Garmin GPS 165TSO GPS Receiver Pilot's Guide

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page i

OWNER’S MANUAL

& REFERENCE

MSG RTE

NRST

WPT

SET

NAV

CLR

CRSR

ENT

GPS 165

TSO

Pilot’s Guide

®

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page ii

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page i

INTRODUCTION

Foreword

This manual is written for software versions 3.06 or above, and is not suitable for earlier software versions.

© 1995 GARMIN International

9875 Widmer Road, Lenexa, KS 66215, USA

All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording for any purpose without the express written permission of GARMIN Corporation.

Information in this document is subject to change without notice. GARMIN reserves the right to change or improve their products and to make changes in the content without obligation to notify any person or organization of such changes or improvements.

April 1995 190-00066-00 Rev. B Printed in Taiwan.

GARMIN™, GPS 165TSO™, AutoLocate™,

MultiTrac8™, Spell’N’Find™ and AutoStore™ are trademarks of GARMIN International and may only be used with permission.

All rights reserved.

Jeppesen™ and NavData® are registered trademarks of Jeppesen Sandersen and are used with permission.

i

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page ii

INTRODUCTION

Cautions

ii

NOTE: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC limits for Class B digital devices. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.

However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to other equipment, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try and correct the interference by relocating the equipment or connecting the equipment to a different circuit than the affected equipment. Consult an authorized dealer or other qualified avionics service technician for additional help if these remedies do not correct the problem.

Operation is subject to the following conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

The GARMIN GPS 165 does not contain any user-serviceable parts. Repairs should only be made by an authorized GARMIN service center. Unauthorized repairs or modifications could void your warranty and your authority to operate this device under Part 15 regulations.

CAUTION

The GPS system is operated by the United States government, which is solely responsible for its accuracy and maintenance. The system is subject to changes which could affect the accuracy and performance of all GPS equipment. Although the

GARMIN GPS 165 is a precision electronic NAVigation AID (NAVAID), any NAVAID can be misused or misinterpreted, and therefore become unsafe.

Use the GPS 165 at your own risk. To reduce the risk of unsafe operation, carefully review and understand all aspects of this Owner’s Manual and Flight Manual

Supplement, and thoroughly practice using the simulator mode prior to actual use.

When in actual use, carefully compare indications from the GPS 165 to all available navigation sources, including the information from other NAVAIDS, visual sightings, charts, etc. For safety, always resolve any discrepancies before continuing navigation.

The altitude calculated by the GPS 165 is geometric height above mean sea level and could vary significantly from altitude displayed by pressure altimeters in aircraft.

NEVER use GPS altitude for vertical navigation.

The Jeppesen database incorporated in the GPS 165 must be updated regularly in order to ensure that its information is current. Updates are released every 28 days.

Contact Jeppesen for more information on GPS 165 database updates.

Pilots using an out-of-date database do so entirely at their own risk.

CAUTION! The GARMIN GPS 165 has no user serviceable parts. Should you ever encounter a problem with the unit, please take it to an authorized GARMIN dealer for repairs.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page iii

Accessories & Packing List

Congratulations on choosing the first GPS certified to meet the requirements of

TSO C-129 Category A1 for non-precision IFR approach procedures. The GPS 165 represents GARMIN’s commitment to provide an accurate, easy-to-use GPS for all of your aviation needs.

Before installing and getting started with your unit, please check to see that your package includes the following items. If any parts are missing or damaged, please see your GARMIN dealer immediately.

Standard Package:

• GPS 165 unit and NavData® Card

• Aviation Installation and Antenna Kit

• Remote backup battery

• Pilot’s Guide & Quick Reference Guide

• Sample Airplane Flight Manual Supplement

• Database Subscription Packet

Optional Accessories:

• AC Adapter

• User Data Card

INTRODUCTION

Accessories and

Packing List

iii

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page iv

INTRODUCTION

Capabilities

Designed for accurate performance, and intuitive operation, the GPS 165 is a powerful navigation device that allows you to navigate IFR en route and approach procedures for added convenience and safety.

Precision Performance

• MultiTrac8™ receiver tracks and uses up to 8 satellites for fast, accurate positioning and speed data, with continuous 1 second updates

• Jeppesen database lists airports, VORs, NDBs, FSSs, intersections, comm frequencies, runway info, minimum safe altitude, SUA information and more

• Vacuum fluorescent display to provide easy viewing, even in direct sunlight

• Remote battery pack provides up to 90 minutes of power in the event of electrical power failure

Advanced Navigation

• Non-Precision approaches for over 5,000 U. S. airports

• Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and Standard Terminal Arrival Routes

(STARs)

• Full-featured fuel and trip planning and E6-B capabilities

• User checklists, schedulers and timers for keeping track of maintenance requirements, procedures and flight times iv

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page v

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i

Cautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii

Accessories/Packing List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii

Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v-vi

Key and Knob Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii-viii

Flying Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6

PART TWO: REFERENCE

Section 1: Navigation with the GPS 165 (

N key) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-22

Navigating and planning

Section 2: Database and Waypoints (

W & T keys) . . . . . . . . . . . .23-47

Finding and using database and waypoint information

Section 3: Direct-to & Route Navigation (

D & R keys) . . . . . . . .48-61

Activating direct-to navigation; creating & using routes

Section 4: Approaches, SIDs and STARs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62-82

Selecting and flying non-precision approaches, SIDs and STARs

Section 5: Unit Settings (

S key) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83-93

Configuring the GPS 165 your preferences

INTRODUCTION

Table of Contents

To quickly and easily locate information on specific tasks, please refer to the Index on page 117.

v

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page vi

INTRODUCTION

Table of Contents

Appendix A:

NavData

®

Card Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94-95

Appendix B: Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96

Appendix C: Abbreviations & Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97-106

Appendix D: Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Appendix E: Map Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108-109

Appendix F: Troubleshooting Q & A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111-116

Appendix G: Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117-119 vi

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page vii

Key and Knob Functions

B

The power/brightness knob controls unit power and screen brightness

D

The direct-to key performs an instant GOTO and allows you to enter a waypoint and sets a direct course to the destination.

T

The nearest key is used to obtain information on the 9 nearest airports,

VORs, NDBs, intersections, user waypoints and 2 nearest FSSs. The nearest key also accesses any active SUA information. (See Section 2 for more information on the nearest waypoints.)

S

The set key allows you to customize the settings on your unit to your preferences, and view GPS coverage and receiver status. (See Section 5 for more information on unit settings.)

R

The route key enables you to create, edit, activate and invert routes, and access approaches, SIDs and STARs. Search-and-rescue, parallel offset and closest point of approach are also performed using the route key.

(See Section 3 for more information on routes.)

W

The waypoint key is used to view information such as runways, frequencies, position, and comments on airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections and user waypoints. (See Section 2 for more information on the database and waypoints.)

N

The nav key is used to view navigation and position information. Planning operations are also performed using the

N key. (See Section 1 for more information on navigation and planning operations.)

INTRODUCTION

Key & Knob Functions

The GPS 165 is designed to minimize keystrokes to perform operations. There are typically several ways to perform the same operation. In general, using the knobs will decrease keystrokes and time spent using the

GPS 165. Experiment to find the most effective way to use the GPS 165 to your advantage.

vii

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page viii

INTRODUCTION

Key & Knob Functions

Scrolling Arrow Prompts

Whenever the GPS 165 is displaying a list of information that is too long for the display screen, the scrolling arrow prompt will indicate which direction to scroll to view additional listings.

To scroll through a list with the flashing cursor inactive, simply rotate the inner knob. If the scrolling cursor is active, use the outer knob to view additional information.

C

The cursor key is used to activate/deactivate the cursor. The cursor is indicated by flashing characters on the screen and is used for data entry, changing fields or cycling through available information.

\

The clear key is used to erase information or cancel an entry.

M

The message key is used to view receiver messages and to alert you to important warnings and requirements.

E

The enter key is used to approve an operation or complete data entry. It is also used to confirm information, such as during power on.

O

The outer knob is used to advance through pages, advance the cursor or move through data fields.

K

The inner knob is used to change data or scroll through information that cannot fit on the screen all at once.

This manual will describe how to enter data using the concentric knobs;

K for the inner knob and

O for the outer knob. Experiment with the concentric knobs.

This will greatly reduce the amount of time required to navigate with the GPS 165.

GARMIN is fully committed to your satisfaction as a customer. If you have any questions regarding the GPS 165, please contact our customer service department at:

GARMIN International, Inc.

9875 Widmer Rd.

Lenexa, KS 66215-1239

(913) 599-1515 (913) 599-2103 (FAX) viii

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 1

The GARMIN GPS 165 is a powerful navigational tool that provides pilots with accurate navigational information and non-precision approaches, SIDs and STARs.

The Flying Start section is designed to get you familiar with the operation of the GPS

165. This will include powering up the unit and acquiring satellites, entering data and activating a simple direct-to. This section also briefly covers the Position and CDI navigation pages, which you’ll use for most of your in-flight navigation.

The Flying Start assumes that the GPS and antenna have been correctly installed and that you have not changed any of the factory default settings for the unit. If you have changed any settings (position formats, units of measure, etc.), the descriptions and pictures used may not match your configuration. Prior to using your GPS 165 for the first time, we recommend that you taxi to location that is well away from buildings and other aircraft so the unit can collect satellite data without interruption.

Powering up the GPS 165 for first time use

The GPS 165’s power and screen brightness are controlled using the

B knob at the bottom left of the unit. Rotating it clockwise will turn the unit on and progressively brighten the display. This knob also locks the NavData ® card (included with your unit) in place, so that it may not be removed during operation. After turning the unit on, a welcome page will be displayed while the unit performs a self test.

The Database page will appear, showing the current database information on the

NavData ® card, with the valid operating dates, cycle number and database type indicated. Databases are updated every 28 days, and must be current for approved approach and IFR operations. Information on database subscriptions is available inside your GPS 165 package.

To acknowledge the database information:

1. Press the

E key.

INTRODUCTION

Flying Start

Welcome Page.

Database Confirmation Page.

1

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 2

INTRODUCTION

Flying Start

Acquiring satellite data.

Enter the altitude manually if necessary.

Searching the Sky Message.

Once the database has been acknowledged, the Satellite Status page will appear, and the GPS 165 will begin to collect satellite information. An ‘Acquiring’ status will be displayed on the Satellite Status page, and the signal values on the bottom line of the page will begin displaying numeric values. This is a good indication that you are receiving signals, and satellite lock will occur. Following the first time use of your

GPS 165, the time required for a position fix will vary, usually from 2 to 5 minutes.

If the unit can only obtain enough satellites for 2D navigation (no altitude), the unit will use the altitude provided by your altitude encoder, if one is connected and working. If not, you will be prompted to enter the altitude with a ‘Need alt- Press

NAV’ message. If this message occurs, press the

N key and use the K and O knobs to enter the altitude shown on your altimeter. Press

E when finished.

If the GPS 165 has not been operated for a period of six months, or has moved over 300 miles without actively tracking satellites, it may have to ‘Search the Sky’ to collect new data. This means the unit is acquiring satellite data to establish almanac and satellite orbit information, which can take 7 1/2 to 30 minutes. The Status page will display a ‘Searching the Sky’ status, and the external message annunciator will also flash to alert you of a system message.

To view a system message:

1. Press

M

.

The message page will appear and display the status or warning information applicable to the receiver’s current operating condition.

To return to the previous page after viewing a message:

1. Press

M

.

2

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 3

After the GPS 165 acquires satellites and computes a position, the Position page will appear automatically, and you’ll be informed with a ‘Ready for navigation’ message on the message page.

Altitude

Field

Reference Waypoint Field

Position Field

The Position page displays your present latitude and longitude, altitude and a reference waypoint field, and is also used to enter barometric pressure during approach operations. The altitude and reference waypoint fields are also selectable

(see Section 1 for more information) to allow you to configure the unit to your own preferences. The default settings are:

• Altitude— Your present GPS altitude

• Present Position— Latitude and longitude displayed in degrees/minutes

• Reference Waypoint— The bearing and distance to the nearest airport

The Position page is one of four pages available under the GPS 165’s NAV key:

The Position page, CDI page, NAV Menu 1 and NAV Menu 2. During most flights, the

Position page and the CDI (course deviation indicator) page will be the primary pages used for navigation. The pages available under each key are accessible by pressing the desired key and rotating the outer knob, or by pressing the NAV key repeatedly.

INTRODUCTION

Flying Start

CDI page.

NAV Menu 1.

NAV Menu 2.

3

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 4

INTRODUCTION

Flying Start

Entering a direct-to destination.

The GPS 165 uses direct point-to-point navigation to guide you from takeoff to touchdown in the IFR environment. Once a destination is selected, the unit will provide speed, course and distance data based upon a direct course from your present position to your destination. A destination can be selected from any page with the

DIRECT-TO (

D

) key.

To select a direct-to destination:

1. Press the

D key. The CDI page will appear with the destination field flashing.

2. Rotate the

K knob to enter the first letter of the destination waypoint identifier. The destination waypoint may be an airport, VOR, NDB, intersection or user waypoint, as long as it is in the database or stored in memory as a user waypoint.

3. Rotate the

O knob to the right to move the cursor to the next character position.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 to spell out the rest of the waypoint identifier.

5. Press

E to confirm the identifier. The waypoint confirmation page will appear.

6. Press

E to confirm the destination.

A direct-to may also be performed from any page that displays a single waypoint identifier

(the nearest airport page in this example) by simply pressing the

D key, followed by ENTER.

Once the direct-to destination is confirmed, the CDI page will appear with the destination indicated in the lower left hand corner of the screen. As well as displaying the current destination waypoint, the CDI page displays your present speed and track over the ground, and the distance and estimated time enroute to your destination. The graphical CDI, located at the top left of the screen, displays your position relative to the desired course and provides turn anticipation and waypoint messages during route and approach navigation.

4

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 5

In addition to the destination field and graphical CDI, the GPS 165 CDI page features four selectable fields for various navigation data so the page may be configured to your own preferences. The default settings for the CDI page are:

• Ground Speed (gs)— Your present speed over the ground in knots

• Distance (dis)— The distance to your destination in nautical miles

• Track (trk)— Your present course over the ground

• Estimated Time Enroute (ete)— The time to your destination based upon your present speed and course in hours and minutes

Once a direct-to is activated, the CDI page will provide navigation to the destination until the direct-to is cancelled or another direct-to destination is activated.

To cancel a direct-to from the CDI page:

1. Press the

C key to activate the destination field.

2. Press

\

.

3. Press

E

.

The GPS 165’s NRST key provides the nine nearest airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections and user waypoints, as well as the two closest FSSs (Flight Service Stations) and any SUA (special use airspace) alerts for your present position. The nearest waypoint feature is a handy safety feature that may be used to execute a quick direct-to in case of an in-flight emergency or to review the closest facilities to your present position.

To view the nine nearest airports:

1. Press the

T key. The nearest airport will be displayed, with position, frequency and runway data.

2. To review the rest of the nearest airport list, rotate the

K knob to the right.

INTRODUCTION

Flying Start

CDI page with an active destination.

Nearest Airport Page.

5

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 6

INTRODUCTION

Flying Start

The Nearest VOR Page.

To review a nearest waypoint, simply highlight the identifier and press ENTER.

The GPS 165 will operate on an internal battery if external power is lost.

To view the nine nearest list for other waypoint categories (VOR, NDB, etc.):

1. Rotate the

O knob to the right, or press the

T key repeatedly.

2. Rotate

K to scroll through the list.

Once the nearest airport (or any other nearest waypoint) page is displayed, the selected waypoint can be quickly reviewed or selected as a direct-to destination.

To review the selected waypoint from the nearest waypoint list:

1. Press

C to activate the waypoint field.

2. Press

E to display the waypoint identification page.

3. Rotate

O to view any additional waypoint information available.

4. Press

T to return to the nearest waypoint page.

To select a nearest waypoint as a direct-to destination:

1. Press the

D key. The waypoint position page for the selected waypoint will appear.

2. Press


The GPS 165 is normally connected to power through the avionics master switch.

When the master switch is turned off while the unit is operating, the GPS 165 will display a power down warning page. The power down page features a timer which will count down from 30 seconds when the unit senses that power is off. After 30 seconds, the GPS 165 will shut off. If you want to continue navigation, press any key during the countdown, and the unit will continue using the remote backup battery.

To turn the GPS 165 off:

1. Turn the

B knob to the left until the unit shuts off.

6

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 7

Section 1

Navigation Key

The GPS 165 features four navigation pages to provide various position, course, speed and planning information. The navigation pages may viewed by pressing the

NAV key and rotating the outer knob, or pressing the

N key repeatedly.

CDI Page

Position Page

NAV Menu 1 NAV Menu 2

The CDI and Position pages are the primary pages used during in-flight navigation, while the two nav menu pages offer access to planning and calculation functions. Note that rotating the outer knob clockwise will continuously cycle through all the nav pages, while turning the knob counterclockwise stops the page selection sequence at the CDI page.

Whenever the NAV key pages are in use, the indicator light (

U) next to the NAV key will illuminate. If the GPS 165 requires you to enter data on the Position page, the message indicator will flash and a message prompt with specific instructions will appear. If you leave the NAV page sequence for another set of pages, the last NAV page displayed will appear when you return to the nav sequence.

NAV KEY

Overview

Remember! The NAV pages will only display information

AFTER the position and navigational information has been calculated from the satellites. If you are on the Position page before the unit has calculated a position, you will be able to enter an approximate position and altitude. This is helpful in speeding satellite acquisition if the unit has moved a great distance with the power off.

If you are not sure whether the GPS is actively calculating a position, check the receiver status field for ‘2D NAV’ or

‘3D NAV’ by pressing the SET key and rotating the outer knob to the left. The current receiver status is displayed at the top left of the page.

7

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 8

NAV KEY

CDI Page

The CDI page with desired track and estimated time enroute displayed.

If the GPS 165 is not currently navigating to a waypoint, ‘No actv wpt’ will be displayed in the

CDI field.

The GPS 165’s CDI page provides you with the important information needed to navigate directly to your destination. The destination field, located at the bottom left of the page, displays the current destination waypoint or active route leg being navigated. If no direct-to destination, route or approach is being navigated, the destination field will display a dashed leg (____

È_____).

CDI/Messages Field Ground Speed/Steer Field

Distance/

Steer Field

Track/Turn

Field

Active Route Leg or DirectETE Field Displaying Track

The graphical CDI at the top left of the page shows your position relative to the desired course (the moving D-bar) to the destination waypoint. The TO/FROM arrow in the center of the scale indicates whether you are heading to (an up arrow) the waypoint or from the waypoint (a down arrow). Note that the GPS 165 always navigates TO a waypoint unless the GPS SEQ switch is set to the HOLD position or you have passed the last waypoint in a route. The default setting of the CDI scale is

5.0 nm. The CDI field is also used to display the GPS 165’s turn anticipation and waypoint alert data during route and approach operations (See sections 3 and 4). In addition to displaying your active destination and the course deviation indicator, the

CDI page features four selectable fields for various distance, direction and time options. This allows you to configure the CDI page to your preferences. The default settings displayed are ground speed, distance, track and estimated time enroute.

8

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 9

The following functions may be displayed in the ground speed field:

• gs -- Your present speed over the ground.

• str --Steer direction and distance, or digital crosstrack error. An ‘L’ or ‘R’ indicates which direction to steer, while the distance value indicates how far you are off course.

The following functions may be displayed in the distance field:

• dis -- Distance from present position to the ‘active to’ waypoint.

• str -- Steer direction and distance, or digital crosstrack error. An ‘L’ or ‘R’ indicates which direction to steer to return to your original course, while the distance value indicates how far you are off course.

The following steering functions may be displayed in the track field:

• trk -- Track, the direction of movement relative to the ground.

• brg -- Bearing, the direction from your present position to the waypoint.

• cts -- Course to steer to reduce cross track error and stay on course.

• dtk -- Desired track, the course between the active from and to waypoints.

• trn -- Turn, the direction and degrees to turn to get back on the most direct course to the destination waypoint.

The following information can be displayed in the ete field:

• eta -- Estimated Time of Arrival (at the active to waypoint)

• ete -- Estimated Time Enroute (to the active to waypoint)

• trk -- Track, or the direction of movement relative to the ground

• vn -- Vertical Navigation, or VNAV. If VNAV has been activated

(See page 16-17), this field indicates either the elapsed time before the VNAV maneuver is to begin or the VNAV altitude (the suggested altitude you should be flying in order to complete the maneuver).

NAV KEY

CDI Page

9

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 11

The GPS 165 position page displays your present latitude and longitude, altitude and a reference waypoint field; and is also used to enter barometric pressure during approach operations. The altitude and reference waypoint fields are selectable to configure the page to your own preferences and current navigation needs.

Altitude, MSA or ESA (selectable)

Barometric Pressure

(during approach navigation)

NAV KEY

Position Page

Position

Waypoint Reference Field

(selectable)

The altitude field can display either the present altitude, minimum safe altitude

(MSA) or the enroute safe altitude (ESA). MSA is the recommended minimum altitude within approximately ten miles of your present position. ESA is the recommended minimum altitude within ten miles of your course on an active route or direct-to.

MSA and ESA altitudes are calculated from information contained in the database and generally includes mountains, buildings and other permanent features (see right).

To change the altitude field to display other information:

1. Press

C to obtain a flashing cursor.

2. Use

K to change the field to display the desired data.

3. Press

C to return to normal navigation.

Position page displaying MSA.

The same Position page displaying ESA. If you are on a route from New York City to Los Angeles, the MSA would be 2700 ft. at KJFK to account for objects in the area.

However, the ESA would be 16,700 feet to account for the course flying through the Rocky Mountains.

11

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 12

NAV KEY

Position Page/Reference Wpt

12

Position page displaying KFOE airport as the reference waypoint.

Position page displaying the TOP VOR as the reference waypoint. This configuration is used to monitor your distance and radial to the reference waypoint during DME ARC approaches.

See Section 4 for more information on approach operation.

The Position page also features a reference waypoint field, located at the bottom of the page, to indicate your radial and distance from a selected waypoint. The reference waypoint field can display the following:

• Range, radial and identifier of the nearest airport, VOR, NDB, intersection or user waypoint

• Range, radial and identifier from a user specified waypoint

The default setting is to display the nearest airport. During DME arc approach operations, the reference waypoint field will automatically display the DME reference as long as the active to waypoint is part of the DME arc.

To change the reference waypoint field to display the nearest airport, VOR, NDB, intersection, user waypoint or the range and radial from a user selected waypoint:

1. Press

C to obtain a cursor.

2. Rotate

O to highlight the proximity field after the fr.

3. Use

K to choose which waypoint type you would like displayed. (Choose ‘wpt’ if you would like a specific waypoint range and bearing to be displayed.)

4. Press

C to remove the cursor, or:

If you have selected ‘wpt’:

5. Rotate

O to advance the cursor to highlight the identifier field.

6. Use the

K and

O knobs to enter the identifier name. (This waypoint identifier can be an airport, VOR, NDB, intersection or user waypoint.) Press

E

.

7. Press

C to confirm the selection.

This allows any waypoint’s distance and radial to be listed on the Position page continuously. This is especially useful when trying to locate your position on a sectional or when an approach reference is not the closest navaid.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 13

The GPS 165 features two nav menu pages for a host of valuable planning and calculating functions. NAV Menu 1 provides access to the following functions:

• Trip Planning

• Fuel Planning

• VNAV Planning

• Density altitude/true air speed calc.

• Winds aloft calculations

• Checklist

Trip Plan is the first function listed on NAV Menu 1 and allows you to view information regarding distance, ESA, bearing and estimated time enroute between any two waypoints and programmed route legs. The ground speed can also be varied manually to calculate several possible ETEs.

To use the trip planning function:

1. Press

N and rotate

O to display NAV Menu 1.

2. Press

C

, then

E to access trip planning.

3. Rotate

K to select waypoint mode or the desired route number and press

E

.

4. For direct-to navigation, use

K and

O enter the ‘to’ and ‘from’ waypoints. Press

E to accept the waypoints (to use your present position as a waypoint, leave the corresponding waypoint field blank).

5. For route calculations, choose either ‘cum’ for cumulative data (from beginning to end) or the leg desired by rotating

K

.

6. Use

K and

O to enter the ground speed. Press

E to calculate the values.

7. Press

C to complete.

The trip direction, distance, ESA and ETE will be displayed on the bottom two lines of the planning page.

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 1/Trip Planning

NAV Menu 1.

Using the trip planning function.

13

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 14

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 1/Density Altitude

Entering an indicated altitude.

Density altitude & true air speed calculated.

The density altitude/true air speed function is also accessed from NAV Menu 1.

Density altitude is the altitude at which your aircraft will perform depending on several environmental conditions including air pressure and total air temperature (the temperature including the effect of speed), read on a standard outside temperature gauge on most aircraft). True air speed considers the same factors.

To calculate the density altitude and true air speed:

1. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight ‘Dalt/tas?’.

2. Press

E to access the density altitude page.

3. Using

K and

O

, enter the indicated altitude (ialt) according to the aircraft instruments.

Press

E

.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the calibrated air speed (cas) according to the aircraft instruments.

Press

E

.

5. Use

K and

O to enter the barometric pressure (pres) obtained from ATC.

Press

E

.

6. Use

K and

O to enter the total air temperature (tat) according to aircraft instruments.

7. Press

E and the density altitude and true air speed will be calculated and displayed.

8. Press

C to remove the cursor.

The

f

uel planning page will display fuel requirements for both direct-to navigation and programmed routes. The planning function requires the pilot to know the initial amount of fuel on board and the flow rate. You may also enter different ground speeds to view various information based on different travel times, etc. If your installation has interfaced a fuel flow sensor to the GPS 165, the flow rate and other information will be used from the sensor, and do not need to be entered manually.

14

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 15

To perform fuel planning operations:

1. Press

C and use

O to highlight ‘Fuel Plan?’. Press

E

.

2. Use

K to select either ‘wpt’ for direct navigation or the route number you would like to use.

3. For direct-to navigation, use

K and

O enter the ‘to’ and ‘from’ waypoints. Press

E to accept the waypoints (to use your present position as a waypoint, leave the corresponding waypoint field blank).

4. For route calculations, choose either ‘cum’ for cumulative route fuel requirements

(from beginning to end) or the leg desired by rotating

K

.

If leg is selected, it displays the amount of fuel required to fly until that leg is complete.

For example: The fuel required to complete leg 2 is leg 1 + leg 2.

Fuel required to complete leg 4 is leg 1 + leg 2 + leg 3 + leg 4.

5. Rotate

O to advance the cursor to ‘fob:’ or ‘gs:’ (depending on which is displayed).

6. Use

K and

O to enter the fuel on board or the ground speed. Press

E

.

7. Rotate

O back two positions to highlight the ‘fob:’ or ‘gs:’ field again.

9. Rotate

K to display the other information. Press

E

.

10. Use

K and

O to enter the remaining data. Press

E

.

11. Use

K and

O to enter the flow rate, in units per hour, if needed. Press

E

.

The GPS 165 will calculate the range (distance) and endurance (how long the fuel will last) of your aircraft. These are found in the first field on the bottom row of the page. The fuel left on board (lfob) and reserve after the selected direct-to, leg or route will also be displayed in the second field on the bottom row.

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 1/Fuel Planning

Enter initial fuel on board before takeoff.

Fuel planning with endurance and leftover fuel on board displayed.

Fuel planning with range and reserve displayed.

15

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 16

16

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 1/Winds Aloft/VNAV

Calculating winds aloft.

Entering initial and final altitude.

The recommended VNAV descent will be displayed in the ‘at’ field.

The GPS 165 will also perform winds aloft calculations to inform you of the direction

(true) and speed of the wind. This will also inform you whether you are flying with a headwind or tailwind, and its speed.

To calculate winds aloft:

1. Press

C and use

O to highlight ‘Winds?’. Press

E

.

2. Use

K and

O to enter your present heading in the ‘hdg:’ field. Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to enter your true air speed (TAS) in the ‘tas:’ field. If you have calculated it using the GPS 165, it will be displayed as the default. Press

E

.

The direction, speed and magnitude of the winds aloft will now be displayed. If the GPS

165 is interfaced to a compatible Air/Data Sensor, these values will be calculated automatically.

The VNAV function calculates vertical speed requirements to obtain a desired altitude before or after a certain distance to a waypoint. This is helpful when you would like to descend to a certain altitude near an airport, or climb to a certain altitude before reaching a certain waypoint or NAVAID.

To calculate vertical navigation parameters:

1. Press

C and use

O to highlight ‘Vnav Plan?’. Press

E

.

2. Use

K and

O to enter the initial (from) altitude (your present GPS altitude will appear as the default altitude). Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the desired final (to) altitude. Press

E

.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the distance from the waypoint. Press

E

.

5. Rotate

K to select ‘before ’or ‘after’ the waypoint. Press

E

.

6. Use

K and

O to enter the waypoint identifier from the active route. If you are on a route, or a direct-to, the active ‘to’ identifier will be displayed as default. Press

E

.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 17

You will now notice that the vertical speed field has been calculated. If you desire a faster climb or descent, you may enter that value now.

7. Use

K and

O to enter the new desired vertical speed, or press

E to accept the calculated value.

If you enter a greater value, the GPS 165 will display the elapsed time before the maneuver is to begin. When the countdown reaches 15 seconds, you will be informed with the message ‘Start altitude chng’. The VNAV function will automatically be cancelled if the active route is changed in any way. In this case, you will be informed with a ‘VNAV cancelled’ message.

The GPS 165 will allow you to create up to nine checklists with 30 items each to remind you of repetitive tasks that can be called up at any time for review. The checklist feature is useful for creating pre-flight checklists, landing checklists, emergency procedures, etc. Each name or function can have up to 16 characters.

To create or edit a checklist:

1. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight ‘Chklist?’. Press

E

.

2. Use

O to highlight the checklist number you would like to create or edit.

If there are no checklists, you must select the first checklist field. Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the title of the checklist. Press

E.

The checklist page will appear, where you may now enter each individual item, such as ‘Check Fuel’, etc.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the checklist item. Press

E

.

5. You may repeat step 4 to enter additional items, or press

C to finish.

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 1/Checklists

VNAV displayed on the CDI page.

The scrolling cursor prompt indicates the direction to scroll to view additional checklists.

Entering Pre-Taxi checklist items.

17

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 18

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 2/Approach Timer

To execute a checklist, highlight the desired item and press ENTER.

NAV Menu 2.

Approach Timer.

To execute a checklist:

1. Press

C and highlight ‘Chklist?’. Press

E

.

2. Rotate

O to highlight the checklist you would like to see and press

E

.

3. Use

O to view checklist items, and press

E to check off a highlighted item.

To delete a checklist item or an entire checklist:

1. To delete a checklist item, highlight the desired item and press

\

, followed by

E

.

2. To delete an entire checklist, highlight the desired list and press

\

, followed by

E

.

The GPS 165’s NAV Menu 2 provides access to various timer and planning functions, including:

• Approach timer

• Trip timer

• Scheduler

• Clock (Date and time)

• RAIM prediction

• Sunrise and sunset calculations

The approach timer serves as either a count up or a count down timer that can be set or reset at any time.

To activate/change/view the approach timer:

1. Press

N and rotate

O to display NAV Menu 2.

2. Press

C

, followed by

E

.

3. Rotate

K to select either ‘Count up’ or ‘Count down’. Press

E to accept.

4. Use

K and

O to set the time to count from, if you are using count down, or the time to begin counting, if you are using count up. Press

E

.

5. Rotate

O to select desired function, ‘Start?’, ‘Stop?’, or ‘Reset?’. Press

E to execute.

18

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 19

When the count down timer reaches zero, you will be informed with a ‘Timer expired’ message. The timer will then begin to count up, keeping track of how long it has been since it expired. The count up timer will not display a message. The timers run, if not altered, any time the GPS 165 is on.

The GPS 165 clock function keeps track of both UTC time (Greenwich Mean

Time, or Zulu Time calculated from the satellites) and local time, and allows you to designate which time format is used for ETA calculations. The local time and date can be set without doing a UTC to local time conversion manually.

To set the local date/time:

1. Press

C and use

O to highlight ‘Clock?’. Press

E

.

2. Use

K to select either UTC or local time to be displayed in the ETA fields. Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to set the local date. Press

E

.

4. Use

K and

O to set the local time. Press

E

.

5. Press

C to complete.

The GPS 165’s trip timer keeps track of the duration of your current trip, and can help you maintain accurate records and logs. The timer will count whenever the GPS

165 is on, or when your ground speed exceeds a specified setting (see page 90).

To view or reset the trip timer:

1. Press

C and use

O to highlight ‘Trip Time?’. Press

E

. The current time of day, departure time and time enroute will be displayed.

2. To reset the timer, press

E

. To skip resetting the timer, press

C

.

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 1/Timer & Clock

Timer expired message.

Entering a local time.

Resetting the trip timer.

19

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 20

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 2/RAIM Prediction

Enter the time and date for RAIM prediction.

Confirm the selected waypoint.

RAIM available for the entered date & time.

The RAIM Prediction function allows you to confirm that GPS coverage is available for a specific location or waypoint, any day of the year. Receiver Autonomous

Integrity Monitoring performs checks to ensure that the GPS 165 will have adequate satellite geometry to work with during your flight. RAIM availability will be near

100% in Oceanic, En route, and Terminal phases of flight. Because the FAA’s TSO requirements for non-precision approaches specify significantly better satellite coverage than other flight phases, RAIM may not to be available when flying some approaches. The GPS 165 will automatically monitor RAIM during approach operations and warn you if RAIM is not available. RAIM prediction will help you plan for a pending flight to confirm that the GPS 165 can be used for an approach, and should be calculated the night before or the day of the desired flight.

To predict RAIM availability:

1. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight ‘RAIM Prd?’. Press

E

. The cursor highlight will appear on the ‘Compute RAIM?’ prompt, ready to compute RAIM for your present position and time. To compute RAIM, press

E

. If you want to see if RAIM is available at another date or time, or at any waypoint in the database, perform steps 2 through 6.

2. Rotate

O to highlight the field which you would like to change.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the waypoint name, or leave it blank to use your current position. Press

E to accept. or:

4. Use

K and

O to enter the day/month/year and the estimated time of arrival in hours and minutes (in local or UTC time, whichever you have selected from the clock display).

The current date will be displayed automatically. Press

E to accept.

5. Rotate

O to highlight ‘Compute RAIM?’ and press

E

.

When the computations are complete, the GPS 165 will display whether or not

RAIM is available for the specified date and time, +/- 15 minutes of your ETA.

20

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 21

The scheduler function can be used to display reminder messages after a selected elapsed time such as Change Oil, Switch fuel tanks, etc. The scheduled message will be displayed after the timer runs out, and each time the GPS 165 is powered up, until the time is changed or the message is deleted.

To enter a scheduled message:

1. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight ‘Scheduler?’. Press

E

.

2. Rotate

O to highlight the message you would like to edit (if none exist, you must edit message 1).

3. Use

K and

O to enter the message. Press

E

.

4. Use

K and

O to set the elapsed time until the message is displayed, in hours and minutes, up to 99 hours and 59 minutes. (This time is cumulative and counts whenever the

GPS 165 is on in Normal mode.)

5. Press

E to accept. To edit another scheduled message, repeat steps 4, 5 and 6, or press

C to finish.

To delete a scheduled message:

1. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight ‘Scheduler?’. Press

E

.

2. Rotate

O to highlight the message you would like to delete.

3. Press

\

, followed by

E

.

NAV KEY

NAV MENU 2/Scheduler

Entering a scheduled message.

The scrolling arrow prompt indicates which direction to scroll to view additional listings.

The scheduled message will appear after the timer expires and after the GPS 165 is powered up until it is changed.

21

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 22

NAV KEY

NAV Menu 2/Sunset Planning

Sunrise and sunset calculated for the selected waypoint on the specified date.

Sunrise/Sunset Page

The last function available from the GPS 165’s NAV Menu 2 is the sunrise/sunset calculation, which will give you the sunrise and sunset times for any user or database waypoint, or your present position.

To calculate sunrise and sunset at a waypoint or your present position:

1. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight ‘Sunrise?’. Press

E

.

2. Use

K and

O to enter the waypoint identifier, or leave blank to use your current position. Press

E

.

3. Press

E to accept the waypoint confirmation page, if necessary.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the desired date.

5. Press

E and the sunrise and sunset times will be calculated and displayed. The times will be displayed in your local time or UTC time, whichever is specified from the clock function on NAV Menu 2.

22

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 23

Section 2

Waypoint and Database Information

The GPS 165 uses a Jeppesen NavData® card to provide position and facility information for thousands of airports, VORs, NDBs and intersections. Each facility in the database is stored as a waypoint, with its own latitude/longitude, identifier (up to five letters and/or numbers) and other pertinent information. Up to 1,000 user waypoints may also be created and stored in the GPS 165’s internal memory.

WAYPOINTS & DATABASE

Overview

Waypoint Menu Page

Proximity Waypoints Page

Waypoint Comments List

User Waypoint List

Waypoint information is available through four primary waypoint pages accessible from the GPS 165’s WPT key. The waypoint pages may be scrolled through by pressing the WPT key and rotating the outer knob until the desired page is displayed, or by pressing the WPT key repeatedly.

Please note that your GPS 165 uses ICAO identifiers for all airport names. All continental U.S. airport identifiers which contain only letters use the prefix ‘K’. For example,

Los Angeles International is KLAX under the ICAO standard. Other airports, such as Otten Memorial (3VS), that contain numbers in the identifier, do not require the ‘K’ prefix. Many foreign countries use 2 letter prefixes. For more information on ICAO identifiers, contact:

Document Sales Unit

International Civil Aviation Organization

1000 Sherbrooke, Suite 400

Montreal, Quebec

Canada H3A 2R2

23

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 24


Waypoint Categories

Waypoint Menu Page.

Airport Position Page.

VOR Position Page.

The GPS 165 organizes waypoints into one of five waypoint categories for your convenience. Each waypoint category provides different types of detailed information for a selected facility:

• Airports - Identifier, city/state, country, facility name, position (lat/lon), elevation, fuel services, control and approach information, IFR procedures, runways and communications frequencies.

• VORs - Identifier, city/state, country, facility name, position (lat/lon), frequency, magnetic variation, co-located DME or TACAN and weather broadcast indication.

• NDBs - Identifier, city/state, country, facility name, position (lat/lon), frequency and weather broadcast indication.

• Intersections - Identifier, country, position (lat/lon), nearest VOR.

• User - Identifier (name), position (lat/lon), reference waypoint.

To view the waypoint information for a desired waypoint, select the waypoint category from the waypoint menu page.

To choose a waypoint category (for viewing information):

1. Press

W and rotate

O to display the waypoint menu page.

2. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight the desired waypoint category.

3. Press

E to accept the waypoint category. The waypoint identification or position page for the selected category will appear, with the waypoint identifier field ready for entry.

24

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 25

After a waypoint category is selected, information for a waypoint may be viewed by entering the identifier or name of the desired waypoint. Airports, VORs and NDBs may be entered by either the identifier, name or the location (city) of the facility.

Intersections and user waypoints must be entered by the identifier.

To enter a waypoint identifier:

1. With the flashing cursor over the waypoint field, use

K and

O to enter the waypoint identifier.

As the identifier is entered, the GPS 165’s Spell’N’Find feature will scroll through the available database, displaying any waypoints with the same identifier letters you have entered to that point. When the desired waypoint is displayed, press


To obtain waypoint information by entering the facility name of the airport, the name of the VOR or NDB or its location:

1. Press

W and rotate

O to display the waypoint menu page.

2. Rotate

O to highlight the desired waypoint category.

3. Press

E to accept waypoint category.

4. Rotate

O to highlight the middle field to enter location (city) OR:

Rotate

O to highlight the bottom field to enter facility name, or VOR/NDB name.

5. Use

K and

O to enter the location or the name and press

C to finish.

As the information is entered, the GPS 165 will display any entries in its database which match the letters you have entered so far. If duplicate entries exist for the entered identifier, name or location, additional entries may be viewed by rotating

K until the desired waypoint is displayed. As soon as the desired waypoint is displayed, press

C to continue.


Entering Waypoints

Entering a waypoint by facility name.

Entering a waypoint by city. NOTE: Punctuation marks are not used when entering locations or names. Use spaces, where appropriate, to identify these marks. For example, St. Louis would be entered as “ST LOUIS” without a period.

25

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 26


Airport Information

Once a waypoint category and identifier have been selected, the GPS 165 will provide extensive information through a set of waypoint pages for the selected category. We’ll now go through the pages available for each waypoint category in the order they appear on the waypoint menu page: airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections and user waypoints.

Airport Information

Airport Identification Page

Airport Comments Page

Airport Position Page

Airport Runway Page

Airport Procedures Page

Airport Communication Page

To scroll through the airport pages:

1. Make sure the cursor is not flashing. If it is, press

C

.

2. Rotate

O in either direction to scroll through the available pages.

26

165 manual 7/13/98 3:58 PM Page 27

The GPS 165 features six airport pages: airport identification— allows entry of desired airport by identifier, facility name or city; displays region and/or country of facility.

airport position— allows entry of desired airport by identifier; displays latitude, longitude and elevation; usage or fuel availability, available approaches and airport control/radar capability.

airport procedures— allows entry of desired airport by identifier; displays all available approaches, SIDs and STARs at the selected facility.

airport communication— allows entry of desired airport by identifier; displays radio frequencies/usage, and sector and altitude restrictions.

airport runway— allows entry of desired airport by identifier; displays runway designations, length, surface and lighting information; ILS/localizer and/or pilot controlled lighting frequencies.

airport comments— allows entry of desired airport by identifier; displays user comments for the selected airport.

Identifier Region/Country

City/State

Facility Name

The airport identification page displays a selected airport’s identifier, region and country, city/state and facility name. The identification page is always the first airport page available, allowing you to quickly review an airport facility or select another facility by entering the identifier, facility name or city of the desired airport.


Airport Pages

Airport Position Page.

Airport Communication Page.

Airport Runway Page.

27

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 28



1 2 3

28

4

5

6


1. Identifier (selectable)

2. Elevation

3. Fuel Availability

4. Airport Position

5. Approach Information

6. Controlled Airspace/Radar Capability

The airport position page displays the latitude, longitude and elevation of the selected airport, as well as usage or fuel availability, available approaches and airport control/radar capability. The following descriptions and abbreviations are used on the airport position page:

Elevation— In feet or meters.

Usage/Fuel— If the airport is for military use, it will display ‘military’.

If it is private, the GPS 165 will display ‘private’. If it is a public airport, it will display the fuel type(s) available:

• av gas— 80-87 octane, 100 LL, 100-130 octane or mogas is available

• jet— Jet A, Jet A-1 or Jet A+ fuel is available

• av/jet— Both av gas and jet fuel are available

Position— In degrees/minutes or degrees/minutes/seconds of latitude and longitude.

Approach Information - displays the airport approaches available

• no apr— No approach is available

• np-apr— Non-precision approach is available

• loc— Localizer approach is available

• ils— ILS approach is available

Controlled Airspace Information— displays controlled airspace type

• class B • cta

• class C • tma

Radar— displays approach/departure radar capability

• radar— indicates radar is present

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 29

The airport procedures page displays all the available approaches, SIDs and STARs at any selected airport in the database, without placing a specific approach, SID or STAR in the active route. This allows the pilot to quickly scan the procedures of any nearby airport in case of an emergency or help plan future flights. You may view the available non-precision approaches, SIDs or STARs by selecting the desired list from the procedure type field.

Identifier

(selectable)

Procedure Type (selectable)

Scrolling Arrow Prompt

To view the available procedures for a selected airport:

1. Press

W and rotate

O to display the procedures page.

2. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight the procedure field.

3. Rotate

K to select the approach, SID or STAR list.

4. Press

C to remove the flashing cursor.

Availabile Procedures

Whenever there are more than two available procedures for a selected category, the

GPS 165 will display a scrolling arrow prompt on the left side of the list. To view additional procedures, simply rotate

K with the cursor removed. As you scroll through the list, the arrow prompt will point ‘down’ to indicate additional listings below the displayed procedures, or ‘up’ to indicate additional listings above. If you’re in the middle of a list, a double arrow will be displayed to indicate the list may be scrolled up or down.


Airport Procedures Page

SIDs Procedures Page.

STARs Procedures Page.

29

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 30


Airport Communication Page

30

Airport Communication Page.

Approach frequency with restrictions.

The airport communication page displays the radio frequencies and usage for the selected airport, as well as sector and altitude restrictions.

To view the communication page from any of the airport information pages:

1. Rotate

O with the flashing cursor removed to display the communication page.

2. Rotate

K in the direction of the arrow prompt to view additional frequencies.

The following descriptions and abbreviations are used on the communication page:

Frequencies without restriction information:

• ats - Automatic terminal information service (ATIS)

• ptx - Pre-taxi

• clr - Clearance delivery

• gnd - Ground

• twr - Tower

• uni - Unicom

• mul - Multicom

• atf - Aerodrome traffic frequency

• ctf - Common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF)

• mf - Mandatory frequency

• oth - Other frequencies

Frequencies with restriction information:

• dep - Departure

• arv - Arrival

• apr - Approach

• class B

• cta - ICAO control area • tma - ICAO terminal control area

• class C • trsa - Terminal radar service area

‘Receive only’ frequencies will display an ‘rx’ indicator, while ‘transmit only’ frequencies will display a ‘tx’. If a frequency has sector and/or altitude restrictions, they will also be displayed. Sector restrictions define a range of radials from the facility, while altitude restrictions may describe an area above, below or between altitudes. Additional frequency usage instructions, if available, will be displayed on the bottom line.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 31

The airport runway page displays runway designations, length, surface and lighting for the selected airport, as well as ILS/localizer and/or pilot controlled lighting frequencies.

To view the runway page from any of the airport information pages:

1. Rotate

O with the flashing cursor removed to display the runway page.

2. To view additional runway information, rotate

K with the flashing cursor removed.

The scrolling arrow prompt, located beside the identifier field, indicates which direction to scroll for additional runway information.

If a localizer and ILS are used on the same runway, rotating

K will display both sets of information.

The following descriptions and abbreviations are used on the airport runway page:

Runway surfaces:

• hard - Hard (concrete, asphalt, etc.) • turf - Turf (grass)

• seal - Sealed surface • grav - Gravel surface

• dirt - Dirt surface

• unkn -Unknown surface

• soft - Unknown soft surface

• watr - Water landing site

Runway lighting:

• pt lights - Part time lights

• ft lights - Full time lights

• pc - Pilot controlled (with frequency)

• no lights - No runway lighting


Airport Runway Page

Airport Runway Page.

To view additional runways, rotate the inner knob in the direction of the arrow prompt.

31

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 32


VOR Information

VOR Identification Page.

VOR Position Page.

VOR Comments Page.

VOR Information

The GPS 165 features three VOR waypoint pages:

VOR identification— allows entry of desired VOR by identifier, facility name or city; displays region and/or country of facility.

VOR position— allows entry of desired VOR by identifier; displays latitude, longitude and frequency, magnetic variation, weather broadcasts and DME/TACAN information.

VOR comments— allows entry of desired VOR by identifier; displays user comments for the selected facility.

VOR information is accessed by entering the desired facility by identifier, city or facility name (see page 25) on any VOR waypoint page. The VOR identification and comments pages are identical in form and function to their airport page counterparts.

To scroll through the VOR pages:


C

.

2. Rotate


In addition to displaying the VOR frequency, magnetic variation and position, the

VOR position page indicates if a DME or TACAN is co-located at the facility The ‘wx bdcst’ field indicates that the VOR also transmits weather information.

32

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 33

NDB Information

NDB Position Page

The GPS 165 also uses identification, position and comments pages for NDB information. The NDB waypoint pages are used in the same manner as VOR pages:

NDB information is accessed by entering the desired facility’s identifier, city or name

(see page 25) on the NDB identification page.

To scroll through the NDB pages:


C

.

2. Rotate


The NDB position page (see above) displays the selected facility’s identifier, frequency and position, as well as any weather broadcasts available. The NDB comment page will display any user comments for the selected NDB. See page 41 for instructions on entering user comments.


NDB Pages

NDB Identification Page.

NDB Comments Page.

33

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 34


Intersection Information

Intersection Comments Page.

Intersection Information

Intersection Position Page

The last database waypoint category available is intersections. Two intersection pages are available: intersection position and intersection comments. Intersections may be entered by identifier only (not city or name) on either intersection page.

To scroll through the Intersection pages:


C

.

2. Rotate

O to toggle between the available pages.

The intersection position page displays the selected facility’s identifier; region and/or country, latitude and longitude and the identifier, distance and bearing to the nearest VOR (not necessarily the VOR used to define the intersection). The intersection comment page will display any user comments for the selected intersection

(see page 41).

34

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 35

User Waypoint Information

In addition to the airport, VOR, NDB and intersection waypoints contained in your

NavData® card, the GPS 165 allows you to store up to 1,000 user-defined waypoints.

Once a user waypoint is created, two user waypoint pages will display the following information:

• Waypoint identifier

• Position in latitude and longitude

• Identifier, range and bearing from a reference waypoint

• User comments

To scroll between the user waypoint position page and the user comments page, rotate

O. User waypoints may be created or modified using the W key. After selecting the waypoint identifier, as shown on page 25, you will be prompted to enter information if the waypoint is new. There are three ways to create a user waypoint’s position from the

W key:

1. Enter the exact position of the new waypoint.

2. Reference a known waypoint.

3. Enter a range and bearing from your current position.

To create or edit a user waypoint:

1. Press

W

.

2. Use

O to highlight the ‘user?’ field. Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the waypoint identifier. Press

E

.


User Waypoint Overview

User Waypoint Position Page.

User Waypoint Comments Page.

Entering a user waypoint name.

35

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 36


Creating User Waypoints

Select a waypoint entry method.

User waypoints may be created by referencing another waypoint in the database. The GPS 165 will automatically calculate the new waypoint’s coordinates after a bearing and distance have been entered.

If the waypoint identifier entered does not exist in the database, you will be prompted to select the method to enter the new waypoint’s position into the database. If the waypoint exists (you’re just reviewing or editing a user waypoint), skip step 4 and move on to the next set of instructions.

4. Select the desired waypoint entry method using

O and press

E

.

You will automatically be placed on the latitude and longitude field (if you selected ‘enter posn?’), or the ‘from’ field (if you select ‘ref wpt?’), or the ‘bearing’ field

(if you select ‘rng/brg from posn?’).

To enter/edit the position of the user waypoint:

1. Use

K and

O to enter the latitude. You may select either north or south and enter a latitude up to (but not including) 90°.

2. Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the longitude. You may select either east or west and enter a longitude up to (but not including) 180°.

4. Press

E

.

Once the latitude and longitude have been entered, the flashing cursor will move to the reference waypoint field, where you may enter a reference waypoint to calculate a bearing and distance to the new waypoint position. If you are not entering a reference waypoint:

5. Press

E to advance the flashing cursor to the ‘ok?’ prompt and press

E to save the new waypoint in internal memory.

36

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 37

To enter/edit a user waypoint position from a reference waypoint:

1. Use

K and

O to enter the reference waypoint’s identifier.

2. Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the bearing from the reference waypoint.

4. Press

E

.

5. Use

K and

O to enter the distance from the reference waypoint.

6. Press

E

. The latitude and longitude will be calculated for the waypoint.

7. Press

E to confirm the ‘ok?’ prompt and save the waypoint position.

If you have chosen to create a waypoint at a certain bearing and distance from your current position, your current position will be displayed and you will enter the bearing and distance you would like the new waypoint to be located.

To create a user waypoint offset from your present position:

1. Use

K and

O to enter the bearing from your position.

2. Press

E

.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the distance from your position.

4. Press

E

. The latitude and longitude will be calculated for the new waypoint.

5. Press

E to confirm the ‘ok?’ prompt and save the waypoint position.


User Waypoints By Reference

To create a user waypoint from your present position, leave the reference waypoint field blank and enter a bearing and distance from your present position. The GPS 165 will calculate the new waypoint’s coordinates automatically.

37

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 38


Using AutoStore

AutoStore waypoint with default name.

The default waypoint name may be changed before saving the waypoint.

The GPS 165’s AutoStore TM function provides another method of creating user waypoints. AutoStore is used to instantly capture your present position as a user waypoint with a touch of a button, and add the new waypoint to the end of a specified route if desired.

To perform an AutoStore:

1. Press

N and rotate

O to display the Position page.

2. Press

E to mark your position.

This will display the ‘Save’ waypoint screen which will allow you to rename the waypoint if you would like and choose the route to which it should be added. The

GPS 165 will assign the next available three digit number as the default waypoint name, preceded by a ‘+’ sign (this will help you differentiate AutoStore waypoints from other user waypoints).

To change the name or the route of an AutoStore waypoint:

1. Rotate

O to select the name or route number field.

2. Use

K and

O to enter the name or route number.

3. Press

E to accept.

4. Press

E to confirm the ‘ok?’ prompt.

If the waypoint name is already used for another waypoint, you will be informed with the message ‘WPT exists ______’. The default waypoint number will be redisplayed, and you may enter a different name The new waypoint will only be added to a route if the desired route number is manually entered in the route field.

38

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 39

The second page available from the GPS 165’s WPT key is the proximity waypoints page. This page allows you to define an alarm circle around a selected waypoint, and is useful in defining alarm circles around towers or obstructions. Up to 9 proximity waypoints can be entered, with an alarm radius up to 99.9 units (nm, mi,).

To create or edit a proximity waypoint:

1. Press

W and use

O to display the ‘Proximity waypoints’ page.

2. Press

C and use

O to highlight the first available field.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the identifier. It may be an airport, VOR, NDB, INT or user waypoint. Press

E

.

5. Use

K and

O to enter the radius of the alarm circle Press

E

.

If two proximity waypoints, whose alert regions overlap, are entered, you will be informed with the message ‘Proximity overlap’. This message will be displayed each time you turn on the GPS 165 as long as the overlap remains. WARNING: If you enter the overlap area you will only be informed of the nearest proximity waypoint.

To remove a waypoint from the proximity waypoints page:

1. Press

C

, if necessary, to obtain a cursor.

2. Press

\ to erase the name and then

E to delete.

To scroll through the proximity waypoints list:

1. Rotate

K with the flashing cursor inactive, (or use

O with the flashing cursor active) to scroll through the available proximity waypoints. The scrolling arrow prompt will indicate the direction to scroll to view additional waypoints, if available.


Proximity Waypoints Page

Creating a proximity waypoint.

Proximity Waypoint List.

39

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 40


User Waypoint List

User Waypoint List.

Renaming a user waypoint.

The third page available from the GPS 165’s WPT key is the user waypoint list, which can be used to quickly scan, review, rename or delete user waypoints.

To display the user waypoint list:

1. Press

W and use

O to display the user waypoint list.

2. To scroll through the list, rotate

K

.

The total number of user waypoints is displayed at the top of the page, with user waypoints listed two at a time in alphabetical order. The scrolling arrow prompt, located at the top left of the page, will indicate which direction to scroll to view additional waypoints. The status of each waypoint, if applicable, will be displayed to the right of the identifier. A status will appear when it is the active to waypoint, part of an active or stored route or a proximity waypoint. To edit, rename or delete waypoints, the cursor must highlight the desired waypoint.

To highlight a waypoint:

1. Press

C and use

O to highlight the desired waypoint.

To edit a highlighted waypoint:

1. Press

E to obtain the waypoint position page. Edit the waypoint as described on page 37.

To delete a waypoint from the list:

1. Highlight the desired waypoint and press

\

. Press

E to confirm the deletion.

To rename a waypoint from the list:

1. Highlight the desired waypoint. Use

K and

O to enter a new identifier for the waypoint.

2. Press

E on the confirmation page to change the name, or press

\ to cancel.

40

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 41

The last page available through the GPS 165’s WPT key is the waypoint comments page, which lists all waypoints that have a user comment. User comments may be added to 250 waypoints stored in the user or NavData

® database, and are helpful to note two lines of special information concerning a particular waypoint.

To enter user comments:

1. Enter the waypoint identifier from any waypoint page (see page 25), and press

C to remove the flashing cursor.

2. Rotate

O to display the ‘comments’ page.

3. Press

C and use

O to highlight either the second or third line.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the comment.

5. Press

E to accept, and repeat, if necessary, to enter information on another line.

6. Press


To view the waypoints with comments list:

1. Press

W and use

O to display the ‘Wpts with comments’ page.

2. Use

K to scroll through the list.

The GPS 165 will display the waypoints with comments in alphabetical order, up to six waypoints at a time. The scrolling arrow prompt will indicate which direction to scroll to view additional waypoints. These waypoints may be highlighted, reviewed, changed, etc. just as they would if they were accessed from the waypoint menu page.

To view comments for a selected waypoint:

1. Highlight the desired waypoint and press

E

.

2. Rotate

O to display any other available pages for the selected waypoint.


Waypoint Comments Page

Entering waypoint comments.

Waypoints with Comments List.

41

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 42


Waypoint Confirmation

42

Waypoint Scanning

To simplify waypoint entry, the GPS 165 provides a waypoint scanning feature that allows you to scan airports, VORs, NDBs & intersections by identifier, facility name or city. To enter a waypoint by scanning:

• With the flashing cursor over a blank identifier field, press the

W

key.

• Use

O

to highlight the waypoint category you wish to scan.

• Press

E

to activate the scanning mode.

• Place the flashing cursor over the field you want to scan (identifier, city or facility name).

• Enter the letters of the identifier, city or facility name. The GPS 165 will scan the database and fill in the first identifier, city or facility that matches your entry.

• Press

E

to accept the waypoint, and

E

again to enter the waypoint for the function being used.

The GPS 165’s extensive waypoint database makes it possible for several waypoints to share the same identifier. To ensure that you are selecting the waypoint desired, the GPS 165 will always offer the waypoint confirmation page (that shows the waypoint’s position) when an identifier is entered for a particular function.

To accept the waypoint position:

1. Place the cursor over the ‘ok?’ prompt and press

E

.

To reject the waypoint position:

1. Place the cursor over the ‘ok?’ prompt and press

\

.

Once a waypoint has been accepted or rejected, the previous page will be displayed. If there is more than one waypoint available for a selected identifier, the GPS

165 will display the duplicate waypoint page for you to choose the desired waypoint.

The waypoint identifier and number of duplicates will be shown at the top of the page, with the waypoint type and region of each duplicate indicated below. The waypoints listed are sorted by the distance from your present position.

To scroll through additional duplicate waypoints:

1. Rotate

O with the flashing cursor active, or

K with the flashing cursor inactive.

To select the desired waypoint from the duplicates list:

1. Activate the flashing cursor and rotate


2. Press

E

. The waypoint confirmation page will appear.

3. Press

E over the ‘ok?’ prompt to accept the waypoint or

\ to reject the waypoint and return to the duplicate waypoints list.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 43

The GPS 165’s NRST key provides detailed information including range and bearing from present position on the nine nearest airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections and user waypoints within 200 nm of your current position. In addition, it will also display the two nearest Flight Service Station (FSS) points of communication, and alert you to any Special Use Airspace (SUA) you may be in or near. The NRST key can be used in conjunction with the GPS 165’s direct-to function to quickly set a course to a nearby facility in case of an in-flight emergency.

To view the nearest waypoint information:

1. Press

T

.

This will display the nearest airport to your present position, subject to the runway surface type and minimum runway length selected (see page 89).

To scroll through the next eight nearest airports, rotate

K.

From the nearest airport page, you can easily examine both the communication frequencies and the runway information.

To view more comm/runway information:

1. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight the comm field or the runway field.

2. Rotate

K to scroll through more information, if available.

To perform a direct-to from any of the nearest waypoint pages:

1. Press

D

. The waypoint confirmation page will appear.

2. Press

E to accept the waypoint or

\ to cancel.

The nearest waypoints for other categories (VORs, NDBs, etc.) may be viewed by rotating

O. Rotating O continuously to the left will stop page selection on the nearest airport category.


Nearest Waypoints

Nearest Airport Page.

Nearest VOR Page.

Nearest FSS page. To view additional frequencies for the displayed FSS, highlight the frequency and rotate the inner knob.

43

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 44


SUA Alarms

SUA Near & Ahead Message.

SUA Alert Page.

The next page available under the GPS 165’s NRST key is the SUA alert page.

The SUA alert page will alert you with up to nine controlled or restricted airspaces near or in your flight path, according to the following conditions:

• If your projected course will take you inside an SUA within the next 10 minutes, the message ‘SUA ahead < 10 min’ will be displayed.

• If you are within two nautical miles of an SUA and your current course will take you inside, the message ‘SUA near & ahead’ will be displayed.

• If you are within two nautical miles of an SUA and your current course will not take you inside, the message ‘Near SUA < 2nm’ will be displayed.

• If you have entered an SUA, the message ‘Inside SUA’ will be displayed.

Note that the GPS 165’s SUA alerts are based on three-dimensional data (latitude, longitude and altitude) to avoid nuisance alerts. The alert boundaries for controlled airspace are also sectorized to provide complete information on those airspaces. Once you have met one of the described conditions, the external message annunciator will flash, alerting you of an SUA message.

To view an SUA message:

1. Press the

M key.

2. Press

M again to return to the previous page.

Once you are notified of a SUA alert, detailed information concerning the specific

SUA is provided by the NRST key.

To view the SUA alert page:

1. Press the

T key.

2. Rotate

O one stop to the right to view the SUA alert page.

44

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 45

The SUA alert page contains the following information:

SUA Alert Number

SUA Alert

Controlling

Agency/Name

ETE

SUA Class

SUA Airport

Ceiling & Floor

The ‘SUA number’ field displays which SUA you are viewing (you may be alerted with up to 9 SUAs). SUAs are listed as ‘sua1’ being the highest priority, and ‘sua9’ being the lowest priority from your current position. The ‘SUA alert’ field displays the corresponding alert message for this SUA, such as near, near and ahead, etc. (see the previous page for a complete list of SUA alerts). The ETE (estimated time enroute until entering the SUA), located at the top right of the page, will only be displayed if you are projected to enter the airspace.

The second line of the SUA alert page displays the name or controlling agency of the

SUA, along with the SUA type to which you are being alerted.

To toggle between the SUA name and controlling agency display:

1. Rotate

K one stop in either direction.

If the SUA name or controlling agency is too long to fit on the display, the GPS 165 will automatically scroll to display the rest of the information.


SUA Alerts

To toggle between the SUA name and controlling agency display, rotate the inner knob one stop in either direction.

45

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 46


SUA Messages

46

SUA Alert Page.

The airport communication page for the displayed alert may be viewed by highlighting the controlling agency’s identifier and pressing ENTER.

The following SUA types can appear in the SUA type field:

Message Airspace Type caut cl B cl C cta moa

- Caution

- Class B

- Class C

- ICAO Control Area

- Military Operations Area rstc tma trng trsa unsp warn

- Restricted

- ICAO Terminal Control Area

- Training

- Terminal Radar Service Area

- Unspecified

- Warning

The last line on the SUA alert page displays the SUA’s controlling airport identifier and the ceiling and floor altitudes for the SUA alert. Controlling agency frequencies may be viewed by highlighting the controlling airport identifier with the cursor and pressing

E. The following are examples of what can appear in the altitude fields:

Message

8000ftM

3000ftA ground msl notam not sp unlmtd

Meaning

- 8000 feet mean sea level (MSL)

- 3000 feet above ground level (AGL)

- ground level

- mean sea level

- See Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) for altitude restrictions

- Altitude is not specified

- Altitude is unlimited

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 47

SUA Settings Page

All SUA alert messages except for prohibited areas may be turned on or off through the GPS 165’s

S key (described page 92). The GPS 165 will also automatically turn off SUA alert messages during approach operations (see page 73). Alerts for prohibited areas will always be displayed, regardless of unit settings or operating mode. SUA alerts may be turned off so the pilot can avoid continuous alerts in areas with extensive special use airspace.

Important: Turning off the SUA alerts only stops the display of SUA messages.

Any applicable SUA alert pages will still be available from the

T key.

The GPS 165 also features an altitude buffer which may be set to provide a greater level of protection from penetrating an SUA. By increasing the altitude buffer, you can effectively stretch an SUA’s altitude boundaries in both directions. This allows the pilot to add an extra margin of prevention around controlled or restricted airspace.

For instructions on setting the altitude buffer, see page 92.


SUA Alerts

47

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 48

DIRECT-TO & ROUTE NAV

Overview

48

ROUTE TERMINOLOGY

The diagram at the right shows a basic route consisting of five waypoints and four legs.

The waypoint you are travelling to is called the

‘active to’ waypoint, and the waypoint immediately behind you is called the ‘active from’ waypoint. The course line between the active from and the active to waypoint is called the ‘active leg’.

Section 3

Direct-to & Route Navigation

One of the many benefits of GPS navigation is the ability to fly directly to a waypoint or fly a chain of waypoints without using ground-based navigation aids. To take advantage of the convenience and efficiency provided by point-to-point GPS navigation, the GPS 165 provides two basic methods of selecting a destination for your flight: direct-to and route navigation. The direct-to function provides a fast way to set a course to a destination waypoint from your present position. The route function allows the pilot to create a chain of waypoints to fly in sequence and provides access to the GPS 165’s approach, SID and STAR capabilities.

KSTL

'ACTIVE FROM' WAYPOINT

SGF

ACTIVE LEG

EOS

MAP 'ACTIVE TO' WAYPOINT

KTUL

As you pass each waypoint in the route, the GPS 165’s automatic leg sequencing and turn anticipation features will automatically select the next waypoint as the

‘active to’ waypoint and provide smooth steering guidance around the turn. If you are not currently navigating a particular route leg (e.g., your starting position is not a route waypoint), the automatic leg selection feature will select the leg closest to your present position as the active leg.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 49

The GPS 165’s direct-to function provides a quick method of setting a course to a destination waypoint. Once a direct-to destination is activated, the GPS 165 will establish a point to point route line along the great circle from your present position to the destination, and provide steering guidance and navigation data to the waypoint until it is cancelled. If you are navigating to a waypoint and get off course, the directto function may also be used to re-center the d-bar to proceed to the same waypoint.

To select a direct-to destination:

1. Press the

D key. The CDI page will appear with the destination field flashing.

2. Use

K and

O to enter the identifier of the desired waypoint.

3. Press

E to confirm the identifier, and

E to accept the waypoint confirmation page.

To recenter the d-bar to the same active to waypoint:

1. Press the

D key, followed by

E twice. NOTE: If you’re navigating an active approach with the MAP as the active waypoint, the approach will be cancelled.

A direct-to may also be quickly activated from many pages that display a single waypoint identifier (e.g. the nearest airport page) by simply pressing

D and E.

For pages that display a list of waypoints (e.g. the user waypoint list page), you must highlight the desired waypoint with the flashing cursor before pressing the

D key.

Once a direct-to is activated, the GPS 165 will provide navigation guidance until the direct-to is cancelled or the unit is turned off.

To cancel a direct-to destination:

1. Place the flashing cursor over the destination field on the CDI page.

2. Press

\. The destination field will go blank.

3. Press

E. The GPS 165 will resume navigating Route 0 (the active route) if available.


Performing a Direct-To

To select a direct-to destination, press the

D

key and enter the waypoint identifier.

To quickly select a direct-to from any page that displays a single waypoint identifier, press

D

, followed by

ENTER.

49

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 50


Route Pages

The GPS 165 lets you create up to 20 routes (numbered 0 through 19), with up to 31 waypoints each. Routes are created, copied and edited through the

R key, which features five route pages selectable from the GPS 165’s outer knob.

50

Active Route Page

Route Catalog Page

Approach Select Page

REMEMBER!

If you want to save the active route, be sure to copy it to an open storage route before turning the

GPS 165 off or activating a new route or direct-to destination. See page 54 for instructions on copying routes.

SID Select Page STAR Select Page

The five route pages can be divided into two types: active route pages and a route catalog page. Active route pages provide information and editing functions for

Route 0, which always serves as the route you are currently navigating. The route review page serves as the main page for creating, editing, activating, deleting and copying all routes. Routes 1-19 are used as storage routes, which are stored in the

GPS 165’s internal memory. Once a storage route is ‘activated’, a copy is placed into

Route 0 for navigation until it is cancelled, overwritten by activating another route or erased when the GPS is turned off. If you want to save a route currently in Route 0, be sure to copy it to an open storage route (routes 1-19) before it is cancelled, overwritten or erased.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 51

The GPS 165’s route catalog page is used to create, edit, delete or copy routes, and serves as the main page for a host of functions, including route activation, determining the closest point of approach and search and rescue operations. It also displays a summary of routes currently stored in memory, with the departure and arrival route waypoints and total distance for the selected route number. To scroll through the available routes, rotate

K. A one line user comment may be added to any storage route, which will be displayed on the route catalog page.

To add user comments to any route (except route 0):

1. Rotate

K to display the route you would like to add comments.

2. Press

C and use

O to highlight the bottom row.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the comments, and press

E

. To erase, press

\

, then

E

.

The route action field, located at the top right of the page, is used to select the desired route operation. The following functions are available:

• Activate - activate the route for navigation

• Reverse - activate a route in reverse order

• Edit - create a new route, or edit an existing route

• Approach - select an approach for the route (see Section 4)

• Star - select a STAR for the route (see Section 4)

• Sid - select a SID for the route (see Section 4)

• Delete - delete a route

• Copy - copy the current route to an empty route

• CPA - calculate the closest point of approach

• Search - Perform search and rescue ladder operations

1



2

3

5


1. Route selection field

2. Route action field

3. Departure/Arrival waypoints

4. Cumulative distance of route

5. Comments/Parallel track offset field

4

51

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 52


Creating & Activating Routes

52

Adding a new route waypoint.

Deleting a route waypoint.

Deleting the active route.

The route editing function allows you to create new routes and edit existing routes. Creating routes before takeoff can help make approach, SID and STAR operations faster and easier during your flight.

To create or edit a route:

1. Use

K to display the route number you would like to edit.

2. Press

C and use

O to highlight the route action field.

3. Use

K to select ‘edit?’. Press

E

. The route review page will appear.

To add a waypoint:

4. Rotate

O to highlight the first blank waypoint field (it will already be flashing if you’re creating a new route) or at the point where you want to enter the new waypoint.

5. Use

K and

O to enter the waypoint’s identifier. Press

E

.

6. Press

E to confirm the ‘ok?’ prompt on the waypoint confirmation page.

7. Repeat steps 4 through 6 to add the next waypoint, or press

C to finish.

To delete a waypoint:

1. Rotate

O to highlight the waypoint you wish to delete.

2. Press

\ to remove the name, then press

E to delete.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 to delete additional waypoints, or press

C to finish.

To delete an entire route:

1. Use

K to display the route number you would like to delete (route 0 for the active route).

2. Press

C and use

O to highlight the action field.

3. Use

K to select ‘delete?’. Press

E to delete.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 53

Once a route is defined through the route catalog page, it may be activated or inverted (to navigate the route waypoints in reverse order) from the route catalog page. Activating or inverting a route copies the selected route into route 0 and overwrites the existing active route.

To activate a route:

1. Press

R and use

O to display the route catalog page.

2. Rotate

K to display the route you would like to activate.

3. Press

C and use

K to display ‘activate?’. Press

E

.

After travelling a route or creating a route with the GPS 165’s AutoStore TM feature, the route activation field may be used to activate the route in reverse order.

To activate a route in reverse order:

1. Use

K to display the route number you would like to reverse.

2. Press

C and use

K to display ‘reverse?’. Press

E

.

This will copy the reversed route to route 0 and display the active route page. The original route will remain intact in its original storage position.

The route action field also features a copy function that permits you to copy any route to another empty storage route. The copy function can be used to save the contents of the active route (Route 0) to a storage route before activating another route or turning the GPS 165 off.


Adding & Deleting Route Wpts

To invert the active route, select ‘reverse?’ from the route action field.

Copying a route.

53

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 54


Copying Routes/CPA

Calculating closest point of approach.

KLIT

TXKO

NORTH

327

°

26.7 nm

TXK

KDAL

Closest Point of Approach.

To copy a route:

1. Use

K to display the route you would like to copy TO (the route must be empty).

2. Press

C and use


3. Use

K to select ‘copy?’. Press

E

.

4. Use

K to enter the route you would like to copy. The departure/arrival identifiers will be displayed for your reference. Press

E to copy the route.

The CPA function calculates the closest distance that a route will pass a reference waypoint, and is helpful when creating new route waypoints referenced to a NAVAID.

To calculate the closest point of approach (CPA) for any route:

1. Use

K to display the route you would like to use for the CPA function. The route must consist of at least two waypoints, and the reference facility must fall between the waypoints of a route leg.

2. Press

C and use


3. Use

K to select ‘cpa?’. Press

E

.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the identifier of the reference waypoint.

5. Press

E

. The bearing and distance of the closest point on the route will be displayed.

6. Press

E to add the cpa waypoint to the route, or

\ to finish. If you do add the cpa waypoint to the route, it will be named based on the reference waypoint plus a number

(0...9) added to the end (e.g. KMCI3, etc.). If the waypoint does not fall between waypoints on the route, the reference waypoint does not exist, or a unique name cannot be assigned to the CPA waypoint, you’ll be informed with a ‘Invald CPA wpt ____’ message.

54

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 55

The GPS 165’s search and rescue function provides navigation guidance for search and rescue operations, navigating in a ladder pattern to maximize coverage and efficiency. This is done in reference to two waypoints, called anchor waypoints. The first leg will be a specified distance from the line connecting the anchor waypoints, called the offset distance. The increment distance is the distance between each subsequent leg. The ladder can be created on either side of the waypoints.

To perform a search and rescue operation:

1. Create a route of ONLY two waypoints.

2. Press

R and use


3. Use

K to select the 2-waypoint route to use as anchor waypoints.

4. Press

C and use

K to display ‘search?’. Press

E

.

5. Use

K and

O to enter the leg increment value, and R or L. Press

E

.

6. Rotate

O to highlight the initial offset, and use

K and

O to enter the initial offset value, and R or L.

7. Press

E three times to accept the operation values and begin navigation.

After activating a search and rescue, you will be informed with an ‘Offset nav in effect’ message. If a search and rescue is interrupted, note the parallel track direction

(R or L) and distance on the activation page for route 0. When you resume search and rescue operations, use this as the initial offset.


Search & Rescue Function

ANCHOR

WAYPOINT

ANCHOR

WAYPOINT

INITIAL

OFFSET

LEG

INCREMENT

DISTANCE

LEG

INCREMENT

DISTANCE

LEG

INCREMENT

DISTANCE

Performing a search and rescue operation.

55

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 56


Offset Navigation

56

AIR

PL

AN

E

DEPARTURE WAYPOINT

Parallel Track

ARRIVAL

WAYPOINT

Enter parallel track value after route activation.

During route navigation, it is sometimes desirable to navigate a specified distance away from the ‘active leg’ to help avoid certain airspaces or regions. The GPS 165’s parallel track feature will automatically guide you along a selected offset from the active leg.

To use offset navigation, or parallel track:

1. Press

R and use


2. Use

K to display route 0 (parallel track can only be used on the active route).

3. Press

C and use

O to highlight the parallel track value field.

4. Use

K and

O to enter the desired distance and direction (R or L), from the leg.

5. Press

E to accept.

It is important to note that offset navigation is only available on route navigation, not direct-to navigation. Offset navigation is NOT valid for IFR approach procedures.

When offset navigation is activated, an ‘Offset nav in effect’ message will be displayed, with the distance and direction noted on the route activation page for route 0. If you enter an offset which causes a leg to be reversed, you’ll be informed with the message

‘Ofst too big for rte’. If you change the active route in any way, perform a direct-to, or re-activate the route, you’ll be informed with an‘Offset nav cancelled’ message.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 57

Flying and Modifying the Active Route

Once a route has been created and activated, the GPS 165 will provide navigation to each route waypoint through the active route and CDI pages. From the active route pages, you may create and modify the active route, and insert an approach, SID or

STAR for your flight. The CDI page will display detailed navigation data on your progress to each route waypoint, and provide turn anticipation, waypoint arrival and next desired track information. By understanding the relationship between the active route and CDI pages and the role of the GPS SEQ switch, you’ll be able to get the most out of the GPS 165’s advanced route and approach features.

Whenever the GPS 165 is navigating a direct-to, route or approach, the active route page will provide a list of the route waypoints in sequence, along with distance, time and course information. You may also create and edit a route directly from the active route page. If you want to save a route created from the active route page

(Route 0), you must copy it to an open storage route (see page 54) before turning the unit off or activating another route. The active route page may be displayed by pressing the

R key and rotating O left continuously. It will also appear automatically whenever a route, approach, SID or STAR is activated.

To scroll through the active route waypoints:

1. Rotate

K with the flashing cursor inactive (or

O with the cursor active).

The active leg identifiers field, located at the top left of the page, displays the waypoint identifiers of the route leg you are currently navigating. The first waypoint identifier displayed is the ‘active from’ waypoint. The second waypoint is the ‘active to’ waypoint. The line connecting these waypoints is known as the ‘active leg’. If you are navigating a direct-to, the field will display the destination only.


Flying the Active Route

USING THE ACTIVE ROUTE PAGE

The GPS 165’s active route page provides a working list of the route you are navigating, allowing you to view all route waypoints, along with distance, and timing or desired track information.

The scrolling arrow prompt to the left of the route waypoint list indicates which way to scroll to view additional route waypoints.

The active route page can also be used to manually select your next ‘active to’ destination, which allows you to fly the route out of sequence without modifying it. The GPS 165 will resume navigation of the remainder of the route in sequence once you arrive at the selected waypoint.

57

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 58


Adding Active Route Waypoints

Active route page with desired track displayed.

Adding a waypoint to the active route.

Confirming the new route waypoint.

The ‘cum or leg’ field can be selected to display cumulative distance and ete/eta or the distance and ete/eta for each individual route leg. If cumulative is selected, the first leg’s distance will be displayed, while the second leg will represent the first leg’s distance plus the second leg, and so on. This also applies to the ete/eta field, which may also be configured to display the desired track (dtk) for each leg, regardless of the cumulative or leg selection.

To change the leg and ete/eta fields:

1. With the flashing cursor active, rotate

O to highlight the field you want to change.

2. Rotate

K to select the desired setting and press

C

.

The active route page may also be used to create a new route or edit the route you are currently navigating (approach, SID or STAR waypoints cannot be edited), and provides a fast method of selecting any route waypoint as your next destination waypoint without modifying the active route. If you are editing the active route and want to save it in its original form, copy it to an open storage route before editing.

To add waypoints to the active route:

1. Press

C

, if necessary, to activate the cursor.

2. Use

O to highlight the first blank waypoint field or highlight the waypoint you would like to add the new waypoint BEFORE.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the new waypoint identifier. Press

E

.

4. Press

E to accept or

\ to cancel. The cursor will automatically move to the next waypoint field, and the remaining route waypoints (if any are present) will move down the list accordingly.

58

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 59

To delete a waypoint from the active route:

1. Press

C

, if necessary, to activate the cursor.

2. Use

O to highlight the waypoint you would like to delete from the active route.

3. Press

\

, followed by

E

. The next route waypoint (if available) will move up to take the position of the deleted waypoint.

The active route page also allows you to select your next destination waypoint manually from the active route waypoint list and resume the remainder of the route in sequence. This procedure, referred to as an ‘on-route’ direct-to, allows the pilot to fly the active route in a different sequence without editing the active route, approach,

SID or STAR itself. For example, if you are flying a route with an armed approach, the

GPS 165 will automatically provide the initial approach fix (IAF) for the selected approach as your ‘active to’ waypoint. If you have been vectored directly to the final approach fix (bypassing the IAF), you can manually ‘skip ahead’ to the final approach fix as your next active to waypoint.

To perform an on-route direct-to from the active route page:

1. Press

C and rotate


2. Press

D

, followed by

E to confirm the ‘ok?’ prompt on the waypoint confirmation page.

The GPS 165 will now provide guidance to the direct-to waypoint with the CDI page, and resume navigating the remainder of the active route in sequence once you arrive at the direct-to destination. See Section 4 for more on approach navigation.


On-Route Direct-To

Manually selecting the next active route waypoint.

Confirming the on-route direct-to.

CDI page with new destination waypoint.

59

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 60


Turn Anticipation

While the active route page offers the necessary functions for creating, monitoring and modifying the active route, the GPS 165’s CDI page is used to provide turn anticipation, next desired track and waypoint arrival information to the pilot.

60

The GPS 165’s turn anticipation feature smooths out the transitions between adjacent legs based on a nominal bank angle of 15º, with the ability to roll up to 25º. If the turn angle and your present speed will require a bank angle that exceeds 25º, you’ll be notified with a ‘Steep turn ahead’ message approximately 90 seconds before arrival at the active to waypoint.

If the leg transition is too short for a smooth transition, a ‘Leg not smoothed’ message will appear, and the pilot should expect a rapid change in the

CDI deflection.

During route navigation, the GPS 165’s turn anticipation feature will smooth out the transition between adjacent route legs by providing navigation along a curved path segment. This leg transition is based on the aircraft’s actual ground speed and the difference between the course angle of the two legs. The GPS 165 will automatically sequence to the next leg when you are abeam the ‘active to’ waypoint and on the curved transition segment (the to/from indicator on the CDI will flip momentarily). During the transition, the CDI display will be referenced to the dotted line illustrated above. Turn anticipation will not be provided in the following scenarios:

• Waypoint/fix crossing is a requirement of the approach, SID or STAR you’re navigating.

• The GPS SEQ switch is in the HOLD position.

• Automatic leg sequencing is disabled.

• Your current ground speed and the course angle between the two legs would require a bank angle greater than 25º (see left).

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 61

As you approach a route waypoint, the GPS 165’s external waypoint annunciator will flash 15 seconds before the turn anticipation point, and the GPS CDI will be replaced by a flashing ‘Next dtk xxxº’ prompt (see right).


Turn Anticipation

To use the turn anticipation feature, note the ‘Nxt dtk’ heading when the external waypoint annunciator begins to flash, and start the turn when the annunciator glows steadily (approximately 2 seconds before the turn anticipation point). Once you’ve reached the turn anticipation point, the desired track (dtk) field on the CDI page will change to display the course value for the next leg. If you have not adjusted your HSI course selector before the turn, the ‘Next dtk’ will continue to flash until you have reached the midpoint of the turn. Please refer to your aircraft flight manual supplement for specific turn anticipation instructions.

In addition to the active route page, the GPS 165 features three other pages that correspond to the route you are currently navigating: the approach select, STAR select and SID select pages. These pages display the approach, SID or STAR currently selected, and list all other available procedures for the departure or arrival airports. Because they are relevant to approach operations, these pages and their functions are described in Section 4.

GPS APPR

GPS WPT

The waypoint annunciator will glow steadily 2 seconds before the turn anticipation point.

The desired track for the next leg will appear flashing in the CDI field 15 seconds before the turn anticipation point.

61

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 62

APPROACH NAVIGATION

Overview

Once an approach is selected, the GPS 165 will replace the destination airport with the appropriate approach waypoints. The initial approach fix, final approach fix and missed approach point waypoints are indicated by an ‘if’, ‘ff’ and ‘mp’ designator to the immediate left of the waypoint.

In many instances, there may be approach waypoints in the GPS approach that are not shown on the approach plate. These waypoints are usually intermediate fixes designed to help the GPS provide smooth navigation along the approach path.

Section 4

Approaches, SIDs and STARs

The GPS 165’s approach navigation mode allows you to fly non-precision approaches to airports with GPS and overlay procedures using information contained on your Jeppesen NavData

® card. GPS approaches are similar to existing IFR approach procedures, but provide additional course and distance information for a higher level of accuracy, efficiency and safety. The non-precision approaches available in the GPS 165 are executed using the GPS route features covered in Section 3, so it’s important to understand routes before attempting approach navigation.

A GPS approach is a sequence of waypoints linked together into a subroute which replaces your destination airport waypoint when selected. They may be based on an existing RNAV, VOR or NDB approach procedure, or be an entirely new approach created specifically for GPS. Regardless of what type of approach a GPS procedure is based on, the procedure is flown as a sequence of route legs in the active route. Once a GPS approach is selected, the GPS 165 will provide guidance to each waypoint in the approach in sequence, starting with the initial approach fix (IAF).

Flying a GPS approach with the GPS 165 can be broken down into three phases: approach selection, approach arming and the active approach: 1) Approach selection is simply the step of choosing the desired approach for the destination airport. 2) Arming the approach makes sure the unit is ready to begin the automatic sequencing and CDI adjustment required for approach navigation. 3) The active approach tightens the accuracy requirements and CDI sensitivity one step further to meet TSO standards for the non-precision approach.

62

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 63

The GPS 165 works in conjunction with a set of external switches and your HSI to fly GPS approaches. The external switches are used to control GPS functions, and contain illuminated annunciators to indicate when functions are active. Your installation must also have annunciators for waypoint arrival and GPS messages.

GPS APPR

ARM

ACTV

GPS APPR

ARM

ACTV

The GPS APPR switch is used to arm the GPS 165 for approach navigation.mode

after a desired approach has been selected. Once armed, the GPS 165 will begin automatic CDI scaling and ensure that receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) is available to provide the required level of accuracy and satellite coverage during the approach. The GPS APPR switch is used to deactivate an approach and return the CDI scale to the 1 nm setting in the event of a missed approach between the FAF and the

MAP waypoints. You may also choose to keep the switch set to the ‘ARM’ position at all times to simplify the approach procedure. Remember, arming a GPS approach only prepares the GPS to transition to the active approach mode.

If you have selected an approach, the GPS 165 will prompt you to arm the approach mode 30 nm from your destination airport, and again 3 nm before the final approach fix if the approach has not been already armed. Once the GPS mode is armed (you have selected an approach and set the GPS APPR switch to the ‘ARM’ position), the ARM annunciator will illuminate, and automatic CDI scaling will begin.

The GPS 165 will also automatically set the CDI scaling and automatic leg sequencing features to their default settings (‘auto’ CDI scaling & auto leg sequencing ‘on’).


GPS Approach Switch

Arm Approach Mode

The external GPS APPR switch should be set to the ARM position 30 nm from the destination airport. Once the approach is armed, the unit will provide a smooth transition from the 5.0 to 1.0

nautical mile CDI scale, and down to 0.3 nm within 2 nm inbound to the FAF.

63

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 64


GPS SEQ Switch

0.3 nm

1 nm

MAP

FAF

2 nm

30 nm

1 nm

1 minute

5 nm

CDI Scale ramping during approach.

When the aircraft is within 2 nm of the FAF along the inbound course to the final approach (see left), the ACTV annunciator will illuminate on the GPS APPR switch, and the GPS 165 will enter the active approach phase. The CDI will now scale down to the 0.3 nm sensitivity. If you wish to deactivate the approach during the active phase, simply release the GPS APPR switch from the ‘ARM’ position. This will return the CDI scale to 1 nm setting and provide less sensitive CDI deflection in missed approach conditions.

GPS SEQ

AUTO ACTV

GPS SEQ

AUTO HOLD

The GPS SEQ switch is used to select manual or automatic waypoint sequencing of waypoints. Setting the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position holds your current

‘active to’ waypoint as your navigation reference and prevents the GPS from sequencing to the next waypoint.

When the GPS SEQ switch is set to the AUTO position, automatic waypoint sequencing is selected. Whenever the GPS SEQ switch is engaged, the HOLD annunciator will illuminate and the GPS will continue navigating to the waypoint regardless of your position relative to other waypoints.

The GPS SEQ switch must be set to the HOLD position any time you are deviating from the flight sequence of an approach (e.g., when you are flying radar vectors) or when you must cross the same waypoint twice in succession (e.g., IAF and FAF at the same waypoint). Whenever the GPS SEQ switch is set to the HOLD position, the

GPS 165 allows you to select the desired course to/from a waypoint using the HSI, much like a VOR

64

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 66


Selecting an Approach

Select the approach.

Select the Initial Approach Fix.

Once the approach is loaded, the active route page will appear.

When an arrival airport is selected with the direct-to key (or created and activated in a route to the arrival airport), the approaches for your arrival airport become available through the Approach Select page, which can be viewed by pressing

R and rotating the outer knob. Remember that an airport must be the last waypoint in a route to select an approach.

To select an approach:

1. Select the destination airport using the

D key, or create and activate a route to the destination airport (see Section 3).

2. Press

R and rotate

O to display the approach select page.

3. Rotate

K

(or

O with the cursor active) to display the desired approach procedure.

4. Press

C

(if necessary) and rotate

O until the desired approach flashes.

5. Press

E to select the approach.

If an approach procedure has more than one Initial Approach Fix (IAF), you’ll need to select the desired IAF identifier for your approach.

To select an IAF:

1. Rotate

O until the desired IAF flashes.

2. Press

E

.

Once the IAF is selected, the approach waypoints will be inserted into Route 0, replacing the destination airport, and the Active Route page will be displayed. To review the active route, rotate the

K knob. The scrolling arrow prompt will indicate which direction to scroll to view additional waypoints, while the ‘if’, ‘ff’ and ‘mp’ designators will indicate the IAF, FAF and MAP respectively.

66

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 67

When the aircraft is within 30 nautical miles of the destination airport, the GPS

165 will display the ‘Arm approach mode’ (if the GPS APPR switch is not set to the

ARM position) and ‘Need pres- press NAV’ messages.

To fly the GPS approach (without radar vectors):

1. Arm the GPS approach by setting/confirming the GPS APPR switch is in the ARM position.

The CDI scale will begin a steady transition from the 5.0 nm to the 1.0 nm scale as you make your way to the FAF. The approach may be armed at any time after an approach has been selected. If the approach has not been armed and the aircraft is within 3 nm of the

FAF, the GPS 165 will prompt you to arm the approach again.

2. Enter the barometric pressure at the destination airport on the Position page when the

‘Need pres- press NAV’ message appears.

3. The GPS 165 will automatically sequence to each waypoint in the approach, with CDI, course and timing guidance to each waypoint. For each waypoint in the approach, the GPS

165’s turn anticipation and waypoint alerting features will provide three pilot cues: a. The waypoint annunciator will flash approximately 15 seconds before reaching the turning point for each approach waypoint, and glow steadily approximately 2 seconds prior to the turn anticipation point.

b. The ‘Next dtk’ prompt will flash in the CDI field. Set the HSI course select to the next dtk value when the waypoint annunciator starts flashing. Start the turn when the annunciator glows steadily.

c. The To/From indicator flag on the GPS CDI will flip momentarily to indicate you have transitioned to the next approach leg.

For more information on turn anticipation and waypoint alerting, please refer to Section 3.

4. If a procedure turn is required: a. 2 miles prior to crossing the waypoint outbound, set the GPS SEQ switch to HOLD.

b. At the waypoint, set the outbound course on the HSI.

(continued on next page)


Flying the Approach

NEED PRES - PRESS NAV

The altimeter setting of the destination airport needs to be entered on the Position page.

IMPORTANT! Entering an incorrect altimeter setting will directly affect the GPS 165’s ability to provide accurate navigation guidance.

Enter the altimeter setting on the Position page.

67

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 68


Flying the Approach

After crossing the MAP, press the

D

key to display the missed approach holding point.

If you have clearance directly to the holding point, press ENTER. You must fly all published missed approach procedures before navigating to the holding point.

c. Fly the procedure turn. After the procedure turn outbound, set the inbound course on the HSI.

d. On the inbound intercept to the final course, fly to center the CDI.

e. Set the GPS SEQ switch to the AUTO position. The GPS 165 will resume automatic waypoint sequencing for the remaining approach waypoints.

6. Once the aircraft is within 2 nm of the FAF (and the approach has been armed), the ‘ACTV’ annunciator will illuminate and the CDI scale will ramp down to 0.3 nm.

NOTE: If the ACTV annunciator does not illuminate, do not descend after crossing the FAF and fly all published missed approach procedures.

7. Upon reaching the FAF, the GPS 165 will automatically sequence to the MAP waypoint.

To fly a missed approach procedure:

If an approach is terminated, the GPS 165 may be used to navigate to the missed approach holding point using one of the following procedures.

NOTE: To comply with TSO specifications, the GPS 165 will not automatically sequence to the missed approach holding point. The first waypoint of the missed approach will be displayed as the next

D waypoint. After crossing the MAP, the pilot may activate the waypoint when authorized. You must fly all published missed approach procedures before selecting the missed approach holding point on the GPS.

If the approach procedure permits navigation direct from the MAP to the missed approach holding point:

1. Release the GPS SEQ switch from the ARM position to return the CDI scale to the 1 nm sensitivity. After the MAP has been crossed, press the

D key. The GPS 165 will automatically display the first waypoint of the missed approach as the next approach waypoint.

2. Press

E to confirm the destination. The GPS 165 will provide a direct navigation course to the waypoint.

68

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 69

If you’re not authorized to fly direct-to the missed approach holding point:

1. Release the GPS SEQ switch from the ARM position to return the CDI scale to the 1 nm sensitivity. After the MAP has been crossed, press the

D key. The GPS 165 will automatically display the first waypoint of the missed approach as the next approach waypoint.

2. Press


3. Stop automatic waypoint sequencing by setting the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position.

4. Fly the published missed approach procedure. Select the intercept to the missed approach holding point on the HSI.

5. Leave the GPS SEQ switch in the HOLD position to accomodate holding at the missed approach holding point.

After a missed approach, the GPS 165 will allow you to repeat the same approach procedure and select whatever approach waypoint you have been cleared to as the next active to waypoint. Before reactivating the approach, make sure you fly all published missed approach procedures. If you disarmed the approach during the course of the previous attempt, be sure to set the GPS APPR switch to the ARM position.

To reactivate the same approach for another attempt:

1. Press the

R key and rotate

O to select the active route page.

2. Press

C and rotate

O to place the flashing cursor over the identifier of the approach waypoint you have been given direct clearance to.

3. Press the

D key, followed by

E

. The GPS 165 will provide navigation for the repeat approach, starting with the approach waypoint you have selected.


Missed Approach

Select the waypoint you have clearance to from the active route page and press

D

.

Confirm the starting waypoint for the next attempt by pressing ENTER.

69

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 70


Approach Select Page

Approach Select Page.

Approach Procedures Page.

The GPS 165’s approach select page allows you to review the available approach procedures at the destination airport. From the procedures list, you may select and activate a new procedure on the fly. The active approach is indicated by an on-screen asterisk, and the scrolling arrow prompt indicates which direction to scroll to view additional procedures.

To select or replace a procedure from the approach select page:

1. Press the

R key and rotate

O until the approach select page appears.

2. To review all available procedures, rotate

K

.

3. To select a procedure, press

C and rotate

O to highlight the desired procedure.

4. Press

E

. If there are multiple IAFs for the selected approach, rotate

O to select the desired IAF and press

E

.

You may also replace or delete the active approach for any route from the route catalog page.

To replace or delete an approach from the route catalog page:

1. Press the

R key and rotate

O until the route catalog page appears.

2. Press

C and rotate

K until the ‘approach?’ prompt appears. Press

E

.

3. To replace the active approach procedure, rotate

O to highlight the desired procedure and press

E

. If there are multiple IAFs for the selected approach, rotate

O to select the desired IAF and press

E

.

4. To delete the active approach (denoted by an asterisk), highlight the approach and press

\

, followed by

E

.

70

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 71

UNDERSTANDING GPS APPROACHES

The GPS 165 is the first GPS certified to meet the requirements of TSO C-129

Category A1. When using the GPS 165 for non-precision approaches, you’ll encounter two types of approaches: overlay approaches (based on existing procedures) and GPS approaches (new approaches designed specifically for GPS). The FAA has approved a large number of overlay approaches, with plans to add as many GPS approaches as possible to take advantage of the safety and convenience of GPS.

Flying a GPS approach is not difficult, and varies from conventional approaches only in the operation of the equipment being used. Although you’ll often be following the same flight path used in conventional approaches, the equipment operation procedures will be different from typical NDB or VOR approaches.

The following definitions, guidelines and examples will help you understand the basic rules of GPS approaches, and offer four examples to guide you through some typical approaches. Think through the approach examples— this will assist you in getting the greatest benefit from the GPS 165.

Basic Rules of GPS Approaches

There are a few basic rules that apply to all GPS approaches. Remembering these rules will assist you in understanding the approach procedures and ensure the greatest margin of safety for your flight.

• The approach to be flown must be in the aviation database, and the database must be current.

• You may select the desired approach and arm the approach mode at any time after the destination airport is selected. If the GPS APPR switch is not set to ARM within 2 nm inbound to the final approach fix, the approach will not become active, which precludes descent at the FAF.


Understanding GPS Approaches

GPS approaches must be in the current aviation database to be approved.

TSO C-129 requires that satellite coverage and navigational accuracy provided by the GPS system meets minimum standards.

A ‘No RAIM from FAF to MAP’ message will appear if RAIM is predicted to be unavailable for an approach. Do not plan on using a GPS approach. For a complete list of RAIM messages, see Appendix C and page 111 for more information on RAIM during approach operations.

71

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 72


Basic Rules of GPS Approaches

Cumulative distance displayed on the active route page.

RAIM may be predicted from NAV Menu 2.

Basic Rules of GPS Approaches (continued)

• If you cross the same waypoint twice in succession during an approach, you must set the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position PRIOR to crossing the bisector of the course line at the fix the first time (no matter what the crosstrack distance from the waypoint) to prevent the GPS from sequencing to the next waypoint.

• The HSI course select should always be set 2 seconds BEFORE changing the

GPS SEQ from HOLD to AUTO to ensure the desired course to the next waypoint is settled prior to use by the GPS and give the autopilot sufficient time to react to the heading change.

• GPS always displays distance to the currently active waypoint. When determining distance along the approach, use caution to determine the correct distance from the approach chart.

• For the approach to become active:

• The GPS APPR switch must be set to the ARM position.

• The GPS SEQ switch must be set to AUTO (verify that the GPS APPR

ACTV light is illuminated before descending beyond the FAF).

• You must cross within 2 nm of the FAF along the inbound course to the final approach fix (keep in mind that the CDI scale will be at 0.3 nm).

• RAIM must be available (the GPS 165 automatically monitors RAIM, and will display a message if it is not available) from the FAF to the MAP. If

RAIM is not available or becomes unavailable during this leg, the HSI NAV flag will appear, and you must fly the missed approach procedure.

• When executing a missed approach, you must fly all published procedures before proceeding to the missed approach holding point on the GPS.

72

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 73

Basic Rules of GPS Approaches (continued)

• If you are off course to the MAP waypoint and use a direct-to to re-center the d-bar, the active approach mode will be cancelled.

• SUA alerts are disabled when an approach is selected and armed, and the aircraft is less than 30 nm from the destination airport. SUA information is still available from the NRST key at all times.

GPS APPROACH EXAMPLES

In the examples that follow, the GPS waypoints are shown along the approach path. In some cases, intermediate database waypoints have been added to some approaches. These waypoints are named using lower case letters using the following convention (the most common database waypoints are defined below). Note that these waypoints are not charted on NOS approach plates. They do appear on current

Jeppesen approach charts.

• dyyyj— DME arc waypoint where yyy is the radial from the reference facility (VOR)

• cfxx or cfxxx— course fix for runway xx or radial xxx

• ffxx or ffxxx— final approach fix for runway xx or radial xxx

• rwxx—

• nxxhp— runway xx threshold

NDB approach runway xx intermediate holding pattern waypoint

• maxx or maxxx— missed approach point for runway xx or radial xxx

• vxxhp— VOR approach runway xx intermediate holding pattern waypoint


GPS Approach Examples

73

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 74

74


GPS Approach Example

GPS RWY 5

FREDERICK MUNI (FDK)

3000

120

(16.5)

IAF

MARTINSBURG

2000

048

°

(2.5)

048

°

(FAF)

BAKEE

(MAP)

MYRTA

SUSII

2.5 NM FROM BAKEE

2700

048

°

(2.5)

SUSII

3000

2.5 NM FROM

BAKEE

BAKEE

2700

2000

048

°

3.10

°

MISSED APPROACH

CLIMB TO 3000 DIRECT

RUSSY AND HOLD

MYRTA

MAP

2.5 NM 2.5 NM 3.8 NM 1.2

04

8

°

22

8

°

RUSSY

EXAMPLE 1— NEW GPS APPROACH

Example 1 uses the GPS approach into Frederick Municipal Airport (KFDK) and illustrates the basic sequence of selecting and flying a GPS approach, and flying directly to a missed approach holding point. Please refer to the previous sections of this chapter for expanded keystroke instructions.

1. Select the destination airport (KFDK) using the

D key, or create and activate a route to the destination airport.

2. Select the desired approach (gps rw05) from the Approach Select page. The GPS 165 will automatically select MRB as the IAF since it is the only IAF available.

3. 30 nm from the destination, set/confirm the GPS APPR switch to the ARM position. The

CDI will automatically begin a smooth transition from the 5.0 nm to the 1.0 nm scale.

4. Enter the current altimeter setting of KFDK on the Position page when prompted with the

‘Need pres- press NAV’ message.

5. Fly the approach. The GPS will provide navigation to each approach waypoint in sequence:

• MRB (Initial Approach Fix)

• SUSII

• BAKEE (Final Approach Fix)

• MYRTA (Missed Approach Point)

• RUSSY (Missed Approach Holding Point)

6. Set the HSI course to DTK at each waypoint. The CDI will automatically transition from the 1.0 to 0.3 nm scale when you are within 2.0 nm of the FAF, and the unit will warn you if RAIM is not available for your approach.

DO NOT USE FOR NAVIGATION

7. To fly the missed approach procedure, cross the MAP and climb to 3000 feet. For direct navigation guidance to the missed approach holding point, press

D followed by

E after crossing the MAP.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 75

EXAMPLE 2— VOR/GPS OVERLAY

Example 2 uses the VOR/GPS RWY 19 approach into Kansas City Downtown

Airport (KMKC) from the south and illustrates an approach with a procedure turn, which requires the pilot to set the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position prior to crossing the IAF the first time. This example also illustrates the procedures required when direct navigation to the missed approach holding point is not available.

1. Select and arm the VOR/GPS RW19 approach. Enter the current altimeter setting of KMKC when the ‘Need pres- press NAV’ message appears.

2. Fly towards the IAF of the approach (the JAMES intersection).

3. Two nm BEFORE crossing the IAF, set the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position. This prevents the GPS 165 from automatically sequencing to the missed approach point before the required procedure turn is completed.

4. After crossing the IAF, set the 013º outbound course on the HSI.

5. Initiate the procedure turn and set the 193º inbound course on the HSI. As you turn to the inbound intercept heading, set the GPS SEQ switch to the AUTO position. The GPS SEQ switch must be set to the AUTO position for the approach to go active.

6. Complete the approach by landing, or follow the missed approach procedure.

7. To fly the missed approach procedure, cross the MAP and climb to 3000 feet via heading 240º and press

D, followed by E. This will select the missed approach holding point as your active to waypoint.

8. Since direct navigation to the holding waypoint is not authorized, set the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position to prevent automatic waypoint sequencing.

9. Set the HSI to the 080º heading and intercept the inbound course to the holding point.


VOR/GPS Overlay Example

KANSAS CITY

2600

154

°

(4.7)

RIVERSIDE

193

°

R

-0

1

3

238

°

058

°

193

°

(IAF)

JAMES INT

RIS 5.3

R-281

VOR RWY 19

KANSAS CITY

DOWNTOWN (MKC)

R-260

2600

281

(21.2)

°

NAPOLEON

2

2

8

°

0

4

8

°

R

-1

4

9

10

NM

E

N

R

O

UT

E

FA

CIL

ITIE

S

JAMES INT

MISSED APPROACH

CLIMB RIGHT TURN TO 3000

ON HEADING 240

°

THEN VIA

R-260 TO ANX VORTAC

AND HOLD.

VOR/DME

JAMES INT

RIS 7

013

°

REMAIN

WITHIN 10 NM

2600

193

°

2500

4.5 NM


75

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 76

76


VOR/DME ARC Example

VOR/DME RWY 21

TOPEKA/

FORBES FIELD (FOE)

(IAF)

R-258

3000

NoPT

TOP

7

Arc

3000

205

°

(7)

IAF

TOPEKA

205

°

°

205

°

T

O

P

7

3

0

0

0

NoPT

A rc

(IAF)

R-094

200

°

2600

(7)

TOP

7

04

8

°

22

8

°

ERASE

TOP 25

MISSED APPROACH

CLIMB TO 3000 VIA HEADING

240

°

AND TOP R-213 TO

ERASE 25 DME AND HOLD.

TOP

12

TOP

7

200

°

2600

VORTAC

ONE MINUTE

HOLDING PATTERN

025

205

°

°

3000

5 NM 7 NM


EXAMPLE 3— VOR/DME ARC OVERLAY

Example 3 uses the VOR/DME RWY 21 approach into Topeka/Forbes Field

Airport (KFOE) and illustrates an approach based on a DME arc. Although DME arc approaches are not based on a direct course, the GPS 165 will still provide approach navigation guidance through the arc by constantly displaying your distance and bearing from the DME reference navaid on the Position page. To fly the arc, monitor the distance displayed on the Position page and manually adjust your heading to maintain the course along the arc. When flying a DME arc, the GPS SEQ switch must be set to the HOLD position to ensure proper CDI operation.

1. Select and arm the VOR RW21 approach and select the D094G initial approach fix to fly the left hand arc from the 094º radial. Enter the current altimeter setting of KFOE when the ‘Need pres- press NAV’ message appears.

2. Fly to the IAF of the DME arc (D094G). The GPS WPT annunciator will flash 15 seconds before you reach the waypoint.

3. After crossing the IAF, set the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position.

4. Set the desired inbound course (205º) on the CDI/HSI.

5. Press

N and rotate

O to display the Position page. The Position page will display the

DME navaid as the reference waypoint (on the bottom line) as long as your active to waypoint is part of the DME arc you are flying.

6. Monitor your distance and bearing from the DME navaid along the arc.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 78

78


Radar Vector Example

VOR/DME RWY 21

TOPEKA

/FORBES FIELD (FOE)

(IAF)

R-258

3000

NoPT

TOP

7

Arc

3000

205

°

(7)

IAF

TOPEKA

°

205

1 MIN

205

°

205

°

T

O

P

7

3

0

0

0

NoPT

A rc

(IAF)

R-094

200

° 2600

(7)

TOP

7

04

8

°

22

8

°

ERASE

TOP 25

MISSED APPROACH

CLIMB TO 3000 VIA HEADING

240

°

AND TOP R-213 TO

ERASE 25 DME AND HOLD.

TOP

12

TOP

7

200

°

2600

VORTAC

ONE MINUTE

HOLDING PATTERN

025

205

°

°

3000

5 NM 7 NM


EXAMPLE 4— RADAR VECTORS TO FINAL APPROACH COURSE

Example 4 uses the same VOR/DME RWY 21 approach into Topeka/Forbes Field

Airport (KFOE) used in example 3 and illustrates an approach using radar vectors to a point 3 miles out from the final approach fix. To fly a radar vector approach, you must still select a desired approach and IAF from the database and set the GPS SEQ switch to HOLD while you fly the vectors to the active approach waypoint. To accommodate radar vectors, the GPS 165 allows manual selection of any approach waypoint as the destination waypoint.

1. Select and arm the desired approach and initial approach fix. Enter the current altimeter setting of the destination airport when the ‘Need pres- press NAV’ message appears.

2. When you are advised by the controller that you will be receiving radar vectors to the final approach course:

• Activate the final approach fix waypoint from the Active Route page: a. Press the

R key and rotate O until the Active Route page appears.

b. Press

C to activate the flashing cursor.

c. Rotate

O until the ‘ff’ (FAF) waypoint flashes.

d. Press

D, followed by E.

• Set the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position.

3. Set the 200º inbound course on the HSI. As the CDI needle begins to center to the final approach course, set the GPS SEQ switch to the AUTO position to resume automatic waypoint sequencing.

4. Complete the approach by landing or perform the missed approach procedure.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 79

The Jeppesen database used in the GPS 165 features Standard Terminal Arrival

Routes (STARs) and Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) that may be placed into any active or stored route.

Available SIDs may be selected at any time for the active route as long as the departure airport is the first route waypoint and the route contains more than one waypoint. Activating a SID or STAR will modify the waypoint sequence of Route 0. If you’d like to save the contents of Route 0, be sure to copy it to an empty route first.

To select and activate a SID:

1. Press

R and rotate

O until the SID Select page appears.

2. Press

C and rotate

O until the SID name flashes.

3. Press

E

. The SID waypoints will be inserted in the route.

If a SID has more than one runway or transition, the SID Select page will display the available runway designations and/or transitions.

To select a transition:

1. Rotate

O until the transition name flashes and press

E

.

To select a runway:

1. Rotate

O until the runway designation name flashes and press

E

.


Selecting & Activating SIDs

Selecting a SID.

Selecting a SID transition.

79

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 80

80


Selecting & Deleting SIDs

The SID select page allows you to select a new

SID on the fly.

SIDs may be saved with any stored route.

The SID select page also allows you to review all the available SIDs for the departure airport and select, delete or change the active SID.

To replace the active SID with another SID:

1. Press

R and rotate


2. Press

C and rotate

O to select the desired new SID. Press

E

.

To delete the active SID:

1. Press

R and rotate


2. Press

C

. The active SID (denoted by an asterisk) will flash.

3. Press

\

, followed by

E

. The SID waypoints will be removed from the active route.

SIDs can also be selected and deleted from storage routes through the Route Catalog page.

To select a SID from the Route Catalog page:

1. Display the desired route on the Route Catalog page.

2. Select ‘sid?’ in the route action field and press

E

.

3. Select the desired SID and transitions.

4. The SID waypoints will be inserted into the route and the Route Review page will be displayed.

To replace a SID from the Route Catalog page:



E

.

3. Select the desired new SID and transitions.

4. The SID waypoints will be inserted into the route and the Route Review page will be displayed.

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 81

To delete a SID from the Route Catalog page...



E

.

3. Rotate

O to highlight the active SID (denoted by an asterisk). Press

\

, then

E

.

Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STARs) used in the GPS 165 are selected and activated with the same procedures as SIDs. Available STARs may be selected at any time for the active route as long as the arrival airport is the last active route waypoint or direct-to waypoint. Activating a STAR will modify the sequence of waypoints in Route 0. If you’d like to save the contents of Route 0, be sure to copy it to an empty route first.

To select and activate a STAR:

1. Press

R and rotate

O until the STAR select page appears.

3. Press

C and rotate

O until the desired STAR flashes.

4. Press

E

. The STAR waypoints will be inserted in the route.

If a STAR has more than one transition or runway, the STAR select page will display the transitions and/or runway designations available.

To select a transition:

1. Rotate

O until the desired transition flashes and press

E

.

To select a runway:

1. Rotate

O until the runway designation flashes and press

E

.


Selecting & Activating STARs

Selecting a STAR.

Selecting a STAR transition.

81

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 82


Selecting & Deleting STARs

Deleting the active STAR.

STARs may be saved in any storage route.

The STAR select page also allows you to review all available STARs for the destination airport and select, delete or replace the active STAR.

To replace the active STAR:

1. Press

R and rotate


2. Press

C and use

O to select a new STAR. Press

E

.

To delete a STAR:

1. Press

R and rotate


2. Press

C

. The active STAR name (denoted by an asterisk) will flash.

3. Press

\

, followed by

E

. The STAR waypoints will be removed from Route 0.

STARs can also be selected and deleted from storage routes through the Route Catalog page.

To select or replace a STAR from the Route Catalog page:


2. Select ‘star?’ in the route operations field and press

E

.

3. Select the desired STAR and transitions. The STAR waypoints will be inserted into the route and the Route Review page will be displayed.

To delete a STAR from the Route Catalog page:


2. Select ‘star?’ in the route action field and press

E

.

3. Rotate

O to highlight the active STAR (denoted by an asterisk). Press

STAR waypoints will be deleted from the route.

\ followed by

E

. The

82

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 83

Section 5

Unit Settings

Many of the GPS 165’s navigation features can be customized to your own preferences, allowing the pilot to choose how and when the unit displays certain information. The GPS 165 also provides extensive information on satellite tracking and signal strength to aid in monitoring performance and alerting you to problems with antenna installation or receiver problems.

All of the GPS 165’s settings are accessed by pressing the

S key. Once the S key is pressed, the last settings page viewed will be displayed. The following pages of satellite status and user-defined settings are available:

• Satellite status

• Route settings

• CDI Settings

• Magnetic variation/Arrival alarm

• Nearest airport search • Battery saver

• Trip timer settings • Navigation units

• SUA alert settings • Map Datums

To view any settings page:

1. Press

S

. The last page viewed from the

S key will be displayed.

2. Rotate

O with the flashing cursor inactive until the desired page is displayed. Page selection will cycle through all available pages as the outer knob is rotated to the right, and page selection will stop at the Satellite status page when the outer knob is rotated to the left continuously.

UNIT SETTINGS

Overview

Satellite Status Page.

Nearest Airport Search Page.

Navigation Units Page.

83

165 manual 7/13/98 3:59 PM Page 84

UNIT SETTINGS

Satellite Status Page

The GPS 165’s satellite status page provides satellite information to monitor GPS coverage and receiver performance. This can be helpful when you may be experiencing a problem with low signal levels due to poor coverage or installation problems.

To view the satellite status page:

1. Press

S and rotate

O until the satellite status page appears

Receiver Status

EPE/DOP Field

84

Satellite status page displaying DOP.

Signal Strength Field

Satellite Numbers

The top line of the status page displays the receiver status and the current DOP or

EPE. Dilution of precision (DOP) is a measure of the satellite geometry quality and relative accuracy of your position, with 1 meaning good geometry and 10 meaning poor. Estimated position error (EPE) is an overall measure of your positional accuracy in feet or meters using signal and data quality, receiver tracking status and DOP.

To view information on DOP/EPE:

1. Press

S and rotate

O to display the satellite status page.

2. If the desired field (EPE or DOP) is not displayed, press

C

.

3. Use

K to change between ‘epe’ and ‘dop’, press

C to finish.

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 85

The receiver status field, located at the top left of the page, can display the following messages under various conditions:

Search sky - The GPS 165 is searching the sky for visible satellites. You will be informed with the message ‘Searching the sky’.

2D Nav - The GPS 165 is in 2D navigation mode. If your installation does not include an altitude serializer, you must enter the altitude manually (see page 2.)

3D Nav - The GPS 165 is in 3D navigation mode and will compute altitude.

Simulator - The GPS 165 is in simulator mode, which should only be used for practice and trip planning. NEVER use simulator for actual navigation.

Poor cvrg - The GPS 165 cannot acquire sufficient satellites for navigation.

Need alt - The GPS 165 needs altitude in order to start/continue navigation.

Go to the position page and enter the altitude.

Need pres - The GPS 165 needs the current altimeter (barometric pressure) setting at the approach airport. Enter the altimeter setting on the

Position page.

Not usable - The GPS 165 is unusable due to incorrect initialization or abnormal satellite conditions. Turn the unit off and back on again. If this does not help, return the unit to an authorized GARMIN dealer for service.

UNIT SETTINGS

Status Page

Searching the Sky.

Acquiring satellite data.

85

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 86

UNIT SETTINGS

Status & CDI Setup

Viewing individual satellite information.

The CDI setting will be reset to the AUTO position whenever a GPS approach is armed, selected or the unit is powered down. The AUTO setting allows the CDI to smoothly transition from the

5.0 nm to the 0.3 nm scale during an approach.

The second and third lines of the satellite status page provide the satellite number and signal strength of each satellite in view. Additional information regarding each satellite’s azimuth, elevation and other data is also available.

To view individual satellite information:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the satellite status page.

2. Press

C to obtain a cursor.

3. Use

O to highlight the satellite number you wish to view and press

E

.

This will display the satellite data page, showing the selected satellite’s number, elevation angle, rise or fall indication, user range accuracy (URA, or the range measurement accuracy as determined by the satellite), azimuth and signal strength.

To view other satellites:

4. Rotate

K to view information on the next satellite.

5. Rotate

O and press

C on the satellite status page when you are finished.

The next available page under the

S key is the CDI settings page, which allows you to define the scale of the GPS 165’s course deviation indicator.

To change the CDI scale:

1. Press

S and rotate

O to select the ‘CDI Settings’ page.

2. Press

C and rotate

K to select either ‘Auto’, ‘5.0 nm’, ‘1.0 nm’, or ‘0.3 nm’.

3. Rotate

O to highlight ‘ok?’ and press

E to approve.

The scale values represent full scale deflection of the CDI to either side.

NOTE: The selected CDI scale will not take effect until approved.

86

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 87

The route settings page allows you to select between automatic and manual route sequencing and turn the automatic leg select feature on and off. Automatic route sequencing changes the active leg of a route when the current leg is complete

(you have reached the ‘active to’ waypoint). Automatic leg selection chooses the route leg closest to your present position as the active leg. Whenever a GPS approach is armed, selected or the unit is powered down, the auto leg sequencing option will be reset to the automatic setting.

To change route settings (auto leg sequencing and auto leg selection):

1. Press

S and rotate

O to highlight the ‘Route settings’ page.

2. Press

C and use

K to turn the auto leg sequencing on or off.

3. Rotate

O to advance the cursor and use

K to turn auto leg selection on or off.

4. Press

C when finished.

If manual leg sequencing is selected, you must manually advance the active route to the next waypoint after completing each route leg. Manual leg sequencing can also be used with the GPS SEQ switch to dial in the desired inbound course to the next route waypoint from your HSI.

To manually sequence the active route legs:

1. Press

R and use

O to display the active route page.

2. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight the waypoint.

3. Press

D

. Press

E to confirm the waypoint.

4. The GPS 165 will change the leg of the active route, making the selected waypoint the

‘active to’ waypoint.

UNIT SETTINGS

Route Settings Page

Route settings with automatic leg selection off.

Whenever a GPS approach is armed, selected or the unit is powered off, the automatic waypoint sequencing option will be reset to the on position.

87

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 88

UNIT SETTINGS

Leg Selection/Mag Var Setup

User magnetic variation.

Auto magnetic variation.

Automatic leg selection chooses the route leg closest to your present position as the active leg. If you have selected the manual leg selection option, you can manually select any route leg as the active route leg by performing an ‘on-route’ direct-to. An on-route direct-to will provide direct course navigation to the selected waypoint and begin navigation of the remainder of the route in sequence, provided the auto leg sequencing option is selected.

To manually select the active (starting leg):

1. Press

C and use active route page.

O to highlight the beginning waypoint of the desired leg from the

2. Press

D

. Press

E to confirm the waypoint.

The GPS 165 offers three magnetic variation options: true, auto or user defined.

To set the magnetic variation:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the ‘Mag Var/Arvl Alarm’ page.

2. Press

C and use

K to select auto, true or user.

3. If user is selected, use

O to highlight the magnetic variation value and use

K and

O to enter the value, and E or W.

4. Press

C

.

If ‘auto’ is selected, all track, course and heading information will be corrected with the magnetic variation computed by the GPS 165. The ‘true’ setting will reference all information to true north, while the ‘user’ setting will correct information to the value you enter.

88

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 89

The GPS 165’s arrival alarm can be set to notify the pilot with a message when you have reached a user defined distance to a destination waypoint. Once you have reached the set distance (up to 99.9 units), an ‘Arrival at _____’ message will be displayed.

To set the arrival alarm distance:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the ‘Mag Var/Arvl Alarm’ page.

2. Press

C and use

O to select the arrival distance field.

3. Use

K and

O to enter the desired distance. Press

E to accept the distance.

4. Press

C to finish.

The nearest airport search settings allow you to define the runway length and surface type used in determining the nine nearest airports that are displayed. A minimum runway distance and surface may be entered to prevent airports with small runways, or runways that are not of appropriate surface, from being displayed. The default settings are

‘0 ft/mt’ for runway length and ‘any’ for runway surface.

To set the minimum runway length and runway surface:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the ‘Nearest apt search’ page.

2. Press

C and use

K and

O to enter the minimum runway length upon which your aircraft can land (up to 9999 units). Press

E to accept the distance.

3. Rotate

K to display the surface selection you desire. Choices include:

• any surface • hard only surface

• soft/hard surface • water only surface

4. Use

O to select ‘ok?’ and press

E to confirm.

UNIT SETTINGS

Arrival Alarm/Nearest Airports

Arrival alarm set to 7.0 nm.

Nearest Airport Search Page.

89

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 90

UNIT SETTINGS

Battery Saver/Trip Timer

Battery Saver Page.

Trip timer set to run when power is on.

90

Trip timer set to run when speed exceeds 100 knots.

The GPS 165 battery saver feature can be programmed to automatically turn off the display when using battery power. This will increase the GPS 165’s remote battery life in event of power failure. During this time, the GPS 165 will continue to navigate, track satellites and drive the external CDI/HSI, but not display information on the unit’s display until a key is pressed or a knob is turned.

To set the display timeout:

1. Press

S and rotate

O to display the ‘Battery saver’ page.

2. Press

C to activate the cursor.

3. Rotate

K until the desired value is displayed (0, 30, 60 or 90 seconds). Entering 0 will leave the display on at all times. Press

C to complete.

The trip timer provides a running clock on NAV Menu 2 (see page 19), and can be configured to run when power is on, or when your ground speed exceeds a userdefined minimum.

To change the trip timer settings:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the ‘Trip timer settings’ page.

2. Press

C to activate the cursor.

3. Use

K to select either ‘pwr is on’ or ‘gs exceeds’.

4. If you choose ‘pwr is on’, press

C to complete.

5. If you choose ‘gs exceeds’, use

O to highlight the speed field.

6. Enter the speed using

K and

O

.

7. Press

E to accept, and

C to complete.

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 91

The GPS 165 can be configured to display data in standard or metric units of measure. These apply to: distance, position, speed, altitude, fuel, pressure and temperature.

To change the units of measure:

1. Press

S and rotate

O to display the nav units page.

2. Press

C and rotate

O to highlight the field you would like to change.

3. Use

K to change the unit of measure.

4. Rotate

O to advance to the next field, or press

C when finished.

The available units are: position : altitude :

• degrees, minutes and seconds (dms) [hddd° mm’ ss.s”]

• degrees and minutes (dm) [hddd° mm.mmm’]

• feet (ft) vertical speed : • feet per minute (fpm)

• meters per second (mps)

• meters (mt)

• meters per minute (mpm) nav units : • nautical miles and knots (nm, kt)

• statute miles and miles per hour (mi and mh)

• kilometers and kilometers per hour (km and kh) fuel : • gallons (gl)

• kilograms (kg)

• liters (lt)

• imperial gallons (ig)

• pounds (lb) pressure : • inches of mercury (hg) temperature : • degrees Fahrenheit (°f)

• millibars (mb)

• degrees Celsius (°c)

UNIT SETTINGS

Units of Measure

Units of measure displayed in standard format.

Units of measure in metric format.

91

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 92

UNIT SETTINGS

SUA Settings

SUA Settings Page.

Altitude buffer set at 500 feet.

The Special Use Airspace settings page will allow you turn the controlled/ restricted airspace message alerts on or off. This will not affect the alerts being listed on the nearest page. It will simply turn off the warning when you are approaching or near an SUA. Warnings can be turned off for the following airspaces: class B / cta : ICAO control area moa : Military operations area class C / tma : ICAO Terminal Control Area other : Other areas rstcd : Restricted areas

SUA warnings for prohibited airspace can not be turned off. The ‘alt’ field, located at the bottom of the SUA settings page, is an altitude buffer which ‘expands’ the vertical range of the SUA, so you will be notified if you are within a certain range of an

SUA. For example, if the buffer is set at 500 feet, and you are 500 feet above or below an SUA, you will not be notified with an alert message; if you are less than 500 feet above or below an SUA and projected to enter it, you will be notified with an alert message. The default setting for the altitude buffer is 200 feet.

To set the warnings or change the altitude buffer:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the SUA settings page.

2. Press

C

.

3. Rotate

O to highlight the field you would like to change.

4. Use

K to change to ‘on’ or ‘off’.

5. To change the altitude buffer, highlight the buffer value, and use

K and

O to change the data. Press

E to accept.

6. Press

C to complete.

92

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 93

The GPS 165 contains over 100 map datums for you to use when navigating. By default, your unit calculates positions using the WGS-84 map datum. If you are using charts based on another datum, you must set the GPS 165 to use the same datum.

Using a map datum that does not match the sectionals you are using can result in significant differences in position information. If you are using maps for reference only, the GPS 165 will provide correct navigation guidance to the waypoints contained in the database regardless of the datum selected.

To change the map datum to one listed in Appendix E:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the ‘Map datum’ page.

2. Press

C

.

3. Use

O to highlight the current map datum.

4. Use

K to change the datum.

5. Press

C to complete.

To create a user datum:

1. Press

S and use

O to display the ‘Map datum’ page.

2. Press

C

.

3. Use

O to highlight ‘Define user datum?’. Press

E

.

4. Enter the 5 parameters of the map datum using

K and

O

. Press

E to accept a field.

The signs of each value (+/-) should follow the convention: WGS84-local geodetic system.

5. Use

O to highlight ‘ok?’ and press

E

.

6. To activate the user datum, select ‘USER’ on the map datum page as described above.

UNIT SETTINGS

Using Map Datums

Map Datum Page.

Defining user map datum.

93

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 94

APPENDIX A

NavData Card Operation

94

UserData Transfer Page.

Appendix A

NavData and UserData Installation and Operation

NavData® and UserData Card installation and operation

The NavData® card supplied with your GPS 165 can be installed or removed

ONLY when the GPS 165 is turned off. Insert the card with the thumb tab at the top, and the beveled corner on the bottom right.

The UserData card can be used to make a backup of user waypoints, routes, checklists, proximity alarms, etc. for later reference and use. The UserData card can also be used to transfer the same information to another GPS 165.

To save the user data to the UserData card:

1. Install the UserData card.

2. Turn the GPS 165 on using

B

.

3. Use

O to highlight ‘Save user data?’.

4. Press

E

.

The message ‘Saving to card’ is displayed while the GPS 165 transfers all user data to the UserData card. It may take several minutes to complete the transfer. When all user data is transferred, the GPS 165 will instruct you to turn the unit off, remove the user card and insert the Jeppesen NavData® card. After this is complete, the GPS 165 is ready for normal operation.

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 95

To restore user data from a UserData card to the GPS 165:

1. Install the UserData card.

2. Turn the GPS 165 on using

B

.

3. Use

O to highlight ‘Restore user data?’ and press

E

.

The GPS 165 will ask you which type of data to replace. You may choose checklists, scheduler messages, user waypoints, proximity waypoints, routes, waypoint comments or all data.

4. Use

K to select the type of data to replace.

You may either replace or update the information in the database. Replacing the data will replace ALL user data with the data from the card. Updating the data will not delete unrelated material, it will only change what is necessary to use the data received from the UserData card.

5. Use

O to select either ‘Replace?’ or ‘Update?’.

6. Press

E to begin transferring data to the GPS 165. The GPS 165 will now transfer all of the data requested. This may take several minutes.

7. To perform additional data transfer types, repeat steps 4- 6. Otherwise, press

E.

8. Turn the GPS 165 off and replace the UserData card with a NavData® card. The GPS

165 is now ready for normal operation.

APPENDIX A

NavData Card Operation

Restoring data from a user data card.

The GPS 165 must be turned off to remove and install the NavData card.

95

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 96

APPENDIX B

GPS 165 Installation/Removal

The GPS 165 may be powered from an optional AC adapter when used away from the aircraft, allowing you to use the

GPS 165 at your home or office for flight planning.

Appendix B

Maintenance of the GPS 165

The GPS 165 is built to exacting standards and does not require user maintenance. Should the faceplate and lens require cleaning, use a soft cloth and non-abrasive cleaner. The user data is maintained by an internal battery with a projected life of 3 to 5 years. If the GPS 165 detects a low memory battery, you will be informed with the message ‘Memory battery low’. You should return your unit to an authorized GARMIN service center as soon as possible. Failure to do so may result in loss of data each time you turn your unit off. This will GREATLY increase satellite acquisition time and no user data will be saved. This condition will be accompanied by the message ‘Stored data lost’.

The GPS 165 contains a crystal oscillator, which may drift after many years of operation. If the unit detects excessive oscillator drift, you will be informed with the message ‘Osc needs adjustment’. When this occurs, contact an authorized GARMIN service center for service. Failure to do so may result in severely degraded acquisition performance.

96

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 97

Appendix C

GPS 165 Messages and Abbreviations

The GPS 165 uses the Message Page to communicate important information to you.

Some messages are advisory in nature, others are warnings that may require your intervention.

This appendix provides a complete list of GPS 165 messages and their meanings.

Altitude input fail - The altitude serializer input is no longer available to the GPS

165. Check the I/O settings and/or the serializer installation. If enough satellites are available for a 3D fix, no pilot action is required, provided no RAIM warnings are present. If only a 2D fix is possible, the pilot should maintain the GPS altitude within

1,000 feet of the pressure altitude from the Position page.

Approach deleted - The selected approach was deleted from the route because not enough room existed to insert a SID or STAR.

Approach not active - The approach could not transition to the active phase because the GPS SEQ switch is set to the HOLD position, the GPS APPR switch has not been set to the ARM position, the automatic CDI scale is not selected, or the automatic leg sequencing option is disabled. Do not descend at the FAF.

Arm approach mode - Approach navigation is available. Set the GPS APPR switch to

Arrival at _____ the ARM position.

- You have entered the arrival alarm circle for the indicated waypoint.

Arrvl at offst _____ - Your craft has entered the arrival alarm circle for the indicated

Auto CDI slctd waypoint offset by the parallel track distance.

- The GPS 165 has reset the CDI scale preference to the AUTO setting to permit approach navigation.

APPENDIX C

Messages

97

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 98

APPENDIX C

Messages

Auto leg seq slctd - The GPS 165 has reset the automatic leg sequencing option to the ON setting to permit approach navigation.

Battery low - The remote battery pack is low on power. The battery pack should be recharged for continued operation by reverting to aviation power.

Battery rqrs service - A problem has been detected in the battery pack. The unit should be taken to an authorized GARMIN service center.

Cannot chng actv wpt - An attempt has been made to modify the position of the ‘active to’ or

‘active from’ waypoint. The GPS 165 will not allow the modifications.

Cannot chng wpt sqnc- An attempt has been made to modify an approach, SID or

STAR. The waypoint sequence of approaches, SIDs and STARs may not be modified.

Cannot nav lockd rte - You have tried to activate a route containing a locked waypoint.

The GPS 165 cannot navigate in this condition.

Cannot ofst goto rte - An attempt has been made to engage the offset navigation fea-

Checklist is full

Collecting data ture while the GPS 165 is navigating using a single waypoint route. The GPS 165 will not allow offset navigation in this situation.

- The selected checklist is full. No new items can be added until existing items are deleted.

- The GPS 165 is collecting orbital data while searching the sky.

The antenna should have a good view of the sky and the GPS

165 should be allowed to finish data collection before turning the unit off.

Comment memory full- The waypoint comment memory is full. You must delete exist-

Course input fail ing waypoint comments before adding new ones.

- The course input from RS-422 or ARINC 429 is not available to the GPS 165. Check the I/O settings and/or have the installation checked by a certified technician.

98

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 99

Data card failed - The GPS 165 has detected a problem with the data card. The data is not usable and the card should be returned to Jeppesen or an authorized GARMIN service center.

Data card write fail - The user data card failed to program. The card should be returned to an authorized GARMIN service center.

Degraded accuracy - The GPS 165 has detected poor satellite geometry while in approach mode while RAIM is unavailable. Additional cross checking should be performed by the user to verify the integrity of the GPS 165 position.

Do not use for nav - The GPS 165 is in the simulator mode and must not be used for actual navigation.

Final altitude alert - The suggested altitude is within 1000 feet of the final altitude entered on the VNAV Planning Page.

Fuel/Air input fail - The fuel and/or air data input is not available to the GPS 165.

Inside SUA

Check the I/O settings and/or fuel/air data system installation.

- You have entered a Special Use Airspace.

Invald CPA wpt ____ - The closest point of approach cannot be created from the waypoint entered on the CPA Page. This occurs when the computed point does not fall on one of the route legs, or when a unique waypoint name for the closest point of approach cannot be found.

Invalid copy route - A non-empty route was selected for a copy operation. A route must be empty before another route can be copied to it.

Invalid CPA route - The selected route contains less than two waypoints and cannot be used for CPA operations.

Invalid SAR route - The selected route does not contain exactly two waypoints and cannot be used for SAR operations.

Leg not smoothed - The upcoming leg is too short for smooth waypoint transitions.

Expect a rapid change in the CDI.

Memory battery low - The battery that sustains user memory is low and should be replaced by an authorized GARMIN service center as soon as possible. Failure to do so may result in loss of stored data, including all user waypoints and routes.

APPENDIX C

Messages

99

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 100

APPENDIX C

Messages

Near SUA < 2 nm - Your position is within 2 nautical miles of a Special Use

Airspace and your current course will NOT take you inside.

Need alt - press NAV - The GPS 165 needs altitude input in order to start and/or continue 2D navigation. Press the NAV key and enter your antenna altitude on the Position page. The altitude you enter should be as accurate as possible. An inaccurate altitude will directly translate into inaccurate position information.

Need pres - press NAV - The GPS 165 needs the pressure altitude for the destination airport to navigate an approach.

No altitude input - The GPS 165 has failed to receive altitude data from the parallel input. Check the I/O settings and/or the installation. If enough satellites are available for a 3D fix, no pilot action is required, provided no RAIM warnings are present. If only a 2D fix is pos-

No course input sible, the pilot should maintain the GPS altitude within 1,000 feet of the pressure altitude from the Position page.

- The GPS SEQ switch is set to the HOLD position and has no selected course input from the CDI/HSI. Check the state of configuration switches if installed, or check the CDI/HSI unit.

No RAIM FAF to MAP - RAIM may not be available from the final approach fix to the missed approach point. Continue to fly the approach, but be prepared to cross check GPS navigation with other navigation sources if RAIM is not available.

Offset nav cancelled - Offset navigation has been cancelled due to a direct-to operation or activation of a new route.

Offset nav in effect - Offset navigation mode is in effect.

Ofst too big for rte - The parallel track distance is too large for the active route.

Osc needs adjustment - The GPS 165 has detected excessive drift in its internal crystal oscillator which may result in longer acquisition time. The unit should be taken to an authorized GARMIN service center immediately.

100

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 101

Poor GPS coverage - The GPS 165 cannot acquire sufficient satellites necessary to provide navigation.

Prox alarm-press NAV - Your craft has penetrated the alarm circle of a proximity waypoint.

Press

N to see the bearing and distance to the proximity waypoint.

Proximity overlap - The circles defined by two proximity waypoints overlap. When entering the area of the overlap, the GPS 165 will alarm you of the closest proximity waypoint, but not both. You should be certain this condition is desirable.

Proximity wpt locked - At least one proximity waypoint is locked because the waypoint has been removed from the Jeppesen NavData®, the data card is missing, or the data card has failed.

Proximity wpt moved - One or more proximity waypoints were moved at least 0.33 arc minutes due to a database change.

Proximty wpt deleted - One or more proximity waypoints were deleted while receiving data.

Pwr down and re-init - The GPS 165 is unusable until power has been cycled and the unit re-initialized. Abnormal satellite conditions may exist.

RAIM not available - RAIM is unavailable for the phase of flight you are in (the HSI

NAV flag should also appear). Revert to alternate navigation.

RAIM position warn - RAIM has detected position errors exceeding those allowed for a given phase of flight. Revert to an alternative source of naviga-

RAM failed tion.

- The GPS 165 has detected a failure in its internal memory. If the message persists, the GPS 165 is unusable and should be taken to an authorized GARMIN service center.

Ready for navigation - The GPS 165 is ready for navigation.

Received invalid wpt - A waypoint was received in an upload operation that has an invalid identifier or position.

APPENDIX C

Messages

101

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 102

APPENDIX C

Messages

Receiver failed

ROM failed

Route is empty

Route is full

- The GPS 165 has detected a failure in the receiver hardware. If the message persists, the GPS 165 is unusable and should be taken to an authorized GARMIN service center.

- The GPS 165 has detected a failure in its permanent memory. If this message occurs, the unit is unusable and should be taken to an authorized GARMIN service center.

- An attempt has been made to activate an empty route.

- An attempt has been made to add more than 31 waypoints to a route. The GPS 165 will not allow more than 31 waypoints per route.

Route wpt deleted - One or more route waypoints were deleted.

Route wpt locked - At least one route waypoint is locked because the waypoint has

Route truncated been removed from the Jeppesen NavData®, the data card is missing, or the data card has failed.

- The route was truncated because not enough room existed to insert a SID, STAR or approach.

Route wpt moved - One or more route waypoints were moved at least 0.33 arc minutes due to a database change.

SID deleted - The SID was deleted from the route because of insufficient space in the route.

STAR deleted - The STAR was deleted from the route because of insufficient space in the route.

Searching the sky - The GPS 165 is in the search-the-sky mode. Allow the unit to complete data collection before turning it off.

Select auto seq mode - The GPS SEQ switch should be set to the AUTO position to continue navigation..

Set course to ___º - The CDI/HSI should be set to the specified course.

Start altitude chng - The altitude change entered on the VNAV Planning page is about to begin.

102

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 103

Steep turn ahead - This message appears approximately 90 seconds prior to a turn that requires a bank angle in excess of 25 degrees in order to stay on course. Turn anticipation will not be provided by the GPS 165.

- Stored user data, including waypoints, routes and satellite orbital Stored data lost data have been lost due to a low memory battery, or inadvertent master reset.

SUA ahead < 10 min - Your projected course and current speed will take you inside a

Special Use Airspace within the next 10 minutes.

SUA near & ahead - You are within two nautical miles of a Special Use Airspace and

Timer expired your current course will take you inside.

- The approach timer has expired.

User data RX started - Data receive operations have started.

Usr data TX complete - Data transmit operations are complete.

VNAV cancelled - The VNAV function has been cancelled due to a change in the active route.

WGS 84 datum selectd -The system map datum was changed to WGS 84 because the selected map datum has been removed from the NavData® card, the data card is missing, or the data card has failed.

Wpt comment locked - At least one waypoint comment is locked because the waypoint has been removed from the Jeppesen NavData®, the data card is missing, or the data card has failed.

Wpt exists _____ - You have entered a waypoint name on the AutoStore™ Page or

User Waypoint Catalog Page that already exists in memory.

Enter a waypoint name that does not exist.

Wpt memory full - The waypoint memory is full. You should delete unused waypoints to make room for new waypoints.

APPENDIX C

Messages

103

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 104

APPENDIX C

Messages

The following section provides a complete list of GPS 165 abbreviations and their meanings.

ALTAltitude

APPApproach

APRApproach

APTAirport Waypoint

DIS-

DME -

DOP-

DTK-

Distance To Waypoint

Distance Measuring Equipment

Dilution of Precision

Desired Track

ARVArrival

ATFAerodrome Traffic Frequency

ELEVElevation

ENDUR- Endurance

ATSAutomatic Terminal Information EPEEstimated Position Error

Service (ATIS)

AVGSAviation gas

AZMAzimuth (bearing)

BRG- Bearing

CAS- Calibrated Airspeed

CDI- Course Deviation Indicator

CL BClass B

CL CClass C

ESA-

ETA-

ETE-

FPM-

FR-

FSS-

Enroute Safe Altitude

Estimated Time of Arrival

Estimated Time Enroute

FLOW- Fuel Flow Rate

FOBFuel On Board

Feet Per Minute

From

Flight Service Station

CLRClearance Delivery

CPAClosest Point of Approach

CTAICAO Control Area

CTAFCommon Traffic Advisory

Frequency

CTFCommon Traffic Advisory

Frequency

CTSCourse To Steer

CUMCumulative

DALT- Density Altitude

DEGDegrees

DEPDeparture

FT-

FT-

GL-

GNDGround

GPS- Global Positioning System

GS-

HDGHeading

HG-

IALT-

ILS-

IG-

Feet

Full time

Gallons

Ground Speed

Inches of Mercury

Indicated Altitude

Instrument Landing System

Imperial gallons

INTIntersection Waypoint

104

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 105

JET AJet fuel - Type A

JET B- Jet fuel - Type B

KH- Kilometers Per Hour

KM- Kilometers

KT-

LB-

Knots

Pounds

LCLLocal

LENLength

LFOBLeftover Fuel On Board

LFLOW- Left fuel flow

LOCLocalizer

LTLiters

MAG VAR-Magnetic Variation

MBMillibars Of Pressure

MFMandatory Frequency

MHStatute Miles Per Hour

MIStatute Miles

MINMinimum

MIN Minutes

MOAMilitary Operations Area

MPMMeters Per Minute

MPSMeters Per Second

MSAMinimum Safe Altitude

MTMeters

MULMulticom

NDBNDB Waypoint

NMNautical Miles

NPNon-precision

NRNearest

OBSOmni-directional Bearing Select

(Inbound Course Select)

OTHOther

ºC-

ºF-

Degrees Celsius

Degrees Fahrenheit

PCPilot Controlled

POSNPosition

PRESBarometric Pressure

(Altimeter setting)

PROXProximity

PRXProximity

PTPart Time

PTXPre-Taxi

PWRPower

RDRRadar

REQRequired

RFReference

RFLOW- Right fuel flow

RNGRange

RNWY- Runway

RSTCD- Restricted

RSVReserves

RTERoute

RXReceive only

SAR- Search And Rescue

SECSeconds

SEQSequence

APPENDIX C

Abbreviations

105

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 106

APPENDIX C

Abbreviations

SGLSignal

SIDStandard Instrument

Departure

SLCTSelect

SRFCSurface

STARStandard Terminal Arrival

Route

STR- Steer To

TACAN- TACtical Air Navigational aid

TAS- True Airspeed

TAT - Total Air Temperature

TEMP- Temperature

TMAICAO Terminal Control Area

TRKTrack Angle

TRNTransition

TRNTurn Angle

TRSATerminal Radar Service Area

TWRTower

TX-

U-

Transmit only

UTC time

UNIUnicom

URAUser Range Accuracy

USERUser Waypoint

USRUser Waypoint

UTC- Universal Time Coordinated

(GMT/ Zulu)

VNVNAV or Vertical Navigation

VNAVVertical Navigation

VORVOR Waypoint

WPTWaypoint

WXWeather

106

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 107

Appendix D

Specifications

PHYSICAL

Size:

Weight:

POWER

Input:

5.75”W x 5.25”D x 2.25”H (146mm x 133mm x 57mm)

24 ounces (0.96kg)

10-33V DC (aircraft power)

Rechargeable battery pack (up to 90 minutes)

115V or 230V AC w/ optional adapter

ENVIRONMENTAL

Temperature:

PERFORMANCE

Receiver: MultiTrac 8™

Acquisition Time: 2-2.5 minutes (typical)

Update Rate:

Accuracy:

Dynamics:

15 seconds (warm start, with ephemeris)

1 per second, continuously

15 meters (49ft.) RMS**

999 knots velocity, 3g acceleration

INTERFACES

-4° F to 131° F (-20°C to 55°C) Operating

-67°F to 185°F (-55°C to 85°C) Storage

ARINC 429, Plotting (NMEA 0183 V2.0), Aviation, Altitude Serializer,

Fuel Sensor, Fuel/Air Data Computer

APPENDIX D

Specifications

** Subject to accuracy degradation to 100m 2DRMS under the US DOD-imposed Selective Availability Program.

107

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 108

APPENDIX E

Map Datums

Appendix E

Map Datums

ADINDAN

AFGOOYE

AIN EL ABD 1970

ANNA 1 ASTRO 1965

ARC 1950

Ethiopia, Mali, Senegal,

Sudan

Somalia

Bahrain Island, Saudi Arabia

Cocos Island

Botswana, Lesotho,

Malawi, Swaziland, Zaire,

Zambia, Zimbabwe

ARC 1960

ASCENSION IS 1958

Kenya, Tanzania

Ascension Island

ASTRO B4 SOROL ATOLL Tern Island

ASTRO BEACON “E” Iwo Jima

ASTRO DOS 71/4 St. Helena

ASTRONOMIC STN 1952 Marcus Island

AUSTRALIAN GEOD 1966 Australia, Tasmania Island

AUSTRALIAN GEOD 1984 Australia, Tasmania Island

AUSTRIA NS

BELGIUM 1950

BELLEVUE (IGN)

Austria

Belgium

Efate and Erromango

Islands

BERMUDA 1957 Bermuda Islands

BOGOTA OBSERVATORY Colombia

BUKIT RIMPAH

CAMP AREA ASTRO

CAMPO INCHAUSPE

Indonesia

Antarctica

Argentina

CANTON ASTRO 1966

CAPE

CAPE CANAVERAL

CARTHAGE

CH-1903

CHATHAM 1971

CHUA ASTRO

CORREGO ALEGRE

DANISH GI 1934

DJAKARTA (BATAVIA)

DOS 1968

Phoenix Islands

South Africa

Florida, Bahama Islands

Tunisia

Switzerland

Chatham Island (New

Zealand)

Paraguay

Brazil

Denmark

Sumatra Island (Indonesia)

Gizo Island

(New Georgia Islands)

EASTER ISLAND 1967

EUROPEAN 1950

Easter Island

Austria, Belgium, Denmark,

Finland, France, Germany,

Gibraltar, Greece, Italy,

Luxembourg, Netherlands,

Norway, Portugal, Spain,

Sweden, Switzerland

EUROPEAN 1979 Austria, Finland,

Netherlands, Norway,

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

FINLAND HAYFORD 1910 Finland

G. SEGARA

GANDAJIKA BASE

Borneo

Republic of Maldives

GEODETIC DATUM 1949 New Zealand

GGRS 87 Greece

GUAM 1963

GUX 1 ASTRO

HERAT NORTH

Guam Island

Guadalcanal Island

Afghanistan

HJORSEY 1955

HONG KONG 1963

Iceland

Hong Kong

HU-TZU-SHAN Taiwan

INDIAN BNGLDSH NEPAL Bangladesh, India, Nepal

INDIAN MEAN VALUE India

INDIAN THAILND VIETN Thailand, Vietnam

IRELAND 1965 Ireland

ISTS 073 ASTRO 1969 Diego Garcia

JOHNSTON ISLAND 1961 Johnston Island Kandawala

Kandawala- Sri Lanka

KANDAWALA Sri Lanka

KERGUELEN ISLAND

KERTAU 1948

Kerguelen Island

West Malaysia, Singapore

L.C. 5 ASTRO

LIBERIA 1964

LUZON MEAN VALUE

LUZON MINDANAO IS

LUZON PHILIPPINES

MAHE 1971

Cayman Brac Island

Liberia

Philippines

Mindanao Island

Philippines (excluding

Mindanao Island)

Mahe Island

108

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 109

MARCO ASTRO

MASSAWA

MERCHICH

MIDWAY ASTRO 1961

Salvage Island

Eritrea (Ethiopia)

Morocco

Midway

MINNA

NAD27 ALASKA

Nigeria

North American 1927- Alaska

NAD27 BAHAMAS

NAD27 CANADA

North American 1927-

Bahamas (excluding San

Salvador Island)


Canada and Newfoundland

North Am. 1927- Canal Zone NAD27 CANAL ZONE

NAD27 CARIBBEAN North American 1927-

Caribbean (Barbados,

Caicos Islands, Cuba,

Dom. Rep., Grd. Cayman,

Jamaica, Leeward and

Turks Islands)

NAD27 CENTRL AMERICA North American 1927-

Central America (Belize,

Costa Rica, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras,

Nicaragua)

NAD27 CONUS

NAD27 CUBA

NAD27 GREENLAND

NAD27 MEXICO

North Am. 1927- Mean

Value (CONUS)

North American 1927- Cuba


Greenland (Hayes Peninsula)

N. American 1927- Mexico

NAD27 SAN SALVADR IS North American 1927- San

Salvador Island

NAD83 North American 1983-

Alaska, Canada, Central

America, CONUS, Mexico

NAHRWAN MASIRAH IS Masirah Island (Oman)

NAHRWAN SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia

NAHRWAN UNITD ARAB E United Arab Emirates

NAPARIMA BWI Trinidad and Tobago

NETHERLAND TRIAG ‘21 Netherlands

NOU TRIAG FRANCE Nouvelle Triangulation De

France- France

NOU TRIAG LUXEMBOURG Nouvelle Triangulation De

France- Luxembourg

OBSERVATORIO 1966 Corvo and Flores Islands

(Azores)

OLD EGYPTIAN Egypt

OLD HAWAIIAN KAUAI Kauai

OLD HAWAIIAN MAUI

OLD HAWAIIAN MEAN

OLD HAWAIIAN OAHU

OMAN

ORD SRV GRT BRITAIN

Maui

Mean Value

Oahu

Oman

England, Isle of Man,

Scotland, Shetland Isl., Wales

PICO DE LAS NIEVES Canary Islands

PITCAIRN ASTRO 1967 Pitcairn

PORTUGUESE 1973

POTSDAM

Portugal

Germany

PROV SO AMERICAN ‘56 Bolivia, Chile,Colombia,

Ecuador, Guyana, Peru,

Venezuela

PROV SO CHILEAN 1963 S. Chile

PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico & Virgin Isl.

QATAR NATIONAL

QORNOQ

REUNION

ROME 1940

Qatar

South Greenland

Mascarene Island

Sardinia Island

RT 90

SANTO (DOS)

SAO BRAZ

Sweden

Espirito Santo

Sao Miguel, Santa Maria

Islands

East Falkland Island SAPPER HILL 1943

SCHWARZECK Namibia

SOUTH AMERICAN 1969 Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,

Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

Guyana, Paraguay, Peru,

Venezuela, Trin/Tobago

SOUTH ASIA

SOUTHEAST BASE

Singapore

Porto Santo and Madiera

Islands

SOUTHWEST BASE Faial, Graciosa, Pico, Sao

Jorge and Terceira Islands

TANANARIVE OBSV 1925 Madagascar

TIMBALAI 1948

TOKYO

Brunei and E. Malaysia

(Sarawak and Sabah)

Japan, Korea, Okinawa

TRISTAN ASTRO 1968

USER

Tristan da Cunha

User datum

VITI LEVU 1916 Viti Levu/ Fiji Islands

WAKE-ENIWETOK 1960 Wake-Eniwetok- Marshall

WGS 72

WGS 84

YACARE

ZANDERIJ

World Geodetic System 72

World Geodetic System 84

Uruguay

Surinam

APPENDIX E

Map Datums

109

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 110

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 111

Appendix F

Troubleshooting Q & A

The GPS 165 is a precision navigation instrument that offers a wide array of performance navigation features. The ‘Q & A’ section is designed to answer some of the common questions regarding the GPS 165’s capabilities and operation. If you have a problem operating your unit, go through the troubleshooting section and refer to the reference section noted. If your problem is not listed in the Q & A section, use the index to find the appropriate reference in the manual. If you still encounter a problem, please see your authorized dealer or call or fax our customer support staff at

913-599-1515 or 913-599-2377 FAX. GARMIN is dedicated to supporting its products and customers.

What is RAIM, and how does it affect approach operations?

RAIM is an acronym for Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring, a receiver function that performs a consistency check on all tracked satellites. RAIM ensures that the available satellite geometry will allow the receiver to calculate a position within a specified protection limit (2 nm for oceanic and en route, 1 nm for terminal and 0.3 nm for non-precision approaches).

During oceanic, enroute and terminal phases of flight, RAIM will be nearly 100%.

Because of the tighter protection limit on approaches, there may be times when RAIM is not available. The GPS 165 automatically monitors RAIM and will warn you with an alert message (see Appendix C) when it is not available. If RAIM is not available when crossing the FAF, the ACTV annunciator will not illuminate and the pilot must fly the missed approach procedure. The GPS 165’s RAIM prediction function (see page 20) will also allow you to see whether RAIM will be available for a specified date and time.

APPENDIX F

Troubleshooting Q & A

111

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 112

APPENDIX F


112

Why aren’t there any approaches available for my route?

Approaches are only available when the final route waypoint or direct-to destination is an airport (some VOR/VORTAC identifiers are similar to airport identifiers). If a destination airport does not have a GPS approach, the GPS 165 will display a ‘no procedures in database’ message. For more on selecting an approach, see page 66.

What happens when I select an approach? Can I store a route with an approach, SID or STAR?

Whenever you load an approach or STAR into the active route, the arrival airport is moved, and a set of approach or arrival waypoints is inserted. If a SID is loaded into the active route, the SID waypoints will be inserted following the departure airport in the active route. Note: these modifications only apply to the active route, and will not affect the corresponding stored route (if you have activated one). Routes can be stored with an approach, SID or STAR. Keep in mind that the active route is erased when the unit is turned off and overwritten when another route is activated.

When storing routes with an approach, SID or STAR, the GPS will use the waypoint information from the current database to define the waypoints. If the database is changed or updated, the GPS 165 will automatically update the information if the procedure name has not changed. If an approach, SID or STAR procedure is no longer available, the route will become locked until the procedure is deleted from the route or the correct database is installed. For information on loading an approach,

SID or STAR, see pages 79-82. See page 54 for instructions on saving and copying routes.

Can I file slant Romeo ‘/R’ using my GPS?

Yes, you may file your flight plan as /R if your GPS 165 is a certified A1 or A2 installation. If you are flying enroute, you may fly /R with an expired database only after you have verified all route waypoints. Non-precision approaches may not be flown with an expired database. See your approved Airplane Flight Manual

Supplement for more information.

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 113

What does the GPS APPR switch do? What is ‘arming’ an approach?

The GPS APPR switch must be set to the ARM position for an approach to enter the active phase. It may be left in the ARM position to simplify approach operation. Its main function is to provide the pilot with a quick method of deactivating the approach and returning the CDI scale to the 1 nm scale in the event of a missed approach. For more on the GPS APPR switch and arming approaches, see pages 63-64.

What does the GPS SEQ switch do and when do I use it?

The GPS SEQ switch is used to select manual or automatic waypoint sequencing of waypoints. Setting the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position holds your current

‘active to’ waypoint as your navigation reference and prevents the GPS from sequencing to the next waypoint. When the GPS SEQ switch is set to the AUTO position, automatic waypoint sequencing is selected, and the GPS will automatically select the next waypoint in the route once the aircraft has crossed the present active-to waypoint.

AUTO

Automatic sequencing of waypoints

Change in HSI does not affect CDI deflection

Always navigates ‘TO’ the active waypoint

Must be set to AUTO for approach to go active

HOLD

Manual sequencing- ‘HOLDs’ on selected waypoint

Manually select course to next waypoint from HSI

Will indicate ‘TO’ or ‘FROM’ from waypoint

Approach will not go active

The GPS SEQ switch must be set to the HOLD position any time you are deviating from the flight sequence of an approach (e.g., when you are flying radar vectors) or when you must cross the same waypoint twice in succession (e.g., a procedure turn or holding pattern). Whenever the GPS SEQ switch is set to the HOLD position, the GPS

165 allows you to select the desired course to/from a waypoint using the HSI, much like a VOR, and display a to/from flag for the active-to waypoint. In the AUTO position, the CDI will always display a ‘TO’ indication for the next waypoint once you’ve crossed the active waypoint. Refer to page 75 for an approach example using a HOLD.

APPENDIX F


113

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 114

APPENDIX F


When should I switch from HOLD to AUTO, and what happens when I do?

Once you are ready to resume automatic waypoint sequencing, you must set the desired course on your HSI two seconds before changing the GPS SEQ switch to the

AUTO position. This allows the the desired course to ‘settle’ prior to the GPS 165 using it. Once the GPS SEQ switch is set back to the AUTO position, the GPS 165 will use the HSI course until you have crossed the active-to waypoint and sequenced to the next route waypoint. See pages 64-65 for more on the GPS SEQ switch.

Why won’t my unit automatically sequence to the next waypoint?

The GPS 165 will only sequence approach, SID or STAR waypoints when the GPS

SEQ switch is in the AUTO position. For automatic sequencing to occur, you must also cross the bisector of the turn you are navigating. See pages 64-65 for more on automatic waypoint sequencing.

How do I skip a waypoint in an approach, SID or STAR?

The GPS 165 allows you to manually select any approach, STAR or SID waypoint as your next ‘active to’ destination. This procedure, called an on-route direct-to, is performed from the active route page by highlighting the desired waypoint and pressing

D, then E to approve the selection. The GPS will then provide navigation directly to the selected waypoint, so be sure you have clearance directly to that position. See pages 59 & 69 for more information.

How do I fly the GPS with an autopilot and DG heading bug?

If you do not have an HSI, you should make your course selections on the OBS and the DG heading bug.

114

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 115

When does turn anticipation begin, and what bank angle is expected?

The GPS 165 will smooth adjacent leg transitions based upon a nominal 15º bank angle (with the ability to roll up to 25º) and provide three pilot cues for turn anticipation: 1) The waypoint annunciator will flash 15 seconds before the turn point and glow steadily 2 seconds prior to the turn anticipation point. Begin the turn when the annunciator goes steady. 2) A flashing ‘next dtk’ prompt will appear on the GPS 165’s

CDI field. Set the HSI to the next dtk value when the waypoint annunciator starts flashing. 3) The To/From indicator on the GPS CDI will flip momentarily to indicate that you have crossed the midpoint of the turn. For more on turn anticipation, see pages 60-61 & 67.

When does the CDI scale change, and what does it change to?

Whenever an approach is selected and armed, the GPS 165 will begin a smooth

CDI scale transition from the 5.0 nm to the 0.3 nm scale 30 nm from the destination airport (see right). The CDI scale will remain at the 0.3 nm scale from the FAF to the

MAP during the active approach. If you are in a missed approach situation, and would like to return the CDI to the 1 nm scale, you may deactivate the approach by releasing the

GPS APPR switch from the ARM position.

Why does my CDI not respond like a VOR when the GPS SEQ switch is set to HOLD?

Unlike a VOR, the CDI scale used on GPS equipment is based on the cross-track distance to the desired course, not an angular relationship to the destination. Therefore, the CDI deflection on the GPS will be consistent regardless of the distance to the destination, and will not become less sensitive when you are further away from the destination. For more on the CDI scale, see pages 64-65.

5 nm

GPS

5 nm

2 nm

2 nm

5 nm

VOR

5 nm

APPENDIX F


0.3 nm

1 nm

MAP

FAF

2 nm

30 nm

1 nm

1 minute

5 nm

CDI Scale Transition

115

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 116

APPENDIX F


116

What is the correct missed approach procedure? How do I select the missed approach holding point?

To comply with TSO specifications, the GPS 165 will not automatically sequence to the missed approach holding point. The first waypoint in the missed approach procedure will be displayed as the next approach waypoint when the pilot performs a direct-to AFTER crossing the MAP, which the pilot may activate when authorized. All published missed approach procedures must be flown before activating navigation to the holding point. To begin the missed approach procedure prior to crossing the

MAP, the GPS APPR switch must be released from the ‘ARM’ position to disarm the approach and begin transition of the CDI to the 1.0 nm scale.

To activate navigation to the first missed approach waypoint after crossing the

MAP, press

D, then E. The GPS 165 will provide direct navigation to the holding point. If you do not have direct clearance to the holding point, set the GPS SEQ switch to the HOLD position until you have intercepted the inbound course to the holding point. See page 68-69 for more on missed approaches.

How do I re-select the same approach or activate a new approach after a missed approach?

After flying all missed approach procedures, you may reactivate the same approach for another attempt from the active route page. Once you have been given clearance for another attempt, select the starting waypoint from the active route list by highlighting the waypoint identifier and pressing

D, followed by E. The GPS

165 will provide direct navigation to the selected waypoint and rejoin the approach in sequence from that point on. If you have disarmed the previous approach, remember to set the GPS APPR switch to the ‘ARM’ position.

To activate a new approach, you must select the new procedure from the approach select page. To view the approach select page, press

R and rotate O until the approach select page appears. Press

C and rotate O to highlight the new approach you want to fly. To activate the new approach, press

E and select the IAF, if necessary. See page 69 for more on reactivating an approach.

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 117

Appendix G

A

Accesory List

Activating user waypoints

Activating a route

Activating a route in reverse

Active waypoints

Active Route page

Adding waypoints to a route

Airport information

Comment page

Communication page

Identification page

Position page

Procedures page

Runway page

Altitude buffer

Approach information

Activating

Arming

Basic rules

Cancelling

Deleting

Example approaches

Flying the approach

Missed approach

Overview

Reactivating

Replacing the active approach

Selecting

68-69,72,116

62

69

70

66

27

27,28

27,29

27,31

47,92

62-82

67-68

63-64,113

71-73

70

70

73-78

67-69 iii

48-49

53

53

48

57-59

58

26-31

27,41

27,30

Index

Annunciators

Approach timer

Arrival alarm setting

Auto leg sequencing

AutoStore™

B

Barometric pressure

Battery saver

63-65

18-19

89

64-65,87-88

38

11,67

90

C

Cancelling

Active approach

Direct-to

Capabilities

Cautions ii

CDI 4-5,64-65

CDI page

CDI scale transition

4-5,60-61

64,115

70

49 iv

CDI sensitivity

Checklists

Choosing a waypoint category

Closest point of approach (CPA)

Comments, waypoint

Comments, route

Communications page

Communication frequencies

Copying routes

64-65,86

17-18

24-25

54

41

51

27,30

30

53-54

APPENDIX G

Index

Course select

Creating User waypoints

10,64-65

35-38

D

Data transfers 94-95

Database 1,23-24

Date & Time

Deleting an approach

Deleting user waypoints

19

70

40

Deleting routes

Deleting SIDs

Deleting STARs

Deleting waypoints from routes

Density altitude

Direct-to navigation

Display timeout

DME ARC approaches

DOP

Duplicate waypoints

52

80-81

82

52

14

4,48-49

90

76-77

84

42

117

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 118

118

APPENDIX G

Index

E

Editing routes

Editing user waypoints

Enroute Safe Altitude (ESA)

52

35-38

11

EPE

Examples, approach

84

73-78

External switches/annunciators 60-61,63-65

F

Flying the active route

Flying approaches

Flying missed approach

Foreword

Fuel planning

Flight Service Stations (FSSs)

G

GPS approach examples

GPS overlays

GPS APPR switch

GPS SEQ switch

57-61

67-68

68-69,116

14-15

43

73-78

62,75-77

63-64,113,116

63-65,113-114 i

Ground speed 5

H

Holding the active waypoint 10,63-65,113

I

Indentifiers

Intersections

K

Key Functions

Knob functions

L

Leg, active

Leg selection

Leg sequencing

23

24,34

M

Magnetic variation

Maintenance of the GPS 165

Manually selecting and sequencing route legs

Map Datums

Measurement units

Messages

Minimum runway length

Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)

Missed approach

93,108-109

91

98-104

89

11

68-69,116

88

97

87 vii vii

48

87

87

N

NavData cards

Navigation diagram

Nav key

94-95

9 vii,7

NAV Menu 1

NAV Menu 2

Nav units

NDBs

Nearest Key

Nearest airports

Nearest SUA

Nearest waypoints

O

Offset navigation

Outer Knob

Operating Mode

P

Parallel track

Position page

Power/Brightness Knob

Power on

Pressure, barometric

Proximity Waypoints

R

RAIM

RAIM prediction

Receiver status

Renaming user waypoints

Replacing user data

Restoring user data

Reversing a route

Route Key

Route settings

56

3,7,11-12 vii

1

11,67

39

56 vii

2

71-72,111

20

83-86

38,40

95

95

53 vii,50

87-88

7,13

7,18

91

24,33 vii,43

5-6,43

44-47

5-6,43

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 119

Routes

Activating

Active route page

Adding route waypoints

Cancelling the active route

Copying routes

Deleting route waypoints

Editing route waypoints

Route catalog page

Route Diagram

Runway surface

Runways

S

Satellite acquisition

Satellite information

Scheduler

Scrolling arrow prompts

Search and rescue operations

SIDs

Special Use Airspace (SUA)

1-2

84-86

21 viii

55

79-81

44-47,92

Specifications 108

STARs

Storing user data

81-82

94

SUA Alert page

SUA alerts

SUA altitude fields

SUA settings

45

44-47

46

47,92

SUA types 46

Sunrise/Sunset 22

T

Table of Contents v-vi

48-61

53

57-59

52

52

53-54

52

52

50-51

48

89

27-31

Trip Planning

True air speed

13

14

Time 19

Trip timer 19

Trip timer settings

Turn anticipation

90

60-61,67

U

Unit settings

Updating user data

User comments

UserData cards

User map datums

User waypoints

V

Vertical navigation (VNAV)

VORs

W

Waypoints

Airports

AutoStore

Comments

Creating/editing

Deleting

Duplicates

Intersections

NDBs

Nearest

Proximity

Reference

Renaming

83

95

41,51

94-95

93

35-38

16-17

24,32

34

33

43

39

12

40

23-43

26-31

38

41

35-36

40

42

APPENDIX G

Index

Scanning 42

Using 42

User 35-38

User List

VORs

Winds aloft

40

32

16

119

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 120

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 121

165 manual 7/13/98 4:00 PM Page 122

®

© 1995 GARMIN International

9875 Widmer, Lenexa, KS 66215, USA

GARMIN Europe/LTD Robert House, Station Approach Romsey, Hampshire, SO51 8DU UK

Part No.

190-00066-00 Rev. B

No results