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APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Building ID
DOE Climate Zone
Total count of occupants
Number of floors
Constructed after 1990
Construction Year
Oriented on a north/south axis
Major glass areas face: North No
Major glass areas face: Northeast No
Major glass areas face: East No
Major glass areas face: Southeast No
Major glass areas face: South Yes
Major glass areas face: Southwest No
Major glass areas face: West Yes
Major glass areas face: Northwest No
Major glass areas face: Equally
Distributed
No
Window area ft2: North Unknown
Window area ft2: South
Window area ft2: East
Window area ft2: West
Construction Type
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Insulated masonry-type panels
Yes Flat roof
Light colored roof coating
Total roof area
Roof R-value vs. bldg code
Roof R-value
E type insul glass
Window solar penetration reduction
Perimeter walls R-value vs. bldg code
Perimeter walls R-value
Control system type
HVAC uses advanced EMCS
Yes
Unknown
Met
Unknown
Yes
Tinting
Exceeded
Unknown
DDC
Yes
1
5a
65
1
No
1988
No
Table T1. Characteristics of Buildings 1-5.
2 3
5a 5a
400
1
No
1988
No
600
2
No
1987
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Insulated masonry-type panels
Yes
NIA
Unknown
Met
Unknown
Yes
Tinting
Exceeded
Unknown
DDC
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Insulated masonry-type panels
Yes
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Yes
Tinting
Exceeded
Unknown
DDC
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
4
3c
50
1
Yes
2001
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
NIA
NA/Unk
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
No
None
Unknown
Unknown
Unnown
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Heavy masonry material
Yes
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Yes
Tinting
Unknown
Unknown
Pneumatic
No
NCEMBT-080201 417
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
5
3c
300
2
Yes unknown
No
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
EMCS set-back type
EMCS ctl on/off equip on 24/7 schedule
EMCS used for electrical demand limiting
Unknown
Yes
Turn off
Yes
Unknown
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Yes
Has programmable ES thermostats Yes
Type of thermostats Unknown
Thermostats are tamperproof No
[Typical] Type of work spaces
Majority size of offices
[Typical] Individual cube/office space/person
Typical workspace shape
Type of walls
Typical floor material
[Typical] Ceiling heights
Types of ceiling surfaces:
Cement/structural
Other
Unknown
> 100 ft2
Rectangular
Permanent
Yes
Unknown
No
Other
Unknown
> 100 ft2
Rectangular
Unknown
Yes
Unknown
No
Other
Unknown
> 100 ft2
Rectangular
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
No
Unknown
Unknown
Multipurpose
Unknown
50-100 ft2
Square
Partition/
Partial
Carpet/Perm Carpet/Perm Carpet/Perm Unknown Carpet/Perm
Less than 10 ft Less than 10 ft Less than 10 ft Less than 10 ft Less than 10 ft
No No No Unknown No
Types of ceiling surfaces: Acoustic tile/hung
Types of ceiling surfaces:
Drywall/sheetrock
Types of ceiling surfaces: Hard surface/cathedral
Fixed outdoor sound sources: Air handlers
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
No
Yes
No
No
No
Fixed outdoor sound sources:
Motor/engines
No
Fixed outdoor sound sources: Wind No
Fixed outdoor sound sources:
Construction
No
No Fixed outdoor sound sources:
Other
Transportation sound sources:
Highways
Yes
No Transportation sound sources:
Railways
Transportation sound sources:
Airplanes
Transportation sound sources:
Other
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
418 NCEMBT-080201
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Inside sound sources not in work area: Pumps/motors on floor
Inside sound sources not in work area: Activity above
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Conversation in adjacent rooms
Inside sound sources not in work area: Plumbing/air handlers
Inside sound sources not in work area: Other
Inside sound sources not in work area: Copiers/fax
Inside sound sources not in work area: Computers
Inside sound sources not in work area: Conversations
Inside sound sources not in work area: Air conditioners
Inside sound sources not in work area: Speech masking systems
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Work areas have background music
Self cont roof top/mechanical equipment room units exist
Air handling system
No
Yes
Air distribution system
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Other Supply register type
Return air type
HVAC system type
Energy perf of chiller in kW/Ton
Has thermal storage system
Has self cont water src pumps in rooms
Plenum
Packaged rooftype unit(s)
Unknown
No
No
Uses economizer cycle Yes
Filter replaced per maint schedule Yes
Heating source
Light fixture type
Lighting type [delivery]
Furnace with std efficiency
Diffusers
Direct
Task lighting used
Gen purpose lighting type
Yes
Unknown
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Other
Plenum
Packaged rooftype unit(s)
Unknown
No
No
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Other
Plenum
Packaged rooftype unit(s)
Unknown
No
No
Yes
Yes
Furnace with hi efficiency
Diffusers
Direct
Yes
Unknown
Yes
Yes
Furnace with std efficiency
Diffusers
Direct
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
N/A
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Unknown
Ducted
Packaged rooftype unit(s)
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Ceiling Diff
Plenum
Packaged rooftype unit(s)
Unknown
No
No
Unknown
Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Direct
Yes
Unknown
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Boiler with std efficiency
Parabolic
Direct
Yes
Unknown
NCEMBT-080201 419
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Lighting installed load w/ft2 Unknown
Lighting system voltage: 277 volts Yes
Lighting system voltage: 208 volts No
Lighting system voltage: 120 volts No
Lighting control methods: Manual Yes switching
Lighting control methods: Timing Yes
Device
Lighting control methods:
Occupancy sensors
Yes
Lighting control methods:
Photosensors
Lamp replacement
No
On Burnout
N/A Group replacement interval (yrs between replacement)
Unknown
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
On Burnout
N/A
Unknown
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
On Burnout
N/A
Unknown
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
On Burnout
N/A
Unknown
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
On Burnout
N/A
420 NCEMBT-080201
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Building ID
DOE Climate Zone
Total count of occupants
Number of floors
Constructed after 1990
Construction Year
Oriented on a north/south axis
6
6a
Major glass areas face: North No
Major glass areas face: Northeast No
Major glass areas face: East No
Major glass areas face: Southeast No
Major glass areas face: South No
Table T2. Characteristics of Buildings 6-10.
240
4
Yes
2004
Unknown
7
6a
400
5
Yes
1997
Unknown
No
No
Yes
No
No
8
4b
75
2
Yes
2003
Unknown
No
No
No
No
No
Major glass areas face: Southwest No
Major glass areas face: West No
Major glass areas face: Northwest No
Major glass areas face: Equally Yes
Window area ft2: North 1122
Window area ft2: South
Window area ft2: East
Window area ft2: West
Construction Type
1090
398
1500
Heavy masonry material
No
Yes
No
No
3463
3463
6080
7601
Heavy masonry material
Yes
No
Yes
No
2518
2342
1420
1694
Heavy masonry material
Flat roof
Light colored roof coating
Total roof area
Roof R-value vs. bldg code
Roof R-value
E type insulated glass
Window solar penetration reduction
Perimeter walls R-value vs. bldg code
Perimeter walls R-value
HVAC uses advanced EMCS
Control system type
EMCS set-back type
EMCS control on/off equip on
24/7 schedule
Yes
Yes
20398
Exceeded
42
Yes
Tinting
Exceeded
32
Yes
Unknown
Setback
Yes
Yes
No
30800
Met
20
Yes
Shading
Met
10
Yes
DDC
Setback
Yes
Yes
Yes
25620
Exceeded
30
Yes
Tinting
Exceeded
19
Yes
DDC
Turn off
Yes
9
4a
170
2
Yes
2004
Unknown
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Framed walls with exterior sheathing
Yes
Yes
124180
Exceeded
30
Yes
Tinting
Exceeded
20
Yes
DDC
Setback
No
21
Yes
DDC
N/A
N/A
Yes
No
17334
Met
25
Yes
Tinting
No
No
No
No
4243
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
10
6b
150
3
Yes
2002
Unknown
2724
1260
1204
Insulated masonry-type panels
Met
NCEMBT-080201 421
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
EMCS used for electric demand limiting
Yes
Has programmable ES thermostats N/A
Type of thermostats
Thermostats are tamperproof
[Typical] Type of work space
Majority size of work space
[Typical] Individual cube/office space/person
Typical shape
Type of walls
[Typical floor material]
[Typical] Ceiling heights
Types of ceiling surfaces:
Cement/structural
Unknown
No
Open
Unknown
50-100 ft2
Square
Partition
/Partial
Yes
No
Unknown
Unknown
Other
Unknown
> 100 ft2
Square
Partition
/Partial
No
Yes
Unknown
Yes
Open
Unknown
50-100 ft2
Rectangular
Partition
/Partial
No
N/A
Unknown
No
Open
Unknown
Unknown
Square
Partition
/Partial
No
N/A
Unknown
N/A
Open
Unknown
50-100 ft2
Rectangular
Partition
/Partial
Carpet /Raised Carpet/Perm Carpet /Perm Carpet /Raised Carpet/Perm
Less than 10 ft Less than 10 ft Less than 10 ft 10 ft or more
No No No Yes
10 ft or more
Yes
Types of ceiling surfaces: Acoustic tile/hung
Types of ceiling surfaces:
Drywall/sheetrock
Types of ceiling surfaces: Hard surface/cathedral
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No Yes Yes No Fixed outdoor sound sources: Air handlers
Fixed outdoor sound sources:
Motor/engines
No
No
Fixed outdoor sound sources: Wind No
Fixed outdoor sound sources:
Construction
No
Fixed outdoor sound sources:
Other
Yes
No Transportation sound sources:
Highways
Transportation sound sources:
Railways
Transportation sound sources:
Airplanes
Transportation sound sources:
Other
No
No
Yes
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Pumps/motors on floor
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Activity above
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
422 NCEMBT-080201
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Conversation in adjacent rooms
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Plumbing/air handlers
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Other
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Copiers/fax
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Computers
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Conversations
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Air conditioners
Inside sound sources not in wk area: Speech masking systems
Work areas have background music
Self cont roof top/mechanical equipment room units exist
Air handling system
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Air distribution system
Supply register type
Return air type
HVAC system type
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Under Floor Air
Dist (UFAD)
Other
Plenum
Packaged rooftype unit(s)
Unknown
No
No
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Constant Air
Volume (CAV)
Under Floor Air
Dist (UFAD)
Variable Air
Volume (VAV)
Ceiling Air Dist
(CAD)
Ceiling Diff
Plenum
Ceiling Diff
Plenum
Other
Unknown
Other
Unknown
Chilled-water Chilled-water Chilled-water Packaged rooftype unit(s)
0.7-0.6
No
No
Unknown
No
No
0.8-0.7
No
No
Unknown
No
No
Energy perf of chiller in kW/Ton
Has thermal storage system
Has self cont water src pumps in rooms
Uses economizer cycle
Filter replacement per maint schedule
Heating source
Yes
Yes
Unknown
Yes
Yes
Unknown
Light fixture type
Lighting type [delivery]
Task lighting used
Gen purpose lighting type
Lighting installed load w/ft2
Lighting system voltage: 277 volts Yes
Diffusers Unknown
Direct/Indirect Direct
Yes Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Yes
Yes
Yes
Furnace with hi efficiency
Unknown
Direct/Indirect Indirect
No Yes
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Yes
Yes
Boiler with hi efficiency
Diffusers
Unknown
Unknown
No
Yes
Yes
Boiler with hi efficiency
Unknown
Direct/Indirect
No
Unknown
Unknown
Yes
NCEMBT-080201 423
APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Lighting system voltage: 208 volts No
Lighting system voltage: 120 volts No
Yes Lighting control methods: Manual switching
Lighting control methods: Timing
Device
Lighting control methods:
Occupancy sensors
Lighting control methods:
Photosensors
Lamp replacement
Yes
No
Yes
On Burnout
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
On Burnout
Group replacement interval (yrs between replacement)
0 0
Unknown
Unknown
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
On Burnout
0
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
On Group
Replace
0
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
On Group
Replace
3
424 NCEMBT-080201
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Table of contents
- 37 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- 40 1. LITERATURE REVIEW
- 41 1.1 Thermal Comfort/Indoor Environmental Quality
- 42 1.2 Airborne And Surface-Associated Mold
- 46 1.3 Sound
- 49 1.4 Lighting
- 52 2. THERMAL COMFORT ASSESSMENT & HYPOTHESES
- 52 2.1 Thermal Comfort/IEQ
- 52 IEQ Hypothesis # 1: ≥80% of occupants in a building will be thermally comfortable if: temperatures are 27°C ≥ To ≥ 24°C (summer) and 24.5°C ≥ To ≥ 20°C (winter) and 0.012 kg ≥ W ≥ 0.0032kg of water/kg of dry air.
- 53 IEQ Hypothesis #2: There is a significant difference in thermal perception by occupants of mornings versus afternoons.
- 53 IEQ Hypothesis #3: ≤10% of occupants will make adjustments to their work area to make it more thermally comfortable.
- 53 IEQ Hypothesis #4: If the occupants' work areas are thermally unacceptable, the occupants in that area will work less efficiently (i.e., less productively).
- 53 IEQ Hypothesis #5: The occupants of a building will be thermally comfortable if the vertical temperature gradient is ≤3.0 °C.
- 53 IEQ Hypothesis #6: <15% of building occupants should feel a draft anywhere if the draft rate/percent feeling draft is ≤15%. If the draft rate is ≥15%, ≥80% of occupants in a building should feel comfortable.
- 53 IEQ Hypothesis #7: ≤20% of occupants will make adjustments to their environment to reduce the presence of a draft in their work environment.
- 53 IEQ Hypothesis #8: Eighty percent or more of the occupants in a work area will not feel stuffy if the indoor to outdoor differential concentration of CO2 is not greater than about 700 ppm.
- 54 IEQ Hypothesis#9: Occupants who perceive the air in their work area as stuffy or stagnant will make adjustments to make their work area more comfortable.
- 54 IEQ Hypothesis#10: If the occupants feel the air in their work place as stuffy or stagnant, or smell unpleasant odors, they will likely work less efficiently.
- 54 IEQ Hypothesis#11: If occupants smell unpleasant odors in their work area, some of them will be uncomfortable and make adjustments to reduce the concentration of odor.
- 54 2.2 Airborne And Surface-Associated Mold
- 54 Mold Hypothesis#1: In outdoor air, a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region.
- 54 Mold Hypothesis#2: Among non-problem buildings, a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region.
- 54 Mold Hypothesis#3: The concentration of airborne fungal genera present in non-problem buildings should reflect the outdoor fungal population in that region.
- 55 Mold Hypothesis#4: The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non- culturable air sampling and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non-problem buildings are expected to be similar (<1 order of magnitude, <10X difference) at different sampling locations in the building.
- 55 Mold Hypothesis#5: The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non- culturable air sampling and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non-problem buildings are expected to be similar (<1 order of magnitude, <10X difference) on different days of sampling.
- 55 Mold Hypothesis#6: Between non-problem buildings, both types of air samples are expected to show the same genera of fungi, with <1 order of magnitude difference in concentration and absence of atypical fungi.
- 55 Mold Hypothesis#7: Among non-problem buildings, a mixed population of fungi in the surface dust is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region.
- 55 Mold Hypothesis#8: The concentrations of surface-associated fungal genera present in non-problem buildings are consistent among buildings.
- 56 Mold Hypothesis#9: The concentration of culturable fungi in non-problem buildings is expected to be ≤105 CFU/gram of dust.
- 56 Mold Hypothesis#10: The range of concentration of surface-associated culturable fungi in dust samples collected in non-problem buildings is expected to be similar (<1 order of magnitude, <10X difference) at different sampling locations in the building.
- 56 Mold Hypothesis#11: Within the same building at different times of day in the same location, the same genera of fungi are expected to be measured in dust samples, with up to a 1 order of magnitude difference in concentration.
- 56 Mold Hypothesis#12: Regional differences between non-problem buildings are reflected in the different surface dust composition of fungal genera.
- 56 Mold Hypothesis#13: “Indicator” fungi (i.e., indicators of water intrusion/moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth) are expected to be “not present” in air samples in non-problem buildings.
- 56 Mold Hypothesis#14: “Indicator” fungi (i.e., indicators of water intrusion/moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth) are expected to be “not present” in surface dust samples in non-problem buildings.
- 57 2.3 Sound
- 57 Sound Hypothesis# 1: Sound in a work area can annoy or distract occupants.
- 57 Sound Hypothesis#2: There is variation in an occupant’s preferences and tolerances to sounds or noise in the work area.
- 57 Sound Hypothesis#3: Sound in a work area can fluctuate during the day.
- 57 Sound Hypothesis#4: Intruding sound in a work area can come from one or more of the following sound sources: (1) sound from outside the building, (2) conversations in adjacent areas, (3) telephone/speakerphones conversations, (4) building masking system, piped-in music, paging system, (5) nearby office equipment, (6) HVAC mechanical equipment, and (7) ceiling, wall, and/or floor air-supply or return air diffusers.
- 58 Sound Hypothesis#5: Sound in the work area that comes from outside the building can annoy or distract occupants.
- 58 Sound Hypothesis#6: Annoyance or distraction from outside sound can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature (on-off cycle) of the sound, time variations in the sound intensity, or irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound.
- 58 Sound Hypothesis#7: Sound in a work area from telephone speakerphone conversations in adjacent work can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 58 Sound Hypothesis#8: Annoyance or distraction from sound from telephone conversations and speakerphones in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, the intelligibility or content of the sound, or the irritating or harsh content in the sound.
- 59 Sound Hypothesis#9: Sound in a work area from conversations in adjacent work areas can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 59 Sound Hypothesis#10: Annoyance or distraction from sound from conversations in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound.
- 60 Sound Hypothesis#11: Sound in a work area from building piped-in music, and background-masking system can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 60 Sound Hypothesis#12: Annoyance or distraction from sound from a building masking or piped-in music system in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh content in the sound.
- 60 Sound Hypothesis#13: Sound in a work area from nearby office equipment (copy machines, typewriters, etc.) can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 60 Sound Hypothesis#14: Annoyance or distraction from nearby office equipment (copy machines, typewriters, etc.) can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound.
- 61 Sound Hypothesis#15: Sound in a work area from ceiling or floor air-supply diffusers can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 61 Sound Hypothesis#16: Annoyance or distraction from air-supply or return-air diffusers can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound.
- 61 Sound Hypothesis#17: Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air-supply diffusers can come from various room boundaries.
- 61 Sound Hypothesis#18: Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air-supply diffusers can have predominant distinguishing characteristics.
- 62 Sound Hypothesis#19: Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air-supply diffusers can originate from mechanical equipment.
- 62 Sound Hypothesis#20: Annoying or distracting sound from ceiling or floor air-supply diffusers can originate from conversations elsewhere in the building.
- 62 Sound Hypothesis#21: Sound in a work area from mechanical equipment within a building can annoy or distract occupants.
- 62 Sound Hypothesis#22: Annoyance or distraction from mechanical equipment within the building can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound.
- 63 Sound Hypothesis#23: Annoying or distracting sound from mechanical equipment within a building can come from various room boundaries.
- 63 Sound Hypothesis#24: Annoying or distracting sound from mechanical equipment within a building can have predominant distinguishing characteristics.
- 63 Sound Hypothesis#25: Conditions that allow building occupants to clearly hear talking in person or by telephone or speakerphone can cause workers to believe that they cannot have a private conversation in their work area.
- 63 Sound Hypothesis#26: Building occupants take positive action to mitigate a distracting or annoying noise.
- 63 Sound Hypothesis#27: If building occupants believe they cannot have a private conversation in their work area, they will move to a more private area for confidential conversations.
- 63 Sound Hypothesis#28: If building occupants believe they cannot have a private conversation in their work area, they will postpone confidential conversations to a time when people are not present in adjacent areas.
- 64 2.4 Lighting
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#1: Most people will be comfortable when the lighting in their work areas is neither too bright nor too dim.
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#2: The lighting over 700 Lux on the work surface will be considered as “very bright” or “somewhat bright” and lower than 300 Lux may be considered as “very dim or dark” or “somewhat dim or dark”.
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#3: Lower than 50 Lux of the lighting at computer screens will be considered as “very dim or dark” or somewhat dim or dark”.
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#4: The uniformity of illuminance less 3 at work surfaces will be considered as uniform.
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#5: When there is too much glare on desk surfaces or workstations, and/or on my computer screen, most occupants’ productivity will be adversely affected.
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#6: Most people prefer to have natural light from outdoors come into their office or work area.
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#7: If the CRI of lighting is 75 or greater, the color of people’s faces and objects in work area will appear natural.
- 64 IESNA Lighting Handbook
- 64 Lighting Hypothesis#8: The CCT of the lighting lower than 3000 K will be evaluated as visually warm and higher than 5000 will be evaluated as visually cool.
- 65 3. METHODS
- 65 3.1 Building
- 65 3.1.1 Building Selection Criteria
- 65 3.1.2 Building Recruitment
- 65 3.1.3 Building Selection General Questions
- 65 3.1.4 Building Characterization Questionnaire
- 65 3.1.5 Procedure to Generate MLID
- 66 3.2 Indoor EnvironmentalQuality
- 66 3.2.1 Thermal Comfort
- 66 3.2.2 CO2
- 66 3.2.3. VOCs
- 66 3.3 Airborne And Surface-Associated Mold
- 67 3.4 Sound
- 67 3.5 Lighting
- 70 4. RESULTS
- 70 4.1 Building Locations
- 70 4.1 Energy Table
- 71 4.2 Overview of Responses
- 76 4.3 Thermal Comfort/IEQ
- 76 4.3.1 IEQ Hypotheses Results
- 76 IEQ Hypothesis #1: > 80% of occupants in a building will be thermally comfortable if: 27°C ≥To ≥24°C (summer) and 24.5°C≥ To ≥20°C (winter)] and 0.012 ≥ W ≥ 0.0032 kg of water/kg of dry air.
- 77 IEQ Hypothesis #2: There is a significant difference between mornings and afternoons in thermal perception by occupants.
- 78 IEQ Hypothesis #3: ≤10% of occupants will make adjustments to their work area to make it more thermally comfortable.
- 78 IEQ Hypothesis #4: If the occupants' work areas are thermally unacceptable, the occupants in that area will work less efficiently (i.e., less productively).
- 79 IEQ Hypothesis #5: The occupants of a building will be thermally comfortable if the vertical temperature gradient is ≤3.0 °C.
- 80 IEQ Hypothesis #6: There is a significant difference between mornings and afternoons in relative humidity and related occupant comfort perception.
- 80 IEQ Hypothesis #7: ≤20% of occupants will make adjustments to their environment when they are in a too dry (AH<0.0032 Pa) or too humid environment (AH>0.012 Pa).
- 81 IEQ Hypothesis #8: <15% of building occupants should feel a draft anywhere if the draft rate is ≤15%. If the draft rate is ≤15%, ≥80% of occupants in a building should feel comfortable.
- 82 IEQ Hypothesis #9: Occupants will make adjustments to their environment to reduce the presence of a draft in their work environment.
- 83 IEQ Hypothesis #10: ≥80% of occupants in a work area (zone) will not complain of stuffy air if the indoor vs. outdoor concentration difference in CO2 ≤ 700 ppm.
- 83 IEQ Hypothesis #11: ≤20% of occupants who perceive the air is stuffy or stagnant will make adjustments to their work environment to make their work area more comfortable.
- 84 IEQ Hypothesis #12: If the occupants' work areas perceive their air as stuffy or stagnant, the occupants in that area will work less efficiently (i.e., less productively).
- 84 IEQ Hypothesis #13: If occupants smell unpleasant odors in their work area, no more than (≤) 20% will be uncomfortable and make adjustments in their environment to reduce the odor.
- 85 IEQ Hypothesis #14: ≥80% of occupants will have job satisfaction when the indoor environmental quality is acceptable.
- 85 4.3.2 IEQ Summary
- 86 4.4 Airborne And Surface-Associated Mold
- 86 4.4.1 Mold Results
- 86 4.4.2 Mold Hypotheses Results
- 86 Mold Hypothesis#1: In outdoor air, a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region.
- 87 Mold Hypothesis#2: Among non-problem buildings, a mixed population of airborne fungus is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region.
- 88 Mold Hypothesis#3: The concentration of airborne fungal genera present in non-problem buildings should reflect the outdoor fungal population in that region.
- 88 Mold Hypothesis#4: The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non- culturable air sampling and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non-problem buildings are expected to be similar (<1 order of magnitude, <10X difference) at different sampling locations in the building.
- 89 Mold Hypothesis#5: The ranges of concentration of airborne total spores observed with non- culturable air sampling and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of culturable fungal particles isolated with culturable air sampling in non-problem buildings are expected to be similar (<1 order of magnitude, <10X difference) on different days of sampling.
- 89 Mold Hypothesis#6: Between non-problem buildings, both types of air samples are expected to show the same genera of fungi, with <1 order of magnitude difference in concentration and absence of atypical fungi.
- 90 Mold Hypothesis#7: Among non-problem buildings, a mixed population of culturable fungi in the surface dust is expected with no one genus except Cladosporium predominating and the distribution of which will vary by geographic region.
- 90 Mold Hypothesis#8: The concentrations of surface-associated fungal genera present in non-problem buildings are consistent among buildings.
- 91 Mold Hypothesis#9: The concentration of culturable fungi in non-problem buildings is expected to be ≤105 CFU/gram of dust.
- 91 Mold Hypothesis#10: The range of concentration of surface-associated culturable fungi in dust samples collected in non-problem buildings is expected to be similar (<1 order of magnitude, <10X difference) at different sampling locations in the building.
- 92 Mold Hypothesis#11: Within the same building at different times of day in the same location, the same genera of fungi are expected to be measured, with up to a 1 order of magnitude difference in concentration.
- 92 Samples were only collected at one time period. Therefore, this hypothesis was not tested in the final experimental design used in this task.
- 92 Mold Hypothesis#12: Regional differences between non-problem buildings are reflected in the different surface dust composition of fungal genera, not the distribution among them.
- 92 Due to limitations on the number of buildings (i.e., ten), there were insufficient numbers of buildings in each region. Therefore, this hypothesis was not tested in the final experimental design used in this task.
- 92 Mold Hypothesis#13: “Indicator” fungi (i.e., indicators of water intrusion/moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth) are expected to be “not present” in air samples in non-problem buildings.
- 93 Mold Hypothesis#14: “Indicator” fungi (i.e., indicators of water intrusion/moisture accumulation of building materials capable of promoting mold growth) are expected to be “not present” in surface dust samples in non-problem buildings.
- 93 4.4.3 Mold Summary
- 94 4.5 Sound
- 94 4.5.1 Sound Results
- 94 4.5.2 Sound Hypotheses Results
- 94 Sound Hypothesis#1: Sound in a work area can annoy or distract occupants.
- 94 Sound Hypothesis#2: Annoyance or distraction from fluctuations in sound correlates with the midrange of the probability plot of sounds levels over the course of one day using the measurements of L_80 minus L_10 for sound interference level (SIL).
- 95 Sound Hypothesis#3: Sound in the work area that comes from outside the building can annoy or distract occupants.
- 96 Sound Hypothesis#4: Annoyance or distraction from outside sound can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature (on-off cycle) of the sound, time variations in the sound intensity, or irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound.
- 96 Sound Hypothesis#5: Sound in a work area from telephone/speakerphone conversations can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 97 Sound Hypothesis#6: Annoyance or distraction from sound from telephone/speakerphone conversations in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound.
- 98 Sound Hypothesis#7: Sound in a work area from conversations in adjacent work areas can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 98 Sound Hypothesis#8: Annoyance or distraction from sound from conversations in adjacent work areas can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound.
- 99 Sound Hypothesis#9: Sound in a work area from piped-in music or background masking system can annoy or distract building occupants.
- 99 Sound Hypothesis#10: Annoyance or distraction from sound from piped in music or masking sounds can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound.
- 100 Sound Hypothesis#11: Sound in a work area from nearby office equipment (e.g., copy machines, typewriters) annoys or distracts building occupant.
- 100 Sound Hypothesis#12: Annoyance or distraction from the sound of office equipment (e.g., copy machines, typewriters) can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, the intelligibility or content of the sound or the irritating or harsh content in the sound.
- 101 Sound Hypothesis#13: Sound in a work area from mechanical equipment within a building annoys or distracts occupants.
- 102 Sound Hypothesis#14: Annoyance or distraction from the sound of mechanical equipment within the building can be caused by the overall sound level, fluctuations in the sound intensity or harsh tones contained in the sound.
- 102 Sound Hypothesis#15: Sound in a work area from the air conditioning system (air supply or air return) within a building annoys or distracts occupants.
- 103 Sound Hypothesis#16: Annoyance or distraction from sound from ceiling or floor air-supply diffusers can be caused by the overall sound level, the intermittent nature of the sound, fluctuations in the sound intensity or the irritating or harsh tones contained in the sound.
- 103 Sound Hypothesis#17: Conditions that allow building occupants to clearly hear other people talking, having telephone and/or speakerphone conversations can cause workers to believe that they cannot have a private conversation in their work area.
- 104 Sound Hypothesis#18: If building occupants believe they cannot have a private conversation in their work area, they will move to a more private area for confidential conversations.
- 104 Sound Hypothesis#19: If building occupants believe they cannot have a private conversation in their work area, they will postpone confidential conversations to a time when people are not present in adjacent areas.
- 105 4.5.3 Sound Summary
- 105 4.6 Lighting
- 105 4.6.1 Lighting System Results
- 106 4.6.2 Lighting Measurement Results
- 110 4.6.3 Lighting Hypotheses Results
- 110 Lighting Hypothesis#1: Most people will be comfortable when the lighting in their work areas is neither too bright nor too dim.
- 110 Lighting Hypothesis#2: The lighting over 700 Lux on the work surface will be considered as “very bright” or “somewhat bright” and lower than 300 Lux may be considered as “very dim or dark” or “somewhat dim or dark.”
- 110 Lighting Hypothesis#3: Lower than 50 Lux of the lighting at computer screens will be considered as “very dim or dark” or somewhat dim or dark”.
- 110 Lighting Hypothesis#4: The uniformity of illuminance less than 3 at work surfaces will be considered as uniform.
- 110 Lighting Hypothesis#5: When there is too much glare on desk surfaces or workstations, and/or on my computer screen, most occupants’ productivity will be adversely affected.
- 111 Lighting Hypothesis#6: Most people prefer to have natural light from outdoors come into their office or work area.
- 111 Lighting Hypothesis#7: If the CRI of lighting is 75 or greater, the color of people’s faces and objects in work area will appear natural.
- 111 Lighting Hypothesis#8: The CCT of the lighting lower than 3000 K will be evaluated as visually warm and higher than 5000 will be evaluated as visually cool.
- 112 5. CONCLUSIONS
- 112 5.1 Building Characteristics
- 112 5.2 Thermal Comfort/ Indoor Environmental Quality
- 113 5.3 Airborne And Surface-Associated Mold
- 113 5.4 Sound
- 115 5.5 Lighting
- 116 5.6 Lessons Learned
- 118 6. REFERENCES
- 129 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRES REVIEWED
- 132 A1. Indoor Background Survey Questions Associated with the ASHRAE Survey
- 134 Personal Comfort
- 135 Personal Control
- 138 Health Characteristics
- 141 A2. Spagnolo and de Dear, 1988 Questionnaire.
- 142 A3. Nakano, et al., 2002 Questionnaire
- 143 A4. Center for the Built Environment Survey
- 144 APPENDIX B: BUILDING SELECTION CRITERIA
- 147 APPENDIX C: BUILDING SELECTION QUESTIONNAIRE
- 149 APPENDIX D: BUILDING CHARACTERIZATION QUESTIONNAIRE
- 156 APPENDIX E: THERMAL COMFORT SENSORS
- 156 E1. Description of Sensors
- 158 E2. Standard operating procedure for VIVO IEQ instruments (Prepared in part with information from the VIVO instruction manual)
- 158 E2.1 Set-up of VIVO Instruments
- 159 VIVO Temperature
- 159 VIVO Humidity
- 159 VIVO Draught
- 159 VIVO Field Control
- 164 E2.2 Recommended Installation Of Testing Station
- 165 E2.3 Collecting VIVO Data Using Laptop
- 167 E2.4 Output From Sensors (Both Measured And Calculated)
- 169 E2.5 Assembly Of Super Battery And Stand
- 170 E3. Types Of Raw Variables Measured For Thermal Comfort
- 174 E4. Calculated Indices For Thermal Comfort
- 178 APPENDIX F: CO2 SENSORS
- 178 F1. Description of Sensors
- 179 F2. Standard Operating Procedures for the use of the bacharach
- 180 F3. Standard Operating Procedure for the use of HOBOS
- 181 F4. Standard Operating Procedure for the use of IAQRAE
- 182 Calibration of the IAQRAE
- 184 APPENDIX G: VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MEASUREMENTS
- 184 G1. Description of Sensor
- 184 G2. Standard Operating Procedure
- 184 G2.1 To Launch IAQRAE
- 185 G2.2 To Save Data
- 186 APPENDIX H: AIRBORNE AND SURFACE-ASSOCIATED MOLD PROTOCOLS
- 187 H1. General Description of Sampling Logistics
- 187 H2. Culturable Air Sampling Protocol
- 187 H3. Non-Culturable Air Sampling Protocol
- 187 H4. Vacuum Sampling Protocol
- 188 APPENDIX I: SOUND PROTOCOLS
- 189 I1. Instrument Selection And Description
- 190 I2. Field-Testing Procedures
- 191 I3. Sound Related Portion Of The Data Reduction And Analysis
- 194 I4. Standard Operating Procedure For Sound Measurement Instruments
- 194 I4.1 Safety Instructions
- 195 I4.2 Equipment List
- 195 I4.3 Pre-departure Checks
- 196 I4.4 Packing/Shipping Procedure
- 196 I4.5 On Site Setup
- 196 I4.6 Sound Meter Automatic Recording Setup
- 200 I4.7 Equipment Setup
- 200 I4.8 Office Sound Data Recording
- 201 I4.9 Packing/Shipping Procedure For Return To UNLV Or Next Building.
- 202 I5. Calculation Algorithms
- 202 I5.1 dBA Bumps
- 202 I5.2 NC – Noise Criteria
- 204 I5.3 NCB – Balanced Noise Criteria - Rumble
- 205 I5.4 NCB – Balanced Noise Criteria - Hiss
- 206 I5.5 RC – Room Criteria
- 209 I6. Summary of Calculated Values
- 209 I6.1 dBA Bumps
- 210 I6.2 NC – Noise Criteria
- 210 I6.3 NCB – Balanced Noise Criteria
- 210 I6.4 RC – Room Criteria
- 210 I6.5 RC Mark II (RCII) Alternate Room criteria
- 210 I6.6 CPL - Cumulative Probability Levels
- 211 APPENDIX J: LIGHTING PROTOCOLS
- 212 J1. Description of Instruments
- 212 J1.1 Illuminance Meter T-10
- 213 Names and Functions of Parts
- 213 Basic Operation
- 214 J1.2 Luminance Meter LS-100
- 215 Names and Functions of Parts
- 215 Basic Operation
- 216 J1.3 Chroma Meter CS-100A
- 217 J1.4 Spectroradiometer
- 218 Names and Functions of Parts
- 218 Basic Operation
- 218 Taking a measurement
- 219 Save a measurement
- 219 J2. Illuminance Measurements
- 220 J3. Luminance Measurements
- 221 J4. Lighting Data Entry Procedure
- 223 APPENDIX K: LIGHTING FIELD SURVEY TABLE
- 224 K1.Room Descriptions
- 224 K2. Lighting Control System Types
- 225 K3. Luminary Information
- 225 K3.1 Ambient Light 1
- 225 K3.2 Ambient Light 2
- 226 K3.3 Ambient Light 3
- 226 K3.4 Task Light 1
- 227 K3.5 Task Light 2
- 227 K3.6 Task Light 3
- 228 K4. Light Power Density
- 228 K5. Measurements of Workstations
- 228 K5.1 General Information
- 228 K5.2 Illuminance Measurements
- 229 K5.3 Luminance Measurements
- 229 K5.4 Color Measurements
- 229 K5.4.1 Color of the lighting at work surface
- 229 K5.4.2 Color of the lighting at other places
- 230 APPENDIX L- ENERGY USAGE
- 231 APPENDIX M: IEQ RESULTS
- 275 APPENDIX N: AIRBORNE AND SURFACE-ASSOCIATED MOLD RESULTS
- 315 APPENDIX O: STATISTICAL RESULTS FOR MOLD
- 316 O2. Variance Component Analysis Of Airborne Fungi
- 317 O3. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Indoor And Outdoor Airborne Fungi
- 319 O4. Ratios Among The Six Indoor Locations (Zones)
- 321 O5. Statistical Results Indoor Vs. Outdoor
- 323 O6. Water Indicating Fungi
- 324 O7. Error Plots Demonstrating Variability Among Days And Locations
- 329 APPENDIX P – SOUND RESULTS
- 379 APPENDIX Q- SOUND LEVEL DATA
- 380 Q1. dBA Bumps
- 380 Q2. dBC
- 380 Q3. dBC - dBA
- 380 Q4. NC – Noise Criteria
- 380 Q5. NCB – Balanced Noise Criteria
- 381 Q6. RC – Room Criteria
- 381 Q7. RC Mark II (RCII) Alternate Room criteria
- 381 Q8. Cumulative Probability Levels (CPL)
- 382 Q9. Covariance In Sound Measurements Using Analysis Of Covariance (Ancova)
- 385 Q10. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements With Answers To The Occupant Perception Questionnaire For The Question “Over The Last Four Weeks I Would Rate The Sound Or Noise In My Work Area As Acceptable”
- 389 Q11. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements In With Answers To The Occupant Perception Questionnaire For The Question “Throughout The Course Of The Entire Workday, The Sounds Or Noise In My Work Area Fluctuates”
- 390 Q12. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements With Answers To The Occupant Perception Questionnaire For The Question “I Hear Sounds From Outside The Building (Airplanes, Traffic, Trains, Construction, Mechanical Equipment, Sirens, Etc.) In My Work Area”
- 394 Q13. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Cause Of The Sound Distraction
- 397 Q14. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements With Answers To The Occupant Perception Questionnaire For The Question “I Hear Sounds From Telephone/Speaker Phone Conversations That Carry Into My Work Area”
- 401 Q15. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Cause Of The Telephone/Speakerphone Distraction
- 404 Q16. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question “I Hear Sounds From Conversations That Carry Into My Work Area”
- 408 Q17. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Cause Of Conversation Distraction
- 411 Q18. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question “I Hear Sounds From Piped In Music Or Masking Sounds In My Work Area”
- 415 Q19. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Cause Of The Piped In Music Or Masking Sound Distraction
- 418 Q20. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question “I Hear Sounds From Office Equipment In My Work Area”
- 422 Q21. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Cause Of The Office Equipment Sound Distraction
- 425 Q22. Statistical Results In Comparison Of Sound Measurements And The Question “I Hear Sounds From Building Mechanical Equipment In My Work Area”
- 429 Q23. Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Mechanical Equipment Sound Distraction
- 432 Q24. Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question “I Hear Sounds From Air Diffuser/Air Supply In My Work Area”
- 436 Q25. Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Cause of the Air Diffuser/Air Supply Sound Distraction
- 439 Q26. Statistical Results in Comparison of Sound Measurements and the Question Of Privacy
- 444 Q27. Cumulative Probability Data
- 446 APPENDIX R- DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS
- 447 APPENDIX S- LIGHTING RESULTS
- 453 APPENDIX T: BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS DATA
- 461 APPENDIX U: OCCUPANT PERCEPTION QUESTIONNAIRE.