controls of the amplifier until the maximum desired sound level is achieved.

DANGER: This amplifier produces enough power to drive loudspeakers to levels that can cause permanent hearing damage. Be careful when setting the maximum level.

6. Turn down the level of your audio source to its normal range.

Each of the front panel Level controls has 31 detents for accurately repeatable settings. To prevent tampering, the Level Control Security Kit is available (see Section 8.2). In Bridge-Mono and Parallel-Mono modes, the

Channel 2 level control is bypassed.

Page 26

The three-position input sensitivity switches are located on the back panel and are factory set to

0.775 volts for standard 1 kHz power*. They may be set to 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a voltage gain of 26 dB. When set to 26 dB gain, the input sensitivity is

5.1 volts for full output.

The Loudspeaker Offset Integration (LOI) switches are located on the back panel of the amplifier and are factory set to the “on” position. The LOI circuits use double integrating filters in the amplifier’s feedback circuitry to protect loudspeakers in several different ways.

First, they center asymmetrical audio waveforms that cause off-center woofer cone movement. Off-center cone movement increases loudspeaker heating and distortion while reducing the loudspeaker’s power handling ability. Second, LOI filters unwanted DC and subsonic frequencies using a third-order Butterworth filter with a 35 Hz corner frequency. Third, LOI filters unwanted ultrasonic frequencies (RF) that can cause tweeter burnout using a second-order Bessel filter with a 50 kHz corner frequency.

IMPORTANT: The Loudspeaker Offset Integration circuitry does NOT protect loudspeakers from large transient voltages or excessive power levels for pro-

longed periods of time. Crown cannot be held liable for damage or personal injury that results from overdriving loudspeakers or other system components. See

Section 3.3.6 for information on using fuses to protect loudspeakers.

The compressor switches are located on the back panel of the amplifier and are factory set to the “fast” setting. If desired, they can be switched to “slow” or

“off.” Because the compressors are ahead of all other input circuitry, they compress the input signals before clipping or other types of distortion can be generated.

Each compressor is driven by the channel’s input overload and IOC error signals. If the IOC circuit senses that distortion in the output of the amplifier is equal to or greater than 0.05%, it generates an “error signal” that causes the IOC indicator on the front panel to flash

Fig. 4.3 Input Sensitivity, LOI and Compressor Switches

* Factory setting for international models is 1.4 V.


Macro-Tech 5002VZ Power Amplifier brightly, and the compressor to compress the input signal (if it is turned on). If an input signal has too much voltage, the input overload circuitry will light the IOC indicator brightly, and the compressor will compress the input signal regardless of the COMPRESSOR switch position. The OFF setting bypasses all drive sources for the compressors except for input overload.

When the COMPRESSOR switch is set to FAST, the compressors have an attack time of 4 milliseconds and a release time of 300 milliseconds. When set to SLOW, they have an attack time of 12 milliseconds and a release time of 600 milliseconds. When set to OFF, an input overload will still drive the compressor which uses the “fast” attack and release times to protect the input circuitry.

The back panel input ground lift switch is located on the PIP2-FXQ (see Figure 3.11). It reduces the chance of ground loops by isolating the input signal grounds from the AC ground (see Section 3.3.4). Slide the switch to the right to isolate or “lift” the grounds.

The VZ mode switches are located inside the amplifier behind the top dust filter on the front panel. To access these switches, remove the top filter element (see Figures 2.2 and 4.4). Always turn the power off before

changing one of these switches. Each switch has four settings (from left to right): VZ-ODEP, Lock Low, VZ and

VZ. Note: The third and fourth positions are identical.

The amplifier is shipped from the factory with the switches set to “VZ-ODEP.” Once the top filter element is removed, the switch position label should become visible on the grille below each switch. To access the switches, reach through the grille opening with a long narrow nonconductive object like a plastic pen. The switches are about 1.75 inches (4.5 cm) behind the grille. They are easy to locate with the aid of a flashlight.

VZ-ODEP

Lock Low

VZ

VZ

Fig. 4.4 Channel 1 VZ Mode Switch (Behind Filter)


The switch for Channel 1 is located on the left side, and the switch for Channel 2 is on the right.

The VZ (Variable Impedance) mode causes the power supplies to automatically shift between high-current and low-current modes of operation as operating conditions change. Normally, the power supplies operate in the high-current (low-impedance) mode for maximum thermal efficiency. When voltage demand reaches highs levels, the supplies quickly shift into high-voltage (highimpedance) mode. Because voltage and current requirements vary with the output level and frequency content of the source signals, the power supplies are designed to be able to continually switch between the two modes as needed with no degradation to the audio signal.

The VZ-ODEP mode is very similar to VZ mode. The only difference is that the power supplies are forced into high-current mode when ODEP is close to activating its limiting circuitry. This reduces excessive stress on the output transistors, and effectively increases the thermal performance of the amplifier.

Note: When ODEP limiting begins, the IOC circuitry will see that the input waveform does not match the output waveform, and an error signal is generated. If the compressors are on, they will see the error signal and compress the input signal to correct the problem. When this happens, there is no audible signal degradation. Compression is subtle, and not noticeable unless the system is driven to extremely high levels.

The Lock Low mode locks the power supplies into the high-current mode for low-impedance loads. This may be desirable when driving high-frequency transducers that must be protected from too much voltage, or when driving loads with very low impedances.

4.5 Filter Cleaning

Dust filters are provided on the air intakes to the cooling system (see Figure 2.1). If these filters become clogged, the unit will not cool as efficiently as it should and may produce output levels that are lower than normal due to high heat sink temperature.

To clean, remove each of the five filter elements by gently pulling them away from the front panel. Clean with mild dishwashing detergent and warm water. Replacement filters may be ordered from the factory.

Dust filters are not 100% efficient—long term this may require internal heat sink cleaning by a qualified technician. Internal cleaning information is available from our

Technical Support Group.

Page 27


5 Technical Information

5.1 Overview

Your Macro-Tech VZ amplifier incorporates several new technological advancements including low-stress output stages, real-time simulation of output transistor conditions, advanced thermal management, a modular system for signal input and processing, multispeed compressors, Loudspeaker Offset Integration, split feedback paths, modular internal construction and articulated VZ power supplies.

Custom protection circuitry limits temperature and current to safe levels while making the amplifier highly reliable and tolerant of faults. Unlike many lesser amplifiers, it can operate at its voltage and current limits without self-destructing.

Real-time computer simulation is used to create an analogue of the junction temperature of the output transistors (hereafter referred to as the “output devices”).

Current is limited only when the device temperature becomes excessive—and just by the minimum amount necessary. This patented approach is called ODEP or

Output Device Emulation Protection. It maximizes the available output power and eliminates overheating, the major cause of output device failure.

The amplifier is protected from all common hazards that plague high-power amplifiers including shorted, open, or mismatched loads; overloaded power supplies, excessive temperature, chain-destruction phenomena, input-overload damage and high-frequency blowups.

The unit protects loudspeakers from DC in the input signal, output DC in the output, and turn-on/turn-off transients. The amplifier is also protected from internal faults.

The four-quadrant topology used in the grounded output stages is called the Grounded Bridge. The

Grounded Bridge topology takes full advantage of the power supplies delivering peak-to-peak voltages to the load that are twice the voltage seen by the output devices and twice the voltage generated by the power supplies.

The Grounded Bridge topology is ground-referenced.

Because the required current exceeds the limits of presently available components, composite output devices are constructed to function as gigantic NPN and PNP devices. Each output stage has two composite NPN devices and two composite PNP devices.

The devices connected to the load are referred to as

“high-side NPN and PNP” and the devices connected to ground are referred to as “low-side NPN and PNP.”

Positive current is delivered to the load by increasing conductance simultaneously in the high-side NPN and low-side PNP stage, while decreasing conductance of the high-side PNP and low-side NPN synchronously.

The two channels may be used together to double the voltage (Bridge-Mono) or the current (Parallel-Mono) presented to the load. This feature gives the user flexibility in maximizing the power available to the load.

A wide-bandwidth multiloop design is used for state-ofthe-art compensation. This produces ideal behavior and results in ultra-low distortion values.

Aluminum extrusions have been widely used for heat sinks in power amplifiers due to their low cost and reasonable performance. However, measured on a watts per pound or watts per volume basis, the extrusion technology doesn’t perform nearly as well as the heat sink technology developed for Macro-Tech amplifiers.

The heat sinks for the Macro-Tech 5002VZ are fabricated from custom milled fin stock that provides an exceptionally high ratio of area to volume, or area to weight. All power devices are mounted directly to massive heat spreaders that are electrically at the Vcc potential. Electrifying the heat spreaders improves thermal performance by eliminating the insulating interface underneath the power devices. The chassis itself is even used as part of the thermal circuit to maximize utilization of the available resources.

5.2 VZ Power

VZ means Variable Impedance. It is the name of Crown’s patented articulated power supply technology. This technology is what makes it possible to pack such tremendous power into Crown’s VZ amplifiers.

5.2.1 Background

A power supply must be large enough to handle the maximum voltage and current necessary for the amplifier to drive its rated power into a specified load. In the process of fulfilling this requirement, conventional power supply designs produce lots of heat, are heavy, and take up precious real estate. And it’s no secret that heat is one of a power amplifiers worst enemies. Consider the circuit in Figure 5.1.

According to Ohm’s Law, the higher the power supply voltage, the more heat the power transistors must dissi-



POWER

TRANSISTOR

SPEAKER

LOAD

POWER

TRANSISTOR

+

POWER

SUPPLY

– pate. Also, the lower the resistance of the power transistors, the more voltage you can deliver to the load. But at the same time that you lower the resistance of the transistors, you increase the current passing through them, and again increase the amount of heat they must dissipate.

Fig. 5.1 A Typical

Power Supply

5.2.2 The VZ Supply

An articulated power supply like Crown’s VZ design can circumvent much of this problem by reducing the voltage applied to the transistors when less voltage is required. Reducing the voltage reduces the heat which makes the amplifier runs cooler. This makes it possible to safely pack more power into the chassis.

The VZ supply is divided into segments to better match the voltage and current requirements of the power transistors. Remember that audio signals like music are complex waveforms.

Fig. 5.2 Music Waveforms

For music the average level is always much less than the peak level. This means a power supply does not need to produce full voltage all the time.

The VZ supply is divided into two parts. When the voltage requirements

VZ POWER SUPPLY are not high, it operates in highcurrent mode to

POWER

TRANSISTOR produce less volt-

+ + age and more current.

SPEAKER

LOAD

VZ

STAGE

VZ

STAGE

– –

The power transistors stay cooler

POWER

TRANSISTOR

Fig. 5.3 VZ High-Current Mode and are not forced to needlessly dissipate heat. This is the normal operating

VZ POWER SUPPLY

+

VZ

STAGE

– mode of the VZ power supply.

POWER

TRANSISTOR

SPEAKER

LOAD

POWER

TRANSISTOR

VZ

STAGE

–

+

Fig. 5.4 VZ High-Voltage Mode

When the voltage requirements are high, a VZ supply switches into to a high-voltage mode to produce higher voltage and less current. The amplified output signal never misses a beat and gets full voltage when it needs it—not when it doesn’t need it.

Sensing circuitry monitors the voltage and current demands of the signal and load to determine when to switch VZ modes. The switching circuitry controls the power supplies (not the output devices) which yields the highest dynamic transfer function with no audible switching distortion—you hear only the music, not the amplifier. The VZ design gives you maximum power, maximum safety, and power optimized for your load.

5.3 Circuit Theory

Each channel is powered by its own transformer, T100 or T200. The secondary of T100 is full wave rectified by

DB100 and DB101 and filtered by large computer grade capacitors (C810 and C812 for Channel 1). The transformers are protected against catastrophic failure by fuses F700 and F701 and thermally protected by internal self-resetting switches.

Both channels share T1, a low-voltage transformer. The output of T1 is rectified by diodes D709 through D714 providing an unregulated 24 volts. Monolithic regulators

U715 and U716 provide the regulated ±15 volts. T1 is protected by fuse F702.

5.3.1 Stereo Operation

For simplicity, the discussion of stereo operation will refer to one channel only. Mono operation will be discussed later.

Please refer to the block diagram in Figure 5.5 and the schematics provided at the back of this manual.

The input signal at the XLR and phone jack input connectors passes directly into the balanced input stage

(U100A). When the compressor is enabled, the compressor control circuit (U101, U102 and U103) causes a reduction in gain of the balanced input stage at the onset of clipping in the output stage. The compressor is



Page 30

Fig. 5.5 Circuit Block Diagram


Macro-Tech 5002VZ Power Amplifier also activated any time the first stage is about to be overdriven. The compressor control circuit also sends signals to the display module to indicate IOC or input overload.

The variable gain stage (U100B) sets the input sensitivity. Switch S100 is used to select 26 dB gain, 1.4 volts or 0.775 volts sensitivity for standard 1 kHz power. From there, variable resistor (R120) controls the gain.

The “error” amplifier (U105) is the heart of the unit. It is located in the main feedback loop and controls the performance of the amplifier. The error amp amplifies the difference (“error”) between the output signal and the input signal, and drives the voltage translator stage to compensate for these differences.

The output of the error amplifier is then sent to the signal translators (U106, U107, Q101, Q102, Q113 and Q114).

This stage translates the ground-referenced output of the error amplifier to a V

CC

-referenced signal to drive the last voltage amplifiers. The translators output drive is controlled by the ODEP circuit via Q101, Q102, Q113 and Q114.

The output of the signal translators next goes to the Last

Voltage Amplifiers or LVAs (Q501, Q502, Q503, Q507,

Q508 and Q509) located on the output module. The output of the LVA stage is limited by D514 through D517 so that there is maximum current to feed the predriver transistors and the slew limit capacitors (C506 and

C507) yielding a constant slew rate.

The output stage consists of the predrivers (Q504 and

Q510), the drivers (Q511 and Q512), and the outputs

(Q513 through Q518, Q536 and Q537). These devices are configured as emitter-follower stages to supply current gain to the output of the amplifier.

The bias servos (Q533 and Q505) are thermally coupled to the heat sinks and set the quiescent current point for the output stage to lower the distortion in the crossover region of the output signal.

The bridge-balance circuit (U503) receives a signal from the output of the amplifier and differences it with the signal at the V

CC

supplies. The bridge-balance circuit then develops a voltage to drive the bridge-balanced output stage. This results in the V

CC

supply having exactly one half of the output voltage added to their quiescent voltage. Q529 and Q530 along with

R556 set the quiescent current point for the bridge-balance output stage.

The protection mechanisms that affect the signal path are implemented to protect the amplifier under real-

Reference Manual world conditions. These conditions are high instantaneous current, excessive temperature, and operation of the output devices outside safe conditions.

The instantaneous current limiter (Q534, Q535, Q540 and Q541) has two distinct limiting points. The current limit is nominally set to 55 amps and will switch to 32 amps when the V

CE

voltage exceeds a predetermined level. When the output current exceeds the set limit, drive is removed from the LVA stage, thus limiting the output current to a safe level.

To further protect the output stages, a specially developed ODEP circuit is used (U112, U113, U114, U116 and U117). It produces an analog output proportional to the always changing safe operating area of the output transistors. This output controls the translator stage and the low-side predriver stage, removing any further drive that may exceed the safe operating area of the output stages.

Thermal sensors U500 and U501 give the ODEP circuits vital information on the operating temperature of the heat sink on which the output devices are mounted.

Should the amplifier fail in such a way that would result in DC (caused by excessive current or voltage) across the output terminals, the DC/low-frequency protection circuit (U109C and U109D) senses this on the negative feedback loop and shuts down the power supply and all drive to the output stage until the DC is removed. If an output device fails, the fault circuit (U115, Q105,

Q106, Q108 and Q109) detects the common-mode current in the output devices and removes power from the channel until it can be repaired.

The Loudspeaker Offset Integration or LOI circuit

(U104) senses the output signal and does a double integration, feeding the resultant “error” signal to the error amplifier to correct for any net DC in the output.

Additional protection is provided by the overvoltage protection circuit (U707D) which monitors the incoming line voltage and shuts down both power supplies in the case of excessive line voltage.

The VZ control circuit (U110) monitors both the V

CC

and the output signal. When the output signal comes to within a ∆V of the V

CC

(as determined by the output voltage and current demands), the control circuit tells the supply to switch into high-voltage mode. The supply is then latched in this mode for a minimum of 50 microseconds by U703. U711 provides protection for the

FETs. The FETs (Q810, Q811 and Q812) and the steering diodes (D810 and D811) provide the two modes of the power supply.

Page 31


The VZ mode switch (S700) has four positions which control how the articulated supply functions. (Two of the four switch positions are identical because there are only three VZ modes.) In the VZ position, the supply will automatically change as needed depending on the signal demands. In the Lock Low position, the supply stays in high-current mode and cannot switch into high-voltage mode. In the “VZ-ODEP” position, the supply operates as it would in the VZ position unless the ODEP limit is reached. If the ODEP limit is reached, the supply will be locked into high-current mode to lower the thermal dissipation of the output devices until it is cools enough to return to normal VZ operation.

The fan control circuit (U713, U707B, U712 and Q706) uses the ODEP thermal information to control the speed of the fan. The summation of the ODEP signal and the heat sink temperature is used to determine its speed.

In order to reduce the turn-on current needed by the power transformers, a “soft start” circuit is provided

(U701B, U701A, U111, U700 and Q701) which limits the maximum start-up current to less than 22 peak amps per channel with 120 VAC mains. The primary voltage is ramped up to the full voltage, then relay K700 closes across triac Q701 for normal operation.

5.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation

By setting the back panel stereo/mono switch to

BRIDGE MONO, the user can convert the Macro-Tech

5002VZ into a bridged mono amplifier. With a signal applied to the Channel 1 input and the load connected between the positive output terminals of Channel 1 and

Channel 2, twice the voltage output of a single channel is achieved.

The Channel 1 output feeds the Channel 2 error amp

(U205). Because there is a net inversion, the Channel 2 output is out of polarity with Channel 1. This produces twice as much voltage across the load. Each of the channel's protection mechanisms work independently and both IOC indicators are operational.

5.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation

With the stereo/mono switch set to PARALLEL MONO, the output of Channel 2 is paralleled with that of Channel 1. A suitable jumper capable of handling high current must be installed to gain the benefits of this operating mode. The jumper should be connected across a positive output terminal from each channel.

The signal path for Channel 1 is the same as for stereo operation. The signal for Channel 2 is fed from the same source as for Channel 1 and is paralleled at the input to the error amplifier (U105 and U205). A signal from the current sense circuit is also sent to the Channel 2 error amplifier giving Channel 2 an electronic ballasting resistor to better match the two outputs. In Parallel-Mono mode, twice the current of one channel alone can be obtained. Each of the channel’s protection mechanisms work independently if a fault occurs and both IOC indicators are operational.

5.3.4 Terminator Module

The terminator module provides a high-frequency load to the amplifier in order to maintain stability. It includes a current sense circuit (U750) which is used for the I

Load

/

I

Limit

display and in the Parallel-Mono mode.

5.3.5 Display Module

On the display module there are seven indicators. The amber Enable LED shows that the low-voltage supply is enabled. The green SPI/IOC LED is driven by Q502 from the output signal and flashes with the output signal at normal brilliance. When the amplifier reaches early clipping, the LED driven by Q504 will flash brighter indicating an IOC event. The amber ODEP LED driven by

Q500 normally lights at full brilliance and diminishes when thermal-dynamic power reserve drops. This LED will stay off if the channel is put in standby. The twocolor I

Load

/ I

Limit

LED flashes green when U500, U501 and Q505 see output current. It turns red when the amplifier’s maximum current output is achieved.



Specifications

The following applies to 120 VAC, 60 Hz units in Stereo mode with 8-ohm loads and an input sensitivity of 26 dB gain unless otherwise specified. Specifications for units supplied outside the U.S.A. may vary slightly at different AC voltages and frequencies. Contact your

Crown representative for full details).

Power

Output Power

Note:See the Minimum Guaranteed Power table in Figure 6.1 for the output power specifications under a variety of conditions.

Load Impedance: Safe with all types of loads. Rated for 2 to 8 ohms in Stereo, 4 to 16 ohms in Bridge-Mono and 1 to 4 ohms in Parallel-mono mode.

Voltage Gain: 20:1 ±3% or 26 dB ±0.25 dB at the maximum level setting. 132:1 ±12% or 42 dB ±1 dB at

0.775 volt sensitivity. 71:1 ±12% or 37 dB ±1 dB at

1.4 volt sensitivity. Also see Section 4.4.

Required AC Mains: 50 or 60 Hz, 100, 120, 200, 208,

230, 240 VAC (±10%). Draws 90 watts or less at idle.

Current, voltage and frequency requirements are provided on the unit’s back panel.

AC Line Connector: 10 AWG cordset with NEMA

TT30P plug is provided on 120 VAC, 60 Hz North

American units.

Performance

Frequency Response: ±0.1 dB from 20 Hz to 20 kHz at 1 watt. (see Figure 6.3).

Phase Response: ±10 degrees from 10 Hz to 20 kHz at 1 watt.(see Figure 6.6).(see Figure 6.6).


Signal-to-Noise Ratio: A-weighted: Better than 105 dB below rated 1 kHz power.

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): 1 kHz rated power,

0.05% or less true THD.

Intermodulation Distortion (IMD): (60 Hz and 7 kHz

@ 4:1) Less than 0.05% from rated power to 35 dB below rated power at 8 ohms.

Damping Factor: Greater than 1,000 from 10 Hz to

400 Hz.

(see Figure 6.4).

Controlled Slew Rate: (Slew rates are limited to useful levels for ultrasonic/RF protection.) Greater than 30 volts per microsecond.

Controls

Compressor: A three-position back panel switch is used to control each channel’s input compressor. The

“fast” setting provides an attack time of 4 milliseconds and a release time of 300 milliseconds; the “slow” setting provides an attack time of 12 milliseconds and a release time of 600 milliseconds; the “off” setting defeats output-driven compression.

Enable: A front panel push button used to turn the amplifier on and off.

Input Ground Lift: A two-position back panel switch located on the PIP2-FXQ used to isolate the input audio signal grounds from the AC (chassis) ground.

Level: A front panel rotary potentiometer for each channel with 31 detents used to control the output level.

Loudspeaker Offset Integration: A two-position back panel switch for each channel used to turn the loudspeaker protection circuitry on and off. The circuitry protects against DC, off-center woofer cone movement, and unwanted subsonic and ultrasonic frequencies.

Sensitivity: A three-position back panel switch for each channel used to select input sensitivity:

0.775 volts or 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a

26 dB voltage gain.

Stereo/Mono: A three-position back panel switch used to select Stereo, Bridge-Mono or Parallel-Mono mode.

VZ Mode: A four-position switch for each channel inside the front panel used to control the switching mode of the VZ power supplies.

Indicators

Enable: This amber front panel indicator shows the on/off status of the low-voltage power supply.

Page 33


Signal/IOC: Each channel has a green front panel indicator that flashes to show amplifier output. If a channel’s output waveform differs from its input by

0.05% or more, the indicator flashes brightly to show distortion.

ODEP: Each channel has an amber front panel indicator that shows thermal-dynamic energy reserve. Normally, each ODEP indicator is lit to show available reserve energy. The indicator will dim proportionally as the energy reserve for its channel decreases. In the rare event that a channel has no reserve, its indicator will turn off and the ODEP circuitry will limit the channel’s output drive (see Section 4.2).

Load/ILimit: Each channel has a two-color (green/ red) indicator that shows load current and limit current. They glow green to indicate load current flowing out the amplifier, and they turn red when maximum current is being delivered to the load.

Input/Output

Input Connectors: Balanced three-pin XLR connectors and balanced phone jacks are provided on the factory-installed PIP2-FXQ . (see Section 8.1 for optional PIP modules).

Input Impedance: Greater than 10 K ohms, balanced. Greater than 5 K ohms, unbalanced.

Input Sensitivity: Settings include 0.775 volts or

1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a 26 dB voltage gain. (see Section 4.4 for more information).

Output Connectors: A multifunction, high-current output block is provided. Crown output blocks include three pairs of connectors for each channel (a total of

12 connectors). This allows multiple loudspeakers to be easily connected to each channel. High current screw terminals and banana jacks are provided which accept spade lugs, banana plugs or bare wire.

Output Impedance: Less than 10 milliohms in series with less than 2.5 microhenries. (see Figure 6.5).

DC Output Offset: ±10 millivolts.

Output Signal

Stereo: Unbalanced, two-channel.

Bridge-Mono: Balanced, single-channel. Channel 1 controls are active; Channel 2 controls are removed from operation.

Parallel-Mono: Unbalanced, single-channel. Channel 1 controls are active; Channel 2 controls are removed from operation.

Protection

Macro-Tech amplifiers are protected against shorted, open or mismatched loads; overloaded power supplies; excessive temperature, chain destruction phenomena, input overload damage and high-frequency blowups. They also protect loudspeakers from input/ output DC and turn-on/turn-off transients.

If unreasonable operating conditions occur, the patented ODEP circuitry will proportionally limit the drive level to protect the output transistor stages, particularly in the case of elevated temperature. Transformer overheating will result in a temporary shutdown of the affected channel; when it has cooled to a safe temperature, the transformer will automatically reset itself.

Controlled slew rate voltage amplifiers protect against

RF burnouts. And input overload protection is provided by the input compressors and current-limiting resistance at the input.

Turn On: The four second turn-on delay prevents dangerous turn-on transients. It also has “soft start” to avoid tripping the AC circuit breaker by gradually bringing the supplies up to full voltage.

Construction

Steel chassis with durable black finish, aluminum front panel with Lexan overlay, and specially designed flow-through ventilation from front to back panels.

Cooling: Internal heat sinks with on-demand, proportional forced-air cooling controlled by ODEP.

Includes custom heat diffusers and patented circuitry to promote uniform dissipation.

Dimensions: 19 inch (48.3 cm) standard rack mount width (EIA RS-310-B), 5.25 inch (13.3 cm) height, 15.875 inch (40.3 cm) depth behind mounting surface, and 2.875 inches (7.3 cm) in front of mounting surface. Allow 3 inches (7.6 cm) behind the back panel for adequate air flow. (see Figures

3.1 and 3.2).

Approximate Weight: 77 pounds, 9 ounces (35.2

kg) net; 88 pounds, 10 ounces (40.2 kg) shipping weight.



Crown specifications are guaranteed for three years.

In an effort to provide you with as much information as possible about the high power-producing capabilities of your amplifier, we have created the following power matrices.

Minimum Guaranteed Power Specifications

Crown’s minimum power specifications represent the absolute smallest amount of output power you can expect from your amplifier when it is driven to full output under the given conditions. Some spaces in each matrix may be left blank because the same guarantee is not provided for those conditions—however, your amplifier will perform well under all conditions listed in each matrix.

When measuring power, 0.1% THD appears to be the industry standard for distortion. Two of the maximum average power specifications shown in each minimum power matrix are measured at 0.1% THD so you can easily compare Crown specifications to those of other manufacturers. But this high level of distortion actually allows for some clipping which is undesirable.

Because of this, a maximum average power specification at 0.05% THD is included in each minimum power matrix which represents non-clipped conditions. Although most manufacturers do not give you power specifications at 0.05% THD, we encourage them to provide these specifications so you will have a more realistic representation of the way amplifiers should be used in the real world—without a clipped output signal.

Stereo

(both channels driven)

Bridge-Mono

(balanced output)

Parallel-Mono

16

1

2

4

8

4

8

2

4

Stereo


2

4

Bridge-Mono

(balanced output)

8

16

8

4

Parallel-Mono

Stereo


Bridge-Mono

(balanced output)

8

16

1

8

4

2

4

Parallel-Mono

1

2

4

2

4

Macro-Tech 5002VZ – Minimum Guaranteed Power (Watts)

Stereo-Mono

Mode

Maximum Average

At 0.1% THD

(See note 1)

At 0.1% THD

(See note 2)

At 0.05% THD

(See note 3)

FTC Continuous Average

At 0.1% THD

(See note 4)

1865

1250

4725

3700

2490

4695

3730

4000

2600

5000

3700

2600

2375

1 kHz

2500

2000

1300

5000

2490

2525

1985

1310

5070

3935

2645

5085

3960

2635

20Hz-20kHz

2155

1775

1090

3670

1875

1740

1065

3355

2120

1760

1070

3525

2150

1835

1235

4670

3650

2425

4630

3675

3970

2550

4945

3700

2570

2340

1 kHz

2325

1995

1295

4875

2465

2430

1965

1285

5025

3910

2600

5025

3920

2615

1 kHz

1865

1295

3790

2570

3790

2580

1770

1230

3635

2455

3470

2455

1240

2605

2605

20Hz-20kHz

1030

2035

1015

2015

1015

1985

Fig. 6.1 Minimum Power Matrix

Many manufacturers publish power specs with a tolerance of ±1 dB or worse. This means their amplifier can deviate more than 20% in output! A 100 watt amplifier would meet their specification if it only produced 79.4 watts. Other manufacturers qualify their specs by saying they are “typical,”

“subject to manufacturing tolerances,” “single channel driven” or that they are specified with

“fuses bypassed.” Each of these statements effectively removes any performance guarantee. In fact, some manufacturers use these tactics to generate large power numbers, and they don’t even print a disclaimer. We take a different approach at Crown—our amplifiers are guaranteed to meet or exceed their specifications for three years. Further, because our published specs are set below our “in-house” measurements, you can expect every Crown amplifier to exceed its published minimum power specs. We believe you should get what you pay for.

Minimum Power Notes:

All minimum power specifications are based on 0.1% regulated AC mains and an ambient room temperature of 70° F (21° C). Standard EIA power (RS-490) is not identified here because it is identical to FTC Continuous Average Power.

1. A 1 kHz sine wave is presented to the amplifier and the output monitored for nonlinear distortion. The level is increased until THD reaches 0.1%. At this point, average power per channel is reported.

2. A sine wave is presented to the amplifier over the range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz and the output monitored for nonlinear distortion. The level at each frequency is increased until THD reaches 0.1%. At this point, average power per channel is reported.

3. A 1 kHz sine wave is presented to the amplifier and the output monitored for nonlinear distortion. The level is increased until THD reaches 0.05%. At this point, average power per channel is reported.

4. Continuous power in the context of Federal Trade

Commission testing is understood to be a minimum of five minutes of operation. Harmonic distortion is measured as the RMS sum total and given as a percentage of the fundamental output voltage. This applies for all wattages greater than 0.25 watts.



Maximum Power Specifications

Crown’s maximum power specifications represent the largest amount of output power you can expect from your amplifier when it is driven to full output under the given conditions. These specifications can be used to prevent loudspeaker and hearing damage.

The maximum power matrices include specifications for single cycle and 40 millisecond burst sine waves. Burst signals act like large transient peaks that are present in common source signals. Loudspeakers can respond to a single cycle burst, so the single cycle burst specifications should be used to help you protect your loudspeakers. In contrast, a

40 millisecond burst represents the typical response time of the human ear. Your ear will not respond to the entire dynamic change of a burst that lasts less than 40 milliseconds.

The burst power specifications are provided at 0.05% THD which is a practical low distortion condition. Operating the amplifier at levels higher than 0.05% THD can result in output power levels that are higher than those listed in the maximum power matrices.

Stereo-Mono

Mode

Stereo


Bridge-Mono

(balanced output)

Parallel-Mono

16

1

2

4

8

4

2

Stereo


4

8

4

Bridge-Mono

(balanced output)

8

16

2

4

8

Parallel-Mono

Stereo


Bridge-Mono

(balanced output)

8

16

1

8

4

2

4

Parallel-Mono 2

4

1

2

4

Macro-Tech 5002VZ – Maximum Power (Watts)

Single Cycle Tone Burst

At less than 0.05% THD

(See note 1)

40 Millisecond Tone Burst

At 0.05% THD

(See note 2)

2350

1845

1235

4995

3900

2590

4865

3865

2570

4635

3685

2495

4600

3660

2490

4280

2770

4910

3885

2720

2305

1835

1245

20 Hz

2285

1820

1305

4905

2930

2380

1425

6060

5065

2995

6250

4930

3025

6030

4820

2940

6300

4785

2990

6765

5005

3025

3040

2380

1470

50 Hz

3070

2310

1440

6400

5035

3000

3000

3205

1740

6155

6695

3655

6450

6635

3630

6125

6670

3620

6455

6615

3595

6925

6740

3660

3085

3305

1800

1 kHz

3195

3220

1760

6605

6780

3695

7 kHz

2460

1530

4815

3135

4550

2975

2060

1280

3985

2540

4090

2560

2125

1300

4155

2615

4345

2690

2905

2210

1365

6060

4615

2865

6145

4485

2795

5935

4255

2740

5705

4310

2685

5925

4425

2770

2870

2080

1340

50 Hz

2825

2100

1330

5750

4455

2770

2545

1925

1270

5310

4060

2665

5275

4025

2670

4845

3805

2545

4865

3820

2565

5285

4045

2670

2415

1895

1265

1 kHz

2505

1940

1270

5320

4070

2670

2125

1300

740

4155

2615

1535

4305

2690

1560

3945

2540

1485

4050

2560

1515

4505

2975

1795

2040

1280

740

7 kHz

2440

1510

870

4815

3100

1815

Fig. 6.2 Maximum Power Matrix

Maximum Power Notes:

All maximum power specifications are based on 0.1% regulated AC mains and an ambient room temperature of 70°

F (21° C). Although it is an unusual condition, your amplifier can function well with AC mains voltages up to 10% over the specified line voltage. With overvoltage conditions, your amplifier may be capable of delivering instantaneous power levels up to

20% greater than the specifications in the matrix.

1. A single cycle sine wave is presented to the amplifier and monitored for nonlinear distortion. The average power during the burst is reported. Loudspeakers must be able to withstand this level if they are to be safely used with this amplifier.

2. A 40 millisecond sine wave burst (10 percent duty cycle) is presented to the amplifier and monitored for nonlinear distortion. The average power during the burst is reported. This power level is a measurement of the amplifier’s maximum transient power that can be perceived by the human ear.



Fig. 6.3 Typical Frequency Response

Fig. 6.4 Typical Damping Factor


Fig. 6.5 Typical Output Impedance

Page 37


TEF

Measurement

+45˚

0˚

–45˚

100

TEF ®

1 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig. 6.6 Typical Phase Response

10 K 20 K

TEF

Measurement

–72 dB

–78

–84

–90

–96

–60

–66

Page 38

100

TEF ®

1 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

Fig. 6.7 Typical Crosstalk

10 K 20 K



7 AC Power Draw and

Thermal Dissipation

This section provides detailed information about the amount of power and current drawn from the AC power line by the Macro-Tech 5002VZ, and the amount of heat produced under various conditions. The calculations presented here are intended to provide a realistic and reliable depiction of the amplifier. The following assumptions were made:

• The amplifier’s available channels are loaded, and full, standard 1 kHz power is being delivered.

• Amplifier efficiency at standard 1kHz power is estimated to be 73%.

• Quiescent power draw is 90 watts

• Quiescent heat dissipation equals 105 btu/hr at

90 watts.

• Duty cycle of pink noise is 50%.

• Duty cycle of highly compressed rock ‘n’ roll midrange is 40%.

• Duty cycle of rock ‘n’ roll is 30%.

• Duty cycle of background music is 20%.

• Duty cycle of continuous speech is 10%.

• Duty cycle of infrequent, short-duration paging is 1%.

Here are the equations used to calculate the data presented in Figure 7.1:

The following equation converts power draw in watts to current draw in amperes:

The value used for Power Factor is 0.83. The Power

Factor variable is needed to compensate for the difference in phase between the AC mains voltage and current.

The following equation is used to calculate thermal dissipation.

The value used for Amplifier Inefficiency is 0.27 (1.00–

0.73). The factor 3.415 converts watts to btu/hr. Thermal dissipation in btu is divided by the constant 3.968

to get kcal.

If you plan to measure output power under real-world conditions, the following equation may also be helpful:

Duty

Cycle

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

8 Ohm Stereo / 4 Ohm Parallel-Mono

AC Mains

Power

Draw

(Watts)

Current Draw (Amps)

100-120 V 220-240 V

Thermal Dissipation btu/hr kcal/hr

1,881

1,523

1,164

806

448

22.7

18.3

14.0

9.7

5.4

10.3

8.3

6.4

4.4

2.5

1,793

1,491

1,189

887

584

452

376

300

224

147


L O A D

4 Ohm Stereo / 8 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 2 Ohm Parallel-Mono 2 Ohm Stereo / 4 Ohm Bridge-Mono / 1 Ohm Parallel-Mono

AC Mains

Power

Draw

(Watts)

Current Draw (Amps)

100-120 V 220-240 V

Thermal Dissipation btu/hr kcal/hr

2,845

2,294

1,743

1,192

641

34.3

27.6

21.0

14.4

7.7

15.6

12.6

9.5

6.5

3.4

2,606

2,142

1,677

1,212

748

657

540

423

305

189

AC Mains

Power

Draw

(Watts)

Current Draw (Amps)

100-120 V 220-240 V

3,534

2,845

2,156

1,467

779

42.6

34.3

26.0

17.7

9.4

19.4

15.6

11.8

8.0

4.3

Thermal Dissipation btu/hr

3,187

2,606

2,026

1,445

864 kcal/hr

803

657

511

364

218

Fig. 7.1 Power Draw, Current Draw and Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles



8 Accessories

8.1 PIP and PIP2 Modules

One advantage of Crown PIP2 compatible amplifiers is the ability to customize them using PIP (Programmable

Input Processor) and PIP2 modules. The PIPs shown here may be used in any Crown PIP2-compatible amplifier. PIPs carrying the PIP2 logo have been configured with an extended, PIP2-enhanced feature set.

FROM A

MPLIFIE

R

PIP2 AD

APTER

A

B

A

B

18 PIN (B)

20 PIN (A)

Fig. 8.1 PIP2 Adaptor

Connection

BACK PAN

EL

OF PIP2

AMPLIFIER

PIP2 ADAP

TER

P.I.P.

MODU

LE

For more information on these or other PIPs under development, contact your local dealer or Crown’s Technical Support Group.

IQ-P.I.P.-DSP is an IQ System Programmable Input

Processor with DSP (Digital Signal Processing) for PIPcompatible amplifiers. As a component of the IQ System, it connects the amplifier to the Crown Bus so the amplifier can be controlled and monitored. Its DSP capabilities enable it to be programmed with a variety of functions, such as filters and crossovers, signal delay, input compressor and output limiter, and a variety of other useful features similar to those included with the IQ-P.I.P-SMT. Requires an IQ2 interface and a computer for initial setup.

Fig. 8.2 Installing a PIP

Module

The modules install easily:

For PIP units featuring an edge-connector, first install the PIP2 adapter, then carefully slide the PIP card edge into the adapter’s edge connector.

Finally, insert the combined units into the amplifier and screw securely into place (see Figures 8.1

and 8.2).

For PIP2s featuring ribbon cable connectors, simply locate the two connectors on the underside of the

PIP circuit board, then connect the two input ribbon cables coming from

Fig. 8.3 Installing a PIP2

Module the amplifier. Both ribbon cables should run smoothly from the amplifier to the PIP card. Insert the PIP and attached cables into the PIP opening in the back of the amplfier, then screw securely into place (see Figure 8.3).

WARNING: Disconnect power to the amplifier when installing or removing a PIP module.

IQ-P.I.P.-MEM Integrates Crown PIP-compatible amplifiers into Crown’s IQ System. Each channel of each amplifier can be monitored and individually controlled from an inexpensive PC. A total of 15 functions can be either monitored or controlled. Memory backup is also incorporated in case of power failure. Requires an IQ2 interface and a computer for initial setup.

IQ-P.I.P.-SMT “Smart Amp” offers impressive new features unavailable elsewhere. The processing speed is substantially enhanced over other designs. A programmable powersupply gate conserves energy by shutting off the amplifier’s high-power supplies until an audio signal is present. The user may define error-reporting conditions of the amplifier.

There is much greater flexibility and thermal operational protection available, as well as a built-in smooth output limiter to discretely control maximum amplifier output. Requires an IQ2 interface and a computer for initial setup.



IQ-PIP-USP2 is an IQ2-series component. This means it supports Crown’s UCODE protocol and requires an IQ

System with an IQ2-compatible IQ interface. UCODE

(universal code) enables users and third parties to develop custom software objects to control and monitor IQ2compatible components like the IQ-PIP-USP2.

cluded is a bass-cut (high-pass) filter for each channel.

The equalization and bass-cut filters can be bypassed, if desired. Balanced inputs and “daisy-chain” outputs use removable barrier block connectors for quick, solderless connections.

P.I.P.-BEQX Same as P.I.P.-BEQC but with XLR connectors.

P.I.P.-AMCb combines many of the features found in the

P.I.P.-XOV and P.I.P.-CLP to provide both a variable 4thorder Linkwitz-Riley crossover and an IOC-driven or variable-threshold signal-driven compressor. In addition, variable equalization networks provide for “constant-directivity” horn equalization and filter-assisted B6 vented bass box equalization. Bi-amping and tri-amping capabilities are provided via XLR connectors.

+ +

P.I.P.-CLP is designed to detect and prevent overload. The same error detecting circuit that is used to signal the IOC indicator is used to activate this error-driven compressor. It is not a typical signal-driven compressor, but a circuit to prevent any overload. It can yield up to 13 dB or additional signal safety margin without noticeable program change.

P.I.P.-EDCb State-of-the-art programmable error-driven and signal-driven compressor plus a variable high-pass filter for each channel. Fast or slow attach and release times can be set independently for each channel.

∞ ∞

P.I.P.-ATNJ includes the features of the P.I.P.-FXT (balanced

Jensen ® 1:1 isolation transformers) and adds to each channel a 12-dB/octave RFI filter, a variable 18-dB/octave highpass filter (to reduce bass/subsonic frequencies), and a 6dB/octave 3-kHz shelving network for “constant-directivity” horn equalization. Special quick-connect barrier blocks are provided for inputs to each channel. Also adds a Jensen ®

32-step precision attenuator to each channel.

P.I.P.-FXT uses balanced 1:1 transformers to isolate the source from the inputs. It comes with balanced female 3pin XLR connectors.

P.I.P.-BEQC adds many features of the Bose ® Controllers to the input of your amplifier. Each channel includes a custom equalization network for Bose loudspeakers. Also in-

P.I.P.-FMX facilitates “daisy-chaining” several amplifier balanced inputs together. Female to male 3-pin XLR connectors are used to passively bridge the amplifier inputs.



P.I.P.-PA permits the unique capability of adding one mic/ line input directly to each channel of an amplifier. With phantom power for microphones, this mic/line input may be remotely switched from mic to line priorities.

“duck” level, 84 dB of attenuation. A 10-volt DC source for remote control capability is provided. The P.I.P.-EXT (Part

M44731-4), available from service, allows the P.I.P.-RPA and other PIP cards to be “extended” outside the amplifier for easy set up.

P.I.P.-RPAT has the same features as the P.I.P.-RPA but includes four input transformers.

P.I.P.-XOV is a versatile, economical mono 12- or 18-dB/ octave crossover/filter which offers bi-amping and tri-amping capability.

P.I.P.-RPA A phantom-power mixer that has four balanced mic or line inputs with voiceover capability and adjustable

For more information on these or other PIPs under development, contact your local dealer or Crown’s Technical

Support Group.

8.2 Level Control Shaft Lock

A security accessory, the shaft lock can be used to secure your amplifier’s level controls in situations where the front panel controls are subject to tampering. One is needed for each channel. They can be ordered through the Crown Service/Parts Department. For more information, contact the Crown Service Department.

Page 42

Fig. 8.4 Installing a Level Control Shaft Lock



9 Service

This unit has very sophisticated circuitry which should only be serviced by a fully trained technician. This is one reason why each unit bears the following label:

CAUTION: To prevent electric shock, do not remove covers. No user serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to a qualified technician.

9.1 Worldwide Service

Service may be obtained from an authorized service center. (Contact your local Crown/Amcron representative or our office for a list of authorized service centers.)

To obtain service, simply present the bill of sale as proof of purchase along with the defective unit to an authorized service center. They will handle the necessary paperwork and repair.

Remember to transport your unit in the original factory pack.

9.2 North American Service

Service may be obtained in one of two ways: from an authorized service center or from the factory. You may choose either. It is important that you have your copy of the bill of sale as your proof of purchase.

9.2.1 Service at a North American Service Center

This method usually saves the most time and effort. Simply present your bill of sale along with the defective unit to an authorized service center to obtain service. They will handle the necessary paperwork and repair. Remember to transport the unit in the original factory pack.

A list of authorized service centers in your area can be obtained from our Technical Support Group.

9.2.2 Factory Service

To obtain factory service, fill out the service informa-

tion page found in the back of this manual and send it along with your proof of purchase and the defective unit to the Crown factory.

For warranty service, we will pay for ground shipping both ways in the United States. Contact Crown Factory

Service or Technical Support to obtain prepaid shipping labels prior to sending the unit. Or, if you prefer, you may prepay the cost of shipping, and Crown will reimburse you. Send copies of the shipping receipts to

Crown to receive reimbursement.

Your repaired unit will be returned via UPS ground.

Please contact us if other arrangements are required.

Factory Service Shipping Instructions:

1. When sending a Crown product to the factory for service, be sure to fill out the service information

Always use the original factory pack to transport the unit.

form that follows and enclose it inside your unit’s shipping pack. Do not send the service information form separately.

2. To ensure the safe transportation of your unit to the factory, ship it in an original factory packing container. If you don’t have one, call or write

Crown’s Parts Department. With the exception of polyurethane or wooden crates, any other packing material will not be sufficient to withstand the stress of shipping. Do not use loose, small size packing materials.

3. Do not ship the unit in any kind of cabinet (wood or metal). Ignoring this warning may result in extensive damage to the unit and the cabinet. Accessories are not needed—do not send the instruction manual, cables and other hardware.

If you have any questions, please call or write the Crown

Technical Support Group.

Crown Audio Customer Service

Technical Support / Factory Service

Plant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart,

Indiana 46517 U.S.A.

Telephone: 219-294-8200

800-342-6939 (North America,

Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands only)

Facsimile: 219-294-8301 (Technical Support)

219-294-8124 (Factory Service)

Fax Back: 219-293-9200 ( North America only)

800-294-4094 (North America only)

219-294-8100 (International)

Internet: http://www.crownaudio.com


Crown Factory Service Information

Shipping Address: Crown International, Inc., Factory Service, Plant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, IN 46517

Phone: 1-800-342-6939 or 1-219-294-8200 Fax: 1-219-294-8301

Owner’s Name: _________________________________________________________________________

Shipping Address: ______________________________________________________________________

Phone Number: _____________________________ Fax Number: _____________________________

Model: ________________________ Serial Number: ______________ Purchase Date: ___________

NATURE OF PROBLEM

(Be sure to describe the conditions that existed when the problem occurred and what attempts were made to correct it.)

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Other equipment in your system: _________________________________________________________

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If warranty has expired, payment will be:

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Card Number:___________________________ Exp. Date:_______ Signature:____________________________

ENCLOSE THIS PORTION WITH THE UNIT. DO NOT MAIL SEPARATELY.

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