Atari. The Last Word (LW) combines many of the innovative features found in public domain text editors like TextPro with capabilities of established commercial packages such as AtariWriter Plus and The First XLEnt Word Processor. This means LW offers:

 Full 80 column editing on-screen (switchable to 40 columns at any time)

 Horizontally scrolling editing window of up to 240 columns

 Editing of up 10 files simultaneously on a memory expanded machines

 Sophisticated keyboard macro language

 80 column print preview

 Versatile cut and paste features

 Search and replace, including reverse search

 High speed editing, even at the top of large files

 Comprehensive on-line help system

 Feature-packed file selector/file management menu with up to 80 filenames in a scrolling window and support for SpartaDOS X directories with time/date stamps

 Support for SpartaDOS X, MyDOS, DOS 2.5 and many DOS 2 derivatives

 User-definable tab ruler

 Customizable, plain-text printer drivers

 Plain-text configuration files

 Completely redefinable keyboard layout

 All international characters visible on the screen

 Comprehensive print formatting commands

 Automatic heading levels

 Indents, hyphenation, and much more...

First written in 1999 and completely revamped ten years later to use an 80 column display, LW is one of the few word processors to be written for the Atari XL/XE in the last twenty years.

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1.2 ABOUT THE MANUAL

This manual assumes basic familiarity with the Atari screen editor and keyboard.

Command keystrokes are enclosed in angle brackets ("<" and ">") which should NOT be typed in. Where two or more keys need to be pressed together, these keys are linked with the plus sign "+".

1.3 STARTING LW

Boot the computer with the LW disk in drive 1 while holding down the <Option> key. (If you don’t hold down <Option> and the BASIC “Ready” prompt appears, type DOS and press <Return>). The DOS menu will appear. LW should be started with Binary Load

(option L) on the DOS 2.5 menu. Press “L” and type “LW.COM”, then press <Return>.

Note: unlike prior versions of the program, LW 3.0 is NOT compatible with DOS

XE, nor with any DOS which uses RAM under the Operating System.

When LW loads, it looks on the default drive (“D:”) for the following files, and if it finds them, loads them. If a file isn't found, default "built-in" values are used.

LW.SYS System configuration file: sets up memory usage, keyboard buffer, keyboard redefinition and path for help and system files.

LW.CFG

LW.FNT

Configuration file: contains editor settings, preferences, and default drive settings.

Standard graphics 0 font which will be used in the editor and throughout the program.

LW.F80

Special 80 column font for 80 column editing mode.

LW.PDR Plain-text printer driver file, which can be edited in LW.

LW.MAC Macro file, containing automated, user-written command sequences.

If a macro is defined for the "@" key, it will be run immediately. See

LW.EXT section 6.

Machine code extensions (expanded memory machines only).

Contains extra program functionality such as character maps, calculators, etc.

1.3.1 LOADING LW FROM SPARTADOS X

Under SpartaDOS X, LW is launched by typing

X LW

Note: LW 3.0 is NOT compatible with versions of SpartaDOS prior to SpartaDOS

X. Also, SpartaDOS X MUST be configured to use BANKED memory in order to

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With SpartaDOS X, you can specify a file to edit on the command line after the program name, such as:

X LW LETTER.TXT

LW will attempt to load LETTER.TXT automatically. If the file isn't found, LW will present you with an empty file bearing the name that you typed on the command line.

1.4 BASIC OPERATION

You can begin using LW without reading this manual. If you get stuck, press the

<HELP> key, then a number 1 to 9 or 0. If you don't read the manual, however, you'll be missing out on a huge amount of invaluable information.

1.4.1 THE EDIT SCREEN

To begin using LW, load the program as described above and take a moment to familiarize yourself with the editing screen. The first thing you’ll notice is that there are

80 columns of text on the screen.

LW defaults to an 80 column display, but you can get the 40 column display back at any time (and make the program default to 40 columns). To switch to a 40 column display, press:

<SHIFT+CTRL+W>

At the lower left of the screen, y ou’ll see:

80 Columns [ Y / N ]?

Press the “N” key, and for the moment, just press <Return> when you see the “Width” prompt. A 40 column display will then appear:

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You can get the 80 column display back by performing the same procedure in reverse: type <SHIFT+CTRL+W>, type “Y” for 80 columns, then press <Return> at the “Width” prompt.

In this manual, many illustrations depict LW’s 40 column display. This is merely for reasons of clarity, and operation of the program is essentially identical in 40 and 80 column modes.

On both 40 and 80 column screens, you'll see a tab ruler line along the top (which scrolls horizontally if you define a screen wider than the limits of the display) below that a 20 line editing window, and, at the foot of the screen, two lines for status information.

The flashing cursor indicates the current typing position.

Until you press a key, the first line of status information will be the title and version # of the program; thereafter it will default to the name of the file currently in memory. Until you load a file or give it a name, it will be called UNNAMED.TXT.

Entering text in LW is easy: just type as you normally would, pressing <RETURN> only at the end of a paragraph and letting the program wrap words at the ends of lines.

Cursor keys, <DELETE/BK SP>, and <INSERT> keys behave exactly as you would expect.

In 80 column mode, you’ll notice the editor works more slowly than in 40 column mode.

However, LW still keeps up with your typing and doesn’t “drop” keystrokes. This is because it has its own typeahead keyboard buffer. Note that if you’re using

SpartaDOS X and the DOS keyboard buffer (KEY.COM) is turned on when you run

LW, the SpartaDOS keyboard buffer will supersede LW’s built in buffer. To force use of the LW keyboard buffer (which doesn’t buffer auto-repeated keys, preventing the cursor from “running away”), simply ensure the SDX keyboard buffer is turned off

(“KEY OFF”) before running LW.

When you're ready to save your text, you can follow one of two procedures, outlined below.

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1.4.2 TEXT BANKS

If you have a machine with at least 128K of RAM running SpartaDOS X, DOS 2.5 or

MyDOS, LW will try to use the extra banks of memory for additional text buffers for the editing of up to ten files at once. You can switch between these banks with:

<SHIFT+CTRL+n> where “n” is one of the number keys, with “0” denoting the tenth bank. The program is smart enough not to overwrite any RAMdisks which are installed, so even if you have extra memory, LW may still present you with only one text banks if there are RAMdisks active.

You can see how many text banks are active by pressing:

<SHIFT+CTRL+?>

Will display:

n banks (n), using [low/banked], n reserved.

This command reports how many text buffers are available, how many free banks in total are detected on the computer, whether the program has its internal buffers in main (“Using Low”) or extended (“Using banked”) memory, and how many (if any) of the selected memory banks are reserved for use by extensions.

See “Setting up Multiple Text Buffers” in Chapter 8 for more information.

1.4.3 SAVING AND LOADING TEXT

To save the text in memory to disk for the first time, press <CTRL+S> Save text. A prompt will appear with a default filename. Either press <RETURN> to accept this name, or type a new one: the old one will disappear automatically. After you press

<RETURN>, your text will be written to disk. If an error occurs, you'll be informed. To abort the save operation, just press <Esc>.

If you type no extender, LW will append one of your choosing before opening the file.

The default extender and that defined in the supplied configuration file "LW.CFG" is

".TXT". You can change this, however, or disable it altogether by using the configuration editor.

The first time you save a file, the name you give it becomes the default for subsequent save operations. Once the file has been saved once, pressing <CTRL+S> subsequently will “silently” save the file to disk with the original name it was saved under. To save the file with a different name or to a different folder on disk, use

<SHIFT+CTRL+S> Save As

which always brings up the Save As> prompt.

When using “Save As”, if LW finds a file on disk of the same name, you will be warned. The program will ask:

[Filename] exists: Overwrite [ Y / N ]?

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If you type “Y”, the existing file will be overwritten. Typing “N” will return you to the editor without doing anything.

To load previously written text, press:

<CTRL+L> Load text

A prompt will appear with a default drive specifier. Type the name of the file you wish to load (you needn’t type a drive specifier), and press <Return>.

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1.4.4 THE FILE SELECTOR

What if you can’t remember which files are on the disk? LW has a file selector which is accessible from any filename input dialogue. Just press the <Tab> key when the program is waiting for a filename, and the file selector will appear, listing all the files in the current folder on disk.

Just highlight the file you want and press <Return> to load it. See “THE DISK MENU” in Chapter 4 for more information about the file selector.

1.4.5 BASIC CONFIGURATION

You can configure LW to suit yourself. Pressing:

<SHIFT+CTRL+Q> Save configuration will allow you to save the configuration to disk. The file will automatically be given the default extender CFG, and you should call the file LW.CFG if you want your new preferences to be available the next time you boot the program.

As described above, LW normally wraps words to the next line if they don't fit as you type. You can turn this feature off with:

<CTRL+W> Word wrap toggle

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By default in LW, <RETURN> characters appear as curved arrows. You can make them invisible with:

<SHIFT+CTRL+CLR> Toggle visible returns

These are just a few of the settings saved in the configuration. For further information on configuring LW, see section 7.

1.4.6 LEAVING THE PROGRAM

To finish using LW and go to DOS, type:

<CTRL+X> Exit to DOS and respond "Y" to the prompt. If any text in memory hasn’t yet been saved, you’ll be offered the chance to save before the program shuts down.

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2 EDITOR COMMANDS

LW's commands are all accessed by key combinations. Once you become familiar with LW's keystrokes, a huge number of commands becomes instantly available.

2.1 CURSOR MOVEMENT

The following commands allow rapid cursor movement around the text:

<CTRL+LEFT ARROW>

<CTRL+RIGHT ARROW>

<CTRL+UP ARROW>

Cursor left

Cursor right

Cursor up

<CTRL+DOWN ARROW> Cursor down

<Tab>

<CTRL+A>

<CTRL+Z>

<SHIFT+LEFT ARROW>

Next tab stop (if in Over-Type Mode)

Start of line

End of line

Previous start of word

<SHIFT+RIGHT ARROW>

<SHIFT+UP ARROW>

Start of next word

Previous start of paragraph

<SHIFT+DOWN ARROW> Start of next paragraph

<SHIFT+CTRL+UP ARROW> Screen up

<SHIFT+CTRL+DOWN>

<CTRL+H or START>

<CTRL+E>

Screen down

Top of screen, then top of file

End of file

2.2 TEXT ENTRY MODES

These commands affect various setting in the editor:

<SHIFT+CTRL+INS> Toggle Insert and Over-type modes. In Insert mode, text after the cursor is pushed along as you type, and closes up when you press <DELETE>. In Over-type mode, new text overwrites existing text. Notice that the operation of the

<TAB> key differs depending on which mode the editor is in: in Over-type mode, the <TAB> key simply skips to the next tab stop, whereas in Insert mode, <TAB> inserts spaces up to the next tab stop.

<CAPS>

<CTRL+CAPS>

Toggle upper/lowercase.

Forced control key mode toggle. Allows entry of control codes without pressing <CTRL+ESCAPE> or <SHIFT+ESC> first.

The current case is saved when you save the configuration

(see later), and becomes the default next time you load the program.

<SHIFT+CAPS>

Uppercase lock.

Toggle inverse video on and off.

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<CTRL+ESCAPE> Allow subsequent control key to be entered as normal text (same as pressing <ESCAPE> in the normal Atari screen editor. Also de-selects a marked block of text.

<SHIFT+ESCAPE> Alternative to <CTRL+ESCAPE>.

<CTRL+W> Turn word-wrap on and off. Saved in config file.

<SHIFT+CTRL+W> Set screen editing width. Using this command, you can select the display mode (40 or 80 characters), and type the number of characters per line you want - anything from 5 to 240. If the line length becomes longer than the physical width of the screen, the screen will become a horizontal as well as a vertical window onto your text. Setting the editor line length to the same length as printed lines means you can set tables out almost exactly as they will print. You can skip setting the number of columns by just pressing <Return>, and the value will be set to match the physical width of the screen. The screen mode is saved in the config file.

2.3 INSERTING AND DELETING TEXT

The following commands allow simple insertion and deletion of text:

<DELETE> Delete character to left of cursor

<CTRL+INSERT>

<TAB>

Insert a space at the cursor

Insert spaces to next tab stop (if in Insert Mode)

<CTRL+DELETE>

<SHIFT+DELETE>

Delete character to right of cursor

Displays the prompt:

Delete W ord, L ine, S entence, P aragraph?

Respond by pressing the highlighted letter, or <ESCAPE> to cancel. Pressing <RETURN> defaults to DELETE LINE.

Deleted text will fill up the paste buffer from the beginning.

Paste the text back into the main buffer with <CTRL+P> or

<SHIFT+INSERT>.

<SHIFT+INSERT>

<CTRL+P>

<CTRL+CLEAR>

<SHIFT+CLEAR>

Insert previously deleted text

Paste, or insert previously deleted text (same as above)

Erase all text

Erase all text (same as above)

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2.4 MOVING AND COPYING WITH TEXT BLOCKS

The following commands allow blocks of text to be marked, then moved, copied or deleted:

<CTRL+M> Mark or highlight block. Before a block can be copied, moved or deleted, it must be marked. Use this command to define the starting point of your block. Subsequently, as you move the cursor, the text between the marked beginning and the cursor position will be inverted. You can also mark the end of a block, then cursor back to the beginning. Several other block commands only work once a block has been defined in this way. To un-mark a highlighted block of text, press <CTRL+ESCAPE>.

<CTRL+C> Cut block. Use this command once a block has been marked as outlined above. The marked text will be copied from the main buffer to the paste buffer, providing the block is not too large. Note that any text already in the paste buffer will be overwritten. The text will then be erased from the main buffer, and block mode is cancelled. You can paste text back with the Paste command.

<CTRL+O>

<DELETE> Delete block. This deletes a marked block without copying it to the paste buffer. Because text deleted this way is irretrievable, you are first asked for confirmation. Note that the block to be deleted may be of any length, regardless of paste buffer size.

<SHIFT+CTRL+I> Write block to a file. Supply a filename at the prompt and the block

- which may be of any length - will be written to disk. The file will have the extension "BLK" unless you supply a different one. This option, along with the merge command, allows for the transfer of large blocks of text between different files.

<CTRL+I>

Copy block. This copies text to the paste buffer exactly like the

Cut option, but the text also remains in the main buffer, still highlighted.

Insert, or merge, file. Allows a file to be inserted into the middle of the text in memory. The filename you type will have the usual text file extender appended to it unless you supply another. If the file you attempt to insert exceeds in size the available space, the text will remain unchanged.

<CTRL+N> Displays size of file, cursor position, and the number of words and bytes in the file (or the block if any text is marked)

<CTRL+Y> Convert block to lowercase

<SHIFT+CTRL+Y> Convert block to uppercase

<CTRL+[>

<CTRL+]>

Un-invert text in block

Invert text in block

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2.5 FINDING AND REPLACING TEXT

LW has extensive search features which work both forwards and backwards through the text. Searches can be either case sensitive or insensitive. Search and replace operations can be performed either individually or on the whole file, with or without confirmation.

<SHIFT+CTRL+F> Define find string. This option allows you to type in the text you wish to search for (up to 30 characters).

<CTRL+F> Find string. This will move the cursor to the next occurrence of the previously defined string.

<CTRL+U> Upwards find string. Searches backwards for the previously defined string.

<CTRL+R> Replace string. Once a string has been "found" with <CTRL+F> or

<CTRL+U>, this command will change it to the "replace" string.

<SHIFT+CTRL+R> Define replace string

<CTRL+G> Global search and replace. Allows you to type a search string and a replace string, then attempts to replace each occurrence of the search string with the replace string. Unless the command is run from a macro, the first time the string is found, a menu will appear, asking if you wish to

C hange, A ll, To E nd, S kip?

Press the highlighted letter of the option you want, or <ESCAPE> to cancel. "Change" replaces the string and moves to the next occurrence. “All” will change all occurrences of the string throughout the entire document, looping around to the start of the document when it reaches the end. “To End" does a global replace, but without looping around to the top of the document.

“Skip” simply ignores the text and moves on to the next occurrence of the string.

LW always returns you to the original point in the document after a global replace operation. When a global replace is in progress, the display is not updated to show each replacement. However, you can cancel the operation at any time with the Break key.

Whether or not search/replace operations are case sensitive is one option set with the

<SHIFT+CTRL+U> set options command. If “Match Case” is false (“N”), LW will not differentiate between upper and lower case when searching. You can also deselect the use of wildcards using this command, allowing for literal searching for the inverse “?” character.

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2.5.1 SEARCHING WITH WILDCARDS

In find strings, the inverse question mark ( ?

) will match any character, just as in DOS filenames:

Find>TH ?

S ?

will match both "THESE" and "THOSE". Wildcards in replace strings leave the relevant characters in the text unchanged, so:

Find>( ?

)

Change to>( ?

.) will place a dot after any single, unknown parenthesized character.

Search strings may be surrounded by spaces to ensure that only whole words are matched. In the case of words followed by punctuation symbols, a macro to perform multiple search/replaces through the text could be written. See macros (section 6).

Note that in order to search/replace the inverse question mark literally, you must turn wildcard searching off with the “Set Options” command (see above).

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3 ADDITIONAL EDITOR FEATURES

LW includes many features to aid in the editing of text, such as place markers, pagination guides, and tabulation. The range of facilities available makes LW one of the most complete word processors for the Atari.

3.1 COUNTING WORDS

LW's fast word count will instantly tell you how many words are in the current document.

<CTRL+N> Will display the position of the cursor in the file and the number of bytes in the file (in the form n of n). It also displays the number of words in the file and a byte count (if text is marked, it will display the number of words and bytes in the marked text).

Unlike many other word processors, LW's word count only counts actual text and not embedded printer commands. Anything typed in reverse video is ignored by the word count. Unfortunately this does mean that header/footer definitions and filename arguments are still counted, since these are typed in normal video, so you will need to allow for this when counting words.

3.2 EDITED TEXT INDICATOR

If text in any LW memory bank has been changed without being saved, an asterisk will appear to the left of the filename on the message line. This is to remind you to save any vulnerable work. The reminder will vanish once your text has been saved.

3.3 TABULATION

LW's tab ruler can be set up with your own tab stops, which can then be saved with the configuration file. These are the commands for editing the tab ruler:

<SHIFT+TAB> Set tab at cursor position.

<CTRL+TAB> Clear tab at cursor position.

<SHIFT+CTRL+TAB> Reset default tab stops.

<SHIFT+CTRL+E> Erase ALL tab stops.

3.3.1 TABULATION MODES

In insert mode, the <TAB> key will insert as many spaces as necessary to get to the next tab stop. In over-type mode, <TAB> will just skip over existing text and on to the next tab stop.

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3.4 BOOKMARKS

LW has a system of invisible markers which make navigating your text simplicity itself.

If you're working on a section of text which you want to leave but will need to return to later, mark it with a place marker.

<CTRL+B> Set bookmark at cursor position. Asks for which bookmark (1-4) to set.

<SHIFT+CTRL+G> Go to bookmark. Asks for number of the bookmark to find.

Providing the marker has been set, and doesn't reside in text which has been deleted, the cursor will jump to the position of the relevant marker.

Bookmarks are saved with the file if you’re working in document mode.

3.5 TEXT AND DOCUMENT MODES

LW can save files is two different formats: Text files (.TXT) and Document files (.DOC).

While TXT files are plain text files, DOC files contain the tab line and any place markers which have been set. You won’t see the header information in LW because it is always hidden, and LW can sense on loading whether a file is a DOC or TXT file regardless of its file extension. If you want to use LW to edit source code files for compilers, etc, you should always save files as plain text (TXT) files.

When you save a file, LW will include the DOC header information only if the program is in “Doc” mode. You can tell by looking at the status bar which mode the program is in, and you can toggle between Doc and Text mode with the Editor Options command

(see below).

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3.6 USER OPTIONS

Several options and toggles are accessed using:

<SHIFT+CTRL+U> User Options

This command presents a list of options which are either switched on or off. The current state of the item appears to the right of the prompt.

Option Default

Match case [N] ( Y / N )?

Warnings [Y] ( Y / N )?

Wildcards [Y] ( Y / N )?

False spaces [N] ( Y / N )?

Meaning

Differentiate between upper and lowercase characters when searching

Display warning before abandoning file edits or overwriting an existing file

Use “?” as a wildcard character in search and replace operations

Display false spaces in the editor

Off

Doc mode [N] ( Y / N )? Operate in document mode Off

To leave an option as it is and step on to the next, press <Return>. Press <Y> to switch the option ON, <N> to switch it off, and <Esc> to return to the editor at any point.

3.7 EDITING MULTIPLE FILES

On expanded memory machines, LW allows you to edit several files at once. Setting up LW for your memory configuration is explained later in Configuring LW (section 8).

Using DOS 2.5, MyDOS or SpartaDOS X without a custom LW.SYS file which sets up expanded memory, LW will use any RAM banks not in use by RAMdisks. You can control which and how many banks LW uses by creating a suitable LW.SYS configuration file. This step is essential when using a DOS not directly supported by

LW: with an unsupported DOS, LW will work out how much memory is attached to the machine, but won’t use any banks unless told to do so. This way, you can set up a

RAMdisk to use certain banks, and tell LW to use the rest. The supplied SYS files incorporate various sample memory set-ups. To use them, rename the config file you want to use to LW.SYS and reload LW from DOS. If you use one of the supported

DOSes, however, LW does all the work for you.

You can access extended text banks with:

<SHIFT+CTRL+n> Select memory bank where <n> is a number from 1 to 9, or 0, which denotes 10. Note that banks beyond 5 can only be accessed when LW is configured for machines expanded to 192K and beyond (see section 7: Configuring LW). Bank 1 (main memory) is ALWAYS the main bank, so you can see that a maximum of 9 banks of expanded RAM can be made

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If your Atari XL/XE has no extended RAM (or you chose not to use extended memory), you’ll only have one 16K text bank and the paste, macro, and disk directory buffers will all be very small (only about 1K each).

3.8 HANDLING LARGE FILES

Although the largest text buffer LW can provide is around 19K when using a machine with extended memory (as well additional banks which are fixed at 16K in size), it’s still possible to handle much larger files by splitting them across banks. Text banks can therefore hold separate files, different segments of the same large file, or a mixture thereof. Even if you’re using a machine with no extended memory and only one 16K bank, it’s still possible to edit larger files.

When you load a file into a text bank, the message “Linked Load” will display if the file didn’t fit completely into memory. The buffer will contain as much of the file as would fit, together with 255 bytes of free space for editing (Note: because of the way LW works, any file longer than the total buffer size minus 255 bytes will be classed as a

“Linked Load”, even if the file would otherwise have fit into the buffer).

To protect against accidental obliteration of the original file on disk when only the first segment has been loaded, linked segments will not “Auto” save with <CTRL+S>.

Instead, <CTRL+S> ALWAYS brings up the “Save As” prompt, as does

<SHIFT+CTRL+S>. Thus the user will always be warned before overwriting an existing file. Beyond that, it’s up to the user to ensure that segments are saved in the correct order.

So – having loaded the first part of a segmented file, we can proceed in one of two ways:

1. Edit the first segment, save it under a new name, then repeat the process until all segments of the original file have been loaded, edited, and appended to a new file.

2. Load all segments of the original file into separate banks, edit them simultaneously, then save the segments in order, either to a new file or overwriting the original.

In either case, the procedure for LOADING the second and subsequent segments of a linked file is to follow the filename with the “/C” switch (without quotes). For example:

Load>REPORT.DOC/C

This simply loads the next segment of the file, providing (obviously) that the filename given is always that of the original file. The name of the “Last File Loaded” can be obtained on the input line with <CTRL+L>, which is useful shortcut when loading successive segments of the same file. The final segment of a file, when loaded, will not display the “Linked Load” message and thereafter the “/C” switch will simply cause an end of file error.

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The “/A” switch should be appended to the filename when saving all but the first segment of a linked file. For example:

Save As>D:REPORT.DOC/A

This will cause the contents of the buffer to be appended to the file on disk (the “/A” switch also works with file copying on the disk menu). As a time saver, the “/A” switch will automatically be appended to filenames when saving all but the first segment of a linked file. And to assist further with the saving sequence of segmented files, the filename on the message line is followed by the number of the loaded segment. For example:

2:D:THESIS.TXT[2]

This denotes bank 2, containing the second segment of THESIS.TXT. In this case, even if the contents of buffer 2 are saved under a new name (without the “/A”) switch, the [2] suffix will remain until another file is loaded into that bank or the text buffer is cleared.

Although the linked file feature of LW offers a partial solution to the problem of editing large files, the best way to organize your files is to keep them small enough to fit comfortably into the text buffers. With the include file feature of the print formatter, it’s easy and good practice to keep files below 16K and link them together when printing.

The main reason for including segmented file support in LW was to enable the conversion of large, unmanageable files into smaller ones. There’s a macro called

SPLIT.MAC on the distribution disk which will perform precisely this task.

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4 DISK OPERATIONS

LW allows full manipulation of files and directories, and has support for many different

DOS packages. The mini DOS menu allows viewing, loading, deleting, renaming and copying of files at the touch of a key. The menu displays a paged window, showing up to 80 filenames at a time. Files can be previewed on screen just as they appear in the editor without being loaded into memory.

4.1 DISK OPERATIONS FROM THE EDITOR

In addition to the <CTRL+L>oad, <CTRL+S>ave and <SHIFT+CTRL+S>ave As... commands, the following file handling features are available from the editor:

<CTRL+I> Insert, or merge, file. Allows a file to be inserted into the middle of the text in memory. The filename you type will have the usual text file extender appended to it unless you supply another. If the file you attempt to insert exceeds in size the available space, the text will remain unchanged.

<SHIFT+CTRL+I> Write block to a file. Supply a filename at the prompt and the block

<CTRL+J> View file. From the editor, this allows you to enter a filename and view the file in a scrolling window on the screen, complete with word-wrap. Pause the listing with <CTRL+1> or by holding down one of the three console keys. Viewing can be aborted at any time with the <Break> key. If you include the “/P” switch after the filename, the text will be displayed in paged rather than scrolling format.

4.2 THE DISK MENU

The functions of the disk menu are accessed by pressing the highlighted keys on the menu at the foot of the screen. The highlight bar is moved with the cursor keys, pressed either with or without <CTRL>. When you reach the limits of the screen in any direction, the display will “page” to the next screen of files.

<CTRL+D> Call up the disk menu from the editor screen. The program will read in the current directory and display up to 80 filenames (if in

80 column mode) on the screen.

<SHIFT+CTRL+H> As above, but allows the user to specify the directory file mask before calling the disk menu.

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The following options are available on the menu, selected by pressing the highlighted letter:

S pec Set the directory search mask. Use this to narrow or expand the criteria for the directory search.

Ret If the disk menu was called with <CTRL+D> from the editor,

<Return> will load the file under the cursor. If the disk menu was called with <Tab> while entering a filename on the input line,

<Return> will return the highlighted filename for use in the current load or save operation (if you were currently saving or outputting a file, you’ll be returned to the original input line with the selected filename replacing the originally displayed filename).

V iew View the file under the selector bar. Same as view from the editor without the “/P” switch.

Note: You can also obtain a paged listing (same as from the editor using the “/P” switch) by pressing <CTRL+V>.

^ D el Delete the file under the selector bar. If the deletion is successful, the filename is removed from the list. Press <CTRL+D> to delete all tagged files.

R en Asks for a new name and renames the highlighted file. The entry in the list is changed to the new name. Wildcards are supported.

^ C opy Asks for the name of the new file into which you want to copy the contents of the highlighted file. You can type a new drive number, add a subdirectory path if your DOS supports them, and include wildcards. If you want to make a copy of the file under the same name but on a different drive, type the drive identifier, then "*.*".

Files of any length may be copied, even those which won't fit into the LW editor. NOTE: The copy operation utilizes the unused part of the current text bank as a buffer. The more unused memory

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^ U n T ag

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S O rt

Tab

A vail there is, the faster the copy operation will be, so you will want to be in the bank with plenty of unused memory before you copy anything. A completely full bank actually has 1 spare byte, so copy will still work with it, albeit agonizingly slowly!

Press <CTRL+C> to copy tagged files. Wildcards are fully supported. For example, you could tag all files on the disk and then press <CTRL+C> to copy them to “D2:*.BAK”. All files on the destination drive will have the .BAK extender.

Create a new directory in the current directory, providing DOS used supports subdirectories.

Exit the directory menu.

Lock or unlock the highlighted file.

Tag/Untag the highlighted file with <T>. <CTRL+T> will tag all files, while <CTRL+U> will untag all files.

Format the disk. You’ll be asked for confirmation first.

Leave the program and go to DOS.

Catalogue drive. 1-9 denote the corresponding drive number, and

0 denotes an unnumbered drive ("D:"). This is important if you want to open MyDOS subdirectories.

This option will present a menu asking whether to sort the directory by name, extender, date, size, or none. Any other key will leave the setting, which is saved in the configuration, unaltered. "None" will turn off the sorting function.

Toggle short/long directories (SpartaDOS X only). Pressing <Tab> will switch between DOS 2.5 directory listings and the full

SpartaDOS listings.

Under DOS 2.5, displays the number of free sectors remaining on the disk. With SpartaDOS X, this option displays the number of free bytes on the disk.

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4.2.1 ADDITIONAL COMMANDS

There are several additional commands not listed on the disk menu.

<CTRL+R> Refresh file list. Simply re-reads the displayed directory from disk.

<CTRL+H> Cursor home. Moves cursor to the first filename in the directory.

<CTRL+E> Moves the cursor to the last filename in the directory.

<SHIFT+CTRL+UP ARROW> Moves the cursor up by a screenful of filenames

<SHIFT+CTRL+ DOWN> Moves the cursor down by a screenful of filenames

4.2.2 SUBDIRECTORY FEATURES

The following options only work with DOSes which support subdirectories.

Return or > Catalogue the highlighted directory. Only used with Subdirectory oriented DOSes.

< Go back up one level towards the root directory. DOS-specific, as above.

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5 PRINTING WITH LW

LW's print processor is one of the most comprehensive of any Atari word processor.

Useful features abound to make life easier when printing complex documents.

5.1 PREVIEWING TEXT

<CTRL+V> Preview printed pages. Text is sent to a 20 line, 80 column window almost exactly as it will appear when printed. Page breaks appear as rows of dashes, and page wait is active if selected.

Pause the output with <CTRL+1> or by holding down <SELECT> or <OPTION>. Pressing <START> at any time will skip to the next page, and <BREAK> will return you to the editor.

5.2 KEEPING TRACK OF PAGINATION

<CTRL+?> "Where's the cursor on the printed page?" This is an innovation also seen on TextPro, and simply prints the page and line number of the text under the cursor.

5.3 EDITOR PRINT COMMANDS

<SHIFT+CTRL+P> Print text. This brings up a menu of 3 choices. Pressing "P" will send text straight to the printer. Choosing "S" previews text in exactly the same way as <CTRL+V> from the editor. "D" allows you to type a filename and send formatted output to disk or another device (default filename extender is "PRN"). Note that the preview screen always becomes active when printing documents.

Output can be abandoned by pressing <BREAK>.

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All the above commands will read any included files (see later) unless you comment out include statements. This means that you can always know exactly where you are on the printed page, even in documents made up of many different files.

5.4 EMBEDDED COMMANDS

LW has a wealth of print formatting commands which will allow you to tailor your printed output exactly to your needs. Formatting commands follow these simple rules:

 Formatting commands consist of 1 or 2 letter alphanumeric symbols, entered in

reverse video, often followed by numeric or textual arguments.

 Formatting commands may be in either upper or lowercase.

 Numeric arguments of formatting commands are entered in reverse video.

 String arguments (footer lines, header lines and filenames) are entered in normal video.

 Stage 1 formatting commands, either singly or grouped together, must be the first things on a line. They may be optionally terminated with a <Return>. Note: if a string of Stage 1 formatting commands end in <Return>, a blank line will

NOT be output in the printed document.

 Formatting commands must not contain extraneous spaces.

Here are some examples of print formatting commands: l20 <Return>

Sets the left margin to 20. l20r60 hello<Return>

Sets the left margin to 20, the right to 60, then prints "hello." 20 spaces from the left of the page. fc Page # <Return>

Defines a running footer which prints the current page number.

5.4.1 STAGE 1 COMMANDS

The following commands, entered as inverse characters in upper or lower case, affect the size and layout of the page. Generally, they should be the first things on a line.

Where numeric arguments are required (n), these are entered, also in reverse video, directly after the command. Several commands may be placed together consecutively on a line. Commands may be followed by a <RETURN> (which will NOT print). a <n> First page to print. a2 will start output at page 2. Default is 1. b <n> Set bottom margin, default 61. This is measured in lines from the top of the page, and is the last line on which body text will print.

With a page length of 66, a bottom margin of 61 will print 5 blank lines at the foot of each page. Ensure you leave enough lines to print your footer (if any), which may be up to 3 lines long. If the footer doesn't fit, it won't print.

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The Last Word 3.0 Reference Manual f <[n]text> g <n> g <fspec> h <n/text>

Define running footer to be printed at the bottom of each page.

<n> is an OPTIONAL offset, in lines, from the bottom page margin, and should be typed in inverse video immediately before the text of the footer. For example: f3 Footer<Return>

Will print the running footer “Footer” 3 lines below the last line of the printed page. Actual footer text should be in normal video, except where Stage 2 formatting commands appear (Stage 1 commands cannot appear in headers or footers), and must end with a <Return>. Use the # symbol to print the page number. A footer or header can consist of up to 8 lines, each terminated by a

<Return>. These lines must each be preceded by the f symbol and must be defined on consecutive lines. If the footer is redefined elsewhere in the text, the lines already defined are discarded. To get rid of a footer, just include f <Return> in your text.

Get text bank. Should be on a line on its own, followed by

<Return>. The contents of the text bank will be read and printed in place of the command.

Get file from disk. This command should be on a line on its own, terminated by a <Return>. The contents of the file will be read and printed in place of the command. This works very quickly, even when reading a file from disk, because a double-buffering system is used to eliminate slow single-byte read commands.

Any formatting commands in the included files will be carried out.

The advantage that this method has over the link commands of many word processors is that the same file will be in the edit buffer after printing. You can have a main file with include statements and using the "where's the cursor?" command and print preview, always see the correct pagination. Note that due to memory constraints on buffering this command is NOT nestable, i.e. an included file may NOT in turn include another, although an included BANK may include a FILE.

This defines a running header to be printed at the top of each page, and works identically to the f ooter command. The optional number specifies the offset from the top of the page, and the default value is 2.

Justify text left. All text following this command will be aligned with the left margin.

Justify text right. All text following this command will be aligned with the right margin.

Justify centre. All following text will be centred on the page.

Justify fully. All following text will be aligned flush with both the left and right margins.

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y <n> z <n>

> <n>

< <n> n <n> p <n> r <n> s <n>

The Last Word 3.0 Reference Manual l <n> m <n> t <n> v <fspec> w <n>

Set the left margin. The default is 10.

Margin outdent by <n> chars, as in this line. This outdents the next line of text. Subsequent lines revert to the normal margin.

The line is properly lengthened to fill the extra space. This paragraph uses a paragraph indent and a margin outdent on the first line, creating a hanging indent. NOTE: To aid in alignment, the outdented part of the line will be unaffected by full justification.

Also, an outdented line cannot be centred or flushed right.

New page. The optional argument will make the command begin a new page only if fewer than <n> lines remain on the current page.

Page length. This is the overall length of the page, including the top and bottom margins. Default is 66.

Set Right margin. This is the rightmost column in which text will print. Default is 70.

Print style. <n> is 0-9. This sends one of 10 non-printing control sequences to the printer. These sequences are set up in the printer driver editor and can each consist of any codes you like, up to 7 bytes each. Handy for selecting fonts or print styles not supported by print style directives (see later).

Set top margin, default 5. This sets the number of blank lines which will print at the top of each page. Leave enough lines for your running header, if you've set one up.

Verbose include file. This sends the named file to the printer regardless of its contents. The file could be a printable bit-image, enabling you to include graphics in your document (this won't show on the preview screen, however). If you include a graphic, ensure you adjust the page length and bottom margin accordingly.

Turn page wait on 1 , or off 0 . The default may be either, depending on the configuration. Used for single sheet printing, it will pause and wait for a keystroke at the end of each page. This also works during print preview. Press escape at the prompt to abandon the print/preview operation. Note that the key press is

NEVER taken from a macro. This is so that page prompts won't steal subsequent macro keystrokes and knock a macro out of step when printing is finished.

Line spacing, default of 1 means no blank lines between each line of text. 2 will print in double-spacing.

Last page to print. Stops printing at page <n>.

Left paragraph indent. All following text up to the next <Return> will be indented by <n> spaces from the left margin.

Right paragraph indent. All following text up the next <Return> will be indented by <n> spaces from the right margin.

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[ <n> Left header/footer margin, default 10. This works like the l command, but sets the margin for the headers and footers, which don't obey the normal left margin. The reason for this is in case the left and right margins are altered within the text. If these alterations crossed a page boundary, headers and footers which shared those margins might not be properly aligned.

] <n> Right header/footer margin, default 70. As above, but for the right margin.

<n> Set starting page number, default is 1 . To begin numbering a document with a page number of 3, set <n> to 3 .

@ <n> Page select. <n> is the number of pages to skip during printing, and defaults to 0. Use this command with a parameter of 1 to print only the odd pages in a document, 2 to print every third page, etc.

To print the even pages, set page select to 1 and use a2 to start printing at page 2 Useful for creating multi-pass double-column documents or pages where the headers and footers are offset for binding purposes. You can print the odd pages with blocked right footers, then set up blocked left footers and print the even numbered pages.

<n> Set heading level. <n> can range from 1 9 . This prints an automatic section heading in place of the command. You can follow the command with a space and a line of text for a title.

Say you structured your text as follows (with your body text between these headings):

TRANSPORT

BUSES

TRAINS

AMENITIES

LIBRARIES

LEISURE

SWIMMING

OTHER SPORTS

The printout will be:

1 TRANSPORT

1.1 BUSES

1.2 TRAINS

2 AMENITIES

2.1 LIBRARIES

2.2 LEISURE

2.2.1 SWIMMING

2.2.2 OTHER SPORTS

The print formatter will work out the section headings when you print the text, so you don't need to renumber the headings whenever you reorganize the document.

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& Reset heading levels. This character simply resets all heading levels to their initial values of 1. Allows you to use more than one sequence of headings in a document.

5.4.2 STAGE 2 COMMANDS

The following commands can appear anywhere on a line, even in headers and footers, and affect individual lines of text or characters. Some take parameters, but most don't.

A handy way to enter these commands which saves pressing the inverse key two times is to enter them in conjunction with <Select>.

# Print page number. Embed in header and footer lines to print the current page number. c Centre line. Following text on the line is centred. This command can be used to centre header/footer text or any individual lines.

The centred line should end in a <Return>. This command need not be first character on the line - you can have text blocked left, centred and edged right all on the same line. NOTE: This command is NOT that same as centre justify, which works on ALL following text. If you centre or edge right individual lines in paragraphs justified by the Stage 1 justify command, justification will suppressed on that line. d Toggle double strike on or off. Block any text you want printed in boldface in <d> characters, i.e. d this is bold d . This feature is set up by the printer driver editor. Your printer may not support boldface, however. e Edge right. Forces subsequent text on the line up against the right margin. See Centre Line. i u o <n>

Toggle italics on or off. d

Toggle underline on or off.

Output ASCII char. This outputs the ASCII code <n>. The character is NOT counted as a printable character, so it won't affect the formatting or word-wrap. Handy for sending any control codes to the printer which aren't covered by the printer driver. x <n> Send printable code. Works like o utput ASCII, but the character is counted as printed matter by the formatter and appears on the preview screen as a question mark. Handy for printing any international characters not supported by the printer driver.

Soft hyphen (dash). Insert in the middle of especially long words.

When these words won't fit onto a line during printing, the word will be broken where the soft hyphen is embedded, and a hyphen printed at the end of the line. If the word fits onto the line, no hyphen is printed.

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_ Hard hyphen (underscore). Normal hyphens between words allow the line to be split at that point. Use a hard hyphen instead to prevent this happening.

Hard space (can also be an inverse space). Use hard spaces between words to force them to always be printed on the same line. A quick way to enter a hard space is with

<SHIFT+CTRL+SPACE>.

( Ignore to closing brace ) . Everything up to the next inverse closing brace is ignored by the print processor.

; Comment line: everything until the next <Return> is ignored by the print processor.

Toggle superscript on or off

Toggle subscript on or off

Add-in #3

Add-in #4

Add-in #5

Add-in #6 %

5.4.3 CREATING HANGING INDENTS

It's easy to create hanging indents using LW's paragraph indent and margin release commands. Say you wanted to indent the next paragraph by 15 columns, but have the first line flush with the original left margin. Just include the line:

>15m15 <Return>

5.5 OTHER PRINT FEATURES

Extraneous spaces following the end of a line not terminated by a <Return> are suppressed at the beginning of the next line. This means sentences with two or more spaces following the full stop will not leave extra spaces at the start of the next line, should the line break occur directly after the full stop.

Missing arguments and illegal commands will produce error messages and halt printing.

5.5.1 INTERNATIONAL CHARACTERS

LW supports the Atari international character set with printed output which directly matches the preview display. Characters with ASCII codes from 0-26, and codes 96 and 123, can be re-defined so they send the actual codes to the printer which correspond to the foreign characters in the Atari international character set. You can set up any characters you like, but unless they correspond to the standard

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The Last Word 3.0 Reference Manual international set, they won't be represented correctly on the preview screen. This feature is set up with the printer driver editor (see PRINTER DRIVERS).

5.6 CONFIGURING THE PRINT FORMATTER

The print formatter defaults for the following margins can be set in the CFG configuration file:

LEFT/RIGHT MARGIN

LEFT/RIGHT HEADER/FOOTER MARGIN

TOP/BOTTOM MARGINS

HEADER/FOOTER OFFSETS

See Section 8, Configuring LW, for more information.

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6 CONFIGURING LW FOR YOUR PRINTER

You can customize LW's print styling commands to suit any kind of printer. Toggles can be set up for italics, bold, underlining, superscript and subscript, and up to 10 further styling commands can be defined for any purpose you can think of.

6.1 PRINTER DRIVERS

LW uses printer driver files (with the extension "PDR") to configure itself for various printers. At run-time, LW will attempt to load LW.PDR, so you can have the settings in this file available every time you run the program. If LW.PDR can't be found, LW uses its own default printer driver, which supports no special formatting and will send documents to the printer completely "clean". You can load printer drivers at any time during an editing session with:

<SHIFT+CTRL+D> Load printer driver. Just type a filename as usual - ".PDR" will be appended if you supply no extender.

Printer driver files translate the styling commands for italics, underline, boldface, etc., as well as international characters, into codes specific to your printer.

6.2 CREATING A PRINTER DRIVER

Although previous versions of LW used the LWPD.COM printer driver editor, that program is no longer necessary when editing LW 3.0 printer drivers, which are now stored as plain text files. Several prin ter drivers are supplied with the program, but it’s easy to write your own if you know the escape codes for your printer.

Printer driver commands must be placed one per line in the printer driver file and terminated with <Return>. The following statements are available:

Statement Arguments Comments

UNDERLINE ON¦OFF

ITALIC ON¦OFF

BOLD ON¦OFF

SUPERSCRIPT ON¦OFF n,n,n...

n,n,n...

Underline on and off

Italics on and off

Bold on and off

Superscript on and off

SUBSCRIPT ON¦OFF n,n,n...

INTERNATIONAL ON¦OFF n,n,n...

CRLF

INIT

CODE

STYLE n,n,n...

n,n,n...

char,n

Subscript on and off

International character set on and off

Carriage return/linefeed codes

Printer initialisation codes

Assign international character code

<1 - 10>,n,n,n...

Assign styles 1 - 10

Let's step through creating a printer driver for an EPSON compatible STAR LC-10 printer (not that you need to, since an EPSON driver is supplied, but it will do as an example).

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6.2.1 PRINT TOGGLES

Start LW with an empty text file. In your printer manual, find the codes for "ITALICS

ON". For the EPSON compatible example, the sequence is 27, 52. In the editor, type:

ITALICS ON 27,52 <Return>

Italic off would be 27,53, so on the next line needs to be:

ITALICS OFF 27,53 <Return>

All 6 pairs of ON/OFF toggles (underline, italic, bold, superscript, subscript and international font) work the same way. In a document, the first i in a file will turn italics on, the second off, the third on again, and so on (see initialization string later). The only exception are the “International ON¦OFF” code sequences. These are automatically sent before and after any international characters in the document. This means you can select any font built-into the printer, without affecting the rest of your text when printing non-international characters.

6.2.2 CONTROL STRINGS

The CRLF statement allows you to set up a code string for the carriage return/linefeed sequence you want to send to the printer at the end of every line. For an EPSON compatible printer, you would type:

CRLF 13,10

This will sent an ASCII carriage return and linefeed sequence to the printer at the end of each line. The ICD Printer Connection sends the line feeds for you, however, so most of the time you can just have:

CRLF 155

This is Atari’s normal End of Line character and is the default in LW, so unless you want the CRLF sequence to be anything other than 155, you needn’t include a CRLF instruction in your printer driver.

The INIT code is just sent to the printer at the top of every document you print. You might want to send a printer reset code every time you print. To do so, type:

INIT

Follow this with a space and a commaseparated list of the escape codes for “Reset

Printer” in your printer manual. If you don't want an initialization string sent to the printer, simply remove the “INIT” line from the printer driver file.

6.2.3 INTERNATIONAL CHARACTERS

LW includes 29 special “International” characters. These are the characters

<CTRL+A> to <CTRL+Z>, <CTRL + comma>, <CTRL + full stop> and <CTRL+ semi colon>. When using a font which redefines these characters and accented or

“International” characters, it’s important to be able to coax the same accented

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The Last Word 3.0 Reference Manual character out of the printer. However, EPSON international codes and ATASCII codes are rarely the same, so using the CODE statement, you can assign an ASCII code to any of the 29 international character codes.

CODE 1,129

Will sent ASCII code 129 to the printer every time <CTRL+A> is encountered in the document. You need to set up the codes for all 29 characters in the same way.

The STAR LC-10 manual has various character sets, selectable from software or DIP switches. We're interested in IBM character set #2, since it contains most of the Atari international character set in the codes 128-255. Normally these print as italicised versions of normal characters, so you will want to select the IBM set #2 with the DIP switches. There is a main bank of 12 DIP switches on the LC-10. To get the characters we want out of the printer, set switch 1-6 (Printer Mode) to ON (Standard), and 1-7 to

OFF (Graphics). The other switches can be set according to your preferences. There is one character still missing from the printer's character set ("u" with an acute accent) which has to be coaxed out by software. The country-specific character set we need for the "u" acute can't be selected with the DIP switches, so the printer driver needs to send out the appropriate codes before printing international characters. We can do this with the INTERNATIONAL statement:

INTERNATIONAL ON 27,82,12

INTERNATIONAL OFF 27,82,0

Every time an international character is sent to the printer, ASCII 27,82,12 will first be sent to the printer, selecting IBM character set #2. Once the international character has been sent, the original character set will be selected with 27,82,0.

6.2.4 STYLES

You can also set create up to ten print styles:

STYLE 1,27,45,8

STYLE 2,27,83,2

The first number is the style ID, and the rest are the characters which should be sent to the printer when the style is selected in the document with s <n>.

Save your printer driver with <CTRL+S> and call it LW.PDR if you want it to load as the default every time you start LW.

The procedure for most EPSON compatibles should be very similar to the method outlined above, although unfortunately I haven't had access to such equipment while writing this manual.

I used to use a Canon BJ-200ex bubble-jet printer set up in Epson emulation mode with an ICD Printer Connection, and the EPSON.PDR printer driver worked perfectly with the Canon once the DIP switches were set correctly.

I've supplied the EPSON printer driver along with drivers for all the Atari printers.

Although I don't own an Atari printer, I was able to figure out the codes they use by

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The Last Word 3.0 Reference Manual making AtariWriter Plus think I had one hooked up, then printing to disk and studying the output. Note that not all Atari printers support features like italics and boldface. I trust these drivers work well with the actual equipment.

Some work may be required to coax international characters out of your printer.

However, even if your printer doesn't support them, there are plenty of utilities for downloading fonts to printers. Just download a font which emulates the Atari international character set, set up a printer driver, and you're good to go. Being able to print international characters without fuss was one of the key reasons that LW was written in the first place. I wanted a word processor which had them visible on the screen and didn't require special commands in the middle of a document.

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7 MACROS

’s Macro facility is among the most powerful of any Atari 8-bit word processor.

Macros allow you to automate frequent tasks, redefine the keyboard layout, call up passages of text with a single keystroke, create interactive menu systems, and construct entirely new commands by combining existing features of the program.

What’s more, macros can now be attached to standard command keystrokes, so they can work like built-in features of the program. Macros can even disable screen updates and prompts while they work, so all you see is the end result.

LW ’s macro commands are really a superset of the commands found in the Public

Domain word processor TextPro, and any users familiar with the way macros work in that program will have little difficulty in understanding how they are implemented in

LW. Macros are written as plain text files (NOT .DOC document files) containing one macro definition after another. A macro is defined as follows:

Where Macro ID is the keystroke the macro is called with, the equate symbol is an inverse equals sign, and Macro Definition is simply the string of characters and commands the macro issues. Macros are NOT terminated with <Return>. The end of a macro definition is merely marked by another definition following it or by the end of the macro file.

Macro files can be up to 4K in length when using “Banked” memory, otherwise the size limit is 1K. Macros can “chain” other macro files, and even selectively run macros in the target macro file.

7.1 LOADING MACROS

Macros are loaded with the <Shift+Ctrl+M> Load Macros command. If the file contains a macro attached to the “&” character, this “autoexec” macro will be run immediately after the macro file has loaded, unless you add the “/N” switch after the macro filename on the input line.

When the macro load command is issued from within a running macro, it’s possible to preselect a different macro to run instead of the “&” macro. See the pre-select macro command later in this chapter for details.

When LW first starts, it looks for the macro file LW.MAC and tries to run the “@” macro if one exists. This “start-up” macro is only ever run when the program first loads

LW.MAC. SpartaDOS X users can disable the start-up macro from the command line or even select a different macro in LW.MAC to execute at start-up. Users of other DOS packages can disable autoexec and start-up macros by holding down the <Option> key during the loading process.

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7.2 RUNNING MACROS

Macros are executed in one of three ways:



Pressing <ESCAPE>, then the key the macro is attached to.



Holding down <Option> then pressing the keystroke the macro is attached to.



Pressing the key combination the macro is attached to.

An important change has been implemented in LW 3.0 regarding macros. In response to requests from several users to be able to enter <CTRL+KEY> characters into the editor without pressing <CTRL+Escape> first, keystrokes are now scanned against macro definitions BEFORE they are scanned against the list of internal commands.

This means you can now write a macro which totally supersedes a built-in command.

You can, for example, attach a macro to the <CTRL+L> keystroke, and this macro will override the “Load” command. Note that the load command will be completely lost unless you implement a way of calling the <CTRL+L> command in another way. The only way you can now override a macro which replaces an internal command and get the internal command back from the keyboard is by holding down <Option> while typing the command keystroke.

There is one other special macro keystroke:

<Start> Pressed on its own will run the <#> macro, should one exist. This is another throwback to TextPro. However, in LW, use of the Start key has been augmented. Holding down <Start> while pressing another key combination will by-pass macro scanning. This means you can selectively run the underlying built-in command, even if its keystroke has been “stolen” by a macro definition.

The way <Escape> triggers macros is one of the reasons <CTRL+ESCAPE> or

<SHIFT+ESCAPE> is necessary to enter control characters in the editor and input dialogues. Another reason is that I wanted to make <ESCAPE> an abort key at all other times.

7.2.1 AUTORUN MACROS

LW has two kinds of “autorun” macros: The Startup macro and the Autoexec macro.

The Startup macro is attached to the “@” key and is only run when LW first loads: therefore, the “&” needs to be defined in LW.MAC.

The second kind of autorun macro is the autoexec macro, which is should be defined on the “&” key. This macro is run when a macro is loaded during an editing session with the <SHIFT+CTRL+M> command. Note that the autoexec macro will not be run in LW.MAC when it is loaded at startup (the startup macro is run instead); if LW.MAC is re-loaded later in an editing session, however, the autoexec macro (&) will be run instead of the startup macro.

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You can disable the startup macro (@) in one of several ways:

 Specify the “/M” switch on its own on the SpartaDOS X command line



Hold down <Option> while LW is loading

You can disable the autoexec macro (&) as follows:



Hold down <Option> when loading a macro with <SHIFT+CTRL+M> (press

<Option> after pressing <Return> and hold it down until the macro file has loaded.

 Specify the “/M” switch immediately after the macro filename when issuing the

<SHIFT+CTRL+M> command.

7.3 WRITING AND EDITING MACROS

Because macros tend to contain lots of control codes, it’s best to load in the special macro editing font before you start. It substitutes special alphabetic characters for the control codes and makes macros much more readable. Load the macro font with:

<Shift+Ctrl+N> then type MACRO and press <Return>

The above will work in either 80 or 40 column modes because there’s a macro font for each mode: MACRO.F80 for 80 column mode and MACRO.FNT for 40 column mode.

You may find it much preferable to switch to 40 column mode when editing macros simply because the 40 column font is easier to read and accuracy is important when writing macros.

Switch to 40 column mode with:

<Shift+Ctrl+W>

You may need to go through the procedure to load the 40 column macro font if you haven’t already done so.

All the examples here are illustrated by screen shots of the macros in 40 column mode with the MACRO.FNT character set loaded.

7.4 SPECIAL MACRO COMMANDS

As with TextPro, the special macro commands are entered as INVERSE

<CTRL+KEY> characters, and are only available from within macros. You type these with <CTRL+ESCAPE> followed by either <INVERSE>, <CTRL+KEY>, then

<INVERSE> again, or <SELECT+CTRL+KEY>, which is another TextPro feature which has been emulated to make the typing of the odd inverse character less of a hassle.

<CTRL+A> Ask for Input String. This command obtains string input from the user on the command line. Follow the command with message, ending in <RETURN>, just as you would with the macro print message command. This message becomes the input prompt.

Any following text appears as the default contents of the input

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<CTRL+B>

<CTRL+C>

<CTRL+J> field. To actually get input from the user, you MUST include the

<CTRL+L>ine Input macro command as normal. The macro will then pause, allowing the text entry until <RETURN> is pressed.

The input is sent to the paste buffer and overwrites its contents, even if a null string was entered. If the <CTRL+B>ranch Macro is used before the Ask command, the branch will occur if the input string was EMPTY.

The input string can be pasted into the document in the same way as any normal paste operation. It can also be inserted into a filename/search/replace input line with the <CTRL+B> command

(see below).

The Ask for Input command has virtually unlimited scope for macro development, allowing the creation of truly interactive, professional looking applications. Just remember that the contents of the paste buffer are lost when this command is used.

Branch to macro. Use this macro to create a branching condition.

Follow with a macro identifier before a LOAD MACROS command, and the program will attempt to run this macro as soon as the new macros are loaded. Used before a FIND command,

LW will branch to the macro if the string is NOT FOUND. Used before a GOTO MARKER/NEXT MARKER/PREVIOUS MARKER command, the branch will occur if the marker is NOT FOUND.

Used before a special macro CONFIRM (Y/N) command

<CTRL+C>, the macro will be branched to if the user responds

NO. Used before a <CTRL+A> Macro Ask for Input String, the branch will occur if the subsequent input string is EMPTY. See the

<CTRL+Z> command for more conditional branching commands.

Confirm (Y/N). Follow with a message terminated with

<RETURN>. LW will print the message, followed by a question mark, then "(Y/N):". The user responds with the appropriate key.

"Y" will allow the macro to continue. "N" will terminate all macros

(even if the macro running is nested), or, if a branch macro is pending after a <CTRL+B>ranch command, that macro will be run. NOTE: Before the introduction of "macro conditionals" in later

TextPro versions, that program's <equivalent "Y/N" command,

<SELECT+CTRL+A>sk, always attempted to run the "&" macro if

"N" was pressed. LW does NOT include this feature: use the

<CTRL+B>ranch to pre-select a macro to run if "N" is pressed.

Macro menu. Follow with a line of text terminated with

<RETURN>. The text should be in the form of some kind of small menu. This message will be printed, then the program will run the macro attached to the next key pressed.

The macro menu has been augmented somewhat since version

2.1 of LW. Since the macro menu command is by definition the last command in a macro, it’s now possible to add two extra parameters after the menu text. On a new line, type all the valid keystrokes for the menu options, ending in <Return>. Then, on the next line, type the ID characters for the macros you want each

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<CTRL+K>

<CTRL+L>

<CTRL+V>

<CTRL+X> keystroke to run (in the same order), ending the line with

<Return>.

For example, you could say:

# = <INV CTRL+J> L oad, S ave, P rint<Return>

LSP<Return>

LSP <Return>

The above macro will display:

L oad, S ave, P rint when <Start> is pressed, and wait for a keystroke. Pressing <L> will run the macro attached to the inverse L character, <S> the macro on the inverse S character, and <P> will attempt to run the inverse P macro. This way, you can keep all your macros off commonly used keystrokes, but still invoke them using simple keystrokes from within menus.

Note : It’s still possible to omit these two extra lines of information, and the menu will simply run the macro attached to whichever key the user presses.

Get key. Simply waits for a key, then continues the macro.

Accept line. In either the editor or an input dialogue, this character will pause the macro and allow user keyboard input until

<RETURN> is pressed or the macro is stopped with <BREAK>.

Note that many features of the editor, including the icon bar, are disabled in Accept Line mode. If you run another macro whilst in accept line mode, the current macro will be abandoned and accept line mode terminated. NOTE: TextPro input mode always works in OVERTYPE mode - LW accept line mode works IN

WHATEVER MODE THE EDITOR IS IN AT THE TIME. Also, the colon delimiters of TextPro are NOT supported by LW.

The Accept Input command no longer filters out cursor movement other than left/right as did Version 1.0. Only a few commands - mostly those requiring input - are now disabled during macro input mode. This change was implemented to allow interactive macros far greater scope. A macro can now, for example, pause while the user marks a block of text, then, when return is pressed, operate on the defined block.

Print message. Follow with text terminated by <RETURN>. LW will print the message, which will clear on the next keystroke.

Execute macro. Follow with a macro identifier. LW will attempt to execute the macro in the form of a SUBROUTINE or

PROCEDURE. This means when the executed macro terminates, the calling or parent macro will resume from the next instruction following the execute command. Macros calls can be nested in this way up to a depth of 128.

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<CTRL+Z> Set toggles and test flags. Follow with one of the characters below:

1-9 or 0 (0=10)

Put the keyboard into uppercase.

Put keyboard into lowercase.

Set insert mode.

Set overtype mode.

Select the appropriate text bank when multiple banks are set up. Bank 1 is always the MAIN (unextended) bank, and

2-10 correspond to banks of extended

U memory.

Select the text bank the program was in when the macro was called.

Hide the screen display.

Turn the screen on again.

These parameters should be in normal video and each setting requires a separate <CTRL+Z>.

As well as setting flags, the <CTRL+Z> command can also test certain conditions:

Test for block marking.

Test if any text is already selected.

Test for file edits since the text in memory was last saved.

Test if file has already been saved. A

You would precede these tests with a macro branch command.

The branch will occur if the above conditions are FALSE.

7.4.1 DISABLING THE SCREEN FROM MACROS

You can use the:

<SELECT+CTRL+Z> set toggles command to turn the display on and off from within a macro. Follow with an "H" to "hide" any screen updates, and a "V" to make them visible. Nothing is actually printed to the screen when the display is disabled - the display will immediately change to reflect any changes made by the macro when it is switched on again. This is a great way to make macros run as if they were built-in commands, bypassing the prompts that usually whizz by on the command line. Certain commands - such as print, view, spool, disk menu and the four macro commands which display prompt information - re-enable the display automatically.

7.4.2 SPECIAL CHARACTERS

<CTRL+P> Entered in a filename dialogue will enter the device, path and name of the current file.

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<CTRL+N> Entered in a filename dialogue will enter name of current file without device.

<CTRL+B> When pressed in ANY input dialogue (unless preceded by

<CTRL+ESCAPE>), <CTRL+B> will place the contents of the paste buffer (or as much of it as will fit) into the input line. Using this method, if you previously captured text with the Ask for

Input command, it can be transferred into any LW command which requires input. Similarly, you could cut text from the document and feed it into an LW command. Note that if the input dialogue is associated with a filing operation, the string will appear in uppercase.

<CTRL+L> Will insert the name of the last file loaded in any bank (see

“Linked Files”).

In order to make these new commands as flexible as possible, the device/path/name and path/name variables are now accessible from ANY input dialogue. Precede them with <CTRL+ESCAPE> to type them literally.

7.4.3 ENTERING OTHER COMMANDS FROM MACROS

While <ESCAPE> is used to start macros from the editor, from within a macro,

<CTRL+X> does this job. This means that FROM MACROS, <ESCAPE> PERFORMS

ITS USUAL JOB OF PRECEDING CONTROL CHARACTERS. If you want to enter any command code from within a macro as part of your text rather than as a command, just precede it with an <ESCAPE> character in the macro. Many LW commands are attached to <SHIFT+CTRL> key combinations. Obviously these have no ASCII equivalents, so how are these commands denoted in macros? Simple - from a macro, just think <INVERSE CTRL> instead of <SHIFT+CTRL>. So, to enter the<SHIFT+CTRL+F>ind string command from within a macro, you would type an:<INVERSE CTRL+F>instead, or:<SELECT+CTRL+F>This is why the special macro commands use only those characters that relate to illegal <CTRL+SHIFT> key presses.

When a macro is running, the only keys read from the keyboard are get key commands, confirm commands, text entered during accept line mode, and characters pressed during printing when page wait is on. The "Press a key" prompt after a file view/print operation requires a keystroke from the active macro to clear it and return to the editor.

7.4.4 THE SPECIAL MACRO FONT

The font MACRO.FNT/MACRO.F80 font on the distribution disk can be loaded by typing:

<SHIFT+CTRL+N> New font, typing MACRO <RETURN>. This works in both 80 and

40 column modes. These fonts define all the control keys as special, heavy characters instead of international characters in order to make editing macros a little easier.

7.4.5 KEYBOARD CONVENTIONS FOR MACROS

Understanding how the keys in LW work may seem complex at first, so before we step through some example macros, let's recap:

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 <CTRL+ESCAPE> or <SHIFT+ESC> allows you to enter control codes into the editor or into an input dialogue, as <ESCAPE> on its own normally does in

BASIC, etc. To get the escape code itself (which appears in LW as a curved downward pointing arrow) in the text, press <CTRL+ESCAPE> or

<SHIFT+ESCAPE> twice.

 You can also press <SHIFT+CTRL+ESC> to put the Escape character directly into the text.

 <CTRL/ SHIFT+ESCAPE> pressed when text is marked will unmark the text, as will <BREAK> or any text typed.

 The <ESCAPE> symbol in a macro duplicates <CTRL/SHIFT+ESCAPE> typed at the keyboard. To make a macro put the <ESCAPE> symbol into the editor, include two consecutive <ESCAPE> symbols in the macro.

 <ESCAPE> pressed at the keyboard runs macros from the editor.

 <ESCAPE> pressed outside the editor aborts the current operation.

 In macros, special macro commands and <SHIFT+CTRL> commands are entered as INVERSE <CTRL+KEY> COMMANDS.

The best way to consolidate our understanding of macros is with a couple of examples. Studying the macros supplied on the distribution disk will also help you to understand the LW macro language.

7.5 CREATING AND EDITING MACROS

Because macros tend to contain lots of control codes, it’s best to load in the special macro editing font before you start. It substitutes special

alphabetic

characters for the control codes and makes macros much more readable. Load the macro font with:

<Shift+Ctrl+N> then type MACRO and press <Return>

The above will work in either 80 or 40 column modes because there’s a macro font for each mode: MACRO.F80 for 80 column mode and MACRO.FNT for 40 column mode.

You may find it much preferable to switch to 40 column mode when editing macros simply because the 40 column font is easier to read and accuracy is important when writing macros.

Switch to 40 column mode with:

<Shift+Ctrl+W>

You may need to go through the procedure to load the 40 column macro font if you haven’t already done so.

All the examples here are illustrated by screen shots of the macros in 40 column mode with the MACRO.FNT character set loaded.

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7.6 EXAMPLE MACROS

The best way to illustrate the creation of macros is with some useful examples.

DUAL FONT LOADER

When loading fonts into LW, only the font relevant to the current display mode is normally loaded, i.e. if LW is in 80 column mode and you specify a font to load, only the 80 column (.F80) font is loaded, while the 40 column font remains unchanged. You can, however, load the “other” font by specifying the file extender when loading fonts.

For example, if LW is in 40 column mode and you load the “MACRO.F80” font, the underlying 80 column font will be loaded while the current 40 column font will remain unchanged.

What if you wanted to load both the 40 and 80 column fonts at the same time? We can write a macro which will function as a new command for loading both types of font.

We’ll put the macro on the <SHIFT+CTRL+O> keystroke, so create an empty file and type <Shift+Esc>, then <Select+ Ctrl+O>. Then type <Shift+Esc>, <Select+=> to get the assignment character. Now we can type the commands which actually make up the macro.

The first thing we want to do is capture the name of the font set to load. We do this using the Macro Ask command. So we type <Shift+Esc>, <Select+Ctrl+A> to get the macro ask character. This is followed by the input prompt we wish to appear on the screen. Type:

Font Set

Press <Return> to end the string. Next, we need to stop the macro issuing keystrokes until the user has a chance to type the name of the font set and press <Return>. This is done with the macro input command, so we type:

<Shift+Esc>, <Select+Ctrl+L>

Now press <Return> - this adds the <Return> which the macro will issue to terminate the user’s input (when the user presses <Return> while the macro is suspended during input, that <Return> is not issued to the input line: it merely tells the macro we have finished entering text. That’s why we have to issue the <Return> character explicitly to terminate text input to the macro ask command.

The string captured by the macro ask command is stored in the paste buffer. It’s stored there because it allows the resulting text to be easily inserted into the document. We can also place the contents of the paste buffer back into the input line of another command, using the <CTRL+B> (Paste Buffer) command. That’s what we’re going to do now: place the font name the user provided into the Load Font command’s input line.

So the next character we need in the macro is <Shift+Esc>, <Select+Ctrl+N>. We then type <Shift+Esc>, <Ctrl+B>, followed by .F80, and finally a <Return>. This simply adds

“.F80” to the name the user typed, signifying that we wish to load the 80 column font.

To load the corresponding 40 column font, we type the same line again, except that this time we add “.FNT”.

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A screenshot of the completed macro is shown below.

Save the macro as “FONTSET.MAC” and then load it with <Shift+Ctrl+M>. Now, when you press <Shift+Ctrl+O> and type – for example – MACRO at the “Font set” prompt,

LW will load both the 40 and 80 column versions of the MACRO font (if either font can’t be found on disk, the macro will simply terminate).

We can refine this macro further by hiding screen updates. By placing the

<Select+Ctrl+Z> set options command in the macro, followed by H immediately before the first <Select+Ctrl+F> Load Font command, we can turn off the screen at that point.

We could place <Select+Ctrl+Z> followed by V to turn it on at the end of the macro, although in this case it’s not really necessary since screen updates are automatically re-enabled when a macro ends or is prematurely terminated by an error or the <Esc> or <Break> keys.

The revised macro looks like this:

In operation, the macro is now indistinguishable from a built-in command.

TRANSPOSE CHARACTERS

LW doesn't have a command to transpose mistyped characters, but we can create this command using a macro.

Note: this macro is included in the LW.MAC macro supplied on the distribution disk, along with macros to transpose words and paragraphs.

We'll write the transpose adjacent characters macro first.

We'll put this macro on <ESCAPE> <CTRL+T> for transpose. To make entry of this macro easier, first type <CTRL+CAPS> to go into "control" mode. This feature disables

LW's commands, enabling you to type control keys without preceding them with

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<CTRL+ESCAPE>. If you need to make corrections, type <CTRL+CAPS> again to turn off control mode.

Now, with an empty editor as before, type <CTRL+T>.

Now type <SELECT+EQUALS SIGN>.

Type <CTRL+M>. This means we are about to mark a block.

Now type <CTRL+RIGHT ARROW>. When the macro runs, this will define the character under the cursor as a marked block. Next, type <CTRL+C>. This is the Cut

Marked Text command, and will send that character to the paste buffer.

Now type <CTRL+RIGHT ARROW> again to move the cursor over the next character.

Next, type <CTRL+P>. This will paste the original character to the right of the character that followed it. Finally, type <CTRL+LEFT ARROW> to move the cursor back to its original position.

We'll finish with a message for a neat effect.

Type <CTRL+V> (the "print message" command) then type "Characters Transposed", and end with <RETURN>.

You'll now need to take the editor out of control mode by typing <CTRL+CAPS>. Save the macro, then load it as described previously. Now when you press <ESCAPE>, then <CTRL+T>, then character under the cursor will swapped with the one to its right, and a message to that effect will be displayed.7.5. MACRO SUMMARY

As you can see, the scope of the macro language is governed only by your imagination. If you think of something LW doesn't do, chances are it's possible to construct the feature you want using a macro. And LW is fast enough to make your macros execute seamlessly, as if they were built-in features of the program. You can have your address or other frequently used text passages attached to a macro, or have a macro which merges in sections of text from disk at the cursor position. Check the supplied macro files to get an idea of the diverse applications of macros.

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8 CONFIGURING LW

You can configure LW so that it always loads with the settings you prefer. You can even load different configurations part way through an editing session. You can set up everything from screen colour to additional banks of RAM for text.

LW supports two kinds of configuration files. LW.SYS is loaded when the program first starts and contains information about the memory configuration, keyboard buffer and keyboard redefinition. LW.SYS is read once when the program starts and any settings it contains cannot be changed once the program is loaded.

8.1 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS IN THE EDITOR

The following commands toggle or set up various LW features, and these settings are all saved in the configuration file. They can all be set up from the configuration program, with the exception of the tab ruler. Not all the options in the configuration program can be altered from the editor during an editing session: only those options which are likely to need changing once the program is up and running are available.

<CTRL+W>

<SHIFT+CTRL+W>

<CTRL+TAB>

<SHIFT+TAB>

Toggle word-wrap

Set screen resolution and number of columns

Clear tab stop at current column

Set tab stop at current column

<SHIFT+CTRL+E> Erase all tab stops

<SHIFT+CTRL+TAB> Reset default tab stops

<SHIFT+CTRL+W> Set number of screen columns (5-240)

<SHIFT+CTRL+INS> Toggle Insert/Over-type modes

<CAPS>

<SHIFT+CTRL+U>

Toggle Upper/Lower case

User options

Several settings from the disk menu are also saved in the config file:

<S>pec

<1-0>

Set the directory filename mask

Set the current drive #

Use the following commands to load and save different configurations during an editing session:

<CTRL+Q>

<SHIFT+CTRL+Q>

Load config

Save config

Unless you supply your own filename extender, ".CFG" will be appended during both save and load.

One other command from the editor is:

<SHIFT+CTRL+N> Install/Load alternative character set

The character set information isn't saved in the config file. To make a character set of your choice load a run-time, rename it "LW.FNT" and put it on your LW disk.

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8.2 .CFG CONFIGURATION FILES

CFG files contain user preferences such a screen colours, screen width and resolution, default drive number, filespecs, etc. Many of these command can be changed via commands in the editor, and the current configuration can be saved as a

CFG file at any time with the <SHIFT+CTRL+Q> command.

If a file called “LW.CFG” resides on the default drive when the program is loaded, this configuration file is always used at startup. This way, you can keep all your most commonly used settings in LW.CFG, and load different configurations during an editing session with <CTRL+Q>.

CFG files are plain text files consisting of lines ending in <Return>. Each line takes the form of a keyword, followed by a space, and then one or more numeric or textual arguments separated by commas or spaces.

The full list of CFG file keywords is shown below:

Numeric Settings Argument Comments

TMARGIN 0-255 Set default top printed margin

BMARGIN

LMARGIN

RMARGIN

PAGELEN

HFLEFTMARG

0-255

Default bottom margin

Set left margin

Set right margin

Set page length

Set left header/footer margin

HFRIGHTMARG 0-255 Set right header/footer margin

SPACING

HEADOFF

FOOTOFF

EOLCHAR

0-255

0 or 219

Set line spacing

Set header offset

Set footer offset

Set end-of-line character

(internal code)

PADCHAR 0 or 125 Set false space character

(internal code)

TEXTCOL

SCREENCOL

PROMPTCOL

0-255

Set text luminance

Set editor screen colour

Set message line text luminance

Set border colour BORDERCOL

KEYDELAY

KEYREPEAT

TABWIDTH

FILESORT

0-255

0-4

Set initial key delay

Set key repeat rate

Set default tab width

Set file sort type:

0 = no sort

1 = sort by name

2 = sort by extender

3 = sort by date/time

4 = sort by size

PAGEWIDTH 5-240 Set editor column width

Default

219

148

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Flags (ON/OFF) Argument Comments

80COLUMNS

PAGEWAIT

ON ¦ OFF

Set 80 / 40 column mode ON

Set page wait mode during

Default

OFF printing

WORDWRAP

INSERT

CASESENS

ON ¦ OFF

Word wrap on/off

Insert mode on/off

Case sensitivity (search

OFF and replace)

CAPSLOCK

KEYCLICK

SIONOISE

WILDCARDS

ON ¦ OFF

Caps lock on/off

Set wildcards in search/replace on/off

OFF

Set key click noise on/off ON

Set I/O noise on/off ON

Flags (ON/OFF) Argument Comments

ATTRACT ON ¦ OFF Enable/Disable OS colour cycling

DOCMODE

SDXDIR

ON ¦ OFF

Set document/text mode OFF

Set long directory style

Default

OFF

(SDX only)

Text Settings

FILEEXT

Argument

<EXT>

Comments

Set default text mode extender.

Should be entered

Default

TXT

DRIVE

FILESPEC

WITHOUT leading period.

Dn: Set default drive ID

<filemask.ext> Set default file mask for disk menu

*.*

A good way to understand CFG files is to load the LW.CFG file into the editor. You might also save the current configuration with <SHIFT+CTRL+Q>, giving it the name

TEST.CFG to see how any settings you have altered in the editor are reflected in the

CFG file. There’s nothing to stop you loading a CFG file into the editor and changing it manually, although you should take care not to introduce syntax errors into the file.

Some settings – like the default print margins – require you to edit the CFG file by hand, since there is no command in LW to changed them.

Note: Prior to version 3.0, LW configuration files were binary files and were edited using the supplied configuration editor. Now, however, LW’s config files are plain text files and the configuration editor is no longer required. Note also that configuration

(.CFG) files from earlier versions of LW are totally incompatible with version 3.0.

8.2.1 THE DEFAULT DRIVE

The DRIVE instruction in a configuration file sets the default drive in LW. This is the device ID which is added to any filenames you type without Dn: at the front. It is also used as the drive number when cataloguing files using the disk menu.

DRIVE D1:

The above line simply sets the default drive to drive 1.

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8.3 THE LW.SYS FILE

The LW.SYS file is read once when LW first starts up. The information in the file is used to setup LW’s memory configuration and other settings that can’t be changed once the program has finished setting itself up. LW.SYS must be written as a plain text file in the editor. Most of the time, the memory configuration commands in LW.SYS will be unnecessary, since the settings it affects are usually automatically configured.

However, there may be occasions when it’s desirable to override these settings.

LW.SYS is also necessary if you wish to manually disable LW’s built-in keyboard buffer or remap the keyboard, or define the LW search path on non-SpartaDOS X systems.

LW.SYS may contain the following instructions:

Instruction

BANKED

BANKS

RESERVE

EXTPAGES

BUFFER

PATH

KEY

Arguments

ON¦OFF n,n,n,n… n n

ON¦OFF

Dn:<path> code,atascii

Comments

Turn banked memory usage on or off

Default

ON (with supported

DOSes)

Specify banks to be used (from

LW’s internal list)

Reserve # banks for extensions 0

Reserve # pages for extension code

Turn internal keyboard buffer on or off

Depends on available memory

ON (unless

SDX buffer installed)

Set LW search path

Attach code “atascii” to keycode

“code” none none

8.3.1 CONFIGURATION USING A SUPPORTED DOS

When using LW with a supported DOS (DOS 2.5, MyDOS, and SpartaDOS X), the program will automatically detect any extended memory on the machine and avoid those banks used by DOS/RAMdisks (providing the default RAMdisk drivers are used with DOS 2.5 and MyDOS). While manual configuration of the memory banking scheme should be unnecessary under these circumstances, it’s still possible to override the default settings.

Using a supported DOS, LW will scan the hardware to establish how many extended memory banks are installed in the system, then subtract from the resulting list those banks used by DOS (the only exception is SpartaDOS X, which helpfully provides its own built-in list of unused banks). The result is a list of the free banks on the system, rather than a list of all the banks installed on the machine. You may specify a selection of banks from this list as follows:

BANKS 1,2,3,4

Under DOS 2.5, MyDOS or SDX, this line will tell LW to use the first four banks from the list of free banks the program generated when it first initialized (the banks are ordered numerically according to the PORTB banking value, and are numbered beginning at 1 ). If there aren’t enough free banks to fulfil the amount requested by

“BANKS”, as many as are available will be allocated. In the above example –

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The RESERVE instruction is intended to allocate banks of extended memory for use by machine code extensions. It’s envisaged that in the future, applications such as proofreaders and table of contents generators will be written as extensions for LW.

The extensions load at $3300 and must first have space allocated for them with the

EXTPAGES statement, which merely allocates the specified number of 256 byte memory blocks (to a maximum of 12) above $3300 to house the executable code of extension programs (this memory is taken from the 19K main text buffer: extensions are only available when LW is using BANKED memory).

EXTPAGES 4

RESERVE 1

The above statements in LW.SYS will reserve four pages of RAM from main memory at $3300 for extension code, and a single bank of extended RAM for use by extensions which require it. If there is insufficient extended memory, or if LW is not using banked memory, these instructions will have no effect.

Another example:

BANKED ON

BANKS 1,2,3,4,5,6

RESERVE 1

EXTPAGES 8

On a 320K machine running DOS 2.5 with a 64K RAMdisk installed, the LW.SYS file above will configure LW with four extended text buffers, and one bank for the macro/paste/directory buffers, reserving a single bank (actually the last in the list) for use by extensions. Since LW is using banked memory, the main text buffer would be

19K. However, the EXTPAGES statement has reserved 8 pages (2K) at $3300 for use by extension executable code, reducing the size of the main text buffer to 17K.

You can disable banked memory use altogether by including the following line in

LW.SYS:

BANKED OFF

This will cause LW to ignore any BANK, EXTPAGES or RESERVED statements in

LW.SYS. The main (and only) text buffer will be 16K in size and the paste, macro and directory buffers will each be only 1K long. This is the same configuration LW will adopt when run on a standard 64K XL/XE machine.

8.3.2 CONFIGURATION USING OTHER DOS PACKAGES

When LW is loaded on a system using an unsupported DOS (anything other than

SpartaDOS X and DOS 2.5 or MyDOS with the standard RAMdisk drivers), it makes no assumptions about whether the operating system is using extended memory for

RAMdisks or other purposes. Therefore the default behaviour of the program under these circumstances is NOT to use banked memory. To use banked memory when

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The Last Word 3.0 Reference Manual running LW under an unsupported DOS, you MUST create a custom LW.SYS file containing the following line:

BANKED ON

Since LW can’t differentiate between used and free banks when running under an unsupported DOS, the internal list it builds when it first starts up is of ALL the extended memory banks present on the system. Therefore, if you wish to configure LW to use only specific banks of extended memory while co-existing with any installed RAMdisks or other parts of DOS residing in extended RAM, you must first know which banks of

RAM are used by the operating system and specify only UNUSED banks after the

“BANKS” statement.

Examples:

BANKED ON

BANKS 1,2,3,4

The above LW.SYS file used with an unsupported DOS on a 128K machine will cause

LW to allocate three extended text banks, a 19K main text bank, and a single extended bank for its macro/paste/directory buffer.

BANKED ON

BANKS 5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12

RESERVE 1

In the above example, assuming LW is running on a 320K machine under an unsupported DOS which is using the lowest four banks of extended memory as a

RAMdisk, LW will allocate one bank for its macro/paste/directory buffer, six banks for extended text buffers, and reserve a single bank for use by extensions. It will do this while avoiding the lowest four banks of extended RAM (those in use by the operating system’s RAMdisk, and having the banking values $23, $27, $2C, $2F).

Clearly when using unsupported RAMdisks with LW, careful planning is required.

However, when using an unsupported DOS with no RAMdisks or other components residing in extended memory, it’s safe to have an LW.SYS consisting of just a

“BANKED ON” instruction. This will simply cause LW to use as many banks as it needs (up to a maximum of 16), yielding up to ten text banks. If there aren’t 16 banks fitted to the system, LW will simply use as many as it can find.

8.3.3 THE SEARCH PATH

The s earch path allows you to access LW’s config, macro, printer driver and font files from specified drives/paths on the system without typing the pathnames every time you load the files.

PATH D8:;D1:>LW

This line in a config file will cause LW to first search the current directory of drive 8 followed by the folder “LW” on drive 1 when loading fonts, macros, printer drivers and config files, when no other path has been supplied. Note that if the file is not found by searching the specified paths, the default drive will ALWAYS be searched last. Note also that LW’s default drive is not necessarily the same as DOS’s default drive (usually

“D:”). LW’s default drive specifier is the same as the disk menu drive number and is prepended to all filenames for which no device identifier has been explicitly provided. If

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(without quotes) as an entry in the path.

8.3.4 THE KEYBOARD BUFFER

The fifth kind of instruction in LW.SYS is the “BUFFER” statement (followed by ON or

OFF). This simply turns the keyboard buffer on or off. The keyboard buffer will always default to on, unless it detects that another keyboard buffer (such as the SpartaDOS X keyboard buffer) is active. You can force LW’s keyboard buffer off or on with this statement (although forcing the buffer on while the SDX buffer is active will cause undesirable results).

8.4 USING MULTIPE TEXT BUFFERS

Multiple buffers can allow the loading of up to 160K of text in memory at any one time.

The files are always kept separate (unlike AtariWriter Plus), but may be linked together when printed by using include bank commands. You can also append text banks when saving using the /A switch on the command line. By having "include bank #" commands in the main bank (bank #1), you can keep track of pagination with the

<CTRL+?> command, or preview the whole document with <CTRL+V> without once having to access a file.

From the main program, banks are selected with:

<SHIFT+CTRL+n> Select bank command where <n> is any one of the number keys. <1> always calls up the main (unexpanded) bank, while the other 9 numbers can be set up any way you wish. From macros, these same numbers follow the <SELECT+CTRL+Z> Settings command.

8.5 CUSTOM FONTS

Several alternative character sets are supplied on the disk. Many fonts are supplied in both 80 and 40 column versions. 80 column fonts are 512 bytes long and have “.F80” extenders, while 40 column fonts are in standard Atari format and have the extender

“.FNT”. These can be loaded at any time with <SHIFT+CTRL+N>. Depending on whether the editor is in 40 or 80 column mode, leaving the font extender off the filename will automatically load the font appropriate to the editor mode. You can, however, “force” loading of 40 or 80 column versions of a font by specifying the extender on the input line. The MACRO.FNT/MACRO.F80 font is most suited to editing macros, since the control characters are specially emboldened and easy to distinguish from alphanumeric characters in the 80 column version. The other fonts provide many different styles and weights, and all provide full international characters.

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8.6 CUSTOMISING THE KEYBOARD

LW allows you to customise the keyboard in two ways: by using macros, and by using a custom keyboard layout (in the LW.SYS file). Redefining the keyboard using the macro is the best way to reassign keystrokes, while a keyboard definition file allows you to totally remap the keyboard (to create a DVORAK layout, for example).

8.6.1 THE KEYBOARD TABLE

First, let’s look at the KEY statement, which should appear in the LW.SYS file.

The keyboard customisation contains lines of the form:

KEY n,n

The KEY statement takes two numeric arguments. The first number is an index to the hardware scan code table. The scan code table is 256 bytes long, and is divided into four groups of 64 bytes. The first 64 bytes represent normal keys (without Shift or

Control), the next 64 bytes are the Shifted characters, and the next 64 bytes are

Control characters. The final 64 bytes represent keys pressed while both Shift and

Control are held down together (<Shift+Ctrl> keys in this manual). LW ’s keyboard table is exactly like the table contained in the Atari’s operating system ROM, except for the

Shift and Control block (the Atari OS’s keyboard table is only 192 bytes long).

The table on the following page shows the entire default key mapping of LW. The keys are shown in the left column, and the grey columns represent the code offsets for the normal, shifted, control and Shift+Ctrl characters.

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Invalid e y

Tab t w q

Invalid

Backspace

> f

Help d

Invalid

Caps g s a

Invalid

6 x z

Esc

Space

Invalid m

Inverse r

Key

Invalid p u

Return i

= v

Help c

F4 b

F2 k

* o l j

;

88 150

90 151

36 152

200 153

35 154

38 155

27 156

37 157

34 158

33 159

91 160

32 161

93 162

78 163

200 164

77 165

63 166

129 167

82 168

76 128

74 129

58 130

8 131

5 132

75 133

92 134

94 135

79 136

200 137

80 138

85 139

155 140

73 141

95 142

124 143

86 144

200 145

67 146

1 147

26 148

66 149

200 169

69 170

89 171

159 172

84 173

87 174

81 175

40 176

200 177

41 178

39 179

156 180

64 181

125 182

157 183

70 184

72 185

68 186

200 187

131 188

71 189

83 190

65 191

Ctrl

Normal

108

106

200

112

117

155

105

107

111

110

200 100

109 101

47 102

129 103

114 104

120

122

200

118

200

Shift

200 105

101 106

121 107

127 108

116 109

119 110

113 111

57 112

200 113

48 114

55 115

126 116

56 117

60 118

62 119

102 120

104 121

100 122

200 123

130 124

103 125

115 126

97 127

145

168

200

169

167

222

200

133

153

220

148

151

224

142

200

141

221

129

146

192

219

222

134

136

132

200

132

135

29 207

22 208

200 209

3 210

4 211

22 212

2 213

24 214

26 215

200 216

200 217

5 218

200 219

27 220

200 221

253 222

200 223

0 224

32 225

12 192

10 193

123 194

Shift+Ctrl

200

19 195

12 196

11 197

30 198

31 199

15 200

200 201

16 202

21 203

155 204

9 205

28 206

200

144

149

155

137

223

200

143

200

165

162

161

128

160

200

164

200

163

166

252

200

96 226

14 227

200 228

13 229

224 230

129 231

18 232

200 233

5 234

25 235

158 236

20 237

23 238

17 239

200 240

200 241

200 242

200 243

254 244

200 245

125 246

255 247

6 248

8 249

4 250

200 251

132 252

7 253

19 254

1 255

147

129

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By working out where in the table the key combination you want to redefine resides, you can totally remap the keyboard. For example, you could have the following line in

LW.SYS:

KEY 10,97

This will redefine the <P> key so that when you press it, the lowercase letter “a” will be produced. Note that this means that pressing <P> will produce the letter “a”

everywhere in the program. The most useful application for this would be to produce

things like DVORAK keyboard layouts.

You could use this tool to redefine the commands in LW, too. As another example, perhaps we want to put the “Cut” command on <Ctrl+X>, as it is in all Microsoft

Windows applications. First, we work out where <Ctrl+X> is in the keyboard table. “X” is character 22 in the table, and the control characters are in the third block of 64 bytes, so we add 128 (to skip the first two blocks) to 22 and we get 150. LW’s “Cut” command is called with ATASCII code 3 (Ctrl+C), so this is the code we want <Ctrl+X> to produce. So we write:

KEY 150,3

This statement in LW.SYS will redefine <Ctrl+X> so that it produces the <Ctrl+C> character. Not only does this mean that <Ctrl+X> will now be a “Cut” command, but it also means that <Ctrl+Esc>,<Ctrl+X> will now (perhaps confusingly) put the <Ctrl+C> character into your document. One advantage of this method is that it won’t upset macros in any way: <Ctrl+C> in a macro will still call LW’s “Cut Block” routine.

Something to consider when redefining the keyboard in this way is that for every key you redefine, you need to redefine its “complement”, otherwise you will have two keys producing the same code. For example, if you’ve redefined <Ctrl+X> to call the cut command (which was on <Ctrl+C>), you need to redefine another key to produce the ATASCII code 24 (Ctrl+X) in order to operate the “Exit to DOS” command. It’s wise to plan things out beforehand, otherwise it can become confusing. However, it’s perfectly possible to remap the keyboard so that many of the keyboard commands follow the mnemonics of those in Microsoft Windows applications, and such a keyboard file (WINKEYS.SYS) is supplied on the distribution disk as an example.

Note that the 1200XL’s function keys are fully supported by LW, and you can assign the commands of your choice to the twelve possible key combinations.

8.6.2 REMAPPING COMMANDS USING MACROS

The second way of redefining the keyboard takes advantage of LW’s macro capability and has the advantage that each key will still produce the expected character. Using macros, however, it’s possible to translate a command keystroke into a different one before it gets processed by the program.

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Looking again at our Windows cut and paste shortcuts, consider the following macro

(we’ve already loaded the MACRO.FNT character set before typing in the text):

There are five macros in this file. The first is mapped to <Ctrl+X>, and simply issues

<Ctrl+C> whenever <Ctrl+X> is pressed in the editor. The second issues <Ctrl+P> when

<Ctrl+V> is pressed and so on. The last two macros assign keys to the two functions whose original keystrokes have now been reassigned (Print Preview and Exit to DOS).

Save the file with <SHIFT+CTRL+S> and call it TEST.MAC.

8.6.3 1200 XL KEYS

1200XL users can assign LW commands to function keys. The 1200XL’s four function keys appear in the scan code table and should be defined in the same way as other keys using the KEY command.

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9 DOS PACKAGES AND LW

LW works with and configures itself for many of the popular DOS packages for Atari

XL/XE computers. Supported DOSes include:

Atari DOS 2.5

MyDOS 4.5

SpartaDOS X (using BANKED memory)

Even if your DOS isn't in this list, LW may well work with it, providing it follows the same basic CIO protocols as Atari DOS and does NOT use any RAM under the operating system.

Note: up to and including version 2.1, LW used to work with disk-based versions of

SpartaDOS, Atari DOS XE, and many other DOS packages which used RAM under the computer’s operating system. However, since LW 3.0 uses the 14K of RAM between $C000 and $FFFF, it will no longer work with any DOS which uses the same memory space. If you need to use LW with SpartaDOS 3.2 or DOS XE, download a copy of LW 2.1 at www.atari8.co.uk

9.1 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS

Whichever DOS you use, you must ensure that it has a MEMLO setting ($2E7,$2E8) no higher than $2000. For this reason, LW works best with SpartaDOS X which – when using BANKED memory (as it must with LW) – boasts an impressively low

MEMLO.

LW works well with DOS 2.5 and MyDOS using normal sector buffer configurations.

Resident handlers and TSR programs are unlikely to work with LW using these DOS packages.

As well as all conventional memory from $2000 to $9FFF, and the cartridge memory from $A000 to $BFFF, LW also uses 14K of RAM under the operating system between

$C000 and $FFFF. LW will switch out internal BASIC when using DOS 2.5 or MyDOS, but SpartaDOS X users must run LW with the “X” command, since the library must be disabled.

9.2 ATARI DOS 2.5

These systems require no special handling by LW and special DOS features such as subdirectory and command line support will be inactive. LW will disable internal BASIC automatically with this DOS. By default, LW will use all available extended memory

(not occupied by a RAMdisk) for extra text buffers under DOS 2.5.

9.3 ATARI DOS XE

LW 3.0 will not work with DOS XE.

9.4 MYDOS 4.5

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This DOS works well with LW. Subdirectory names are preceded by a colon on the disk menu, and traversal of the directory tree is catered for, as well as the creation and deletion of subdirectories. To display the contents of the active directory, don't forget to remove the drive number from the device spec by first pressing <0> on the disk menu.

LW will correctly detect and avoid RAMdisks under this DOS. With careful configuration, it’s possible to have a large RAMdisk present and ten text banks alongside one another on machines with sufficient RAM.

9.5 DISK-BASED SPARTADOS

LW 3.0 does NOT work with disk-based versions of SpartaDOS. You must use

SpartaDOS X with LW 3.0.

9.6 SPARTADOS X

When running LW with SpartaDOS X, you can specify command line options as follows:

X LW [files] [/M[c]] [/Ppath] [/Q] [/X]

M : Disable autorun macro or run macro “c”

P : Set Search Path

Q : Disable Splash Screen

X : Load “Clean” (without any config, font, printer drivers or macros)

(Note there is no space between the /M and /P switches and their arguments. If you set the LW search path on the command line, it will override the LWPATH environment variable. The argument for the /P switch takes exactly the same as the argument for the SET LWPATH command. See the next section for a full explanation.)

X LW TEST.DOC /M% /PD1:>LW>

The command line above cause LW to attempt to load the file “TEST.DOC”. If the file doesn’t exist, an empty file will be presented in the editor bearing the name

“TEST.DOC”. LW will also attempt to run the “%” macro in LW.MAC. Finally, the LW search path (LW

PATH) will be set to “D1:>LW>”.

Note that in recent version of SpartaDOS X, it’s possible to automate the “X” command by renaming the executable with an “EXE” extension. Thus, if you rename “LW.COM” to “LW.EXE”, it’s possible to load the program by simply typing the following at the

SDX command prompt:

LW was originally developed under SpartaDOS X, and takes advantage of many of its advanced features, including subdirectories (folders), time/date stamping of files, and command line support. LW has one of the most feature-packed file management utilities of any Atari8 application, and this is especially true when using SpartaDOS X.

LW’s keyboard buffer will deactivate automatically if the program detects that the SDX keyboard buffer is ON. If you prefer to use LW’s built-in buffer, be sure to do a “KEY

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OFF” at the SDX command prompt before loading the program. You could write a batch file as follows:

KEY OFF

X LW.EXE

KEY ON

The above will ensure the SDX key buffer is off, run LW, then turn the key buffer on again.

9.6.1 THE SPARTADOS X

“LWPATH” ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE

SpartaDOS X users may be familiar with that operating system’s PATH environment variable. LW has its own path, and under SpartaDOS X this path is defined using the

LWPATH environment variable. LWPATH can contain multiple paths, just like the SDX

PATH, is this path is searched every time an LW system file is loaded unless a different path is explicitly provided by the user. This means LW fonts, macros, printer drivers, etc, can all be stored in the same folder and accessed without typing any path names or drive identifiers. To set up the LWPATH variable, you would include a line similar to the following in your CONFIG.SYS:

SET LWPATH=D8:;D1:\LW

This will cause LW to first search the current directory of drive 8 followed by the folder

“LW” on drive 1 when loading fonts, macros, etc, when no other path has been supplied. Note that if the file is not found by searching the paths in LWPATH, the default drive will ALWAYS be searched last. Note also that LW’s default drive is not necessarily the same as DOS’s default drive (usually “D:”). LW’s default drive specifier is the same as the disk menu drive number and is prepended to all filenames for which no device identifier has been explicitly provided. If for any reason you want to ensure that the default DOS drive is searched, include “D:” (without quotes) as an entry in

LWPATH.

Another point to note about the search path is that since it is also part of the config

(CFG) file, it’s possible that the path defined via a PATH command in LW.CFG might immediately overwrite the path defined via the LWPATH environment variable when

LW loads. Careful synchronisation of configuration files is clearly required. If you want to make sure only the path in LWPATH is used, remove all PATH lines from you CFG files.

9.6.2 SPARTADOS X MEMORY CONFIGURATIONS

LW 3.0 requires that SpartaDOS X is using “BANKED” memory. This is because the program loads under the operating system (making a “USE OSRAM” configuration unusable), and if SpartaDOS X uses conventional (LOW) memory, MEMLO will be too high for LW to load. So, unless you have more than 128K fitted to your machine, you must boot SDX with a CONFIG.SYS which contains the following line:

USE BANKED

If your Atari has more than 128K, SDX will automatically use BANKED RAM unless you tell it otherwise.

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As with DOS 2.5 and MyDOS, LW will automatically detect the number of RAM banks not used by DOS and will grab up to ten of them for its own use. If you have a RAM disk set up (with RAMDISK.SYS), LW will avoid this too, only using those areas of memory DOS has certified as unused.

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10 LW COMMAND SUMMARY

Below is a complete list of every command in the LW editor and print formatter. In the first section, editor commands are described with their equivalent macro commands

(where different) in the third column. Where no macro command is listed, the command is the same from within macros. Remember that macro commands which duplicate <SHIFT+CTRL> keystrokes are entered as INVERSE <CTRL> keystrokes.

10.1 EDITOR COMMANDS

COMMAND

CTRL A

CTRL B

CTRL C

CTRL D

SHIFT+CTRL D

CTRL E

SHIFT+CTRL E

CTRL F

SHIFT+CTRL F

CTRL G

SHIFT+CTRL G

CTRL H

SHIFT+CTRL H

CTRL I

SHIFT+CTRL I

CTRL J

CTRL K

CTRL L

CTRL M

SHIFT+CTRL M

CTRL N

SHIFT+CTRL N

CTRL O

SHIFT+CTRL O

CTRL P

SHIFT+CTRL P

CTRL Q

SHIFT+CTRL Q

CTRL R

SHIFT+CTRL R

CTRL S

SHIFT+CTRL S

CTRL T

SHIFT+CTRL T

CTRL U

SHIFT+CTRL U

CTRL V

CTRL W

FUNCTION

Start of Line

Set Bookmark

Cut Marked Block

Disk Menu

Load Printer Driver

End of File

Erase all Tab Stops

Find String

Select Find String

Global Search & Replace

Goto Place Marker

Home/Start of Text

Set Disk Menu file mask

Merge File

Write Block to Disk

View File

Change Screen Colours

Load File

Mark Text Block

Load Macros

Show Number of Words

Install/Load Font

Copy Marked Text

Add-in #3

Paste Text Block

Print File

Load Configuration

Save Configuration

Replace Found String

Select Replace String

Save File

Save As...

Add-in #1

Add-in #2

Find String Upwards

Set Options

Preview Text

Word Wrap Toggle

MACRO EQUIVALENT

INVERSE CTRL D

INVERSE CTRL E

INVERSE CTRL F

INVERSE CTRL G

INVERSE CTRL H

INVERSE CTRL I

INVERSE CTRL M

INVERSE CTRL N

INVERSE CTRL O

INVERSE CTRL P

INVERSE CTRL Q

INVERSE CTRL R

INVERSE CTRL S

INVERSE CTRL T

INVERSE CTRL U

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COMMAND

SHIFT+CTRL W

CTRL X

CTRL Y

SHIFT+CTRL Y

CTRL Z

CTRL -

CTRL =

CTRL +

CTRL *

SHIFT -

SHIFT =

SHIFT +

SHIFT *

SHIFT+CTRL -

SHIFT+CTRL =

CTRL [

CTRL ]

SHIFT+CTRL [

SHIFT+CTRL ]

TAB

CTRL TAB

SHIFT TAB

SHIFT CTRL TAB

ESCAPE

CTRL ESCAPE

CTRL ?

SHIFT+CTRL ?

CTRL ;

CTRL <

SHIFT <

SHIFT+CTRL <

CTRL >

SHIFT >

SHIFT+CTRL >

CTRL DELETE

SHIFT DELETE

RETURN

CAPS

CTRL CAPS

SHIFT CAPS

INVERSE

SHIFT CTRL INV

SHIFT CTRL SPC

CTRL 1

SHIFT+CTRL 1

SHIFT+CTRL 2-0

START

SELECT+CHAR

OPTION

HELP

FUNCTION MACRO EQUIVALENT

Set Screen Mode and Width INVERSE CTRL W

Exit to DOS

Char/Block Lowercase

Char/Block Uppercase

End of Line

Previous Line

INVERSE CTRL Y

Next Line

Column Left

Column Right

Paragraph Left

Paragraph Right

Word Left

Word Right

Screen Up

Screen Down

Sentence Left

Sentence Right

[NONE]

Un-Invert marked text

Invert marked text

Next Tab Stop

Erase Tab Stop

Set Tab Stop

Reset Default Tab Stops

Run a Macro

[NONE]

[SEE MACRO GOSUB]

Enter Control Character

Display Print Position

[ESCAPE]

[NONE]

Display Program Information [SEE "SET" COMMAND]

Display Cursor Position

Erase All Text

Toggle Visible Returns

Insert Space

Paste Deleted Text

Toggle Insert/Over-Type

Delete Char at Cursor

[NONE]

[SEE "SET" COMMAND]

Del Word/Line/Sent/Para

End of Paragraph

Toggle Upper/Lower Case [SEE "SET" COMMAND]

Control Lock

Uppercase Lock

Inverse/Normal Toggle

Convert Normal/Inverse

[SEE "SET" COMMAND]

[NONE]

Hard Space

Pause Listing [NONE]

Select Main Text Bank [SEE "SET" COMMAND]

Select Extended RAM Bank [SEE "SET" COMMAND]

Run # Macro (If pressed with character, runs built-in command on that key)

Enter Inverse Character

Run Macro

Help System

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10.2 SPECIAL KEYS

These characters have special meanings when entered on the command line unless preceded by <CTRL+ESCAPE> (<ESCAPE>,<ESCAPE> from macros):

KEY

SPACE or CTRL+P

FUNCTION

If typed when a filename is requested, prints the device/path/name of the current file in the editor.

CTRL+N If typed when a filename is requested, prints just the path/name of the current file.

CTRL+L If typed when a filename is requested, prints the complete path name of the last file loaded into any bank.

ESCAPE or BREAK Abandons input.

CTRL or SHIFT+ESCAPE Allows entry of control characters on the input line.

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10.3 MACRO COMMANDS

The following commands are only available from within macros and are entered in inverse video.

COMMAND FUNCTION

INV CTRL

Macro Ask command. Follow with prompt message ending in return and optional default input string. Follow with an Accept Line command

<INV CTRL+L>.

INV CTRL

Branch Macro <macro key>. Selects a macro to run after negative confirm, a macro load, negative find string/next/goto marker. Also runs the selected macro if a load operation results in an incomplete (linked) load.

INV CTRL

Confirm (Y/N). Continues macro if "Y" pressed, else aborts or runs preselected macro.

INV CTRL J Macro Menu <menu text><RETURN>. Prints message and runs macro attached to next key press.

Wait for a key from user INV CTRL

INV CTRL

Accept Line Mode. Accepts keyboard input until <RETURN> is pressed. Also works in input dialogues.

Print message <message><RETURN>.

Execute macro <macro key>.

Set options/test conditions <option>. Follow with one of the following characters (in normal video) to set various options and test various conditions:

2-0

Uppercase

Lowercase

Inverse

Normal

Insert Mode

Over-Type Mode

Hide screen updates

Make screen visible

Select Main Text Bank

Select Extended banks 2-10

Clear Edited Text Flag

Switch to text bank editor was in when macro was called

Test for block marking (even if nothing selected: precede with branch command)

Check for selected text (precede with branch command)

Check for changes to text since last save (precede with branch command)

Check if file has already been saved (precede with branch command)

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11 PRINT FORMATTING COMMANDS

These commands affect the printed document, and are entered in inverse video, in lower or upper case. All numeric arguments should also be in inverse video (use

;

<SELECT+KEY> to enter a single character in inverse video). Filenames and header/footer lines should be entered as normal text, terminated with <RETURN>.

S<n>

T<n>

V<file>

W<n>

X<n>

Y<n>

Z<n>

><n>

<<n>

[<n>

]<n>

?<n>

@<n>

COMMAND

A<n>

B<n>

C<line>

E<line>

F<line>

G<file>

G<n>

H<line>

J<n>

L<n>

M<n>

N<n>

O<n>

P<n>

R<n>

!<n>

(

UP ARROW

DOWN ARROW

FUNCTION

Centre Line

First page to print

Bottom Margin

Edge Line Right

Double strike Toggle

Define Running Footer

Skip <n> Pages During

Heading Level

Reset Heading Levels

Ignore to next )

Hard Hyphen

Comment line

Soft Hyphen

Hard Space

Superscript Toggle

Subscript Toggle

DEFAULT VALUE

Include File

Include Text Bank

Define Running Header

Italic Toggle

Justification

Left Margin 10

Margin Outdent

New Page (conditional #) 0

Output Control Code

Page Length

Right Margin

Print Style

Top Margin

Underline Toggle

Verbatim dump to Printer

Page Wait

Output Printing Code

Line Spacing

Last Page to Print

Left Paragraph Indent

Right Paragraph Indent

Left Head/Footer Margin 10

Right Head/Footer Margin 70

Set Starting Page Number 1

Insert Page Number

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COMMAND

LEFT ARROW

RIGHT ARROW

FUNCTION

Add-in #3

Add-in #4

Add-in #5

Add-in #6

DEFAULT VALUE

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12 PROGRAMMER'S TECHNICAL NOTES

This section first outlines LW's memory map, then goes on to discuss some of the general ideas behind the program. It isn’t a guide to writing extensions for LW (please refer to the extension developer’s documentation). If you're having problems running

LW, you'll want to check out the section on memory usage. I'll also be talking about various tricks that LW employs, and why it has turned out the way it has.

12.1 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ADD-INS

From version 2.1 onwards, LW has presented assembly language programmers with the interesting opportunity to writing their own machine code routines to extend the functionality of the software. These pure machine code files must adhere to strict guidelines, and are (as of version 3) only available when using extended RAM. Add-ins

(or extensions) are loaded at $3300 and can be up to 3K in size. They can hook into editor keystrokes, the reset routine, the print formatter, etc, and potentially provide anything from a character map to a spelling checker.

A toolkit for writing add-ins is available with the retail version of The Last Word, and will include a full equate list for the program, example add-ins, code samples, and guidelines for writing your own modules.

12.2 MEMORY USAGE

Although the LW.EXE executable is over 31K long, about 4K is initialisation code which is jettisoned once the program is up and running. 14K of the program code goes straight under the OS ROM between $C000-$CFFF and $D800-$FFFF, and memory between $2000 and $3200 is a mixture of program code, data and buffers. When using

BANKED memory, the main text buffer occupies memory from $3300-$7FFF

(depending on the size of the add-in buffer which resides at $3300 when active), and the $4000-$7FFF area is a window onto any text buffers which reside in banked memory. When banked memory is turned off, the main text buffer occupies the area

$4000-$7FFF, $3300-$3FFF being used by internal buffers.

LW also uses several other regions for data storage, including the entire upper half of page zero ($80-$FF). ALL memory from $3FD to $6FF is used by LW for buffers. This area includes the OS cassette buffer, which you're (hopefully) unlikely to need. Note that it’s no longer possible (as of version 3.0) to re-enter LW using “Run at Address” from the DOS menu. This is because the program unhooks itself completely from beneath the OS ROM when you exit to DOS.

You should ensure that no resident handlers use memory from $400-$6FF, otherwise conflicts with LW will certainly occur. Similarly, and TSRs or resident handlers must not extend about $2000. SpartaDOS X set-ups can provide very low MEMLO values which can allow for resident handlers to be installed. However, with DOS 2.5 systems, there’s unlikely to be any room for additional sector buffers, etc.

One of LW ’s largest memory demands is for the 80 column screen display, which consumes about 9K of RAM. For this reason, it has proved quite a feat to shoe-horn all of LW ’s functionality into the remaining memory space. Even so, LW still remains true to its original remit: that it should run on an unexpanded 800XL.

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One thing which has allowed LW to be crammed into such a small amount of code is the placing of almost all the program's variables in Page Zero RAM. The entire upper half of Page Zero is used by LW. This is made possible by the fact LW makes no calls to the OS's floating point arithmetic routines, which require $D4-$FF for themselves. In fact, LW doesn't even make any calls to CIO for screen output: it uses its own sophisticated formatted print routine. The screen editor device is abandoned when the program starts and only opened again upon exit to DOS. This use of page 0 instead of absolute addresses makes LW between twenty and thirty percent smaller than it might otherwise have been. It also means the program runs significantly faster than it would had it relied more heavily on absolute addresses.

There are other techniques which save on code space. LW uses many memory locations as flags, which are only ever on or off. These flags are tested using the 6502

"BIT" instruction, which means only bit 7 needs to be set or cleared. So instead of storing 0 in the flag to clear it and 128 to set it, to clear it I use:

LSR <address>which puts a 0 in bit 7 with only 2 bytes of code.

To set it, I have used:

SEC

ROR <address>

Which is only 3 bytes (providing <address> is on page 0). The other bits in the byte are of no significance, although occasionally more precision is required if both bits 6 and 7 of the byte are used. Bit 6 is also tested with the "BIT" command and will be transferred to the overflow flag. Branching is done with "BVC" and "BVS". These techniques don't really yield space savings when long strings of flags are being cleared: it's as easy to load a 0 and store it in the flags. But when widely dispersed flag sets/clears are necessary, the savings can soon mount up.

12.3 PROGRAM DESIGN

LW handles the text in memory in a special way in order to achieve its speed. While many word processors hold text contiguously in memory, LW uses a pointer system to ensure that the free memory in the buffer is always directly in front of the cursor.

Therefore, when you type, there is no slowdown in the editor regardless of the size of the file. The text is moved through memory as you move the cursor through the it.

When the screen refresh routine hits the location of the cursor, it jumps over the free memory in the buffer and displays the rest of the text, which is right at the top of the buffer.

Although LW is written in compact assembly language, it is still a modular program.

Hardly any code is duplicated and – to save space – subroutines are used instead of in-line macro code. The reduction in code size achieved by using subroutines can be considerable. In spite of the fact LW 2.1 was thou ght to be a “finished” program in

2000, eight years later there were still significant space savings and efficiency gains to be had from continuous revision of the source code.

This 80 column version of LW copes some 20 years after my first experiments with the

8-bit Atari. I began programming in BASIC, then I moved on to C, and finally to

Assembler. Having looked at CC65, Action!, PL65, and many other languages, I honestly think that machine code is still the best language to use when compactness is

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Atari Macro Assembler to co-operate with SpartaDOS X, I finally wrote my own Macro

Assembler. The result - MA65 – was used in emulation until quite recently to compile

LW. It was only when the superb WUDSN IDE cross-development platform for Eclipse was published that I finally ported LW ’s 20,000 lines of source code to the PC, where I continued to develop the software using the superb WUDSN plug-in for the Eclipse platform, along with the ATASM cross-assembler. It now only takes a second to compile the whole program. Nevertheless, MA65 remains my disk-to-disk assembler of choice on the Atari platform.

12.4 DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING

After nine years of thinking about writing a word processor, I finally began LW at the start of 1999. It took only 3 months to get a fully working version, and a further 2 months to produce one which was reliable. It was this test period, during which I used

LW to write utility macros and the bulk of this documentation, that highlighted bugs and design faults for later correction. During this time probably hundreds of complete recompilations were done. The program culminated in version 2.1 in 2000.

After version 2.1 was published (to an audience of none!) in 2000, there was a hiatus of eight years while my Atari lay in a storage box on top of a wardrobe. Then, in

November 2008, a nostalgic conversation with a friend who was also interested in programming led me to retrieve the Atari. Amazed to find it still worked, I soon set about porting my files over to the PC using the fantastic new gadgets that had become available in the intervening time, and by the turn of the year LW 2.1 finally found publication. It drew such interest among Atarians that it became obvious the program would have to be updated to take advantage of all the new hardware that had been developed. 320K was now virtually the minimum amount of memory fitted to an Atari

XE, while 1MB was common. Disk storage was almost unlimited thanks to SIO2IDE,

SIO2SD and SIO2PC, and emulation meant the program development time could be dramatically lessened. The number one feature people wanted to see in a new word processor for the Atari8 was a fast 80 column display which didn’t use any hardware add-ons. The 80 column display only took a few weeks to write. Then I began to see other things I could improve...

12.5 WHY LW CAME INTO BEING

As well as being popular gaming machines, the Atari 8-bit line of computers have a huge catalogue of “serious” application titles, including many word processors. The most popular commercial offerings back in the Eighties included AtariWriter (and later,

AtariWriter Plus), Paperclip, The First XLEnt Word Processor, and Superscript, although there were also dozens of other, less “heavyweight” word processors. Many public domain and open source text editors and word processors were also written for the Atari 8, including Speedscript and TextPro, the latter going through many incarnations and being one of the few word processors to offer tight integration with

SpartaDOS, the advanced disk operating system by ICD. AtariWriter 80 and

TurboWord used 80 column displays (most Atari 8 word processors were limited to the

Atari’s 40 column screen), although these programs required special hardware in the form of the XEP-80 device.

I got my first Atari 8 – a 65XE – in the late Eighties while still at school and as soon as

I got a disk drive I began using TextPro for word processing. At the same time, I started to learn to program: first using Atari BASIC, then Turbo BASIC XL, then C and finally Assembly Language. Having written a database, a drawing program, various

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SpartaDOS utilities, and a Macro Assembler, it was always my ambition to write a word processor for the Atari 8 which coupled the innovative and flexible approach of public domain programs like TextPro with the robustness and professional, commercial-quality presentation of PaperClip and AtariWriter.

In 1989 I began sketching out rough ideas on paper, but it wasn’t until nearly ten years later that I’d acquired the necessary skills in Assembly Language to actually start writing the program. After six months and hundreds of hours of work, version 1.0 of

The Last Word was complete. At the time, the program was only 19K long, occupied no memory under the Operating System ROM (making it compatible with SpartaDOS

3.2 and DOS XE), and included several innovations, such as a ten line scrolling print preview window in 80 columns, a keyboard macro language, a built-in mini DOS menu, the ability to load several documents at once on an expanded memory machine, and a non-linear text buffer model which overcame the sluggishness many word processors exhibited when inserting and deleting text at the top of large files.

The finished program was sent off to New Atari User (formerly Page 6) Magazine in mid 1999, but by that time the title’s publication was sporadic at best and I never heard anything back from Les Ellin gham, the magazine’s editor. At around the same time,

New Atari User ceased publication entirely, and without access to the Internet, what contact I had with the Atari fraternity was completely severed. However – and somewhat incredibly – I was still using the Atari as my main (and only) computer for word processing. Since I still enjoyed programming, I continued to update the program up to version 2.1 which was completed in 2001. I felt that the program did just about everything it had set out to do and I couldn’t think of anything else I wanted to add to it.

In the same year a 286 IBM PC compatible came into my possession, and The Last

Word was somewhat overshadowed by Windows 3.1 and Word for Windows 2.0. Even though I was still somewhat behind the times, the PC opened up a whole new world and began to make writing programs for the Atari seem like a rather pointless exercise

(especially without any kind of user base for my software). Within a couple of years, with access to the Internet and a more powerful Windows computer, I began to concentrate on PC construction and maintenance. The Atari was consigned to a box on top of a cupboard and for years I thought no more about it.

It wasn’t until late 2008 after a nostalgic conversation with a friend who, like me, had fond recollections of 6502 assembly language programming that I decided to retrieve the Atari and find out if there were still any Internet forums dedicated to the old computer. I was surprised to discover there was still a thriving online Atari community, and astonished by the number and variety of technological developments that had been devised in the intervening years.

Fortunately, my 65XE (which had been upgraded to 130XE standard some fifteen years previously) and XF551 disk drive were both still fully functional (not to mention surprisingly well preserved) and it wasn’t long before I’d bought an SIO2SD device, transferred most of my 5¼” floppy disks to the PC, and ran The Last Word 2.1 on an emulated Atari for the first time. Soon afterwards, I set up a website at www.atari8.co.uk

and released the word processor, along with the macro assembler and some other utilities. After adopting the forums at www.atariage.com

as my second home, I received immediate (and mostly positive) feedback on the word processor, although I was also alerted to a fatal bug which meant the program wouldn’t work on

NTSC Ataris. Fortunately the bug was easily fixed and LW soon built up a following among fans of “serious” Atari applications.

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Although I’d always considered version 2.1 of LW the “final” version, people soon came up with new things they’d like to see included in the program. Far and away top of the list was support for 80 column displays (including devices such as XEP-80 and

VBXE). I was reluctant to try this, not least because I didn’t have access to the necessary hardware and emulator support for XEP-80 and VBXE was limited at the time. The only alternative was to attempt a software 80 column display driver, which is was hesitant to do since I couldn’t see it being fast enough. However, after some discussion with Claus Bucholz and having borrowed some ideas from his Ace-80 display driver, I figured out something that worked with similarly impressive speed. Key to the efficiency of the 80 column display is the way in which it only redraws those areas of the screen which have changed following edits. It also uses a dynamic display list to handle scrolling.

The original intention was to have two separate versions of the program: one which worked in 80 columns and another which worked in 40 columns. However, not only did it soon become difficult to synchronise the development of two different versions of the program, but an easy way became apparent to switch between the two display modes.

Thereafter, LW had a dual display and to my knowledge is the only Atari 8-bit word processor capable of switching from a 40 to an 80 column display and back again at any time, and without any hardware add-ons, and without changing the cursor position in the current document.

A side-effect of the 80 column display was an increased memory footprint, which necessitated the positioning of 14K of the program code under the Atari’s Operating

System ROM. This meant the program was no longer compatible with DOS XE and disk-based versions of SpartaDOS. However, this change also allowed for extra features to be added to the program, and during the first half of 2009 most of the program was revamped and support was added for long SpartaDOS time/date stamped filenames on the disk menu, and for splitting large files across text banks.

One of the most important enhancements to the program was the font collection designed by Paul Fisher. This large selection of matching 80 and 40 column font pairs, specially created for LW, together with the new title screen and product logo, lent the program an even more professional edge and elevated the quality of the product beyond all expectations. Paul’s contribution to the design side of The Last Word 3.0 cannot be overestimated, and I hope to make use of his considerable flair and skill in future projects.

In June 2009, having up until then developed the program entirely using my own

XEDIT text editor and MA65 Macro Assembler

– initially on real hardware and latterly under emulation on the PC – I migrated to the ATASM cross-compiler and the newly released WUDSN integrated development environment. Fond as I was of using my own Atari-based development tools, there was no doubt that developing under

WUDSN more than doubled my productivity, and by mid October 2009 The Last Word

3.0 (now almost 32K in size) was at last ready for release.

The Last Word would never have seen the light of day If it wasn’t for the encouragement and help I’ve received from members of the Atari community in

Europe and the United States. Special thanks must go to Paul Fisher and Konrad

Kokoszkiewicz, without whom the completion of the program as it stands would have been impossible. I must also thank all the beta testers who spent time reporting bugs and making suggestions on the AtariAge forums; thanks to Sebastian Bartkowicz and

Cabell Clarke for help with SpartaDOS, and to Claus Bucholz for the source code and inspiration provided by Ace-80, Marcin Prusisz for SIO2SD and SIO2IDE, and to Mark

Grebe for his continued improvements to the Atari800MacX emulator.

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So what’s next for The Last Word? With the advent of video enhancements such as

VBXE, larger memory capacities as standard on Atari 8 computers, almost unlimited mass storage, and readily available flash cartridges, the time seems right for a fully

WYSIWYG word processor for the Atari 8. Many commendable attempts at graphical operating systems (or applications employing GUIs) have been made on the Atari since the mid Eighties. One of the earliest was Diamond GOS by Alan Reeve, which closely emulated the look and feel of GEM on the Atari ST. Sadly it was let down by a lack of application support, which seems to be where many GUI operating systems fall down. More recently we’ve seen many ambitious GUIs, but none have seemed quite as cohesive and useable as GEOS on the Commodore 64, which was written in the

1980s. My intention is ultimately to make The Last Word the centrepiece application for a new Atari GUI which is able to take advantage of the hardware enhancements we’ve seen over the past few years.

In the meantime, I hope to release various add-ons for LW 3.0 such as a spellingchecker, character map, calculator, and a programmer’s toolkit. There’ll also be a special VBXE-compatible edition of LW 3.0 at some point, offering clearer 80 column fonts (in fact it will do away with the need for special 80 column fonts altogether) and f aster operation in 80 column mode. There’s also the possibility of a cartridge-based version of the program one day, or at least a cartridge version of the GUI it will eventually run on.

12.6 DEVELOPMENT

There are still many features I’d like to implement in future versions of LW. These include:



Proportional fonts available in different typefaces with underline, bold and italic effects.



Larger, seamless text buffers capable of holding files up to 32K.



Support for mouse input, complete with a menu system and dialogues.

Whether any of these features see the light of day remains to be seen. Only with the advent of fast PC based emulation and through the medium of Internet-based communities has The Last Word finally seen the light of day. It’s still fun to see what can be done with the 8-bit Atari!

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12.7 CORRESPONDENCE

Any enquiries, bug reports, etc, should be addressed to me, Jonathan Halliday at [email protected]

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The Last Word

Professional Word Processing for the Atari XL/XE

With dual 40 and 80 column displays.

Written by and Copyright © Jonathan Halliday 1999-2009

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE LAST WORD

1.2 ABOUT THE MANUAL

1.3 STARTING LW

1.4 BASIC OPERATION

2 EDITOR COMMANDS

2.1 CURSOR MOVEMENT

2.2 TEXT ENTRY MODES

2.3 INSERTING AND DELETING TEXT

2.4 MOVING AND COPYING WITH TEXT BLOCKS

2.5 FINDING AND REPLACING TEXT

3 ADDITIONAL EDITOR FEATURES

3.1 COUNTING WORDS

3.2 EDITED TEXT INDICATOR

3.3 TABULATION

3.4 BOOKMARKS

3.5 TEXT AND DOCUMENT MODES

3.6 USER OPTIONS

Option Default

Meaning

3.7 EDITING MULTIPLE FILES

3.8 HANDLING LARGE FILES

4 DISK OPERATIONS

4.1 DISK OPERATIONS FROM THE EDITOR

4.2 THE DISK MENU

5 PRINTING WITH LW

5.1 PREVIEWING TEXT

5.2 KEEPING TRACK OF PAGINATION

5.3 EDITOR PRINT COMMANDS

5.4 EMBEDDED COMMANDS

5.5 OTHER PRINT FEATURES

5.6 CONFIGURING THE PRINT FORMATTER

6 CONFIGURING LW FOR YOUR PRINTER

6.1 PRINTER DRIVERS

6.2 CREATING A PRINTER DRIVER

Statement Arguments Comments

7 MACROS

7.1 LOADING MACROS

7.2 RUNNING MACROS

7.3 WRITING AND EDITING MACROS

7.4 SPECIAL MACRO COMMANDS

7.5 CREATING AND EDITING MACROS

alphabetic

7.6 EXAMPLE MACROS

DUAL FONT LOADER

TRANSPOSE CHARACTERS

8 CONFIGURING LW

8.1 CONFIGURATION OPTIONS IN THE EDITOR

8.2 .CFG CONFIGURATION FILES

8.3 THE LW.SYS FILE

8.4 USING MULTIPE TEXT BUFFERS

8.5 CUSTOM FONTS

8.6 CUSTOMISING THE KEYBOARD

everywhere in the program. The most useful application for this would be to produce

9 DOS PACKAGES AND LW

9.1 MEMORY REQUIREMENTS

9.2 ATARI DOS 2.5

9.3 ATARI DOS XE

9.4 MYDOS 4.5

9.5 DISK-BASED SPARTADOS

9.6 SPARTADOS X

10 LW COMMAND SUMMARY

10.1 EDITOR COMMANDS

10.2 SPECIAL KEYS

10.3 MACRO COMMANDS

11 PRINT FORMATTING COMMANDS

12 PROGRAMMER'S TECHNICAL NOTES

12.1 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE ADD-INS

12.2 MEMORY USAGE

12.3 PROGRAM DESIGN

12.4 DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING

12.5 WHY LW CAME INTO BEING

12.6 DEVELOPMENT

12.7 CORRESPONDENCE

Correlati