INTERDATA Loader Descriptions Manual

Publication Number 29-231 R11
16: BIT
LOADER DESCRIPTIONS
MANUAL
o
ENTIER DATA:
A UNIT OF
PERKIN-ELMER DATA SYSTEMS
2 Crescent Place, Oceanport, New Jersey 07757 e (201) 229-4040
© INTERDATA INC., 1970
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
May 1977
PAGE REVISION STATUS SHEET
PUBLICATION NUMBER 29-231
TITLE 16-Bit Loader Descriptions Manual
REVISION R11
DATE May 1977
DATE
PAGE REV. DATE PAGE REV. DATE PAGE REV.
Title A4-1/ | RO9 5/75
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FOREWORD
This manual is designed as a user reference to the INTERDATA 16-Bit Loader family. Chapter 1
is an introduction to the various loaders. The Standard Loader Format is detailed in Chapter 2.
Chapter 3 describes the various Stand Alone loaders. The OS Library Loader is detailed in
Chapter 4 and the OS Random Access Bootstrap (07-046) is described in Chapter 5. Seven
appendixes describe in various operations, commands, and procedures in summary form.
An Index is provided at the back of the manual for reference conveniences.
29-231 R10 2/77 i/ii
16- BIT
LOADER DESCRIPTIONS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 0000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000050000000
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29-231 R09 5/75
PAGE
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11
12
14
15
21
23
24
29
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
APPENDIX 4
APPENDIX 5
APPENDIX 5
APPENDIX 6
APPENDIX 7
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 4
TABLE 1
TABLE 2
TABLE 2A
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SUMMARY OF OS LIBRARY LOADER COMMANDS....
APPENDICES
........... Al-1
SUMMARY OF STAND-ALONE LOADER OPERATION. ............. A2-1/A2-2
50 SEQUENCES...o.ososscrcorcansoaaoaearanoeoceaocerooosa ooeao e. A3-1
LOADER MEMORY МАР5З. 2.252 о ооо оововововьововововововововове A4-1/A4-2
REL AND GENERAL LOADER ASSEMBLY PROCEDURES. ......... A5-1
REL AND GENERAL LOADER ASSEMBLY PROCEDURES, ......... A5-i
BULK STORAGE FILE PROCEDURES FOR R05 AND LOWER. ...... A6-1
REVISION INFORMATION ..... отсос вв вебе ев ев ово A7-1/A7-2
OBJECT TAPE FORMATS...
ILLUSTRATIONS
08 8 0 08 8 50 880 bes 7
STAND-ALONE LOADER OPERATING PROCEDURES. #00. 00.0, 0.0.0. 0.088 13
LOADER TAPE FORMAT........
OS LIBRARY LOADER MEMORY MAP......
SUMMARY OF LOADER FEATURES......
CONTROL ITEM DEFINITIONS.....
TABLES
0.0 & 6 8 8 6.0 & 00 He oP EGO eee
8 & 8 0 & 68 28 0 OFS SO OO BeOS Neer 14
.......... 17
® 80 2 08 00 0B SO BG SSSA 48 5
RTOS TASK ESTABLISHER CONTROL ITEMS. ..... ............ 5
TAPE CODES...
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6 + à à à © # 6 & à 5 # 6
GENERAL LOADER ERROR MESSAGES. ..escsoccoosrsedosorcoooco 10
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29-231 R10 2/77
16-BIT
LOADER DESCRIPTION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Types of Loaders
The purpose of this manual is to describe to the INTERDATA user, the various loaders that are available,
and to aid the user in selecting and using each loader program, There are four main classes of loaders:
1.1.1 50 Sequence Loaders. TYPES: Model 3, 50 Sequence and Model 4 and up, 50 Sequence.
A memory resident loader that loads core-image data.
1.1.2 Stand-Alone Loaders. These loaders load object programs output by the INTERDATA
assembler, and do not require OS support. TYPES: RELOCATING LOADER, GENERAL LOADER.
1.1.3 OS Loaders. This class loads assembly language and FORTRAN programs under OS
control.
TYPES: BOSS RESIDENT LOADER
DOS RESIDENT LOADER
RTOS RESIDENT LOADER
OS LIBRARY LOADER
RTOS TASK ESTABLISHER (TET)
1.1.4 Bootstrap Loaders. These programs act as front-end loaders for INTERDATA Soft-
ware programs and loaders thus making them self-loading.
TYPES: FAST FORMAT LOADER
SELF RELOCATING LOADER
BULK STORAGE BOOTSTRAP LOADER
1.2 Loader Terminology
The following list is a glossary of terms used in this manual, describing the loader features and program
characteristics.
ABSOLUTE PROGRAM A program assembled to occupy fixed locations in memory.
RELOCATABLE PROGRAM A program that can be loaded at a desired memory location
specified at load time.
BIAS The address specifying where a relocatable program is to be,
loaded. |
LABEL A six character name that identifies a program.
STANDARD LOADER FORMAT An encoding scheme which is used to represent object
programs.
ZONED TAPE A standard loader format tape that allows binary characters
to be punched on the Teletype.
EXTRN A symbolic reference to an external program or value
linkable at load time.
ENTRY A symbolic definition which allows references by other
programs to be resolved at load time. |
29-231 R09 5/75 1
COMMON An area set aside by a loader at load time for reference
by a number of programs,
UBOT User bottom of core - UBOT. is the first
(lowest address) memory location available
for loading user program in an OS environment,
CTOP Top of Core - The highest address of physical
memory.
RANDOM ACCESS STORAGE Disc or Drum
1.3 Program Formats
INTERDATA programs are supplied in various formats and on different media. A part number suffix is
used to identify the format and media of the program. The suffix used for this purpose is the manufac-
turing variation denoted by an M followed by a two digit number.
The format for the M field and its meaning for Software is:
Mxy
where x identifies the media selection (i. e., paper tape, mag tape,
cassette, etc.) and y identifies object or source and the format.
Meaning of x Meaning of y
Paper tape 1 1 Object program standard
format 32 bit Processor
Cassette 2 4 Memory image
Mag tape (800) 3 6 Object program standard
format 16 bit Processor
Cards 4 7 Object non-standard format
Disc (2.5 MB) 5 3 Object established task
Disc (5 MB) 6 3 Source program
The above numbers refer to the physical program placed on an approved media for INTERDATA software.
The following loaders may be used on the media specified:
50 SEQ
Relocating and General
Loader
OS Loader
Fast- Format Boot Loader
Self-Relocating Loader
Random Access Bootstrap
Paper tape, Magnetic tape
and Cassette
Paper tape, Magnetic tape
and Cassette
Paper tape, Magnetic tape,
Cassette and Disk
Paper Tape, Magnetic tape
and Cassette
Paper tape, Magnetic tape
and Cassette
Disc or Drum only
29-231 R09 5/75
REL Loader 06-024R01 or greater
General Loader 06-025R01 or greater
OS Library Loader 03-030
BOSS Resident Loader 03-019
DOS Resident Loader 03-022
RTOS Task Establisher Task 03-042
Refer to Section 2 for a complete definition of standard loader format. All of the above loaders load
either zoned or non-zoned tapes.
Zoned tapes use only 4 bits of each tape frame for data with the other 4 bits assigned a "zone'' code to
make the entire frame a non-printing ASCII code. This format is used for punching tapes on an ASR
Teletype tape punch; all INTERDATA programs produce this format when punching on a Teletype device.
The non-zoned tapes use all 8-bits of each tape frame for data, and these tapes are, therefore, half as
long as zoned tapes for an identical program.
Non-zoned paper tapes use an X'F0' as the first character of each record, so that the loaders can identify
the two formats. The Basic Assembler, Hex-Debug, and the corresponding OS programs produce non-
zoned tapes when punching to a High Speed Paper Tape Punch, This tape format results in less punching
time, shorter tapes, and faster loading than with zoned tapes. |
Each of these loaders provide a varying degree of loading capability. A brief description, in ascending
order, follows:
RELOCATING LOADER Loads absolute or relocatable
programs and handles forward
referencing. No external sym-
bolic referencing is allowed.
BOSS and DOS RESIDENT LOADER Same features as the RELOCATING
loaders except programs are loaded
for execution under the OS. Tor de-
tails on features and operation, see
the BOSS or DOS Reference Manual.
GENERAL LOADER Includes features of the RELOCATING
loader and resolves symbolic references/
definition linkage (EXTRN/ENTRY) and
processes program labels.
OS LIBRARY LOADER Includes features of the GENERAL
loader and allows selective Editing
of program libraries, building of
load modules and overlays, and
handling of common.
RTOS TASK ESTABLISHER Includes most of the features of the
OS Library Loader but is specifically
designed to establish tasks for RTOS.
The established tasks produced by TET
are loadable only by the RTOS loader
which is part of RTOS. For details on
features and operation, see the RTOS
Reference Manual.
Table 1 is a summary of loaders and their features.
29-231 R09 5/75 3
TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF LOADER FEATURES
REL General OS Library BOSS Resi- DOS Resi- RTOS Task
Loader Loader Loader dent Loader dent Loader Establisher
Task
- ABS Programs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
REL Programs Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Program Labels Ignored Typed Out Legal Ignored Ignored Legal
ENTRYs Ignored Legal Lega! Ignored Ignored Legal
EXTRNs Illegal Legal Legal Illegal legal Legal
Common Usage Неда! Illegal Legal Hiegal Illegal Legal
Error Handling Halt Typed Out Typed Out Typed Out Typed Out - Typed Out
QUT Mode No No Yes No No Yes
MAP Facility No No Yes No No Yes
Library Handling No No Yes No No Yes
Library Building No No Yes No No .No
Qverlay Building No No RO2 or Higher No No Yes
Automatic Post-
Load Transfer Yes Yes No No No No
RTOS Task Building No No No No No Yes
System Requirements 1KB 1.5KB 5KB+DOS,BOSS, BOSS DOS 7KB+DOS,
RTOS, or 0S/16-MT BOSS, RTOS,
or 0S/16-MT
2. INTERDATA STANDARD LOADER FORMAT
Standard loader format binary object tapes are divided into records separated by interrecord gaps.
record contains 108 bytes (with 108 zone codes for zoned formats) of information.
data are organized as follows:
Byte 1 and 2
Byte 3 and 4
15,
Sequence Number |
15,
Checksum |
The first four bytes of
The sequence numbers are sequential negative integers -1, -2, -3, etc., represented in two's comple-
ment form. The first record in a program must have sequence number -1.
in proper order to be loaded.
Subsequent records must be
The checksum is an odd parity Exclusive OR sum of all words in the record, except itself, plus a word of
all ONEs.
The remainder of the record is a sequence of items; an item is 4-bits or a half-byte. There are two
types of items; control items and data items.
by a certain number (which might be zero) of data items.
listed in Table 2.
only. These items are listed in Table 2A.
There are 20 basic control items, each of which is followed
The control items, and their meanings, are
The RTOS Task Establisher (TET) generates additional control items for RTOS use
29-231 R09 5/75
Each
TABLE 2. CONTROL ITEM DEFINITIONS
Control Item
Meaning
Number of Data
items Following
0
ЕО
E1
E2
E3
E4
Read next record
End of Program
Define chain
Toggle abs/rel mode
Load transfer address
Load program address
Load reference address
Load definition address
Data, 2 bytes absolute
Data, 2 bytes relative
Data, 4 bytes absolute
Data, 4 bytes relative
Symbol, reference
Symbol, definition
Decode Next Item
Define Common-block
Reference Common-block
Common data, 2 bytes absolute
Common data, 4 bytes absolute
Reset sequence number to -1
Program Label
0
0
16
20
24
12
TABLE 2A. RTOS TASK ESTABLISHER SPECIAL CONTROL ITEMS
CONTROL ITEM
MEANING
NUMBER OF DATA
ITEMS FOLLOWING
Eb
E6
E7
Task Control Block
record indicator, followed
by size of the TCBs
Index record indicator,
followed by number of
index records
Data record indicator,
followed by number of
data records
2
29-231 R09 5/75
Physically, three tape formats are used, all of which contain 108 bytes of data per record with blank
leader or inter-record gaps between records. The Loaders use the first non-blank character of each re-
cord to identify which format is being used except in the case of magnetic tape or cassette.
Standard Loader Non-Zoned Format: This format is used when punching paper tape on a high speed punch.
The first non-blank character of each record contains a X'F0'. This character is followed by 108 frames
each containing one data byte. Thus a complete record is 109 frames, of which the first is ignored.
Standard Loader Zoned Format: This format is used when punching object programs on a Teletype punch.
A special set of non-printing characters is used, such that only the four low order bits of each frame
contain data. (See Table 3.) If one of these special characters is encountered before an X'F0' character
is read, the record is assumed to be of this format. Because only 4 bits of each frame are used for
data, the 108-byte record is punched in 216 frames of paper tape, of which the upper 4 bits are ignored
by the loader input routine.
TABLE 3. TAPE CODES
(ZONED FORMAT) *
Binary Hex
Zone Data Zone Data
1001 0000 9 0
1000 0001 8 1
1000 0010 8 2
1000 0011 8 3
1000 0100 8 4
1001 0101 9 5
1001 0110 9 6
1001 0111 9 7
1001 1000 9 8
1001 1001 9 9
1001 1010 9 A
1001 1011 9 B
1001 1100 9 C
1001 1101 9 D
1001 1110 9 E
1001 1111 9 F
* The zoned format is established to allow data that
represents the four control TTY characters X91’,
X-ON, X92’, TAPE ON, X92’, X-OFF; and X'94’,
TAPE OFF; to be punched on a teletype punch.
Either format may be read through any paper tape reader.
Format: These formats are used with Magnetic Tape and Cassette (Intertape) devices. They are identical
to non-zoned format except that there is no leading X'F0' character. Additional parity checking is accom-
plished in the Magnetic Tape and INTERDATA hardware to insure a higher degree of data validity in |
addition to the checksum.
6 29-231 R09 5/75
Figure 1 shows a loader record in three formats.
NON-ZONED ZONED FORMAT MAGNETIC TAPE
OR CASSETTE
9
o o FORMAT
o LEADING 9
deso ХО 3 335889) PERE BT
"60 QO 00000 . P
| 3 000 0 ' '
3 895000 CKSM X'4ADA
о
00 09600 | RECORD
o O oO O
O oO o
o 00
O 00
o o 00 © F-LABEL
000 - 50 44 58 52 45 46 CAP
© Oo oo oll p OD X REF
o o o
O 00
18 © 38 ©
000
9 8 Sooo|h 8=L0AD 2 BYTES, ABSOLUTE
o © 000 || 0766
O o 00
90 O
o 0000
oO OO o
o 00 A: LOAD 4 BYTES, ABSOLUTE AN
о © © C840 0001
o о © '
o Oo ©
0. o ©
o o
50 Ö
O 0000
о 000 ETC.
o о 00 CO
о O o
o oO ©
O o o
O Q ©
o O 0.
Figure 1. Object Tape Formats
de THE STAND-ALONE LOADERS RELOCATING LOADER (06-024)
3.
GENERAL LOADER (06-025)
Common Features of the REL and GENERAL Loaders
The stand-alone loaders contain drivers for Teletype, High Speed Paper Tape Reader, Intertape (Cassette)
and Magnetic Tape devices. The following description applies to the REL and General Loaders.
1.
The input device for loading is defined by the Binary Input Device in the Device Definition
Table in low core. A device address of X'n2' is interpreted as a TTY, X'n3' as a High Speed
Paper Tape device and X'n5' as a Magnetic Tape or Cassette device.
This halfword for various devices is shown below.
0 7 8 15
Dev. No. Command
Examples: Teletype | 0294
High Speed Paper Tape Reader 0399
High Speed Reader/Punch 1399
- Magnetic Tape 85A1
Intertape (Cassette) 45A1
When reading binary data from paper tape, leader and illegal characters are skipped. For-
mats are discussed in Section 2.
Checksums and sequence numbers are checked after each binary record is read. Appropriate
error halts occur when errors are detected.
All loaders are provided in relocatable bootstrap form. Specifically, each tape contains a
relocating bootstrap sequence followed by the actual loader in normal relocatable object for-
mat. When using the bootstrap sequence, the loader is placed into the top of available memory
(REL at CTOP-X'400', General at CTOP-X'600'). Once the REL or General Loader is in the
top of core, any program can then be loaded to any other point in memory.
29-231 R09 5/75 7
5. The first location (ORG) of each loader is the starting location.
6. In the REL loader, Display Panel Indicators 8-15 are used to identify the meaning of loader
halts. The light patterns used are: |
XX00 normal end
XX01 checksurn, parity error, or Device unavailable
XX02 sequence error
XX03 attempt to load over loader
XX04 reference-definition loop
XXFN Illegal loader item encountered
(N = improper loader item type)
Parity errors detected while reading from Magnetic Tape or Cassette cause the REL Loader,
at R03 and above, to backspace and retry the operation 5 times. After the fifth attempt, the
record is backspaced and a checksum/parity error pattern is displayed on the Display Panel.
Depression of the 'execute' switch causes the record to be re-read. There is no provision
for bypassing a record with a parity error. If the device is unavailable (off line), the check-
sum/parity error pattern is also displayed.
7. The REL and General Loaders, at R03 and above, have the capability of selectively loading
programs from Magnetic Tape and Cassette libraries. Programs (separated by file marks)
may be specified by entering on switches 0-7 of the Display Panel the number of file marks
to be skipped by the Loader. When started, the REL and General Loaders read the Display
Panel, skip the specified number of file marks, and begin loading. Care should be taken to
avoid inadvertent skipping. For example, when the user is starting the Relocating or General
Loaders by addressing NC00 or NA00 in the switches and intends to load the first file on a
Cassette or Magnetic Tape, the user must clear (reset) the Switches 0-7 prior to depressing
execute. When loading from Paper Tape devices, the Display Panel is ignored.
8. The Loaders transfer immediately to the program loaded, if a transfer address (via an END
statement) is on the object tape. |
When the REL or General Loader is executed at its starting address (ORG), the Bias value is set to X'80'.
This Bias value is used during program loading to adjust any relocatable data values. Note that absolute
programs are stored at the absolute location specified for the data. Relocatable programs are stored
from the location indicated by Bias upward into memory. After a program has been loaded, the Bias
value is adjusted to point to the next available location. To indicate that the load is complete, the General
Loader halts with the Wait light on, and with XX00 contained in the Display Register. At this time, the
adjusted Bias value is held in Register 0. This register may be displayed on the panel. The REL Loader
automatically starts the loaded program if a transfer address was specified; otherwise a similar halt
occurs. |
If more programs are to be loaded, place the next Paper Tape in the reader or set the Display Panel for
Magnetic Tape or Cassette skipping, and with the MODE CONTROL switch in RUN, depress EXECUTE.
This procedure starts the General Loader executing at ORG + 26, which is the continue location. The
continue operation uses the current value of Bias, and does not reset it to X'80', Multiple relocatable
programs are thus loaded one after another into adjacent areas of memory.
If it is desired to load a relocatable program other than at X'80' in memory, it is necessary to redefine
the Bias value. To adjust the Bias pointer, use the following procedure.
1. Change the halfword at ORG + X'A' in the Loader to the desired Bias value.
2. Start the Loader executing at ORG + 8, rather than the normal start or continue location.
Note that the value at ORG + X'A' remains until changed to a new value. The Loader can always be re-
started at ORG + 8 which resets the Bias to the value contained in ORG + X'A'.
8 29-231 R09 5/75
Forward Reference Definitions
Program object tapes generated by one-pass assemblies or Load Modules from the OS Library Loader
involve forward references to symbols which are defined later in the program. The Loader uses a chain-
ing procedure for satisfying any forward references at the time the symbol definition is encountered.
An example of a forward reference in a program is:
OPT PASS1, PUNCH
LH 3, SAM
BR 5
SAM DC 3
END
In this case, the reference to SAM occurs before SAM is defined, There are several restrictions on the
use of forward references during one-pass assemblies, and on the use of symbols which are ENTRYs
or EXTRNs for the program to be loaded properly. The restrictions are:
1. Such symbols must not be combined in arithmetic expressions such as:
LH 3,SAM+2
2. Such symbols must not be used in the R1 or R2 field for an instruction such as:
LH 3,2(SAM)
3. Such symbols must not be used as operands assembler pseudo-ops such as DO, EQU, END
etc. ; for example:
DO SAM
3,2 General Loader Features
In addition to the capabilities already discussed, the General Loader provides various features not avail-
able with the Relocating Loader.
Bias Printout
At the start of every load operation, the General Loader types the current value of the Bias pointer on
the Teletype. This printout occurs prior to reading the first record of a new program, and the message
is of the form
BIAS = XXXX
where the XXXX represents the current Bias value in hexadecimal form.
Messages
Other messages which are typed on the Teletype are as indicated in Table 4.
ENTRY /EXTRN Handling
Programs generated by the assembler can use ENTRYs or EXTRNs to achieve cross referencing and
linkage with external programs. In this case, the object tape for these programs contains the symbolic
names declared as ENTRYs or EXTRNs. The General Loader uses a symbol table to remember these
names when a program is loaded. This symbol table builds downward in memory from the origin (ORG)
of the General Loader. Each entry in the Loader symbol table requires 8 bytes of memory.
Since the Loader symbol table is building downward into memory, and the programs being loaded are
building upward into memory, the Loader checks to see that the loading program does not overwrite the
symbol table. If the loading program requires data stored above the current bottom of the symbol table,
a MEMORY FULL message is generated and the Loader halts. |
When the General Loader is executed at its start location (ORG) or its BIAS redefinition location (ORG + 8),
the symbol table is cleared of all names. Executing the General Loader at its continue location (ORG + 26)
does not change the state of the symbol table.
29-231 R09 5/75 9
TABLE 4. GENERAL LOADER ERROR MESSAGES
MESSAGE MEANING
CKSM ERR A checksum error was detected after reading the previous record. Reposition the tape to the
beginning of the record and depress EXECUTE to reread the record. Magnetic Tape and Cassette
parity errors cause the record to be backspaced. Depressing EXECUTE will reread the record.
SEQ-ERR A sequence number error was detected after reading the previous error. Reposition the Paper
Tape to the proper record and depress EXECUTE to try again. This error usually occurs when
the tape is improperly positioned following a checksum error.
MEM-FULL This message is caused by a conflict between the General Loader and the loading program.
The program being loaded has not been loaded to conclusion. The alternatives are:
A. Load fewer programs
B. Make absolute tapes of the programs to be loaded and then use the
REL Loader which requires less memory
C. Eliminate some EXTRNs and ENTRYs to reduce size of symbol table
Note that the General Loader cannot load programs above itself in memory.
NORMAL END This case occurs when a program has successfully loaded and no END transfer address has been
specified or if undefined external references remain. All undefined external references are
listed on the Teletype preceded by a U prior to printing the NORMAL END message. If a trans-
fer address is specified and no undefined symbols remain, the Loader transfers directly to the
address specified, and no NORMAL END message occurs.
LOAD ERR This message results if an illegal control item is detected during foad. Depress EXECUTE
to ignore the control itern and attempt to proceed with the load. The E control item is
explained in Section 2.
REF-LOOP This message results if an endless forward reference or external reference chain is encountered.
It indicates that the input tape was generated incorrectly.
At the end of each program load, the symbol table is scanned for undefined symbols. Any undefined sym-
bols are typed in the form:
U XXXXXX
where XXXXXX is the symbol name. All such undefined names are printed preceding the NORMAL END
message. An undefined symbol results from the fact that the symbol was declared and referenced as an
EXTRN in some program, and no program yet loaded has declared and defined that same symbol as an
ENTRY. As soon as some loading program declares and defines that symbol as an ENTRY, the symbol
becomes defined. If more than one program declares and defines a symbol as ENTRY, the message:
M XXXXXX
where XXXXXX is the symbol name, is typed at the time the multiple definition occurs. In this case, the
first value defined remains in the symbol table, and the second definition value is ignored.
At the end of each program load, the Loader transfers immediately to the program that has been loaded,
only if a transfer address is specified on the tape, and if the symbol table contains no undefined symbols.
If any symbols in the table are undefined at the end of a load, those symbols are listed, NORMAL END
is printed, and the Loader halts, waiting to load the next program.
10 29-231 R09 5/75
Label Handling
Programs generated by the assembler can be labeled through the use of the OPT pseudo-op such as:
OPT PASS2, PUNCH, LAB=ABCDEF
The program label can be up to 6 characters. The first character must be a letter; subsequent characters
can be letters or digits. The object tape, in this case, contains the program label in symbolic form.
When the General Loader detects a program label, the label is typed in the form:
LABEL = ABCDEF
If object tapes which contain labels are loaded by the REL Loader, the label is ignored by the loader.
3.3 Operation of Stand-Alone Loaders
The steps required to load and operate the Stand-Alone Loaders are summarized below.
1. Manually enter the 50 Sequence into memory if it is not already there. Specify the device to
be used for loading at location X'78', the Binary Input Device definition. See Appendix 3 for
a listing of the 50 Sequences.
2. Place the Loader Tape or Cassette on the input device. Magnetic Tape and Cassette should
be in the 'LOAD' position, (LOAD POINT).
3. Enter X'0050' into the display panel switches, select ADRS Mode and depress EXECUTE.
4. Depress INITIALIZE. Select RUN Mode, and depress EXECUTE.
5. If an ASR 33 Teletype is being used as the input device, it is necessary to toggle the reader
switch to START, which starts the tape moving. If an ASR 35 Teletype is in use, the Mode
switch should be put in KT position and the reader switch should be put in RUN to start the
tape. If a High Speed Paper Tape Reader, Magnetic Tape or Intertape is in use, the tape
starts under program control.
6. If no input errors occur, the entire tape is read to the end, at which time the Processor halts
with the Wait light on, and XX00 contained in the Display Register.
7. If checksum errors are detected during Paper Tape input, the tape stops and the Processor
halts with the Wait light on and XX01 contained in the Display Register. When this occurs,
reposition the tape to the previous record gap, and depress EXECUTE to reread the record.
If the error halt occurs due to the first record on the tape, restart the entire load procedure.
If errors occur with Magnetic Tape or Cassette, restart the entire load procedure.
8. Put the Paper Tape to be loaded into the tape reader. If the tape to be loaded is relocatable,
and a specific Bias value is required, enter the Bias value into ORG+X'A', and set the start-
ing address to ORG+8, If the tape to be loaded is absolute, or if the current Bias value is
satisfactory, set the starting address to ORG. Depress IN ITIALIZE. Select RUN Mode and
depress EXECUTE, If the program to be loaded is on Magnetic Tape or Cassette, place the
number of file marks (hexadecimal) for positioning in the switches of the Display Panel and
proceed as with Paper Tape. After the specified file marks have been skipped, the loader
begins loading immediately without halting.
9. If improper control items are detected during the load, the tape stops, and the Processor
halts with the Wait light on and XXFn contained in the Display Register, where n is the bad
control item. When this occurs, it must be determined if the right loader is being used.
That is, if the object tape involves ENTRYs or EXTRNs or forward references, the General
Loader should be used. If Common blocks are called for, the OS Library Loader should be
used. If the Loader is appropriate, and the tape is proper, depress EXECUTE to skip the
improper data and proceed with the load.
29-231 R09 5/75 11
10. If checksum errors are detected during the load, the tape stops and the Processor halts with
the Wait light on and XX01 contained in the Display Register. Reposition the tape to the start
of the last record read, and depress EXECUTE to reread the record, If parity errors occur
with Magnetic Tape or Cassette, the record is automatically backspaced for retrying. The
General Loader does not automatically retry but the REL Loader retries five times,
11. When the load is complete, the tape stops. If no transfer address is specified on the tape,
the Processor halts with the Wait light on and XX00 contained in the Display Register. Ifa
transfer address is specified, the Relocating Loader transfers directly to the location specified.
The General Loader transfers only if the symbol table contains no undefined symbols, |
12. If more tapes are to be loaded, return to Step 8 and repeat the process. This loading process
is summarized in Figure 2.
3.4 REL and GENERAL Loader Boctstrapping
The General and Relocating Loaders are provided in a relocating bootstrap form. The format of the tapes
is illustrated in Figure 3. The tapes consist of three segments: the boot portion in eight-bit format, a
fast-format copy of REL Boot Loader, and the actual loader in standard M16 binary object tape format,
When the tape is loaded using the eight-bit loader at X'50', the following sequence of events takes place.
1. The eight-bit Loader at X'50' reads another Loader into X'80' to X'CF' and transfers to
X'80',
2. The program at X'80' reads the balance of the eight-bit data into X'DC0' to X'FEA', which
includes a Fast Format Loader.
3. An arithmetic checksum on the information from X'DC0' to X' FEA' is then tested. If the
checksum is correct, the process continues. If the checksum is not correct, the tape is
stopped and the program halts.
4, The Fast Format Loader then loads a special REL Boot Loader from X'80' to X'2D0',
D. The top of memory is then determined with a search technique, and the REL Boot Loader's
Bias is set a fixed distance from the top of core. The REL Loader is placed X'400' from the
top of core. The General Loader is placed X'600' from the top.
6. The REL Boot Loader then reads the Loader program, which is in relocatable form, and re-
locates it into the top portion of core memory.
7. The REL Boot Loader computes checksums on each record, and halts whenever a checksum
error is detected. In this case, reposition the tape to the previous record gap and depress
EXECUTE to reread the record. If loading from Magnetic Tape or Cassette, rewind the tape
and re-start the load process.
8. When the entire tape has been loaded, the Processor halts with the Wait light on.
This sequence requires that the proper 50 Sequence is used, including the Binary Input Device Definition
in X'"78'., The 50 Sequences are shown in Appendix 3. Appendix 5 includes the construction procedures
used in boot-strapping the Relocating and General Loaders and an Execution Map of these loaders as
their loading is described in the previous 8 steps.
Since the Loader portion of each tape is a relocatable object tape, it is possible to put the Loaders any-
where in memory. This can be done by using a bootstrap load to get the Relocating or General Loader
into the top of memory. The BIAS can then be adjusted and any Loader can then be relocated to any arbi-
trary point in memory. Once relocated, CLUB can be used to dump an absolute tape of the loader in
that location,
CAUTION
WHEN LOADING THE BOOTSTRAP LOADER TAPES, MEM-
ORY FROM 80-2D0 AND DCO-FEA IS USED. ANY PRO-
GRAMS IN THIS AREA OF MEMORY ARE OVER-WRITTEN.
12 29-231 R09 5/75
NO
RELOCA-
ABLE PROGRAM
JO LOAD
IS
WAIT
LIGHT ON
YET
IS NO
BIAS = 80
OK
CHANGE ORG +
A TO NEW
DISPLAY =
BIAS
00 (NORMAL
SET ADDRESS
SWITCHES TO
ORG
SET ADDRESS
SWITCHES TO PROGRAM
ORG +8
Y
SELECT
ADDRESS DISPLAY = IF PAPER TAPE
MODE 01 (CKSM - | BACK TAPE 1
ERR or DU RECORD.
IF MAG TAPE OR
CASSETTE, CHECK
EOR ‘ON-LINE’
PUSH
EXECUTE | DISPLAY = 02 OR SEQ-ERR
03 OR MEM-FULL
04 OR REF-LOOP
SELECT RUN
F (LOAD ERR POSSIBLE .
ABORT LOAD
SET NUMBER OF
FILEMARKS TO
BE SKIPPED IN
THE SWITCHES
TRY MORE
COMPREHENSIVE
LOADER
PUSH
EXECUTE
Figure 2. Operating Procedures
13
29-231 R09 5/75
Ca
E
ZZ ,
рр
сер) BOOT-STRAP AND FAST-FORMAT LOADER IN8-BIT FORMAT
CZ
се :
рр)
сн IRG
o
o LEADER | |
o
ен
=} IRG
o
[|]
cree
KL IL)
a
o à FAST-FORMAT COPY OF REL BOOT LOADER IRG
ре
ELLI [|
proc
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0
9 LEADER
Q
еее |
рр
rr 9 IRG
Co
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Нес
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сто IRG
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ag
[|
0
Cr
er IRG
|
|
IRG
PAPER TAPE
di
MAGNETIC TAPE/CASSETTE
Figure 3. Loader Tape Format
4. FEATURES OF THE OS LIBRARY LOADER (Linking Loader)
NOTE
This document describes IIBRARY LOADERS
(Linking Loaders) of revision level R06 and higher.
For revision information see Appendix 7. This
revision is a major departure from R05 and lower.
This loader functions under the control of an operating system (e.g., BOSS, DOS, RTOS or 0S/16-MT)
interactively accepting commands and responding with messages to the console operator. Through avail-
able operator commands, a file of programs may be created on a bulk storage device. This file
may be searched for a particular program, selectively copied onto another I/0 unit, or be added to under
the operator's control. Automatic Editing is available, allowing the operator with one command to
load all library programs required for any one particular job. A group of programs may be pseudo loaded,
producing a single absolute load module which may be originated at any address, and then loaded by a
Resident Loader, the Relocating Loader, or the General Loader. The modules would contain forward
references but no ENTRY or EXTRN symbols. Object programs linked by the OS Library Loader may
reference external symbols, define Common Blocks, and contain forward references.
The loader is available in two functional variations, Program Number 03-030 FOOR06 and Program
Number 03-030 F01R01, the second of which includes facilities for the generation and maintenance of a
file of binary, memory image overlays and Transient Tasks which may be loaded by OS/16-MT.
14 29-231 R09 5/75
4.1 Library Loader Operation and Commands
The Library Loader should be loaded by a Resident Loader at the bottom of User Memory. Any I/O de-
vices to be used by the loader should be assigned prior to starting the Loader at its origin. It outputs the
message LIBLDR-R06 indicating that it is ready to accept operator commands (which it requests from logi-
cal unit 5). Every operator command consists of a word (of which the first two characters are decoded),
followed optionally be a space and a hexadecimal operand followed optionally by another space and an
alphanumeric argument. A carriage return terminates the command if it is entered via a Teletype. Op-
tional fields which are not used may be ignored. An example and description of each command follows.
Following the execution of any command, a prompt character (>) is logged, and another command may
be entered. See Appendix 1 for a summary of OS Loader Commands.
BIAS bbbb
This command sets the Loader Bias, and thus the origin of the next program loaded, to bbbb. After
loading any program, unless a BIAS command is issued, the Bias is updated to the next available loca-
tion above the highest address used. When the Loader is initially loaded, the Bias is set to the next
location above the Loader. If no Bias value is specified in this command, the Bias is set to the next
location above the Loader.
FIND LU XXXXXX
This command causes logical unit LU to be searched forward for a program labeled xxxxxx. The unit
is then backspaced one record to the beginning of the found program. The program may now be LOA Ded
or LINKed. If the LU is not a rewindable device, it should be positioned before the first record prior
to issuing this command, and backspaced one record after this command completes, before attempting
to load the found program. In the event that the requested program is not found, the Find Command
will terminate whenever an end-of-file or device end is encountered on the device. In that case, the
messages:
EOF
XXXXXX NOT FOUND
are logged on the console device.
LOAD LU XXXXXX
This command should be used to load the first of a group of user programs not related to any previous
job. This command initializes the Loader and Loads a program at the current value of Bias. Before
the program is loaded, the Loader's symbol table is cleared, and previously defined Common blocks
are released. If a program Label is specified in the command, logical unit LU is searched for program
xxxxxx, (See FIND.) If no Label is specified, the first program encountered on logical unit LU is
loaded. Following a LOAD operation, the logical unit specified is left positioned past the end of the
program loaded.
LINK LU XXXXXX
This command Links additional programs needed to complete the module. It must follow a Load command.
The symbol table is not cleared, so the loaded program may be linked to any previously loaded program,
and may reference previously defined Common blocks. The program is loaded using the current value
of Bias. If a program Label is specified in the command, logical unit LU is first searched for program
хххххх. If no Label is specified the first program encountered on logical unit LU is loaded and linked.
Following a LINK operation, the logical unit specified is left positioned past the end of the program loaded.
29-231 R09 5/75 15
LF (LINKFILE) LU xxxxxx
This command is the LINK command automatically iterated until an EOF, EOM condition occurs. En-
countering a program label of 'ENDVOL' will cause an EOF condition to occur.
EDIT LU xxxxxx
This command is used to search a file, and selectively load those programs needed to satisfy external
references (EXTRNs) within programs previously loaded. The criterion for loading during an EDIT
operation is a match between the Label of a program in the file and the symbolic name of any EXTRN in
the Loader's symbol table. The EDIT command causes the following to occur.
1. If a program Label is specified in the command, logical unit LU is searched for program
xxxxxx as described under FIND.
2. The Loader's symbol table is searched for undefined EXTRNs. If there are none, the opera-
tion terminates.
3. If there are undefined EXTRNs in the symbol table, logical unit LU is searched forward from
its current position for a label matching an undefined EXTRN. If such a Label is found, that
program is linked in, and Step 2 is repeated. If an end-of-file or device end is encountered
while searching, an appropriate message is logged and the operation terminates. If the
Label ENDVOL is read, the EDIT operation is unconditionally terminated. This Label may
be placed at the end of each tape of a paper tape program library to prevent reading off the
end of the tape.
Following an EDIT operation, the MAP comrnand can be used to determine if any more undefined EXTRNs
remain in the symbol table.
MAP LU, Output an address ordered map.
AMAP LU, Output an alphabetically ordered map.
This command outputs a Memory Map to logical unit LU. This may be a map showing the location of pro-
grams loaded into core memory, or it may show the locations of programs output in a load module. In
either case, the map includes only those programs processed during and after the last LOAD operation.
(LINK and EDIT operations add to the map, LOAD begins a new one). The map shows the starting address
of each labeled program, the next available address, the location of every ENTRY defined, the starting
address of each common block defined, and a list of any undefined EXTRNs. An example of a memory
map appears in Figure 4. Under PROGRAMS in the map, the last value shown which has no name is the
next available address in memory, which is the current value of Bias. Under COMMON-BLOCKS in the
map, Blank Common is identified by the Label //.
If an overlay structure is being built for execution under the Disk Operating System (DOS), the map will
always reflect the root segment but only the last overlay segment will appear. Upon entering the overlay
command (OV), all entries to programs above the overlay point are removed.
BC nnnn
LC nnnn
These commands must be issued before the LOAD Command if the program being loaded allocates Com-~
mon. The Loader handles two types of Common. They are Labeled Common, and Blank Common. The
chief difference between the two is that Labeled Common may be preloaded with data (FORTRAN BLOCK
DATA) while Blank Common may not. The Loader allocates memory for common variables and links -
common variable references with the associated blocks of core at load time. In order to use core effi-
ciently, the Loader must know in advance, the total length, in bytes, of each kind of Common used. BC
sets the maximum length of Blank Common and LC sets the maximum length of Labeled Common to nnnn,
where nnnn is the number of bytes to he reserved for common, expressed hexadecimally.
GO
This command transfers control from the OS Library Loader to the transfer address of the loaded pro-
grams. If no transfer address is specified, the message CMD-ERR is logged.
16 29-231 R09 5/75
PROGRAMS GI
00 OSIEMT 2154 TRAPS 2764 SYSTAB 2354 TSTPRG
SUE CROVA 5274 DCBOH 535C LPDVR 5418 DCB62
ЗЧ ОЕ OSCOVR 95718 DCBC6 583A —-
ENTRY-FCINTS®
0000 GSIOMT 0001 TTYMOD 0034 TCBSZE 0044 DCBSZE
annul TUSTZE 0077 CLKINT ~~ 00CO SYSGO 0200 ACTTCB
020A К 02F6 INIT p4A4 SCHED 054E EXEC
NHRCY EXEMM]Y 0608 SIMMMA 0734 SVCIL 083E IOSET
garg TISVC. 08EC IOTWAT 0906 BUSY 09DA IOTERM
AUS TOUDONE gA26 10EXLT DA34 IORSAV OAB6E SUPACT
paco TOLIST 0AC6 IOPTST QACA CYLSIZ DACC SECSIZ
HACE SLBSY OACE SC1BSY OCAC BTIME OFE2 CONSH
1164 INITSK 11CC LOCT 123C PLINK 18AC CMTKTB
1904 $CMTSK 1968 CMEOJ 1EA2 OLTKTB 1F00 $OLTSK
2038 OLEOJ 2154 .TRAPS 2764 TTYOQ 2772 LIOTRM
979E TCHTAB 27C5 TCBTE 27C6 PRITAB 27D9 PRITBE
270A TCEBLK 270A CMTCB 280E OLTCB 2AE6 TCBTIM
25340 TCHE 2B4E DEVTAB 2854 TSKTO1 2882 TESTOL
2016 TSKVRI 2070 CONVRT 2090 TSKTO2 2CEA TESTO?
201€ TSKTBB 206€ TASKBB 2082 TSKTCC 20D0 TASKCC
DEE TSKEND 2E 34 ENDEND 2E3C TSKTO3 2EBA TESTOS
DESC THOOAA PEED TSTAAA 2EEC TBOOBB 2F3A TSTBBB
FEE TSKTO4 3004 TESTOU 305E SDELAY 306E TSKDLY
30EC CELAYE 3122 TSTUS 3170 TESTOS 3960 SVCTB
AYCE START GAFC BUF12 4DDE TSKCIB 4E4C TASKC
VuEFA OVRTE 4F4y46 OVRTSK YFDE OVRLAY SOUDE CRDVR
£1C8 CRIRA 5270 FLAGO4 5350 LPOVR 540E LPTRM
S420 FLAGEZ au5E OSCUVR 5626 DSCTRM 5720 FLAGC6
5220 FILE20 5826 FILE21 582C FlLEZ22 8005 INTRVL
FEF MSTIN
COMMON -LOCKS:
NONE
UNDEFINED:
NONE
Figure 4. Memory Map (As Listed by the OS Library Loader)
LABEL LU xxxxxx
This command is used in conjunction with adding programs to a library file. If the program to be added
to the library does not have a label, then this command can be used to give a program a label in the file.
The command causes the loader to output one record to logical unit LU containing the program label
xxxxxx. The label must not exceed 6 alpha-numeric digits. If it does, only the first six are used. This
command could be used prior to an assembly or compilation which writes the binary object program
to logical unit LU. |
OUT LU xxxxxx
This command selects the output mode which is used to generate a load module rather than load programs
into memory. In this mode, during LOAD, LINK, and EDIT operations, all data that would normally be
loaded into memory is output in loader format to logical unit LU. All programs are output as absolute
code, origined at the value of Bias in effect when the load module is created. Any external references
or common references are resolved and converted to forward references without symbolic names. Thus,
‘a load module program can be loaded by any INTERDATA Loader, including the REL Loader or BOSS or
DOS Resident Loader. By resetting the value of Bias for the load module, below the top of the OS Library
Loader, and loading the load module with the Resident Loader, a user can effectively overlay the OS
Loader. Loading the load module with the Resident Loader, a user can overlay the OS Library Loader
at run time.
99-231 R09 5/75 | | 17
Prior to selecting the output mode, if a program Label is specified in the command, a label record with
the name xxxxxx is generated as described in the LABEL command.
XOUT
This command, which has no argument, generates the final record of the load module, and cancels the
output mode. The command XOUT is used in conjunction with generating a load module, A typical
command sequence to create a load module would be OUT, BIAS, LOAD, LINK, EDIT, and XOUT.
REWIND LU
This command rewinds logical unit LU.
BR LU
This causes the file on LU to be repositioned backward one logical record.
BF LU
This moves the file on LU backwards to a file mark.
FR LU
This command moves the file on LU forward one logical record.
FF LU
This command moves the file on LU forward to a file mark. The file is left positioned immediately
past the file mark.
COPY LULU xxxxxx
This command causes one program to be copied from the first logical unit to the second. If a program
Label is specified in the command, the first logical unit is searched for program xxxxxx as described
under FIND. If no Label is specified, the first program encountered on the first logical unit is copied.
Following a COPY operation, the first logical unit specified is left positioned past the end of the program
copied.
WF (or EOF)
This command writes an end of file to logical unit LU and then backspaces over the file mark.
DUPE LULU xxxxxx
This command causes programs to be copied continuously from the first logical unit to the second until
program xxxxxx is found. The specified program is not copied, and the operation terminates. If no Label
is specified, programs are copied until an end of file or device end on the first logical unit is detected.
To duplicate an entire file of programs from logical unit 1 to logical unit 2 the following command sequence
is sufficient,
REWIND 2
REWIND 1
DUPE 0102
TABLE LULU
This command scans the first logical unit and lists all program labels on the second logical unit. Thus a
table of contents of a file containing many labeled programs may be obtained. Any program in the file
without a label is not shown in the list,
18 29-231 R09 5/75
END
This command returns control to the operating system. It may be issued at any time and the Loader may
subsequently be restarted from its origin without losing any previously loaded data. The Loader tables
are initialized only when executing a LOAD Command. It is therefore possible to exit the loader temporar-
ily (such as to reassign an I/O device) and return to it during a sequence of related operations.
OV (DOS OVERLAY)
The form of this command is OV XXXX where XXXX = the sum of all active storage areas requested in
the program via SVC 2 (Get Storage). If not specified, a default value of X'168' is assumed. This com-
mand is used to indicate that a subroutine about to be linked to a program is used as an overlay subroutine
under DOS. The OV command, used prior to linking a subroutine and subsequent subroutines, causes
them to occupy a common area of memory (i.e., each subroutine is originated at the first available loca-
tion above the main program). The OV can only be used with the OUT feature of the Library Loader to
create overlay modules. These modules may be called by a FORTRAN program through subroutine
IFETCH and by assembly language programs through an SVC 9.
The OV command's operand specifies the area to be reserved between the main program and the first
overlay. The operand is given a number of bytes (hex) rounded down to a halfword value. The default
value (X'168' bytes) is the amount of storage requested by an executing FORTRAN program; i.e., the
operand need not be specified for FORTRAN overlay operations. For assembly language programs, the
operand should specify the sum of the active storage areas requested. An operand of zero in this com-
mand will delete the reserved area. (EX: OV 0).
Ex: If in a program, the following storage requests were made:
GET X'100'
GET X'200"
RELEASE X'200'
RELEASE X'100'
then the OV argument is X'100' + X'200' = X'300'.
If requests are:
GET X'100'
RELEASE X'100'
GET X'50'
RELEASE X'50'
then the OV argument is X'100'.
As an example of overlay establishing procedures, let us assume that we have a FORTRAN application
program and 2 subroutines which are to be linked as overlays. The program and its subroutines have
been compiled and their object programs are on paper tape. Further, for purposes of this example, the
main program calls the first overlay via Logical Unit 2 and the second via Logical Unit 3.
In the following example, Logical Unit 4 is assigned to the Paper Tape Reader, Logical Unit 6 is assigned
to the FORTRAN Run-Time Library device, and Logical Units 1, 2 and 3 are assigned to the output devices
which will contain the main program, Overlay 1, and Overlay 2 modules respectively.
Use relevant positioning commands (FF, BR, etc.) to position output files on LUs 1, 2, and 3.
OUT 1 Set the OUT option for Logical Unit 1.
LO 4 Load the main programs.
ED 6 Edit with the Run Time Library.
29-231 R09 5/75 19
XOUT
WF | 1 Write file mark on output file,
OUT 2 Set the OUT option for Logical Unit 2.
OV Indicate an overlay is to be linked.
LI 4 Link First Overlay.
ED 6 Edit with the Run Time Library.
XOUT
WF 2 ‘Write EOF.
ov Indicate another overlay is to be linked.
OUT 3 Set the OUT option for Logical Unit 3.
LI 4 Link Second overlay.
ED 6 Edit with the Run Time Library.
XOUT Terminate OUT option.
WF 3 Write EOF,
EN Terminate Library Loader.
The first OV command following a LOAD command establishes the BIAS location for all overlays to follow.
LG (LOG)
This command has the form
LG XUU
where UU is the logical unit of a list device, All loader commands read from the loader command input
device (Logical Unit 5) are logged on Logical Unit UU. (If UU=0, no logging occurs.) X may be a digit of
0 or 1 and is used to suppress the message 'LOADER' after each command in cases where commands are
not being read from the Teletype.
Examples:
LG 4 Log on Unit 4.
LG 103 Log on Unit 3, suppress 'LOADER' message,
LG 3 Continue logging, reinstate 'LOADER' message.
LG 0 Stop logging, reinstate 'LOADER' message.
PAUSE
This command causes the loader to issue an SVC 2 requesting the PAUSE option. The loader may subse-
quently be restarted by the operator command CONTINUE. Upon loader continuation, the status of the
loader is the same as prior to the pause.
TOCOR bbbb
This command is only valid immediately after an OUT command. It sets the top-of-core address (for
loading of FORTRAN COMMON) to bbbb.
20 _ 29-231 R09 5/75
The following commands are additionally available in the F01 version only:
DIRECT LUSZ
This command is used to initialize an 0S/16-MT Overlay File on Logical Unit LU. SZ sectors are re-
served for the overlay directory (F01 only).
OLAY LU xxxXxxXx
This command is used to prepare for loading an 0S/16-MT overlay to be written to the Overlay File on
LU. xxxxxx must have been previously defined as an ENTRY (FO1 only).
TTASK LU XXXXXX
This command is used to prepare for loading an 08/16-MT Transient Task to be written to the Transient
Task File on LU. Transient Tasks and overlays may be intermixed on the file so long as unique names
are adhered to. The OS/16-MT Main Program must have previously been loaded, and the Transient Task
area, TAREA, defined as an entry, if operating under BOSS; if operating under OS/16-MT, all symbols
in the Reentrant Library Symbol Table (RLSTAB) are defined as ENTRYs and may be referenced by
Transient Tasks or overlays (F01 only).
INSERT
This command causes all programs Linked (or EDited) since the last OLAY or TTASK command to be in-
serted in the Overlay/Transient Task File specified in the OLAY or TTASK command. (F01 only).
CMPRESS LU
This command causes the directory on LU to be compressed, to optimally use space lost by previous
DELETE commands (F01 only).
MD LULU
This command causes a map of the overlay file directory on the first LU to be output to the second LU.
If only one LU is specified, the directory is obtained from the overlay file accesses by the last DI, OL,
DE, or CM command (F01 only).
4,2 Library Loader Messages
MEM-FULL
This message is logged if a program being loaded exceeds the available memory. This may happen if too
little Common space is allocated (if the program defined Common) or if too large a program is loaded.
A table of Labels, Common, and external symbol names is kept, building downward from the bottom of
Common (See Memory Maps). If the program overlaps the table, the above message is logged, and the
load is aborted.
CMD-ERR
This message is logged when the loader does not recognize an operator command, if a Label command
is found between an OUT and XOUT commands or if GO is issued when no transfer address has been
specified in any loaded program.
29-231 R09 5/75 21
* * NO PROGRA MS * *
This message is logged if a MAP is requested and no labeled programs have been loaded.
EOF
A file mark or END VOL has been read during binary input.
EOM
An END OF MEDIA has been encountered during a binary input.
CKSM ERR
A record has been read in which the checksum does not match the checksum computed by the loader, Fol-
lowing this message, the loader pauses. If the input device is Paper Tape, it may be manually backspaced
one record before continuing the load. Magnetic Tape is automatically backspaced on continue.
SEQ ERR
A record has been read out of sequence. Reposition the input unit and continue.
REF-LOOP xxxxxx
A loop has been found in a forward or external reference thread, if external, involving xxxxxx. The input
tape has been generated incorrectly.
M xxxxxx
An entry point (xxxxxx) has been defined more than once. The load continues, and the previous definition
remains in effect. The new definition is ignored.
LOAD ABORTED
An unrecoverable error condition has caused a load in progress to be aborted. It is necessary to repeat
the original LOAD command, as the table may contain incorrect symbol locations.
ADRS-ERR
A program has attempted to load below the top of the Loader. The program may contain absolute data at
such an address, or the BIAS may be set incorrectly. The load process is aborted.
DEV END
A device went off line during input.
I/0 DEV ERR
A parity error has been detected on input or an off line condition has been detected on output. If it is an
input error, the OS status byte and device address in hex-notation appear on the next line.
LOAD-ERR
An illegal control item was detected during a load.
xxxxxx NOT FOUND
An end of device condition has occurred before locating the label xxxxxx during a search operation.
22 29-231 R09 5/75
The following messages are additionally available in the OS Library Loader F01 version only:
OVLY NAME ERR
A name was specified in the OLAY command that had not been defined in a previously loaded program, or
an attempt was made to DELETE a program not in the directory.
UNDEF EXTRN IN OV
An attempt was made to INSERT an overlay before all EXTRN's in the overlay had been satisfied.
DIR FORMAT ERROR
A program name containing an invalid ASCII character was encountered during an MD operation.
DIR FULL
The number of programs (including those deleted since the file was last CMPRESSed or initialized) in the
overlay file is equal to 25 times the number of sectors reserved for the directory.
IN W/O OL
An INSERT command was issued without a corresponding OLA Y command.
4,3 OS/16-MT Overlay and Transient Task Procedures
The OS Library Loader may be used to create, maintain, and manipulate a file of binary, core-image
overlays (which may be loaded by the OS/16-MT SVC 5 supervisor call) and Transient Tasks (which may
be loaded by the LOAD operator command). The file must be resident on a random-access device, either
disc or drum (if a drum is used, its pseudo-sector size must be set to 256). The DIRECT command is
used to initialize a new File, and establish the number of sectors to be used for the Overlay/Transient
Task Directory.
Overlays may only be added to the file if the overlay name, and all EXTRN's and ENTRY's contained with-
in the overlay, are present in the Loader's Symbol Table. This means that the root segment of the overlay
must have either been loaded into memory, or output in a load module by the OS loader. The overlay must
have been defined as an ENTRY and storage reserved (in multiples of 256-byte sectors) within the root
segment.
Transient Tasks differ only in that the symbol used to define the load address (and which therefore must
have previously been defined as an ENTRY) is fixed at "TAREA", the start of the Transient Task area with-
in the 0S/16-MT main Program. This is accomplished automatically, via the Reentrant Library Symbol
Table, when operating under OS/16-MT itself; it can also be done by building an 0S/16-MT load module
under BOSS.
After the overlay or Transient Task has been inserted in the file, ENTRY's encountered within it are re-
moved from the OS Loader's symbol table; hence, no program loaded subsequently may reference the
overlay or Transient Table. The proper sequence for inserting an overlay or Transient Task is first to
issue an OLAY or TTASK command to set up for the load; second, LINK or EDIT all required modules;
and third, issue an INSERT command to add the overlay or Transient Task to the file.
The program is actually loaded into memory as part of this process--if the root segment was being pro-
cessed in the output mode, immediately above the OS Loader, destroying any programs in this area. The
amount of memory overwritten is equal to the size of the largest program loaded. Otherwise, it is loaded
at the address specified in the root segment. The CMPRESS function also uses the area immediately
above the OS Loader, overwriting an area equal to the largest program in the file, rounded up to the next
highest multiple of 256 bytes, plus an additional 256 bytes. Issuing either a DELETE, CMPRESS, MD,
or another OLAY or TTASK command while processing an overlay or Transient Task results in a CMD
ERR printout.
29-231 R09 5/75 23
As an example, take two FORTRAN application programs, one to be established as a Transient Task,
TTASKI1, and another with two subroutines which are to be linked as overlays, OVER] and OVER2. The
programs and subroutines have been compiled and their object modules are on paper tape. The Run Time
Library is resident on a disc file which has been assigned to Logical Unit 7. The 0S/16-MT main program,
SYSTAB, RLSTAB, and the resident task's Task Block/Get Storage module have been assembled and are
resident on a disc file which has been assigned to Logical Unit 6. Logical Unit 1 is assigned to the Paper
Tape Reader, and Logical Unit 2 is assigned to the load module output device. The Overlay/ Transient
Task file has been assigned to Logical Unit 4. |
OUT 2 Set Output Mode LU 2
LO 6 OS16MT Load 0S/16-MT main program
LI 6 RLSTAB Link RLSTAB
LI 6 SYSTAB Link SYSTAB
LI 6 TSKTB1 Link TB/Get Storage module
Lil Link Resident Task
ED 7 Edit Run Time Library
TT 4 TTASK1 Set up for Transient Task
LI1 Link Transient Task
ED 7 Edit RTL
IN Insert Transient Task
OL 4 OVER1 Set up for 1st overlay
LI1 Link overlay
ED 7 Edit RTL
IN Insert Transient Task
OL 4 OVER2 Set up for 2nd overlay
LI1 Link overlay
ED 7 Edit RTL
IN Insert overlay
XOUT Terminate Load Module
EN Terminate Library Loader
4.4 Functional Variations
Two functional variations of the OS Library Loader are now being made available. The first, F00, is
functionally similar to previous versions of the Loader, occupies approximately 4.5K bytes of memory,
and uses the Model 4 instruction set. The second, F01, contains support for OS/16-MT overlay opera-
tions, occupies approximately 7K bytes of memory, and uses the Model 70 instruction set. F00 should
be used whenever memory is critical. F01 must be used to support OS/16-MT overlay. They comprise
two out of the four possible variations of the Loader which may be generated via the two System Genera-
tion parameters which have been introduced, They are:
DOS EQU 0 deletes DOS overlay support
DOS EQU 1 includes DOS overlay support
OS16MT EQU 0 deletes OS/16-MT overlay support
OS16MT EQU 1 includes OS/16-MT overlay support
F00 is obtained by setting:
DOS EQU 0
OS16MT EQU 0
F01 is obtained by setting:
DOS EQU 1
OS16MT EQU 1
These SYSGEN equates are specified at assembly time. The CAL Assembler will attempt to read the
equates from Logical Unit 7 via the CAL copy feature. The equate statements are normally entered
through the Teletype, and must be followed by a "/*'" which terminates the copy and continues the
assembly.
24 29-231 R09 5/75
5. OS RANDOM ACCESS BOOTSTRAP 07-046
The OS RANDOM ACCESS BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM loads the memory image of the BASIC OPERATING
SYSTEM (BOSS), 03-019, previously written to disc or floppy disc and branches to location X'2D0'. The
program is loaded by the 50-sequence with locations X'78' through X'7E' set up as follows:
LOCATION
X'78'
X'7A'
XC!
X'7E'
CONTENTS
XXXX
DDZZ
CCSS
SSSS
MEANING
BINDV (Standard 50-sequence format)
DD = DISC or FLOPPY DISC DRIVE
Address
ZZ = Code
Valid Codes:
X'00' = 2.5 or 10MB Disc
X'37' = Floppy Disc
X'04' = 40MB Disc
CC = Controller address for disc
= 0 for Floppy Disc
SS = Selch Address for disc
= Floppy disc drive number (0-3)
Sector Address on disc.
When the bootstrap is loaded, it performs a top-of-memory search and relocates itself to the top X'196'
bytes of memory. The program then reads from the specified device and sector the memory-image
binary data of BOSS into memory from location 0 to the top-of-memory minus X'196' bytes, If any errors
are detected during the load process, the program halts with the PSW set for restarting at the initialize
routine.
29-231 R11 5/77
25/26
CMD:
AMAP
BC
BF
BIAS
BIAS
BR
COPY
COPY
DUPE
DUPE
EDIT
EDIT
END
EOF
FF
FIND
FR
GO
LABEL
LC
LF
LF
LG
ARGIL:
LU
LLLL
LU
BBBB
LU
LULU
LU LU
LU LU
LU LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
LU
LLLL
LU
LU
XLU
29-231 R09 5/75
ARG2:
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
NAME
APPENDIX 1
SUMMARY OF OS LIBRARY LOADER COMMANDS
MEANING:
Output Memory-Map to LU in alphabetical
symbol order
Set Length of Blank Common
Backspace LU to file mark
Set Bias to BBBB
Set Bias to End of Loader
Backspace LU one record
Copy One Program from LU A to LU B
Find and Copy Named Program
Duplicate Until EOF or Dev END
Duplicate Until Name is Read
Load only Referenced Programs from LU
Find Named Label and Edit
Exit to the OS
Write a File-Mark on LU
Skip to file mark on LU
Position LU to Start of Named Prog.
Skip 1 record on LU
Transfer to Loaded Program
Write Label-Record on File LU
Set Length of Labeled Common
Link in entire file
Link in entire file from NAME to end
Set command log option to LU
Al-1
CMD:
LINK
LOAD
LOAD
MAP
OUT
OUT
OVLY
PAUSE
REWIND
RW
TABLE
TOCOR
WF
XOUT
ARGL: ARG2:
LU
LU
LU NAME
LU
LU LABEL
LU
LU
LU
LU LU
BBBB
LU
APPENDIX 1 (Con't.)
MEANING:
Load One Program from LU, Linking
Purge Table, Load One Prog. from LU
Find and Load a Program
Output Memory-Map to LU in memory
address order
Output Labeled Load-Module to LU
Output Load-Module to LU
Set Get Storage Space to XXXX
Pause Loader
Rewind LU
Same as RE
Write Table-of-Contents to LU
After an OUT, sets top-of-core address for
loading of FORTRAN Common to BBBB
Same as EOF
End Load-Module, Write Last Record
The following commands are additionally available in the F01 version only:
DIRECT
OLAY
TTASK
INSERT
CMPRESS
MD
MD
Al-2
LUSZ
LU XXXXXX
LU XXXXXX
LU
LULU
LU
Initialize Overlay File, reserving SZ
Sectors for Overlay Directory
Prepare to load overlay XXXXXX to be
written to LU
Prepare to load Transient Task XXXXXX
to be written to LU
Insert all programs since OLAY, TTASK command
in overlay file on LU
Compress directory on LU
Output map of directory on LU A
to LU B
Output map of directory on last referenced
overlay file to LU
29-231 R09 5/75
APPENDIX 2
SUMMARY OF STAND ALONE LOADER OPERATION
All values below are expressed in hexadecimal:
Starting address after boot load* nC00 nA00
Restart Address in general ORG ORG
Bias define address ORG+8 ORG+8
Bias definition value ORG+A ORG+A
Continue address ORG+26 ORG+26
Approximate Loader size X'400' X'600'
Illegal control items С, E0-E3, E5-E7 E0-E3, E5-ET
Ignored control items D,F = :…M---------
*n = 0, 1,2,3...for memory sizes 4K, 8K, 12K, 16K, etc.
*General Loader Restart - sets BIAS to X'80'
- clears symbol table
- clears any transfer address
The following Display indications are appropriate to the REL Loader.
Display Lights Condition Comment
xX00 Normal End Load Complete
XX01 Checksum Error Following checksum or sequence number
error reposition Paper Tape and depress
EXECUTE to re-read. If Magnetic Tape
or Cassette - parity error will cause 2
retries before returning this status.
XX02 Sequence Error
XX03 Attempt to load over loader
XX04 Ref-Chain Loaded
XXFn Load Error Improper control item detected where n
is the bad item. Depress EXECUTE to
ignore the data and continue. Refer to
Section 2 for a definition of loader con-
trol, control items.
29-231 R09 5/75 A2-1/A2-2
X'0050' C820
52 0080
54 C830
56 0001
58 C840
5A 00CF
5C D3A0
5E 0078
60 DEAO
62 0079
64 9DAE
66 08EE
68 4230
6A 0064
6C DBA2
6E 0000
70 C120
72 0064
74 4300
76 0080
78 0294
7A 0298
Te 0294
7E 0298
29-231 R09 5/75
LOAD
SENSE
BINDV
BOUTDV
SINDV
LISTDV
APPENDIX 3
50 SEQUENCES
MODEL 3 50 SEQUENCE
LHI
LHI
LHI
LB
OC
SSR
LHR
BTC
RD
BXLE
DC
DC
DC
DC
2,X'80' 8-BIT LOADER
3,1
4, X'CF"'
10, BINDV
10, BINDV+1
10, 14
14, 14
3, SENSE
10,0 (2)
2, SENSE
X'80'
X'0294' DEVICE TABLE
10298"
Х'0294'
Х'0298'
A3-1
APPENDIX 3 (Continued)
MODEL 4, 5, 50, 70, 74, 80, 85 50 SEQUENCE
X'0050' D500 AL X'00CF"
52 00CF
54 4300 B х'80'
56 0080
78 0294 BINDV DC X'0294' DEVICE TABLE
7A 0298 BOUTDV DC X'0298'
7C 0294 SINDV DC X'0294'
7E 0298 LISTDV DC х'0298'
| TTY HSPTR/P | CAS | MT Floppy Disc
BINDV ‘78! 0294 1399 45A1 | 85A1 C186
A3-2
29-231 R11 5/77
CTOP
UBOT
0000
CTOP
UBOT
0000
APPENDIX 4
LOADER MEMORY MAPS
OS LIBRARY LOADER
LABELED COMMON
BLANK COMMON
LOADER SYMBOL TABLE
' BUILDS DOWN
| PROGRAMS BUILD UP
OS LIBRARY LOADER
OS
OS RESIDENT LOADER
COMMON*
fi — — —_— | ный SE me a Sk ————
| PROGRAMS BUILD UP
OS
CTOP
80
0000
CTOP
80
“0000
GENERAL LOADER
GENERAL LOADER
| LOADER SYMBOL TABLE
BUILDS DOWN
PROGRAMS BUILD UP
RELOCATING LOADER
RELOCATING LOADER
| PROGRAMS BUILD UP
CTOP = TOP OF CORE (LAST ADDRESS WITHIN MEMORY).
* COMMON USED ONLY IF LOADING À LOAD MODULE PRODUCED BY OS LIBRARY LOADER.
29-231 R09 5/75
A4-1/A4-2
APPENDIX 5
ASSEMBLY/CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES
FOR
REL LOADER, 06-024R03
AND
GENERAL LOADER, 06-025R03
1. Load the Relocating or General Loader using. the "50 Sequence'"'.
2. Load the Bootstrap/Fast- Format Loader (06-030R02M16) using a loader bias of X'1000' with the
loader selected in Step 1.
3. Start the program loaded in Step 2. It outputs the Bootstrap/ Fast- Format loader to the device
whose address and command are specified at X'7A'.
4. Load the Rel Boot Loader (03-031R01M16) using the loader selected in Step 1. The Rel Boot
Loader is an absolute program and loads at X'80'.
5. Change the halfword at location X'A6' to X'400' for the Rel Loader Bootstrap or X'600' for the
General Loader Bootstrap.
6. Load the Fast Format Puncher (06-031R02M16) at X'1000' using the loader used in Step 1.
7. Change the three consecutive halfwords at X'1000' to X'80' (start address), X'2D0' (end address)
and X'80' (transfer address). Start the Fast-Format Puncher at X'1010' and it will output
absolute fast-format records of the Rel Boot Loader to the device whose address is specified
at X'7A".
8, Copy the loader to be bootstrapped (M16 format) to the output device by loading the operating
system and using the functions of DOS COPY or OS COPY. Alternatively, the assembler
may be loaded, and the loader assembled. The object program output completes the bootstrap
tape.
BOOTSTRAPPING PROCEDURES FOR REL LOADER, 06-024R05
The Relocating Loader, R05, can be bootstrapped to any device, (Paper tape, Mag tape or
cassette), by using the 0S/16 Boot Puncher program, 03-108.
29-231 R10 2/77 А5-1
A5-2
APPENDIX 5 (Con't.)
EXECUTION MAP
AT LOAD TIME OF THE BOOT-STRAPPED VERSIONS
OF THE REL AND GENERAL LOADERS
D. 5.
REL
LOADER
GEN
LOADER
3. FAST-FOR-
MAT
LOADER
4. REL BOOT
LOADER
2. BOOTSTRAP
1. 50 SEQ
CTOP
CTOP-400
CTOP-600
1000
DCO
2D0
CF
80
50
29-231 R09 5/75
APPENDIX 6
BULK STORAGE FILE PROCEDURES FOR R05 AND LOWER
The OS Library Loader may be used to create, maintain, and manipulate a file of programs, using the
set of operator commands described. The individual programs in the file must be in standard loader
format, and each program must be labeled. Following the last program, there must be a file mark.
Each of the commands which may be used to write out a binary object record is designed with Magnetic
Tape in mind. Before any record is written by the LABEL, COPY, DUPE, and OUT directives, the out-
put file is positioned to the gap immediately preceding the file mark. This is done by searching forward
for the mark, and then backspacing over it. After writing the final record of a program or load module,
a file mark is written, and the unit backspaced one record. It should be pointed out that these functions
have no effect on non-bulk storage devices; they are ignored. Because these directives never allow a
write to a library file without first positioning it past its end of information, they may only be used to add
to an existing library.
NOTE
The RTOS/OS 16-MT Drum Driver does not support a write
file mark command and therefore the Magnetic Tape oriented
commands will not function properly.
To create a new file of programs, the REWIND and EOF commands are used to place an initial file mark
on the beginning of the file. Once this is done, programs may be copied onto the file by using the COPY
or DUPE Commands. If the program to be copied onto the file does not already have a label, a preceding
label may be written before it using the LABEL Command. As programs are added to the file, the mark
is propagated along, following the last one. |
Any time the library is read, and a file mark is encountered, the operation is terminated immediately,
the message EOF is logged, and the tape is backspaced over the mark. If a LOAD, LINK, EDIT, FIND,
COPY, or DUPE terminates with EOF, it indicates that the system was searching for a Label not found
on the tape being searched. It is the normal termination for the TABLE Command.
if it is desired to add a program to a file with some other program (such as the output from the assembler)
the file should first be positioned. Then the new material should be added and the EOF Command should
be issued. If the LABEL Command is issued prior to the assembly, it leaves the file positioned past the
Label written.
29-231 R09 5/75 … А6-1
APPENDIX 6 (Continued)
Library Creation
To create a file of programs from Paper Tape to a bulk storage device the following procedure should be
followed. Assume the Paper Tapc Reader has been assigned to Logical Unit 1 and a Magnetic Tape unit
has been assigned to Logical Unit 2.
a)
с)
d)
e)
f)
Load the OS Library Loader Program with an operating system and execute.
Rewind or otherwise position the output file.
Copy the OS Library Loader Paper Tape to the Magnetic Tape.
CO 102
Copy any other desired programs such as the OS A SSEMBLER, the FORTRAN compiler, or
any user written program,
CO 102
Copy the RUN TIME LIBRARY Paper Tape to Magnetic Tape with the command.
DU 102 ENDVOL
This command should be repeated once for cach separate input Paper Tape.
Other programs may be added on to the end of the program file at a future time with the
CO or DU commands.
NOTE: User written subroutines may be edited from the library if the following conditions are met:
1)
2)
3)
A6-2
The subroutine contains a LAB = field in its OPTION card, or a label is created with the
LABEL command.
The subroutine contains an ENTRY statement with a name that is the same as the LABEL
option.
The user written subroutine contains an EXTRN statement which refers to a name which
corresponds to the label in the library.
29-231 R09 5/75
APPENDIX 7
REVISION INFORMATION
Level R06 of the OS LIBRARY LOADER is a major departure from the R05 level program. Principally,
the implicit positioning contained in the Magnetic Tape oriented commands, (LABEL, COPY, DUPE, etc.)
has been deleted in R06. All versions of the Loader R06 and above log their revision level when entered.
For those users with R05 and lower, this document may still be used if the section on bulk storage pro-
cedures (now moved to Appendix 6) is consulted.
The LINKFILE Command has been implemented in R06, This command is an internal iteration of the
LINK command. It executes LINKs until an EOF, EOM on program ENDVOL is encountered. Its inten-
tion is to simplify the loading of a Main program and its subroutines when present on a single file of
object programs.
The commands WF (Write File Mark) and RW (Rewind) have been added for compatibility with DOS com-
mand syntax. The old commands of EOF and RE are still available.
29-231 R09 5/75 AT-1/A7-2
INDEX
Absolute Program, 1
AMAP LU, 16 |
Assembly /Construction Procedures, A5-1
BC, 16
BF LU, 18
BIAS, 1,15
Bias Printout, 9
Bootstrapping, REL and General Loaders, 12
Bootstrap Loaders, 1
BOSS Resident Loader, 1
BOSS and DOS Resident Loader, 3
BR LU, 18
Bulk Storage Bootstrap Loader, 1
Bulk Storage File Procedures, A6-1
CMPRESS LU, 21
Codes, Tape, 6
Commands, OS Library Loader, A1-1
Common, 2
Common Features of REL and General Loaders, 7
Construction/ Assembly Procedures, A3-1
Control Item Definitions, 5
COPY LULU, 18
CTOP, 2
Definitions, Control Item, $
Definitions, Forward Reference, 9
DIRECT LUSZ, 21
DOS Resident Loader, 1
DUPE LULU, 18
EDIT LU, 16
Entry, 1
ENTRY Handling, 9
Error Messages, General Loader, 10
EXTRN, 1
EXTRN Handling, 9
Fast Format Loader, 1
FF LU, 18
FIND LU, 15
Formats, Program, 2
Format, Standard Loader, 4
Forward Reference Definitions, 9
FR LU, 18
Front-end Loaders, 1
Functional Variations, 24
General Loader, 1, 3,7
General Loader Bootstrapping, 12
General Loader Error Messages, 10
GO, 16
INSERT, 21
Label, 1
Label Handling, 11
LABEL LU, 17
LC, 16
Library Loader Messages, 21
Library Loader Operation and Commands, 15
LG (LOG), 20
LINKFILE LU, 16
Linking Loader, 14
LINK LU, 15
Loader Description, 1
Loader Features, Summary, 4
Loader, General, 7
Loader Memory Maps, A4-1
29-231 R10 2/77
- Il
INDEX
Loader, Relocating, 7
Loaders, Stand Alone, 7 —
Loader, Standard Format, 4
Loader Tape Format, 14
Loader Terminology, 1
Loader Types, 1
LOAD LU, 15
MAP LU, 16
Maps, Loader Memory, A4-1
Memory Map, 17
Messages, General Loader Error, 10
Messages, Library Loader, 21
MD LULU, 21
OLAY LU, 21 |
Operation and Commands, Library Loader, 15
Operation of Stand Alone Loaders, 11
OS Library Loader, 1, 3
OS Library Loader Features, 14
OS Loaders, 1
OS Random Access Bootstrap, 25 |
OS/16-MT Overlay and Transient Task Procedures, 23
OUT LU, 17
Overlay Procedures, 23
OV (DCS OVERLAY), 19
PAUSE, 20
Printout, Bias, 9
Program Formats, 2
Random Access Storage, 2
REL Loader Bootstrapping, 12
Relocatable Program, 1
Relocating Loader, 3, 7
REWIND LU, 18
Revision Information, A7-1
RTOS Loader, 1
RTOS Task Establisher Special Control Items, 5
RTOS Task Establisher (TET), 1, 3
Self Relocating Loader, 1
Special Control Items, RTOS Task Establisher, 5
Stand Alone Loaders, 7
Stand Alone Loaders, Operation, 11
Stand Alone Loader, 1
Standard Loader Format, 1, 4
Summary of Loader Features, 4
Summary of OS Library Loader Commands, Al-1
Summary of Stand Alone Loader Operation, A2-1
TABLE LULU, 18
Tape Codes (Zoned Format), 6
Tape Format, Loader, 14
TOCOR, 20
Transient Task Procedures, 23
TTASK LU, 21
Types of Loaders, 1
UBOT, 2
Variations, Functional, 24
WF (EOF), 18
XOUT, 18
Zoned Tape, 1
50 Sequences, A3-1
50 Sequence Loader, 1
29-231 R10 2/77
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— mmm pummel — — Oo CD NK—]— [KK je] MD em S—— —
чан — — EE J A — ЧВАаистЫ
STAPLE
STAPLE
FIRST CLASS
PERMIT No. 22
OCEANPORT, N. J.
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