Palo Alto Network M-200 Reference Manual
Palo Alto Network M-200 is a multi-function appliance that can be configured for various use cases, including Panorama Management, Panorama Management-only, Panorama Log Collector, and PAN-DB Private Cloud. It features a 240GB solid-state drive for the operating system and system logs, along with multiple Ethernet ports for network connectivity. Additionally, it includes a console port for management access and redundant power supplies for high availability.
Advertisement
Advertisement
M-200 and M-600 Appliance Hardware Reference paloaltonetworks.com/documentation Contact Information Corporate Headquarters: Palo Alto Networks 3000 Tannery Way Santa Clara, CA 95054 www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/contact-support About the Documentation • For the most recent version of this guide or for access to related documentation, visit the Technical Documentation portal www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation. • To search for a specific topic, go to our search page www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/ document-search.html. • Have feedback or questions for us? Leave a comment on any page in the portal, or write to us at [email protected]. Copyright Palo Alto Networks, Inc. www.paloaltonetworks.com © 2018-2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Palo Alto Networks is a registered trademark of Palo Alto Networks. A list of our trademarks can be found at www.paloaltonetworks.com/company/ trademarks.html. All other marks mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. Last Revised August 2, 2018 2 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Table of Contents Before You Begin................................................................................................ 5 Tamper Proof Statement........................................................................................................................... 7 Third-Party Component Support.............................................................................................................8 Product Safety Warnings.......................................................................................................................... 9 M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview.....................................................13 M-200 Appliance Front Panel............................................................................................................... 15 M-200 Appliance Back Panel................................................................................................................ 17 M-600 Appliance Front Panel............................................................................................................... 19 M-600 Appliance Back Panel................................................................................................................ 21 M-200 and M-600 Appliance Port LEDs............................................................................................24 Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack......................25 Install the M-200 Appliance in a 19” Equipment Rack....................................................................27 Install the M-600 Appliance in a 19” Equipment Rack....................................................................30 Connect Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance.................................. 33 Connect AC Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance................................................................... 35 Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance...................................................... 37 Replace an M-200 or M-600 Drive..................................................................................................... 39 Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance System Drive.......................................................39 Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance Log Drive............................................................. 41 Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance Power Supply...................................................................45 M-200 and M-600 Appliance Specifications............................................. 47 M-200 and M-600 Physical Specifications.........................................................................................49 M-200 and M-600 Electrical Specifications.......................................................................................50 M-200 and M-600 Environmental Specifications.............................................................................51 M-200 and M-600 Miscellaneous Specifications............................................................................. 52 M-200 and M-600 Appliance Hardware Compliance Statements........ 53 M-200 and M-600 Compliance Statements...................................................................................... 55 TABLE OF CONTENTS iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Before You Begin Read the following topics before you install or service a Palo Alto Networks® next-generation firewall or appliance. The following topics apply to all Palo Alto Networks firewalls and appliances except where noted. > Tamper Proof Statement > Third-Party Component Support > Product Safety Warnings 5 6 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Before You Begin © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Tamper Proof Statement To ensure that products purchased from Palo Alto Networks were not tampered with during shipping, verify the following upon receipt of each product: • The tracking number provided to you electronically when ordering the product matches the tracking number that is physically labeled on the box or crate. • The integrity of the tamper-proof tape used to seal the box or crate is not compromised. • The integrity of the warranty label on the firewall or appliance is not compromised. (PA-7000 Series firewalls only) PA-7000 Series firewalls are modular systems and therefore do not include a warranty label on the firewall. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Before You Begin 7 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Third-Party Component Support Before you consider installing third-party hardware, read the Palo Alto Networks Third-Party Component Support statement. 8 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Before You Begin © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Product Safety Warnings To avoid personal injury or death for yourself and others and to avoid damage to your Palo Alto Networks hardware, be sure you understand and prepare for the following warnings before you install or service the hardware. You will also see warning messages throughout the hardware reference where potential hazards exist. All Palo Alto Networks products with laser-based optical interfaces comply with 21 CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11. The following safety warnings apply to all Palo Alto Networks firewalls and appliances, unless a specific hardware model is specified. • When installing or servicing a Palo Alto Networks firewall or appliance hardware component that has exposed circuits, ensure that you wear an electrostatic discharge (ESD) strap. Before handling the component, make sure the metal contact on the wrist strap is touching your skin and that the other end of the strap is connected to earth ground. French Translation: Lorsque vous installez ou que vous intervenez sur un composant matériel de pare-feu ou de dispositif Palo Alto Networks qui présente des circuits exposés, veillez à porter un bracelet antistatique. Avant de manipuler le composant, vérifiez que le contact métallique du bracelet antistatique est en contact avec votre peau et que l’autre extrémité du bracelet est raccordée à la terre. • Use grounded and shielded Ethernet cables to ensure agency compliance with electromagnetic compliance (EMC) regulations. French Translation: D es câbles Ethernet blindés reliés à la terre doivent être utilisés pour garantir la conformité de l'organisme aux émissions électromagnétiques (CEM). • (PA-220 firewalls only) The PA-220 firewall meets the requirements of IEC 61000-4-5 surge immunity test. To prevent damage from electrical surges on Ethernet ports, we recommend that you use an Ethernet surge protection device with the following specifications: • • • • Rated for Gigabit Ethernet up to category 5E and minimum 1Gbps. Protection provided on all eight signal leads. Both line-to-line and line-to-ground/shield are provided. Protection device must be connected to earth ground and use shielded category 5E or higher Ethernet cable. Technical Specifications: • Protective circuit complies with IEC test classifications B2, C1, C2, C3, and D1. • Normal discharge current (core to earth ground) is 2kA per signal pair. • Normal discharge current (core to core) is 100A. • Total discharge current is 10kA. • French Translation: (PA-220 uniquement) Les pare-feux PA-220 sont conformes aux exigences du test d’immunité aux surtensions IEC 61000-4-5. Pour éviter les dommages résultant de surtension électrique sur les ports Ethernet, il est recommandé d’utiliser un dispositif de protection contre les surtensions aux caractéristiques suivantes: • • • • Gigabit Ethernet jusqu’à la catégorie 5E, débit 1 Go/s minimum. Protection sur les huit câbles signal. Le blindage et la mise à la terre “ligne à ligne” et “ligne à la terre” sont fournis. Le dispositif de protection doit être raccordé à la terre et un câble Ethernet blindé de catégorie 5E ou supérieure doit être utilisé. Caractéristiques techniques: M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Before You Begin 9 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. • Le circuit de protection est conforme aux classifications de test IEC B2, C1, C2, C3, et D1. • Le courant de décharge normal (cœur vers terre) est de 2kA par paire de signal. • Le courant de décharge normal (cœur vers cœur) est de 100 A. • Le courant de décharge total est de 10kA. • Do not connect a supply voltage that exceeds the input range of the firewall or appliance. For details on the electrical range, refer to electrical specifications in the hardware reference for your firewall or appliance. French Translation: Veillez à ce que la tension d’alimentation ne dépasse pas la plage d’entrée du pare-feu ou du dispositif. Pour plus d’informations sur la mesure électrique, consulter la rubrique des caractéristiques électriques dans la documentation de votre matériel de pare-feu ou votre dispositif. • Do not replace a battery with an incorrect battery type; doing so can cause the replacement battery to explode. Dispose of used batteries according to local regulations. French Translation: Ne remplacez pas la batterie par une batterie de type non adapté, cette dernière risquerait d’exploser. Mettez au rebut les batteries usagées conformément aux instructions. • (All firewalls with two or more power supplies) Disconnect all power cords (AC or DC) from the power inputs to fully de-energize the hardware. French Translation: (Tous les pare-feux avec au moins deux sources d’alimentation) Débranchez tous les cordons d’alimentation (c.a. ou c.c.) des entrées d’alimentation et mettez le matériel hors tension. • (PA-7000 Series firewalls only) When removing a fan tray from a PA-7000 Series firewall, first pull the fan tray out about 1 inch (2.5cm) and then wait a minimum of 10 seconds before extracting the entire fan tray. This allows the fans to stop spinning and helps you avoid serious injury when removing the fan tray. You can replace a fan tray while the firewall is powered on but you must replace it within 45 seconds and you can only replace one fan tray at a time to prevent the thermal protection circuit from shutting down the firewall. French Translation: (Pare-feu PA-7000 uniquement) Lors du retrait d’un tiroir de ventilation d’un parefeu PA-7000, retirez tout d’abord le tiroir sur 2,5 cm, puis patientez au moins 10 secondes avant de retirer complètement le tiroir de ventilation. Cela permet aux ventilateurs d’arrêter de tourner et permet d’éviter des blessures graves lors du retrait du tiroir. Vous pouvez remplacer un tiroir de ventilation lors de la mise sous tension du pare-feu. Toutefois, vous devez le faire dans les 45 secondes et vous ne pouvez remplacer qu’un tiroir à la fois, sinon le circuit de protection thermique arrêtera le pare-feu. • (All firewalls with two or more power supplies) Disconnect all power cords (AC or DC) from the power inputs to fully de-energize the hardware. French Translation: (Tous les pare-feux avec au moins deux sources d’alimentation) Débranchez tous les cordons d’alimentation (c.a. ou c.c.) des entrées d’alimentation et mettez le matériel hors tension. The following applies only to Palo Alto Networks firewalls that support a direct current (DC) power source: French Translation: Les instructions suivantes s’appliquent uniquement aux pare-feux de Palo Alto Networks prenant en charge une source d’alimentation en courant continu (c.c.): • Do not connect or disconnect energized DC wires to the power supply. French Translation: Ne raccordez ni débranchez de câbles c.c. sous tension à la source d’alimentation. • The DC system must be earthed at a single (central) location. French Translation: Le système c.c. doit être mis à la terre à un seul emplacement (central). • The DC supply source must be located within the same premises as the firewall. French Translation: La source d’alimentation c.c. doit se trouver dans les mêmes locaux que ce pare-feu. • The DC battery return wiring on the firewall must be connected as an isolated DC (DC-I) return. French Translation: Le câblage de retour de batterie c.c. sur le pare-feu doit être raccordé en tant que retour c.c. isolé (CC-I). 10 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Before You Begin © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. • The firewall must be connected either directly to the DC supply system earthing electrode conductor or to a bonding jumper from an earthing terminal bar or bus to which the DC supply system earthing electrode conductor is connected. French Translation: Ce pare-feu doit être branché directement sur le conducteur à électrode de mise à la terre du système d’alimentation c.c. ou sur le connecteur d'une barrette/d'un bus à bornes de mise à la terre auquel le conducteur à électrode de mise à la terre du système d'alimentation c.c. est raccordé. • The firewall must be in the same immediate area (such as adjacent cabinets) as any other equipment that has a connection between the earthing conductor of the DC supply circuit and the earthing of the DC system. French Translation: Le pare-feu doit se trouver dans la même zone immédiate (des armoires adjacentes par exemple) que tout autre équipement doté d’un raccordement entre le conducteur de mise à la terre du même circuit d’alimentation c.c. et la mise à la terre du système c.c. • Do not disconnect the firewall in the earthed circuit conductor between the DC source and the point of connection of the earthing electrode conductor. French Translation: Ne débranchez pas le pare-feu du conducteur du circuit de mise à la terre entre la source d'alimentation c.c. et le point de raccordement du conducteur à électrode de mise à la terre. • Install all firewalls that use DC power in restricted access areas only. A restricted access area is where access is granted only to craft (service) personnel using a special tool, lock and key, or other means of security, and that is controlled by the authority responsible for the location. French Translation: Tous les pare-feux utilisant une alimentation c.c. sont conçus pour être installés dans des zones à accès limité uniquement. Une zone à accès limité correspond à une zone dans laquelle l’accès n’est autorisé au personnel (de service) qu'à l'aide d'un outil spécial, cadenas ou clé, ou autre dispositif de sécurité, et qui est contrôlée par l'autorité responsable du site. • Install the firewall DC ground cable only as described in the power connection procedure for the firewall that you are installing. You must use the American wire gauge (AWG) cable specified and torque all nuts to the torque value specified in the installation procedure for your firewall. French Translation: Installez le câble de mise à la terre c.c. du pare-feu comme indiqué dans la procédure de raccordement à l’alimentation pour le pare-feu que vous installez. Utilisez le câble American wire gauge (AWG) indiqué et serrez les écrous au couple indiqué dans la procédure d’installation de votre pare-feu pare-feu. • The firewall permits the connection of the earthed conductor of the DC supply circuit to the earthing conductor at the equipment as described in the installation procedure for your firewall. French Translation: Ce pare-feu permet de raccorder le conducteur de mise à la terre du circuit d’alimentation c.c. au conducteur de mise à la terre de l’équipement comme indiqué dans la procédure d’installation du pare-feu. • A suitably-rated DC mains disconnect device must be provided as part of the building installation. French Translation: Un interrupteur d'isolement suffisant doit être fourni pendant l'installation du bâtiment. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Before You Begin 11 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 12 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Before You Begin M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview The Palo Alto Networks® M-200 and M-600 appliances are multi-function appliances that you can configure to function in Panorama™ Management mode, Panorama Management-only mode, Panorama Log Collector mode, or PAN-DB Private Cloud mode. First Supported Software Release: Panorama 8.1 The following topics describe the hardware features of the M-200 and M-600 appliances. > > > > > M-200 Appliance Front Panel M-200 Appliance Back Panel M-600 Appliance Front Panel M-600 Appliance Back Panel M-200 and M-600 Appliance Port LEDs 13 14 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 Appliance Front Panel The following image shows the front panel of the M-200 appliance and the table describes each front-panel component. Item Component Description 1 System drive 240GB solid-state drive (SSD) used to store the operating system files and system logs. 2 Unique Identification (UID) button Use the UID feature to help you locate the appliance when you move from the front to the back of the equipment rack where the appliance is installed. When you push the UID button to enable the UID feature, both the front-panel System information LED and the backpanel UID LED illuminate bright blue to help you locate the appliance when you move between opposite sides of the equipment rack. Push the UID button again to deactivate these LEDs. 3 System information (overheat and UID) LED • Solid red—An overheat condition occurred. • Blinking red at the rate of one blink per second (1Hz)—A fan failure occurred. • Blinking red at the rate of one blink every four seconds (.25Hz)—One of the two power supplies is not providing power to the appliance (possibly because a power supply failed or because there is no power source connected to the power supply). • Solid blue—The UID feature is activated (see the UID button description). 4 Network activity LEDs Blinking green indicates network activity. 5 Hard-disk drive (HDD) LED Blinking yellow indicates IDE channel activity (SAS/SATA drive) on the front log drives. 6 Power LED Solid green indicates that the appliance is powered on. 7 Reset button Press this button to reboot the appliance. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview 15 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Item Component Description 8 Power button Press this button to power on or power off the appliance. Powering off the appliance with this button puts the appliance in standby power mode. To completely power off the appliance, you must disconnect the AC power cords from both power supplies. 9 Hard-disk drives (HDDs) Disk drive bays and HDDs used for log storage. By default, the M-200 ships with four HDDs installed in drive bays A1/A2 and B1/B2. Each pair of drives are in a RAID 1 configuration (A1-A2 is a RAID 1 pair and B1-B2 is a RAID 1 pair). For details on storage capacity, refer to the Panorama Datasheet. 10 Hard-disk drive (HDD) LEDs Status LEDs—two for each log drive: • Top LED—Flashing blue indicates drive activity. • Bottom LED—Solid red indicates a log drive failure. 16 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 Appliance Back Panel The following image shows the back panel of the M-200 appliance and the table describes each back-panel component. Item Component Description 1 Power supplies Use the AC power supply inputs to connect power to the appliance. The second power supply is for redundancy. 2 Ethernet ports Four RJ-45 10Mbps/100Mbps/1000Mbps Ethernet ports. While facing the back of the appliance, the ports are labeled as follows: The port labels are located on top of the appliance. • Upper left—Management (MGT) port used for managing the appliance and for data traffic. • Upper right—Ethernet1/1 • Lower left—Ethernet1/2 • Lower right—Ethernet1/3 For information on configuring these ports, refer to the Panorama™ Administrator’s Guide on the Technical Documentation Portal for the release version running on your appliance. If the appliance is in PAN-DB mode, refer to the appropriate release-specific PAN-OS® Administrators Guide. 3 USB ports Not used. 4 IPMI port Not used. 5 Console port Use this port to connect a management computer to the appliance using a 9-pin serial cable and terminal emulation software. The console connection provides access to appliance boot messages, the Maintenance Recovery Tool (MRT), and the command line interface (CLI). M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview 17 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Item Component Description If your management computer does not have a serial port, use a USB-to-serial converter. Use the following settings to configure your terminal emulation software to connect to the console port: • • • • • 6 Unique Identification (UID) LED Data rate: 9600 Data bits: 8 Parity: None Stop bits: 1 Flow control: None UID LED that illuminates bright blue when you push the UID button on the front of the appliance. For information on using the UID feature, see the UID button description for the M-200 Appliance Front Panel. 18 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-600 Appliance Front Panel The following image shows the front panel of the M-600 appliance and the table describes each front-panel component. Item Component Description 1 Power button Press this button to power on or power off the appliance. Powering off the appliance with this button puts the appliance in standby power mode. To completely power off the appliance, you must disconnect the AC power cords from both power supplies. 2 Reset button Press this button to reboot the appliance. 3 Power LED Solid green indicates that the appliance is powered on. 4 Power failure LED Solid red indicates that either a power supply failed or that there is no power source connected to a power supply. 5 Hard-disk drive (HDD) LED Blinking yellow indicates IDE channel activity (SAS/SATA drive) on the front log drives. 6 System information (overheat and UID) LED • Solid red—An overheat condition occurred. • Blinking red at the rate of one blink per second (1Hz)—A fan failure occurred. • Blinking red at the rate of one blink every four seconds (.25Hz)—One of the two power supplies is not providing power to the appliance (possibly because a power supply failed or because there is no power source connected to the power supply). M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview 19 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Item Component Description • Solid blue—The UID feature is activated (see the UID button description for the M-600 Appliance Back Panel.) 7 Hard-disk drives (HDDs) Disk drive bays and HDDs used for log storage. By default, the M-600 ships with four HDDs installed in drive bays A1/A2 and B1/B2. You can install up to eight additional drives (four additional RAID 1 pairs) in the remaining drive bays (C1/C2, D1/D2, E1/E2, and F1-F2) to increase log storage capacity. Each pair of drives are in a RAID 1 configuration. For example, A1-A2 is a RAID 1 pair and B1-B2 is a RAID 1 pair. For details on storage capacity, refer to the Panorama Datasheet. For details on adding additional storage to the appliance, refer the Panorama Administrator’s Guide on the Technical Documentation Portal for the release version running on your appliance. 8 Hard-disk drive (HDD) LEDs Status LEDs—two for each log drive: • Top LED—Flashing blue indicates drive activity. • Bottom LED—Solid red indicates a log drive failure. 20 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-600 Appliance Back Panel The following image shows the back panel of the M-600 appliance and the table describes each back-panel component. Item Component Description 1 System drive 240GB solid-state drive (SSD) used to store the operating system files and system logs. 2 Power supplies Use the AC power supply inputs to connect power to the appliance. The second power supply is for redundancy. 3 Ethernet ports Four RJ-45 10Mbps/100Mbps/1000Mbps Ethernet ports. While facing the back of the appliance, the ports are labeled as follows: The port labels are located on top of the appliance. • Upper left—Management (MGT) port used for managing the appliance and for data traffic. • Upper right—Ethernet1/1 • Lower left—Ethernet1/2 • Lower right—Ethernet1/3 For information on configuring these ports, refer to the Panorama™ Administrator’s Guide on the Technical Documentation Portal for the release version running on your appliance. If the appliance is in PAN-DB mode, refer to the appropriate release-specific PAN-OS® Administrators Guide. 4 USB ports Not used. 5 IPMI port Not used. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview 21 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Item Component Description 6 Console port Use this port to connect a management computer to the appliance using a 9-pin serial cable and terminal emulation software. The console connection provides access to appliance boot messages, the Maintenance Recovery Tool (MRT), and the command line interface (CLI). If your management computer does not have a serial port, use a USB-to-serial converter. Use the following settings to configure your terminal emulation software to connect to the console port: • • • • • 7 Unique Identification (UID) button and LED Data rate: 9600 Data bits: 8 Parity: None Stop bits: 1 Flow control: None Use the UID feature to help you locate the appliance when you move from the back to the front of the equipment rack where the appliance is installed. When you push the UID button to enable the UID feature, both the front-panel System information LED and the backpanel UID LED illuminate bright blue to help you locate the appliance when you move between opposite sides of the equipment rack. The back-panel UID LED is located to the right of the UID button. Push the UID button again to deactivate these LEDs. The UID button is very small and is located to the left of the UID LED. Use a small object, such as a paper clip, to press the button. 8 SFP+ ports Two SFP+ (10Gbps) ports. While facing the back of the appliance, the left port is labeled Ethernet1/5 and the right port is labeled Ethernet1/4. The port labels are located on top of the appliance. For information on configuring these ports, refer to the Panorama™ Administrator’s Guide on the Technical Documentation Portal for the release running on your 22 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Item Component Description appliance. If the appliance is in PAN-DB mode, refer to the appropriate release-specific PAN-OS® Administrators Guide. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview 23 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 and M-600 Appliance Port LEDs The following table describes how to interpret the status of port LEDs on M-200 and M-600 appliances. The only difference between the port LEDs on these appliances is that the M-600 appliance has two additional SFP+ port LEDs. For information on interpreting the front-panel system LEDs, see M-200 Appliance Front Panel or M-600 Appliance Front Panel descriptions. LED Description RJ-45 Ethernet port LEDs LNK (Link) LED • Off—No link • Green—100Mbps link • Yellow—1Gbps link ACT (Activity) LED Flashing yellow indicates network activity. SFP+ port LEDs (M-600 appliance only) LNK (Link) LED • Off—No link • Green—1Gbps link • Yellow—10Gbps link ACT (Activity) LED Flashing yellow indicates network activity. 24 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack The M-200 and M-600 appliances ship with a four-post rack kit for installation in a 19” fourpost equipment rack. > Install the M-200 Appliance in a 19” Equipment Rack > Install the M-600 Appliance in a 19” Equipment Rack 25 26 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Install the M-200 Appliance in a 19” Equipment Rack The following procedure describes how to install the M-200 appliance in a four-post equipment rack. The rack kit includes the hardware required to install the appliance in most equipment racks. Extra screws and washers are included. STEP 1 | Attach the inner rail sets (two each) to each side of the appliance by aligning the square holes on each rail with the rail hooks on the appliance and then sliding the rails toward the front of the appliance to engage the hooks. Secure the back inner-rails using two M4 screws for each rail and secure the front inner-rails using one M4 screw for each rail. The inner-rails also use pressure-lock clips that lock the rails to the appliance. Remove the two M4 screws and pull the metal tab on the clips to remove the rail from the appliance. STEP 2 | Install one outer rack-mount rail assembly (two rails each) on each side of the equipment rack. Push the rail buttons in on the ends of the rails, insert the studs in to the square rack holes, and then release the buttons to secure the rails to the rack. The following image shows the right side of the rack if you are facing the front of the rack. To remove the outer rails from the rack, you must pull the release clips located at the front and back end of each rail assembly to release the rails from the rack. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack 27 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. STEP 3 | Install the firewall in to the equipment rack by sliding the inner-rails in to the outer rack-mount rails until the appliance stops (about halfway in to the rack). Push the inner-rail release clips on each side of the two rails (push the left clip up and the right clip down) to release the appliance and then continue to slide the appliance in to the rack until the front of the appliance is flush with the front of the rack. The inner-rail release clips are shown in step 1. 28 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. STEP 4 | Secure the front of the appliance to the rack by turning the front thumb screws on each rail clockwise until tight. Secure the back rail to the rack using one M5 screw (with washer) for each rail. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack 29 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Install the M-600 Appliance in a 19” Equipment Rack The following procedure describes how to install the M-600 appliance in a four-post equipment rack. The rack kit includes the hardware required to install the appliance in most equipment racks. Extra screws and washers are included. STEP 1 | Attach the inner-rails to each side of the appliance by aligning the square holes on each rail with the rail hooks on the appliance and then sliding the rails toward the front of the appliance to engage the hooks. Secure the back part of each rail to the appliance using one M4 screw for each rail. The inner-rails also use a pressure-lock clip (one on each rail) that locks the rails to the appliance. Remove the M4 screw and pull the metal tab on the clip to remove the rail from the appliance. STEP 2 | Install one outer rack-mount rail to each side of the equipment rack. Push the two rail hooks (on the front and back of each rail) in to the square rack holes and push down to engage the hooks. The release buttons located above each rail hook will depress as you push the rail hooks in to the square holes. Secure the back of each rail to the rack using two M5 screws (with washers) for each rail. The following image shows the right side of the rack if you are facing the front of the rack. 30 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. STEP 3 | Install the appliance in to the equipment rack by sliding the inner-rails in to the outer rack- mount rails until the appliance stops (about halfway in to the rack). Push the inner-rail release clips on each side of the two rails to release the appliance and then continue to slide the appliance in to the rack until the front of the appliance is flush with the front of the rack. The inner-rail release clips are shown in step 1. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack 31 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. STEP 4 | Secure the front of the appliance to the rack by turning the front thumb screws on each rail clockwise until tight. 32 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Install M-200 or M-600 Appliance in an Equipment Rack Connect Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance M-200 and M-600 appliances have two AC power supplies (the second power supply is for redundancy). For details on power requirements and power consumption, see M-200 and M-600 Electrical Specifications. > Connect AC Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance 33 34 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Connect Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Connect AC Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance The following procedure describes how to connect AC power to an M-200 or M-600 appliance. To avoid injury to yourself or damage to your Palo Alto Networks® hardware or the data that resides on the hardware, read the Product Safety Warnings. STEP 1 | Plug two AC power cables (provided) in to grounded wall outlets. Connect the second power cord through a different circuit breaker to provide power redundancy and to allow for electrical circuit maintenance. STEP 2 | Insert one power cord in to each of the two power supplies on the back of the appliance. STEP 3 | Press the power button on the front of the appliance. If only one power supply is connected, a warning beep will sound. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Connect Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance 35 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 36 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Connect Power to an M-200 or M-600 Appliance Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance The following topics describe how to replace serviceable components on an M-200 or M-600 appliance. For information on interpreting the front-panel and back-panel LEDs, see M-200 and M-600 Appliance Overview. > Replace an M-200 or M-600 Drive > Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance Power Supply 37 38 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Replace an M-200 or M-600 Drive M-200 and M-600 appliances store the Panorama™ system files and system logs on a single solid-state drive (SSD) and the logs collected from Palo Alto Networks® firewalls are stored on hard-disk drives (HDDs). The HDD log drives are in RAID 1 arrays so that if a drive fails, you can replace the failed drive without service interruption. • Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance System Drive • Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance Log Drive Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance System Drive If the system drive fails, the appliance attempts to boot the Maintenance Recovery Tool (MRT) where you can view error messages and drive status. If the MRT is not bootable, power down the appliance. For assistance in verifying the status of the drive to determine if it should be replaced, contact Palo Alto Networks Support. The only difference between replacing an M-200 and M-600 appliance system drive is that the system drive on an M-200 appliance is located on the front panel of the appliance (see M-200 Appliance Front Panel) and the system drive on the M-600 appliance is located on the back panel of the appliance (see M-600 Appliance Back Panel). Replacement drives ship with a factory default Panorama image with the default configuration. After you install the new drive, you will need to obtain a backup configuration that you saved from the failed appliance to restore your configuration. To avoid injury to yourself or damage to your Palo Alto Networks® hardware or the data that resides on the hardware, read the Product Safety Warnings. STEP 1 | Power off the appliance by pressing the power button on the front of the appliance and then remove the AC power cords. STEP 2 | Press the ejector button on the system drive carrier to release the carrier handle and gently pull the handle toward you to remove the carrier and drive. The following image shows an M-600 system drive; the M-200 system drive is similar. STEP 3 | Remove the replacement drive from the packaging and place it on an antistatic surface. STEP 4 | Install the replacement drive in the drive carrier of the failed drive. 1. Place the failed drive next to the replacement drive with the connectors facing the same direction. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance 39 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 2. Remove the four screws that hold the failed drive in the carrier and remove the drive from the carrier. 3. Install the replacement drive in the carrier and secure it using the four screws you removed from the failed drive. STEP 5 | Install the replacement drive in the appliance. 1. Ensure that the drive carrier lever is in the open position; if it is not, press the ejector button on the drive carrier to release the lever and pull it out until it is fully open. 2. Slide the replacement drive and carrier assembly in to the empty drive bay until it is about 1/4” (.6cm) from being fully inserted. 3. Before fully inserting the drive carrier, ensure that the lever attaches to the locking mechanism on the appliance and then close the lever to seat the carrier. STEP 6 | Power on the appliance and connect a standard RJ-45 Ethernet cable from the RJ-45 port on your computer to the MGT port on the appliance. STEP 7 | Change the IP address on your computer to an address in the 192.168.1.0/24 network, such as 192.168.1.2. STEP 8 | From a web browser, go to https://192.168.1.1 and when prompted, log in to the web interface using the default username and password (admin/admin). STEP 9 | Perform the following steps to restore the appliance: 1. Configure the appliance to access your management network (Device > Support > Interfaces). 2. Activate the Support license (Device > Support). 3. Activate licenses and subscriptions (Device > Licenses). 4. Upgrade or downgrade the appliance so that the software version matches the version that was installed on the failed drive. 5. Import a recent backup configuration to restore the appliance configuration (Device > Operations Configuration Management). For information on configuring management access on an M-Series appliance, refer to Perform Initial Configuration of the M-Series Appliance in the Panorama™ Administrator’s guide located on the Technical Documentation portal. For information on how to upgrade or downgrade an MSeries appliance, refer to the Install Content and Software Updates for Panorama in the Panorama Administrator’s guide. 40 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance Log Drive The M-200 and M-600 appliance log drives are located on the front of the appliance. Each drive pair (A1 and A2 for example) is in an independent RAID 1 array. This redundant configuration helps ensure that there is no service interruption or loss of log data if a disk drive fails. When requesting a replacement log drive from Palo Alto Networks® or an authorized reseller, you will receive two new drives. The second drive is required if the failed drive is a different model than the replacement drive. In this case, replace both drives in the RAID 1 array that contains the failed drive so both drives in the array are the same model. Do not attempt to replace an M-200 or M-600 log drive with a third-party drive. Also, do not mix drive models within a RAID 1 array—the drive model must be the same for both drives in a RAID 1 array. You can, however, mix drive models in different RAID 1 arrays. For example, the drives in the A1/A2 array can both be model ST91000640NS and the drives in the B1/B2 array can both be model ST1000NX0423. The following procedure describes how to replace a log drive on an M-200 or M-600 appliance that is in Panorama™ mode or Panorama log collector mode. This procedure does not apply to an appliance in PAN-DB mode (M-600 only) or Panorama Management-only mode because the front log drives are not used for these modes. STEP 1 | Identify the failed drive and record the drive model number by running the following operational command and viewing the status and model fields: admin@hostname> show system raid detail For example, the following output shows that disk drive A2 failed and the drive model is ST8000NM0055-1RM. Disk Pair A Available Status clean, degraded Disk id A1 Present model : ST8000NM0055-1RM size : 7630885 MB status : active sync Disk id A2 Present model : ST8000NM0055-1RM size : 7630885 MB status : failed STEP 2 | Remove the failed drive from the RAID 1 array. In this example, run the following command to remove drive A2 from the array: admin@hostname> request system raid remove A2 STEP 3 | Press the ejector button on the carrier of the failed drive (A2 in this example) to release the carrier handle and gently pull the handle toward you and slide the carrier out of the appliance. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance 41 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. STEP 4 | Remove the replacement drive from the packaging and compare the drive model written on the label with the drive model of the failed drive. Proceed as follows based on your findings: • If the replacement drive is the same model number of the failed drive that you removed, then continue to Step 5. • If the replacement drive is a different model number than the drive that you removed, then continue to Step 6. STEP 5 | (Same model replacement drive only) Install a replacement disk drive that is the same model as the other drive in the RAID 1 array. 1. Ensure that the drive carrier lever on the replacement drive is in the open position; if it is not, press the ejector button on the drive carrier to release the lever and pull it out until it is fully open. 2. Slide the drive carrier in to the drive bay on the appliance until it is about 1/4” from being fully inserted. You can do this by pressing the ejector button on the carrier, which will cause the lever to close part way. When the drive carrier is almost fully inserted, close the lever to seat the drive. 3. Add the replacement drive to the RAID 1 array. In this example, run the following command to add drive A2 to the array: admin@hostname> request system raid add A2 The system automatically configures the new drive to mirror contents of the other drive in that RAID 1 array. 4. Continue to view RAID status by periodically re-entering the following command until you see that the disk pair (Disk Pair A in this example) shows Available and both drives show the status active sync. admin@hostname> show system raid detail The following output shows that the RAID 1 array is functioning properly: Disk Pair A Available Status cleanDisk id A1 Present model : ST8000NM0055-1RM size : 7630885 MB status : active sync Disk id A2 Present 42 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. model : ST8000NM0055-1RM size : 7630885 MB status : active sync STEP 6 | (Different model replacement drive only) Install a replacement disk drive that is a different model than the other (still functioning) drive in the RAID 1 array: When you initiate the copy command as described in the following steps, logging and log query will not be available on the disk pair until the copy is complete and the disk pair shows Available. If the other drive pairs (B1/B2, C1/C2, and so on) are low on disk space during the copy process, older logs are deleted to make room for new logs. 1. Ensure that the drive carrier lever on the replacement drive is in the open position; if it is not, press the ejector button on the drive carrier to release the lever and pull it out until it is fully open. 2. Slide the drive carrier in to the drive bay on the appliance until it is about 1/4” from being fully inserted. You can do this by pressing the ejector button on the carrier, which will cause the lever to close part way. When the drive carrier is almost fully inserted, close the lever to seat the drive. 3. Copy the data from the existing drive in the RAID 1 array to the replacement drive. In this example, run the following command to copy the data from drive A1 to drive A2: admin@hostname> request system raid copy from A1 to A2 4. Continue to view RAID status by periodically re-entering the following command until you see that the disk pair (A in this example) shows Available admin@hostname> show system raid detail In this example, the output shows that Disk Pair A is Available. At this point, drive A1 will show not in use because there is a drive model mismatch. 5. Install the second replacement drive. In this example, physically remove the drive from bay A1, install it in the carrier, and then install the second replacement drive in to bay A1—one that is the same model as the new drive you installed in bay A2. 6. Add the second replacement drive to the RAID 1 array. In this example, run the following command to add drive A1 to the array: admin@hostname> request system raid add A1 The system will automatically configure the new drive to mirror the contents of the other drive (A2 in this example) in that RAID 1 array. 7. Continue to view RAID status by periodically re-entering the following command until you see that the disk pair (A in this example) shows Available and both drives show the status active sync. admin@hostname> show system raid detail The following output shows that the RAID 1 array is functioning properly: Disk Pair A Available Status clean Disk id A1 Present model : ST8000NM0055-1RM size : 7630885 MB M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance 43 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. status : active sync Disk id A2 Present model : ST8000NM0055-1RM size : 7630885 MB status : active sync 44 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. Replace an M-200 or M-600 Appliance Power Supply M-200 and M-600 appliances have two AC power supplies (the second power supply is for redundancy). If one power supply fails, you can replace it without service interruption as described in the following procedure. STEP 1 | Identify the failed power supply by viewing the power supply LED on the back of the appliance; when there is a failure, the LED turns solid yellow or turns off. The front panel system information LED also blinks red. STEP 2 | Disconnect the power cord from the failed power supply. STEP 3 | Grasp the handle on the failed power supply and simultaneously press the release lever to the left and then pull the power supply outward to remove it. STEP 4 | Remove the replacement power supply from the packaging and slide it in to the empty power supply slot. Push the power supply all the way in until the release lever clicks and secures the power supply. STEP 5 | Connect the AC power cord to the power supply input. The power supply LED turns green and the front system information LED stops blinking red. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance 45 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 46 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | Service an M-200 or M-600 Appliance M-200 and M-600 Appliance Specifications The following topics describe the M-200 and M-600 appliance hardware specifications. For feature, capacity, and performance information, refer to the Panorama™ Datasheet. > > > > M-200 and M-600 Physical Specifications M-200 and M-600 Electrical Specifications M-200 and M-600 Environmental Specifications M-200 and M-600 Miscellaneous Specifications 47 48 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Specifications © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 and M-600 Physical Specifications The following table describes M-200 and M-600 appliance physical specifications. Specification Value Rack units (U) and dimensions • M-200 appliance • Rack unit—1U • Dimensions—1.7” H x 29” D x 17.2” W (4.32cm H x 73.67cm D x 43.69cm W) • M-600 appliance • Rack unit—2U • Dimensions—3.5” H x 28.46” D x 17.2” W (8.89cm H x 72.29cm D x 43.69cm W) Weight • M-200 appliance • Appliance weight—26lbs (11.79Kg) • Shipping weight—41lbs (18.59Kg) • M-600 appliance • Appliance weight—36lbs (16.33Kg) • Shipping weight—72lbs (32.66Kg) M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Specifications 49 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 and M-600 Electrical Specifications The following table describes M-200 and M-600 appliance electrical specifications. Specification Value Power Supplies M-200 and M-600 appliances—Two 750W AC power supplies; the second power supply is for redundancy. Input voltage and frequency M-200 and M-600 appliance—100-240VAC (50-60Hz) Power consumption • M-200 appliance—330W • M-600 appliance—486W Maximum current consumption M-200 and M-600 appliance—9.5A@100VAC, 4.5A@240VAC Maximum inrush current (per power supply) • M-200 appliance—35A • M-600 appliance—35A 50 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Specifications © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 and M-600 Environmental Specifications The following table describes M-200 and M-600 appliance environmental specifications. Specification Value Operating temperature range M-200 and M-600 appliance—41ºF to 104ºF (5ºC to 40ºC) Non-operating temperature M-200 and M-600 appliance— -40ºF to 140ºF (-40ºC to 60ºC) Humidity tolerance M-200 and M-600 appliance: • Operating relative humidity (noncondensing)—8% to 90% • Non-operating relative humidity (noncondensing)—5% to 95% Airflow M-200 and M-600 appliance—Front-to-back Maximum BTU/hr • M-200 appliance—1,114BTU/hr (127VAC) and 1,090BTU/hr (240VAC) • M-600 appliance—1,803BTU/hr (127VAC) and 1,765BTU/hr (240VAC Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) M-200 and M-600 appliance—FCC Part 15, EN 55032, CISPR 32 Maximum operating altitude M-200 and M-600 appliance—7,500ft (2,286m) M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Specifications 51 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 and M-600 Miscellaneous Specifications The following table describes M-200 and M-600 appliance miscellaneous specifications. Specification Value Mean time between failures (MTBF) • M-200 appliance—10 years • M-600 appliance—8 years 52 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Specifications M-200 and M-600 Appliance Hardware Compliance Statements Palo Alto Networks® obtains regulatory compliance certifications to comply with the laws and regulations in each country where there are requirements applicable to our products. Our products meet standards for product safety and electromagnetic compatibility when used for their intended purpose. To view compliance statements for the M-200 and M-600 appliances, see M-200 and M-600 Compliance Statements. 53 54 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Hardware Compliance Statements © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. M-200 and M-600 Compliance Statements • BSMI EMC Statement—User warning: This is a Class A product. When used in a residential environment it may cause radio interference. In this case, the user will be required to take adequate measures. • Manufacturer—Super Micro Computer, Inc. • Country of Origin—Made in the USA with parts of domestic and foreign origin. • CE (European Union (EU) Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive)—This device is herewith confirmed to comply with the requirements set out in the Council Directive on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States relating to Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive (2014/30/EU). The above product conforms with Low Voltage Directive 2014/35/EC and complies with the requirements relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits. • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) statement for a Class A digital device or peripheral—This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: • Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna. • Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver. • Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit that is different from the one to which the receiver is connected. • Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help. • ICES (Canadian Department Compliance Statement)—This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003. French translation: Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada. • Korean Communications Commission (KCC) Class A Statement—This equipment is an electromagnetic compatible device for business purposes (Class A). The provider or user should be aware that the equipment is intended for use outside the home. • Technischer Überwachungsverein (TUV) Risk of explosion if battery is replaced by an incorrect type. Dispose of used battery according to local regulations. • VCCI—This section provides the compliance statement for the Voluntary Control Council for Interference by Information Technology Equipment (VCCI), which governs radio frequency emissions in Japan. The following information is in accordance to VCCI Class A requirements: Translation: This is a Class A product. In a domestic environment this product may cause radio interference, in which case the user may be required to take corrective actions. M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Hardware Compliance Statements 55 © 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 56 M-200 AND M-600 APPLIANCE HARDWARE REFERENCE | M-200 and M-600 Appliance Hardware Compliance Statements ">
Download
Advertisement
Key features
Multi-function appliance
Panorama Management
Log Collector
PAN-DB Private Cloud
240GB SSD
Ethernet ports
Redundant power supplies
Console port
RAID 1 Configuration
Frequently asked questions
The M-200 appliance has four RJ-45 10Mbps/100Mbps/1000Mbps Ethernet ports.
The console port allows you to connect a management computer to the appliance using a 9-pin serial cable and terminal emulation software. This connection provides access to appliance boot messages, the Maintenance Recovery Tool (MRT), and the command line interface (CLI).
The M-200 appliance uses hard-disk drives (HDDs) for log storage. By default, it ships with four HDDs installed in a RAID 1 configuration.