Omega OM-USB-TEMP Owner Manual

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User’s Guide

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OM-USB-TEMP

8 Channel

Temperature Measurement

USB Data Acquisition Module

OMEGAnet

®

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Toll Free: 1-800-826-6342

FAX: (203) 359-7700

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Toll-Free: 0800-488-488 TEL: +44 (0) 161 777-6611

FAX: +44 (0) 161 777-6622 e-mail: [email protected]

It is the policy of OMEGA Engineering, Inc. to comply with all worldwide safety and EMC/EMI regulations that apply. OMEGA is constantly pursuing certification of its products to the European New

Approach Directives. OMEGA will add the CE mark to every appropriate device upon certification.

The information contained in this document is believed to be correct, but OMEGA accepts no liability for any errors it contains, and reserves the right to alter specifications without notice.

WARNING: These products are not designed for use in, and should not be used for, human applications.

Table of Contents

Preface

About this User’s Guide............................................................................................................................. 5

What you will learn from this user’s guide .............................................................................................................. 5

Conventions in this user’s guide............................................................................................................................... 5

Where to find more information ............................................................................................................................... 5

Chapter 1

Introducing the OM-USB-Temp................................................................................................................. 6

Overview: OM-USB-TEMP features ....................................................................................................................... 6

OM-USB-TEMP block diagram............................................................................................................................... 7

Software features....................................................................................................................................................... 7

Connecting a OM-USB-TEMP to your computer is easy........................................................................................ 8

Chapter 2

Installing the OM-USB-TEMP .................................................................................................................... 9

What comes with your OM-USB-TEMP shipment?................................................................................................ 9

Hardware.....................................................................................................................................................................................9

Additional documentation ..........................................................................................................................................................9

Unpacking the OM-USB-TEMP............................................................................................................................... 9

Installing the software ............................................................................................................................................. 10

Installing the OM-USB-TEMP............................................................................................................................... 10

Configuring the OM-USB-TEMP........................................................................................................................... 10

Calibrating the OM-USB-TEMP............................................................................................................................ 10

Chapter 3

Sensor Connections................................................................................................................................. 11

Screw terminal pin out ............................................................................................................................................ 11

Sensor input terminals (C0H/C0L to C7H/C7L).....................................................................................................................12

Current excitation output terminals (±I1 to ±I4) .....................................................................................................................12

Four-wire, two sensor common terminals (4W01 to 4W67) ..................................................................................................13

Two sensor common terminals (IC01 to IC67).......................................................................................................................13

Ground terminals (GND)..........................................................................................................................................................13

Power terminals (+5V) .............................................................................................................................................................13

Digital terminals (DIO0 to DIO7)............................................................................................................................................13

CJC sensors...............................................................................................................................................................................13

Thermocouple connections ..................................................................................................................................... 13

Wiring configuration ................................................................................................................................................................13

RTD and thermistor connections ............................................................................................................................ 14

Two-wire configuration............................................................................................................................................................14

Three-wire configuration..........................................................................................................................................................15

Four-wire configuration............................................................................................................................................................16

Semiconductor sensor measurements..................................................................................................................... 17

Wiring configuration ................................................................................................................................................................17

Digital I/O connections ........................................................................................................................................... 17

Chapter 4

Functional Details ..................................................................................................................................... 19

Thermocouple measurements ................................................................................................................................. 19

Cold junction compensation (CJC)..........................................................................................................................................19

Data linearization......................................................................................................................................................................19

Open-thermocouple detection (OTD)......................................................................................................................................19

RTD and thermistor measurements ........................................................................................................................ 20

3

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide

Data linearization......................................................................................................................................................................20

USB connector......................................................................................................................................................... 20

LED.......................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Power ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Chapter 5

Specifications............................................................................................................................................ 21

Analog input ............................................................................................................................................................ 21

Channel configurations ........................................................................................................................................... 22

Compatible sensors.................................................................................................................................................. 22

Accuracy.................................................................................................................................................................. 23

Thermocouple measurement accuracy.....................................................................................................................................23

Semiconductor sensor measurement accuracy ........................................................................................................................23

RTD measurement accuracy ....................................................................................................................................................24

Thermistor measurement accuracy ..........................................................................................................................................24

Throughput rate ....................................................................................................................................................... 25

Digital input/output ................................................................................................................................................. 25

Memory.................................................................................................................................................................... 25

Microcontroller........................................................................................................................................................ 26

USB +5V voltage .................................................................................................................................................... 26

Power ....................................................................................................................................................................... 26

USB specifications .................................................................................................................................................. 26

Current excitation outputs (Ix+).............................................................................................................................. 27

Environmental ......................................................................................................................................................... 27

Mechanical............................................................................................................................................................... 27

Screw terminal connector type and pin out ............................................................................................................ 28

Screw terminal pin out..............................................................................................................................................................28

4

Preface

About this User’s Guide

What you will learn from this user’s guide

This user’s guide explains how to install, configure, and use the OM-USB-TEMP so that you get the most out of its USB-based temperature measurement features.

This user’s guide also refers you to related documents available on our web site, and to technical support resources.

Conventions in this user’s guide

For more information on …

Text presented in a box signifies additional information and helpful hints related to the subject matter you are reading.

Caution! Shaded caution statements present information to help you avoid injuring yourself and others, damaging your hardware, or losing your data.

<#:#> bold text

italic text

Angle brackets that enclose numbers separated by a colon signify a range of numbers, such as those assigned to registers, bit settings, etc.

Bold text is used for the names of objects on the screen, such as buttons, text boxes, and check boxes. For example:

1. Insert the disk or CD and click the OK button.

Italic text is used for the names of manuals and help topic titles, and to emphasize a word or phrase. For example:

Never touch the exposed pins or circuit connections on the board.

Where to find more information

For additional information relevant to the operation of your hardware, refer to the Documents subdirectory where you installed the software, or search for your device on our website at www.omega.com

.

5

Chapter 1

Introducing the OM-USB-TEMP

Overview: OM-USB-TEMP features

This user's guide contains all of the information you need to connect the OM-USB-TEMP to your computer and to the signals you want to measure.

The OM-USB-TEMP is a USB 2.0 full-speed, temperature measurement module that is supported under popular

Microsoft

2.0 ports.

® Windows ® operating systems. The OM-USB-TEMP is fully compatible with both USB 1.1 and USB

The OM-USB-TEMP provides eight differential input channels that are software programmable for different sensor categories including thermocouple, RTDs, thermistors and Semiconductor sensors. Eight independent,

TTL-compatible digital I/O channels are provided to monitor TTL-level inputs, communicate with external devices, and to generate alarms. The digital I/O channels are software programmable for input or output.

With the OM-USB-TEMP, you can take measurements from four sensor categories:

Thermocouple – types J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) – 2, 3, or 4-wire measurements of 100 Ω platinum RTDs

Thermistors – 2, 3, or 4-wire measurements

Semiconductor temperature sensors – LM36 or equivalent

The OM-USB-TEMP provides a 24-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converter for each pair of differential analog input channels. Each pair of differential inputs constitutes a channel pair.

You can connect a different category of sensor to each channel pair, but you cannot mix categories among the channels that constitute a channel pair (although it is permissible to mix thermocouple types).

The OM-USB-TEMP provides two integrated cold junction compensation (CJC) sensors for thermocouple measurements, and built-in current excitation sources for resistive sensor measurements.

An open thermocouple detection feature lets you detect a broken thermocouple. An on-board microprocessor automatically linearizes the measurement data according to the sensor category.

The OM-USB-TEMP is a standalone plug-and-play module which draws power from the USB cable. No external power supply is required. All configurable options are software programmable.

The OM-USB-TEMP is fully software calibrated.

6

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide

OM-USB-TEMP block diagram

OM-USB-TEMP functions are illustrated in the block diagram shown here.

Introducing the OM-USB-TEMP

Figure 1. OM-USB-TEMP functional block diagram

Software features

For information on the features of InstaCal and the other software included with your OM-USB-TEMP, refer to the OMB-DAQ-2416 Series and OM-USB Series Software User’s Guide that shipped with your device.

7

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide Introducing the OM-USB-TEMP

Connecting a OM-USB-TEMP to your computer is easy

Installing a data acquisition device has never been easier.

The OM-USB-TEMP relies upon the Microsoft Human Interface Device (HID) class drivers. The HID class drivers ship with every copy of Windows that is designed to work with USB ports. We use the Microsoft

HID because it is a standard, and its performance delivers full control and maximizes data transfer rates for your OM-USB-TEMP. No third-party device driver is required.

The OM-USB-TEMP is plug-and-play. There are no jumpers to position, DIP switches to set, or interrupts to configure.

You can connect the OM-USB-TEMP before or after you install the software, and without powering down your computer first. When you connect an HID to your system, your computer automatically detects it and configures the necessary software. You can connect and power multiple HID peripherals to your system using a USB hub.

You can connect your system to various devices using a standard four-wire cable. The USB connector replaces the serial and parallel port connectors with one standardized plug and port combination.

You do not need a separate power supply module. The USB automatically delivers the electrical power required by each peripheral connected to your system.

Data can flow two ways between a computer and peripheral over USB connections.

8

Installing the OM-USB-TEMP

What comes with your OM-USB-TEMP shipment?

The following items are shipped with the OM-USB-TEMP.

Hardware

OM-USB-TEMP

Chapter 2

USB cable (2 meter length)

Additional documentation

In addition to this hardware user's guide, you should also receive the OMB-DAQ-2416 Series and OM-USB

Series Software User’s Guide. This booklet supplies a brief description of the software you received with your

OM-USB-TEMP and information regarding installation of that software. Please read this booklet completely before installing any software or hardware.

Unpacking the OM-USB-TEMP

As with any electronic device, you should take care while handling to avoid damage from static electricity. Before removing the OM-USB-TEMP from its packaging, ground yourself using a wrist strap or by simply touching the computer chassis or other grounded object to eliminate any stored static charge.

If any components are missing or damaged, notify Omega Engineering immediately by phone, fax, or e-mail.

Phone: (203) 359-1660

Fax: (203) 359-7700

Email: [email protected]

9

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide Installing the OM-USB-TEMP

Installing the software

Refer to the OMB-DAQ-2416 Series and OM-USB Series Software User’s Guide for instructions on installing the software on the OMB-DAQ-2416 Series and OM-USB Series Data Acquisition Software CD. This booklet is available in PDF at http://omega.com/manuals .

We recommend that you download the latest Windows Update onto your computer before installing and operating the OM-USB-TEMP.

Installing the OM-USB-TEMP

To connect the OM-USB-TEMP to your system, turn your computer on, and connect the USB cable to a USB port on your computer or to an external USB hub that is connected to your computer. The USB cable provides power and communication to the OM-USB-TEMP.

When you connect the OM-USB-TEMP for the first time, a

Found New Hardware

popup balloon (Windows

XP) or dialog (other Windows versions) opens as the OM-USB-TEMP is detected. When this balloon or dialog closes, the installation is complete. The

USB LED

should flash and then remain lit. This indicates that communication is established between the OM-USB-TEMP and your computer.

Caution! Do not disconnect any device from the USB bus while the computer is communicating with the

OM-USB-TEMP, or you may lose data and/or your ability to communicate with the OM-USB-

TEMP.

If the LED turns off

If the LED is lit but then turns off, the computer has lost communication with the OM-USB-TEMP. To restore communication, disconnect the USB cable from the computer, and then reconnect it. This should restore communication, and the LED should turn back on.

Configuring the OM-USB-TEMP

All hardware configuration options on the OM-USB-TEMP are programmable with software. Use InstaCal to set the sensor type for each channel. The configurable options dynamically update according to the selected sensor category. Configuration options are stored on the OM-USB-TEMP 's isolated microcontroller in EEPROM, which is non-volatile memory on the OM-USB-TEMP module. Configuration options are loaded on power up.

Default configuration

The factory default configuration is Disabled. The Disabled mode disconnects the analog inputs from the terminal blocks and internally grounds all of the A/D inputs. This mode also disables each of the current excitation sources.

Warm up

Allow the OM-USB-TEMP to warm up for 30 minutes before taking measurements. This warm up time minimizes thermal drift and achieves the specified rated accuracy of measurements.

For RTD or thermistor measurements, this warm-up time is also required to stabilize the internal current reference.

Calibrating the OM-USB-TEMP

The OM-USB-TEMP is fully calibrated via software. InstaCal prompts you to run its calibration utility when you change from one sensor category to another.

Allow the OM-USB-TEMP to operate for at least 30 minutes before calibrating. This warm up time minimizes thermal drift and achieves the specified rated accuracy of measurements.

10

Chapter 3

Sensor Connections

The OM-USB-TEMP supports the following temperature sensor types:

Thermocouple – types J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) – 2, 3, or 4-wire measurement modes of 100 _ platinum RTDs.

Thermistors – 2, 3, or 4-wire measurement modes.

Semiconductor temperature sensors – LM36 or equivalent

Sensor selection

The type of sensor you select will depend on your application needs. Review the temperature ranges and accuracies of each sensor type to determine which is best suited for your application.

Screw terminal pin out

The OM-USB-TEMP has four rows of screw terminals — two rows on the top edge of the housing, and two rows on the bottom edge. Each row has 26 connections. Between each bank of screw terminals are two integrated CJC sensors used for thermocouple measurements. Signals are identified in Figure 2.

Figure 2. OM-USB-TEMP screw terminal pin numbers

11

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide Sensor Connections

Pin Signal

Name

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

2

3

4

I1+

NC

C0H

C0L

4W01

IC01

C1H

C1L

GND

I1-

OM-USB-TEMP screw terminal descriptions

Pin Description

CH0/CH1 current excitation source

Not connected

CH0 sensor input (+)

CH0 sensor input (-)

CH0/CH1 4-wire, 2 sensor common

CH0/CH1 2-sensor common



Ground

CH0/CH1 current excitation return

Pin Signal

Name

31

32

33

34

35

36

27

28

29

30

I4-

GND

C7L

C7H

IC67

4W67

C6L

C6H

NC

I4+

Pin Description


Ground



CH6/CH7 2 sensor common




Not connected


CJC sensor CJC sensor

I2+

NC

C2H

C2L

4W23

IC23

C3H

C3L

GND

I2-

+5V

GND

DIO0

DIO1

DIO2

DIO3

21

22

23

24

17

18

19

20

25

26

11

12

13

14

15

16


Not connected







Ground


+5V output

Ground

Digital Input/Output




Use 16 AWG to 30 AWG wire for your signal connections.

47

48

49

50

43

44

45

46

51

52

37

38

39

40

41

42

I3-

GND

C5L

C5H

IC45

4W45

C4L

C4H

NC

I3+

+5V

GND

DIO7

DIO6

DIO5

DIO4


Ground







Not connected


+5V output

Ground





Tighten screw terminal connections

When making connections to the screw terminals, be sure to tighten the screw until tight. Simply touching the top of the screw terminal is not sufficient to make a proper connection.

Sensor input terminals (C0H/C0L to C7H/C7L)

You can connect up to eight temperature sensors to the differential sensor inputs (C0H/C0L to C7H/C7L).

Supported sensor categories include thermocouples, RTDs, thermistors, or semiconductor sensors.

Do not mix sensor categories within channel pairs. You can mix thermocouple types (J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B) within channel pairs, however.

Do not connect two different sensor categories to the same channel pair

The OM-USB-TEMP provides a 24 bit A/D converter for each channel pair. Each channel pair can monitor one sensor category. To monitor a sensor from a different category, connect the sensor to a different channel pair

(input terminals).

Current excitation output terminals (±I1 to ±I4)

The OM-USB-TEMP has four dedicated pairs of current excitation output terminals (± I1 to ± I4 ). These terminals have a built-in precision current source to provide excitation for the resistive sensors used for RTD and thermistor measurements.

Each current excitation terminal is dedicated to one pair of sensor input channels:

I1+ is the current excitation source for channel 0 and channel 1




12


Four-wire, two sensor common terminals (4W01 to 4W67)

These terminals are used as the common connection for four-wire configurations with two RTD or thermistor sensors.

Two sensor common terminals (IC01 to IC67)

These terminals are used as the common connection for two-wire configurations with two RTD or thermistor sensors.

Ground terminals (GND)

The six ground terminals (

GND

) provide a common ground for the input channels and DIO bits and are isolated

(500 VDC) from the USB GND.

Power terminals (+5V)

The two

+5V output terminals are isolated (500 VDC) from the USB +5V.

Digital terminals (DIO0 to DIO7)

You can connect up to eight digital I/O lines to the screw terminals labeled DIO0 to DIO7 . Each terminal is software configurable for input or output.

CJC sensors

The OM-USB-TEMP has two built in high-resolution temperature sensors. One sensor is located on the right side of the package, and one sensor is located at the left side.

Thermocouple connections

A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metals that are joined together at one end. When the junction of the metals is heated or cooled, a voltage is produced that correlates to temperature.

The OM-USB-TEMP makes fully differential thermocouple measurements without the need of groundreferencing resistors. A 32-bit floating point value in either a voltage or temperature format is returned by software. An open thermocouple detection feature is available for each analog input which automatically detects an open or broken thermocouple.

Use InstaCal to select the thermocouple type (J, K, R, S, T, N, E, and B) and one or more sensor input channels to connect the thermocouple.

Wiring configuration

Connect the thermocouple to the OM-USB-TEMP using a differential configuration, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Typical thermocouple connection

The OM-USB-TEMP

GND

pins are isolated from earth ground, so connecting thermocouple sensors to voltages referenced to earth ground is permissible as long as the isolation between the GND pins (9, 19, 28, 38) and earth ground is maintained.

13


When thermocouples are attached to conductive surfaces, the voltage differential between multiple thermocouples must remain within ±1.4 V. For best results, we recommend the use of insulated or ungrounded thermocouples when possible.

Maximum input voltage between analog input and ground

The absolute maximum input voltage between an analog input and the isolated GND pins is ±25 VDC when the

OM-USB-TEMP is powered on, and ±40 VDC when the OM-USB-TEMP is powered off.

If you need to increase the length of your thermocouple, use the same type of thermocouple wires to minimize the error introduced by thermal EMFs.

RTD and thermistor connections

A resistance temperature detector (RTD) measures temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. A thermistor is a thermally-sensitive resistor that is similar to an RTD in that its resistance changes with temperature — thermistors show a large change in resistance that is proportional to a small change in temperature. The main difference between RTD and thermistor measurements is the method used to linearize the sensor data.

RTDs and thermistors are resistive devices that require an excitation current to produce a voltage drop that can be measured differentially across the sensor. The OM-USB-TEMP features four built-in current excitation sources (±I1 to ±I4) for measuring resistive type sensors. Each current excitation terminal is dedicated to one channel pair.

The OM-USB-TEMP makes two, three, and four-wire measurements of RTDs (100Ω platinum type) and thermistors.

Use InstaCal to select the sensor type and the wiring configuration. Once the resistance value is calculated, the value is linearized in order to convert it to a temperature value. A 32-bit floating point value in either temperature or resistance is returned by software.

RTD maximum resistance

Resistance values greater than 660 Ω cannot be measured by the OM-USB-TEMP in the RTD mode. The 660 Ω resistance limit includes the total resistance across the current excitation (±Ix) pins, which is the sum of the

RTD resistance and the lead resistances.

Thermistor maximum resistance

Resistance values greater than 180k ohms cannot be measured by the OM-USB-TEMP in the thermistor mode.

The 180 k Ω resistance limit includes the total resistance across the current excitation (±Ix) pins, which is the sum of the thermistor resistance and the lead resistance.

Two-wire configuration

The easiest way to connect an RTD sensor or thermistor to the OM-USB-TEMP is with a two-wire configuration, since it requires the fewest connections to the sensor. With this method, the two wires that provide the RTD sensor with its excitation current also measure the voltage across the sensor.

Since RTDs exhibit a low nominal resistance, measurement accuracy can be affected due to the lead wire resistance. For example, connecting lead wires that have a resistance of 1 Ω (0.5 Ω each lead) to a 100 Ω platinum

RTD will result in a 1% measurement error.

With a two-wire configuration, you can connect either one sensor per channel pair, or two sensors per channel pair.

Two-wire, single-sensor

A two-wire single-sensor measurement configuration is shown in Figure 4.

14


Figure 4. Two-wire, single RTD or thermistor sensor measurement configuration

When you select a two-wire single sensor configuration with InstaCal, connections to C#H and C#L are made internally.

Two-wire, two sensor

A two-wire, two-sensor measurement configuration is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Two-wire, two RTD or thermistor sensors measurement configuration

When you select a two-wire, two sensor configuration with InstaCal, connections to C#H (first sensor) and

C#H/C#L (second sensor) are made internally.

When configured for two-wire mode, both sensors must be connected to obtain proper measurements.

Three-wire configuration

A three-wire configuration compensates for lead-wire resistance by using a single voltage sense connection.

With a three-wire configuration, you can connect only one sensor per channel pair. A three-wire measurement configuration is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Three-wire RTD or thermistor sensor measurement configuration

When you select a three-wire sensor configuration with InstaCal, the OM-USB-TEMP measures the lead resistance on the first channel (C#H/C#L) and measures the sensor itself using the second channel (C#H/C#L).

This configuration compensates for any lead-wire resistance and temperature change in lead-wire resistance.

Connections to C#H for the first channel and C#H/C#L of the second channel are made internally.

Three-wire compensation

For accurate three wire compensation, the individual lead resistances connected to the ±I# pins must be of equal resistance value.

15


Four-wire configuration

With a four-wire configuration, connect two sets of sense/excitation wires at each end of the RTD or thermistor sensor. This configuration completely compensates for any lead-wire resistance and temperature change in leadwire resistance.

Connect your sensor with a four-wire configuration when your application requires very high accuracy measurements. Examples of a four-wire single-sensor measurement configuration are shown in Figure 7 and

Figure 8.

You can configure the OM-USB-TEMP with either a single sensor per channel or two sensors per channel pair.

Four-wire, single-sensor

A four-wire, single-sensor connected to the first channel of a channel pair is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Four-wire, single RTD or thermistor sensor measurement configuration

A four-wire, single-sensor connected to the second channel of a channel pair is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Four-wire, single RTD or thermistor sensor measurement configuration

A four-wire, two-sensor measurement configuration is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Four-wire, two RTD or thermistor sensors measurement configuration

When configured for four-wire, two sensor mode, both sensors must be connected to obtain proper measurements.

16

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide Sensor Connections thermocouples and RTDs. However, semiconductor sensors can be accurate, inexpensive and easy to interface with other electronics for display and control.

The OM-USB-TEMP makes high-resolution measurements of semiconductor sensors, such as the LM36 or equivalent, and returns a 32-bit floating point value in either a voltage or temperature format.

Use InstaCal to select the sensor type (TMP36 or equivalent) and the sensor input channel to connect the sensor.

Wiring configuration

You can connect a TMP36 (or equivalent) semiconductor sensor to the OM-USB-TEMP using a single-ended configuration, as shown in Figure 10. The OM-USB-TEMP also provides +5V and GND pins for powering the sensor.

Figure 10. Semiconductor sensor measurement configuration

The software outputs the measurement data as a 32-bit floating point value in either voltage or temperature.

Digital I/O connections

You can connect up to eight digital I/O lines to the screw terminals labeled DIO0 to DIO7 . You can configure each digital bit for either input or output. All digital I/O lines are pulled up to +5V with a 47 kΩ resistor

(default). You can request the factory to configure the resistor for pull-down to ground if desired.

When you configure the digital bits for input, you can use the OM-USB-TEMP digital I/O terminals to detect the state of any TTL-level input. Refer to the schematic shown in Figure 11. If you set the switch to the +5V input,

DIO0 reads TRUE (1). If you move the switch to GND, DIO0 reads FALSE (0).

Figure 11. Schematic showing switch detection by digital channel DIO0

Caution! All ground pins on the OM-USB-TEMP (pins 9, 19, 28, 38) are common and are isolated from earth ground. If a connection is made to earth ground when using digital I/O and conductive thermocouples, the thermocouples are no longer isolated. In this case, thermocouples must not be connected to any conductive surfaces that may be referenced to earth ground.

For general information regarding digital signal connections and digital I/O techniques, refer to the Guide to

Signal Connections (available on our web site at http://www.omega.com/manuals/manualpdf/M4830.pdf

).

17

Chapter 4

Functional Details

Thermocouple measurements

A thermocouple consists of two dissimilar metals that are joined together at one end. When the junction of the metals is heated or cooled, a voltage is produced that correlates to temperature.

The OM-USB-TEMP hardware level-shifts the thermocouple’s output voltage into the A/D’s common mode input range by applying +2.5 V to the thermocouple’s low side at the C#L input. Always connect thermocouple sensors to the OM-USB-TEMP in a floating fashion. Do not attempt to connect the thermocouple low side C#L to GND or to a ground referencing resistor.

Cold junction compensation (CJC)

When you connect the thermocouple sensor leads to the sensor input channel, the dissimilar metals at the OM-

USB-TEMP terminal blocks produce an additional thermocouple junction. This junction creates a small voltage error term which must be removed from the overall sensor measurement using a cold junction compensation technique. The measured voltage includes both the thermocouple voltage and the cold junction voltage. To compensate for the additional cold junction voltage, the OM-USB-TEMP subtracts the cold junction voltage from the thermocouple voltage.

The OM-USB-TEMP has two high-resolution temperature sensors that are integrated into the design of the OM-

USB-TEMP. One sensor is located on the right side of the package, and one sensor is located at the left side. The

CJC sensors measure the average temperature at the terminal blocks so that the cold junction voltage can be calculated. A software algorithm automatically corrects for the additional thermocouples created at the terminal blocks by subtracting the calculated cold junction voltage from the analog input's thermocouple voltage measurement.

Increasing the thermocouple length

If you need to increase the length of your thermocouple, use the same type of thermocouple wires to minimize the error introduced by thermal EMFs.

Data linearization

After the CJC correction is performed on the measurement data, an on-board microcontroller automatically linearizes the thermocouple measurement data using National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) linearization coefficients for the selected thermocouple type.

The measurement data is then output as a 32-bit floating point value in the configured format (voltage or temperature).

Open-thermocouple detection (OTD)

The OM-USB-TEMP is equipped with an open-thermocouple detection for each analog input channel. With

OTD, any open-circuit or short-circuit condition at the thermocouple sensor is detected by the software. An open channel is detected by driving the input voltage to a negative value outside the range of any thermocouple output. The software recognizes this as an invalid reading and flags the appropriate channel. The software continues to sample all channels when OTD is detected.

Input leakage current

With open-thermocouple detection enabled, 105 nA (max.) of input leakage current is injected into the thermocouple. This current can cause an error voltage to develop across the lead resistance of the thermocouple that is indistinguishable from the thermocouple voltage you are measuring. You can estimate this error voltage with the following formula: error voltage = resistance of the thermocouple x 105 nA

18

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide Functional Details

To reduce the error, reduce the length of the thermocouple to lower its resistance, or lower the AWG of the wire by using a wire with a larger diameter. With open-thermocouple detection disabled, 30 nA (max) of input leakage current is injected into the thermocouple.

RTD and thermistor measurements

RTDs and thermistors are resistive devices that require an excitation current to produce a voltage drop that can be measured differentially across the sensor. The OM-USB-TEMP measures the sensor resistance by forcing a known excitation current through the sensor and then measuring (differentially) the voltage across the sensor to determine its resistance.

After the voltage measurement is made, the resistance of the RTD is calculated using Ohms law – the sensor resistance is calculated by dividing the measured voltage by the current excitation level (± Ix ) source. The value of the ± Ix source is stored in local memory.

Once the resistance value is calculated, the value is linearized in order to convert it to a temperature value. The measurement is returned by software as a 32-bit floating point value in a voltage, resistance or temperature format.

Data linearization

An on-board microcontroller automatically performs linearization on RTD and thermistor measurements.

RTD measurements are linearized using a Callendar-Van Dusen coefficients algorithm (you select DIN,

SAMA, or ITS-90).

Thermistor measurements are linearized using a Steinhart-Hart linearization algorithm (you supply the coefficients from the sensor manufacturer's data sheet).

USB connector

The USB connector provides +5V power and communication. No external power supply is required.

LED

The LED indicates the communication status of the OM-USB-TEMP. It uses up to 5 mA of current. The table below defines the function of the OM-USB-TEMP LED.

LED Illumination

LED

Illumination

Steady green

Pulsing green

Indication

The OM-USB-TEMP is connected to a computer or external USB hub.

Data is being transferred.

Upon connection, the LED should flash three times and then remain lit (indicates a successful installation).

Power

The two +5V terminals are isolated (500 VDC) from the USB +5V.

Caution! Each +5V terminal is an output. Do not connect to an external power supply or you may damage the OM-USB-TEMP and possibly the computer.

19

Chapter 5

Specifications

All specifications are subject to change without notice.

Typical for 25 °C unless otherwise specified.

Specifications in italic text are guaranteed by design.

Analog input

Parameter

A/D converters

Number of channels

Input isolation

Channel configuration

Differential input voltage range for the various sensor categories

Absolute maximum input voltage

Input impedance

Input leakage current

Normal mode rejection ratio

Common mode rejection ratio

Resolution

No missing codes

Input coupling

Warm-up time

Open thermocouple detect

CJC sensor accuracy

Table 1. Generic analog input specifications

Conditions

Thermocouple

RTD

Thermistor

Semiconductor sensor

±C0x through ±C7x relative to

GND (pins 9, 19, 28, 38)

Specification

Four dual 24-bit, Sigma-Delta type

8 differential

500 VDC minimum between field wiring and

USB interface

Software programmable to match sensor type

±0.080 V

0 to 0.5 V

0 to 2 V

0 to 2.5 V

±25 V power on, ±40 V power off.

5 Gigohm, min.

30 nA max.

Open thermocouple detect disabled

Open thermocouple detect enabled fIN = 60 Hz fIN = 50 Hz/60 Hz

105 nA max.

15 °C to 35 °C

0 °C to 70 °C

90 dB min.

100 dB min.

24 bits

24 bits

DC

30 minutes min.

Automatically enabled when the channel pair is configured for thermocouple sensor.

The maximum open detection time is 3 seconds.

±0.25 °C typ.,±0.5 °C max.

–1.0 to +0.5 °C max

20

OM-USB-TEMP User's Guide Specifications

Channel configurations

Table 2. Channel configuration specifications

Sensor Category Conditions Max number of sensors (all channels configured alike)

Disabled

Thermocouple

Semiconductor sensor

RTD and thermistor

Note 1:

Note 2:

Note 3:

2-wire input configuration with a single sensor per channel pair

2-wire input configuration with two sensors per channel pair

3-wire configuration with a single sensor per channel pair

4-wire input configuration with a single sensor per channel pair

4-wire input configuration with two sensors per channel pair

8 differential channels







Internally, the OM-USB-TEMP has four, dual-channel, fully differential A/Ds providing a total of eight differential channels. The analog input channels are therefore configured in four channel pairs with CH0/CH1 sensor inputs, CH2/CH3 sensor inputs, CH4/CH5 sensor inputs, and

CH6/CH7 sensor inputs paired together. This "channel-pairing" requires the analog input channel pairs be configured to monitor the same category of temperature sensor. Mixing different sensor types of the same category (such as a type J thermocouple on channel 0 and a type T thermocouple on channel 1) is valid.

Channel configuration information is stored in the EEPROM of the isolated microcontroller by the firmware whenever any item is modified. Modification is performed by commands issued over USB from an external application, and the configuration is made non-volatile through the use of the EEPROM.

The factory default configuration is Disabled. The Disabled mode will disconnect the analog inputs from the terminal blocks and internally ground all of the A/D inputs. This mode also disables each of the current excitation sources.

Compatible sensors

Parameter

Thermocouple

RTD

Thermistor

Semiconductor / IC

Table 3. Compatible sensor type specifications

Conditions

J: -210 °C to 1200 °C

K: -270 °C to 1372 °C

R: -50 °C to 1768 °C

S: -50 °C to 1768 °C

T: -270 °C to 400 °C

N: -270 °C to 1300 °C

E: -270 °C to 1000 °C

B: 0 °C to 1820 °C

100 ohm PT (DIN 43760: 0.00385 ohms/ohm/°C)

100 ohm PT (SAMA: 0.003911 ohms/ohm/°C)

100 ohm PT (ITS-90/IEC751:0.0038505 ohms/ohm/°C)

Standard 2,252 ohm through 30,000 ohm

TMP36 or equivalent

21


Accuracy

Thermocouple measurement accuracy

Table 4. Thermocouple accuracy specifications, including CJC measurement error

Sensor Type

J

K

S

R

B

E

T

N

Note 4:

Note 5:

Note 6:

Maximum error Typical error Temperature range

±1.499 °C

±0.643 °C

±1.761 °C

±0.691 °C

±2.491°C

±1.841 °C

±2.653 °C

±1.070 °C

±1.779 °C

±0.912 °C

±1.471 °C

±0.639 °C

±1.717 °C

±0.713 °C

±1.969 °C

±0.769 °C

±0.507 °C

±0.312 °C

±0.538 °C

±0.345 °C

±0.648 °C

±0.399 °C

±0.650 °C

±0.358 °C

±0.581 °C

±0.369 °C

±0.462 °C

±0.245 °C

±0.514 °C

±0.256 °C

±0.502 °C

±0.272 °C

-210 to 0 °C

0 to 1200 °C

-210 to 0 °C

0 to 1372 °C

-50 to 250 °C

250 to 1768.1 °C

-50 to 250 °C

250 to 1768.1 °C

250 to 700 °C

700 to 1820 °C

-200 to 0 °C

0 to 1000 °C

-200 to 0 °C

0 to 600 °C

-200 to 0 °C

0 to 1300 °C

Thermocouple measurement accuracy specifications include linearization, cold-junction compensation and system noise. These specs are for one year, or 3000 operating hours, whichever comes first, and for operation of the OM-USB-TEMP between 15 °C and 35 °C. For measurements outside this range, add ±0.5 degree to the maximum error shown. There are CJC sensors on each side of the module. The accuracy listed above assumes the screw terminals are at the same temperature as the CJC sensor. Errors shown do not include inherent thermocouple error. Please contact your thermocouple supplier for details on the actual thermocouple error.

Thermocouples must be connected to the OM-USB-TEMP such that they are floating with respect to GND (pins 9, 19, 28, 38). The OM-USB-TEMP GND pins are isolated from earth ground, so connecting thermocouple sensors to voltages referenced to earth ground is permissible as long as the isolation between the GND pins and earth ground is maintained.

When thermocouples are attached to conductive surfaces, the voltage differential between multiple thermocouples must remain within ±1.4 V. For best results we recommend the use of insulated or ungrounded thermocouples when possible.

Semiconductor sensor measurement accuracy

Table 5. Semiconductor sensor accuracy specifications

Sensor Type Temperature Range (°C) Maximum Accuracy Error

TMP36 or equivalent -40 to 150 °C

Note 7:

±0.50 °C

Error shown does not include errors of the sensor itself. These specs are for one year while operation of the OM-USB-TEMP unit is between 15 °C and 35 °C. Please contact your sensor supplier for details on the actual sensor error limitations.

22


RTD measurement accuracy

Table 6. RTD measurement accuracy specifications

RTD Sensor

Temperature

Maximum Accuracy Error (°C)

Ix+ = 210 µA

Typical Accuracy Error (°C)

Ix+ = 210 µA

PT100, DIN, US or

ITS-90

-200°C to -150°C

-150°C to -100°C

-100°C to 0°C

0°C to 100°C

100°C to 300°C

300°C to 600°C

±2.85

±1.24

±0.58

±0.38

±0.39

±0.40

±2.59

±0.97

±0.31

±0.11

±0.12

±0.12

Note 8:

Note 9:

Note 10:

Error shown does not include errors of the sensor itself. The sensor linearization is performed using a Callendar-Van Dusen linearization algorithm. These specs are for one year while operation of the OM-USB-TEMP unit is between 15 °C and 35 °C. The specification does not include lead resistance errors for 2-wire RTD connections. Please contact your sensor supplier for details on the actual sensor error limitations.

Resistance values greater than 660 ohms cannot be measured by the OM-USB-TEMP in the RTD mode. The 660 ohm resistance limit includes the total resistance across the current excitation

(±Ix) pins, which is the sum of the RTD resistance and the lead resistances.

For accurate three wire compensation, the individual lead resistances connected to the ±Ix pins must be of equal value.

Thermistor measurement accuracy

Table 7. Thermistor measurement accuracy specifications

Thermistor Temperature Range Maximum Accuracy Error (°C)

Ix+ = 10 µA

2252 _

3000 _

5000 _

10000 _

30000 _

-40 to120 °C

-40 to120 °C

-35 to120 °C

-25 to120 °C

-10 to120 °C

±0.05

±0.05

±0.05

±0.05

±0.05

Note 11:

Error shown does not include errors of the sensor itself. The sensor linearization is performed using a Steinhart-Hart linearization algorithm. These specs are for one year while operation of the

OM-USB-TEMP unit is between 15 °C and 35 °C. The specification does not include lead resistance errors for 2-wire thermistor connections. Please contact your sensor supplier for details on the actual sensor error limitations. Total thermistor resistance on any given channel pair must not exceed 180 k ohms. Typical resistance values at various temperatures for supported thermistors are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Typical thermistor resistance specifications

Temp

-40 °C

-35 °C

-30 °C

-25 °C

-20 °C

-15 °C

-10 °C

-5 °C

0 °C

2252 Ω thermistor

76 kΩ

55 kΩ

40 kΩ

29 kΩ

22 kΩ

16 kΩ

12 kΩ

9.5 kΩ

7.4 kΩ

3000 Ω thermistor

101 kΩ

73 kΩ

53 kΩ

39 kΩ

29 kΩ

22 kΩ

17 kΩ

13 kΩ

9.8 kΩ

5 kΩ thermistor

168 kΩ

121 kΩ

88 kΩ

65 kΩ

49 kΩ

36 kΩ

28 kΩ

21 kΩ

16 kΩ

23

10 kΩ thermistor 30 kΩ thermistor

240 kΩ (Note 12)

179 kΩ

135 kΩ

103 kΩ

79 kΩ

61 kΩ

48 kΩ

37 kΩ

29 kΩ

885 kΩ (Note 12)

649 kΩ (Note 12)

481 kΩ (Note 12)

360 kΩ (Note 12)

271 kΩ (Note 12)

206 kΩ (Note 12)

158 kΩ

122 kΩ

95 kΩ


Note 12:

Note 13:

Resistance values greater than 180 k ohms cannot be measured by the OM-USB-TEMP in the thermistor mode. The 180 k ohm resistance limit includes the total resistance across the current excitation (±Ix) pins, which is the sum of the thermistor resistance and the lead resistances.

For accurate three wire compensation, the individual lead resistances connected to the ±Ix pins must be of equal value.

Throughput rate

Table 9. Throughput rate specifications

Number of Input Channels

7

8

5

6

3

4

1

2

Maximum Throughput

2 Samples/second

2 S/s on each channel, 4 S/s total







Note 14: The analog inputs are configured to run continuously. Each channel is sampled twice per second.

The maximum latency between when a sample is acquired and the temperature data is provided by the USB unit is approximately 0.5 seconds.

Digital input/output

Table 10. Digital input/output specifications

Digital type

Number of I/O

Configuration

Pull-up/pull-down configuration

Digital I/O transfer rate (software paced)

Input high voltage

Input low voltage

Output low voltage (IOL = 2.5 mA)

Output high voltage (IOH = –2.5 mA)

CMOS

8 (DIO0 through DIO7)

Independently configured for input or output.

Power on reset is input mode.

All pins pulled up to +5 V via 47 K resistors (default). Pull-down to ground

(GND) also available.

Digital input – 50 port reads or single bit reads per second typ.

Digital output – 100 port writes or single bit writes per second typ.

2.0 V min., 5.5 V absolute max.

0.8 V max., –0.5 V absolute min.

0.7 V max.

3.8 V min.

Note 15: All ground pins on the OM-USB-TEMP (pins 9, 19, 28, 38) are common and are isolated from earth ground. If a connection is made to earth ground when using digital I/O and conductive thermocouples, the thermocouples are no longer isolated. In this case, thermocouples must not be connected to any conductive surfaces that may be referenced to earth ground.

Memory

EEPROM

Table 11. Memory specifications

1,024 bytes isolated micro reserved for sensor configuration

256 bytes USB micro for external application use

Microcontroller

Type

Table 12. Microcontroller specifications

Two high-performance 8-bit RISC microcontrollers

24


Microcontroller

Type

USB +5V voltage

Table 12. Microcontroller specifications

Two high-performance 8-bit RISC microcontrollers

Parameter

USB +5V (VBUS) input voltage range

Table 13. USB +5V voltage specifications

Conditions Specification

4.75 V min. to 5.25 V max.

Power

Table 14. Power specifications

Parameter Conditions Specification

Supply current

Supply current

(Note 16)

User +5V output voltage range

(terminal block pin 21 and pin 47)

User +5V output current

(terminal block pin 21 and pin 47)

Isolation

USB enumeration

Continuous mode

Connected to self-powered hub. (Note 17)

Bus-powered and connected to a self-powered hub. (Note 17)

Measurement system to PC

<100 mA

140 mA typ.

4.75 V min. to

5.25 V max.

10 mA max.

500 VDC min.

Note 16:

Note 17:

This is the total current requirement for the OM-USB-TEMP which includes up to 10 mA for the status LED.

Self-Powered Hub refers to a USB hub with an external power supply. Self-powered hubs allow a connected USB device to draw up to 500 mA.

Root Port Hubs reside in the PC’s USB Host Controller. The USB port(s) on your PC are root port hubs. All externally powered root port hubs (desktop PC’s) provide up to 500 mA of current for a USB device. Battery-powered root port hubs provide 100 mA or 500 mA, depending upon the manufacturer. A laptop PC that is not connected to an external power adapter is an example of a battery-powered root port hub.

USB specifications

USB device type

Device compatibility

USB cable type

USB cable length

Table 15. USB specifications

USB 2.0 (full-speed)

USB 1.1, USB 2.0

Self-powered, 100 mA consumption max

A-B cable, UL type AWM 2527 or equivalent. (min 24 AWG VBUS/GND, min 28 AWG D+/D–)

3 meters max.

25


Current excitation outputs (Ix+)

Table 16. Current excitation output specifications

Parameter Conditions Specification

Configuration

Current excitation output ranges

Tolerance

Drift

Line regulation

Load regulation

Output compliance voltage

(relative to GND pins 9, 19, 28, 38)

Thermistor

RTD

4 dedicated pairs:

±I1 - CH0/CH1

±I2 - CH2/CH3

±I3 - CH4/CH5

±I4 - CH6/CH7

10 µA typ.

210 µA typ.

±5% typ.

200 ppm/°C

2.1 ppm/V max.

0.3 ppm/V typ.

3.90 V max.

-0.03 V min.

Note 18:

Note 19:

The OM-USB-TEMP has four current excitation outputs, with ±I1 dedicated to the CH0/CH1 analog inputs, ±I2 dedicated to CH2/CH3, ±I3 dedicated to CH4/CH5, and ±I4 dedicated to

CH6/CH7. The excitation output currents should always be used in this dedicated configuration.

The current excitation outputs are automatically configured based on the sensor (thermistor or

RTD) selected.

Environmental

Operating temperature range

Storage temperature range

Humidity

Table 17. Environmental specifications

0 to 70 ° C

-40 to 85 ° C

0 to 90% non-condensing

Mechanical

Dimensions

User connection length

Table 18. Mechanical specifications

127 mm (L) x 88.9 mm (W) x 35.56 (H)

3 meters max.

26


11

12

13

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

14

15

16

17

Screw terminal connector type and pin out

Connector type

Wire gauge range

Table 19. Screw terminal connector specifications

Screw terminal

16 AWG to 30 AWG

Screw terminal pin out

4

5

6

7

Pin Signal Name

1

2

3

I1+

NC

C0H

C0L

4W01

IC01

C1H

8

9

10

C1L

GND

I1-

Table 20. Screw terminal pin out

Pin Description



CH0 sensor input ( )


CH0/CH1 2-sensor common




Pin Signal Name

27

28

29

I4-

GND

C7L

30

31

32

33

C7H

IC67

4W67

C6L

34

35

36

C6H

NC

I4+

Pin Description









CJC sensor

I2+

NC

C2H

C2L

4W23

IC23

C3H

C3L

GND

I2-

+5V

GND

DIO0

DIO1

DIO2

DIO3









+5V output





37

38

39

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

40

41

42

43

CJC sensor

I3-

GND

C5L

C5H

IC45

4W45

C4L

C4H

NC

I3+

+5V

GND

DIO7

DIO6

DIO5

DIO4









+5V output





27

WARRANTY/DISCLAIMER

OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC. warrants this unit to be free of defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 13 months from date of purchase. OMEGA’s WARRANTY adds an additional one (1) month grace period to the normal one (1) year product warranty to cover handling and shipping time. This ensures that OMEGA’s customers receive maximum coverage on each product.

If the unit malfunctions, it must be returned to the factory for evaluation. OMEGA’s Customer Service

Department will issue an Authorized Return (AR) number immediately upon phone or written request.

Upon examination by OMEGA, if the unit is found to be defective, it will be repaired or replaced at no charge. OMEGA’s WARRANTY does not apply to defects resulting from any action of the purchaser, including but not limited to mishandling, improper interfacing, operation outside of design limits, improper repair, or unauthorized modification. This WARRANTY is VOID if the unit shows evidence of having been tampered with or shows evidence of having been damaged as a result of excessive corrosion; or current, heat, moisture or vibration; improper specification; misapplication; misuse or other operating conditions outside of OMEGA’s control. Components in which wear is not warranted, include but are not limited to contact points, fuses, and triacs.

OMEGA is pleased to offer suggestions on the use of its various products. However,

OMEGA neither assumes responsibility for any omissions or errors nor assumes liability for any damages that result from the use of its products in accordance with information provided by

OMEGA, either verbal or written. OMEGA warrants only that the parts manufactured by the company will be as specified and free of defects. OMEGA MAKES NO OTHER WARRANTIES OR

REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WHATSOEVER, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, EXCEPT THAT OF

TITLE, AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY

AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED. LIMITATION OF

LIABILITY: The remedies of purchaser set forth herein are exclusive, and the total liability of

OMEGA with respect to this order, whether based on contract, warranty, negligence, indemnification, strict liability or otherwise, shall not exceed the purchase price of the component upon which liability is based. In no event shall OMEGA be liable for consequential, incidental or special damages.

CONDITIONS: Equipment sold by OMEGA is not intended to be used, nor shall it be used: (1) as a “Basic

Component” under 10 CFR 21 (NRC), used in or with any nuclear installation or activity; or (2) in medical applications or used on humans. Should any Product(s) be used in or with any nuclear installation or activity, medical application, used on humans, or misused in any way, OMEGA assumes no responsibility as set forth in our basic WARRANTY/DISCLAIMER language, and, additionally, purchaser will indemnify

OMEGA and hold OMEGA harmless from any liability or damage whatsoever arising out of the use of the

Product(s) in such a manner.

RETURN REQUESTS/INQUIRIES

Direct all warranty and repair requests/inquiries to the OMEGA Customer Service Department. BEFORE

RETURNING ANY PRODUCT(S) TO OMEGA, PURCHASER MUST OBTAIN AN AUTHORIZED RETURN

(AR) NUMBER FROM OMEGA’S CUSTOMER SERVICE DEPARTMENT (IN ORDER TO AVOID

PROCESSING DELAYS). The assigned AR number should then be marked on the outside of the return package and on any correspondence.

The purchaser is responsible for shipping charges, freight, insurance and proper packaging to prevent breakage in transit.

FOR WARRANTY RETURNS, please have the following information available BEFORE contacting OMEGA:

1. Purchase Order number under which the product was PURCHASED,

2. Model and serial number of the product under warranty, and

3. Repair instructions and/or specific problems relative to the product.

FOR NON-WARRANTY REPAIRS, consult OMEGA for current repair charges. Have the following information available BEFORE contacting OMEGA:

1. Purchase Order number to cover the COST of the repair,

2. Model and serial number of the product, and

3. Repair instructions and/or specific problems relative to the product.

OMEGA’s policy is to make running changes, not model changes, whenever an improvement is possible. This affords our customers the latest in technology and engineering.

OMEGA is a registered trademark of OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC.

© Copyright 2010 OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC. All rights reserved. This document may not be copied, photocopied, reproduced, translated, or reduced to any electronic medium or machine-readable form, in whole or in part, without the prior written consent of OMEGA ENGINEERING, INC.

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