Atari 400/800 Disk Operating System Reference Manual

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ATARI®

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

REFERENCE MANUAL

Every effort has been made to ensure that this manual accurately documents the Disk Operating System of the ATARI Personal Computer

Systems.

However, due to the ongoing improvement and update of the computer software, ATARL INC.

cannot guarantee the accuracy of printed material after the date of publication, nor can ATARI accept responsibility for errors or omissions.

C015200 rev.

DUPLICATION OF DISKETTE PROCEDURE SUMMARY

Your first disk operation should be to write-protect and duplicate your Master Diskette.

The following steps describe the necessary procedure for duplicating the diskette.

Turn on disk drive.

Wait for BUSY light to go out.

Remove Master Diskette from white, protective envelope.

Place write-protect tab over notch on Master Diskette.

Insert Master Diskette into Disk Drive #1 and close drive door.

Turn on computer console.

DOS will "boot" into RAM.

Type DOS (RETURN], if cartridge is inserted.

Remove Master Diskette and insert a blank diskette or one you wish to erase.

After the DOS Menu and SELECT ITEM prompt appear.

Type I (RETURN] to format diskette.

Type 1 (RETURNJ in response to WHICH DRIVE TO FORMAT? prompt message.

10.

Type Y [RETURNJ in response to TYPE "Y" TO FORMAT DRIVE 1 prompt message.

11.

When SELECT ITEM prompt message appears.

type H (RETURN]

12.

Type Y (RETURN] in response to TYPE "Y" TO WRITE NEW DOS FILE?

prompt message.

13.

Prompt message WRITING NEW DOS.SYS FILE displays on the screen.

14.

When SELECT ITEM prompt message appears.

the duplication of the diskette is complete.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

SECTION 1.

GENERAL INFORMATION

DISK DRIVE POWER-UP AND INITIALIZATION

DEVICE IDENTIFICATION

FILE SPECIFICATIONS

File Names

Extenders

DOS Options Used With Filenames

NOTATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

VERSIONS AND RELEASES

SECTION 2.

ABOUT THE DISK DRIVE

ATARI® 810

DISK DRIVE

MULTIPLE DISK DRIVE NUMBERING

DISK DRIVE OPERATION

SECTION 3.

DISKETTES

DISKETTE DESCRIPTION

DISKETTE WRITE-PROTECT

DISKETTE ORGANIZATION

DISKETTE INSTALLATION

DISKETTE STORAGE

BOOT ERRORS

SECTION 4.

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

DOS DESCRIPTION

Disk Utility Package

File Management Subsystem

OPERATION WITHOUT INSERTED CARTRIDGE

PARAMETERS

WILD CARDS

SECTION 5.

DESCRIPTIONS OF DOS MENU SELECTIONS

DISIo<. DIRECTORY

RUN CARTRIDGE

COPY FILE (S)

DELETE FILE (S)

RENAME FILE(S)

LOCK FILE

UNLOCK FILE

WRITE NEW DOS FILE

FORMAT DISK

DUPLICATE DISK

BINARY SAVE

BINARY LOAD

RUN AT ADDRESS

DEFINE DEVICE

DUPLICATE FILE

SECTION 6.

DISK OPERATIONS WITH BASIC

COMMANDS TO STORE AND RETRIEVE FILES

LOAD

SAVE

LIST

ENTER

DISK INPUT/OUTPUT COMMANDS

OPEN

INPUT

PUT

GET

STATUS

XIO

APPENDIX

SUMMARY OF COMMANDS AND RESERVED WORDS 51

APPENDIX B.

ERROR MESSAGES

APPENDIX C.

HOW TO OBTAIN MORE USEABLE RAM

APPENDIX D.

ATARI 400CTMJ/800CTMJ MEMORY MAP

61 APPENDIX E.

DECIMAL/HEXADECIMAL CONVERSION

APPENDIX F.

AUTO.SYS USAGE

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

INDEX

PREFACE

This ATARI(R) Disk Operating System <DOS) Reference Manual assumes that the user is familiar with ATARI BASIC.

It explains the commands and statements used by the Disk Operating System (initial release-9/24/79) to move data to and from the ATARI 810CTMJ Disk

Dr ive (s).

The first section explains the procedure for powering-up the console and powering up and initializing the Disk Drive(s).

It also defines the notations and conventions used throughout the manual.

The second section describes the ATARI 810CTMJ Disk Drive and a little about its operation.

From this, the manual proceeds to describe the diskettes and how they are organized to accept data.

Section 3 also contains a "trouble-shooting" section on BOOT ERRORS and possible reasons for their occurrence.

Section 4 describes the interaction that takes place within the Disk

Operating System itself when it is in operation.

The two main files within the DOS are described in terms of their relationship to the DOS

Menu.

This section also explains the parameters and "wild cards" recognized by DOS.

Sections 5 and 6 contain descriptions of the DOS Menu selections and the BASIC commands used with disk operations.

Each of these provides an example of its use.

The appendices give useful information including the memory map, a

9 los sa r y , err

0 r cod e s , and h i n t son how too b t a in m

0 r e use a b 1e RAM.

SECTION 1.

GENERAL INFORMATION

This section reviews the procedure for powering-up and initializing an

ATARI Personal Computer System with at least one ATARI Disk Drive attached.

It also deflines the notation conventions and general' information that is used throughout this manual.

It does not contain inflormation regarding the attachment ofl disk drive<s> to the computer console.

That inflormation is contained in the ATARI Disk Drive

Operator's Manual.

DISK DRIVE POWER-UP AND INITIALIZATION

After you have checked the connections and placement of your disk drive<s>, use the flollowing procedure to power-up your system and to initialize the disk drive<s).

This initialization procedure is also called a "bootstrap" operation or "autoboot."

Turn on television set.

Turn on Disk Drive unit<s).

The BUSY light<s) will come on and will stay on until each drive unit is initialized.

Turn on any other peripheral devices; e. g., printer.

Insert DOS diskette in Disk Drive #1 and close disk drive door.

NOTE: The Master Diskette DOS should always be placed in Disk

Drive #1 <see Drive Code Settings, Section 2>'

Turn on computer console.

If you get a BOOT ERROR, turn off computer console for approximately 5 seconds, then turn it on again.

If the BOOT ERROR message persists, check all connections and make sure the the drive door is closed.

If everything seems to be alright, check the section entitled BOOT ERRORS on page 21.

DEVICE IDENTIFICATION

Each ATARI devicet including the disk drives, has an identification letter that allows you to access it.

These identification codes are given below with a short description of each device:

C: ATAR I 410 [ TM] Pro gr am Re c or de r . This is bot han in put an d output device.

Ifl you want to save a program on tape in its tokenized form, use either the CSAVE or SAVE "e:" command.

ATARI 810CTMJ Disk Drives.

The disk drives are both input and output devices.

To save a program on diskette, select the drive YOIJ want to IJSei e. g., Disk Drive #2, and use the command

SAVE "D2: PROGl. BAS." Device Identification D: is equivalent to

D1: .

Screen Editor.

This input/output device uses the keyboard and display (see

11..: and S:

to simulate a screen editing terminal.

Writing (output) to this device causes the data to appear on the display starting at the current cursor position.

Reading

(input) from this device activates the screen editing process and allows you to enter and edit data.

Keyboard.

converted

This input only device allows you to read the

(ATASCII) keyboard data as you press each key.

Line Printer.

This output only device prints ATASCII characters, us ua

Ll q

line at a time.

This device identification is used for the ATARI 820CTMJ Printer, the ATARI

822(TMJ Thermal Printer, and the ATARI 825CTMJ 80-column

Printer.

ATARI 850CTMJ Interface Module.

This device handles both input from and output to RS232C-compatible peripheral devices (and output only to a printer requiring an 8-bit parallel port accessed through P: ).

TV Monitor.

This input/output device allows the user to read characters from and write characters to the display using the cursor as the screen addressing mechanism.

Throughout this manual, you will see these device identifications used in both the DOS Menu options and BASIC commands used with DOS.

FILE SPECIFICATIONS

Information is stored on a diskette in files.

into two types: program files and data files.

contain data used by a program file.

A program instructions to perform a certain task.

Files are classified

Data files usually file contains the

When referring to a file on a diskette, use a file specification (or filespec).

A filespec consists of up to six elements.

Figure 1-1 illustrates the six possible elements of a filespec.

In BASIC, quotation marks are required when accessing a file.

"D 1 : A TAR I 8 0 0 . BAS"

Device

Code

Device

Number

------:1-

__ _ _'_1....

V' -'

(optional)

Required - - - - -.....

Colon

File name - - - - - - - - - - - - '

(up to 8 charactersmust begin with alphabetic character)

Period required - - - - - - - - - - -...

as separator if extender is used.

Extender

(opttonal)-

Includes

0-3 characters

..1

Figure 1-1 EXAMPLE OF A FILESPEC

Filenames

Filenames follow specific rules.

If a filename does not follow these rules, you will see an ERROR-16S (File Name Error> message on the screen.

The rules Tor filenames are:

The maximum length of a filename is 8 characters.

The only characters that can be used are A through Z and 0 through 9.

The first character is always an alphabetic character.

DOS.SYS is a filename reserved by DOS.

Extenders

A three-character extender can be added to

filename to indicate the type of data in a file.

Currently, you can use any legal combination of letters and numbers for an extender, e. g., . SYS for system fi l e s . . BAS for BASIC program

files • . DAT for data files, . LST for list files, . DB,) for binary files, . SRC for source files, . MUS for Music Composer files, etc.

You can use up to 3 legal characters for extenders.

Characters beyond 3 characters are truncated and ignored.

Examples of Filenames

RATATAT

ATARI. BAS

3ATARL DAT

ATARI22. XYZ

ATARI#

A1234567.829

B ATARI.BAS

ATAR

BASIC

DOS.SYS

DOSSYS

Legal name.

Lega

1 name.

Illegal name.

First character is not an alphabetic letter.

Lega

1 name.

III

ega

1 name.

# c harac ter cannot be used.

Lega

1 name.

Illegal name.

No spaces allowed.

Lega

1 name.

(DOS will truncate the last 2 letters of the extender. )

Illegal name.

Reserved for DOS fi Ie.

Legal name.

DOS Options Used With Filenames

Certain letters can be added to

filename to perform a specific task.

fA means to append data to an existing file on diskette.

In the course of using the SAVE BINARY FILE selection on the

DOS Menu, entering D:BINFILE/A,5000,52FF would append the contents of locations 5000 through 52FF to BINFILE, which has already been stored on disk drive #1.

IN means no verification of an operation.

In using the DELETE

FILE selection on the DOS Menu, entering D2:DELTA. BASIN bypasses the normal verification prompt message.

NOTATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY

[RETURN] Press the [RETURN] key on the keyboard.

[ ] Brackets.

Brackets enclose optional items.

{}

CAPITAL

LETTERS

/ aop lop exp

., adata cmdno aexp aexp1 aexp2 lexp

Ellipsis.

An ellipsis following an item in brackets indicates that you can repeat the optional item any number of times, but are not required to do so.

Items stacked vertically in braces indicate you have a choice as to which item you want to insert.

Select only one in your statement or command.

Capital letters are used to indicate commands, statements, and other functions that you must type exactly as they appear.

These punctuation marks must be typed as shown in the format of a command or statement.

However, do not type brackets or braces.

ATASC I I data.

Any str i ng of ATASC I I c harac ters, ex c Iud i ng commas and carriage returns.

Refer to the ATARI BASIC

Reference Manual, Appendix C.

Arithmetic Operator.

Logical Operator.

Command Number (used in XIO commands).

Any Expression.

In this manual, expressions are divided into three types: arithmetic expressions, logical expressions, and string expressions.

Arithmetic Expression.

Generally composed of a variable, func t ion, cons tant, or two ar i thmet ice xpress ions separated by an arithmetic operator (aop).

Arithmetic Expression 1.

This arithmetic expression represents the first auxiliary I/O control byte when used in commands such as OPEN.

Arithmetic Expression 2.

This arithmetic expression represents the second auxiliary I/O control byte when used in commands such as OPEN.

Usually it is set to O.

If, however, you want to direct the ATARI 820[TMJ Printer to sideways printing, you would set this arithmetic expression to 83.

Logical Expression.

Generally composed of two arithmetic or two string expressions separated by a logical operator.

Such

sexp an expression evaluates to either a 1 (logical true) or a 0

<logical falseL string Expression.

Can consist of a string variable, string literal (constant), or a function that returns a string value.

filespec File Specification.

A string expression that refers to a device such as the keyboard or to a disk file.

iocb lineno var

Input/Output Control Block that evaluates to a number refer to a device or file.

cannot be used.

(IOCBL An arithmetic expression fro m 1 to 7.

The I DC B i sus edt

IOCB 0 is reserved for BASIC and

Line Number.

A constant that identifies a particular program line in a deferred mode BASIC program.

A line number can be any integer from 0 through 32767.

Line numbering determines the order of program execution.

Variable.

Any variable.

In this manual, variables are classified as arithmetic variables (avar), matrix variables

(mvar), or string variables (svarL avar mvar svar

Arithmetic Variable.

A location where a numeric value is stored.

Variable names can be from 1 to 120 alphanumeric characters, but must start with an unreversed, upper case alphabetic character.

Matrix Variable.

An element of an array or a matrix.

Matrix variables can be subscripted.

A matrix variable is a number, variable, or expression placed in parentheses immediately following the name of the array or matrix.

For example, A(l),

A(ROW), A(X+1,Y-3).

String Variable.

A location where a string of characters can be stored.

The same rules given for the arithmetic variable

(avar) apply to the string variable with the additional restriction that the string variable name must end in

String variables can be subscripted.

VERSIONS AND RELEASES

Currently, the DOS Master Diskette is Version I.

Subsequent versions

will bed e s i gnat e d a s DOS I I , DOS I I I . etc.

This man ua Ide s c rib e s only DOS I.

As ATARI releases new versions of DOS, new documentation describing those versions will also be released.

SECTION 2.

ABOUT THE DISK DRIVE

An ATARI 810[TMJ Disk Drive provides fast, reliable data storage.

When attached to your ATARI Personal Computer System, you can:

Store programs on diskette.

Retrieve programs from diskette.

Create and add to data files needed by programs.

Make copies of disk files.

Erase old files from a diskette.

Load and save binary files.

Move files to and from memory, the screen, diskette, printer, and to and from any new peripherals that ATARI.

Inc.

will introduce.

The ATARI Disk Drives are "smart." Each contains a microprocessor with its own software in addition to the logic and hardware necessary for the magnetic head to move back and forth "across" a floppy (flexible) diskette.

Your ATARI Personal Computer System with 16K RAM can accommodate up to four ATARI 810 Disk Drives.

Each drIve operates independently of the others.

ATARI 810 Disk Drive

FIGURE 2-1.

ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE

The ATARI 810 Disk Drive is a single drive with single density recording capabilities.

It uses standard 5 1/4" flexible diskettes, each of which stores 88K <88 thousand) bytes.

The 810 Disk Drive contains a built-in microprocessor which gives it an automatic stand-by capability.

This means that the Disk Drive motor is not in constant operation, but waits to be "told" when it is needed.

The

ATARI 810 Disk Drive Operator's Manual describes many of the Disk

Drive's features.

MULTIPLE DISK DRIVE NUMBERING

When you attach the Disk Drive<s) to your ATARI Personal Computer

System, you should check the back of each drive to ensure that each one is specified to a different DRIVE CODE NUMBER <Figure 2-1).

DRIVE CODE NO.

NO.., NO.2

PWR.

FIGURE 2-2.

DRIVE CODE SETTINGS

The disk drive in the above figure would be designated as Drive #1 because the white tab is behind the black tab on the left side.

To change the drive to Disk Drive #2, move the black tab to the right, but leave the white tab on the left.

If you move both tabs, the disk drive will be set to Disk Drive #3 position.

You can designate the ATARI 810 Disk Drives in any order; e. g., if you have two 810 Disk Drives, either can be Drive #1 and the other can be Drive #2, #3, #4.

Remember that DOS will not be able to boot unless the drive in the #1 position contains a Master Diskette or its duplicate.

DISK DRIVE OPERATION

When you have set the drive code positions and connected the drive(s) to your ATARI Personal Computer System, you are ready to insert a diskette and begin disk drive operations.

SECTION 3.

DISKETTES

This section describes diskettes, their organization, and care.

It also covers the method for write-protecting a diskette so that valuable files are safe from being overwritten or erased.

DISKETTE DESCRIPTION

ATARI Diskettes are thin mylar circular sheets covered with an oxide similar to that used on recording tape. Each ATARI Diskette is about 5

1/4"

in diameter and each is sealed in a special, black

Jacket designed to protect it .prom being bent, scratched, or contaminated. Figure 3-1 illustrates a diskette.

ATARI Label

•

Write-Protect

""-Notch

Spindle Hole

Read/Write

Area

FIGURE 3-1.

DISKETTE IN PROTECTIVE COVERING

NOTE: DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REMOVE THE THE DISKETTE FROM ITS BLACK

PROTECTIVE COVERING.

The read/write area on each diskette is and the diskette can be damaged if you scratch or fingerprint this area, expose it to bright sunlight, or drop ashes on it.

To prevent this from happening,

it is recommended that all diskettes not in use be kept in the white protective envelopes provided with them.

When the diskette is inserted into the Disk Drive, the spindle hole is automatically placed on the drive hub and the diskette is seated.

The circular diskette spins within its protective Jacket.

When you access the diskette, the magnetic head is placed over the read/write

area.

DISKETTE WRITE-PROTECT

A sheet of large file identification labels and a sheet of small, adhesive tabs are included in each Master Diskette box(CX8101) and in each box of

Blank Diskettes(CX8100).

To write-protect a diskette, remove one adhesive tab from the sheet and fold it over the notch on the edge of the diskette (Figure

3-2).

It is recommended that you write-protect your Master Diskette immediately and any other diskettes containing valuable files.

Write-protecting a diskette prevents it from being inadvertantly overwritten.

If you attempt to write on a write-protected diskette, an ERROR-144 displays on the screen.

FIGURE 3-2.

WRITE-PROTECTING

DISKETTE

DISKETTE ORGANIZATION

BeTore q ou can write on

blank diskette,

YOIJ must "organize" the surTace so that the DOS will know where the information is located.

This is done by formatting a diskette into tracks and sectors.

<Refer to Section 5, I.

DISK FORMAT.) ATter a diskette has been formatted, it is logically divided into 40 tracks with 18 sectors per track.

Each these single density diskettes thus has a total of 720 sectors on which you can write information <see Figure 3-3).

FIGURE 3-3.

FORMATTED SINGLE DENSITY DISKETTE

Eleven of the sectors are allocated by the DOS for "special duty" so that they are not available to you.

1 sector used for boot

8 sectors used Tor Directory

1 sector used Tor Volume Table of Contents

1 sector <number 720) is not addressable, so is unused.

11 TOTAL

Each of the remaining 709 sectors can store 128 bytes of information,

3 bytes of which are used for overhead.

That gives a total byte

capacity per single density diskette of 88.625 bytes.

If a diskette has the DOS on it, its storage capacity is reduced since the DOS file itself uses approximately 9K bytes.

It is not necessary to have the DOS file on every diskette, but you will have to remember to load the DOS from your Master Diskette before inserting your program diskette.

When you store data on a diskette, the disk drive converts the data it receives from the console into coded electrical pulses.

These pulses magnetize minute areas of the oxide coating of each diskette while the diskette is spinning.

When you retrieve data from a diskette.

the disk drive positions the magnetic head so that the area of the diskette where the data is stored passes beneath it.

The disk drive's microprocessor controls the positioning and timing for the diskette.

DISKETTE INSTALLATION

Inserting the diskette into the ATARI 810 Disk Drive is a simple, but very important procedure.

If the diskette is improperly inserted, it can cause boot errors.

Improper diskette insertion can also cause damage to the diskette itself.

To insert the diskette, remove it from the white, protective envelope and, holding it as shown in Figure 3-4.

gently slide it into the drive.

Be sure that the notch is on the LEFT side.

Figure 3-4 DISKETTE INSERTION

STORAGE

Since your diskettes are flexible, they are subject to being damaged.

Always keep your diskettes not in use in their white, protective envelopes and store them vertically.

It is recommended that you store your diskettes at least 12" to 18" from your television set or any other possible source of magnetic fields.

It is also recommended that you keep them

away

from any source of heat.

If you handle your diskettes with

care

and store them properly, you will minimize the chance of losing valuable data.

BOOT ERRORS

If you have inserted the diskette and get

BOOT ERROR message displayed over and over again on the screen, turn off the computer console, re-read the procedure and try it again (refer to Section 1).

BOOT ERRORS can occur if:

The inserted diskette does not have the DOS on it.

The disk drive

was

powered up after the computer console

was

turned on.

The disk drive is not properly connected to the computer console.

The transformer plug has loosened in its wall socket.

The power plug has loosened in the PWR socket in the disk drive.

The diskette was improperly inserted.

The dis ke t t e has bee n s

era

t c h e d .

r ped,

0 r

r red.

In t his case, use another diskette.

The drive code setting is not correct.

If you are sure that it is none of these probems, you should use the Master Diskette to boot up, re-insert the problem diskette, and save any accessible files on yet another diskette.

Then, reformat the "problem" diskette and try to use it again.

SECTION 4

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

DOS <pronounced doss) is an acronym for Disk Operating System.

It is an extension of the ATARI Operating System <OS) that allows you to interface with a disk drive so that information can be passed between the diskette and the computer memory (RAM).

DOS DESCRIPTION

The ATARI Disk Operating System contains two main parts: o a Disk Utility Package <DUP) o a File Management Subsystem (FMS)

This section describes the interaction that takes place between the OS and DOS when the system is powered up and the disk drive is "booted."

It also provides a description of the two main parts contained in DOS.

When you power up your disk drive<s) and the computer console, the

Operating System executes a bootstrap loader that brings a special file called DOS.SYS into RAM and begins executing the initial code in that file.

DOS.SYS contains both the File Management Subsystem and the Disk Utility Package.

When DOS I is loaded into the computer RAM, it occupies a special area in RAM that does not interfere with the memory locations allocated for

BASIC or Assembly Language programs.

The Memory Map in Appendix D shows the RAM locations occupied by the DOS.

After the disk drive system has been booted and the DOS.SYS file is loaded, the ATARI

Operating System turns control of the system to the cartridge.

If no cartridge has been inserted, OS gives control of the system directly to the Disk Utility Package.

Disk Utility Package

The Disk Utility Package (DUP) programs allow you to display the DOS

Menu by calling and executing its DUP Executive program.

The Executive program, besides displaying the DOS Menu, takes Menu input and prints the module entry message for each Menu option; e. g., DELETE FILESPEC for Menu selection 0, and executes the selected utility.

The DUP programs also allow easy access to the File Management Subsystem (FMS) without your having to understand the logical structure of FMS.

File Management Subsystem

The File Management Subsystem gives you a simpler way of storing data on a diskette by putting a logical structure on top of the formatted

diskette.

Because o-F the Fi Ie Manager program, you don ' t have to keep track o-F all the sectors a program occupies, which sectors they are, or how to -Find a particular -File.

FMS relieves the user of all that reponsibility.

The FMS also "controls" the operations performed on a fi Ie: OPEN,

CLOSE, PUT, and GET (see Section 6>' In addition, it defines the subfunctions displayed on the DOS Menu that are accessed by DUP.

The subfunctions that are not de-Fined by FMS are BINARY LOAD, BINARY SAVE,

RUN AT AT ADDRESS, RUN CARTRIDGE, COpy FILE, DUPLICATE FILE and

DUPLICATE DISK.

OPERATION WITHOUT INSERTED CARTRIDGE

When no cartridge has been inserted, the OS gives control directly to the DOS Menu and that is what appears on the screen.

However, if you have inserted a cartridge, you must type DOS [RETURNJ before the DOS

Menu will appear on the screen.

PARAMETERS

A parameter is additional in-Formation (sometimes optional) that specifies how the command is to operate.

If more than one parameter is required, separate them with commas.

For example, the BINARY LOAD selection requires a START and END.

A parameter can be a -Filename or a hexadecimal number.

I-F you enter a parameter and decide against it, press [BREAKJ.

The selected subroutine will not be executed and a

SELECT ITEM prompt message will appear on the screen.

WILD CARDS

ATARI DOS recognizes two "wild cards" which can be substituted for characters in

filename.

Wild cards are represented by the special characters ? and

The? is used in place of any single valid character.

If there are

25 files on a diskette and you want to list to the screen only those five-letter files beginning with PROB and ending with . BAS, you would type PROB? BAS.

(See A.

DISK DIRECTORY.) This wild card can only

"e

substituted for a single character.

To substitute for a variable number of characters, there is another, more flexible wild card.

The

* stands -For any valid combination of characters in a filename or an extender.

The following examples illustrate the use of the

EXAMPLES:

*.BAS

will list all the program files on a diskette in disk drive #1 that end in . BAS.

D2:*.* will list all the program files on the disk drive 2 diskette.

PRO*.BAS

will list all the program files on diskette of disk drive #1 that begin with PRO and have. BAS as the extender.

Letters or numbers (but not a period) to the right of the asterisk (*) are ignored.

In other words, *T. BAS would appear to the computer as

*. BAS and PROT.*S would be the same as PROT.*.

You can load a program from the diskette using a wild card in the file name if there is no more than one file to which it is applicable; e. g., if while the DOS is searching for a file PRO*.BAS and it finds a

PR01.BAS and a PROB. BAS, an ERROR-21 (Load File Error) will appear on the screen.

SECTION 5

DOS MENU SELECTIONS

This section describes each the selections that appear on the Disk

Operating System Menu.

The DOS Menu is "self-prompting." When you type the letter of one of the selections; e. g.

D, etc., in response to the SELECT ITEM prompt, the DUP program prints the message concerning that selection and turns control over to the selected subroutine.

Figure 5-1 illustrates the DOS Menu selections and prompt message.

The rest of this section describes each of these selections and gives examples of their uses.

OXSK OPERATXMG SYSTEM

I. FORMAT DX5K

B. RUN CARTRXOGE J.

C. COPY FXLE

D. DELETE

E. RENAME FILE

F. LOCK FXLE

G. UNLOCK FXLE

H. NRXTE FXLE

K. BXNARY SAVE

L. 8ZMARY

M. RUN AT

N. OEFXME DEVXCE

O. DUPLICATE FILE

•

'SELECT ITEM

FIGURE 5-1.

DOS MENU

DISK DIRECTORY

The disk directory contains a list of all the files on a diskette.

On d e man d , i t dis p

La y s the f i len a me, the ext end e r (i fan y ), and the number of sectors allocated to that file.

It will either display a partial list or a complete list depending on the parameters entered.

Wild cards can be used in the parameters.

Type A (RETURN] below the SELECT ITEM prompt.

The screen immediately displays the entry module message:

DIRECTORY--SEARCH SPEC, LIST FILE

You can choose at this time to search for a single filespec.

several filespecs.

or all filespecs on the diskette.

Type DOS.SYS (RETURN)

The screen displays:

DOS

645

SYS 064

TYPE RETURN FOR MENU

This tells you that DOS. SYS is present on the diskette and contains 64 sectors.

The number 645 on the next line notifies you of the number of free sectors left on the diskette.

Since there are 709 sectors available to the user on a diskette, this display also lets the user know that DOS.SYS is the only file on the diskette.

The second parameter.

LIST FILE, allows you to print the directory information to any output device you choose.

Since there was no specified device in the example above.

the DOS printed it on the screen (E:), which is the default device.

Notice that TYPE RETURN FOR MENU is displayed on the screen.

Press the

(RETURNJ key and the DOS Menu redisplays with a SELECT ITEM prompt.

To list the filespec names on a printer.

type A (RETURNJ.

After the directory prompt message, type DOS. SYS, P: (RETURNJ.

If you have a printer and it is on, DOS will print DOS SYS 064 with 645 directly below it.

YOIJ do not have a printer (or it is not turned on), you will see an ERROR-138 displayed on the screen.

Each time this selection completes a task, it displays a TYPE RETURN FOR MENU prompt message.

The following examples illustrate different uses of this selection.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

A (RETURN)

DIRECTORY--SEARCH SPEC, LIST FILE?

(RETURN)

Lists all filenames on screen.

TYPE RETURN FOR MENU (RETURN)

EXAMPLE 2:

SELECT ITEM

A (RETURN)

OIRECTORY--SEARCH SPEC, LIST FILE?

*.SYS (RETURN)

Lists all files on screen with

. SYS extender.

TYPE RETURN FOR MENU (RETURN)

EXAMPLE 3:

SELECT ITEM

A (RETURN)

DIRECTORY--SEARCH SPEC, LIST FILE?

02: , P: (RETURN) List all files on disk drive

#2 on the line printer.

TYPE RETURN FOR MENU (RETURN)

EXAMPLE 4:

SELECT ITEM

A (RETURN)

DIRECTORY--SEARCH SPEC, LIST FILE?

DO?* (RETURN)

Lists all 3-letter filespecs beginning with DO.

TYPE RETURN FOR MENU (RETURN)

SELECT ITEM

RUN CARTRIDGE

Whenever you select a, the DUP file gives control of your ATARI

Personal Computer System to the inserted cartridge.

If the BASIC cartridge is inserted, the screen displays a READY prompt.

If the

Assembler Editor cartridge is inserted, the screen displays an EDIT prompt.

If you have not inserted a cartridge, the message NO CARTRIDGE appears on the screen.

You can also press (SYSTEM RESET) to return control to the cartridge.

This selection has no entry message or parameters.

EXAMPLE:

SELECT ITEM

B [RETURN)

COpy FILE

Use this selection if you have two disk drives and want to copy a file from one diskette in disk drive #1 to a second diskette in disk drive

#2.

You can also use this selection to create a backup copy on the same diskette with the same filename but a different extension, or even a completely different filename.

No wild cards are allowed.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

C [RETURN]

COPY--FROM,TO?

D1:DOSEX. BAS, D2: DOSEX. BAS [RETURN] Copies DOSEX. BAS from D1 to D2

SELECT ITEM

EXAMPLE 2:

SELECT ITEM

C [RETURN]

COPY--FROM,TO?

D1:DOSEX. BAS, 01: OOSEX. BAK Creates backup copy of file on same diskette.

SELECT ITEM

Also, use this selection to copy the file listing to the screenl the printer, or the program recorder.

EXAMPLE 3:

C [RETURN]

COPY--FROM,TO?

D1:DOSEX.LST,E:

[RETURN]

Displays the program listing on screen.

SELECT ITEM

EXAMPLE 4:

SELECT ITEM

C [RETURN)

COPY--FROM,TO?

E:,D1:TEMP. OAT [RETURN)

PETER (RETURNJ

BILL [RETURN)

STEVE (RETURN)

[CTRLJ3

SELECT ITEM

EXAMPLE 5:

SELECT ITEM

C [RETURN)

COPY--FROM,TO?

D1: DISEX. LSi, P: [RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

Copies any succeeding screen data into a file named TEMP. DAT.

Type data on screen to be stored in TEMP.DAT file.

Terminates entry of data.

Lists the program listing DISEX.LST

on the printer.

DELETE FILE(S)

This selection allows you to delete one or more files from the disk directory file and from the diskette.

Wild cards can be used in the filespec names.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

D CRETURl'n

DELETE FILESPEC

D2:REM*.BAS (RETURN]

TYPE uy u

TO DELETE ...

REM1. BAS?

Y CRETURN]

REMB. BAS

Y [RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

EXAMPLE 2:

All files that begin with REM and that have a . BAS extender.

Verification prompt.

Deletes REM1.BAS

Deletes REMB.BAS

SELECT ITEM

D (RETURN]

DELETE FILESPEC

D:TEMP.DAT (RETURN]

TYPE uy"

TEMP. DAT

TO DELETE ...

Y [RETURN]

A single file.

Verification prompt.

If N is typed, file will not be deleted.

SELECT ITEM

The verification prompt message gives you a chance to change your mind about deleting a file.

By appending the option IN to the filespec entry, DOS will eliminate this verification step.

EXAt1PLE 3:

SELECT ITEM

D (RETURN]

DELETE FILESPEC

DOXEX. BASIN (RETURN]

SELECT ITEM File is deleted without requesting verification.

You can also delete all files on a diskette, but leave the diskette formatting.

Example 4 illustrates the steps for deleting all the existing files on disk drive #1.

Note that the IN option is used in this example so that the verification message is not displayed.

EXAMPLE 4:

SELECT ITEM o

(RETURNJ

DELETE FILESPEC

*.*/N

(RETURNJ

SELECT ITEM

Deletes all files from the disk drive #1 diskette.

RENAME FILE(S)

This selection allows you to change the name of one or more files.

You can use wild cards in the filespec names.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

E (RETURNJ

RENAME, GIVE OLD NAME, NEW

02: TEMP. OAT, NAMES. OAT (RETURNJ

SELECT ITEM The file designated on 02 as

TEMP. OAT is changed to NAMES.DAT.

EXAMPLE 2:

SELECT ITEM

E (RETURNJ

RENAME, GIVE OLD NAME,NEW

*. 8KB,*. BAS (RETURNJ

SELECT ITEM

All files with extender 8KB have their extenders changed to . BAS.

If you attempt to rename a file on a write-protected diskette, an

ERROR-144 (Device Done Error> will display on the screen.

If you try to rename a file that is not on the diskette, an ERROR-170 (File Not

Found> error displays.

If the screen displays ERROR-167, it means that you tried to rename a locked file (see F. LOCK FILE>.

LOCK FILE

Use t his s e I e c t ion to"

i t e - pro t e c t" a sin g 1e f i Ie. A 1

0 c ked f i 1e cannot be written to, appended, or deleted.

An ERROR-167 will result from trying to write to a locked file.

You can use wild cards to lock several files at the same time.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

F (RETURNJ

WHAT FILE TO LOCK?

DOS.SYS (RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

A locked file is designated by an asterisk

(*> preceding its filename in the Disk Directory. Note that the asterisk has two different functions.

When used within a filename, it is a wild c ar-d . when used preceding a filename in the DOS Directory, it denotes a locked file.

The following example illustrates the use of the wild card to lock all files with an extender of . BAS.

EXAMPLE

SELECT ITEM

F (RETURN)

WHAT FILE TO LOCK?

D1:*. BAS (RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

EXAMPLE 3:

SELECT ITEM

F (RETURN)

WHAT FILE TO LOCK?

T*.* (RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

EXAMPLE 4:

Locks all files on D1 which begin wi th T.

SELECT ITEM

F (RETURNJ

WHAT FILE TO LOCK?

*.* (RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

Locks all D1 files.

If you do not enter a filename or a wild card filename before pressing [RETURN], the screen will display an ERROR-165.

UNLOCK FILE

Use this selection to unlock a file or files that you previously locked using selection F.

When you complete this selection, the asterisk that appeared before the filename in the DOS Directory that indicated that the file was locked will no longer appear on the screen.

Wild cards can be used in the filespec names.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

G (RETURN)

WHAT FILE TO UNLOCK?

DOSEX. BAS (RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

Unlocks DOSEX. BAS file on D1.

EXAMPLE 2:

SELECT ITEM

G (RETURNJ

WHAT FILE TO UNLOCK?

T*.* (RETURNJ

SELECT ITEM

Unlocks files beginning with the letter T on disk drive *1 diskette.

EXAMPLE 3:

SELECT ITEM

G (RETURNJ

WHAT FILE TO UNLOCK?

PROB?DAT (RETURNJ

SELECT ITEM

Unlocks aIlS-letter files beginning with PROB and having a . OAT extender.

WRITE DOS FILE

To write a DOS/FMS file on a diskette, the diskette must have been previousl'.l formatted (see

FORMAT DISK>' The diskette to be written is inserted in Disk Drive

*1.

This selection does not allow a choice of drives.

EXAMPLE:

SELECT ITEM

H (RETURNJ

TVPE "V" TO WRITE NEW DOS FILE?

V (RETURNJ

WRITING NEW DOS.SVS FILE

SELECT ITEM

You can also use C.

COpy FILE

DUPLICATE FILE to write a new

DOS onto a diskette, but you must first rename the DOS.SVS file before trying to copy it.

After copying the file, rename it back to DOS.SVS

and you will have a bootable version of DOS. However, since this is the selection designed specifically for writing a DOS/FMS file onto a second diskette, it is recommended that

'.Iou

use it rather than either of the two other selections, C

FORMAT DISK

This selection is used to format a diskette.

The diskette can be blank

it can have files on it that you do not want anymore.

Formatting writes a digital pattern on the diskette that allows data to be stored and retrieved.

Formatting a diskette takes approximately 2 minutes.

WARNING: Formatting a diskette always destroys all files existing on the diskette.

EXAMPLE:

SELECT ITEM

I [RETURN]

WHICH DRIVE TO FORMAT?

1 [RETURN]

TYPE "Y" TO FORMAT DISK 1

Y [RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

Although the above example illustrates disk drive #1 as the drive to be for ma t ted, you can s p e c i f y any d r i ve .

I t i s po s sib l e t

0 for ma t a dis k e t t e con t a i n i n g bad sec tor s .

DOS

ill " f lag" the bad sec tor s internally and will not write any data on those sectors.

DUPLICATE DISK

Use this menu selection to copy the files on a diskette (Source diskette) to another (Destination) diskette.

The Disk Utility Package

(DUP) program uses sector by sector copying, which means that programs already on the destination diskette will be destroyed.

This selection can be used with a one drive system or a multiple drive system.

For a one drive system, save any RAM-resident BASIC program before attempting to duplicate a diskette.

This selection uses the program area (where a RAM-resident BASIC program is stored) as a buffer for mOVing the files on the source diskette to the destination diskette when one drive is used.

EXAMPLE 1.

SELECT ITEM

(RETURNJ

DUP DISK--SOURCE,DEST DRIVES?

1, 1 (RETURN)

TYPE "V" IF OK TO USE PROGRAM AREA?

Y (RETURN)

INSERT SOURCE DISK, TYPE RETURN

[RETURNJ

INSERT DESTINATION DISK, TYPE RETURN

[RETURNJ

SELECT ITEM

Always write protect your source diskette as a safety measure.

Then, if it is accidentally inserted when the destination diskette is supposed to be, the screen will display an ERROR-144, but your source diskette will still be intact.

If you type any character other than Y (RETURNJ in response to the

TYPE "V" IF OK TO USE PROGRAM AREA message, the program aborts and a

SELECT ITEM prompt appears on the screen.

NOTE: The number of times the DUP program requests you to insert the source and destination diskettes depends on the number and size of the file{s; to be duplicated for a given system and the amount of RAM in the system.

A 48K system might require only two insertions whereas a 16K system might require five or six diskette insertions.

For a multiple disk drive system, it is not necessary to save a

RAM-resident BASIC program, as an internal DOS buffer is used and the user's program area will not be altered.

Notice that in the following example, there is no prompt message regarding the program area.

Insert the source diskette in disk drive #1 and the destination diskette in disk drive #2 and use the steps in EXAMPLE 2.

EXAMPLE 2.

SELECT ITEM

J (RETURNJ

DUP DISK--SOURCE,DEST DRIVES

1,2 (RETURNJ

INSERT BOTH DISKS, TYPE RETURN

(RETURNJ

SELECT ITEM

The cursor remains on the screen during the duplication process.

This process can take several minutes if the source diskette is almost full.

Although the above example uses Disk Drive #1 as the source disk and #2 as the destination disk, you can duplicate a disk from any numbered drive to any other numbered drive; e. g., 2,1;3,1;2,3.

BINARY SAVE

Use this Menu selection to save the contents of memory locations in obJect file (binary) format.

Programs written using the Assembler

Editor Cartridge have this format.

The parameters for this selection,

START and END, are hexadecimal numbers.

These numbers are determined by your obJect file program.

For instance, if you had an Assembly

Language program BINFIL.OBJ stored on diskette, it would be preceeded by a 6-byte header in the form shown in the following:

Header

Byte

Decimal

Number

Hex

Number Description

132

9 o

255

Identifier code for binary load file

Starting address (LSB)

(MSB)

Ending address (LSB)

(MSB)

Bytes of file data

In Example 1, you would insert the hexadecimal addresses 3COO and

5BFF from the header as the START and END parameters in the BINARY

SAVE selection.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

K (RETURN)

SAVE--GIVE FILE, START, END

BINFIL.OBJ,3COO,5BFF (RETURN)

SELECT ITEM

This BINARY SAVE selection used with a /A after a filename can be used to incorporate an automatic run feature into an obJect file program.

To make an obJect file run automatically, insert the starting address into hexadecimal locations 2EO and 2El.

Since BASIC does not recognize hexadecimal numbers, use POKE statements with the decimal equivalents of the hexadecimal locations of the starting address.

In the above examp Ie BINFIL.OBJ, the starting address is 3COO.

The Least

Significant Byte (LSB) is 00 and the Most Significant Byte is 3C.

When these are converted to decimal the LSB is still 0, but the MSB is 60.

The decimal equivalents of locations 2EO and 2E1 are 736 and 737, respectively.

See Appendix E.

EXAMPLE 2:

Binary File Automatic Run

Type B [RETURN] to get into BASIC

READY

POKE 736,00 [RETURN)

READY

POKE 737,60 [RETURN)

READY

DOS [RETURN]

Enter LSB first in decimal.

Enter MSB second in decimal.

Return to DOS Menu.

SELECT ITEM

K [RETURN)

SAVE--GIVE FILE, START, END

BINFIL.OBJ/A,2EO,2El (RETURN)

SELECT ITEM

Enter hexadecimal equivalents.

When BINFIL.OBJ is loaded into RAM, it will begin executing immediately.

Be sure to enter decimal numbers in the POKE statements.

If you enter hexadecimal numbers by mistake, you could POKE into DOS and create all kinds of problems, making it necessary for you to reboot the system.

BINARY LOAD

Use this selection to load into RAM an Assembly Language (Binary) file that was saved with BINARY SAVE.

If the starting address

was

appended to the file in locations 2EO and 2E1, the file will automatically run after being entered.

EXAMPLE 1:

SELECT ITEM

L (RETURNJ

LOAD FROM WHAT FILE?

BINFIL.OBJ (RETURNJ

Since this file had the starting address in locations 2EO and 2E1

(see K.

BINARY SAVE), this file will begin executing as soon as the load is complete.

If a file has not had the starting locations inserted in 2EO and 2E1, the SELECT ITEM prompt message would display on the screen as soon as the file completed loading.

EXAMPLE 2:

SELECT ITEM

L (RETURNJ

LOAD FROM WHAT FILE?

MACHL.OBJ [RETURN]

SELECT ITEM

To run a program without an appended starting address, see the next selection, M.

RUN AT ADDRESS.

RUN AT ADDRESS

Use this selection to enter the hexadecimal starting address of an object file program after you have loaded it into RAM with the BINARY

LOAD selection.

This selection is used when the starting address has not been appended to the object file.

EXAMPLE:

SELECT ITEM

M [RETURN]

RUN FROM WHAT ADDRESS?

3000 [RETURN]

In the above example, the instructions at hexadecimal location 3000 will begin executing.

Be very careful in entering these hexadecimal address locations.

If you enter an address that does not contain executable code, it will create problems.

The least damaging of these problems causes the system to lock up making it necessary for you to reboot the system.

DEFINE DEVICE

This selection allows you to change the routing deTined in the FMS

Han dIe r Tab l e . For t his

IJ s e , i the

1 pst

0 t h ink

0 f

E:, P:, and D: a s single files rather than devices.

In the following example, data that would have normally been sent to the printer is rerouted to a TEMP2. P file on a diskette.

EXAf1PLE:

SELECT ITEM

N (RETURN)

LOGICAL DEVICE, PHYSICAL DEVICE

P: ,TEMP2.P (RETURN)

SELECT ITEM

Within the system, the P: handler address is changed to reflect another handler in the FMS that "sets up" the actual device.

In a program that has data to be sent to the printer, the FMS would find the add res s

0 f P: in the Han d

1 e r Tab

1 e , and r

0 ute the da t a t

0 t hat location.

Hourev e r , this selection changes the P: "file" address and reroutes the data to the TEMP2. P file on the diskette.

The logical device, l.1Ihich in this case is P:, can be redefined any number of times.

The full implementation of this selection is not supported, so use it with caution.

DUPLICATE FILE

Use this selection for a one drive system to copy a file from the diskette in drive

#1 to another diskette.

No wild cards are possible with this selection.

The operation and prompt messages for this selection are very similar to those of the DUPLICATE DISK selection.

The following example is for a single disk drive system.

EXAMPLE:

SELECT ITEM o

(RETURN)

NAME OF FILE TO MOVE?

DOSEX. BAS (RETURN]

TYPE "Y

I F

all..

TO USE PROGRAM AREA

Y (RETURN)

INSERT SOURCE DISK, TYPE RETURN

(RETURN)

INSERT DESTINATION DISK, TYPE RETURN

(RETURN)

SELECT ITEM

This selection also contains the same restrictions regarding the program

area

that

are

explained in Example 1 of the DUPLICATE DISK

sele,tion.

Therefore, you should not have a RAM-resident BASIC program that you do not wish destroyed when performing this task.

SECTION 6.

DISK OPERATIONS WITH BASIC

This section describes the BASIC commands that are used to move data between devices.

Four these commands allow storage and retrieval and the remainder are associated with input and output data operations.

Each command is illustrated with its abbreviation, and an example the command.

COMMANDS TO STORE AND RETRIEVE FILES

LIST

ENTER

LOAD (LO.

LOAD

SAVE

Format:

Example:

LOAD

LOAD "D1:DOSEX.BAS"

This command causes the computer system to load the filespec from the disk drive specified into RAM.

It loads the tokenized version of the program.

The tokenized is shorter than the untokenized version in that, when recorded, this version contains shorter inter-record gaps.

However, when a tokenized version is loaded, it also loads the program's symbol table.

If the program is altered or deletions

are

made, the symbol table is NOT changed.

This means that all variables which were defined in the original program still exist in the symbol table.

Therefore, it is recommended that LOAD and SAVE be used only when saving a program is its final form.

When specifying disk drive

#1, it is not necessary to call it outi e. g., D: is the same as D1:.

This command is also used in "chaining" programs.

If you have a program that is too big to run in your available RAM, you can use the

LOAD command as the last line of the first program so that when the program encounters the LOAD statement, it will automatically read in the next part of the program from the diskette.

However, the second program must be able to stand alone without depending on any variables, etc.

from the first program.

To cause the second segment to load and run automatically, you would use a RUN "D: filespec" as the last line of the first segment.

However, running the first segment, make sure you have saved it on diskette as the RUN statement will wipe out your RAM-resident program.

SAVE (S.

Format:

Example:

SAVE filespec

SAVE "Dl:EXAMP2. BAS"

This command causes the computer system to save

program on disk with the filespec name designated in the command.

SAVE is the complement of

LOAD and stores programs in tokenized form.

LIST (L.

Format:

Example:

LIST filespec

LIST

-n.

DATFIL. LST"

In BASIC, if no device is specified after the LIST command; e. g., LIST or L.

10,100, then the default device is the screen.

All program lines currently RAM-resident or specified program lines

are

displayed on the s ere en.

Howe v e r , i f a d e vic e iss pee i fie d ; e. g., P:, C:, D:, D2:, the

RAM-resident program lines (or designated program linesl will be listed to the specified device.

When a disk drive is specified, this command causes the computer system to move the current RAM-resident <source; program to a file on diskette under the name specified by the referenced filespec.

This command unlike SAVE, saves the untokenized <textual; format.

The un t

0 ken i zed For ma t , a I tho ugh Ion ge r , doe s not mer ely en I a r g eon the already eXIsting symbol table.

Each time the program is changed and LISTEO to the diskette, an updated symbol table is saved with it.

This leads to less ERROR-9 and ERROR-5 messages as the variables

are

all current.

When you are working with

program, it is advisable to save it using the LIST command.

ENTER (E.

Format:

Example:

ENTER filespec

ENTER "D:LIST2. LST"

This command causes the computer system to move a file on diskette with the referenced filespec into RAM.

The program is entered in untokenized form and is interpreted as the data is received.

ENTER, unlike LOAD, ur i Ll not destroy a RAM-resident BASIC program, but will merge the RAM-resident program and the disk file being loaded.

If there are duplicate line numbers in the two programs, the line in the program being ENTERed will replace the same line in the RAM-resident program.

DISK INPUT/OUTPUT COMMANDS

An I/O operation is controlled by an

110

Control Block <IOCB).

An IOCB is a specification of the I/O operation, consisting of the type of

1/0,

the buffer length, the buffer address and two more aUxiliary con t r

1 va ria b I e s ,of

hie h the sec

0 n dis us u

11 yO.

ATAR I BASI C set s up the eight IOCBs and dedicates three to the following:

IOCB #0 is used by BASIC for I/O to E:

IOCB #6 is used by BASIC for I/O to S:

IOCB #7 is used by BASIC for LPRINT, CLOAD, and SAVE commands.

IOCBs #1 through #5 can be used ;reely, but the dedicated IOCBs should be avoided unless

program does not make use dedicated uses mentioned above.

0; one of the

The I/O commands defined in this section are:

OPEN/CLOSE

INPUT/PRINT

PUT/GET

STATUS

XIO

The NOTE and POINT commands are not supported in this version of DOS.

OPEN (0. )

Format:

Example:

OPEN #iocb,aexp1,aexp2,filespec

100 OPEN #2,8,0, "Dl:ATARI800. BASil

The OPEN statement links a specific IOCB to the appropriate device handler, initializes any CIO-related control variables (see Glossary), and passes any device-specific options to the device handler.

The parameters in this statement are defined as ;ollows:

# iocb aexp1

Mandatory character entered by user.

A number between 0 and 7 that re;ers to a device or file.

Code number that determines the type of operation to be performed.

Code 4

= input operation disk directory input operation

9 = end-of-file append operation

= output operation

Code 9 allows program input from screen editor without user pressing (RETURNJ.

input and output operation aexp2 filespec

Device-dependent auxiliary code.

An 83 (ASCII S) in this position causes the ATARI 820 Printer to print sidewaysi otherwise it is always O.

Specific file designation (see Section 1 for filespec definition>.

In the example, OPEN #2,8,0, "01: ATARI800. BASil, IOCB #2 is opened for output to

file on disk drive #1 designated as ATARI800.BAS.

If there is no file by that name on disk drive #1, the DOS creates one.

file by that name already exists, the OPEN statement destroys that file and creates a new one.

If the IOCB has already been opened, the screen displays an ERROR-129 (File Already OPENed. )

CLOSE (CL. )

Format:

Example:

CLOSE #iocb

300 CLOSE #2

The CLOSE command closes devices or files that had been previously opened for read/write operations.

The number following the mandatory # must be the same as the iocb reference number used in the OPEN statement.

(See Example

1.)

If the iocb has already been opened to one device and an attempt is made to open the same IOCB to another device without first closing the IOCB, ERROR-129 displays on the screen.

The same IOCB cannot be used for more than one device at a time.

EXAMPLE 1:

10 OPEN #1.

0, "D: FIL. BAS

20 CLOSE #1

INPUT

(I.

Format:

Examples:

INPUT [lIiOCb {; j] j [, j. .. ]

100 INPUT

#2i X,V

#2iN$

This command is used to request data (either numerical or string) from a specified device.

When used without a #iocb, the data is assumed to be from the default device (E:).

Figure 6-1.

5 F£M *tCREATE DATA FILEt*

7 REM t*OPEN WITH 8 CREATES OATA FILE*t

OPEt-i

#L S.. 0..

0 : l·JRITE. OATil

OIM

CtlARACTERS.

35 I

£3

60::'

EHTER A THAt·i

DATA TO DISKETTE*t

NPUT

REM

PRHn

#l ..

45 REt-1

OATA FI

REM t* OPEN DATA FILE

FOR

READ*t

:*::;(OPH4 l·HTH 4 IS A READ

OPHi

1.' 4.,

0 : ITE .OAT

65 REt-1 F.IAO DATA FROr-1 0I:3KETTE::;::::;::

70 mpUT #1..l·JRT$

::;:::*

It·n DATAt::;::

80 PRItH L·JRT$

SS

REM t* CLOSE DATA FILEtt

90 CLOSE #1

INPUT and PRINT Program Example

In Figure 6-1, line 50 reads the user input from the keyboard (default device).

In line 80, the INPUT statement reads the contents of the string from the opened file.

PRINT (PR.

Format: or ?)

[c}

CexpJ ... ]

Examples: 100 PRINT #2iX,Y

100 PRINT #2iA$

This command writes an expression (whether string or arithmetic) to the opened device with the same IOCB reference number.

See Figure 6-1.

If no IOCB number is specified, the system writes the expression to the screen, which is the default device.

If the information is directed to

device that is not open, ERROR-133 displays on the screen.

PUT (PU.

Format:

Example:

PUT #iocb,aexp

100 PUT #6, ASC("A")

The PUT command writes

a single byte (value from 0-255) to the device specified by the IOCB reference number.

In the following example program, the PUT command is used to write each number you type into an array dimensioned as A(50).

You can enter up to 50 numbers, each of which should be less than 256.

See GET r.ommand for second half of this program.

10 GRAPHICS 0: REt-1 PUT.··..GET DEi'10

20 DIt-1 A( 50

>..

A$( 10;'

30 GRAPHICS 0:? II PUT At'[l GET TO DE;K PP

OGF.:At·1

:=-

15 t.k,ls to be a REA[1 or- a

INPUT

A$:?

50 IF A$=IlPEAD" 160

60 IF A$< THEN "?": GOTD 40

70 F.:Et-1 l·JP I TE F.:OUT I

:;'0

T x

# 1

0.1

01:E:=<Ar·1FIL 1.DAT

II Enter' a nUiilber' less t.hen 256":

HiPU

110

PUT #L

120 GOTO 90

x

IF >::=0 THEt·i CLOSE #1: GOTO

130 '::;Jt:AF'HIJ:-S

(1:? :

-7- "Read data irl f.i 1 e n

OW?II : INPUT A$:?

Figure 6-2.

Partial Program Example Using PUT

This command is used to create data files or append data to an

existing file.

GET (GE. )

Format:

Example:

GET #iocb,avar

100 GET #2, X

This command reads a single byte from the device specified by the the second part of the program example listed in the PUT command lOeB reference number into the specified variable.

The following program is description.

It allows you to retrieve each byte stored by the PUT command.

140 IF A$=

II t'[I"

THEri

H[I

ise

IF A$<

)II·....

ES" THai 130

160

REr-1 READ

OUT ROUT I t·E

170 OPEN #2A .' 0

01:E::-::At'lPLl .OAT

180

FOR

E=1 TO 50

185

REM

NUMBER(S)

FROM

FILE**

190 GET #2JG:A(E)=G

200 IF G=0 THEN GOTO 230

210 PRIt-H

IIB'y'TE

".;£.;

1I=lI j

220 NE::·;T E

230 CLO::;E #2

Figure 6-3.

Partial Program Example Using GET

When you run this program, it will print the numbers entered from the keyboard together with the byte number in which it was stored.

STATUS (ST.

Format:

Example:

STATUS #iocb,avar

100 STATUS #l,ERROR

This command is used to store the status of the referenced drive in a specified variable.

If no errors are encountered, the status is 1; otherwise it is one of the error codes found in Appendix B. The following program example incorporates the STATUS command to test whether or not the disk drive is ready; i. e., whether the drive door is closed.

If the disk drive door is open, the disk drive power is not on, the diskette has not been inserted, or the diskette has been incorrectly inserted, the screen displays an ERROR-138 or ERROR-139 and takes the user out of the program.

Using the TRAP command, the

user can remain in the program while the STATUS command allows the user to determine and correct the situation causing the error.

10 GRAPHICS 0:REM TRAP/STATUS DEMO

DIM A(50),A$( 10),0$(

GRAPHICS 0:? "

((;RAM

EXAr'F'LE

PUT

At£! GET TO DISK PR

40 ? .. Is this to be a READ or a

ItRlT A$:?

IF A$="REAO"

THEN 160

60 IF A$<

)lIloRITP PRINT "?": GOTO 40

70 REM WRITE

TRAP

400:

ROUTUE

11,8,0,

"01 :

EXAMPL1. OAT"

90 ? REnter· a number· less then 256": It-PU

T X

100 PUT ILX

110 IF X=0 THEN

11:GOTO 130

120 GOTO

130 GRAPHICS 0:? :? "Read data in file n ow?" : It-PUT A$:?

140 IF A$="tiJl THEN 00

150 IF A$< )"YES" TI£N 130

160 REM READ OUT

170 TRAP 400:OPEN

ROUT

It..(

#L4,0,

"01 :EXAMPLl.OAT

180 FCR

E=l TO

190 GET ILG:A<E)=G

200

IF G=0 THEN GOTO 230

210 PRINT "BYTE I ";E;"=";G

220 NEXT E

230 CLOSE 11

240 END

400 TRAP 40000:STATUS 11,ST:IF ST<>l38 A

ST<

139 THEN PRINT "I-£LP":? ST: GOTO

410 ?

"The disk dr ilJe door ITlUSt be cl ose d!"

420 ?

ve door.

II; :

Y if sou

INPUT 0$

430 CLOSE 11: GOTO

40 closed tJ.-.e disk dri

Figure 6-4.

Program Listing for STATUS Command

To test this program and the STATUS command, in the program and

SAVE it on diskette.

Open the door of the disk drive before RUNning the program.

The STATUS command will cause the error number to

printed and will give a prompt message to close the disk drive door.

After close the door, the program will again to open the file.

This time no error will occur and the program will not trap but give a

prompt for first input.

XIO ex. )

Format:

Example:

XIO cmdno,#iocb,aexp1,aexp2,filespec

100 XIO 3,#6,4,0, "D:TEST. BASil

The XIO command is a general input/output statement used for special operations.

It is used when you want to perform the functions that would otherwise be performed using the DOS Menu selections.

These XIO commands are used to open a file, read or write a record or character, close a file, store status, reference a location in a file for reading or writing, or to rename, delete, lock, or unlock a file.

The cmdno is used to designate Just which of the operations is to be performed.

cmdno

OPERATION

OPEN

GET Record

GET Characters

PUT Record

PUT Characters

STATUS Request

RENAME

DELETE

LOCK FILE

UNLOCK FILE

EXAMPLE

Same as BASIC OPEN

Similar to BASIC statements

GET, INPUT, PUT, PRINT

Same as BASIC CLOSE

Same as BASIC STATUS

XIO 32, #1, 0, 0, "0: SECC, PRTS. BAS"

XIO 33, #1, 0, 0,

"0:

TEMP. BAS"

XIO 35, #1, 0, 0,

"0:

ATARI. BAS"

XIO 36,#1,0,0,

"0:

DOSEX. BAS"

The following program allows you to create a file for each month of the year into which you can enter the names and birthdays of your family and friends.

The program uses XIO statements to create the file for each month, to lock and unlock each file as needed by the program, and to close the file when you are through with it.

Line 20 defines the disk file 0: BIRTHDAY as FILE$.

Then in line

170, FILE$ is opened with an XIO statement for input.

The XIO statement in line 390 unlocks the proper file.

The XIO statement in line 400 creates the file and allows you to write to the file.

The n ext XlOs tat eme n t .

in lin e 430

c los est h e f i 1e and the next line's XIO statement locks the file to prevent it from being accidentally overwritten or erased.

To run th is program, enter a number from 1 to 12.

The program wi 11 check to see whether or not there are any entries in the file.

If there are none, the screen will

IN followed whatever month the message NO BIRTHDAYS selected.

If have made entries, the screen will the names of the people and their for that month.

In e i th er event, the screen wi 11 d i sp lay th e names and birthdays for the month !,Iou selected and the succeeding month

(as a failsafe feature against !,lour forgetting an important birthday that comes at the first part of the next month). When you do not wish to see another file or make another birthday entry, type NO to each prompt message and the program will terminate.

5 GRAPHICS 0

10 DIM AS(5)/0$( 15)/FILE$(20)/DATE$(20)1

IDI$(

20)

ERR$(

20)

HftE$( 40)

FILE$="D:BIRTHDA'y'. II

30 ERR$=IIERROR IN MONTH I"

100 GRAPHICS 0:? :

'7 :'7

IIPLEASE

NUtSER (1-12)"

110 TRAP 100:INPUT t1JNTH

120 TSTEND=0

130 MONTH=INT(MONTH)

140 IF MONTH<l OR MONTH)12 THEN

OTO 100

145 GOSUB 1000+MONTH

150 FILE$(12)=STR$(MafTH)

r,'PE

MONT

'7 ERR$:G

160 EOF=0

170 TRAP

700:XIO 3/12/4/0/FILE$

180 TRAP

600:

FOR I

TO 1 STEP 0

190 INPUT #2; NAME$

200

INPUT 12;DATE$

210 EOF=EOF+1

220

IF EOF=1 THEN ? "BIRTHDA'lS IN

II;

MON$

;11 ARE: 11:'7

224 TEMP=LEN( NAME$ )

225

NAtE$( TEMP+ 1)=" "

226

227

230 '7

240 NE::H I

299

300

)=" "

NEW IN BIRTHDA'lSt

"WOULD 'tOO U KE TO f1AKE A HE

BIRTHOA·.... ENTRY": It-F'UT

305

REM

'7 :'7 :'7

IF A$="YES" GOTO 320

310 IF A$="NO" THEN PRINT "WOLLO YOU

E TO

A$:?

CHECK

ANOTHER MONTH

UK

S FILE?": INPUT

315 IF A$="YES"

318 IF A$="NO" THEN

GOTO 20

8-D

320 '7 "PLEASE TYPE PERSON'S NAtE"

330 INPUT NAME$

340 '7 "PLEASE TYPE PERSON'S BIRTHDAY (MM

350 I t-f'UT OATE$

360 MONTH=INT(UAL(DATE$»

370 IF MCtITH<1 OR MONTH>12

ATE$:GOTO 300

380 FILE$( 12)=STR$( MONTH )

? ERR$/O

Figure 6-5.

Sample Program Using XIO Statements (Page 1 of 2)

390 TRAP 400:XIO 361#3,0,0,FILE$:OPEN #2

,9,0JFILE$:GOTO 410

400 CLOSE #2:XIO

410 PRINT #2iNAME$

440 XIO

450 GOTO

3J.)0

3J#2J8/0JFILE$

420 PRINT #2iDATE$

430

XIO 12J#2J0J0JFILE$

35J#2/0J0JFILE$

600 CLOSE #2: IF EOF=0 THEN

VS IN lt i MON$

610

620 IF

630

THEN tXliTH=l

640 IF

650 GOTO 30"0

THEN GOTO 145

700 EOF=0:GOTO 600

1001 MOt·a=1IJANUAR·.... II :P£fURN

1f102 r10N$= IIFEBRUAR\'II :RETURN

1003 r10t·i-$= II II :RETURN

1004 MOti$=II I L" :RETURN

1005 r10t·a=IIMA·y''': RETURN

1006 MOt·a= IIJUNP :F-'ETURN

1007 MOt·a=II.JJL..... ": RETURN

1008 r1Ot·a= II AUGUST" :

1009

1010

RETURN

P£TlIRN

1011 r1Ot·i$= IINOl)EMBER" :

1012 r1Ot·a=IIDECEt1BERII: P£TUF.:N

BIRTHDA

3000 FILE$(12J12+LEN(STR$(MONTH»))=STR$( r10NTH):

FILE$

Figure 6-5.

Sample Program Using XIO Statements (Page 2 of 2)

APPENDIX A

ALPHABETICAL DIRECTORY

OF BASIC RESERVED WORDS USED WITH DISK OPERATIONS

Note:

The period is mandatory after all abbreviated keywords.

RESERVED

WORD: ABBREVIATION

BRIEF SUMMARY

OF BASIC STATEMENT

CL.

DOS

END

ENTER

GET

INPUT

LIST

LOAD

OPEN

PUT

PRo

DO.

GE.

LO.

or ?

PU.

1/0

statement used to close a disk file at the conclusion of

1/0

operations.

This command causes the menu to be displayed.

The menu contains all DOS utility selections.

Stops program e xe c u b i o m closes filesi turns off sound s.

Prog ram may be restarted using CONT.

(Note: END may be used more than once in a program. )

1/0

command used to retrieve a LISTed program in untokenized (source) form.

If a program or lines are ENTERed when a program is resident in RAM, ENTER will merge the two programs.

Used with disk operation to input a single byte of data into a specified variable from a specified device.

This command data from a specified device.

The default device is

E: (Screen Editor).

This command outputs the untokenized version of a program to a specified device.

1/0

command used to retrieve a SAVEd program in tokenized form from a specified device.

Opens the specified file for input or output operations.

1/0

command causes output from the computer to specified output device.

Causes output of a single byte of data from the computer to the specified device.

SAVE

STATUS

TRAP

XIO

ST.

110

statement used to record

tokenized version of a program in a specified file on

specified device.

Calls status routine for specified device.

Directs execution to a specified line number in case of an INPUT error, allowing user to maintain control of program.

General

110

statement used in a program to perform DOS menu selections and specified

110

commands.

APPENDIX B

BASIC ERROR MESSAGES

ERROR

CODE NO.

ERROR CODE MESSAGE

Insufficient memory to store the statement or the new variable name or to DIM

new string variable.

Value Error: A value expected to be a positive integer is negative, a value expected to be within a specific range is not.

Too Many Variables: names is allowed.

A maximum of 128 different variable

String Length Error: Attempted to store beyond the

DIMensioned string length.

Out of Data Error: READ statement requires more data items than supplied by DATA statement(s).

Number greater than 32767: Value is not a positive integer or is greater than 32767.

Input Statement Error: Attempted to INPUT a nonnumeric value into

numeric variable.

Array or String DIM Error: DIM size is greater than

32767 or an array/matrix reference is out of the range of the dimensioned size, or the array/matrix or string has been already DIMensioned, or

reference has been made to an undimensioned array or string.

Argument Stack Overflow: too large an expression.

There are too many GOSUBs or

Floating Point Overflow/Underflow Error: Attempted to divide by zero or refer to a number larger than +lE98 or smaller than -lE99.

Line Not Found: A GOSUB, GOTO, or THEN referenced a non-existent line number.

No Matching FOR Statement: A NEXT was encountered without a previous FOR, or nested FOR/NEXT statements do not match properly.

(Error is reported at the NEXT statement, not at FOR).

Line Too Long Error: The statement is too complex or too long for BASIC to handle.

GOSUB or FOR Line Deleted: A NEXT or RETURN statement was encountered and the corresponding FOR or GOSUB has been deleted since the last RUN.

RETURN Error: A RETURN was enc o un t e r-e d wi thout a rna t chi n g GOSUB.

Garbage Error: Execution of Ilgarbage ll

(bad RAM bits) was attempted.

This error code may indicate a hardware problem, but may also be the result of faulty use of

POKE.

typing NEW or powering down, the re-enter the program wihout any POKE commands.

Invalid String Character: valid character, or string numeric string.

String does not start with a in VAL statement is not a

LOAD Program Too Long: complete LOAD.

Insufficient memory remains to

Device Number Larger than 7 or Equal to O.

LOAD File Error: Attampted to LOAD a non-LOAD file.

Note: The following are INPUT/OUTPUT errors that result during the use of disk drives, printers, or other accessory devices.

Further information is provided with the auxiliary hardware.

128

129

130

131

BREAK Abort: User hit (BREAK] key during I/O operation.

IOCB* already open.

OPEN statement within a program loop or IOCB already in use for another device or file.

Nonexistent Device specified.

not attached.

Device is not turned on or

I OC B Wr i t e

On 1 y .

(P'r i n t e r-}.

Command to a write-only device

132

133

134

135

Invalid Command: The command is invalid for this device.

Device or File not Open: device.

No OPEN specified for the

Bad IOCB Number: Illegal device number.

IOCB Read Only Error: device.

Command to a read-only

136 EOF: End of File read has been reached.

(NOTE: message can occur when using cassette files. )

*10CB refers to Input/Output Control Block.

is the same as the IOCB number.

The device number

This

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

167

168

169

170

171

162

163

164

165

166

146

147

160

161

Truncated Record:

256 c h e r a c tel's.

Attempt to read a record longer than

Device Timeout.

Device d o e s n r b respond.

Check connections between peripheral and console.

Device NAK:

Garbage on serial port or bad disk drive.

Serial Bus input

Cursor Out Range error.

particular mode.

Serial Bus Data Frame Overrun.

Serial Bus Data Frame Checksum Error.

Device Done Error (invalid "done" byte); write on a write-protected diskette.

Attempt to

Read After Write Compare Error (disk handler) or bad screen mode handler.

Function not Implemented in handler.

Insufficient RAM for operating selected graphics mode.

Drive Number Error.

Too Many OPEN Files (no sector available).

Disk Full (no free sectors).

Unrecoverable System Data

1/0

Error.

File Number Mismatch:

Fi l e Name Error.

Links on disk are messed up.

POINT Data Length Error.

File Locked.

Command Invalid (special operation code).

Directory Full (64 files).

File Not Found.

POINT Invalid.

APPENDIX C

HOW TO OBTAIN MORE USEABLE RAM

RELEASE UNNECESSARY DISK DRIVE BUFFERS

The DOS is able to control up to four disk drives.

If you have fewer than four drives, you can use some of the RAM that the DOS sets aside for programming to control four drives.

By POKEing certain RAM locations, you can simplify the DOS so that it is not carrying the excess capability for controlling more disk drives than

are

in your system.

Here's the RAM-saving step by step:

- First lIboot up" using your Master Diskette with the BASIC cartridge in its slot.

Now remove the diskette and insert unformatted diskette.

new

- Select DOS item B (RUN CARTRIDGE) to get into BASIC, then POKE memory location 1802 with the value shown in the table below.

(Use Direct Mode).

REGUIRED POKES

NUMBER OF

DRIVES

POKE THIS VALUE

INTO 1802

FRE(O)

BYTES SAVED

(OVER 4-DRIVE

CONFIGURATION)

*Assumes 16K system.

21006*

20867*

20739*

397

258

130

Now do a PRINT PEEK(1802) and check that the value returned is the same number that you POKEd into that location.

If it isn't, repeat the POKE step and check again.

Go to DOS and use Menu item I (FORMAT DISK) to put the formatting onto your blank diskette.

Now use item H (WRITE NEW

DOS) to place the DOS.SYS file (with the new value of location

1802 ) , on you rnew dis k e t t e .

- With the DOS file now on the new diskette, power down the computer to clear the RAM.

Power up (boot up) again with the new diskette installed.

Now go to BASIC again and do

PRINT PEEK(1802),FRE(0) in direct mode.

Location 1802 should show the new number you POKEd into it, and the free RAM should reflect

a significant memory saving.

CHANGE THE NUMBER OF BUFFERS USED TO REFLECT THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF

FILES THAT NEED TO BE OPEN.

This procedure is exactly the same as the previous example except that you now POKE memory location 1801 with the number of files you wish to allow to be open simultaneously.

This could be as small as 1 if you are certain that you will not be executing a program that needs to open more than 1 file.

The value of this parameter in the DOS as supplied by ATARI is 3, which means that 3 files can be open simultaneously.

ELIMINATE DOS AND FMS WHEN THEY ARE NO LONGER NEEDED.

When you power up in the proper sequence <disk drive then console), the DOS and FMS are loaded from the diskette into RAM.

When you later run a BASIC program, you do not need parts of the DOS that have to do with dsiplaying the menu and responding to your selections.

You can release the RAM reserved for these functions with the following BASIC program.

You can still use all the DOS functions that are controllable with BASIC keywords.

You release 5384 bytes of RAM.

10 POKE 10,35

20 POKE 11,242

30 POKE 12,

136

40 POKE

13,7

50 POKE 1804,48

60 POKE 1805, 18

70 TRAP 90

80 X=USR(1928)

90 X=USR(40968)

100 PRINT FRE(O) :REM LINE 100 FOR TESTING

Future versions of DOS and FMS will accomplish this operation automatically.

209

208

207

203

202

176

128

511

256

255

212

211

210

9856

9885

4864

4863

1792

1791

1536

1151

1021

999

960

APPENDIX D

ATARI 400 and ATARI 800 MEMORY MAP (PARTIAL)

CONTENTS

DECIMAL

ADDRESS

HEXADECIMAL

65535

10879

FFFF

EOOO

2A7F

OPERATING SYSTEM ROM

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (2A7F-700)

DISK

1/0

BUFFERS (current DOS)

2680

267F

1300

12FF

700

6FF

600

47F

3FD

3E7

3CO

1FF

100

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM RAM

(current

DOS)

FILE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM RAM

(current DOS)

FREE RAM

OPERATING SYSTEM RAM (47F-200)

CASSETTE BUFFER

PRINTER BUFFER

HARDWARE STACK

PAGE ZERO

FLOATING POINT

BASIC or

FREE BASIC RAM

(used

CARTRIDGE PROGRAM

FREE BASIC and ASSEMBLER RAM

FREE ASSEMBLER RAM

-------------------

ASSEMBLER ZERO PAGE by BASIC)

BASIC

ZERO PAGE

APPENDIX E

TABLE FOR HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL CONVERSION

(up to 4 Hex Digits)

FOUR HEX DIGITS

2 1

--------------------------------------------------

HEX DEC HEX DEC HEX DEC HEX DEC

--------------------------_._-----------------------

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

"") e,

4096

8192

12288

16384

20480

24576

28672

32768

36864

40960

45056

49152

53248

57344

61440

256

512

768

1024

1280

1536

1792

2048

2304

2560

2816

3072

3328

3584

3840

---------------------------------_.

112

128

144

160

176

192

206

224

240

1 1

For example, to convert the hell: number 1234 to decimal.

add the entries from each of the

4 columns in the table.

For

1, use the column number

4, and so on.

1234 h e x.

4096

512

4660 dec.

other examples:

EEDD hex.

57344

3584

208

61149 dec.

AB hex.

160

171 dec.

APPENDIX F

AUTO.SYS USAGE

You can use AUTO.SYS in limited ways to want done each time you the system.

a task that you always

The following example illustrates one use of the AUTO.SYS flle to control the margins of your display a r e a.

Nor-ma

Ll q .

the set at 2 and 38, r e s p e c b i v e

Lq .

If you want them to be 0 and 39 respectively,

I.,JOU must

POKE the new values into decimal locations 82 and 83.

EXAMPLE:

POKE 82,0 [RETURN]

READY

POKE 83,39 [RETURN]

READY

DOS

Sets the left

Note

Sets the right to 0 changes immediately.

to 39

Note that this example uses the

The next step is to mode to data into the AUTO.SYS file which will automatically reload the data each time the is turned on.

To create a load format file, you now use the DOS Menu selection,

Save, to save the contents of memory locations 82 and 83 in a file called AUTO.SYS.

The BASIC command SAVE cannot be used to save any data which has been stored in this fashion.

If you followed the above example, the DOS Menu should be displayed on the (Figure

5-1 shows an illustration of the DOS Menu. ) the SELECT ITEM prompt message, type K (RETURN].

The screen will display a prompt message SAVE--GIVE FILE/START,END.

Type AVTO.SYS, 52, 53 [RETURN).

The

52 and 53 are the hexadecimal equivalents of the decimal locations 82 and 83.

When the SELECT ITEM prompt message appears again, it indicates the AUTO.SYS file has been saved in load file on the diskette.

Now, IJJhenever the DOS is loaded frl.:>m thi·; diskette, AUTO. SYS will be automatically into RAM and the margins will be 0 and 39.

If you the [SYSTEM RESET] key, the margins will default to their default values of 2 and 38.

[SYSTEM RESET) re-initializes the Operating System, but does not re-boot the DOS.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Access:

Address:

Alphanumeric:

Array:

ATASC

I I:

AUTO.SYS:

Ba c k up DOS Dis k :

Baud Rate:

Binary Load:

Binary Save:

Si t:

Soot:

The method (or order> in which information is read from, or written to diskette

A location in memory, usually speci.f!ied by a two-byte number in hexadecimal or decimal format.

The capital letters A-Z and the numbers 0-9, and/or combinations of letters and numbers.

Specifically excludes graphics symbols, punct uat ion mar ks , and

0 the r s pe cia 1 c h

r act

r s .

A one dimensional set of elements that can be referenced one at

time or as a complete list by using the array variable name and one subscript.

Thus the array B, element number

10 would be referred to as B(10).

Note that string arrays are not supported by BASIC, and that all arrays must be DIMensioned.

A matrix is

two dimensional array.

The method of coding used to store text data.

In ATASCII (which is

modified version of

ASCII, the American Standard Code for information Interchange), each character and graphics symboL as well as most of the control keys, has a number assigned to represent it.

The number is a one-byte code (decimal 0-255).

Filename reserved by Disk Operating System.

An exact copy OT original master DOS/FMS diskette.

Always keep backups of your DOS/FMS master diskette and of all important data diskettes.

Signalling speed or speed of information interchange in bits per second.

Loading a binary machine-language object file into the computer memory.

Saving a binary machine-language object file onto a disk drive or program recorder.

Abbreviation of "bittary digit".

The smallest unit of information, represented by the value o or 1.

This is the initialization program that "sets up" the computer when it is powered up.

At conclusion of the Boot (or after "booting up"),

Break:

Buffer:

Byte:

C 10:

CLOSE:

Data:

Debug:

Dec ima I:

Default:

Delimiter:

Destination:

Directory:

Diskette:

DOS:

66 the computer is capable of loading and executing higher level programs.

To interrupt execution of

program.

Pressing the BREAK key causes

break in execution.

A temporary storage

area

in RAM used to hold data for further processing, input/output operations,etc.

Eight bits.

Central Input/Output Subsystem.

The part of the OS that handles input/output.

To terminate access to a disk file Before further access to the file, it must be opened again.

See OPEN.

Information of any kind.

To isolate and eliminate errors from

program.

A number base system using the digits 0 through

Decimal numbers are stored in binary coded

dec

i ma I f

0 r-

tin the com put

r .

See Bit,

HexadecimaL and Octal.

A condition or value that exists or is caused to exist by the computer until it is told to do something else.

For example, the computer defaults to GRAPHICS 0 until another graphics mode is entered.

A character that marks the start or finish of

a data

item but is not part of the data.

For example, the quotation marks

(II) are used by most BASIC systems to delimit strings.

The device or address that receives data during an exchange of information <and especially an

I/O exchange).

See Source.

A listing of the files contained on

diskette.

A small disk.

A record/playback medium like tape, but made in the space of

flat disk and placed in an envelope for protection.

The access time for a diskette is much faster than for tape.

Disk Operating System abbreviation.

The soft-

ware

or programs which facilitates use of

disk drive system.

DOS.SYS:

Drive Specification or Drivespec:

Drive Number:

End of File:

Entry Point:

Le :

Filename:

Filename Extender or Extension:

Filespec:

Format:

Hexadecimal or Hex:

IOCB:

Filename reserved by Disk Operating System.

Part of the filespec that tells the computer which disk drive to access.

If this is omitted the computer will assume Drive

#1.

An integer from

1 to

4 that specifies the drive to be used.

A marker that tells the computer that the end of a certain file on disk has been reached.

The address where execution of a machinelanguage program or routine is to begin.

Also called the transfer address.

An organized collection of related data A file is the largest grouping of information that can

addressed with

single name.

For example, a BASIC program is stored on diskette as a particular file, and may be addressed by the statements SAVE or LOAD (among others!.

The alphanumeric characters used to identify a file.

A total of 8 numbers and/or letters may be used, the first of which must be

letter.

From 0 to 3 additional characters used following

period (required if the extender is used) after the filename.

For example, in the filename

PHONLIST. BAS.

the letters "BAS" comprises the extender.

Abbreviation for file specification.

A sequence of characters which specifies a particular device and filename.

Do not create two files with exactly the same filespec.

If you do, and they are both stored on the same diskette, you will not be able to access the second file.

And, as they both have the same filespec, the DOS functions of Delete File, Rename File, and Copy File will act on both files.

To organize a new or magnetically diskette onto tracks and sectors.

matted, each diskette contains

40 tracks, with

18 sectors per b r a c k.

can store up to

128 bytes of data.

(bulk) erased

When forcircular

Each se<.tor

Number base system using 16 alphanumeric characters:

0,1,2,3,4,

5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,and F

Input/Output Control Block.

An arithmetic expression that evaluates to a number

INPUT:

Least

Significant Byte:

Kilobyte or

11..:

Machine Language:

Most Significant

Byte:

Null String:

ObJect Code:

Oc ta I:

OPEN:

Parameter:

Peripheral:

Record:

Sector:

Source: between 1 and 7.

The IOCB is used to refer to a device or file.

To transfer data from outside the computer (say, from a diskette file) into RAM.

OUTPUT is the opposite, and the two words are often used together to describe data transfer operations:

Input/Output or Just III/Oil.

Note that the reference point is always the computer.

OUTPUT always means away from the computer, while

INPUT means into the computer.

The byte in the rightmost position in a number or a word.

1024 bytes of memory.

Thus a 16K RAM capacity actually gives us 16*1024 or 16,384 bytes.

The instruction set for the particular microprocessor chip used, which in ATARlfS case is the 6502.

The byte in the leftmost position in a number or a word.

A string consisting of no character whatever.

For example,

A$=ffll

stores the null string as

A$.

Machine language derived from "source code", typically from Assembly Language.

The octal numbering system uses the digits o through

Address and byte values are sometimes given in octal form.

To prepare a file for access by specifying whether an input or output operation will be conducted, and specifying the filespec.

Variables in a command or function.

1/0 device.

A block of data.

The smallest block of data that can be written to a disk file or read from one.

Sectors can s t or

up to 128 b

Y t e s .

1 soc a

1 led a " p h ysic a

1 record".

The device or address that contains the data to be sent to a Destination.

See Destination.

Source Code:

String:

Tokenizing:

Tr a c k:

Variable:

Wr i te-Protec t:

A series of instructions, written in language other than machine language, which requires translation in order to be executed.

A sequence of letters, characters, stored in a string variable.

The string variables name must end with a

The process of interpreting textual BASIC source code and converting it to the internal format used by the BASIC interpreter.

A circle on a diskette used for magnetic storage of data.

Each track has 18 sectors, each with

128 byte storage capability.

There are a total of 40 tracks on each diskette.

A variable may be thought of as a box in which a value may be stored.

Such values are typically numbers and strings.

A method of preventing the disk drive from writing on a diskette.

ATARI diskettes are write-protected by covering a notch on the diskette cover with a small sticker.

INDEX

A adata, 13 aexp,13 aop,13 avar, 14

Append, 37, 43, 45

AUTO.SYS,63

Automatic RUN,37

BASIC

I/O commands, 41-42 reserved words,51

Bad sectors,35

Binary autorun,37

Binary Load,38

Binary Save,34

Booting D08,9

Boot Errors,21

Bootstrap,23

Brackets, 13

Central Input/Output System, 43

Chaining programs,41

CIO (see Central Input/Output System)

CLOSE, 44 cmdno,13,48

Codes, device,9

Copy File,29

Data files, 10,30

De c i rna

36, 59, 61

Dedicated IOCB,42

Default,28

Define Device,39

Delete File(s),31

Destination,35

Devices,

1/0,9-10

Device 10,9-10

Disk Directory,27

Disk Drive description, 15 numbering, 16

Disk Operating System,23

Disk Utility Package,23

Diskette capacity, 19 description, 17 d up I i cate, 3, 35 format, 34 insertion,20 or

9 ani za t ion, 19-20 storage,21 write-protect, 18,32

DOS (see Disk Operating System)

DOS Menu,27

DOS.SYS,23

Duplicate Disk,35

Duplicate File,39

Eliminate DOS,55 ellipsis,13

ENTER, 42

Error messages, 53 ex p • 13 extenders, 11

File Management Subsystem,23

Filename, 11 filespec (see File Specification)

File Specification, 10 format, 19

Format Disk,34

GET, 46

Glossary,65

Hexadecimal,36,59,61

Initialization,9

Input/Output commands, 41 devices,9

INPUT, 44

Input/Output Control Block, 14,42-43

Lo c b . 14,43

L lexp,13 lineno,14

LIST,42

LOAD, 41

Lock File,32 lop,13

Master Diskette care,21 duplicate,3 write-protect, 18

Memory Map, 59

Menu, DOS, 27

More usable RAM, 57 mvar, 14

Non-usable sectors, 19 o

OPEN command Tormat,43

Operating System,23

Operation

w/o

cartridge,24

Options, 12

Parameters, 24

POKE,37,57

PRINT, 45

Program area, 35, 39

PUT,

Quotation marks, 10, 13

RAM,S7

RAM-resident program,35

Random Access Memory (see RAM)

Rename File,32

Reserved words,51

Run at Address,38

Run Cartridge,29

SAVE, 41

Sector allocation, 19 sexp,14

Source,35

STATUS, 46 svar, 14

T track, 19 tokenized program,41

Unlock File,33 untokenized program,41

Wild cards,24-25

Write-protect, 18,35

Write DOS File,34 x

XIO,48-50

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